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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roquefort	Roquefort	["1 History","2 Production","2.1 Consumption and other uses","2.2 AOC regulations","2.3 Glutamate content","3 Health benefits","4 See also","5 References"]	French blue cheese For other uses, see Roquefort (disambiguation). RoquefortRoquefortTexture of RoquefortCountry of originFranceRegionAveyronTownRoquefort-sur-SoulzonSource of milkEwe (sheep)PasteurisedNoTextureSemi-hardAging time5 monthsCertificationAOC: 1925Named afterRoquefort-sur-Soulzon Related media on Commons Roquefort (French pronunciation: ) is a sheep milk blue cheese from southern France. Though similar cheeses are produced elsewhere, EU law dictates that only those cheeses aged in the natural Combalou caves of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon may bear the name Roquefort, as it is a recognised geographical indication, and has a protected designation of origin. The cheese is white, tangy, creamy and slightly moist, with veins of blue mold. It has a characteristic fragrance and flavor with a taste of butyric acid; the blue veins provide a sharp tang. It has no rind; the exterior is edible and slightly salty. A typical wheel of Roquefort weighs between 2.5 and 3 kg (6 and 7 lb), and is about 10 cm (4 in) thick. Each kilogram of finished cheese requires about 4.5 liters of milk to produce. In France, Roquefort is often called the "King of Cheeses" or the "Cheese of Kings", although those names are also used for other cheeses. History According to legend, Roquefort cheese was discovered when a youth, eating his lunch of bread and ewes' milk cheese, saw a beautiful girl in the distance. Abandoning his meal in a nearby cave, he ran to meet her. When he returned a few months later, the mold (Penicillium roqueforti) had transformed his plain cheese into Roquefort. In 79 AD, Pliny the Elder praised the cheeses of Lozère and Gévaudan and reported their popularity in ancient Rome; in 1737, Jean Astruc suggested that this was a reference to an ancestor of Roquefort. The theory was widely taken up, and by the 1860s was being promoted by the Société des Caves. Others have dismissed the idea, on the grounds that Pliny does not clearly identify a blue cheese. There is no clear consensus on the meaning of Pliny's description—it has been variously interpreted as a reference to fromage frais, cheese pickled in grape-juice, and even fondue, as well as a reference to Roquefort. By the middle ages, Roquefort had become a recognized cheese. On 4 June 1411, Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of the cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries. By 1820, Roquefort was producing 300 tonnes a year, a figure that steadily increased throughout the next century so that by 1914 it was 9,250. In 1925, the cheese was the recipient of France's first Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée when regulations controlling its production and naming were first defined. In 1961, in a landmark ruling that removed imitation, the Tribunal de Grande Instance at Millau decreed that, although the method for the manufacture of the cheese could be followed across the south of France, only those cheeses whose ripening occurred in the natural caves of Mont Combalou in Roquefort-sur-Soulzon were permitted to bear the name Roquefort. Production This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A Lacaune flock in France A Roquefort farm in Southern France Sheep being milked for Roquefort production The mold that gives Roquefort its distinctive character (Penicillium roqueforti) is found in the soil of the local caves. Traditionally, the cheesemakers extracted it by leaving bread in the caves for six to eight weeks until it was consumed by the mold. The interior of the bread was then dried to produce a powder. In modern times, the mold can be grown in a laboratory, which allows for greater consistency. The mold may either be added to the curd or introduced as an aerosol through holes poked in the rind. Roquefort is made entirely from the milk of the Lacaune breed of sheep. Prior to the Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) regulations of 1925, a small amount of cow's or goat's milk was sometimes added. Around 4.5 L (1+1⁄4 US gal) of milk is required to make one kilogram of Roquefort. The cheese is produced throughout the département of Aveyron and part of the nearby départements of Aude, Lozère, Gard, Hérault and Tarn. As of 2009, there are seven Roquefort producers. The largest-volume brand by far is Roquefort Société made by the Société des Caves de Roquefort (a subsidiary of Lactalis), which holds several caves and opens its facilities to tourists, and accounts for around 60% of all production. Roquefort Papillon is also a well-known brand. The five other producers, each holding only one cave, are Carles, Gabriel Coulet , Fromageries occitanes , Vernières and Le Vieux Berger. Around three million cheeses were made in 2005 (18,830 tons) making it, after Comté, France's second-most-popular cheese. Production of Roquefort cheese entails "4,500 people who herd special ewes on 2,100 farms producing milk ... in a carefully defined oval grazing area across the Larzac Plain and up and down nearby hills and valleys." Total production in 2008 of about 19,000 tons was reported. The proportion of Roquefort exported to the United States remained small, only 450 tons out of 3,700 in total exports. Spain, with purchases of 1,000 tons, was by far the largest foreign customer. In early 2009, Susan Schwab, the then-outgoing US Trade Representative, announced a 300% tariff on the cheese, apparently the highest level by far of any in the package of tariffs placed on dozens of European luxury goods in response to a European ban on hormone-treated US beef. The tariff was suspended several months later as the US and EU settled the dispute. Consumption and other uses The regional cuisine in and around Aveyron includes many Roquefort-based recipes for main-course meat sauces, savory tarts and quiches, pies, and fillings. Penicillium roqueforti does not produce penicillin. However, due to the presence of other anti-inflammatory proteins, it was common in country districts for shepherds to apply this cheese to wounds to avoid gangrene. AOC regulations The Appellation d'origine contrôlée regulations that govern the production of Roquefort have been laid down over a number of decrees by the INAO. These include: All milk used must be delivered at least 20 days after lambing has taken place. The sheep must be on pasture, whenever possible, in an area that includes most of Aveyron and parts of neighboring départements. At least 75% of any grain or fodder fed must come from the area. The milk must be whole, raw (not heated above 34 °C ), and unfiltered except to remove macroscopic particles. The addition of rennet must occur within 48 hours of milking. The Penicillium roqueforti used in the production must be produced in France from the natural caves of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon. The salting process must be performed using dry salt. The whole process of maturation, cutting, packaging and refrigeration of the cheese must take place in the commune of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon. Glutamate content Roquefort has a high content of free glutamate, 1,280 mg per 100 g of cheese. Health benefits According to a 2012 study, Roquefort contains anti-inflammatory compounds. A study from 2013 found that proteins from Roquefort cheese inhibit chlamydia propagation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leukocyte migration. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roquefort (cheese). List of French cheeses List of cheeses Stilton References ^ a b c "AOC Roquefort". INAO. Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2008. ^ Hughes, Tom; Hughes, Meredith Sayles (2005). Gastronomie!: Food Museums and Heritage Sites of France. Piermont, NH: Bunker Hill Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 1-59373-029-2. ^ a b "Something is rotten in Roquefort". Business Week. 31 December 2001. ^ Fabricant, Florence (23 June 1982). "Blue-veined Cheeses : The expanding choices". New York Times. Retrieved 22 May 2010. ^ Jean Astruc (1737). Memoires pour l'histoire naturel de la province de Languedoc. Paris: Guillaume Cavelier. p. 55. full text Pliny, Natural History, Book 11, chapter 97 full text. ^ Nelleke Teughels, Peter Scholliers, A Taste of Progress: Food at International and World Exhibitions in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, ISBN 1317186435, p. 186 ^ Howard Belton (2015). A History of the World in Five Menus. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. p. 9. online text. ^ Abbé Pascal (1854). "Notice sur le fromage de la Lozère". Mende: Ignon. pp. 84–87 online text. George Cuvier and J.B.F.S. Ajasson de Grandsagne (1828). Caii Pilinii Secundi Historiæ Naturalis. Paris: Lemaire. pt. 3. vol. 4 p. 568, n. 3 online text. ^ a b c Masui, Kazuko; Yamada, Tomoko (1996). French Cheeses. Dorling Kindersley. p. 178. ISBN 0-7513-0896-X. ^ The Oxford Companion to Cheese. Oxford University Press. 2016. p. 237. ISBN 978-0199330904. Retrieved 2 June 2018. ^ Taylor, Colin Duncan (2021). Menu from the Midi: A Gastronomic Journey through the South of France. Matador. ISBN 978-1800464964. ^ "Roquefort: Origins". www.roquefort.fr. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019. ^ Barham, Elizabeth; Sylvander, Bertil, eds. (2011). Labels of Origin for Food: Local Development, Global Recognition. CABI. p. 17. ISBN 978-1845933777. ^ "Roquefort Société". Archived from the original on 5 February 2009. ^ Gastronomie du roquefort sur le site roquefort.fr. Archived 12 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine Consulté le 25 décembre 2009. ^ Wilkowske, H.H.; Krienke, W.A. (1954). "Assay of Various Mold-Ripened Cheeses for Antibiotic Activity". Journal of Dairy Science. 37 (10): 1184–1189. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(54)91388-0. ^ a b Petyaev, Ivan M.; Zigangirova, Naylia A.; Kobets, Natalie V.; Tsibezov, Valery; Kapotina, Lydia N.; Fedina, Elena D.; Bashmakov, Yuriy K. (2013). "Roquefort cheese proteins inhibit Chlamydia pneumoniae propagation and LPS-induced leukocyte migration". ScientificWorldJournal. 2013: 140591. doi:10.1155/2013/140591. PMC 3655667. PMID 23737705. ^ Hughes, Tunick; Michael (2014). The Science of Cheese. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0199922307. ^ Renton, Alex (10 July 2005). "If MSG is so bad for you..." The Observer. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010. ^ "Say Cheese! Roquefort May Keep Hearts Healthy". LiveScience. 2012. vteFrench cheesesAOC Abondance Banon Beaufort Bleu d'Auvergne Bleu de Gex Bleu des Causses Bleu du Vercors-Sassenage Brie de Meaux Brie de Melun Brocciu Camembert Cantal Chabichou Chaource Chevrotin Comté Coulommiers Crottin de Chavignol Époisses Fourme d'Ambert Fourme de Montbrison Laguiole Langres Livarot Maroilles Mont d’Or Morbier Munster Mâconnais Neufchâtel Ossau-Iraty Picodon Pont-l'Évêque Pouligny-Saint-Pierre Pélardon Reblochon Rigotte de Condrieu Rocamadour Roquefort Saint-Nectaire Sainte-Maure de Touraine Salers Valençay Non-AOC varieties Abbaye de Tamié Baguette laonnaise Bleu de Bresse Brie Brillat-Savarin Cabécou Cancoillotte Carré de l'Est Chaumes Clochette Délice d'Argental Délice de Bourgogne Édel de Cléron Etorki Explorateur Faisselle Fromage blanc Fromager d'Affinois Gaperon Metton Mimolette Mont des Cats Mottin charentais Olivet cendré Port Salut Raclette Rochebaron Sarasson Saint Agur Blue Saint-Félicien Saint-Marcellin Saint-Paulin Tomme de Savoie Vacherin Mont d'Or Vieux-Boulogne vteBlue cheesesList of blue cheeses Ädelost Aura Abbey Blue Brie Bellingham Blue Bleu Bénédictin Bleu de Bresse Bleu des Causses Bleu d'Auvergne Bleu de Gex Bleu du Vercors-Sassenage Bleuchâtel Blue Castello Buxton Blue Cabrales cheese Cambozola Cashel Blue Cheshire cheese Cornish Blue Crozier Blue Danish Blue Dolcelatte Dorset Blue Vinney Dovedale Dragon's Breath Blue Fourme d'Ambert Fourme de Montbrison Gamalost Gorgonzola Kraftkar Lanark Blue Lymeswold cheese Maytag Blue cheese Norbury Blue Oxford Blue Picón Bejes-Tresviso Rokpol Roquefort Saint Agur Blue Shropshire Blue Stichelton Stilton cheese Valdeón cheese Authority control databases: National France BnF data Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roquefort (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roquefort_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[ʁɔkfɔʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"sheep milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep_milk"},{"link_name":"blue cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_cheese"},{"link_name":"southern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"EU law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_law"},{"link_name":"Roquefort-sur-Soulzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roquefort-sur-Soulzon"},{"link_name":"geographical indication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_indication"},{"link_name":"protected designation of origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin"},{"link_name":"mold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold_(fungus)"},{"link_name":"butyric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyric_acid"},{"link_name":"are also used for other cheeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Cheeses"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bw-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Roquefort (disambiguation).Roquefort (French pronunciation: [ʁɔkfɔʁ]) is a sheep milk blue cheese from southern France.[2] Though similar cheeses are produced elsewhere, EU law dictates that only those cheeses aged in the natural Combalou caves of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon may bear the name Roquefort, as it is a recognised geographical indication, and has a protected designation of origin.The cheese is white, tangy, creamy and slightly moist, with veins of blue mold. It has a characteristic fragrance and flavor with a taste of butyric acid; the blue veins provide a sharp tang. It has no rind; the exterior is edible and slightly salty. A typical wheel of Roquefort weighs between 2.5 and 3 kg (6 and 7 lb), and is about 10 cm (4 in) thick. Each kilogram of finished cheese requires about 4.5 liters of milk to produce. In France, Roquefort is often called the \"King of Cheeses\" or the \"Cheese of Kings\", although those names are also used for other cheeses.[3]","title":"Roquefort"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penicillium roqueforti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium_roqueforti"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bw-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Lozère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loz%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Gévaudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9vaudan"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Jean Astruc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Astruc"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"fromage frais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fromage_frais"},{"link_name":"grape-juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must"},{"link_name":"fondue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondue"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Charles VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Roquefort-sur-Soulzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roquefort-sur-Soulzon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masui-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d%27Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Millau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millau"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"According to legend, Roquefort cheese was discovered when a youth, eating his lunch of bread and ewes' milk cheese, saw a beautiful girl in the distance. Abandoning his meal in a nearby cave, he ran to meet her. When he returned a few months later, the mold (Penicillium roqueforti) had transformed his plain cheese into Roquefort.[3][4]In 79 AD, Pliny the Elder praised the cheeses of Lozère and Gévaudan and reported their popularity in ancient Rome; in 1737, Jean Astruc suggested that this was a reference to an ancestor of Roquefort.[5] The theory was widely taken up, and by the 1860s was being promoted by the Société des Caves.[6] Others have dismissed the idea, on the grounds that Pliny does not clearly identify a blue cheese.[7] There is no clear consensus on the meaning of Pliny's description—it has been variously interpreted as a reference to fromage frais, cheese pickled in grape-juice, and even fondue,[8] as well as a reference to Roquefort.By the middle ages, Roquefort had become a recognized cheese. On 4 June 1411, Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of the cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries.[9][10]By 1820, Roquefort was producing 300 tonnes a year, a figure that steadily increased throughout the next century so that by 1914 it was 9,250.[11]In 1925, the cheese was the recipient of France's first Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée when regulations controlling its production and naming were first defined.[12] In 1961, in a landmark ruling that removed imitation, the Tribunal de Grande Instance at Millau decreed that, although the method for the manufacture of the cheese could be followed across the south of France, only those cheeses whose ripening occurred in the natural caves of Mont Combalou in Roquefort-sur-Soulzon were permitted to bear the name Roquefort.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brebis_lacaune.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elevage-drone-1.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traite-lait.png"},{"link_name":"Penicillium roqueforti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium_roqueforti"},{"link_name":"curd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curd"},{"link_name":"aerosol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lacaune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacaune_(sheep)"},{"link_name":"Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d%27Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masui-9"},{"link_name":"département","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partement"},{"link_name":"Aveyron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveyron"},{"link_name":"Aude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aude"},{"link_name":"Lozère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loz%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Gard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard"},{"link_name":"Hérault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rault"},{"link_name":"Tarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn_(department)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inao-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roquefort&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Roquefort Société","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roquefort_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_(marque)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lactalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactalis"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Coulet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Coulet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Coulet_(marque)"},{"link_name":"Fromageries occitanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fromageries_occitanes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Fromageries_occitanes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Comté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_(cheese)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masui-9"},{"link_name":"Larzac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larzac"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Susan Schwab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Schwab"},{"link_name":"US Trade Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Trade_Representative"},{"link_name":"tariff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"European ban on hormone-treated US beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A Lacaune flock in FranceA Roquefort farm in Southern FranceSheep being milked for Roquefort productionThe mold that gives Roquefort its distinctive character (Penicillium roqueforti) is found in the soil of the local caves. Traditionally, the cheesemakers extracted it by leaving bread in the caves for six to eight weeks until it was consumed by the mold. The interior of the bread was then dried to produce a powder. In modern times, the mold can be grown in a laboratory, which allows for greater consistency. The mold may either be added to the curd or introduced as an aerosol through holes poked in the rind.[citation needed]Roquefort is made entirely from the milk of the Lacaune breed of sheep. Prior to the Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) regulations of 1925, a small amount of cow's or goat's milk was sometimes added. Around 4.5 L (1+1⁄4 US gal) of milk is required to make one kilogram of Roquefort.[9]The cheese is produced throughout the département of Aveyron and part of the nearby départements of Aude, Lozère, Gard, Hérault and Tarn.[1]As of 2009[update], there are seven Roquefort producers. The largest-volume brand by far is Roquefort Société [fr] made by the Société des Caves de Roquefort[14] (a subsidiary of Lactalis), which holds several caves and opens its facilities to tourists, and accounts for around 60% of all production. Roquefort Papillon is also a well-known brand. The five other producers, each holding only one cave, are Carles, Gabriel Coulet [fr], Fromageries occitanes [fr], Vernières and Le Vieux Berger.[citation needed]Around three million cheeses were made in 2005 (18,830 tons) making it, after Comté, France's second-most-popular cheese.[9]Production of Roquefort cheese entails \"4,500 people who herd special ewes on 2,100 farms producing milk ... in a carefully defined oval grazing area across the Larzac Plain and up and down nearby hills and valleys.\"[This quote needs a citation] Total production in 2008 of about 19,000 tons was reported. The proportion of Roquefort exported to the United States remained small, only 450 tons out of 3,700 in total exports. Spain, with purchases of 1,000 tons, was by far the largest foreign customer. In early 2009, Susan Schwab, the then-outgoing US Trade Representative, announced a 300% tariff on the cheese, apparently the highest level by far of any in the package of tariffs placed on dozens of European luxury goods in response to a European ban on hormone-treated US beef. The tariff was suspended several months later as the US and EU settled the dispute.[citation needed]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aveyron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveyron"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roquefortadvice-15"},{"link_name":"penicillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Consumption and other uses","text":"The regional cuisine in and around Aveyron includes many Roquefort-based recipes for main-course meat sauces, savory tarts and quiches, pies, and fillings.[15]Penicillium roqueforti does not produce penicillin.[16] However, due to the presence of other anti-inflammatory proteins,[17] it was common in country districts for shepherds to apply this cheese to wounds to avoid gangrene.[18]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Appellation d'origine contrôlée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"INAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAO"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inao-1"},{"link_name":"Aveyron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveyron"},{"link_name":"rennet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennet"}],"sub_title":"AOC regulations","text":"The Appellation d'origine contrôlée regulations that govern the production of Roquefort have been laid down over a number of decrees by the INAO. These include:[1]All milk used must be delivered at least 20 days after lambing has taken place.\nThe sheep must be on pasture, whenever possible, in an area that includes most of Aveyron and parts of neighboring départements. At least 75% of any grain or fodder fed must come from the area.\nThe milk must be whole, raw (not heated above 34 °C [93 °F]), and unfiltered except to remove macroscopic particles.\nThe addition of rennet must occur within 48 hours of milking.\nThe Penicillium roqueforti used in the production must be produced in France from the natural caves of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon.\nThe salting process must be performed using dry salt.\nThe whole process of maturation, cutting, packaging and refrigeration of the cheese must take place in the commune of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glutamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Glutamate content","text":"Roquefort has a high content of free glutamate, 1,280 mg per 100 g of cheese.[19]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-inflammatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"chlamydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_infection"},{"link_name":"lipopolysaccharide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"}],"text":"According to a 2012 study, Roquefort contains anti-inflammatory compounds.[20] A study from 2013 found that proteins from Roquefort cheese inhibit chlamydia propagation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leukocyte migration.[17]","title":"Health benefits"}]	[{"image_text":"A Lacaune flock in France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brebis_lacaune.jpg/250px-Brebis_lacaune.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Roquefort farm in Southern France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Elevage-drone-1.png/220px-Elevage-drone-1.png"},{"image_text":"Sheep being milked for Roquefort production","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Traite-lait.png/220px-Traite-lait.png"}]	[{"title":"Roquefort (cheese)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roquefort_(cheese)"},{"title":"List of French cheeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_cheeses"},{"title":"List of cheeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cheeses"},{"title":"Stilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilton_cheese"}]	[{"reference":"\"AOC Roquefort\". INAO. Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170306193150/http://www2.inao.gouv.fr/public/produits/showTexte.php?ID_TEXTE_CONSOLIDE=791","url_text":"\"AOC Roquefort\""},{"url":"http://www.inao.gouv.fr/public/produits/showTexte.php?ID_TEXTE_CONSOLIDE=791","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Tom; Hughes, Meredith Sayles (2005). Gastronomie!: Food Museums and Heritage Sites of France. Piermont, NH: Bunker Hill Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 1-59373-029-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59373-029-2","url_text":"1-59373-029-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Something is rotten in Roquefort\". Business Week. 31 December 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2001-12-30/something-is-rotten-in-roquefort","url_text":"\"Something is rotten in Roquefort\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Week","url_text":"Business Week"}]},{"reference":"Fabricant, Florence (23 June 1982). \"Blue-veined Cheeses : The expanding choices\". New York Times. Retrieved 22 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D06EFDA143BF930A15755C0A964948260&sec=health","url_text":"\"Blue-veined Cheeses : The expanding choices\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Masui, Kazuko; Yamada, Tomoko (1996). French Cheeses. Dorling Kindersley. p. 178. ISBN 0-7513-0896-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7513-0896-X","url_text":"0-7513-0896-X"}]},{"reference":"The Oxford Companion to Cheese. Oxford University Press. 2016. p. 237. ISBN 978-0199330904. Retrieved 2 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pRrGDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT237","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to Cheese"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199330904","url_text":"978-0199330904"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Colin Duncan (2021). Menu from the Midi: A Gastronomic Journey through the South of France. Matador. ISBN 978-1800464964.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1800464964","url_text":"978-1800464964"}]},{"reference":"\"Roquefort: Origins\". www.roquefort.fr. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190921193607/http://www.roquefort.fr/en/news/discovering/the-cheese/origins/","url_text":"\"Roquefort: Origins\""},{"url":"http://www.roquefort.fr/en/news/discovering/the-cheese/origins/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barham, Elizabeth; Sylvander, Bertil, eds. (2011). Labels of Origin for Food: Local Development, Global Recognition. CABI. p. 17. ISBN 978-1845933777.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=us6pBFbdb3UC&pg=PA17","url_text":"Labels of Origin for Food: Local Development, Global Recognition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845933777","url_text":"978-1845933777"}]},{"reference":"\"Roquefort Société\". Archived from the original on 5 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025429/http://www.roquefort-societe.com/anglais/index.html","url_text":"\"Roquefort Société\""},{"url":"http://www.roquefort-societe.com/anglais/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wilkowske, H.H.; Krienke, W.A. (1954). \"Assay of Various Mold-Ripened Cheeses for Antibiotic Activity\". Journal of Dairy Science. 37 (10): 1184–1189. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(54)91388-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2854%2991388-0","url_text":"\"Assay of Various Mold-Ripened Cheeses for Antibiotic Activity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2854%2991388-0","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(54)91388-0"}]},{"reference":"Petyaev, Ivan M.; Zigangirova, Naylia A.; Kobets, Natalie V.; Tsibezov, Valery; Kapotina, Lydia N.; Fedina, Elena D.; Bashmakov, Yuriy K. (2013). \"Roquefort cheese proteins inhibit Chlamydia pneumoniae propagation and LPS-induced leukocyte migration\". ScientificWorldJournal. 2013: 140591. doi:10.1155/2013/140591. PMC 3655667. PMID 23737705.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3655667","url_text":"\"Roquefort cheese proteins inhibit Chlamydia pneumoniae propagation and LPS-induced leukocyte migration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F140591","url_text":"10.1155/2013/140591"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3655667","url_text":"3655667"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23737705","url_text":"23737705"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Tunick; Michael (2014). The Science of Cheese. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0199922307.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199922307","url_text":"978-0199922307"}]},{"reference":"Renton, Alex (10 July 2005). \"If MSG is so bad for you...\" The Observer. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/story/0,,1522368,00.html","url_text":"\"If MSG is so bad for you...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer","url_text":"The Observer"}]},{"reference":"\"Say Cheese! Roquefort May Keep Hearts Healthy\". LiveScience. 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livescience.com/25622-roquefort-cheese-health.html","url_text":"\"Say Cheese! Roquefort May Keep Hearts Healthy\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roquefort&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170306193150/http://www2.inao.gouv.fr/public/produits/showTexte.php?ID_TEXTE_CONSOLIDE=791","external_links_name":"\"AOC Roquefort\""},{"Link":"http://www.inao.gouv.fr/public/produits/showTexte.php?ID_TEXTE_CONSOLIDE=791","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2001-12-30/something-is-rotten-in-roquefort","external_links_name":"\"Something is rotten in Roquefort\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D06EFDA143BF930A15755C0A964948260&sec=health","external_links_name":"\"Blue-veined Cheeses : The expanding choices\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gLhUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA55","external_links_name":"full text"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=11:chapter=97&highlight=Lesura","external_links_name":"full text"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qu97BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21","external_links_name":"online text"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k4AFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA84","external_links_name":"online text"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uVJcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA568","external_links_name":"online text"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pRrGDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT237","external_links_name":"The Oxford Companion to Cheese"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190921193607/http://www.roquefort.fr/en/news/discovering/the-cheese/origins/","external_links_name":"\"Roquefort: Origins\""},{"Link":"http://www.roquefort.fr/en/news/discovering/the-cheese/origins/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=us6pBFbdb3UC&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"Labels of Origin for Food: Local Development, Global Recognition"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090205025429/http://www.roquefort-societe.com/anglais/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Roquefort Société\""},{"Link":"http://www.roquefort-societe.com/anglais/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.roquefort.fr/decouvrir/le-fromage/gastronomie.html","external_links_name":"Gastronomie du roquefort sur le site roquefort.fr."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100212170932/http://www.roquefort.fr/decouvrir/le-fromage/gastronomie.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2854%2991388-0","external_links_name":"\"Assay of Various Mold-Ripened Cheeses for Antibiotic Activity\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2854%2991388-0","external_links_name":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(54)91388-0"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3655667","external_links_name":"\"Roquefort cheese proteins inhibit Chlamydia pneumoniae propagation and LPS-induced leukocyte migration\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F140591","external_links_name":"10.1155/2013/140591"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3655667","external_links_name":"3655667"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23737705","external_links_name":"23737705"},{"Link":"http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/story/0,,1522368,00.html","external_links_name":"\"If MSG is so bad for you...\""},{"Link":"http://www.livescience.com/25622-roquefort-cheese-health.html","external_links_name":"\"Say Cheese! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Acri	Bob Acri	["1 Discography","2 References","3 External links"]	American jazz pianist Bob AcriBornRobert Acri(1918-10-01)October 1, 1918Chicago, Illinois, United StatesDiedJuly 25, 2013(2013-07-25) (aged 94)Evanston, Illinois, United StatesNationalityItalian-AmericanOccupationJazz pianist Robert Acri (October 1, 1918 – July 25, 2013) was an American jazz pianist. Acri graduated from Austin High School in Chicago. While at Austin High, he began his career at the NBC Orchestra on the Dave Garroway Radio Show. He was a classically trained pianist, studying with Rudolph Ganz and Fred Euing. He also studied composition with Dr. Karel Jirak and Bill Russo. During his career he played in the radio orchestras of NBC and ABC, as well as in the House Band of the Chicago nightclub Mister Kelly's. He toured with Harry James and accompanied Lena Horne, Mike Douglas, Ella Fitzgerald, Barbra Streisand, Buddy Rich, and Woody Herman. He earned his Bachelor's of Music and Master's of Music degree from Roosevelt University when he was in his late 70s. He ended his career as the leader of the house band at the Cantina Room of the Continental Plaza Hotel. Acri released two solo albums of instrumental tracks in 2001 and 2004. "Sleep Away", a composition that appeared on his 2004 self-titled album, was selected by Microsoft as a sample demo music for Windows 7 to demonstrate the newly released Windows Media Player. Discography 2001: Timeless – The Music of Bob Acri 2004: Sleep Away (with George Mraz, Ed Thigpen, Lew Soloff, Frank Wess and Diane Delin) References ^ "Robert R. Acri's Obituary on Chicago Tribune". Chicago Tribune. July 28, 2013. Archived from the original on December 13, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2018. ^ "Piano Man Bob Acri". Bobacri.com. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2018. External links Biography Official Website (Archived) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz This article about a United States jazz musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"jazz pianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_piano"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Dave Garroway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Garroway"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Ganz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Ganz"},{"link_name":"Bill Russo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Russo"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Mister Kelly's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Kelly%27s"},{"link_name":"Harry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_James"},{"link_name":"Lena Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Horne"},{"link_name":"Mike Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Ella Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Barbra Streisand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand"},{"link_name":"Buddy Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Rich"},{"link_name":"Woody Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Herman"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_University"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Windows 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7"},{"link_name":"Windows Media Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Player"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Robert Acri (October 1, 1918 – July 25, 2013)[1] was an American jazz pianist. Acri graduated from Austin High School in Chicago. While at Austin High, he began his career at the NBC Orchestra on the Dave Garroway Radio Show. He was a classically trained pianist, studying with Rudolph Ganz and Fred Euing. He also studied composition with Dr. Karel Jirak and Bill Russo. During his career he played in the radio orchestras of NBC and ABC, as well as in the House Band of the Chicago nightclub Mister Kelly's. He toured with Harry James and accompanied Lena Horne, Mike Douglas, Ella Fitzgerald, Barbra Streisand, Buddy Rich, and Woody Herman. He earned his Bachelor's of Music and Master's of Music degree from Roosevelt University when he was in his late 70s. He ended his career as the leader of the house band at the Cantina Room of the Continental Plaza Hotel.Acri released two solo albums of instrumental tracks in 2001 and 2004. \"Sleep Away\", a composition that appeared on his 2004 self-titled album, was selected by Microsoft as a sample demo music for Windows 7 to demonstrate the newly released Windows Media Player.[2]","title":"Bob Acri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Mraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mraz"},{"link_name":"Ed Thigpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Thigpen"},{"link_name":"Lew Soloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Soloff"},{"link_name":"Frank Wess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wess"}],"text":"2001: Timeless – The Music of Bob Acri\n2004: Sleep Away (with George Mraz, Ed Thigpen, Lew Soloff, Frank Wess and Diane Delin)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Robert R. Acri's Obituary on Chicago Tribune\". Chicago Tribune. July 28, 2013. Archived from the original on December 13, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/chicagotribune/obituary.aspx?n=robert-r-acri&pid=166096428&fhid=2074","url_text":"\"Robert R. Acri's Obituary on Chicago Tribune\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181213152033/https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/chicagotribune/obituary.aspx?n=robert-r-acri&pid=166096428&fhid=2074","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Piano Man Bob Acri\". Bobacri.com. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180411192740/http://www.bobacri.com/","url_text":"\"Piano Man Bob Acri\""},{"url":"http://www.bobacri.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/chicagotribune/obituary.aspx?n=robert-r-acri&pid=166096428&fhid=2074","external_links_name":"\"Robert R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_John_McCarthy	John McCarthy (referee)	["1 Biography","2 Awards","3 Personal life","4 Published work","5 Film and television","6 References","7 External links"]	American mixed martial arts referee For other people named John McCarthy, see John McCarthy (disambiguation). John McCarthyMcCarthy refereeing during MMA Attack 2 in Katowice, PolandBornJohn Michael McCarthy (1962-10-12) October 12, 1962 (age 61)Los Angeles, California, United StatesNationalityAmericanOther names"Big John McCarthy"Occupation(s)MMA referee, podcast host, MMA analyst John Michael McCarthy (born October 12, 1962) is a retired American mixed martial arts referee best known for officiating numerous bouts promoted by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), dating back to UFC 2. He is credited as being one of the greatest and most recognizable referees in combat sports history and an important figure in the mixed martial arts world, helping create the Unified Rules of MMA after initially creating the original rule book of the UFC. He is currently a commentator for Bellator MMA and co-hosts the combat sports-based podcast "Weighing In" with former fighter Josh Thomson. Biography McCarthy spent some time as an officer of the Los Angeles Police Department, retiring around 2008. In 1993, he became involved with the newly created Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) fighting tournament. He was the referee for UFC 2, launching a career as a UFC referee. The UFC initially started with very few rules, but McCarthy gave feedback that it was too dangerous and suggested additional rules, many of which were adopted. McCarthy would often start matches by saying "let's get it on" to the fighters, this became an iconic catchphrase that is associated with him and his refereeing. The nickname of "Big John" came about because of his size and stature. He stands 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) and weighs 265 lb (120 kg); making him larger than the majority of the athletes over whom he presides. According to a UFC interview, the nickname was given to him by UFC co-founder and promoter Art Davie. McCarthy recalls that the nickname began when he forcibly lifted Davie off the ground and held him in the air. In 2018, McCarthy retired from UFC refereeing, and moved to Bellator as a commentator. Awards World MMA Awards Referee of the Year (Three times; 2015, 2016 and 2017) Personal life McCarthy has two sons and a daughter, one of whom has been an MMA judge since 2013. McCarthy currently resides in Tennessee. Published work On September 1, 2011, McCarthy's autobiography, Let's Get It On - The Making of MMA and its Ultimate Referee, was published. Film and television McCarthy had a cameo appearance in the Friends episode, "The One with the Ultimate Fighting Champion". McCarthy also served as the referee on the MTV2 series Bully Beatdown, along with professional mixed martial artist Jason "Mayhem" Miller. McCarthy is featured in the award-winning mixed martial arts documentary Fight Life, the film is directed by James Z. Feng and released in 2013. McCarthy appeared in Season 3b, Episode 5 of Entourage. McCarthy appeared at the end of the film Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown. References ^ "Refereed by John McCarthy \| Tapology". tapology.com. Retrieved 2015-11-25. ^ "WEIGHING IN". YouTube. Retrieved October 15, 2021. ^ "WEIGHING IN". Apple Podcasts. Retrieved October 15, 2021. ^ a b "The man behind the catchphrase 'Let's get it on'". The Hamilton Spectator. 2011-06-16. ISSN 1189-9417. Retrieved 2022-05-16. ^ "100 fighter nickname origins". The Underground. Retrieved 2018-05-17. ^ "Fightweets: Who got the best of UFC/Bellator announcing changes?". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 2018-01-14. ^ Bryan Tucker (February 5, 2016). "World MMA Awards 2016 Results". mmafighting.com. ^ Bryan Tucker (March 2, 2017). "World MMA Awards 2017 Results". mmafighting.com. ^ Bryan Tucker (July 4, 2018). "World MMA Awards 2018 Results". mmafighting.com. ^ Farah Hannoun (March 20, 2020). "John McCarthy weighs in on judges' scoring criteria, applies it to Adesanya vs. Romero". mmajunkie.com. ^ "Ron MCCARTHY". mmadecisions.com. ^ "Weighing in Podcast #124". Youtube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. ^ Moles, Jason. "Interview: "Big" John McCarthy Talks His New Book, Dana White and Fighters Crapping Themselves". Cagepotato. Retrieved 2014-03-02. ^ "MMAmania book review: Let's Get It On! by 'Big' John McCarthy". MMAmania.com. 30 August 2011. Retrieved 2014-03-02. ^ "Wrestling - 411 MMA Interviews Big John McCarthy". 411mania.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2014-03-02. ^ "McCarthy: Refereeing 'a lot different than people think'". Usatoday30.usatoday.com. 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2014-03-02. ^ "'Big' John McCarthy New Book on MMA History". Apocalypsemma.com. Retrieved 2014-03-02. ^ "MTV Original TV Shows, Reality TV Shows \| MTV". mtv.com. Retrieved 2015-11-25. ^ "FIGHT LIFE - MMA Documentary by James Z. Feng". fightlife.tv. Archived from the original on 2009-07-16. Retrieved 2015-11-25. External links COMMAND officiating official site List of bouts refereed by "Big" John McCarthy on Tapology John McCarthy at IMDb Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John McCarthy (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"retired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"mixed martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"UFC 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tapology-1"},{"link_name":"Unified Rules of MMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts_rules#Unified_Rules_of_Mixed_Martial_Arts"},{"link_name":"Bellator MMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellator_MMA"},{"link_name":"Josh Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Thomson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other people named John McCarthy, see John McCarthy (disambiguation).John Michael McCarthy (born October 12, 1962) is a retired American mixed martial arts referee best known for officiating numerous bouts promoted by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), dating back to UFC 2.[1] He is credited as being one of the greatest and most recognizable referees in combat sports history and an important figure in the mixed martial arts world, helping create the Unified Rules of MMA after initially creating the original rule book of the UFC. He is currently a commentator for Bellator MMA and co-hosts the combat sports-based podcast \"Weighing In\" with former fighter Josh Thomson.[2][3]","title":"John McCarthy (referee)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"UFC 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Art Davie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Davie"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bellator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellator_MMA"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"McCarthy spent some time as an officer of the Los Angeles Police Department, retiring around 2008.[4]In 1993, he became involved with the newly created Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) fighting tournament. He was the referee for UFC 2, launching a career as a UFC referee. The UFC initially started with very few rules, but McCarthy gave feedback that it was too dangerous and suggested additional rules, many of which were adopted. McCarthy would often start matches by saying \"let's get it on\" to the fighters, this became an iconic catchphrase that is associated with him and his refereeing.[4]The nickname of \"Big John\" came about because of his size and stature. He stands 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) and weighs 265 lb (120 kg); making him larger than the majority of the athletes over whom he presides. According to a UFC interview, the nickname was given to him by UFC co-founder and promoter Art Davie. McCarthy recalls that the nickname began when he forcibly lifted Davie off the ground and held him in the air.[5]In 2018, McCarthy retired from UFC refereeing, and moved to Bellator as a commentator.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"World MMA Awards\nReferee of the Year (Three times; 2015, 2016 and 2017)[7][8][9]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"McCarthy has two sons and a daughter, one of whom has been an MMA judge since 2013.[10][11] McCarthy currently resides in Tennessee.[12]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"autobiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"On September 1, 2011, McCarthy's autobiography, Let's Get It On - The Making of MMA and its Ultimate Referee, was published.[13][14][15][16][17]","title":"Published work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends"},{"link_name":"The One with the Ultimate Fighting Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_with_the_Ultimate_Fighting_Champion"},{"link_name":"Bully Beatdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bully_Beatdown"},{"link_name":"Jason \"Mayhem\" Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_%22Mayhem%22_Miller"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv-18"},{"link_name":"Fight Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_Life"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fightlife-19"},{"link_name":"Entourage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entourage_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Back_Down_2:_The_Beatdown"}],"text":"McCarthy had a cameo appearance in the Friends episode, \"The One with the Ultimate Fighting Champion\".McCarthy also served as the referee on the MTV2 series Bully Beatdown, along with professional mixed martial artist Jason \"Mayhem\" Miller.[18]McCarthy is featured in the award-winning mixed martial arts documentary Fight Life, the film is directed by James Z. Feng and released in 2013.[19]McCarthy appeared in Season 3b, Episode 5 of Entourage.McCarthy appeared at the end of the film Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown.","title":"Film and television"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Refereed by John McCarthy \| Tapology\". tapology.com. Retrieved 2015-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://tapology.com/search/mma-fights-by-referee/big-john-mccarthy","url_text":"\"Refereed by John McCarthy \| Tapology\""}]},{"reference":"\"WEIGHING IN\". YouTube. Retrieved October 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/c/WeighingIn/about","url_text":"\"WEIGHING IN\""}]},{"reference":"\"WEIGHING IN\". Apple Podcasts. Retrieved October 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/weighing-in/id1224455634","url_text":"\"WEIGHING IN\""}]},{"reference":"\"The man behind the catchphrase 'Let's get it on'\". The Hamilton Spectator. 2011-06-16. ISSN 1189-9417. Retrieved 2022-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thespec.com/sports/2011/06/16/the-man-behind-the-catchphrase-let-s-get-it-on.html","url_text":"\"The man behind the catchphrase 'Let's get it on'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1189-9417","url_text":"1189-9417"}]},{"reference":"\"100 fighter nickname origins\". The Underground. Retrieved 2018-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mixedmartialarts.com/news/100-fighter-nickname-origins","url_text":"\"100 fighter nickname origins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fightweets: Who got the best of UFC/Bellator announcing changes?\". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 2018-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/1/13/16886578/fightweets-who-get-the-best-of-ufc-bellator-announcing-changes","url_text":"\"Fightweets: Who got the best of UFC/Bellator announcing changes?\""}]},{"reference":"Bryan Tucker (February 5, 2016). \"World MMA Awards 2016 Results\". mmafighting.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2016/2/5/10924620/world-mma-awards-2016-results","url_text":"\"World MMA Awards 2016 Results\""}]},{"reference":"Bryan Tucker (March 2, 2017). \"World MMA Awards 2017 Results\". mmafighting.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2017/3/2/14785422/world-mma-awards-2017-results","url_text":"\"World MMA Awards 2017 Results\""}]},{"reference":"Bryan Tucker (July 4, 2018). \"World MMA Awards 2018 Results\". mmafighting.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/7/3/17532430/world-mma-awards-2018-results","url_text":"\"World MMA Awards 2018 Results\""}]},{"reference":"Farah Hannoun (March 20, 2020). \"John McCarthy weighs in on judges' scoring criteria, applies it to Adesanya vs. Romero\". mmajunkie.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/03/john-mccarthy-relates-judges-scoring-criteria-adesanya-vs-romero","url_text":"\"John McCarthy weighs in on judges' scoring criteria, applies it to Adesanya vs. Romero\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ron MCCARTHY\". mmadecisions.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mmadecisions.com/judge/358/Ron-McCarthy","url_text":"\"Ron MCCARTHY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weighing in Podcast #124\". Youtube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpHIFDaKIRA","url_text":"\"Weighing in Podcast #124\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/jpHIFDaKIRA","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Moles, Jason. \"Interview: \"Big\" John McCarthy Talks His New Book, Dana White and Fighters Crapping Themselves\". Cagepotato. Retrieved 2014-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cagepotato.com/interview-big-john-mccarthy-talks-his-new-book-dana-white-and-fighters-crapping-themselves/","url_text":"\"Interview: \"Big\" John McCarthy Talks His New Book, Dana White and Fighters Crapping Themselves\""}]},{"reference":"\"MMAmania book review: Let's Get It On! by 'Big' John McCarthy\". MMAmania.com. 30 August 2011. Retrieved 2014-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mmamania.com/2011/8/30/2393647/mmamania-book-review-lets-get-it-on-by-big-john-mccarthy","url_text":"\"MMAmania book review: Let's Get It On! by 'Big' John McCarthy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wrestling - [PODCAST] 411 MMA Interviews Big John McCarthy\". 411mania.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2014-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140101113456/http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/video_reviews/200236","url_text":"\"Wrestling - [PODCAST] 411 MMA Interviews Big John McCarthy\""},{"url":"http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/video_reviews/200236","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"McCarthy: Refereeing 'a lot different than people think'\". Usatoday30.usatoday.com. 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2014-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/mma/post/2011-09-04/big-john-mccarthy-interview/545882/1","url_text":"\"McCarthy: Refereeing 'a lot different than people think'\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Big' John McCarthy New Book on MMA History\". Apocalypsemma.com. Retrieved 2014-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apocalypsemma.com/2011/09/%E2%80%98big%E2%80%99-john-mccarthy-new-book-on-mma-history/","url_text":"\"'Big' John McCarthy New Book on MMA History\""}]},{"reference":"\"MTV Original TV Shows, Reality TV Shows \| MTV\". mtv.com. Retrieved 2015-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/shows/bully_beatdown/season_2/cast_member.jhtml?personalityId=13047","url_text":"\"MTV Original TV Shows, Reality TV Shows \| MTV\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIGHT LIFE - MMA Documentary by James Z. Feng\". fightlife.tv. Archived from the original on 2009-07-16. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefsdorf	Josefsdorf	["1 Geography","2 History","3 References"]	Quarter of Vienna For the villages in the Czech Republic, see Josefov (Hodonín District) and Josefov (Sokolov District). This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Josefsdorf" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Josefsdorf Coat of arms Map Location: 48°16′29″N 16°20′14″E / 48.27472°N 16.33722°E / 48.27472; 16.33722 Josefsdorf (Central Bavarian: Josefsduaf) was an independent municipality until 1892 and is today a part of Döbling, the 19th district of Vienna. It is also one of the 89 Katastralgemeinden. Geography Josefsdorf lies on one side of the Kahlenberg, on ground that slopes steeply towards Vienna. Covering an area of just 64.99 hectares, the Katastralgemeinde Josefsdorf is the smallest of the districts in Döbling. In statistical analyses conducted by the Austrian government, Josefsdorf is counted in the area Nußdorf-Kahlenbergerdorf. History The Camaldolese laid the foundation for Josefsdorf in 1628. Ferdinand II had invited the Camaldolese into the land following Polish marshal Nikolaus Wolsky’s supplication. The settlement consisted de facto of nothing but a monastery and was named Schweinsberg, after the mountain on which it was built. Schweinsberg is the original designation for the Kahlenberg. The Camaldolese settlement resembled a small village; two rows each of 20 plots clustered around a church and two yards. The monastery was dedicated to Saint Joseph. Following the dissolution of the hermitage on 4 February 1782, Edler Leopold von Kriegl obtained ownership over the land. The small houses that once belonged to the Camaldolese were sold off and von Kriegl opened a restaurant in what had earlier been the hospice. The Klosterneuburg Monastery provided one of its choir masters as a chaplain for the church. The modern-day St. Josefskirche (Saint Joseph’s Church) was sanctified in 1783. A cemetery was established in the nearby woods at the same time. The settlement was named Josefsdorf in 1784, in honour of Joseph II. However in 1809 the Josefsdorf parish was dissolved and the settlement was allocated to the town of Kahlenbergerdorf. Thereafter, Josefsdorf no longer had its own mayor and it was administered from Kahlenbergerdorf. Over the years, Josefsdorf remained a very small settlement. In 1832, there were 53 people living in 27 houses; in 1890 there were 37 houses but one inhabitant fewer. The Fürst zu Liechtenstein, a Moravian noble, was the last lord of Josefsdorf. In 1892, Josefsdorf, as part of the Kahlenbergerdorf, along with the surrounding suburbs of Sievering, Grinzing, Oberdöbling, Unterdöbling, Nußdorf, Heiligenstadt was integrated into the 19th district of Vienna, Döbling. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Josefsdorf. vteDistricts of Döbling (Vienna) Grinzing Heiligenstadt Kahlenbergerdorf Josefsdorf Neustift am Walde Nußdorf Oberdöbling Salmannsdorf Sievering Unterdöbling Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josefov (Hodonín District)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefov_(Hodon%C3%ADn_District)"},{"link_name":"Josefov (Sokolov District)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefov_(Sokolov_District)"},{"link_name":"Central Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bavarian"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Döbling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6bling"},{"link_name":"Katastralgemeinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastralgemeinde"}],"text":"For the villages in the Czech Republic, see Josefov (Hodonín District) and Josefov (Sokolov District).Josefsdorf (Central Bavarian: Josefsduaf) was an independent municipality until 1892 and is today a part of Döbling, the 19th district of Vienna. It is also one of the 89 Katastralgemeinden.","title":"Josefsdorf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kahlenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahlenberg"}],"text":"Josefsdorf lies on one side of the Kahlenberg, on ground that slopes steeply towards Vienna. Covering an area of just 64.99 hectares, the Katastralgemeinde Josefsdorf is the smallest of the districts in Döbling. In statistical analyses conducted by the Austrian government, Josefsdorf is counted in the area Nußdorf-Kahlenbergerdorf.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camaldolese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camaldolese"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Nikolaus Wolsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolaus_Wolsky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Klosterneuburg Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klosterneuburg_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Joseph II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liechtenstein-Kastelkorn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kahlenbergerdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahlenbergerdorf"},{"link_name":"Sievering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievering"},{"link_name":"Grinzing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinzing"},{"link_name":"Oberdöbling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberd%C3%B6bling"},{"link_name":"Unterdöbling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unterd%C3%B6bling"},{"link_name":"Nußdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C3%9Fdorf,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Heiligenstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiligenstadt,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Döbling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6bling"}],"text":"The Camaldolese laid the foundation for Josefsdorf in 1628. Ferdinand II had invited the Camaldolese into the land following Polish marshal Nikolaus Wolsky’s supplication. The settlement consisted de facto of nothing but a monastery and was named Schweinsberg, after the mountain on which it was built. Schweinsberg is the original designation for the Kahlenberg. The Camaldolese settlement resembled a small village; two rows each of 20 plots clustered around a church and two yards. The monastery was dedicated to Saint Joseph. Following the dissolution of the hermitage on 4 February 1782, Edler Leopold von Kriegl obtained ownership over the land. The small houses that once belonged to the Camaldolese were sold off and von Kriegl opened a restaurant in what had earlier been the hospice. The Klosterneuburg Monastery provided one of its choir masters as a chaplain for the church. The modern-day St. Josefskirche (Saint Joseph’s Church) was sanctified in 1783. A cemetery was established in the nearby woods at the same time. The settlement was named Josefsdorf in 1784, in honour of Joseph II. However in 1809 the Josefsdorf parish was dissolved and the settlement was allocated to the town of Kahlenbergerdorf. Thereafter, Josefsdorf no longer had its own mayor and it was administered from Kahlenbergerdorf.Over the years, Josefsdorf remained a very small settlement. In 1832, there were 53 people living in 27 houses; in 1890 there were 37 houses but one inhabitant fewer. The Fürst zu Liechtenstein, a Moravian noble, was the last lord of Josefsdorf.In 1892, Josefsdorf, as part of the Kahlenbergerdorf, along with the surrounding suburbs of Sievering, Grinzing, Oberdöbling, Unterdöbling, Nußdorf, Heiligenstadt was integrated into the 19th district of Vienna, Döbling.","title":"History"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coats_of_arms_of_None.svg/125px-Coats_of_arms_of_None.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Karte_Wien-Josefsdorf.png/140px-Karte_Wien-Josefsdorf.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Josefsdorf%22","external_links_name":"\"Josefsdorf\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Josefsdorf%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Josefsdorf%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Josefsdorf%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Josefsdorf%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Josefsdorf%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Josefsdorf&params=48_16_29_N_16_20_14_E_region:AT_type:city","external_links_name":"48°16′29″N 16°20′14″E / 48.27472°N 16.33722°E / 48.27472; 16.33722"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/238396855","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4108157-2","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renga_(disambiguation)	Renga (disambiguation)	["1 See also"]	Renga may refer to: Renga, a genre of Japanese collaborative poetry Francesco Renga, Italian singer-songwriter La Renga, hard rock Argentine band Renga (video game), a 2012 video game See also Rega (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Renga.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renga"},{"link_name":"Francesco Renga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Renga"},{"link_name":"La Renga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Renga"},{"link_name":"Renga (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renga_(video_game)"}],"text":"Renga, a genre of Japanese collaborative poetry\nFrancesco Renga, Italian singer-songwriter\nLa Renga, hard rock Argentine band\nRenga (video game), a 2012 video game","title":"Renga (disambiguation)"}]	[]	[{"title":"Rega (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rega_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Renga_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Renga_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_Gaze	Female gaze	["1 History","2 Theoretical implementation","3 Contemporary usage","4 Application in film and media","5 Criticisms","6 See also","7 External links","8 References"]	Feminist film theoretical term The female gaze is a feminist theory term referring to the gaze of the female spectator, character or director of an artistic work, but more than the gender it is an issue of representing women as subjects having agency. As such both genders can create films with a female gaze. It is a response to feminist film theorist Laura Mulvey's term "the male gaze", which represents not only the gaze of a heterosexual male viewer but also the gaze of the male character and the male creator of the film. In that sense it is close, though different, from the Matrixial gaze coined in 1985 by Bracha L. Ettinger. In contemporary usage, the female gaze has been used to refer to the perspective a female filmmaker (screenwriter/director/producer) brings to a film that might be different from a male view of the subject. History Mulvey discussed aspects of voyeurism and fetishism in the male gaze in her article, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema". She drew from Alfred Hitchcock's 1954 film, Rear Window, applying terms from Sigmund Freud's theories of psychoanalysis to discuss camera angle, narrative choice, and props in the movie while focusing on the concept of the male gaze. From what Jeffries, the protagonist in Rear Window, looks at through his camera to the camera angles in his discussion with his girlfriend, the male gaze is accentuated by each move in Mulvey's article. Mulvey's article focused on the concept of "scopophilia", or a pleasure in gazing and placed women as spectacles to be objectified and viewed, unable to return a gaze. She ultimately rejects most depictions of women in film as inadequate representations of human beings. Theoretical implementation The female gaze looks at three viewpoints: the individual filming, the characters within the film, and the spectator. These three viewpoints also are part of Mulvey's male gaze but focus, instead, on women. Viewpoints expanded alongside diversity in film genres. Woman's films were a genre that focused on female leads, showing the female as a diegetic story-teller rather than as a spectacle. Movies such as Rebecca and Stella Dallas are examples of such films in which the traditional narrative is told through the female protagonist. This genre of film evolved into "chick flicks" such as 27 Dresses and The Devil Wears Prada. These films are meant to represent the desires of female protagonists and, therefore, to represent the desires of the female movie-viewer. Zoe Dirse looked at the female gaze through the documentary film genre, analyzing aspects of pleasure and viewer identification. She analyzes the gaze at the points of production and reception. She notes that if the cinematographer is female and the subject is also female, the object of the film takes on a different role. Dirse argues that having a female cinematographer allows women to be viewed as they really are and not as the voyeuristic spectacle that the male gaze makes them out to be. While filming in Cairo, Dirse was in a crowd and observed being noticed by the men around her. At first they seemed curious, and Dirse wondered if it was because of her gender or the fact that she had a camera. It was not long before they began to push past her, and she felt a sense of danger that she felt other women in Cairo shared. This is depicted in her film, Shadow Maker. She said that her gender allowed her to be an unobtrusive observer – unlike a man – when filming Romani women singing. Paula Marantz Cohen discusses the female gaze in the chick flick genre, with specific attention to the attire women wear. According to her, spectacle overrules plot in films such as The Awful Truth. Irene Dunne's wardrobe is regarded as a central aspect of the film. According to Cohen, the different dresses that Dunne wears are extravagant, but not sexualized. While the clothing may be regarded as comical, it is also supportive to Dunne's independence and femininity. Cohen notes that in the film The Wedding Planner, Jennifer Lopez is fully clothed throughout the entire film. The clothes, as in The Awful Truth, are regarded as comical yet they catch the viewer's eye without sexualizing. Cohen also analyzes the relationship between the female lead stars of these films and their male co-stars. She states that these films truly depict what women want, that they are accentualized in a positive manner and have a partner who amplifies this accentuation. Contemporary usage Critics have focused attention on the presence of the female gaze in cinema and television, in works such as The Handmaid's Tale, I Love Dick, Fleabag, and The Love Witch. The controversial lesbian drama film Blue Is the Warmest Colour received considerable critical comment for the dominance of the male gaze and lack of female gaze, with some reviewers calling it a "patriarchal gaze". Jul Maroh, the author of the book upon which the film was based, was among the harshest critics, saying, "It appears to me this was what was missing on the set: lesbians." Filmmaker April Mullen has said, "Women have this vulnerability and connection to a depth of emotions that I can see and feel in certain moments of truth in the films we create. To me, the female gaze is transparency – the veil between audience and filmmaker is thin, and that allows people in more." Art historian Griselda Pollock and film theorist Julian Albilla worked with Bracha L. Ettinger's concepts of matrixial gaze, eros, and witnessing to analyse the feminine gaze in the films of Chantal Akerman and Pedro Almodóvar. At the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival, Joey Soloway, in their keynote address, explored the definition of the female gaze in film-making. Specifically, Soloway outlined three concepts, mimicking Laura Mulvey's original triangulation of the male gaze (the spectator, the filmmaker, and the actors). Soloway's conception of the female gaze goes beyond a mere inversion of Mulvey's male gaze, however, and instead imagines the ways in which the female gaze in filmmaking can provide insight into the lived female experience. Their concept includes "the feeling camera" (or "bodies over equipment" wherein emotions are prioritized over action); "the gazed gaze," which shows viewers how it feels to be the object of the gaze; and "returning the gaze" (or "I see you seeing me" and "how it feels to stand here in this world having been seen our entire lives"). Similar to the concept of the female gaze, 'written by a woman' can be understood as an emotionally vulnerable and aware man devoid of the conventions of toxic masculinity. Popularized on TikTok, this kind of man is in touch with his emotions, thoughtful, considerate, and kind, unafraid to distance themselves from the stereotypical concepts of masculinity. This kind of man is the idealized and embodiment of a man as conventionalized by what a woman would want in a man rather than what men believe women will want. Application in film and media This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) American writer and director Joey Soloway has addressed additional components of the female gaze in film and media. In their 2016 Toronto International Film Festival Masterclass, Soloway outlined three key concepts in their theory of the female gaze: "feeling seeing," "the gazed gaze," and "returning the gaze." In film and media, 'feeling seeing' refers to a process of filmmaking that makes the camera subjective. The 'gazed gaze' creates the perspective of being "in" rather than overlooking the character's experiences, allowing the audience to understand the character's inner thoughts, feelings, and emotions. The television show Fleabag utilizes this trope through direct eye contact with the camera lens. In Fleabag, written and directed by Phoebe-Waller Bridge, the unnamed protagonist breaks the fourth wall during moments when she is not revealing the full extent of her beliefs or emotions to other characters within the show, instead relaying her inner thoughts, feelings, and emotions to the audience through eye contact directly in the camera lens. The 'gazed gaze' refers to a connection with the audience, aimed at conveying the ideal conceptions of being desired and as the object of one's affection. The film Pride and Prejudice directed by Joe Wright displays this concept during a scene in which the protagonist, Mr. Darcy, admits timidly with hesitance to Elizabeth Bennet his captivation and affection for her in a manner that is contrary to the grandeur professions of love seen in the romance genre. During his declaration of love, the camera's angle makes the viewer appear as the subject of Mr. Darcy's love confession. The direct camera angle allows us, the audience, to know what it may feel like to be the object of his gaze. To address the rise of rejecting and returning the gaze in film and media Joey Soloway conceptualized 'returning the gaze,' this refers to switching the roles between the audience and the subject of objectification within the film. The gaze is shared between the objectified and objectified through which the character realizes their role, rejecting it or returning to the viewer. Depicted in writer and director Greta Gerwig's Barbie, the film follows Margot Robbie's Barbie as she becomes sentient, leaving Barbieland to go to the 'real world,' where she experiences for the first time the patriarchy and sexual objectification. In the film, Margot Robbie's Barbie realizes the full extent of what it means to be seen as an object and the implications of living in a patriarchal society, something absent in the utopia of Barbieland. During a scene when Barbie is crying after realizing the full extent of what it means to live in a patriarchal world, the narrator breaks the fourth wall by addressing how, during this scene of vulnerability and defeat experienced by Barbie, the audience instead readily acknowledges how beautiful Margot Robbie looks while crying before they will recognize her character's feelings. Rejecting, or similarly recognizing, the audience will acknowledge her beauty before empathizing with her struggles as a woman through the verbal assertion made by the film's narrator. Criticisms Like the male gaze, the female gaze is not without its detractors as in "No Such Thing Not Yet: Questioning Television Female Gaze", Caetlin Benson-Allot discussed the lack of representation of minorities in the female gaze. She argues that although the female gaze presumes a universal experience based on shared gender, it tends to ignore minorities, choosing instead to focus on the lives of white middle-class women. In the article she specifically focuses on television. In it she uses examples from the TV shows I Love Dick, GLOW and Insecure. She argues that although I Love Dick and GLOW introduce characters of color, they do so by casting them in supporting roles which never destabilize the white protagonist. Insecure on the other hand, she argues, provides a model for future feminist television. The show follows Issa and her friend Molly and focuses on the self-defeating impulses in their personal and professional relationships. The story line also focuses on Issa's job working with at-risk youth, which helps in exploring the racial dynamics of Los Angeles. Using anti-racist comedy, Benson-Allot argued, Insecure challenged the focus on white feminism and neglect of black women. Canadian cinematographer Zoe Dirse also criticized the reproduction of the female gaze and the under-representation of women in technical areas of film making. Using her experience in the documentary genre, she focused on the female gaze at the point of production. Dirse focused on the dominance of the white middle class male in the film industry. According to her, women are often shut out of the film industry due to its profitable nature. This creates a lack of women producing for the female viewer or reproducing the female gaze. She uses examples of excerpts from films to explore the need for female directors and technical crew in properly reproducing the female gaze. One example she gives is that of the 1992 documentary Forbidden Love, which focuses on the stories of lesbians coming out in the 1950s. According to Dirse, in this film the feminist, lesbian directors managed to subvert the male gaze in favor of the female one; creating a view in which the actors are not objects of male desire, but of female desire. She argues that when there are feminist filmmakers, the film creates feminist elements. She argues that it is crucial for women to take control of their art in order to accurately reproduce the female gaze. In Chick Flicks and the Straight Female Gaze, Natalie Perfetti-Oates argued that the heterosexual female gaze can become problematic with the rise of male sexual objectification. This is due to the use of sex negativity when enacting this gaze. Sex negativity occurs when men are trapped as solely sex objects. Chick flicks that cast their male leads solely as sex objects for the female viewers, according to Perfetti-Oates, serve to reverse gender discrimination rather than creating gender equality. Oates explains how more and more action movies and chick flick films create the heterosexual female gaze through showcasing male's bodies. In her article, Oates used examples from films such as Forgetting Sarah Marshall, New Moon, and Magic Mike. In Magic Mike, for example, Mike only becomes a love interest after he quits his job as a stripper, thus making Mike a sex object and love interest, but not both, thus creating sex negativity. She argued that progress towards equality will be made when both men and women can move freely between the position of subject and object; not when men are objectified just as women have been. In Jessica Taylor's Romance and the Female Gaze: Obscuring Gendered Violence in the Twilight Saga, Taylor criticizes the emerging female gaze and how it interacts with romance to portray violent male bodies as desirable. She describes the Twilight series as retrograde and naïve in its use of romance conventions. To explain how the female gaze works to create violent male bodies as desirable, she looked back on the work of Mulvey. Specifically, she focused on the notion of "fetishistic scopophilia" that was previously used by Mulvey to explain how the anxiety-inducing female body becomes fetishized and a source of pleasure for the male viewer, leading female viewers towards hyper-desirability gaze of the bodies of the male characters, and pushing the female audience to desire the powerful, violent male body rather than fear it. Examples that she gives are the way in which the body of both Jacob and Edward are manipulated by categorizing them as visually desirable boys. It reduces the threat of violence and neutralizes the potential threats to the female viewers. Taylor argues that the use of a limited and specific female gaze can re-code incidents of gendered violence and violent male body as both reassuring and desirable. Joey Soloway's three main concepts of the 'female gaze' in film rely heavily on the emotional environment created by the director. The underrepresentation of women behind the camera in film and television limits the application of her main principles of the 'female gaze.' This gaze is implemented less in terms of the narrative outcomes or the final product; instead, it depends on how it is produced and curated, often by the director and cinematographer. As discussed in Laura Mulvey's essay "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Media," within the film and media sphere, men make up the majority of directors, cinematographers, and camera crew, limiting the aspects in which the female gaze gets produced," the underrepresentation of the female perspective on screen is tied to the female underrepresentation in the film industry overall. The female gaze as an applied practice in film is bound to the opportunity and gender disparities in the film industry for women. Recognizing this is connected to understanding the reason for its limited presence in film and media. See also List of LGBT films directed by women List of lesbian filmmakers Otome game External links Female Gaze: Women Directors + Women Cinematographers - The Criterion Channel Female Gaze Teaser on Criterion's YouTube channel References ^ Ettinger, Bracha L., The Matrixial Gaze. University of Leeds Publishing, 1995. ^ Ettinger, Bracha L., The Matrixial Borderspace. University of Minnesota Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-8166-3587-0 ^ a b Mulvey, Laura (Autumn 1975). "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema". Screen. 16 (3): 6–18. doi:10.1093/screen/16.3.6. ^ a b c Dirse, Zoe. "Gender in Cinematography". Journal of Research in Gender Studies. 3. ^ Cohen, Paula Marantz. "What Have Clothes Got to Do with It?: Romantic Comedy and the Female Gaze". Southwest Review. 95. ^ Blake, Meredith (5 May 2017). "From 'The Handmaid's Tale' to 'I Love Dick,' the female gaze is thriving on television". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 September 2017. ^ Garvey, Meaghan. "FEMALE GAZE: LANA DEL REY, I LOVE DICK, AND THE LOVE WITCH". mtv.com. ^ "Blue Is The Warmest Color: The Male Gaze Reigns Supreme". Autostraddle. 2013-11-06. Retrieved 2017-09-01. ^ Juergen, Michelle (2013-11-08). ""Blue Is the Warmest Color" gets lesbian sex wrong". Salon. Retrieved 2017-09-01. ^ Hanna, Anne Thompson, Beth (2013-10-25). "Feminists Debate Cannes-Winner 'Blue is the Warmest Color"s Patriarchal Gaze \| IndieWire". www.indiewire.com. Retrieved 2017-09-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Dargis, Manohla (2013-10-25). "The Trouble With 'Blue Is the Warmest Color'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-09-01. ^ Jagernauth, Kevin (2013-05-28). "'Blue Is The Warmest Color' Author Julie Maroh Not Pleased With Graphic Sex In Film, Calls It "Porn" \| IndieWire". www.indiewire.com. Retrieved 2017-09-01. ^ "Director April Mullen on how "Below Her Mouth" is all about the female gaze - AfterEllen". AfterEllen. 2016-09-12. Retrieved 2017-09-01. ^ "'Below Her Mouth' Dir. April Mullen Talks About The Female Gaze & Working With An All-Female Crew - GirlTalkHQ". GirlTalkHQ. 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2017-09-01. ^ Mullen, April (April 26, 2017). "How Being Called a "Female Filmmaker" Helped Me Understand the Future of Cinema". Talkhouse. Retrieved 2017-11-14. ^ Pollock, Griselda, "Art as Transport-station of Trauma. Haunting Objects in the Works of Bracha Ettinger, Sarah Kofman and Chantal Ackerman. In: Representing Auschwitz, Ed. N. Chare et al. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. ^ Bracha L. Ettinger Proto-ética matricial. Madrid: Gedisa, 2019. ^ Gutierrez-Albilla, Julian. Aesthetics, Ethics and Trauma in the Cinema of Pedro Almodovar. Edinburch Univ. Press, 2017. ^ a b c "MASTER CLASS Jill Soloway". TIFF. Retrieved 2017-09-01. ^ a b Joey Soloway on The Female Gaze \| MASTER CLASS \| TIFF 2016, retrieved 2023-10-26 ^ a b Benson-Allott, Caetlin (2017-12-01). "On Platforms: No Such Thing Not Yet: Questioning Television's Female Gaze". Film Quarterly. 71 (2): 65–71. doi:10.1525/fq.2017.71.2.65. ISSN 1533-8630. ^ GLOW: Actual Feminist Filmmaking in #MeToo Hollywood\|The Artifice ^ a b Perfetti, Natalie (2015). "Chick flicks and the straight female gaze: Sexual objectification and sex negativity in new moon, forgetting sarah marshall, magic mike, and fool's gold". An Internet Journal of Gender Studies. 51: 18–31. ^ Taylor, Jessica (2012-12-11). "Romance and the Female Gaze Obscuring Gendered Violence in The Twilight Saga". Feminist Media Studies. 14 (3): 388–402. doi:10.1080/14680777.2012.740493. ISSN 1468-0777. S2CID 145206057. ^ Mulvey, Laura (1975), "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema", Feminisms, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 438–448, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-14428-0_27 (inactive 2024-04-26), ISBN 978-0-333-69099-4, retrieved 2023-10-26{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) vteWomen in mediaTropes Hawksian woman Seriality Jouissance Celluloid ceiling Manic Pixie Dream Girl Women in film Women's cinema Chick flick Woman's film Female buddy film Horror Final girl Scream queen Feminist art theory Art criticism Film theory Johanson analysis Male gaze Female gaze Bechdel test Literary criticism	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feminist theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_theory"},{"link_name":"Laura Mulvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Mulvey"},{"link_name":"the male gaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_gaze"},{"link_name":"Matrixial gaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrixial_gaze"},{"link_name":"Bracha L. Ettinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracha_L._Ettinger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The female gaze is a feminist theory term referring to the gaze of the female spectator, character or director of an artistic work, but more than the gender it is an issue of representing women as subjects having agency. As such both genders can create films with a female gaze. It is a response to feminist film theorist Laura Mulvey's term \"the male gaze\", which represents not only the gaze of a heterosexual male viewer but also the gaze of the male character and the male creator of the film. In that sense it is close, though different, from the Matrixial gaze coined in 1985 by Bracha L. Ettinger.[1][2] In contemporary usage, the female gaze has been used to refer to the perspective a female filmmaker (screenwriter/director/producer) brings to a film that might be different from a male view of the subject.","title":"Female gaze"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Pleasure_and_Narrative_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Rear Window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_Window"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"scopophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopophilia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Mulvey discussed aspects of voyeurism and fetishism in the male gaze in her article, \"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema\". She drew from Alfred Hitchcock's 1954 film, Rear Window, applying terms from Sigmund Freud's theories of psychoanalysis to discuss camera angle, narrative choice, and props in the movie while focusing on the concept of the male gaze. From what Jeffries, the protagonist in Rear Window, looks at through his camera to the camera angles in his discussion with his girlfriend, the male gaze is accentuated by each move in Mulvey's article. Mulvey's article focused on the concept of \"scopophilia\", or a pleasure in gazing and placed women as spectacles to be objectified and viewed, unable to return a gaze. She ultimately rejects most depictions of women in film as inadequate representations of human beings.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woman's films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_film"},{"link_name":"diegetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diegetic"},{"link_name":"Rebecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Stella Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Dallas_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"chick flicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_flick"},{"link_name":"27 Dresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_Dresses"},{"link_name":"The Devil Wears Prada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil_Wears_Prada_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Zoe Dirse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Dirse"},{"link_name":"documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"chick flick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_flick"},{"link_name":"The Awful Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Awful_Truth"},{"link_name":"Irene Dunne's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Dunne"},{"link_name":"The Wedding Planner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wedding_Planner"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The female gaze looks at three viewpoints: the individual filming, the characters within the film, and the spectator. These three viewpoints also are part of Mulvey's male gaze but focus, instead, on women. Viewpoints expanded alongside diversity in film genres. Woman's films were a genre that focused on female leads, showing the female as a diegetic story-teller rather than as a spectacle. Movies such as Rebecca and Stella Dallas are examples of such films in which the traditional narrative is told through the female protagonist. This genre of film evolved into \"chick flicks\" such as 27 Dresses and The Devil Wears Prada. These films are meant to represent the desires of female protagonists and, therefore, to represent the desires of the female movie-viewer.[3][failed verification]Zoe Dirse looked at the female gaze through the documentary film genre, analyzing aspects of pleasure and viewer identification. She analyzes the gaze at the points of production and reception. She notes that if the cinematographer is female and the subject is also female, the object of the film takes on a different role. Dirse argues that having a female cinematographer allows women to be viewed as they really are and not as the voyeuristic spectacle that the male gaze makes them out to be. While filming in Cairo, Dirse was in a crowd and observed being noticed by the men around her. At first they seemed curious, and Dirse wondered if it was because of her gender or the fact that she had a camera. It was not long before they began to push past her, and she felt a sense of danger that she felt other women in Cairo shared. This is depicted in her film, Shadow Maker. She said that her gender allowed her to be an unobtrusive observer – unlike a man – when filming Romani women singing.[4]Paula Marantz Cohen discusses the female gaze in the chick flick genre, with specific attention to the attire women wear. According to her, spectacle overrules plot in films such as The Awful Truth. Irene Dunne's wardrobe is regarded as a central aspect of the film. According to Cohen, the different dresses that Dunne wears are extravagant, but not sexualized. While the clothing may be regarded as comical, it is also supportive to Dunne's independence and femininity. Cohen notes that in the film The Wedding Planner, Jennifer Lopez is fully clothed throughout the entire film. The clothes, as in The Awful Truth, are regarded as comical yet they catch the viewer's eye without sexualizing. Cohen also analyzes the relationship between the female lead stars of these films and their male co-stars. She states that these films truly depict what women want, that they are accentualized in a positive manner and have a partner who amplifies this accentuation.[5]","title":"Theoretical implementation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Handmaid's Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"I Love Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_Dick_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fleabag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleabag"},{"link_name":"The Love Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Witch"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"Blue Is the Warmest Colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Is_the_Warmest_Colour"},{"link_name":"male gaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_gaze"},{"link_name":"patriarchal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jul Maroh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jul_Maroh"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"April Mullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Mullen"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Griselda Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griselda_Pollock"},{"link_name":"Bracha L. Ettinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracha_L._Ettinger"},{"link_name":"matrixial gaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrixial_gaze"},{"link_name":"Chantal Akerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal_Akerman"},{"link_name":"Pedro Almodóvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Joey Soloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Soloway"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-19"},{"link_name":"toxic masculinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_masculinity"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"masculinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinity"}],"text":"Critics have focused attention on the presence of the female gaze in cinema and television, in works such as The Handmaid's Tale, I Love Dick, Fleabag, and The Love Witch.[6][7]The controversial lesbian drama film Blue Is the Warmest Colour received considerable critical comment for the dominance of the male gaze and lack of female gaze, with some reviewers calling it a \"patriarchal gaze\".[8][9][10][11] Jul Maroh, the author of the book upon which the film was based, was among the harshest[failed verification] critics, saying, \"It appears to me this was what was missing on the set: lesbians.\"[12]Filmmaker April Mullen has said, \"Women have this vulnerability and connection to a depth of emotions that I can see and feel in certain moments of truth in the films we create. To me, the female gaze is transparency – the veil between audience and filmmaker is thin, and that allows people in more.\"[13][14][15]Art historian Griselda Pollock and film theorist Julian Albilla worked with Bracha L. Ettinger's concepts of matrixial gaze, eros, and witnessing to analyse the feminine gaze in the films of Chantal Akerman and Pedro Almodóvar.[16][17][18]At the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival, Joey Soloway, in their keynote address, explored the definition of the female gaze in film-making.[19] Specifically, Soloway outlined three concepts, mimicking Laura Mulvey's original triangulation of the male gaze (the spectator, the filmmaker, and the actors). Soloway's conception of the female gaze goes beyond a mere inversion of Mulvey's male gaze, however, and instead imagines the ways in which the female gaze in filmmaking can provide insight into the lived female experience.[19] Their concept includes \"the feeling camera\" (or \"bodies over equipment\" wherein emotions are prioritized over action); \"the gazed gaze,\" which shows viewers how it feels to be the object of the gaze; and \"returning the gaze\" (or \"I see you seeing me\" and \"how it feels to stand here in this world having been seen our entire lives\").[19]Similar to the concept of the female gaze, 'written by a woman' can be understood as an emotionally vulnerable and aware man devoid of the conventions of toxic masculinity. Popularized on TikTok, this kind of man is in touch with his emotions, thoughtful, considerate, and kind, unafraid to distance themselves from the stereotypical concepts of masculinity. This kind of man is the idealized and embodiment of a man as conventionalized by what a woman would want in a man rather than what men believe women will want.","title":"Contemporary usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joey Soloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Soloway"},{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube.com-20"},{"link_name":"Fleabag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleabag"},{"link_name":"Phoebe-Waller Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_Waller-Bridge"},{"link_name":"Pride and Prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_%26_Prejudice_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Joe Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Wright"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube.com-20"},{"link_name":"gaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaze"},{"link_name":"Greta Gerwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Gerwig"},{"link_name":"Barbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie_(film)"},{"link_name":"Margot Robbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Robbie"}],"text":"American writer and director Joey Soloway has addressed additional components of the female gaze in film and media. In their 2016 Toronto International Film Festival Masterclass, Soloway outlined three key concepts in their theory of the female gaze: \"feeling seeing,\" \"the gazed gaze,\" and \"returning the gaze.\"[20] In film and media, 'feeling seeing' refers to a process of filmmaking that makes the camera subjective. The 'gazed gaze' creates the perspective of being \"in\" rather than overlooking the character's experiences, allowing the audience to understand the character's inner thoughts, feelings, and emotions. The television show Fleabag utilizes this trope through direct eye contact with the camera lens. In Fleabag, written and directed by Phoebe-Waller Bridge, the unnamed protagonist breaks the fourth wall during moments when she is not revealing the full extent of her beliefs or emotions to other characters within the show, instead relaying her inner thoughts, feelings, and emotions to the audience through eye contact directly in the camera lens.The 'gazed gaze' refers to a connection with the audience, aimed at conveying the ideal conceptions of being desired and as the object of one's affection. The film Pride and Prejudice directed by Joe Wright displays this concept during a scene in which the protagonist, Mr. Darcy, admits timidly with hesitance to Elizabeth Bennet his captivation and affection for her in a manner that is contrary to the grandeur professions of love seen in the romance genre. During his declaration of love, the camera's angle makes the viewer appear as the subject of Mr. Darcy's love confession. The direct camera angle allows us, the audience, to know what it may feel like to be the object of his gaze.To address the rise of rejecting and returning the gaze in film and media Joey Soloway conceptualized 'returning the gaze,[20]' this refers to switching the roles between the audience and the subject of objectification within the film. The gaze is shared between the objectified and objectified through which the character realizes their role, rejecting it or returning to the viewer. Depicted in writer and director Greta Gerwig's Barbie, the film follows Margot Robbie's Barbie as she becomes sentient, leaving Barbieland to go to the 'real world,' where she experiences for the first time the patriarchy and sexual objectification. In the film, Margot Robbie's Barbie realizes the full extent of what it means to be seen as an object and the implications of living in a patriarchal society, something absent in the utopia of Barbieland. During a scene when Barbie is crying after realizing the full extent of what it means to live in a patriarchal world, the narrator breaks the fourth wall by addressing how, during this scene of vulnerability and defeat experienced by Barbie, the audience instead readily acknowledges how beautiful Margot Robbie looks while crying before they will recognize her character's feelings. Rejecting, or similarly recognizing, the audience will acknowledge her beauty before empathizing with her struggles as a woman through the verbal assertion made by the film's narrator.","title":"Application in film and media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"I Love Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_Dick_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"GLOW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLOW_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Insecure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecure_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"white feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_feminism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"Zoe Dirse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Dirse"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Forbidden Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_Love:_The_Unashamed_Stories_of_Lesbian_Lives"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"objectification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_objectification"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-23"},{"link_name":"sex negativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-negativity"},{"link_name":"Forgetting Sarah Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgetting_Sarah_Marshall"},{"link_name":"New Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga:_New_Moon"},{"link_name":"Magic Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Mike"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-23"},{"link_name":"Twilight Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"fetishized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetishism"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Joey Soloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Soloway"},{"link_name":"Laura Mulvey's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Mulvey"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Like the male gaze, the female gaze is not without its detractors as in \"No Such Thing Not Yet: Questioning Television Female Gaze\", Caetlin Benson-Allot discussed the lack of representation of minorities in the female gaze.[21] She argues that although the female gaze presumes a universal experience based on shared gender, it tends to ignore minorities, choosing instead to focus on the lives of white middle-class women. In the article she specifically focuses on television. In it she uses examples from the TV shows I Love Dick, GLOW[22] and Insecure. She argues that although I Love Dick and GLOW introduce characters of color, they do so by casting them in supporting roles which never destabilize the white protagonist. Insecure on the other hand, she argues, provides a model for future feminist television. The show follows Issa and her friend Molly and focuses on the self-defeating impulses in their personal and professional relationships. The story line also focuses on Issa's job working with at-risk youth, which helps in exploring the racial dynamics of Los Angeles. Using anti-racist comedy, Benson-Allot argued, Insecure challenged the focus on white feminism and neglect of black women.[21]Canadian cinematographer Zoe Dirse also criticized the reproduction of the female gaze and the under-representation of women in technical areas of film making.[4] Using her experience in the documentary genre, she focused on the female gaze at the point of production. Dirse focused on the dominance of the white middle class male in the film industry. According to her, women are often shut out of the film industry due to its profitable nature. This creates a lack of women producing for the female viewer or reproducing the female gaze. She uses examples of excerpts from films to explore the need for female directors and technical crew in properly reproducing the female gaze. One example she gives is that of the 1992 documentary Forbidden Love, which focuses on the stories of lesbians coming out in the 1950s. According to Dirse, in this film the feminist, lesbian directors managed to subvert the male gaze in favor of the female one; creating a view in which the actors are not objects of male desire, but of female desire. She argues that when there are feminist filmmakers, the film creates feminist elements. She argues that it is crucial for women to take control of their art in order to accurately reproduce the female gaze.[4]In Chick Flicks and the Straight Female Gaze, Natalie Perfetti-Oates argued that the heterosexual female gaze can become problematic with the rise of male sexual objectification.[23] This is due to the use of sex negativity when enacting this gaze. Sex negativity occurs when men are trapped as solely sex objects. Chick flicks that cast their male leads solely as sex objects for the female viewers, according to Perfetti-Oates, serve to reverse gender discrimination rather than creating gender equality. Oates explains how more and more action movies and chick flick films create the heterosexual female gaze through showcasing male's bodies. In her article, Oates used examples from films such as Forgetting Sarah Marshall, New Moon, and Magic Mike. In Magic Mike, for example, Mike only becomes a love interest after he quits his job as a stripper, thus making Mike a sex object and love interest, but not both, thus creating sex negativity. She argued that progress towards equality will be made when both men and women can move freely between the position of subject and object; not when men are objectified just as women have been.[23]In Jessica Taylor's Romance and the Female Gaze: Obscuring Gendered Violence in the Twilight Saga, Taylor criticizes the emerging female gaze and how it interacts with romance to portray violent male bodies as desirable. She describes the Twilight series as retrograde and naïve in its use of romance conventions. To explain how the female gaze works to create violent male bodies as desirable, she looked back on the work of Mulvey. Specifically, she focused on the notion of \"fetishistic scopophilia\" that was previously used by Mulvey to explain how the anxiety-inducing female body becomes fetishized and a source of pleasure for the male viewer, leading female viewers towards hyper-desirability gaze of the bodies of the male characters, and pushing the female audience to desire the powerful, violent male body rather than fear it. Examples that she gives are the way in which the body of both Jacob and Edward are manipulated by categorizing them as visually desirable boys.It reduces the threat of violence and neutralizes the potential threats to the female viewers. Taylor argues that the use of a limited and specific female gaze can re-code incidents of gendered violence and violent male body as both reassuring and desirable.[24]Joey Soloway's three main concepts of the 'female gaze' in film rely heavily on the emotional environment created by the director. The underrepresentation of women behind the camera in film and television limits the application of her main principles of the 'female gaze.' This gaze is implemented less in terms of the narrative outcomes or the final product; instead, it depends on how it is produced and curated, often by the director and cinematographer. As discussed in Laura Mulvey's essay \"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Media,\"[25] within the film and media sphere, men make up the majority of directors, cinematographers, and camera crew, limiting the aspects in which the female gaze gets produced,\" the underrepresentation of the female perspective on screen is tied to the female underrepresentation in the film industry overall. The female gaze as an applied practice in film is bound to the opportunity and gender disparities in the film industry for women. Recognizing this is connected to understanding the reason for its limited presence in film and media.","title":"Criticisms"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of LGBT films directed by women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT_films_directed_by_women"},{"title":"List of lesbian filmmakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lesbian_filmmakers"},{"title":"Otome game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otome_game"}]	[{"reference":"Mulvey, Laura (Autumn 1975). \"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema\". Screen. 16 (3): 6–18. doi:10.1093/screen/16.3.6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fscreen%2F16.3.6","url_text":"10.1093/screen/16.3.6"}]},{"reference":"Dirse, Zoe. \"Gender in Cinematography\". Journal of Research in Gender Studies. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cohen, Paula Marantz. \"What Have Clothes Got to Do with It?: Romantic Comedy and the Female Gaze\". Southwest Review. 95.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Blake, Meredith (5 May 2017). \"From 'The Handmaid's Tale' to 'I Love Dick,' the female gaze is thriving on television\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-et-st-female-gaze-television-20170505-htmlstory.html","url_text":"\"From 'The Handmaid's Tale' to 'I Love Dick,' the female gaze is thriving on television\""}]},{"reference":"Garvey, Meaghan. \"FEMALE GAZE: LANA DEL REY, I LOVE DICK, AND THE LOVE WITCH\". mtv.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/3011777/female-gaze-lana-del-rey-i-love-dick/","url_text":"\"FEMALE GAZE: LANA DEL REY, I LOVE DICK, AND THE LOVE WITCH\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blue Is The Warmest Color: The Male Gaze Reigns Supreme\". Autostraddle. 2013-11-06. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autostraddle.com/blue-is-the-warmest-color-the-male-gaze-reigns-supreme-203158/","url_text":"\"Blue Is The Warmest Color: The Male Gaze Reigns Supreme\""}]},{"reference":"Juergen, Michelle (2013-11-08). \"\"Blue Is the Warmest Color\" gets lesbian sex wrong\". Salon. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.salon.com/2013/11/08/blue_is_the_warmest_color_gets_lesbian_sex_wrong_partner/","url_text":"\"\"Blue Is the Warmest Color\" gets lesbian sex wrong\""}]},{"reference":"Hanna, Anne Thompson, Beth (2013-10-25). \"Feminists Debate Cannes-Winner 'Blue is the Warmest Color\"s Patriarchal Gaze \| IndieWire\". www.indiewire.com. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiewire.com/2013/10/feminists-debate-cannes-winner-blue-is-the-warmest-colors-patriarchal-gaze-195397/","url_text":"\"Feminists Debate Cannes-Winner 'Blue is the Warmest Color\"s Patriarchal Gaze \| IndieWire\""}]},{"reference":"Dargis, Manohla (2013-10-25). \"The Trouble With 'Blue Is the Warmest Color'\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/movies/the-trouble-with-blue-is-the-warmest-color.html","url_text":"\"The Trouble With 'Blue Is the Warmest Color'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Jagernauth, Kevin (2013-05-28). \"'Blue Is The Warmest Color' Author Julie Maroh Not Pleased With Graphic Sex In Film, Calls It \"Porn\" \| IndieWire\". www.indiewire.com. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiewire.com/2013/05/blue-is-the-warmest-color-author-julie-maroh-not-pleased-with-graphic-sex-in-film-calls-it-porn-97557/","url_text":"\"'Blue Is The Warmest Color' Author Julie Maroh Not Pleased With Graphic Sex In Film, Calls It \"Porn\" \| IndieWire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Director April Mullen on how \"Below Her Mouth\" is all about the female gaze - AfterEllen\". AfterEllen. 2016-09-12. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afterellen.com/movies/511655-director-april-mullen-mouth-female-gaze","url_text":"\"Director April Mullen on how \"Below Her Mouth\" is all about the female gaze - AfterEllen\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Below Her Mouth' Dir. April Mullen Talks About The Female Gaze & Working With An All-Female Crew - GirlTalkHQ\". GirlTalkHQ. 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://girltalkhq.com/below-her-mouth-dir-april-mullen-talks-about-the-female-gaze-working-with-an-all-female-crew/","url_text":"\"'Below Her Mouth' Dir. April Mullen Talks About The Female Gaze & Working With An All-Female Crew - GirlTalkHQ\""}]},{"reference":"Mullen, April (April 26, 2017). \"How Being Called a \"Female Filmmaker\" Helped Me Understand the Future of Cinema\". Talkhouse. Retrieved 2017-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.talkhouse.com/female-filmmaker-understand-future-cinema/","url_text":"\"How Being Called a \"Female Filmmaker\" Helped Me Understand the Future of Cinema\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkhouse","url_text":"Talkhouse"}]},{"reference":"\"MASTER CLASS Jill Soloway\". TIFF. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tiff.net/events/master-class-jill-soloway/","url_text":"\"MASTER CLASS Jill Soloway\""}]},{"reference":"Joey Soloway on The Female Gaze \| MASTER CLASS \| TIFF 2016, retrieved 2023-10-26","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnBvppooD9I","url_text":"Joey Soloway on The Female Gaze \| MASTER CLASS \| TIFF 2016"}]},{"reference":"Benson-Allott, Caetlin (2017-12-01). \"On Platforms: No Such Thing Not Yet: Questioning Television's Female Gaze\". Film Quarterly. 71 (2): 65–71. doi:10.1525/fq.2017.71.2.65. ISSN 1533-8630.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Ffq.2017.71.2.65","url_text":"10.1525/fq.2017.71.2.65"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1533-8630","url_text":"1533-8630"}]},{"reference":"Perfetti, Natalie (2015). \"Chick flicks and the straight female gaze: Sexual objectification and sex negativity in new moon, forgetting sarah marshall, magic mike, and fool's gold\". An Internet Journal of Gender Studies. 51: 18–31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Taylor, Jessica (2012-12-11). \"Romance and the Female Gaze Obscuring Gendered Violence in The Twilight Saga\". Feminist Media Studies. 14 (3): 388–402. doi:10.1080/14680777.2012.740493. ISSN 1468-0777. S2CID 145206057.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14680777.2012.740493","url_text":"10.1080/14680777.2012.740493"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0777","url_text":"1468-0777"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145206057","url_text":"145206057"}]},{"reference":"Mulvey, Laura (1975), \"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema\", Feminisms, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 438–448, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-14428-0_27 (inactive 2024-04-26), ISBN 978-0-333-69099-4, retrieved 2023-10-26","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14428-0_27","url_text":"\"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-14428-0_27","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-349-14428-0_27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69099-4","url_text":"978-0-333-69099-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.criterionchannel.com/female-gaze-women-directors-women-cinematographers","external_links_name":"Female Gaze: Women Directors + Women Cinematographers - The Criterion Channel"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GuGDWscjNus","external_links_name":"Female Gaze Teaser on Criterion's YouTube channel"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fscreen%2F16.3.6","external_links_name":"10.1093/screen/16.3.6"},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-et-st-female-gaze-television-20170505-htmlstory.html","external_links_name":"\"From 'The Handmaid's Tale' to 'I Love Dick,' the female gaze is thriving on television\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/3011777/female-gaze-lana-del-rey-i-love-dick/","external_links_name":"\"FEMALE GAZE: LANA DEL REY, I LOVE DICK, AND THE LOVE WITCH\""},{"Link":"https://www.autostraddle.com/blue-is-the-warmest-color-the-male-gaze-reigns-supreme-203158/","external_links_name":"\"Blue Is The Warmest Color: The Male Gaze Reigns Supreme\""},{"Link":"http://www.salon.com/2013/11/08/blue_is_the_warmest_color_gets_lesbian_sex_wrong_partner/","external_links_name":"\"\"Blue Is the Warmest Color\" gets lesbian sex wrong\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiewire.com/2013/10/feminists-debate-cannes-winner-blue-is-the-warmest-colors-patriarchal-gaze-195397/","external_links_name":"\"Feminists Debate Cannes-Winner 'Blue is the Warmest Color\"s Patriarchal Gaze \| IndieWire\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/movies/the-trouble-with-blue-is-the-warmest-color.html","external_links_name":"\"The Trouble With 'Blue Is the Warmest Color'\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://www.indiewire.com/2013/05/blue-is-the-warmest-color-author-julie-maroh-not-pleased-with-graphic-sex-in-film-calls-it-porn-97557/","external_links_name":"\"'Blue Is The Warmest Color' Author Julie Maroh Not Pleased With Graphic Sex In Film, Calls It \"Porn\" \| IndieWire\""},{"Link":"http://www.afterellen.com/movies/511655-director-april-mullen-mouth-female-gaze","external_links_name":"\"Director April Mullen on how \"Below Her Mouth\" is all about the female gaze - AfterEllen\""},{"Link":"http://girltalkhq.com/below-her-mouth-dir-april-mullen-talks-about-the-female-gaze-working-with-an-all-female-crew/","external_links_name":"\"'Below Her Mouth' Dir. April Mullen Talks About The Female Gaze & Working With An All-Female Crew - GirlTalkHQ\""},{"Link":"http://www.talkhouse.com/female-filmmaker-understand-future-cinema/","external_links_name":"\"How Being Called a \"Female Filmmaker\" Helped Me Understand the Future of Cinema\""},{"Link":"http://www.tiff.net/events/master-class-jill-soloway/","external_links_name":"\"MASTER CLASS Jill Soloway\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnBvppooD9I","external_links_name":"Joey Soloway on The Female Gaze \| MASTER CLASS \| TIFF 2016"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Ffq.2017.71.2.65","external_links_name":"10.1525/fq.2017.71.2.65"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1533-8630","external_links_name":"1533-8630"},{"Link":"https://the-artifice.com/glow-feminism/","external_links_name":"GLOW: Actual Feminist Filmmaking in #MeToo Hollywood\|The Artifice"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14680777.2012.740493","external_links_name":"10.1080/14680777.2012.740493"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0777","external_links_name":"1468-0777"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145206057","external_links_name":"145206057"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14428-0_27","external_links_name":"\"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-14428-0_27","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-1-349-14428-0_27"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Institute	Marine Corps Institute	["1 History","2 Accreditation","3 References"]	Educational institution of the US Marine Corps This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Marine Corps Institute" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Marine Corps Institute, commonly referred to as MCI, developed and maintained a curriculum of Marine Corps education. Subjects included infantry strategy/tactics, leadership skills, MOS qualifications, personal finance, and mathematics. Completion of MCI courses was generally required for promotion to the next Marine enlisted rank. History Founded in part by then-Col. John A. Lejeune, since February 1920, the Marine Corps Institute facilitated the training and education of individual Marines. MCI ensured access to products and provided opportunities to improve performance, to enhance Professional Military Education, and to provide promotion opportunity, together with sponsors of Marine Corps education and training programs. As a tenant company of the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., MCI also coordinated and executed the Hosting and Parade Escort plan for the Evening and Sunset Parades. It provided ceremonial Officers and NCOs for the Parade Staffs and other assigned ceremonies in order to promote the Marine Corps heritage and to enhance the Marine Corps image to the general public. MCI company also maintained individual MOS and Battle Skills proficiency both in garrison and field environments to prepare the individual Marine for combat. The Marine Corps Institute was located at the historic Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., S.E. On 1 September 2015, the Marine Corps Institute Distance Learning mission transitioned to the College of Distance Education and Training (CDET) at Marine Corps University (MCU), Marine Base Quantico (VA). Marine Corps Institute was deactivated at Marine Barracks Washington, DC on 1 October 2015. Accreditation The Marine Corps Institute was accredited by the Distance Education Accrediting Commission (formerly the Distance Education and Training Council) since 1977. References ^ "African humanitarian project good for Airman". ^ "Catching the cheaters - Marine Corps - USMC Community". This article incorporates text in the public domain from the United States Marine Corps. "MCI website". Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. vteUnited States Marine CorpsLeadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Military Secretary to the Commandant of the Marine Corps Marine Corps four-star generals Marine Corps three-star generals 1942–1959 2000–2009 2010–present US Congress House Armed Services Committee Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee Senate Armed Services Committee Seapower subcommittee Major commands Organization of the Marine Corps Headquarters Marine Corps Marine Forces Command II Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Pacific I Marine Expeditionary Force III Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Reserve Fleet Marine Force Atlantic Pacific Marine Corps Combat Development Command Training & Education Command (TECOM) United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory Marine Corps Systems Command Auxiliary Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary Structure Marine Air-Ground Task Force Bases Battalions Regiments Brigades Divisions MEF/Corps Marine aviation Marine expeditionary unit Marine Security Guard Special Operations Marine Raiders Marine Raider Regiment Recon Force Division Personneland trainingPersonnel Rank insignia MOS Notable Marines Historical Marines Marine Astronauts Criminal Investigation Division Judge Advocate Division Chaplain of the Marine Corps Associated organizations Training Recruit Training School of Infantry Officer Candidates School The Basic School Martial Arts Program Uniformsand equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Weapons Vehicles and aircraft Individual equipment Historyand traditions History Culture Acronyms and terms Birthday Color Sergeant of the Marine Corps Eagle, Globe, and Anchor Flag Marine Band Drum and Bugle Corps Horse Marines Marine One Color Guard Silent Drill Platoon White House Sentries Service Numbers Marine Corps War Memorial Marine Detachments "Marines' Hymn" Oorah National Museum Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Rifleman's Creed Semper Fidelis march History of Hispanics in the USMC History of women in the USMC Women's Reserve Honorary Marine Toys for Tots Gung ho Category Authority control databases: People Trove	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Marine Corps Institute, commonly referred to as MCI, developed and maintained a curriculum of Marine Corps education. Subjects included infantry strategy/tactics, leadership skills, MOS qualifications, personal finance, and mathematics. Completion of MCI courses was generally required for promotion to the next Marine enlisted rank.","title":"Marine Corps Institute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John A. Lejeune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Lejeune"},{"link_name":"Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Barracks,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Washington Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Founded in part by then-Col. John A. Lejeune, since February 1920, the Marine Corps Institute facilitated the training and education of individual Marines. MCI ensured access to products and provided opportunities to improve performance, to enhance Professional Military Education, and to provide promotion opportunity, together with sponsors of Marine Corps education and training programs.As a tenant company of the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., MCI also coordinated and executed the Hosting and Parade Escort plan for the Evening and Sunset Parades. It provided ceremonial Officers and NCOs for the Parade Staffs and other assigned ceremonies in order to promote the Marine Corps heritage and to enhance the Marine Corps image to the general public.MCI company also maintained individual MOS and Battle Skills proficiency both in garrison and field environments to prepare the individual Marine for combat.The Marine Corps Institute was located at the historic Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., S.E.On 1 September 2015, the Marine Corps Institute Distance Learning mission transitioned to the College of Distance Education and Training (CDET) at Marine Corps University (MCU), Marine Base Quantico (VA).[1]\nMarine Corps Institute was deactivated at Marine Barracks Washington, DC on 1 October 2015.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Distance Education Accrediting Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_Education_Accrediting_Commission"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Marine Corps Institute was accredited by the Distance Education Accrediting Commission (formerly the Distance Education and Training Council) since 1977.[2]","title":"Accreditation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"African humanitarian project good for Airman\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marines.mil/News/Messages/MessagesDisplay/tabid/13286/Article/173680/transfer-of-distance-learning-mission-and-functions-from-marine-corps-institute.aspx","url_text":"\"African humanitarian project good for Airman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catching the cheaters [Archive] - Marine Corps - USMC Community\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leatherneck.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-34075.html","url_text":"\"Catching the cheaters [Archive] - Marine Corps - USMC Community\""}]},{"reference":"\"MCI website\". Archived from the original on 2012-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019005907/https://www.mci.usmc.mil/LandingZone/mcihome.aspx","url_text":"\"MCI website\""},{"url":"https://www.mci.usmc.mil/LandingZone/mcihome.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Marine+Corps+Institute%22","external_links_name":"\"Marine Corps Institute\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Marine+Corps+Institute%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Marine+Corps+Institute%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Marine+Corps+Institute%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Marine+Corps+Institute%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Marine+Corps+Institute%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.marines.mil/News/Messages/MessagesDisplay/tabid/13286/Article/173680/transfer-of-distance-learning-mission-and-functions-from-marine-corps-institute.aspx","external_links_name":"\"African humanitarian project good for Airman\""},{"Link":"http://www.leatherneck.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-34075.html","external_links_name":"\"Catching the cheaters [Archive] - Marine Corps - USMC Community\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019005907/https://www.mci.usmc.mil/LandingZone/mcihome.aspx","external_links_name":"\"MCI website\""},{"Link":"https://www.mci.usmc.mil/LandingZone/mcihome.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1494206","external_links_name":"Trove"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_Nunavut	Commissioner of Nunavut	["1 History","1.1 Deputy commissioner","2 Duties","3 References","4 External links"]	Commissioner of Nunavut ᑲᒥᓯᓇ ᓄᓇᕗᒧᑦKamisinauyuq NunavunmutCommissaire du NunavutBadge of the Commissioner of NunavutFlag of the Commissioner of NunavutIncumbentEva Aariaksince January 14, 2021StyleThe HonourableResidenceCommissioner's Residence (2554 Paurngaq Crescent)AppointerGovernor-in-CouncilFormationApril 1, 1999First holderHelen MaksagakWebsitecommissioner.gov.nu.ca The commissioner of Nunavut (Inuktitut: ᑲᒥᓯᓇ ᓄᓇᕗᒧᑦ, romanized: Kamisin Nunavumut; Inuinnaqtun: Kamisinauyuq Nunavunmut; French: Commissaire du Nunavut) is the Government of Canada's representative in the territory of Nunavut. The current commissioner since January 14, 2021 is Eva Aariak. The commissioner is appointed to represent the Canadian federal government and performs many of the same duties of lieutenant governors in Canadian provinces, such as swearing in members of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut and approving territorial legislation. However, unlike a lieutenant governor or the governor general of Canada, the commissioner is not a viceroy and does not represent the Canadian monarch. History The position was created in 1999 with the creation of the new Nunavut territory. Like other territorial commissioners, the commissioner is appointed by the Government of Canada and represents the Canadian cabinet in the territory. # Name Term Premiers 1 Helen Maksagak 1999–2000 Paul Okalik 2 Peter Irniq 2000–2005 Paul Okalik 3 Ann Meekitjuk Hanson 2005–2010 Paul Okalik Eva Aariak – Nellie Kusugak (acting) 2010 Eva Aariak 4 Edna Elias 2010–2015 Eva Aariak Peter Taptuna 5 Nellie Kusugak 2015–2020 Peter Taptuna Paul Quassa Joe Savikataaq – Rebekah Williams (acting) 2020–2021 Joe Savikataaq 6 Eva Aariak 2021–present Joe Savikataaq P.J. Akeeagok Note. Prior to April 1, 1999, Nunavut was part of the Northwest Territories. See Commissioners of Northwest Territories. Deputy commissioner The role of deputy commissioner was added in 2005 by amending the Public Officer Act and Seals Act to be inline with the Yukon and Northwest Territories. Name Term Helen Maksagak 2005–2009 Nellie Kusugak 2010–2015 Rebekah Williams 2019–present Duties The duties of the commissioner are similar to that of the lieutenant governors of the provinces. However, since commissioners represent the Government of Canada rather than the Crown, they are not viceroys. References ^ "Commissioner's Residence". Retrieved May 10, 2024. ^ Elias named Nunavut commissioner ^ Committee appointed to find the next Nunavut commissioner ^ a b PM announces Nellie Taptaqut Kusugak as Commissioner of Nunavut Archived 2015-06-26 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b "Speak Inuktitut, protect the vulnerable, says Nunavut commissioner on end of five-year term". CBC News. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020. ^ Prime Minister announces new Commissioner of Nunavut Archived 2021-01-12 at the Wayback Machine ^ PC 2021-0006 Appointment of EVA QAMANIQ AARIAK of Iqaluit, Nunavut, to be Commissioner of Nunavut for a term of five years, effective January 14, 2021 ^ Regulations Amending the Formal Documents Regulations Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine ^ Minister Valcourt Announces Re-Appointment of Nellie T. Kusugak as Deputy Commissioner of Nunavut Archived 2015-05-18 at the Wayback Machine External links Official website Official Handbook for Commissioners of the Territories (Canada) Coat of Arms of Nunavut vtePolitics of the provinces and territories of CanadaThis article is part of the series: Politics of CanadaExecutive (The Crown)Sovereign in the provinces BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL Lieutenant Governors BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL Commissioners YU NT NU Premiers BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU LegislativeLegislatures BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU Elections BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU Foreign relations Judiciary Monarchy Political culture Regions Politics portal vteNunavut-related topicsCore topics History Geography Regions Communities Government People Demographics Transportation Highways Airports Commissioners and Deputy Commissioners Premiers Legislative Assembly Elections Electoral districts Kitikmeot Region Bathurst Inlet Cambridge Bay Gjoa Haven Kugaaruk Kugluktuk Taloyoak Umingmaktok Kivalliq Region Arviat Baker Lake Chesterfield Inlet Coral Harbour Naujaat Rankin Inlet Whale Cove Qikiqtaaluk Region Arctic Bay Cape Dorset Clyde River Grise Fiord Hall Beach Igloolik Iqaluit Kimmirut (Nanisivik) Pangnirtung Pond Inlet Qikiqtarjuaq Resolute Sanikiluaq National Parks Auyuittuq Quttinirpaaq Sirmilik Ukkusiksalik Territorial Parks Inuujarvik Iqalugaarjuup Nunanga (Ijiraliq) Katannilik Kekerten Kugluk/Bloody Falls Mallikjuaq Northwest Passage Ovayok Qaummaarviit Sylvia Grinnell Tamaarvik Taqaiqsirvik Tupirvik Category Canada WikiProject	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inuktitut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuktitut_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Inuktitut"},{"link_name":"Inuinnaqtun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuinnaqtun"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Government of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Eva Aariak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Aariak"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governors in Canadian provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Nunavut"},{"link_name":"governor general of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_general_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy"},{"link_name":"Canadian monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada"}],"text":"The commissioner of Nunavut (Inuktitut: ᑲᒥᓯᓇ ᓄᓇᕗᒧᑦ, romanized: Kamisin Nunavumut; Inuinnaqtun: Kamisinauyuq Nunavunmut; French: Commissaire du Nunavut) is the Government of Canada's representative in the territory of Nunavut. The current commissioner since January 14, 2021 is Eva Aariak.The commissioner is appointed to represent the Canadian federal government and performs many of the same duties of lieutenant governors in Canadian provinces, such as swearing in members of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut and approving territorial legislation. However, unlike a lieutenant governor or the governor general of Canada, the commissioner is not a viceroy and does not represent the Canadian monarch.","title":"Commissioner of Nunavut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Commissioners of Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioners_of_Northwest_Territories"}],"text":"The position was created in 1999 with the creation of the new Nunavut territory. Like other territorial commissioners, the commissioner is appointed by the Government of Canada and represents the Canadian cabinet in the territory.Note. Prior to April 1, 1999, Nunavut was part of the Northwest Territories. See Commissioners of Northwest Territories.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Public Officer Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Officer_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Seals Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seals_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Deputy commissioner","text":"The role of deputy commissioner was added in 2005 by amending the Public Officer Act and Seals Act to be inline with the Yukon and Northwest Territories.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lieutenant governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"viceroys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy"}],"text":"The duties of the commissioner are similar to that of the lieutenant governors of the provinces. However, since commissioners represent the Government of Canada rather than the Crown, they are not viceroys.","title":"Duties"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Commissioner's Residence\". Retrieved May 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://canada.chamberofcommerce.com/business-directory/nunavut/iqaluit/government-office/633355-commissioners-residence","url_text":"\"Commissioner's Residence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Speak Inuktitut, protect the vulnerable, says Nunavut commissioner on end of five-year term\". CBC News. 23 June 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilla_District	Al-Hilla District	["1 Cities","2 References"]	Coordinates: 32°23′45″N 44°21′46″E / 32.3958°N 44.36279°E / 32.3958; 44.3627932°23′45″N 44°21′46″E / 32.3958°N 44.36279°E / 32.3958; 44.36279 This article is about the district. For other uses, see Hillah. Map of Babil Governorate showing districts Al-Hillah (الحلة) is a district in Babil Governorate, Iraq. It is centred on the city of Al Hillah. Al-Hillah covers 908 km², its population is 857,804 as of 2015 which makes it the most densely populated in Babil Governorate. Cities Al Hillah Al Sahlan vteDistricts of Iraq and their capitalsAnbar Governorate Anah District (Anah) Fallujah District (Fallujah) Haditha District (Haditha) Hit District (Hit) al-Qa'im District (Al-Qa'im) Ramadi District (Ramadi) Rawah District (Rawah) ar-Rutba District (Ar-Rutbah) Flag of IraqBabil Governorate Hashimiya District (Al Hashimiyah) Al-Hilla District (Hillah) al-Mahawil District (Al-Mahawil) al-Musayab District (Musayyib) Baghdad Governorate Abu Ghraib District al-Istiqlal District al-Mada'in District Mahmudiya District (Mahmudiya) Taji District al-Tarmia District Baghdad: New Baghdad Adhamiyah Kadhimiya Karrada Karkh Mansour Al Rashid Rusafa Sadr City Basra Governorate Abu Al-Khaseeb District (Abu Al-Khaseeb) Basrah District (Basra) al-Faw District (al-Faw) al-Midaina District (Al-Midaina) al-Qurna District (Al-Qurnah) Shatt Al-Arab District (Shatt al-Arab) al-Zubair District (Al-Zubair) Dhi Qar Governorate al-Chibayish District (Al-Chibayish) Nasiriyah District (Nasiriyah) al-Rifa'i District (Al-Rifa'i) al-Shatrah District (Al-Shatrah) Suq al-Shuyukh District (Suq Al-Shoyokh) Diyala Governorate Balad Ruz District (Balad Ruz) Ba'quba District (Baqubah) al Khalis District (Al Khalis) Khanaqin District (Khanaqin) Kifri District (Kifri) al-Miqdadiya District (Al-Miqdadiya) Duhok Governorate Akre District (Akre) Amadiya District (Amadiya) Duhok District (Duhok) Simele District (Simele) Zakho District (Zakho) Erbil Governorate Choman District (Choman) Erbil District (Erbil) Koy Sinjaq District (Koy Sanjaq) Makhmur District (Makhmur) Mergasor District (Mergasor) Shaqlawa District (Shaqlawa) Soran District (Soran) Halabja Governorate Byara District (Byara) Halabja District (Halabja) Khurmal District (Khurmal) Sirwan District (Sirwan) Karbala Governorate al-Hindiya District (Al-Hindiya) Kerbala District (Karbala) Ain Al-Tamur District (Ayn al-Tamr) Kirkuk Governorate Daquq District (Daquq) Dibis District (Dibis) Hawija District (Hawija) Kirkuk District (Kirkuk) Maysan Governorate Ali Al-Gharbi District (Ali Al-Gharbi) Amara District (Amarah) al-Kahla District (Al-Kahla) al-Maimouna District (Al-Maimouna) al-Mejar Al-Kabi District (Al-Mejar Al-Kabi) Qal'at Saleh District (Qal'at Saleh) Muthanna Governorate al-Khidhir District (Al-Khidhir) al-Rumaitha District (Al-Rumaitha) al-Salman District (Al-Salman) al-Samawa District (Samawah) Najaf Governorate Kufa District (Kufa) al-Manathera District (Al-Manathera) al-Meshkhab District (Al-Meshkhab) Najaf District (Najaf) Nineveh Governorate al-Ba'aj District (Al-Ba'aj) al-Hamdaniya District (Qaraqosh) Hatra District (Al-Hadar) Mosul District (Mosul) Shekhan District (Ain Sifni) Sinjar District (Sinjar) Tel Afar District (Tal Afar) Tel Kaif District (Tel Keppe) al-Qādisiyyah Governorate Afak District (Afak) Diwaniya District (Al Diwaniyah) Hamza District (Hamza) al-Shamiya District (Al-Shamiya ) Saladin Governorate Baiji District (Baiji) Balad District (Balad) al-Daur District (Ad-Dawr) Dujail District (Dujail) Samarra District (Samarra) al-Shirqat District (Al-Shirqat) Tikrit District (Tikrit) Tooz District (Tuz Khurmatu) Sulaymaniyah Governorate Chamchamal District (Chamchamal) Darbandikhan District (Darbandikhan) Dokan District (Dokan) Kalar District (Kalar) Kifri District (Kifri) Mawat District (Mawat) Penjwen District (Penjwen) Pshdar District (Qaladiza) Qaradagh District (Qaradagh) Ranya District (Ranya) Saidsadiq District (Said Sadiq) Sharazoor District (Zarayan) Sharbazher District (Sharbazher) Sulaymaniyah District (Sulaymaniyah) Wasit Governorate Al-Aziziyah District (Al-Aziziyah) Badra District (Badra) al-Hai District (Al-Hay) Kut District (Kut) al-Nu'maniya District (Al-Nu'maniya) al-Suwaira District (Al-Suwaira) References ^ Chabuk, Ali; Al-Ansari, Nadhir; Hussain, Hussain Musa; Knutsson, Sven; Pusch, Roland (May 2016). "Landfill site selection using geographic information system and analytical hierarchy process: A case study Al-Hillah Qadhaa, Babylon, Iraq". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy. 34 (5): 427–437. doi:10.1177/0734242X16633778. This Iraq geographical location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"32°23′45″N 44°21′46″E / 32.3958°N 44.36279°E / 32.3958; 44.36279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al-Hilla_District&params=32.3958_N_44.36279_E_"},{"link_name":"Hillah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Babil_Governorate_by_Districts.png"},{"link_name":"Babil Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babil_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Al Hillah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hillah"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"32°23′45″N 44°21′46″E / 32.3958°N 44.36279°E / 32.3958; 44.36279This article is about the district. For other uses, see Hillah.Map of Babil Governorate showing districtsAl-Hillah (الحلة) is a district in Babil Governorate, Iraq. It is centred on the city of Al Hillah.Al-Hillah covers 908 km², its population is 857,804 as of 2015 which makes it the most densely populated in Babil Governorate.[1]","title":"Al-Hilla District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Hillah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hillah"},{"link_name":"Al Sahlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sahlan"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Anbar Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Anah 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Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Adhamiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhamiyah"},{"link_name":"Kadhimiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadhimiya"},{"link_name":"Karrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrada"},{"link_name":"Karkh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkh"},{"link_name":"Mansour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansour_district"},{"link_name":"Al Rashid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rashid,_Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Rusafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rusafa,_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Sadr City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadr_City"},{"link_name":"Basra Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Abu Al-Khaseeb District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Al-Khaseeb_District"},{"link_name":"Abu Al-Khaseeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Al-Khaseeb"},{"link_name":"Basrah 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District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabja"},{"link_name":"Halabja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabja"},{"link_name":"Khurmal District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurmal_District"},{"link_name":"Khurmal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khurmal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sirwan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sirwan_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sirwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirwan,_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Karbala Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala_Governorate"},{"link_name":"al-Hindiya District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hindiya_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Hindiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hindiya"},{"link_name":"Kerbala District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbala_District"},{"link_name":"Karbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala"},{"link_name":"Ain Al-Tamur District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Al-Tamur_District"},{"link_name":"Ayn al-Tamr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_al-Tamr"},{"link_name":"Kirkuk Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Daquq District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daquq_District"},{"link_name":"Daquq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daquq"},{"link_name":"Dibis District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibis_District"},{"link_name":"Dibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dibis,_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hawija District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawija_District"},{"link_name":"Hawija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawija"},{"link_name":"Kirkuk District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk_District"},{"link_name":"Kirkuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk"},{"link_name":"Maysan Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maysan_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Ali Al-Gharbi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Al-Gharbi_District"},{"link_name":"Ali Al-Gharbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Al-Gharbi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amara District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara_District"},{"link_name":"Amarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarah"},{"link_name":"al-Kahla District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kahla_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Kahla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Kahla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Maimouna District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maimouna_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Maimouna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Maimouna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Mejar Al-Kabi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mejar_Al-Kabi_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Mejar Al-Kabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mejar_Al-Kabi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Qal'at Saleh District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qal%27at_Saleh_District"},{"link_name":"Qal'at Saleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qal%27at_Saleh"},{"link_name":"Muthanna Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthanna_Governorate"},{"link_name":"al-Khidhir District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khidhir_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Khidhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Khidhir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Rumaitha District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rumaitha_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Rumaitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rumaitha"},{"link_name":"al-Salman District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Salman_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Salman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Salman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Samawa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Samawa_District"},{"link_name":"Samawah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samawah"},{"link_name":"Najaf Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Kufa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufa_District"},{"link_name":"Kufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufa"},{"link_name":"al-Manathera District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Manathera_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Manathera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Manathera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Meshkhab District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Meshkhab_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Meshkhab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Meshkhab"},{"link_name":"Najaf District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf_District"},{"link_name":"Najaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf"},{"link_name":"Nineveh Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate"},{"link_name":"al-Ba'aj District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ba%27aj_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Ba'aj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ba%27aj"},{"link_name":"al-Hamdaniya District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hamdaniya_District"},{"link_name":"Qaraqosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraqosh"},{"link_name":"Hatra District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatra_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Hadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hadar"},{"link_name":"Mosul District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul_District"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"Shekhan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekhan_District"},{"link_name":"Ain Sifni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Sifni"},{"link_name":"Sinjar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_District"},{"link_name":"Sinjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar"},{"link_name":"Tel Afar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Afar_District"},{"link_name":"Tal Afar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal_Afar"},{"link_name":"Tel Kaif District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Kaif_District"},{"link_name":"Tel Keppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Keppe"},{"link_name":"al-Qādisiyyah Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Afak District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afak_District"},{"link_name":"Afak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afak"},{"link_name":"Diwaniya District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwaniya_District"},{"link_name":"Al Diwaniyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Diwaniyah"},{"link_name":"Hamza District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_District"},{"link_name":"Hamza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza,_Iraq"},{"link_name":"al-Shamiya District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shamiya_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Shamiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shamiya_(Iraq)"},{"link_name":"Saladin Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Baiji District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiji_District"},{"link_name":"Baiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiji_(city)"},{"link_name":"Balad District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balad_District,_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Balad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balad,_Iraq"},{"link_name":"al-Daur District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Daur_District"},{"link_name":"Ad-Dawr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-Dawr"},{"link_name":"Dujail District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujail_District"},{"link_name":"Dujail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujail"},{"link_name":"Samarra District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarra_District"},{"link_name":"Samarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarra"},{"link_name":"al-Shirqat District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shirqat_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Shirqat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shirqat"},{"link_name":"Tikrit District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikrit_District"},{"link_name":"Tikrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikrit"},{"link_name":"Tooz District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooz_District"},{"link_name":"Tuz Khurmatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuz_Khurmatu"},{"link_name":"Sulaymaniyah Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Chamchamal District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamchamal_District"},{"link_name":"Chamchamal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamchamal"},{"link_name":"Darbandikhan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbandikhan_District"},{"link_name":"Darbandikhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbandikhan"},{"link_name":"Dokan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokan_District"},{"link_name":"Dokan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dokan,_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kalar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalar_District"},{"link_name":"Kalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalar,_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Kifri District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifri_District,_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Kifri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifri"},{"link_name":"Mawat District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawat_District"},{"link_name":"Mawat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawat,_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Penjwen District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjwen_District"},{"link_name":"Penjwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penjwen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pshdar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pshdar_District"},{"link_name":"Qaladiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaladiza"},{"link_name":"Qaradagh District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaradagh_District"},{"link_name":"Qaradagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qaradagh,_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ranya District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranya_District"},{"link_name":"Ranya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranya"},{"link_name":"Saidsadiq District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saidsadiq_District"},{"link_name":"Said Sadiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Sadiq"},{"link_name":"Sharazoor District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharazoor_District"},{"link_name":"Zarayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zarayan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sharbazher District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharbazher_District"},{"link_name":"Sharbazher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharbazher"},{"link_name":"Sulaymaniyah District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_District"},{"link_name":"Sulaymaniyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymaniyah"},{"link_name":"Wasit Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasit_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Al-Aziziyah District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Aziziyah_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al-Aziziyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Aziziyah,_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Badra District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badra_District"},{"link_name":"Badra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badra,_Iraq"},{"link_name":"al-Hai District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hai_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hay"},{"link_name":"Kut District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kut_District"},{"link_name":"Kut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kut"},{"link_name":"al-Nu'maniya District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nu%27maniya_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Nu'maniya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Numaniyah"},{"link_name":"al-Suwaira District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Suwaira_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Suwaira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Suwaira"}],"text":"Al Hillah\nAl SahlanvteDistricts of Iraq and their capitalsAnbar Governorate\nAnah District (Anah)\nFallujah District (Fallujah)\nHaditha District (Haditha)\nHit District (Hit)\nal-Qa'im District (Al-Qa'im)\nRamadi District (Ramadi)\nRawah District (Rawah)\nar-Rutba District (Ar-Rutbah)\nFlag of IraqBabil Governorate\nHashimiya District (Al Hashimiyah)\nAl-Hilla District (Hillah)\nal-Mahawil District (Al-Mahawil)\nal-Musayab District (Musayyib)\nBaghdad Governorate\nAbu Ghraib District\nal-Istiqlal District\nal-Mada'in District\nMahmudiya District (Mahmudiya)\nTaji District\nal-Tarmia District\nBaghdad: New Baghdad\nAdhamiyah\nKadhimiya\nKarrada\nKarkh\nMansour\nAl Rashid\nRusafa\nSadr City\nBasra Governorate\nAbu Al-Khaseeb District (Abu Al-Khaseeb)\nBasrah District (Basra)\nal-Faw District (al-Faw)\nal-Midaina District (Al-Midaina)\nal-Qurna District (Al-Qurnah)\nShatt Al-Arab District (Shatt al-Arab)\nal-Zubair District (Al-Zubair)\nDhi Qar Governorate\nal-Chibayish District (Al-Chibayish)\nNasiriyah District (Nasiriyah)\nal-Rifa'i District (Al-Rifa'i)\nal-Shatrah District (Al-Shatrah)\nSuq al-Shuyukh District (Suq Al-Shoyokh)\nDiyala Governorate\nBalad Ruz District (Balad Ruz)\nBa'quba District (Baqubah)\nal Khalis District (Al Khalis)\nKhanaqin District (Khanaqin)\nKifri District (Kifri)\nal-Miqdadiya District (Al-Miqdadiya)\nDuhok Governorate\nAkre District (Akre)\nAmadiya District (Amadiya)\nDuhok District (Duhok)\nSimele District (Simele)\nZakho District (Zakho)\nErbil Governorate\nChoman District (Choman)\nErbil District (Erbil)\nKoy Sinjaq District (Koy Sanjaq)\nMakhmur District (Makhmur)\nMergasor District (Mergasor)\nShaqlawa District (Shaqlawa)\nSoran District (Soran)\nHalabja Governorate\nByara District (Byara)\nHalabja District (Halabja)\nKhurmal District (Khurmal)\nSirwan District (Sirwan)\nKarbala Governorate\nal-Hindiya District (Al-Hindiya)\nKerbala District (Karbala)\nAin Al-Tamur District (Ayn al-Tamr)\nKirkuk Governorate\nDaquq District (Daquq)\nDibis District (Dibis)\nHawija District (Hawija)\nKirkuk District (Kirkuk)\nMaysan Governorate\nAli Al-Gharbi District (Ali Al-Gharbi)\nAmara District (Amarah)\nal-Kahla District (Al-Kahla)\nal-Maimouna District (Al-Maimouna)\nal-Mejar Al-Kabi District (Al-Mejar Al-Kabi)\nQal'at Saleh District (Qal'at Saleh)\nMuthanna Governorate\nal-Khidhir District (Al-Khidhir)\nal-Rumaitha District (Al-Rumaitha)\nal-Salman District (Al-Salman)\nal-Samawa District (Samawah)\nNajaf Governorate\nKufa District (Kufa)\nal-Manathera District (Al-Manathera)\nal-Meshkhab District (Al-Meshkhab)\nNajaf District (Najaf)\nNineveh Governorate\nal-Ba'aj District (Al-Ba'aj)\nal-Hamdaniya District (Qaraqosh)\nHatra District (Al-Hadar)\nMosul District (Mosul)\nShekhan District (Ain Sifni)\nSinjar District (Sinjar)\nTel Afar District (Tal Afar)\nTel Kaif District (Tel Keppe)\nal-Qādisiyyah Governorate\nAfak District (Afak)\nDiwaniya District (Al Diwaniyah)\nHamza District (Hamza)\nal-Shamiya District (Al-Shamiya )\nSaladin Governorate\nBaiji District (Baiji)\nBalad District (Balad)\nal-Daur District (Ad-Dawr)\nDujail District (Dujail)\nSamarra District (Samarra)\nal-Shirqat District (Al-Shirqat)\nTikrit District (Tikrit)\nTooz District (Tuz Khurmatu)\nSulaymaniyah Governorate\nChamchamal District (Chamchamal)\nDarbandikhan District (Darbandikhan)\nDokan District (Dokan)\nKalar District (Kalar)\nKifri District (Kifri)\nMawat District (Mawat)\nPenjwen District (Penjwen)\nPshdar District (Qaladiza)\nQaradagh District (Qaradagh)\nRanya District (Ranya)\nSaidsadiq District (Said Sadiq)\nSharazoor District (Zarayan)\nSharbazher District (Sharbazher)\nSulaymaniyah District (Sulaymaniyah)\nWasit Governorate\nAl-Aziziyah District (Al-Aziziyah)\nBadra District (Badra)\nal-Hai District (Al-Hay)\nKut District (Kut)\nal-Nu'maniya District (Al-Nu'maniya)\nal-Suwaira District (Al-Suwaira)","title":"Cities"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Babil Governorate showing districts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Map_of_Babil_Governorate_by_Districts.png/300px-Map_of_Babil_Governorate_by_Districts.png"},{"image_text":"Flag of Iraq","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/50px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Chabuk, Ali; Al-Ansari, Nadhir; Hussain, Hussain Musa; Knutsson, Sven; Pusch, Roland (May 2016). \"Landfill site selection using geographic information system and analytical hierarchy process: A case study Al-Hillah Qadhaa, Babylon, Iraq\". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy. 34 (5): 427–437. doi:10.1177/0734242X16633778.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734242X16633778","url_text":"10.1177/0734242X16633778"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al-Hilla_District&params=32.3958_N_44.36279_E_","external_links_name":"32°23′45″N 44°21′46″E / 32.3958°N 44.36279°E / 32.3958; 44.36279"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al-Hilla_District&params=32.3958_N_44.36279_E_","external_links_name":"32°23′45″N 44°21′46″E / 32.3958°N 44.36279°E / 32.3958; 44.36279"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734242X16633778","external_links_name":"10.1177/0734242X16633778"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Hilla_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKSI-FM	WKSI-FM	["1 History","1.1 HD2 subchannel","2 References","3 External links"]	This article is about a radio station. For well-known, seasoned issuer of securities (WKSI), see shelf registration. Radio station in Stephens City, VirginiaWKSI-FMStephens City, VirginiaBroadcast areaNorthern Shenandoah ValleyEastern Panhandle of West VirginiaFrequency98.3 MHz (HD Radio)BrandingKiss 98-3ProgrammingFormatContemporary hit radioSubchannelsHD2: Classic Country 95-7 (Classic country)AffiliationsPremiere NetworksOwnershipOwneriHeartMedia(iHM Licenses, LLC)Sister stationsW239BVWFQXWMREWUSQ-FMHistoryFirst air dateAugust 28, 1967 (56 years ago) (1967-08-28)Former call signsWZFM (1967–1982)WXVA-FM (1982–2003)Call sign meaningplay on the word "Kiss"Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID26998ClassAPower1,750 wattsHAAT188 meters (617 ft)Transmitter coordinates39°10′38.0″N 78°15′53.0″W / 39.177222°N 78.264722°W / 39.177222; -78.264722Translator(s)HD2: 95.7 W239BV (Winchester)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen live (via iHeartRadio)Websitekiss983.iheart.com WKSI-FM (98.3 MHz) is a contemporary hit radio formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Stephens City, Virginia, serving the Northern Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. WKSI-FM is owned and operated by iHeartMedia History 98.3 FM signed on August 28, 1967, as WZFM, a local station serving Charles Town, West Virginia. The station was co-owned with WXVA (1550 AM) by Arthur W. Arundel, who at the time owned WAVA Arlington and the Leesburg-based Loudoun Times-Mirror newspaper. WZFM simulcast WXVA's broadcasting day, which was Full Service with blocks of country music. The two stations were sold in 1970 to electrical engineer John P. Luce. The simulcast split around this time as the AM side was switched to Top 40 and the FM station went to full-time country. Luce sold to Heritage Broadcasting Corporation in September 1982. Heritage changed the callsign to WXVA-FM after taking control. After an initial return to simulcasting 1550 AM (which had flipped to middle-of-the-road) immediately after the change, the station settled on light adult contemporary around 1986. In 1993, another format change took place, this time to oldies. Unusually for an FM station, Broadcasting Yearbook reported that it operated 19 hours a day – signing off between midnight and 5 a.m. A flip back to country as "Xtra Country 98" took place in late 1995. The station remained in Charles Town, but was a rimshot to Winchester, regularly showing up in the ratings there despite competition from local country stalwart WUSQ-FM. Clear Channel (now iHeartMedia) bought WXVA-FM from Heritage in 2000. As it already owned WUSQ-FM, it sought to tap the larger Winchester market with a different format instead of competing with itself. On December 10, 2003, Clear Channel applied to move the transmitter to WUSQ-FM's site near Round Hill, Frederick County, Virginia, changing the city of license from Charles Town to Stephens City. The station immediately began stunting as "Christmas 98.3" with Christmas music and spots advising listeners to tune to WUSQ-FM for country. The flip to CHR as "Kiss 98-3". WKSI-FM came on December 26, although the physical move was not completed until late 2004. HD2 subchannel Main article: W239BV On August 22, 2013, WKSI began simulcasting its HD2 signal on newly acquired translator W239BV, broadcasting on 95.7, from WKSI's tower west of Winchester. The HD2 signal aired the "Today's Mix" format, one of iHeartMedia Premium Choice formats. On November 1, 2013, W239BV switched its format from hot adult contemporary to a seasonal All-Christmas music format, with the "Mix 95-7" branding remaining. Until December 26, 2020, at 12 Midnight, when W239BV took over the Classic Country format, which had been abandoned by crosstown competitor WXBN ahead of sister-station WINC-FM's sale and format change, as "Classic Country 95-7". References ^ a b c "Arbitron Station Information Profiles". Nielsen Audio/Nielsen Holdings. Retrieved November 27, 2015. ^ Broadcasting Yearbook 2010 (PDF). ProQuest, LLC/Reed Publishing (Nederland), B.V. 2010. p. D-571. Retrieved November 27, 2015. ^ "Facility Technical Data for WKSI-FM". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. ^ "WKSI Facility Record". Federal Communications Commission, audio division. Retrieved November 27, 2015. ^ Broadcasting Yearbook 1968 (PDF). p. B-180. ^ Staff (July 6, 1970). "Changing hands" (PDF). Broadcasting. p. 29. ^ Staff (September 27, 1982). "Actions" (PDF). Broadcasting. p. 101. ^ Broadcasting-Cablecasting Yearbook 1986 (PDF). p. B-308. ^ Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1995 (PDF). p. B-447. ^ Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1997 (PDF). p. B-486. ^ Corbin, Robert (October 24, 2003). "Winchester to get new radio station". VARTV. ^ Staff (December 11, 2000). "Changing hands" (PDF). Broadcasting & Cable. p. 48. ^ "WKSI-FM Facility Record". FCCData. ^ Hughes, Dave (December 26, 2003). "Shenandoah Valley Gets Kissed". DCRTV. ^ Hughes, Dave (September 1, 2004). "New City for WKSI". DCRTV. ^ a b "CCM&E Premium Choice Hot AC..." Robert F. Corbin via Twitter. August 22, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2013. ^ Venta, Lance (November 2, 2013). "Christmas Comes Early Across America". RadioBB Networks. Retrieved November 3, 2013. ^ Venta, Lance (December 26, 2020). "Classic Country 95.7 Debuts In Winchester". RadioInsight/RadioBB Networks. Retrieved December 26, 2020. ^ Venta, Lance (October 8, 2020). "Educational Media Foundation Acquires WINC-FM". RadioInsight/RadioBB Networks. Retrieved November 17, 2020. ^ Venta, Lance (November 17, 2020). "WINC-FM Begins Frequency Move Ahead Of EMF Sale". RadioInsight/RadioBB Networks. Retrieved November 18, 2020. External links Kiss 98-3 Online WKSI in the FCC FM station database WKSI in Nielsen Audio's FM station database W239BV in the FCC FM station database W239BV at FCCdata.org vteCHR / Top 40 radio stations in the Commonwealth of Virginia Charlottesville WHTE-FM Christiansburg WVHK Fredericksburg WVBX Harrisonburg WAZR WQPO Highland Springs WVNZ Marion WZVA Richmond WHCE WRVQ Roanoke WXLK Sandston WULT Stephens City WKSI-FM See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in Virginia See also Contemporary Hit Radio Rhythmic KISS-FM MOVin vteiHeartMediaCorporate officers Bob Pittman (Chairman/CEO) Board of directors Lowry Mays Irving Azoff B. J. "Red" McCombs J. C. Watts John H. Williams AM radio stations KABQ KAKC KASI KATZ KBFP KBME KBMR KCBL KCJB KCOL KCQL KCSJ KDFD KEIB KENI KEX KFAB KFAN KFBK KFBX KFI KFIV KFOO KFXR KFYI KFYR KGB KGHM KGME KGMY KHEY KHHO KHOW KHTY KHVH KHVN KIIX KIKI KION KJR KKGM KKSF KKTX KKXL KLAC KLSD KLTC KLVI KMJM KMNS KNEW KNRS KNST KOA KOGA KOGO KOY KPOJ KPRC KPTR KPWK KQNT KRDU KRRZ KRZR KSSK KSTE KTBZ KTKR KTLK KTOK KTRH KTSM KTZN KTZR KUBE KUNO KVET KVNS KWHN KWSL KWSX KWTX KXEW KXIC KXMR KXNO KXYZ KZFS WAAX WAEB WARF WAVZ WBBD WBEX WBGA WBGG WBHP WBIN WBIZ WBZ WBZT WCAO WCCF WCHI WCHO WCKY WCOS WCWA WDAE WDAK WDAS WDFN WDIA WDIZ WDOV WDSC WELI WENE WERC WESC WFLA WFLF WFNN WFXJ WFXN WGIG WGIR WGRB WGST WGVL WGY WHAM WHAS WHEN WHJJ WHLO WHNZ WHO WHOS WHP WHTK WHTY WHUC WHYN WIBA WIHB WILM WIMA WINR WINZ WIOD WISN WIZE WJAS WJBO WJDX WJDY WJET WJIP WJMX WJNO WJYZ WKBN WKBZ WKCY WKDW WKIP WKJK WKMQ WKRC WKRD WLAC WLAN WLAP WLTP WLW WMAN WMEQ WMFN WMGE WMMB WMMV WMRE WMRN WMT WMXF WNCO WNDE WNIO WNTM WOAI WOC WODT WOFX WOKY WONE WONW WOOD WOR WPCH WPEK WPKX WPOP WQLL WRAK WRAW WREC WRKK WRKO WRSO WRZX WSAI WSAN WSDV WSEK WSFC WSFZ WSOK WSPD WSRW WSYR WTAG WTAM WTEL WTGM WTKG WTKS WTKT WTLM WTLY WTSO WTUP WTVN WUST WVHU WVOC WWCD WWNC WWRK WWRL WWTF WWTX WWVA WXBN WXKS WYGM WYLD WYNF WYTS WZMG WZTA WZWB FM radio stations KAAZ-FM KABQ-FM KAKQ-FM KAGG KAJA KALZ KASE-FM (HD2) KASH-FM KATZ-FM (HD2) KBCO KBEB KBFM KBFP-FM KBFX KBGO (HD2) KBIG KBKS-FM KBOS-FM KBPI KBPL KBQI (HD2) KBRQ KCAD KCCY-FM KCDA KCOL-FM KCQQ KCYZ KDAG KDFO KDGE KDHT KDJE KDMX KDNN (HD2) KDON-FM KDRB KDWB-FM KEEY-FM KEGL (HD2) KESZ KEZA KFBK-FM KFBT KFBW KFFF (HD2) KFMQ KFOO-FM KFSO-FM KFXN-FM KFXR-FM KGB-FM KGBX-FM KGGI KGLI KGLX KGOR KGOT KHEY-FM KHFI-FM KHGE KHKN KHKS (HD2) KHKZ KHTS-FM KHUD KHYL KIAK-FM KIBT KIGL KIIS-FM KIIZ-FM KIOC KIOI KIOZ KISC (HD2) KISO (HD2) KISQ KIZS KIZZ KJAQ (HD2) KJEB KJKJ KJMS KJMY (HD2) KJR-FM (HD2) KJSN KJYO KKBD KKCW KKDM KKED KKFG KKIX KKLI KKMY (HD2) KKRQ KKRZ (HD2) KKSY-FM KKXL-FM KKYS KKZX KLFX KLOU KLTH KMAG KMCX-FM KMEL KMFX-FM KMJX KMMA KMOD-FM KMRQ KMXA-FM KMXF KMXG KMXP KMXR KMYI KMYT KNCN KNFX-FM KNIX-FM KNRS-FM KOCN KODA KODJ KOGA-FM KOHT KOKQ (HD2) KOLT-FM (HD2) KOLZ KOSF KOSO KOST KOSY-FM KPAW KPEK KPEZ (HD2) KPHT KPRC-FM KPRR (HD2) KQBT KQDY KQHT KQOD KQQL (HD2) (HD3) KQXT-FM (HD2) (HD3) KQXX-FM KRAB KRBB KRCH KRFX KRPT KRQQ KRRL KRVE KRYS-FM KSAB KSD KSEZ KSFT-FM KSLZ (HD2) KSME (HD2) KSNE-FM KSNR KSOF KSRY KSSK-FM KSSN KSSS KSSX KSWF KTBT KTBZ-FM KTCL KTCZ-FM (HD2) KTEG KTEX KTGX (HD2) KTHR KTLK-FM KTMQ KTOM-FM KTOZ-FM KTRA-FM KTSM-FM KTST KUBT (HD2) KUCD (HD2) KUUL KVDU KVET-FM KVJM KVUU KVVS KWBL KWNR KWNW KWTX-FM KXBG (HD2) KXJM KXKT KXNO-FM (HD2) KXTC KXUS KXXM KXXY-FM KYKR KYLD KYMG KYMT (HD2) KYOT KYRV (HD2) KYSR KYYX KYYY KZBB KZCH KZEP-FM KZHT KZIS KZOK-FM KZPR KZPS KZRR (HD2) KZRX KZSN KZZP WACL WACO-FM WACT WAEB-FM WAEV WAGH WAIO WAKS (HD2) WAKZ WAMX WAMZ WASH-FM WATQ WAVW WAXQ WAYV WAZR WBBG WBBI WBBQ-FM WBBS WBCG WBCT WBFX WBGG-FM WBIG-FM WBIZ-FM WBKS WBNW-FM WBTP WBTT WBUL-FM (HD2) WBUV WBVB WBWL WBWZ WBYL WBZW WBZY WCHD WCHI-FM (HD2) (HD3) WCHO-FM WCIB WCJM-FM WCKT WCKY-FM WCOD-FM WCOL-FM WCOS-FM WCTQ WCTW WCVU WCZR WDAR-FM WDAS-FM WDCG (HD2) WDFM WDMX WDRM WDSD WDVE WDVI WDXB (HD2) WEBG WEBN (HD2) (HD3) WEBZ WEGR WEGW WEGX WEII WEND WERC-FM (HD2) (HD3) WERZ WESC-FM WESE WEZL WFBQ WFFX WFKS WFLA-FM WFLF-FM WFLZ-FM WFMF WFQX WFSY WFUS (HD2) WFXN-FM WGAR-FM WGCI-FM WGEX WGIR-FM WGMY (HD2) (HD3) WGMZ WGSY WGTR WGY-FM WHAL-FM WHBT-FM WHCN WHCY WHEB WHFX WHJY WHKF WHLH WHLK WHLW WHOF (HD2) WHQC WHRK WHTZ WHYI-FM (HD2) WHYN-FM WIBA-FM (HD2) WIBB-FM WIHB-FM WIHT (HD2) WIKX WIMT WIOQ (HD2) WIOT WJBT (HD2) WJDX-FM WJIZ-FM WJJS WJJX WJKX WJLB WJMN WJMX-FM WJQQ WJRR (HD3) WKCI-FM (HD2) WKCY-FM WKDD WKEE-FM WKFS WKGB-FM WKGR WKGS WKKF WKKJ WKKR WKKT WKKV-FM WKNN-FM WKQI WKQQ WKSB WKSC-FM WKSF (HD2) (HD3) WKSI-FM (HD2) WKSJ-FM WKSL WKSP WKSS WKST-FM WKTU WKWK-FM WKZP WLAN-FM WLDI WLIT-FM WLKO WLKT (HD2) WLLK-FM WLLR-FM (HD2) WLLZ (HD2) (HD3) WLQB WLRQ-FM WLTW WLTY WLUB (HD2) WLVH WMAD WMAG WMAN-FM WMAX-FM WMEQ-FM WMGF (HD2) WMGP WMIA-FM (HD2) WMIB (HD3) WMIL-FM WMJI WMJJ (HD2) WMJY WMKS WMLX WMMS (HD2) WMMX WMOV-FM WMRN-FM WMRR WMRZ WMSI-FM WMTX WMUS WMXA WMXC (HD2) WMXD WMXL WMXW WMXY WMYI WMZQ-FM WNBL WNCB WNCD WNCI WNCO-FM WNDH WNIC WNNJ WNOE-FM WNOH WNOK WNRQ (HD2) WNRW WNSL WNUS WOBB WODC WOLL WOLT (HD3) WOLZ WOOD-FM WOVK WOWI WPAP (HD2) WPGB WPKF WPLA WPOC WPRW-FM WPTI WPYX WQBT WQBZ WQEN (HD2) (HD3) WQGA WQHQ WQIK-FM (HD2) WQLX WQMF (HD2) WQNQ WQNS WQOL WQRB WQRV (HD2) (HD3) WQSO WQSR WQUE-FM WQYZ WRBT WRBV WRDG WRDU WRDX WRFF WRFQ WRFX (HD2) WRFY-FM (HD2) WRGV WRIT-FM WRKF-FM WRKH (HD2) WRKT WRLX WRNO-FM (HD2) WRNQ WRNW WRNX WROO WROV-FM (HD2) WRTR WRTS WRUB WRUM (HD2) WRVB WRVE (HD2) WRVF WRVV WRVW WRWB-FM WRWD-FM WRXZ WRZE WSBY-FM WSCC-FM WSDF WSEK-FM WSIX-FM (HD3) WSNE-FM WSNX-FM WSOL-FM WSRS WSRW-FM WSRZ-FM WSSL-FM WSTH-FM WSTV (HD2 WSTZ-FM WSUS WSVO WSWR WSYR-FM WTAK-FM WTBU (HD2) WTCR-FM WTFX-FM WTKK WTKS-FM (HD2) WTKX-FM WTNT-FM WTQR WTRY-FM WTTH WTUE WTUP-FM WTWF WTXT WTZB WUBL (HD2) WUBT WUCS WUMR (HD2) WUSL WUSQ-FM WVAZ WVBZ WVKF WVKS (HD2) WVOR WVRK WVRT WWDC (HD2) WWBB WWFG WWHT WWKZ WWMG WWPR-FM WWPW WWSW-FM (HD2) WWYZ WWXM WWZD-FM WXBB WXBT (HD2) WXDX-FM WXKS-FM WXLY WXSR WXTB WXTK WXXF WXXL (HD2) WXXM WXZX WYHT WYKZ WYLD-FM WYNA WYNK-FM (HD2) WYNR WYNT WYYD WYYY WZBQ WZBZ WZCB (HD2) WZCR WZDA WZEE WZFT WZHT WZJZ WZLD WZLX WZOM WZRL WZRM WZRX-FM WZTF WZTU WZXL WZZO WZZR (HD2) Radio networks Black Information Network Evolution Pride Fox Sports Radio Premiere Networks Premium Choice Total Traffic and Weather Network Miscellaneous Clear Channel Outdoor Clear Channel UK HowStuffWorks iHeartRadio List of programming syndicated by iHeartMedia List of radio stations owned by iHeartMedia Mediabase Radio Computing Services Clear Channel memorandum vteRadio stations in the Winchester, Virginia, metropolitan areaBy AM frequency 610 790 1400 1450 1550 By FM frequency 88.3 88.9 89.7 90.1 90.3 91.1 92.5 95.3 96.9 97.5 98.3 99.3 102.5 103.3 104.9 105.5 LPFM 94.9 Translators 92.1 94.5 95.7 97.9 98.9 101.3 102.1 102.9 103.7 106.3 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 98.3-1 98.3-2 102.5-1 By call sign W221EQ W233AA W239BV W250CR W255CK W267AK W271BR W275BV W279CV W292CI WAIW WAMM WFQX WFTR WHFW WINC WINC-FM WKSI-FM HD2 WLTF WMRE WOTC WSIG WTCF WTRM WUDS-LP WUSQ-FM WVEP WVRS WVRX WXDM WXVA WZRV Defunct WCLM-LP (95.7 FM) WSVG (1230 AM) Nearby regions Baltimore Cumberland Eastern West Virginia Frederick Fredericksburg Hagerstown Harrisonburg Washington, D.C. See also List of radio stations in Virginia List of radio stations in West Virginia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shelf registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_registration"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHz"},{"link_name":"contemporary hit radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"Stephens City, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephens_City,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Eastern Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arbitron-1"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-4"}],"text":"This article is about a radio station. For well-known, seasoned issuer of securities (WKSI), see shelf registration.Radio station in Stephens City, VirginiaWKSI-FM (98.3 MHz) is a contemporary hit radio formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Stephens City, Virginia, serving the Northern Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia.[1] WKSI-FM is owned and operated by iHeartMedia[4]","title":"WKSI-FM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Town, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Town,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"WXVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMRE"},{"link_name":"WAVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAVA-FM"},{"link_name":"Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Leesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Full Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_service_(radio_format)"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"middle-of-the-road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_(music)"},{"link_name":"adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"oldies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"rimshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimshot_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"WUSQ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUSQ-FM"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Round Hill, Frederick County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Hill,_Frederick_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Christmas music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_music"},{"link_name":"CHR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"98.3 FM signed on August 28, 1967, as WZFM, a local station serving Charles Town, West Virginia. The station was co-owned with WXVA (1550 AM) by Arthur W. Arundel, who at the time owned WAVA Arlington and the Leesburg-based Loudoun Times-Mirror newspaper. WZFM simulcast WXVA's broadcasting day, which was Full Service with blocks of country music.[5]The two stations were sold in 1970 to electrical engineer John P. Luce. The simulcast split around this time as the AM side was switched to Top 40 and the FM station went to full-time country.[6]Luce sold to Heritage Broadcasting Corporation in September 1982.[7] Heritage changed the callsign to WXVA-FM after taking control. After an initial return to simulcasting 1550 AM (which had flipped to middle-of-the-road) immediately after the change, the station settled on light adult contemporary around 1986.[8]In 1993, another format change took place, this time to oldies.[9] Unusually for an FM station, Broadcasting Yearbook reported that it operated 19 hours a day – signing off between midnight and 5 a.m. A flip back to country as \"Xtra Country 98\" took place in late 1995.[10] The station remained in Charles Town, but was a rimshot to Winchester, regularly showing up in the ratings there despite competition from local country stalwart WUSQ-FM.[11]Clear Channel (now iHeartMedia) bought WXVA-FM from Heritage in 2000.[12] As it already owned WUSQ-FM, it sought to tap the larger Winchester market with a different format instead of competing with itself. On December 10, 2003, Clear Channel applied to move the transmitter to WUSQ-FM's site near Round Hill, Frederick County, Virginia, changing the city of license from Charles Town to Stephens City.[13] The station immediately began stunting as \"Christmas 98.3\" with Christmas music and spots advising listeners to tune to WUSQ-FM for country. The flip to CHR as \"Kiss 98-3\". WKSI-FM came on December 26, although the physical move was not completed until late 2004.[14][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W239BV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W239BV"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Launch-16"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia"},{"link_name":"Premium Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_Choice"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Launch-16"},{"link_name":"hot adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"All-Christmas music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_music#CITEREF2018"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christmas-17"},{"link_name":"Classic Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Country"},{"link_name":"WXBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WINC-FM"},{"link_name":"WINC-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAIW_(FM)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FormatFlip-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WINCFMSale1-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WINCFMSale2-20"}],"sub_title":"HD2 subchannel","text":"On August 22, 2013, WKSI began simulcasting its HD2 signal on newly acquired translator W239BV, broadcasting on 95.7, from WKSI's tower west of Winchester.[16] The HD2 signal aired the \"Today's Mix\" format, one of iHeartMedia Premium Choice formats.[16]On November 1, 2013, W239BV switched its format from hot adult contemporary to a seasonal All-Christmas music format, with the \"Mix 95-7\" branding remaining.[17]Until December 26, 2020, at 12 Midnight, when W239BV took over the Classic Country format, which had been abandoned by crosstown competitor WXBN ahead of sister-station WINC-FM's sale and format change, as \"Classic Country 95-7\".[18][19][20]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Arbitron Station Information Profiles\". Nielsen Audio/Nielsen Holdings. Retrieved November 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SU15&band=fm&callLetter=WKSI","url_text":"\"Arbitron Station Information Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Audio","url_text":"Nielsen Audio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Holdings","url_text":"Nielsen Holdings"}]},{"reference":"Broadcasting Yearbook 2010 (PDF). ProQuest, LLC/Reed Publishing (Nederland), B.V. 2010. p. D-571. Retrieved November 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/2010/D4-2010-BC-YB-7.pdf","url_text":"Broadcasting Yearbook 2010"}]},{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WKSI-FM\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=26998","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WKSI-FM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"WKSI Facility Record\". Federal Communications Commission, audio division. Retrieved November 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=WKSI","url_text":"\"WKSI Facility Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"Broadcasting Yearbook 1968 (PDF). p. B-180.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1968/B%202%20Broadcasting%20Yearbook%201968.pdf","url_text":"Broadcasting Yearbook 1968"}]},{"reference":"Staff (July 6, 1970). \"Changing hands\" (PDF). Broadcasting. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1970/1970-07-06-BC.pdf","url_text":"\"Changing hands\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (September 27, 1982). \"Actions\" (PDF). Broadcasting. p. 101.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1982/BC-1982-09-27.pdf","url_text":"\"Actions\""}]},{"reference":"Broadcasting-Cablecasting Yearbook 1986 (PDF). p. B-308.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1986/B-Radio-NE-to-Ter-B-Radio-All-BC-YB-1986.pdf","url_text":"Broadcasting-Cablecasting Yearbook 1986"}]},{"reference":"Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1995 (PDF). p. B-447.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1995/B-Radio-NE-Ter-YB-1995.pdf","url_text":"Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1995"}]},{"reference":"Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1997 (PDF). p. B-486.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1997/B-Radio-NE-Ter-BC-YB-1997.pdf","url_text":"Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1997"}]},{"reference":"Corbin, Robert (October 24, 2003). \"Winchester to get new radio station\". VARTV.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vartv.com/archives03e.htm","url_text":"\"Winchester to get new radio station\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (December 11, 2000). \"Changing hands\" (PDF). Broadcasting & Cable. p. 48.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-2000/BC-2000-12-11.pdf","url_text":"\"Changing hands\""}]},{"reference":"\"WKSI-FM Facility Record\". FCCData.","urls":[{"url":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=WKSI-FM&ccode=1&city=&state=&country=US&arn=&party=&party_type=LICEN","url_text":"\"WKSI-FM Facility Record\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Dave (December 26, 2003). \"Shenandoah Valley Gets Kissed\". DCRTV.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dcrtv.com/mediaw13.html","url_text":"\"Shenandoah Valley Gets Kissed\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Dave (September 1, 2004). \"New City for WKSI\". DCRTV.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dcrtv.com/mediaw14.html","url_text":"\"New City for WKSI\""}]},{"reference":"\"CCM&E Premium Choice Hot AC...\" Robert F. Corbin via Twitter. August 22, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/VARTV/status/370520868973060096","url_text":"\"CCM&E Premium Choice Hot AC...\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (November 2, 2013). \"Christmas Comes Early Across America\". RadioBB Networks. Retrieved November 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/86515/christmas-comes-early-across-america/","url_text":"\"Christmas Comes Early Across America\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (December 26, 2020). \"Classic Country 95.7 Debuts In Winchester\". RadioInsight/RadioBB Networks. Retrieved December 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/203445/classic-country-95-7-debuts-in-winchester/","url_text":"\"Classic Country 95.7 Debuts In Winchester\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (October 8, 2020). \"Educational Media Foundation Acquires WINC-FM\". RadioInsight/RadioBB Networks. Retrieved November 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/199237/educational-media-foundation-acquires-winc-fm/","url_text":"\"Educational Media Foundation Acquires WINC-FM\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (November 17, 2020). \"WINC-FM Begins Frequency Move Ahead Of EMF Sale\". RadioInsight/RadioBB Networks. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeh_Kung-chao	George Yeh	["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading"]	Chinese politician and diplomat (1904–1981) In this Chinese name, the family name is Yeh. George Yeh葉公超ROC Ambassador to the United StatesIn officeAugust 1958 – November 1961Preceded byHollington TongSucceeded byTsiang TingfuMinister of the Overseas Chinese Affairs CommissionIn office19 May 1950 – 16 April 1952Preceded byDai KuishengSucceeded byZheng YanfenMinister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of ChinaIn office1 October 1949 – 14 July 1958Preceded byHu ShihSucceeded byHuang Shao-ku Personal detailsBorn20 October 1904Jiujiang (Kewkiang), Jiangxi, Great QingDied20 November 1981(1981-11-20) (aged 77)Taipei, TaiwanNationalityRepublic of ChinaPolitical partyKuomintang George YehTraditional Chinese葉公超Simplified Chinese叶公超TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinYè GōngchāoWade–GilesYeh Kung-ch'ao George Kung-chao Yeh (1904–1981), also known as Yeh Kung-chao, was a diplomat and politician of the Republic of China. Educated in the U.S. and the U.K., he graduated from Amherst College in 1925 and later Cambridge University. He taught English literature at Beijing's Tsinghua University, where his students included renowned 20th century Chinese writer Ch'ien Chung-shu. He was the first Minister of Foreign Affairs since 1949. On February 6, 1950, the ROC air force bombed Shanghai, causing extensive damage to American-owned property in the city including the Shanghai power company.: 125 The American government responded by sending a diplomatic protest to the Nationalist Ministry of Foreign Affairs.: 125 Yeh defended the bombing to American diplomats and stated that the ROC would provide early warning before such attacks in the future.: 125 The United States rejected the proposed arrangement and the American chargé d'affaires warned Yeh that serious difficulties would arise if such things continued.: 125 During his tenure, he signed the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty in 1952 and the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty in 1954. He was ambassador to the United States from 1958 to 1961. In 1961, due to the admission of Mongolia to the United Nations, Yeh was removed from the position of ambassador and recalled to Taiwan by Chiang Kai-shek. He then served as Minister without Portfolio. See also Mongolia–Taiwan relations References ^ "Amherst College Biographical Record, Centennial Edition (1821–1921)". Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2016. ^ Wen Yuan-ning, and others. Imperfect Understanding: Intimate Portraits of Modern Chinese Celebrities. Edited by Christopher Rea (Amherst, MA: Cambria Press, 2018), pp. 17–24, 153–55. ^ a b c d Li, Hongshan (2024). Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231207058. ^ Waggoner, Walter H. (26 November 1981). "George K. C. Yeh, Taiwan Aide". New York Times. Retrieved 24 July 2014. Further reading Matray, James I., ed. East Asia and the United States: an encyclopedia of relations since 1784. (2 vol, Greenwood, 2002) 2:691–692. vteChinese ambassadors to the United StatesQing minister 1875–1912 Chen Lanbin 1875–81 Zheng Zaoru 1881–85 Zhang Yinheng 1885–89 Cui Guoyin 1889–93 Yang Yü 1893–96 Wu Tingfang 1896–1902 Liang Cheng 1902–07 Wu Tingfang 1907–09 Zhang Yintang 1909–11 Alfred Sao-ke Sze 1911–12 Republic of ChinaEnvoy1912–35 Zhang Yintang 1912–13 Xia Xiefu 1913–15 V. K. Wellington Koo 1915–20 Alfred Sao-ke Sze 1920–29 Wu Chaoshu 1929–31 Yan Huiqing 1931–33 Alfred Sao-ke Sze 1933–35 Republic of ChinaAmbassador1935–79 Alfred Sao-ke Sze 1935–36 Chengting T. Wang 1936–38 Hu Shih 1938–42 Wei Tao-ming 1942–46 Wellington Koo 1946–56 Hollington Tong 1956–58 George Yeh 1958–61 Tsiang Tingfu 1961–65 Zhou Shukai 1965–71 James Shen 1971–79 People's Republic of ChinaLiaison Office Chief1973–79 Huang Zhen 1973–77 Chai Zemin 1978–79 People's Republic of ChinaAmbassador1979–present Chai Zemin 1979–82 Zhang Wenjin 1983–85 Han Xu 1985–89 Zhu Qizhen 1989–93 Li Daoyu 1993–98 Li Zhaoxing 1998–2001 Yang Jiechi 2001–05 Zhou Wenzhong 2005–10 Zhang Yesui 2010–13 Cui Tiankai 2013–21 Qin Gang 2021–23 Xie Feng 2023-present Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States 2 Taiwan Netherlands People Trove 2 Other NARA IdRef This article about a Kuomintang politician from Taiwan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Taiwanese diplomat-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Yeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Amherst College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"Tsinghua University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinghua_University"},{"link_name":"Ch'ien Chung-shu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27ien_Chung-shu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Minister of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Li-3"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Taiwan)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Li-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Li-3"},{"link_name":"chargé d'affaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Li-3"},{"link_name":"Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_Peace_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-American_Mutual_Defense_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai-shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Yeh.George Kung-chao Yeh (1904–1981), also known as Yeh Kung-chao, was a diplomat and politician of the Republic of China. Educated in the U.S. and the U.K., he graduated from Amherst College in 1925[1] and later Cambridge University. He taught English literature at Beijing's Tsinghua University, where his students included renowned 20th century Chinese writer Ch'ien Chung-shu.[2] He was the first Minister of Foreign Affairs since 1949.On February 6, 1950, the ROC air force bombed Shanghai, causing extensive damage to American-owned property in the city including the Shanghai power company.[3]: 125 The American government responded by sending a diplomatic protest to the Nationalist Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[3]: 125 Yeh defended the bombing to American diplomats and stated that the ROC would provide early warning before such attacks in the future.[3]: 125 The United States rejected the proposed arrangement and the American chargé d'affaires warned Yeh that serious difficulties would arise if such things continued.[3]: 125During his tenure, he signed the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty in 1952 and the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty in 1954. He was ambassador to the United States from 1958 to 1961. In 1961, due to the admission of Mongolia to the United Nations, Yeh was removed from the position of ambassador and recalled to Taiwan by Chiang Kai-shek. He then served as Minister without Portfolio.[4]","title":"George Yeh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:China_Ambassadors_to_US"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:China_Ambassadors_to_US"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_Ambassadors_to_US"},{"link_name":"Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chen Lanbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Lanbin"},{"link_name":"Zheng Zaoru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Zaoru"},{"link_name":"Zhang Yinheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Yinheng&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cui Guoyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cui_Guoyin"},{"link_name":"Yang Yü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Y%C3%BC_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"Wu Tingfang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Tingfang"},{"link_name":"Liang Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Cheng"},{"link_name":"Wu Tingfang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Tingfang"},{"link_name":"Zhang Yintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yintang"},{"link_name":"Alfred Sao-ke Sze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sao-ke_Sze"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"Zhang Yintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yintang"},{"link_name":"Xia Xiefu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xia_Xiefu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V. 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East Asia and the United States: an encyclopedia of relations since 1784. (2 vol, Greenwood, 2002) 2:691–692.vteChinese ambassadors to the United StatesQing minister 1875–1912\nChen Lanbin 1875–81\nZheng Zaoru 1881–85\nZhang Yinheng 1885–89\nCui Guoyin 1889–93\nYang Yü 1893–96\nWu Tingfang 1896–1902\nLiang Cheng 1902–07\nWu Tingfang 1907–09\nZhang Yintang 1909–11\nAlfred Sao-ke Sze 1911–12\nRepublic of ChinaEnvoy1912–35\nZhang Yintang 1912–13\nXia Xiefu 1913–15\nV. K. Wellington Koo 1915–20\nAlfred Sao-ke Sze 1920–29\nWu Chaoshu 1929–31\nYan Huiqing 1931–33\nAlfred Sao-ke Sze 1933–35\nRepublic of ChinaAmbassador1935–79\nAlfred Sao-ke Sze 1935–36\nChengting T. Wang 1936–38\nHu Shih 1938–42\nWei Tao-ming 1942–46\nWellington Koo 1946–56\nHollington Tong 1956–58\nGeorge Yeh 1958–61\nTsiang Tingfu 1961–65\nZhou Shukai 1965–71\nJames Shen 1971–79\nPeople's Republic of ChinaLiaison Office Chief1973–79\nHuang Zhen 1973–77\nChai Zemin 1978–79\nPeople's Republic of ChinaAmbassador1979–present\nChai Zemin 1979–82\nZhang Wenjin 1983–85\nHan Xu 1985–89\nZhu Qizhen 1989–93\nLi Daoyu 1993–98\nLi Zhaoxing 1998–2001\nYang Jiechi 2001–05\nZhou Wenzhong 2005–10\nZhang Yesui 2010–13\nCui Tiankai 2013–21\nQin Gang 2021–23\nXie Feng 2023-presentAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\n2\nTaiwan\nNetherlands\nPeople\nTrove\n2\nOther\nNARA\nIdRefThis article about a Kuomintang politician from Taiwan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis Taiwanese diplomat-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Mongolia–Taiwan relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations"}]	[{"reference":"\"Amherst College Biographical Record, Centennial Edition (1821–1921)\". Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091212153647/http://www3.amherst.edu/~rjyanco94/genealogy/acbiorecord/index/byname/y/yeh.html","url_text":"\"Amherst College Biographical Record, Centennial Edition (1821–1921)\""},{"url":"http://www3.amherst.edu/~rjyanco94/genealogy/acbiorecord/index/byname/y/yeh.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Li, Hongshan (2024). Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Johnson_(football_coach)	Jim Johnson (American football)	["1 Playing career","2 Coaching career","3 Illness and death","4 Head coaching record","4.1 College","5 References"]	American football player and coach (1941–2009) Not to be confused with Jimmy Johnson (American football coach). American football player Jim JohnsonJohnson at Eagles training camp in 2008Personal informationBorn:(1941-05-26)May 26, 1941Maywood, Illinois, U.S.Died:July 28, 2009(2009-07-28) (aged 68)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.Career informationCollege:MissouriUndrafted:1963Career history As a player: Buffalo Bills (1963–1964) As a coach: Notre Dame (1977–1983)Secondary coachDefensive coordinator Oklahoma Outlaws (1984)Defensive coordinator Jacksonville Bulls (1985)Defensive coordinator St. Louis/Phoenix Cardinals (1986–1993)Defensive line coachSecondary coach Indianapolis Colts (1994–1997)Linebackers coach (1994–1995)Defensive coordinator (1996–1997) Seattle Seahawks (1998)Linebackers coach Philadelphia Eagles (1999–2008)Defensive coordinator Career highlights and awards Philadelphia Eagles Hall of Fame Coaching stats at PFR Jim Johnson (May 26, 1941 – July 28, 2009) was an American professional football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL). He was a defensive coordinator for nine seasons with the Philadelphia Eagles. Widely regarded as one of the best defensive coordinators in NFL history, he was especially known for being a master architect of blitzes, disguising them skillfully and keeping offenses off balance. Johnson played as a tight end for two years with the Buffalo Bills of the American Football League (AFL). In more than 40 years of coaching, he held head coaching duties only once (at the collegiate level), but was interviewed by the Arizona Cardinals regarding their head coaching vacancy in 2004. Playing career A native of Maywood, Illinois, Johnson played high school football for Proviso East High School in Maywood, Illinois. He played college football for head coach Dan Devine at the University of Missouri from 1959 to 1962. An all-Big Eight quarterback, Johnson played in the same backfield with long-time NFL executive Bill Tobin. He went undrafted in the 1963 NFL Draft, but was signed to play tight end by the Buffalo Bills of the AFL (1963–64). Coaching career It was around 1994 or 1995, when I was with the Colts, and we were playing against San Francisco with Steve Young running the West Coast offense, releasing receivers all the time, guys getting by you. The idea was don't let these people dictate to you. You have to put more pressure , and every year we tried to figure out how to do that.— Jim Johnson, describing the origin of his defensive philosophy. Johnson began his coaching career as head coach at Missouri Southern (1967–68), before serving four-year tenures at Drake University (1969–72) and Indiana University (1973–76). In 1977, Johnson was hired by his former head coach at Missouri, Dan Devine, as defensive backs coach at University of Notre Dame. After helping the 1977 Fighting Irish to win the national championship in his first year, Johnson was later promoted to defensive coordinator and assistant head coach under Gerry Faust. Leaving Notre Dame in 1984, Johnson coached in the short-lived USFL with the Oklahoma Outlaws (1984) and Jacksonville Bulls (1985). In 1986, he finally entered the NFL as a coach, spending eight seasons with the St. Louis/Phoenix Cardinals (1986–93). After overseeing the Cards defensive line for four seasons, Johnson excelled as their secondary coach, helping Aeneas Williams become the first rookie cornerback to lead the league in interceptions (6) since 1981. In 1994, he joined the Indianapolis Colts as linebackers coach under head coach Ted Marchibroda. After defensive coordinator Vince Tobin left the Colts in 1996 to become head coach of the Cardinals, Johnson was deemed his successor by new Colts head coach Lindy Infante. The Colts finished last in the AFC East in 1997, causing Infante and his staff to be fired. Johnson spent the 1998 NFL season as linebackers coach on the final staff of Seattle Seahawks head coach Dennis Erickson, before leaving for Philadelphia. He helped the Seahawks register 10 TDs on defense, including 8 INTs returned for scores, 2nd most in NFL history. If Johnson had stayed, he could have stepped into the coordinator's role when Fritz Shurmur died of cancer that summer. On January 22, 1999, Eagles head coach Andy Reid targeted and hired Jim Johnson as the Eagles new defensive coordinator. Johnson's tenure in Philadelphia was his most successful, as the Eagles won 5 division titles, each reaping the benefits of his defenses. Because head coach Andy Reid is known more for his acumen on the offensive side of the ball, he handed complete control of the defensive unit of the team to Johnson, allowing Reid to concentrate on running the offense with his offensive coordinators, Brad Childress and later Marty Mornhinweg. Reid repeatedly said he had full confidence in Johnson and the Eagles rewarded him accordingly, as he became one of the highest paid coordinators in the NFL. "As I've said many times, Jim Johnson is the best in the business at what he does", said Reid upon signing his prized defensive coordinator to a lucrative four-year contract extension in 2005. "His defensive units continue to produce at a very high level as he puts a lot of pressure on opposing offenses." From 2000–07, Johnson's units rank tied for first in the NFL with 342 sacks, second in the league in 3rd down efficiency (34.3%) and red zone touchdown percentage (43.0%), and fourth in fewest points allowed (17.6 per game). In 2001, Johnson's unit became the fourth team in NFL history to go all 16 games without allowing more than 21 points. Their streak of allowing 21 or fewer in 34 straight games was second longest in NFL history (Minnesota, 1968–71). In 1999, Johnson's unit forced an NFL-best 46 turnovers, including a team-record 5 interceptions returned for TDs. Eagles defenders were selected for the Pro Bowl 26 times during Johnson's tenure. Former Eagle Brian Dawkins led the way with seven. Other Eagles defenders to go to the Pro Bowl under Johnson include Troy Vincent (five), Jeremiah Trotter (four), Hugh Douglas (three), Lito Sheppard (two), and Trent Cole, Michael Lewis, Asante Samuel, Corey Simon, Bobby Taylor (one each). Current NFL head coaches John Harbaugh (special teams and defensive backs), Ron Rivera (linebackers), and Sean McDermott (defensive backs and linebackers) coached under Johnson with the Eagles. Illness and death Shortly after the Eagles were eliminated from the playoffs, on January 29, 2009, it was announced that Johnson was undergoing treatment for melanoma. In mid-May, Johnson announced a leave of absence due to the advancement of the cancer, with secondary coach Sean McDermott taking over duties as the interim defensive coordinator. On July 24, 2009, Johnson officially resigned as defensive coordinator, with McDermott having the interim tag removed. Four days later, on July 28, 2009, Johnson died at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 68. Head coaching record College Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs Missouri Southern Lions (NAIA independent) (1967–1968) 1967 Missouri Southern 8–1 1968 Missouri Southern 2–8 Missouri Southern: 10–9 Total: 10–9 References ^ Maske, Mark (January 18, 2009). "The Old Men and the 'D': Johnson′s Aggressive Schemes Are Foundation for Eagles′ Run of Success". Washington Post. ^ Pasquarelli, Len (January 7, 2004). "Other three finalists may interview again". ESPN.com. ^ 1962 Football Roster ^ Brookover, Bob "Eagles' Jim Johnson, 68, dies of cancer" The Philadelphia Inquirer, Wednesday, July 29, 2009 ^ a b McLane, Jeff & Brookover, Bob "Johnson left his mark on players and fellow coaches" The Philadelphia Inquirer, Wednesday, July 29, 2009 ^ Dell'Apa, Frank (February 3, 2005). "Turning up the pressure: Eagles' Johnson sets his sights on Brady, Patriots". Boston Globe. ^ Farnsworth, Clare (December 4, 2002). "Seahawks get set for innovative Johnson and all his blitzing". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. ^ Bowen, Les (January 30, 2009). "Eagles defensive coordinator Jim Johnson battling cancer". Philadelphia Daily News. ^ Mihoces, Gary (July 29, 2009), "Eagles assistant Jim Johnson, dead at 68, recalled as 'incredible gem'", USA Today vteMissouri Tigers starting quarterbacks Saunders (1909) Stuber (1924–1926) Flamank (1927) Waldorf (1929) Christman (1938–1940) Pitts (1941–1942) Collins (1944) Dellastatious (1945) Entsminger (1947–1948) Klein (1949–1950) Scardino (1951–1952) Eaton (1953–1954) Doane (1955) Hunter (1956) Snowden (1957–1959) Taylor (1960–1961) J. Johnson (1962) Lane (1963–1965) Kombrink (1966–1967) McMillan (1968–1969) Roper (1970–1971) Cherry (1972–1973) Pisarkiewicz (1974–1976) Woods (1976–1977) Bradley (1977–1980) Hyde (1981) Adler (1982–1985) Cameron (1986) Stollenwerck (1987) Welch (1988) Kiefer (1989–1990) Johnson (1991) Handy (1992–1994) Corso (1995) Skornia (1995–1996) Jones (1995–1998) Dougherty (1999) Farmer (1999–2001) Outlaw (2000–2001) Smith (2002–2005) Daniel (2006–2008) Gabbert (2009–2010) Franklin (2011–2013) Berkstresser (2012) Mauk (2013–2015) Lock (2015–2018) Bryant (2019) Powell (2019) Bazelak (2019–2021) Robinson (2020) Macon (2021) Cook (2021–2023) vteMissouri Southern Lions head football coaches Unknown (1937–1942) No team (1943–1945) Unknown (1946–1966) Jim Johnson (1967–1968) Reuben Berry (1969–1970) Jim Frazier (1971–1985) Rod Giesselmann (1986–1987) Bill Cooke # (1988) Jon Lantz (1989–1997) Rob Green # (1997) Greg Gregory (1998–1999) Bill Cooke (2000–2003) John Ware (2004–2005) Keeth Matheny # (2005) Bart Tatum (2006–2011) Daryl Daye (2012–2014) Denver Johnson (2015–2018) Joe Bettasso # (2018) Jeff Sims (2019) Atiba Bradley (2020– ) # denotes interim head coach vte1977 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football—consensus national champions Doug Becker Luther Bradley Jim Browner Ross Browner Ted Burgmeier Mike Calhoun Mike Courey Vagas Ferguson Tim Foley Willie Fry Bob Golic Kris Haines Jerome Heavens Steve Heimkreiter Pete Holohan Dave Huffman Tim Huffman Ernie Hughes Greg Knafelc Tim Koegel Bobby Leopold Rusty Lisch Ken MacAfee Joe Montana Jim Stone Jeff Weston Dave Waymer Mike Whittington Head coach: Dan Devine Assistant coaches: Jim Johnson Merv Johnson Hank Kuhlmann Francis Peay Gene Smith Ron Toman Joe Yonto vtePhiladelphia Eagles Hall of Fame 1948 Championship team 1949 Championship team 1960 Championship team David Akers Eric Allen Maxie Baughan Chuck Bednarik Bert Bell Bill Bergey Bill Bradley Tom Brookshier Bob Brown Jerome Brown Timmy Brown Leo Carlin Harold Carmichael Randall Cunningham Otho Davis Brian Dawkins Jim Gallagher Bill Hewitt Ron Jaworski Jim Johnson Seth Joyner Sonny Jurgensen Ollie Matson Tommy McDonald Donovan McNabb Wilbert Montgomery Earle "Greasy" Neale Pete Pihos Mike Quick Merrill Reese Pete Retzlaff Jim Ringo Jon Runyan Clyde Simmons Jerry Sisemore Tra Thomas Jeremiah Trotter Norm Van Brocklin Steve Van Buren Dick Vermeil Troy Vincent Bobby Walston Stan Walters Brian Westbrook Reggie White Al Wistert Alex Wojciechowicz Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Johnson (American football coach)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Johnson_(American_football_coach)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"defensive coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_coordinator"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"},{"link_name":"blitzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitz_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"tight end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_end"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"American Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Arizona Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Jimmy Johnson (American football coach).American football playerJim Johnson (May 26, 1941 – July 28, 2009) was an American professional football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL). He was a defensive coordinator for nine seasons with the Philadelphia Eagles. Widely regarded as one of the best defensive coordinators in NFL history, he was especially known for being a master architect of blitzes, disguising them skillfully and keeping offenses off balance.[1]Johnson played as a tight end for two years with the Buffalo Bills of the American Football League (AFL). In more than 40 years of coaching, he held head coaching duties only once (at the collegiate level), but was interviewed by the Arizona Cardinals regarding their head coaching vacancy in 2004.[2]","title":"Jim Johnson (American football)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maywood, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maywood,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Proviso East High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proviso_East_High_School"},{"link_name":"Maywood, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maywood,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Dan Devine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Devine"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brookover-4"},{"link_name":"Big Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Eight_Conference"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"Bill Tobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tobin_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"1963 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"tight end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_end"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"AFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmclbobro-5"}],"text":"A native of Maywood, Illinois, Johnson played high school football for Proviso East High School in Maywood, Illinois.[3] He played college football for head coach Dan Devine at the University of Missouri from 1959 to 1962.[4] An all-Big Eight quarterback, Johnson played in the same backfield with long-time NFL executive Bill Tobin. He went undrafted in the 1963 NFL Draft, but was signed to play tight end by the Buffalo Bills of the AFL (1963–64).[5]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"Steve Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Young_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"West Coast offense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_offense"},{"link_name":"receivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_receiver"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Missouri Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Southern_State_University"},{"link_name":"Drake University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_University"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)"},{"link_name":"University of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame"},{"link_name":"1977 Fighting Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team"},{"link_name":"national championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I-A_national_football_championship"},{"link_name":"Gerry Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Faust"},{"link_name":"USFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Outlaws"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Bulls"},{"link_name":"St. Louis/Phoenix Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"defensive line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_line"},{"link_name":"Aeneas Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneas_Williams"},{"link_name":"cornerback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerback"},{"link_name":"interceptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interception"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmclbobro-5"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts"},{"link_name":"Ted Marchibroda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Marchibroda"},{"link_name":"Vince Tobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Tobin"},{"link_name":"Lindy Infante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindy_Infante"},{"link_name":"AFC East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_East"},{"link_name":"1998 NFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"Seattle Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks"},{"link_name":"Dennis Erickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Erickson"},{"link_name":"Fritz Shurmur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Shurmur"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Andy Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Reid"},{"link_name":"offensive coordinators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_coordinators"},{"link_name":"Brad Childress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Childress"},{"link_name":"Marty Mornhinweg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Mornhinweg"},{"link_name":"Brian Dawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dawkins"},{"link_name":"Troy Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Vincent"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Trotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Trotter"},{"link_name":"Hugh Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Douglas_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Lito Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lito_Sheppard"},{"link_name":"Trent Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Cole"},{"link_name":"Michael Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lewis_(safety)"},{"link_name":"Asante Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asante_Samuel"},{"link_name":"Corey Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Simon"},{"link_name":"Bobby Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Taylor_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"John Harbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harbaugh"},{"link_name":"Ron Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Sean McDermott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_McDermott"}],"text":"It was around 1994 or 1995, when I was with the Colts, and we were playing against San Francisco with Steve Young running the West Coast offense, releasing receivers all the time, guys getting by you. The idea was don't let these people dictate to you. You have to put more pressure [on the quarterback], and every year we tried to figure out how to do that.— Jim Johnson, describing the origin of his defensive philosophy.[6]Johnson began his coaching career as head coach at Missouri Southern (1967–68), before serving four-year tenures at Drake University (1969–72) and Indiana University (1973–76). In 1977, Johnson was hired by his former head coach at Missouri, Dan Devine, as defensive backs coach at University of Notre Dame. After helping the 1977 Fighting Irish to win the national championship in his first year, Johnson was later promoted to defensive coordinator and assistant head coach under Gerry Faust.Leaving Notre Dame in 1984, Johnson coached in the short-lived USFL with the Oklahoma Outlaws (1984) and Jacksonville Bulls (1985). In 1986, he finally entered the NFL as a coach, spending eight seasons with the St. Louis/Phoenix Cardinals (1986–93). After overseeing the Cards defensive line for four seasons, Johnson excelled as their secondary coach, helping Aeneas Williams become the first rookie cornerback to lead the league in interceptions (6) since 1981.[5]In 1994, he joined the Indianapolis Colts as linebackers coach under head coach Ted Marchibroda. After defensive coordinator Vince Tobin left the Colts in 1996 to become head coach of the Cardinals, Johnson was deemed his successor by new Colts head coach Lindy Infante. The Colts finished last in the AFC East in 1997, causing Infante and his staff to be fired.Johnson spent the 1998 NFL season as linebackers coach on the final staff of Seattle Seahawks head coach Dennis Erickson, before leaving for Philadelphia. He helped the Seahawks register 10 TDs on defense, including 8 INTs returned for scores, 2nd most in NFL history. If Johnson had stayed, he could have stepped into the coordinator's role when Fritz Shurmur died of cancer that summer.[7]On January 22, 1999, Eagles head coach Andy Reid targeted and hired Jim Johnson as the Eagles new defensive coordinator. Johnson's tenure in Philadelphia was his most successful, as the Eagles won 5 division titles, each reaping the benefits of his defenses. Because head coach Andy Reid is known more for his acumen on the offensive side of the ball, he handed complete control of the defensive unit of the team to Johnson, allowing Reid to concentrate on running the offense with his offensive coordinators, Brad Childress and later Marty Mornhinweg.Reid repeatedly said he had full confidence in Johnson and the Eagles rewarded him accordingly, as he became one of the highest paid coordinators in the NFL. \"As I've said many times, Jim Johnson is the best in the business at what he does\", said Reid upon signing his prized defensive coordinator to a lucrative four-year contract extension in 2005. \"His defensive units continue to produce at a very high level as he puts a lot of pressure on opposing offenses.\"\nFrom 2000–07, Johnson's units rank tied for first in the NFL with 342 sacks, second in the league in 3rd down efficiency (34.3%) and red zone touchdown percentage (43.0%), and fourth in fewest points allowed (17.6 per game).In 2001, Johnson's unit became the fourth team in NFL history to go all 16 games without allowing more than 21 points. Their streak of allowing 21 or fewer in 34 straight games was second longest in NFL history (Minnesota, 1968–71). In 1999, Johnson's unit forced an NFL-best 46 turnovers, including a team-record 5 interceptions returned for TDs.Eagles defenders were selected for the Pro Bowl 26 times during Johnson's tenure. Former Eagle Brian Dawkins led the way with seven. Other Eagles defenders to go to the Pro Bowl under Johnson include Troy Vincent (five), Jeremiah Trotter (four), Hugh Douglas (three), Lito Sheppard (two), and Trent Cole, Michael Lewis, Asante Samuel, Corey Simon, Bobby Taylor (one each).Current NFL head coaches John Harbaugh (special teams and defensive backs), Ron Rivera (linebackers), and Sean McDermott (defensive backs and linebackers) coached under Johnson with the Eagles.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"melanoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sean McDermott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_McDermott"},{"link_name":"Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Shortly after the Eagles were eliminated from the playoffs, on January 29, 2009, it was announced that Johnson was undergoing treatment for melanoma.[8] In mid-May, Johnson announced a leave of absence due to the advancement of the cancer, with secondary coach Sean McDermott taking over duties as the interim defensive coordinator.On July 24, 2009, Johnson officially resigned as defensive coordinator, with McDermott having the interim tag removed. Four days later, on July 28, 2009, Johnson died at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 68.[9]","title":"Illness and death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"College","title":"Head coaching record"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Maske, Mark (January 18, 2009). \"The Old Men and the 'D': Johnson′s Aggressive Schemes Are Foundation for Eagles′ Run of Success\". Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/16/AR2009011603627.html","url_text":"\"The Old Men and the 'D': Johnson′s Aggressive Schemes Are Foundation for Eagles′ Run of Success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Pasquarelli, Len (January 7, 2004). \"Other three finalists may interview again\". ESPN.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Pasquarelli","url_text":"Pasquarelli, Len"},{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/columns/story?columnist=pasquarelli_len&id=1701982","url_text":"\"Other three finalists may interview again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPN.com"}]},{"reference":"Dell'Apa, Frank (February 3, 2005). \"Turning up the pressure: Eagles' Johnson sets his sights on Brady, Patriots\". Boston Globe.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/sports/football/patriots/articles/2005/02/03/turning_up_the_pressure/","url_text":"\"Turning up the pressure: Eagles' Johnson sets his sights on Brady, Patriots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe","url_text":"Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"Farnsworth, Clare (December 4, 2002). \"Seahawks get set for innovative Johnson and all his blitzing\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seattlepi.com/football/98341_hbok04.shtml","url_text":"\"Seahawks get set for innovative Johnson and all his blitzing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer","url_text":"Seattle Post-Intelligencer"}]},{"reference":"Bowen, Les (January 30, 2009). \"Eagles defensive coordinator Jim Johnson battling cancer\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_Monster	Fashion Monster	["1 Track listing","2 Charts","3 Personnel","4 References"]	2012 single by Kyary Pamyu Pamyu"Fashion Monster"Regular Edition coverSingle by Kyary Pamyu Pamyufrom the album Nanda Collection B-side"100% no Jibun ni"ReleasedOctober 17, 2012 (CD)Recorded2012GenreJ-popsurf rockLength4:37LabelUnbordeSire (US)Songwriter(s)Yasutaka NakataProducer(s)Yasutaka NakataKyary Pamyu Pamyu singles chronology "Candy Candy" (2012) "Fashion Monster" (2012) "Kimi ni 100 Percent" (2013) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingRolling Stone Japan "Fashion Monster" (ファッションモンスター, Fasshon Monsutā) is the third physical single by Japanese pop singer Kyary Pamyu Pamyu. The single is Halloween themed, and was released October 17, 2012. The song was used in commercials for G.u. Kyary re-released the single through Sire Records in the United States on April 30, 2013. Track listing All tracks are written by Yasutaka NakataPhysical singleNo.TitleLength1."Fashion Monster" (ファッションモンスター)4:372."100% no Jibun ni" (100%のじぶんに Hyaku Pāsento no Jibun ni)3:283."Tsukematsukeru (extended version)" (つけまつける-extended mix-)4:564."Pamyu Revo-Medley" ((ぱみゅレボメドレー Pamyu Rebo-medorē) (Pamyu Pamyu Revolution 45" radio spot))0:45 Charts Chart (2012) Peakposition Japan Oricon Daily 3 Japan Oricon Weekly 5 Japan Billboard Hot 100 2 Japan Billboard Hot Singles Sales 5 Japan Billboard Hot Top Airplay 1 Japan Billboard Adult Contemporary Airplay 1 U.S. Billboard Top World Albums 8 Personnel Credits adapted from liner notes. Yasutaka Nakata – written, arranged, produced, recorded, mixed, mastered Steve Nakamura – art director, designer Shinji Konishi – hair, make-up Takeshi Hanzawa – photographer Kumiko Iijima – stylist Chihiko Kameyama – prop decorator References ^ "Rolling Stone Japan Edition review". Archived from the original on 2015-04-15. Retrieved 2014-12-18. ^ Kyary Singles Discography Official Site ^ "KYARY PAMYU PAMYU PERFORMING IN NEW YORK AND LOS ANGELES". 2013-04-09. ^ "Fashion Monster". Amazon. 2013-04-27. ^ "2012年10月15日～2012年10月21日のCDシングル週間ランキング（2012年10月29日付）" (in Japanese). Oricon. 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2012-10-24. ^ "Billboard Japan Hot 100 2012/10/29付け" (in Japanese). Hanshin Contents Link. 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2012-10-24. ^ "Hot Singles Sales 2012/10/29付け" (in Japanese). Hanshin Contents Link. 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2012-10-24. ^ "Hot Top Airplay 2012/10/29付け" (in Japanese). Hanshin Contents Link. 2012-10-24. Archived from the original on 2014-12-29. Retrieved 2012-10-24. ^ "Adult Contemporary Airplay 2012/10/29付け" (in Japanese). Hanshin Contents Link. 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2012-10-24. ^ "Kyarypamyupamyu Billboard Chart History". ^ Fashion Monster (CD). Kyary Pamyu Pamyu. Warner Music Japan. 2012.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) vteKyary Pamyu Pamyu Discography Studio albums Pamyu Pamyu Revolution (2012) Nanda Collection (2013) Pika Pika Fantajin (2014) Japamyu (2018) Candy Racer (2021) Extended plays Moshi Moshi Harajuku (2011) Compilations KPP Best (2016) Singles "Pon Pon Pon" "Tsukematsukeru" "Candy Candy" "Fashion Monster" "Kimi ni 100 Percent" "Furisodation" "Ninja Re Bang Bang" "Invader Invader" "Mottai Night Land" "Yume no Hajima Ring Ring" "Family Party" "Kira Kira Killer" "Mondai Girl" "Crazy Party Night (Pumpkin no Gyakushū)" "Sai & Co" "Harajuku Iyahoi" "Easta" "Kimino Mikata" "Kimi ga Iine Kuretara" Featured singles "Crazy Crazy" Live video releases Dokidoki Wakuwaku Pamyu Pamyu Revolution Land 2012 in Kira Kira Budōkan Tours 100%KPP World Tour Nanda Collection World Tour Related topics Capsule Yasutaka Nakata Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Kyary Pamyu Pamyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyary_Pamyu_Pamyu"},{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"G.u.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.u."},{"link_name":"Sire Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sire_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Fashion Monster\" (ファッションモンスター, Fasshon Monsutā) is the third physical single by Japanese pop singer Kyary Pamyu Pamyu. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio_Gutierrez	Horacio Gutiérrez	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Recordings","4 Television","5 Awards","6 Reception","7 Personal life","8 References","9 External links"]	Cuban-American classical pianist (born 1948) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Horacio Gutiérrez (born 1948) is a Cuban-American classical pianist known for his performances of works in the Romantic Repertoire. Early life and education When Fidel Castro gained control of Cuba in 1959, the family decided to leave the country. He moved with his family to the United States in 1962, studying in Los Angeles with Sergei Tarnowsky, Vladimir Horowitz's first teacher in Kiev, and later at the Juilliard School under Adele Marcus,a pupil of Russian pianist Josef Lhévinne. He later worked extensively with American pianist William Masselos, a pupil of Carl Friedberg, who himself had studied with Clara Schumann and Johannes Brahms. In 1970, he was a student at the Juilliard School of Music in New York. Career Gutiérrez's performance career spans over four decades. He was first seen on American television in 1966, on one of the Young People's Concerts with Leonard Bernstein, playing "The Great Gate of Kiev" from Pictures at an Exhibition, by Modest Mussorgsky. On August 23, 1970, Gutiérrez made his debut with the Los Angeles Philharmonic under Zubin Mehta in Rachmaninoff's 3rd Piano Concerto. Martin Bernheimer, music critic with the Los Angeles Times, described his first appearance with the orchestra as "spectacular". He was M.D. Anderson Distinguished Professor of Music at the University of Houston from 1996 to 2003. He is currently teaching at Manhattan School of Music. Gutiérrez is best known for his interpretation of the Romantic repertoire. He has been commented for performances of the Classical style in music of composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Brahms. Gutiérrez is a strong champion of contemporary American composers. He has performed works by William Schuman, André Previn and George Perle. His recording "George Perle: A Retrospective" was named one of the ten best recordings of 2006 by The New Yorker. Perle dedicated Nine Bagatelles to Gutiérrez. Recordings He has recorded for EMI, Telarc and Chandos Records. Gutiérrez's recordings include: Prokofiev's Concertos No. 2 and 3 with Neeme Järvi and the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. The recording has been acclaimed since its initial release in 1990. Reissued as part of Prokofiev The Piano Concertos in 2009, it was Gramophone's Editor's Choice in September (2009). Bryce Morrison wrote in Gramophone Magazine, "...Gutiérrez unleashes some of the most thrilling virtuosity on record, storming the Second Concerto's first movement development/cadenza in a manner that will make lesser pianists tremble." Brahms Piano Concerto No. 1 with André Previn and Royal Philharmonic Orchestra Brahms Piano Concerto No.2 with André Previn and Royal Philharmonic Orchestra Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto No. 1 and Rachmaninoff's Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini with David Zinman and the Baltimore Symphony. Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto No. 1 and Liszt Piano Concerto No. 1 with Andre Previn and the London Symphony Orchestra. Television BBC "Previn Music Nights" with the London Symphony, (1975) PBS Series: "Previn and the Pittsburgh," (1976) PBS Series: "Previn and the Pittsburgh," (1982) PBS Series: Live from Lincoln Center, "Mostly Mozart Festival," (1985) PBS Series: Live from Lincoln Center, "Chamber Music Society with Irene Worth and Horacio Gutierrez," (1986) The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, (1985), (1986) (Three appearances) Awards He won the silver medal and was the top American prize-winner at 21 years of age in the 1970 International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow, Soviet Union. and was soon presented in major world-wide concert venues by Sol Hurok's management. In 1982, he was awarded the Avery Fisher Prize in recognition of his musical achievements. He won an Emmy Award for his fourth appearance with the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center. Reception After his debut recital in London, Joan Chissell, music critic with The Times (London) wrote, His virtuosity is of the kind of which legends are made. Personal life He currently lives and works in the United States. He met his wife, pianist Patricia Asher, while she was studying with William Masselos and Adele Marcus at the Juilliard School. Gutiérrez suffers from bursitis and a chronic back injury. References ^ "Horacio Gutierrez Gives Engrossing Piano Recital". New York Times. 10 May 1976. Retrieved 5 June 2019. This young Cuban‐American virtuoso has an affinity with the keyboard that is given to few pianists, and it enables him to make distinctions of tone quality and dynamics that are not characteristic of most of the playing one hears. ^ Muller, Alberto, "Horacio Gutiérrez: El Mejor Pianista del Mundo", Diario de Las Americas, Oct. 20. 2007 ^ "Stagebill". 1981. ^ Philadelphia Chamber Music Society, Horacio Gutierrez, retrieved 3 June 2019 ^ "William Masselos Is Dead at 72; A Pianist Who Loved Diversity", The New York Times, 24 October 1992, retrieved 3 June 2019 ^ Page, Tim (26 April 1987). "CLARA SCHUMANN AND HER PUPILS". New York Times. Retrieved 5 June 2019. Only five of Clara Schumann's pupils left recordings: ……and Carl Friedberg, later an important professor at the Juilliard School and probably the finest artist of the group. ^ a b "2 Pianists Share Top Prize In Tchaikovsky Competition". The New York Times. 1970-06-24. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-07-01. ^ Chissell, Joan (25 November 1974). "Horacio Gutierrez Queen Elizabeth Hall". Times of London. His virtuosity is of the kind of which legends are made. ... he could become one of the very great pianists of the century. ^ Schonberg, Harold C. (1987). The Great Pianists: From Mozart to the Present. New York: Simon & Schuster. ^ Keller, Johanna (22 August 2015). "Gutiérrez, Milanov dazzle Chautauqua audience". The Chautauquan Daily. Retrieved 24 August 2015. Gutiérrez has matured into a truly great pianist, one with a mastery of architecture, whose long-lauded technical prowess serves a penetrating musical intelligence. ^ Mueller, Alberto (20 October 2007). "El Mejor Pianista del Mundo". Diario de las Americas. ^ "The Leonard Bernstein Collection ca,1920-1989, Young People's Concerts Scripts: Young Performers: Pictures At An Exhibition The Library of Congress, Image". Retrieved 12 November 2011. ^ Bernheimer, Martin (24 August 1970). "Gutiérrez makes L.A. Debut". Los Angeles Times. His name is Horacio Gutiérrez. You won't forget it! ..... Actually, spectacular covers only one facet of his performance. ^ M.D. Anderson Distinguished Professor of Music, Ward, Charles (26 June 1996). "Pianist Gets UH Post". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 16 July 2011. ^ University of Houston faculty, retrieved 2 October 2013 ^ Manhattan School of Music, retrieved 30 May 2014 ^ Lewis, Zachary (April 2011). "Faces new and familiar produce dynamic Cleveland Orchestra program". Cleveland.com. Retrieved 10 June 2019. ^ Holland, Bernard (10 November 1992). "Classical Music in Review". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2011. …was a model of how intimacy can, through technique and musical intelligence, be translated for the benefit of large audiences in big halls. ^ Kaptainis, Arthur (28 April 2002). "Great Vibrations Under This Baton". The Montreal Gazette. Cuban pianist Horacio Gutiérrez realized all the regal splendor of the opening allegro and the pearly romance of the slow movement. ^ Johnson, Lawrence B. (5 June 1999). "Detroit Symphony ends the season with a flourish". The Detroit News. Retrieved 27 September 2013. From his eloquently ruminative turn through the concerto's solo opening phrase, Gutierrez displayed an unfailing sensibility for the psychological sunlight and shadows that flicker in this music's every facet. ^ Kozinn, Allan (22 April 1999). "MUSIC REVIEW; Framing Flights of Fantasy With the Sonata's Formality". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 June 2019. ^ Platt, Russell, Classical Notes Best Of 2006, The New Yorker, January 15, 2007 ^ "George Perle A Life in Music". Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Completed in 1999 and dedicated to Horacio Gutiérrez ^ Philadelphia Chamber Music Society Horacio Gutierrez, retrieved 29 September 2018 ^ "Gramophone Magazine Editor's Choice September 2009". ^ Morrison, Bryce (September 2009). "Gramophone". Retrieved 17 July 2011. … Gutierrez unleashes some of the most thrilling virtuosity on record, storming the Second Concerto's first movement development/cadenza in a manner that will make lesser pianists tremble. He is no less stunning in the less obviously demanding Third Concerto where once again his ebullience is complemented by flawless technique and musicianship..No recorded collection of the complete concertos, whether deleted or available, comes within distance of this. ^ a b Pittsburgh Symphony Radio Interview Pittsburgh Symphony Radio Pianist Horacio Gutierrez - QWOED, retrieved 29 September 2018 ^ Live from Lincoln Center, Mostly Mozart Festival, retrieved 11 November 2011 ^ PBS Series:Live from Lincoln Center "Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center,", January 12, 1986, retrieved 12 November 2011 ^ Performing Arts. Vol. 6. Performing Arts. 1972. p. 36. HORACIO GUTIERREZ achieved worldwide recognition in 1970 as the top American prize-winner in Moscow's International Tchaikovsky Competition. ^ Avery Fisher Artist Program "Avery Fisher Artist Program (Avery Fisher Prize Recipient)".(1982) ^ Krafft, Rebecca; O'Doherty, Brian (1991). The Arts on Television, 1976-1990: Fifteen Years of Cultural Programming. Media Arts: Film/Radio/Television Program, National Endowment for the Arts. p. 210. ISBN 9780160359262. ^ Chissell, Joan (25 November 1974). "Horacio Gutierrez Queen Elizabeth Hall". Times of London. His virtuosity is of the kind of which legends are made. ... he could become one of the very great pianists of the century. ^ MacMillan, Kyle (21 November 2010). "Last-minute pianist was key to fine CSO performance Read more: Last-minute pianist was key to fine CSO performance". The Denver Post. Retrieved 21 November 2010. ^ "Horacio Gutierrez Cancels". New York Times. 10 August 1993. Retrieved 21 November 2010. Because of a back injury, the pianist Horacio Gutierrez has canceled his appearances with the Mostly Mozart Festival Orchestra tonight and tomorrow at 8 P.M. at Avery Fisher Hall. ^ "Gutierrez Recital Canceled". New York Times. 17 April 1990. Retrieved 21 November 2010. The pianist Horacio Gutierrez has canceled his Carnegie Hall recital tomorrow because of bursitis. External links Bio Artists Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuban-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban-American"},{"link_name":"Romantic Repertoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_Repertoire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Horacio Gutiérrez (born 1948) is a Cuban-American classical pianist known for his performances of works in the Romantic Repertoire.[1]","title":"Horacio Gutiérrez"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muller-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sergei Tarnowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Tarnowsky"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Horowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz"},{"link_name":"Juilliard School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilliard_School"},{"link_name":"Adele Marcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Marcus"},{"link_name":"Josef Lhévinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Lh%C3%A9vinne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"William Masselos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Masselos"},{"link_name":"Carl Friedberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedberg"},{"link_name":"Clara Schumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann"},{"link_name":"Johannes Brahms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Juilliard School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilliard_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"text":"When Fidel Castro gained control of Cuba in 1959, the family decided to leave the country.[2]He moved with his family to the United States in 1962,[3] studying in Los Angeles with Sergei Tarnowsky, Vladimir Horowitz's first teacher in Kiev, and later at the Juilliard School under Adele Marcus,a pupil of Russian pianist Josef Lhévinne.[4]\nHe later worked extensively with American pianist William Masselos, a pupil of Carl Friedberg, who himself had studied with Clara Schumann and Johannes Brahms.[5][6]In 1970, he was a student at the Juilliard School of Music in New York.[7]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Young People's Concerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_People%27s_Concerts"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Pictures at an Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictures_at_an_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Modest Mussorgsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Zubin Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubin_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Rachmaninoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff"},{"link_name":"3rd Piano Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._3_(Rachmaninoff)"},{"link_name":"Martin Bernheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bernheimer"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"University of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Manhattan School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"William Schuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Schuman"},{"link_name":"André Previn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn"},{"link_name":"George Perle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Perle"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Gutiérrez's performance career spans over four decades.[8][9][10][11] He was first seen on American television in 1966, on one of the Young People's Concerts with Leonard Bernstein, playing \"The Great Gate of Kiev\" from Pictures at an Exhibition, by Modest Mussorgsky.[12]On August 23, 1970, Gutiérrez made his debut with the Los Angeles Philharmonic under Zubin Mehta in Rachmaninoff's 3rd Piano Concerto. Martin Bernheimer, music critic with the Los Angeles Times, described his first appearance with the orchestra as \"spectacular\".[13]He was M.D. Anderson Distinguished Professor of Music at the University of Houston from 1996 to 2003.[14][15] He is currently teaching at Manhattan School of Music.[16]Gutiérrez is best known for his interpretation of the Romantic repertoire.[17] He has been commented for performances of the Classical style in music of composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Brahms.[18][19][20][21]Gutiérrez is a strong champion of contemporary American composers. He has performed works by William Schuman, André Previn and George Perle. His recording \"George Perle: A Retrospective\" was named one of the ten best recordings of 2006 by The New Yorker.[22] Perle dedicated Nine Bagatelles to Gutiérrez.[23]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"Telarc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telarc"},{"link_name":"Chandos Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandos_Records"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Neeme Järvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neeme_J%C3%A4rvi"},{"link_name":"Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Concertgebouw_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Gramophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"He has recorded for EMI, Telarc and Chandos Records.[24]Gutiérrez's recordings include:Prokofiev's Concertos No. 2 and 3 with Neeme Järvi and the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. The recording has been acclaimed since its initial release in 1990. Reissued as part of Prokofiev The Piano Concertos in 2009, it was Gramophone's Editor's Choice in September (2009).[25] Bryce Morrison wrote in Gramophone Magazine, \"...Gutiérrez unleashes some of the most thrilling virtuosity on record, storming the Second Concerto's first movement development/cadenza in a manner that will make lesser pianists tremble.\"[26]\nBrahms Piano Concerto No. 1 with André Previn and Royal Philharmonic Orchestra\nBrahms Piano Concerto No.2 with André Previn and Royal Philharmonic Orchestra\nTchaikovsky Piano Concerto No. 1 and Rachmaninoff's Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini with David Zinman and the Baltimore Symphony.\nTchaikovsky Piano Concerto No. 1 and Liszt Piano Concerto No. 1 with Andre Previn and the London Symphony Orchestra.","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIttRadio-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIttRadio-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Irene Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Worth"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson"}],"text":"BBC \"Previn Music Nights\" with the London Symphony, (1975)\nPBS Series: \"Previn and the Pittsburgh,\" (1976)[27]\nPBS Series: \"Previn and the Pittsburgh,\" (1982)[27]\nPBS Series: Live from Lincoln Center, \"Mostly Mozart Festival,\" (1985)[28]\nPBS Series: Live from Lincoln Center, \"Chamber Music Society with Irene Worth and Horacio Gutierrez,\" (1986)[29]\nThe Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, (1985), (1986) (Three appearances)","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Tchaikovsky Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tchaikovsky_Competition"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Sol Hurok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Hurok"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Avery Fisher Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Fisher_Prize"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_Music_Society_of_Lincoln_Center"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"He won the silver medal and was the top American prize-winner at 21 years of age in the 1970 International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow, Soviet Union.[7][30] and was soon presented in major world-wide concert venues by Sol Hurok's management.[citation needed]In 1982, he was awarded the Avery Fisher Prize in recognition of his musical achievements.[31]He won an Emmy Award for his fourth appearance with the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center.[32]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joan Chissell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Chissell"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"After his debut recital in London, Joan Chissell, music critic with The Times (London) wrote, His virtuosity is of the kind of which legends are made.[33]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juilliard School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilliard_School"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"He currently lives and works in the United States. He met his wife, pianist Patricia Asher, while she was studying with William Masselos and Adele Marcus at the Juilliard School.\nGutiérrez suffers from bursitis and a chronic back injury.[34][35][36]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Horacio Gutierrez Gives Engrossing Piano Recital\". New York Times. 10 May 1976. Retrieved 5 June 2019. This young Cuban‐American virtuoso has an affinity with the keyboard that is given to few pianists, and it enables him to make distinctions of tone quality and dynamics that are not characteristic of most of the playing one hears.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/10/archives/horacio-gutierrez-gives-engrossing-piano-recital.html","url_text":"\"Horacio Gutierrez Gives Engrossing Piano Recital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stagebill\". 1981.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ht-2AAAAIAAJ&q=horacio+Guti%C3%A9rrez++born+in+Havana,+Cuba,","url_text":"\"Stagebill\""}]},{"reference":"Philadelphia Chamber Music Society, Horacio Gutierrez, retrieved 3 June 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcmsconcerts.org/artist/horacio-gutierrez-piano//","url_text":"Philadelphia Chamber Music Society, Horacio Gutierrez"}]},{"reference":"\"William Masselos Is Dead at 72; A Pianist Who Loved Diversity\", The New York Times, 24 October 1992, retrieved 3 June 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/24/arts/william-masselos-is-dead-at-72-a-pianist-who-loved-diversity.html","url_text":"\"William Masselos Is Dead at 72; A Pianist Who Loved Diversity\""}]},{"reference":"Page, Tim (26 April 1987). \"CLARA SCHUMANN AND HER PUPILS\". New York Times. Retrieved 5 June 2019. Only five of Clara Schumann's pupils left recordings: ……and Carl Friedberg, later an important professor at the Juilliard School and probably the finest artist of the group.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/26/arts/clara-schumann-and-her-pupils.html","url_text":"\"CLARA SCHUMANN AND HER PUPILS\""}]},{"reference":"\"2 Pianists Share Top Prize In Tchaikovsky Competition\". The New York Times. 1970-06-24. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/24/archives/2-pianists-share-top-prize-in-tchaikovsky-competition.html","url_text":"\"2 Pianists Share Top Prize In Tchaikovsky Competition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Chissell, Joan (25 November 1974). \"Horacio Gutierrez Queen Elizabeth Hall\". Times of London. His virtuosity is of the kind of which legends are made. ... he could become one of the very great pianists of the century.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schonberg, Harold C. (1987). The Great Pianists: From Mozart to the Present. New York: Simon & Schuster.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greatpianists00scho","url_text":"The Great Pianists: From Mozart to the Present"}]},{"reference":"Keller, Johanna (22 August 2015). \"Gutiérrez, Milanov dazzle Chautauqua audience\". The Chautauquan Daily. Retrieved 24 August 2015. Gutiérrez has matured into a truly great pianist, one with a mastery of architecture, whose long-lauded technical prowess serves a penetrating musical intelligence.","urls":[{"url":"http://chqdaily.com/2015/08/22/review-gutierrez-milanov-dazzle-chautauqua-audience/","url_text":"\"Gutiérrez, Milanov dazzle Chautauqua audience\""}]},{"reference":"Mueller, Alberto (20 October 2007). \"El Mejor Pianista del Mundo\". Diario de las Americas.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Leonard Bernstein Collection ca,1920-1989, Young People's Concerts Scripts: Young Performers: Pictures At An Exhibition The Library of Congress, Image\". Retrieved 12 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lbcoll&fileName=lbypc/0382/0382.db&recNum=29&itemLink=D?lbcoll:3:./temp/~ammem_IglR::","url_text":"\"The Leonard Bernstein Collection ca,1920-1989, Young People's Concerts Scripts: Young Performers: Pictures At An Exhibition The Library of Congress, Image\""}]},{"reference":"Bernheimer, Martin (24 August 1970). \"Gutiérrez makes L.A. Debut\". Los Angeles Times. His name is Horacio Gutiérrez. You won't forget it! ..... Actually, spectacular covers only one facet of his performance.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ward, Charles (26 June 1996). \"Pianist Gets UH Post\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 16 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1996_1350103","url_text":"\"Pianist Gets UH Post\""}]},{"reference":"University of Houston faculty, retrieved 2 October 2013","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uh.edu/graduate-catalog/archive/2003/las/musi_faculty.html","url_text":"University of Houston faculty"}]},{"reference":"Manhattan School of Music, retrieved 30 May 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msmnyc.edu/faculty/horacio-gutierrez/","url_text":"Manhattan School of Music"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Zachary (April 2011). \"Faces new and familiar produce dynamic Cleveland Orchestra program\". Cleveland.com. Retrieved 10 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleveland.com/musicdance/2011/04/faces_new_and_familiar_produce.html","url_text":"\"Faces new and familiar produce dynamic Cleveland Orchestra program\""}]},{"reference":"Holland, Bernard (10 November 1992). \"Classical Music in Review\". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2011. …was a model of how intimacy can, through technique and musical intelligence, be translated for the benefit of large audiences in big halls.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/10/arts/classical-music-in-review-193092.html","url_text":"\"Classical Music in Review\""}]},{"reference":"Kaptainis, Arthur (28 April 2002). \"Great Vibrations Under This Baton\". The Montreal Gazette. Cuban pianist Horacio Gutiérrez realized all the regal splendor of the opening allegro and the pearly romance of the slow movement.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Johnson, Lawrence B. (5 June 1999). \"Detroit Symphony ends the season with a flourish\". The Detroit News. Retrieved 27 September 2013. From his eloquently ruminative turn through the concerto's solo opening phrase, Gutierrez displayed an unfailing sensibility for the psychological sunlight and shadows that flicker in this music's every facet.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?s_site=detnews&f_site=detnews&f_sitename=Detroit+News%2C+The+%28MI%29&p_theme=gannett&p_product=DTNB&p_action=search&p_field_base-0=&Search=Search&p_perpage=10&p_maxdocs=200&p_queryname=700&s_search_type=keyword&p_sort=YMD_date%3AD&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date%3AB%2CE&p_text_date-0=&p_text_base-0=Detroit+Symphony+ends+the+season+with+a+flourish&as_qdr=all&cx=005007237836807668232%3Auux4ksdlbta","url_text":"\"Detroit Symphony ends the season with a flourish\""}]},{"reference":"Kozinn, Allan (22 April 1999). \"MUSIC REVIEW; Framing Flights of Fantasy With the Sonata's Formality\". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/22/arts/music-review-framing-flights-of-fantasy-with-the-sonata-s-formality.html","url_text":"\"MUSIC REVIEW; Framing Flights of Fantasy With the Sonata's Formality\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Perle A Life in Music\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Completed in 1999 and dedicated to Horacio Gutiérrez","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723134656/http://www.georgeperle.net/events.html","url_text":"\"George Perle A Life in Music\""},{"url":"http://www.georgeperle.net/events.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Philadelphia Chamber Music Society Horacio Gutierrez, retrieved 29 September 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcmsconcerts.org/artist/horacio-gutierrez-piano/","url_text":"Philadelphia Chamber Music Society Horacio Gutierrez"}]},{"reference":"\"Gramophone Magazine Editor's Choice September 2009\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prestoclassical.co.uk/gramophone.php?year=2009&issue=09","url_text":"\"Gramophone Magazine Editor's Choice September 2009\""}]},{"reference":"Morrison, Bryce (September 2009). \"Gramophone\". Retrieved 17 July 2011. … Gutierrez unleashes some of the most thrilling virtuosity on record, storming the Second Concerto's first movement development/cadenza in a manner that will make lesser pianists tremble. He is no less stunning in the less obviously demanding Third Concerto where once again his ebullience is complemented by flawless technique and musicianship..No recorded collection of the complete concertos, whether deleted or available, comes within distance of this.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/prokofiev-piano-concertos-nos-1-5","url_text":"\"Gramophone\""}]},{"reference":"Pittsburgh Symphony Radio Pianist Horacio Gutierrez - QWOED, retrieved 29 September 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wqed.org/fm/podcasts/thesymphony/pianist-horacio-gutierrez/","url_text":"Pittsburgh Symphony Radio Pianist Horacio Gutierrez - QWOED"}]},{"reference":"Live from Lincoln Center, Mostly Mozart Festival, retrieved 11 November 2011","urls":[{"url":"http://new.lincolncenter.org/live/index.php/lflc-past-telecasts-81-85","url_text":"Live from Lincoln Center, Mostly Mozart Festival"}]},{"reference":"PBS Series:Live from Lincoln Center \"Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center,\", January 12, 1986, retrieved 12 November 2011","urls":[{"url":"http://new.lincolncenter.org/live/index.php/lflc-past-telecasts-86-90","url_text":"PBS Series:Live from Lincoln Center \"Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center,\""}]},{"reference":"Performing Arts. Vol. 6. Performing Arts. 1972. p. 36. HORACIO GUTIERREZ achieved worldwide recognition in 1970 as the top American prize-winner in Moscow's International Tchaikovsky Competition.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=92NTAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Performing Arts"}]},{"reference":"\"Avery Fisher Artist Program (Avery Fisher Prize Recipient)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://new.lincolncenter.org/live/index.php/prize-recipients","url_text":"\"Avery Fisher Artist Program (Avery Fisher Prize Recipient)\""}]},{"reference":"Krafft, Rebecca; O'Doherty, Brian (1991). The Arts on Television, 1976-1990: Fifteen Years of Cultural Programming. Media Arts: Film/Radio/Television Program, National Endowment for the Arts. p. 210. ISBN 9780160359262.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f1idRg3iNb0C&pg=PA210","url_text":"The Arts on Television, 1976-1990: Fifteen Years of Cultural Programming"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160359262","url_text":"9780160359262"}]},{"reference":"Chissell, Joan (25 November 1974). \"Horacio Gutierrez Queen Elizabeth Hall\". Times of London. His virtuosity is of the kind of which legends are made. ... he could become one of the very great pianists of the century.","urls":[]},{"reference":"MacMillan, Kyle (21 November 2010). \"Last-minute pianist was key to fine CSO performance Read more: Last-minute pianist was key to fine CSO performance\". The Denver Post. Retrieved 21 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.denverpost.com/music/ci_16671148","url_text":"\"Last-minute pianist was key to fine CSO performance Read more: Last-minute pianist was key to fine CSO performance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Horacio Gutierrez Cancels\". New York Times. 10 August 1993. Retrieved 21 November 2010. Because of a back injury, the pianist Horacio Gutierrez has canceled his appearances with the Mostly Mozart Festival Orchestra tonight and tomorrow at 8 P.M. at Avery Fisher Hall.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/10/arts/horacio-gutierrez-cancels.html","url_text":"\"Horacio Gutierrez Cancels\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gutierrez Recital Canceled\". New York Times. 17 April 1990. Retrieved 21 November 2010. The pianist Horacio Gutierrez has canceled his Carnegie Hall recital tomorrow because of bursitis.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/17/arts/gutierrez-recital-canceled.html","url_text":"\"Gutierrez Recital Canceled\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horacio_Guti%C3%A9rrez&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/10/archives/horacio-gutierrez-gives-engrossing-piano-recital.html","external_links_name":"\"Horacio Gutierrez Gives Engrossing Piano Recital\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ht-2AAAAIAAJ&q=horacio+Guti%C3%A9rrez++born+in+Havana,+Cuba,","external_links_name":"\"Stagebill\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcmsconcerts.org/artist/horacio-gutierrez-piano//","external_links_name":"Philadelphia Chamber Music Society, Horacio Gutierrez"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/24/arts/william-masselos-is-dead-at-72-a-pianist-who-loved-diversity.html","external_links_name":"\"William Masselos Is Dead at 72; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Wells_%26_The_Enemys	Cory Wells & The Enemys	["1 Origins","2 Recordings, film and television appearances","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]	American band This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cory Wells & The Enemys" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cory Wells & The EnemysOriginLos Angeles, California, U.S.GenresRock and rollYears active1965–1966LabelsValiant RecordsMGM RecordsPast membersCory WellsMike LustanDave TreigerCal Titus Cory Wells & The Enemys are best remembered as a group fronted by Cory Wells before he joined up with Danny Hutton and Chuck Negron to form Three Dog Night. Origins The story of The Enemys begins in Buffalo, New York in the mid-1960s, when vocalist Cory Wells joined a band called The Vibratos after leaving the U.S. Air Force. With the encouragement of the group’s manager, Gene Jacobs, Wells headed to Los Angeles along with Vibratos guitar player Mike Lustan and drummer Dave Treiger. The trio recruited bass player Cal Titus and renamed themselves Cory Wells & The Enemys. The music scene that The Enemys entered into in Los Angeles in 1965/66 was thriving, with up-and-coming bands like The Byrds, Buffalo Springfield, The Doors, Love, The Rising Sons, The Leaves, The Music Machine, and Spirit filling the many clubs that had sprung up along Sunset Strip and the Hollywood area. The Enemys landed their first gig at The Rag Doll on Coldwater Canyon and Victory Blvd, and would go on to play at all the big Hollywood clubs, including Ciro’s, The Crescendo, The Palomino Club, The London Fog, The Red Velvet, and Gazzarri's on the Strip, The Action on Melrose, Cinnamon Cinder on Ventura Blvd., and Danita’s in the Valley. Eventually The Enemys became the house band at the Whisky a Go Go for a lengthy engagement. Recordings, film and television appearances The Enemys released their first single, Sinner Man, backed with Say Goodbye To Donna on Valiant Records in 1965. They moved to MGM Records for their next 45, Glitter And Gold / Too Much Monkey Business, produced by the legendary Tom Wilson. For their third release, The Enemys teamed up with producer Danny Hutton to record a version of a song that had become a mainstay of the repertoire of nearly every band on the Strip in 1966, the Billy Roberts folk classic Hey Joe, backed with My Dues Have Been Paid. The final Enemys record was the RnB rocker Mo-Jo Woman, which the group also performed on an episode of The Beverly Hillbillies, along with the song Oh, Pretty Woman and an instrumental number. The band also played an instrumental on an episode of the TV series Burke's Law and made an appearance in the teen exploitation movie Riot on Sunset Strip performing Jolene. By 1967, The Enemys had split and Wells moved to Arizona. A year later he was back in Los Angeles where he reunited with Danny Hutton and formed Three Dog Night. Discography Cory Wells & The Enemys – Sinner Man / Say Goodbye To Donna (Valiant V-714) 1965 The Enemys – Glitter And Gold / Too Much Monkey Business (MGM K13485) April 1966 The Enemys – Hey Joe! / My Dues Have Been Paid (MGM K13525) 1966 The Enemys – Mo-Jo Woman / My Dues Have Been Paid (MGM K13573) 1966 References ^ "Hoe Down A-Go-Go". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2020-03-23. ^ "The Enemys on "The Beverly Hillbillies"". YouTube. 2009-11-13. Retrieved 2020-03-23. ^ "YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved 2020-03-23. External links Cory Wells` first-hand recollections of his days with The Enemys All Music Guide article about The Enemys An overview of The Enemys` recordings for MGM Records	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cory Wells & The Enemys are best remembered as a group fronted by Cory Wells before he joined up with Danny Hutton and Chuck Negron to form Three Dog Night.","title":"Cory Wells & The Enemys"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cory Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Wells"},{"link_name":"The Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Springfield"},{"link_name":"The Doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doors"},{"link_name":"Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Rising Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rising_Sons"},{"link_name":"The Leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Leaves"},{"link_name":"The Music Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_Machine"},{"link_name":"Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ciro’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciro%E2%80%99s"},{"link_name":"The Palomino Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomino_Club_(North_Hollywood)"},{"link_name":"Gazzarri's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazzarri%27s"},{"link_name":"Cinnamon Cinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_Cinder_Chain"},{"link_name":"Whisky a Go Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky_a_Go_Go"}],"text":"The story of The Enemys begins in Buffalo, New York in the mid-1960s, when vocalist Cory Wells joined a band called The Vibratos after leaving the U.S. Air Force. With the encouragement of the group’s manager, Gene Jacobs, Wells headed to Los Angeles along with Vibratos guitar player Mike Lustan and drummer Dave Treiger. The trio recruited bass player Cal Titus and renamed themselves Cory Wells & The Enemys.The music scene that The Enemys entered into in Los Angeles in 1965/66 was thriving, with up-and-coming bands like The Byrds, Buffalo Springfield, The Doors, Love, The Rising Sons, The Leaves, The Music Machine, and Spirit filling the many clubs that had sprung up along Sunset Strip and the Hollywood area.The Enemys landed their first gig at The Rag Doll on Coldwater Canyon and Victory Blvd, and would go on to play at all the big Hollywood clubs, including Ciro’s, The Crescendo, The Palomino Club, The London Fog, The Red Velvet, and Gazzarri's on the Strip, The Action on Melrose, Cinnamon Cinder on Ventura Blvd., and Danita’s in the Valley. Eventually The Enemys became the house band at the Whisky a Go Go for a lengthy engagement.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valiant Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valiant_Records"},{"link_name":"MGM Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Records"},{"link_name":"Too Much Monkey Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Much_Monkey_Business"},{"link_name":"Tom Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wilson_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Danny Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Hutton"},{"link_name":"Billy Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Hey Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Joe"},{"link_name":"The Beverly Hillbillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beverly_Hillbillies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Oh, Pretty Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh,_Pretty_Woman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Burke's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke%27s_Law_(1963_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Riot on Sunset Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_on_Sunset_Strip"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Three Dog Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Dog_Night"}],"text":"The Enemys released their first single, Sinner Man, backed with Say Goodbye To Donna on Valiant Records in 1965. They moved to MGM Records for their next 45, Glitter And Gold / Too Much Monkey Business, produced by the legendary Tom Wilson.For their third release, The Enemys teamed up with producer Danny Hutton to record a version of a song that had become a mainstay of the repertoire of nearly every band on the Strip in 1966, the Billy Roberts folk classic Hey Joe, backed with My Dues Have Been Paid.The final Enemys record was the RnB rocker Mo-Jo Woman, which the group also performed on an episode of The Beverly Hillbillies,[1] along with the song Oh, Pretty Woman and an instrumental number.[2] The band also played an instrumental on an episode of the TV series Burke's Law and made an appearance in the teen exploitation movie Riot on Sunset Strip performing Jolene.[3]By 1967, The Enemys had split and Wells moved to Arizona. A year later he was back in Los Angeles where he reunited with Danny Hutton and formed Three Dog Night.","title":"Recordings, film and television appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cory Wells & The Enemys – Sinner Man / Say Goodbye To Donna (Valiant V-714) 1965\nThe Enemys – Glitter And Gold / Too Much Monkey Business (MGM K13485) April 1966\nThe Enemys – Hey Joe! / My Dues Have Been Paid (MGM K13525) 1966\nThe Enemys – Mo-Jo Woman / My Dues Have Been Paid (MGM K13573) 1966","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Hoe Down A-Go-Go\". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2020-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0522495/","url_text":"\"Hoe Down A-Go-Go\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Enemys on \"The Beverly Hillbillies\"\". YouTube. 2009-11-13. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_films_of_1975	List of Italian films of 1975	["1 Footnotes","1.1 References","2 External links"]	Lists of Italian films 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 19141915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 19241925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 19341935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 19441945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 19541955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 19641965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 20142015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 vte This film-related list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008) A list of films produced in Italy in 1975 (see 1975 in film): Title Director Cast Genre Notes Africa Express Michele Lupo Giuliano Gemma, Ursula Andress, Jack Palance Comedy Adventure Amici miei Mario Monicelli Ugo Tognazzi, Gastone Moschin, Philippe Noiret, Duilio Del Prete, Adolfo Celi, Bernard Blier Commedia all'italiana Huge success. 2 sequels. David di Donatello winner Autopsy Armando Crispino Mimsy Farmer, Barry Primus Giallo-horror The Bloodsucker Leads the Dance Alfredo Rizzo Femi Benussi, Giacomo Rossi-Stuart, Krista Nell Horror Blue Jeans Mario Imperoli Gloria Guida, Paolo Carlini Erotic drama The Boss and the Worker Steno Renato Pozzetto, Teo Teocoli comedy Cagliostro Daniele Pettinari Bekim Fehmiu, Curd Jürgens, Rosanna Schiaffino Biographical drama Calling All Police Cars Mario Caiano Antonio Sabàto, Enrico Maria Salerno, Gabriele Ferzetti poliziottesco The Climber Pasquale Squitieri Joe Dallesandro, Stefania Casini Crime Convoy Buddies Giuliano Carnimeo Michael Coby, Paul L. Smith action comedy Cry, Onion! Enzo G. Castellari Franco Nero, Martin Balsam, Sterling Hayden Western Italian-Spanish-West German co-production The Cursed Medallion Massimo Dallamano Richard Johnson, Joanna Cassidy, Ida Galli Horror Di che segno sei? Sergio Corbucci Paolo Villaggio, Alberto Sordi, Adriano Celentano, Mariangela Melato Comedy Deep Red Dario Argento David Hemmings, Daria Nicolodi, Gabriele Lavia, Macha Méril, Clara Calamai — The Divine Nymph (Divina creatura) Giuseppe Patroni Griffi Marcello Mastroianni, Laura Antonelli, Michele Placido, Terence Stamp Drama Entered into the 26th Berlin International Film Festival Le dolci zie Mario Imperoli Pascale Petit, Femi Benussi Commedia sexy all'italiana Down the Ancient Staircase Mauro Bolognini Marcello Mastroianni, Françoise Fabian, Marthe Keller, Barbara Bouchet Drama Dracula in the Provinces Lucio Fulci Lando Buzzanca, John Steiner, Sylva Koscina — Duck in Orange Sauce Luciano Salce Monica Vitti, Ugo Tognazzi, Barbara Bouchet comedy Due cuori, una cappella Maurizio Lucidi Renato Pozzetto, Agostina Belli, Aldo Maccione comedy Emanuelle's Revenge Joe D'Amato Rosemarie Lindt erotic Eyeball Umberto Lenzi Martine Brochard, John Richardson Giallo Eye of the Cat Alberto Bevilacqua Nino Manfredi, Mariangela Melato, Eli Wallach, Francisco Rabal Comedy David di Donatello Best Screenplay The Exorcist: Italian Style Ciccio Ingrassia Ciccio Ingrassia, Lino Banfi comedy Faccia di spia Giuseppe Ferrara Adalberto Maria Merli, Mariangela Melato political drama Fantozzi Luciano Salce Paolo Villaggio, Anna Mazzamauro Comedy Il fidanzamento Giovanni Grimaldi Lando Buzzanca, Martine Brochard, Anna Proclemer comedy Flatfoot in Hong Kong Steno Bud Spencer, Al Lettieri, Robert Webber crime comedy The Flower in His Mouth (Gente di rispetto) Luigi Zampa Jennifer O'Neill, Franco Nero Crime drama Footprints on the Moon Luigi Bazzoni Florinda Bolkan, Peter McEnery, Klaus Kinski Horror Four of the Apocalypse Lucio Fulci Fabio Testi, Tomas Milian, Lynne Frederick Spaghetti Western Frankenstein all'italiana – Prendimi, straziami, che brucio de passion! Armando Crispino Gianrico Tedeschi, Aldo Maccione, Jenny Tamburi — Gambling City Sergio Martino Luc Merenda, Dayle Haddon, Enrico Maria Salerno poliziottesco Il gatto mammone Nando Cicero Lando Buzzanca, Rossana Podestà, Gloria Guida Commedia sexy all'italiana A Genius, Two Partners and a Dupe Damiano Damiani, Sergio Leone Terence Hill, Patrick McGoohan, Miou-Miou, Klaus Kinski Spaghetti Western Il giustiziere di mezzogiorno Mario Amendola Franco Franchi, Aldo Puglisi Comedy God's Gun Gianfranco Parolini Lee Van Cleef, Jack Palance, Richard Boone Spaghetti Western Go Gorilla Go Tonino Valerii Fabio Testi, Renzo Palmer, Al Lettieri poliziottesco Grazie... nonna Marino Girolami Edwige Fenech, Valerio Fioravanti Commedia sexy all'italiana Hallucination Strip Lucio Marcaccini Bud Cort, Marcel Bozzuffi poliziottesco The Immortal Bachelor Marcello Fondato Monica Vitti, Claudia Cardinale, Vittorio Gassman, Giancarlo Giannini comedy L'ingenua Gianfranco Baldanello Ilona Staller, George Ardisson, Orchidea De Santis Commedia sexy all'italiana Kidnap Syndicate Fernando Di Leo Luc Merenda, James Mason, Valentina Cortese poliziottesco The Killer Must Kill Again Luigi Cozzi George Hilton, Femi Benussi giallo Last Days of Mussolini Carlo Lizzani Rod Steiger, Franco Nero, Lisa Gastoni, Henry Fonda Historical drama The Last Day of School Before Christmas Gian Vittorio Baldi Macha Méril, Lino Capolicchio, John Steiner, Delia Boccardo drama Last Stop on the Night Train Aldo Lado Flavio Bucci, Enrico Maria Salerno revenge thriller The Left Hand of the Law Giuseppe Rosati Leonard Mann, Enrico Maria Salerno, Stephen Boyd poliziottesco Legend of the Sea Wolf Giuseppe Vari Chuck Connors, Barbara Bach adventure Libera, My Love Mauro Bolognini Claudia Cardinale, Adolfo Celi drama La liceale Michele Massimo Tarantini Gloria Guida, Gianfranco D'Angelo, Alvaro Vitali Commedia sexy all'italiana Lips of Lurid Blue Giulio Petroni Lisa Gastoni, Corrado Pani drama Malía (vergine e di nome Maria) Sergio Nasca Turi Ferro, Andréa Ferréol, Alvaro Vitali comedy-drama Manhunt in the City Umberto Lenzi Henry Silva, Raymond Pellegrin, Luciana Paluzzi poliziottesco Mark of the Cop (Mark il poliziotto) Stelvio Massi Franco Gasparri, Lee J. Cobb, Giorgio Albertazzi poliziottesco Mark Shoots First Stelvio Massi Franco Gasparri, Lee J. Cobb, Massimo Girotti poliziottesco La mazurka del barone, della santa e del fico fiorone Pupi Avati Ugo Tognazzi, Paolo Villaggio, Delia Boccardo Commedia all'italiana La moglie vergine Marino Girolami Edwige Fenech, Carroll Baker Commedia sexy all'italiana Mondo candido Gualtiero Jacopetti, Franco Prosperi Christopher Brown, Jacques Herlin, Gianfranco D'Angelo black comedy La novizia Pier Giorgio Ferretti Gloria Guida, Lionel Stander, Femi Benussi Commedia sexy all'italiana Nude per l'assassino Andrea Bianchi Nino Castelnuovo, Edwige Fenech, Femi Benussi Thriller Paolo Barca, Schoolteacher and Weekend Nudist Maurizio Lucidi Renato Pozzetto, Magali Noël, Janet Agren comedy The Passenger (Professione: reporter) Michelangelo Antonioni Jack Nicholson, Maria Schneider, Steven Berkoff Thriller Spoken in English and Spanish. Entered into the 1975 Cannes Film Festival Piange... il telefono Lucio De Caro Domenico Modugno, Louis Jourdan Romantic drama The Police Can't Move Luciano Ercoli Claudio Cassinelli, Arthur Kennedy poliziottesco Private Lessons Pier Giorgio Ferretti Carroll Baker, Ron, Leonora Fani Commedia sexy all'italiana Qui comincia l'avventura Carlo Di Palma Monica Vitti, Claudia Cardinale comedy Reflections in Black Tano Cimarosa John Richardson, Magda Konopka Giallo Return of Shanghai Joe Bitto Albertini Klaus Kinski Spaghetti Western Rudeness Marino Girolami Leonard Mann, Gianni Russo, Karin Schubert poliziottesco Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom Pier Paolo Pasolini Paolo Bonacelli, Giorgio Cataldi, Umberto Paolo Quintavalle, Aldo Valletti, Caterina Boratto, Franco Merli Erotic drama Based on the book The 120 Days of Sodom by the Marquis de Sade. Banned in several countries. Savage Three Vittorio Salerno Joe Dallesandro, Enrico Maria Salerno, Martine Brochard poliziottesco Scandal in the Family Bruno Gaburro Michele Placido, Jenny Tamburi Erotic drama The School Teacher (L'insegnante) Nando Cicero Edwige Fenech, Vittorio Caprioli, Alvaro Vitali Commedia sexy all'italiana Season for Assassins Marcello Andrei Joe Dallesandro, Martin Balsam, Magali Noël, Rossano Brazzi poliziottesco The Sensuous Nurse (L'Infermiera) Nello Rossatti Ursula Andress, Duilio Del Prete, Jack Palance Commedia sexy all'italiana Seven Beauties (Pasqualino settebellezze) Lina Wertmüller Giancarlo Giannini, Fernando Rey, Shirley Stoler Comedy-drama 4 Academy Awards nominations The Sex Machine (Conviene far bene l'amore) Pasquale Festa Campanile Gigi Proietti, Agostina Belli, Eleonora Giorgi sci-fi – sexy comedy Sex Pot (La pupa del gangster) Giorgio Capitani Sophia Loren, Marcello Mastroianni, Aldo Maccione comedy Silent Action Sergio Martino Luc Merenda, Mel Ferrer, Tomas Milian poliziottesco Sins Without Intentions Theo Campanelli Jenny Tamburi, Gabriele Tinti, Luigi Pistilli erotic drama Smiling Maniacs Marcello Aliprandi Franco Nero, Fernando Rey, Martin Balsam crime Snapshot of a Crime Mario Imperoli Erna Schürer, Monica Strebel giallo Substitute Teacher (La supplente) Guido Leoni Carmen Villani, Carlo Giuffré, Dayle Haddon Commedia sexy all'italiana The Suspect Francesco Maselli Gian Maria Volonté, Annie Girardot thriller The Suspicious Death of a Minor Sergio Martino Claudio Cassinelli, Mel Ferrer giallo Syndicate Sadists Umberto Lenzi Tomás Milián, Joseph Cotten poliziottesco So Young, So Lovely, So Vicious... Silvio Amadio Gloria Guida, Dagmar Lassander Comedy-drama The Sunday Woman Luigi Comencini Marcello Mastroianni, Jacqueline Bisset, Jean-Louis Trintignant Giallo That Malicious Age Silvio Amadio Gloria Guida, Nino Castelnuovo erotic drama Ultime grida dalla savana Antonio Climati, Mario Morra Narrated by Alberto Moravia Mondo Contain purported scenes of genuine human death, though some scenes have been proven to be staged. Violent Rome Marino Girolami Maurizio Merli, Richard Conte poliziottesco Yuppi du Adriano Celentano Adriano Celentano, Charlotte Rampling, Claudia Mori, Lino Toffolo comedy Entered into the 1975 Cannes Film Festival Wanted: Babysitter René Clément Maria Schneider, Sydne Rome, Vic Morrow Thriller French/Italian/German co-production Waves of Lust Ruggero Deodato John Steiner, Silvia Dionisio, Al Cliver Erotic Weak Spot Peter Fleischmann Michel Piccoli, Ugo Tognazzi, Mario Adorf Thriller We Are No Angels Gianfranco Parolini Michael Coby, Paul L. Smith action comedy White Fang and the Hunter Alfonso Brescia Robert Woods, Robert Hundar Adventure White Horses of Summer Raimondo Del Balzo Jean Seberg, Frederick Stafford Drama The White, the Yellow, and the Black Sergio Corbucci Giuliano Gemma, Tomas Milian, Eli Wallach Spaghetti Western Who Breaks... Pays Giorgio Ferroni Giancarlo Prete, Brad Harris action comedy Zorro Duccio Tessari Alain Delon, Stanley Baker, Ottavia Piccolo — Italian-French co-production Footnotes ^ Curti 2017, p. 154. ^ Curti 2013, p. 129. ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Cipolla Colt". Allmovie. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2017. ^ Curti 2017, p. 144. ^ Gallant 2000, p. 279. ^ Curti 2017, p. 138. ^ Curti 2017, p. 146. ^ Buchanan, Jason. "Four of the Apocalypse". AllMovie. Archived from the original on August 30, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2017. ^ Curti 2017, p. 141. ^ Curti 2013, p. 132. ^ Curti 2013, p. 142. ^ Buchanan, Jason. "Nude Per L'assassino – Cast, Reviews, Summary and Awards". AllMovie. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2017. ^ Curti 2013, p. 139. ^ "Che botte, ragazzi!" (in German). Filmportal.de. Retrieved 18 June 2018. ^ Curti 2013, p. 148. ^ http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/485873/Baby-Sitter-Un-maledetto-pasticcio/full-credits.html ^ Kinnard & Crnkovich 2017, p. 194. References Curti, Roberto (22 October 2013). Italian Crime Filmography, 1968-1980. McFarland, 2013. ISBN 978-0786469765. Curti, Roberto (2017). Italian Gothic Horror Films, 1970–1979. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476629605. Gallant, Chris (2000). Art of Darkness: The Cinema of Dario Argento. Fab Press. p. 279. ISBN 1903254078. Kinnard, Roy; Crnkovich, Tony (2017). Italian Sword and Sandal Films, 1908-1990. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476662916. External links Italian films of 1975 at the Internet Movie Database vte1975 films American Argentine Australian Bangladeshi British Canadian Egyptian French Hong Kong Indian Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Ollywood Punjabi Tamil Telugu Israeli Italian Japanese Mexican Pakistani South Korean Soviet Spanish Turkish vte Cinema of Italy Culture of Italy Cinema of Europe Films by year(Films (A–Z)) 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Production companies L'Altrofilm Ambrosio Film Aquila Films Artex Film Caesar Film Cinecittà Cineriz Cines Diva Futura ENIC Fandango Filmauro GA&A Productions The Gunther Corporation Indiana Production Istituto Luce Itala Film Lumiq Studios Lux Film Martha Production Milano Films Minerva Film Mondo TV Pasquali Film Produzioni Europee Associati Rai Fiction Rai Kids Romana Film Scalera Film Taodue Tirelli Costumi Titanus Unione Cinematografica Italiana Vivo Film Studios Admiral International Films Ambrosio Film Aquila Films Cinecittà Cines Studios Lux Film Milano Films Romana Film Safa Palatino Studios Tirrenia Studios Titanus Awards Brian Award Cartoons on the Bay David di Donatello Festival Cinema e Ambiente Avezzano Flaiano Prizes Nastro d'Argento Rome Film Festival Rome Independent Cinema Festival Rome Independent Film Festival Venice Film Festival Film archives Audiovisual Archive of the Democratic and Labour Movement Cineteca Nazionale Cineteca Italiana Cineteca di Bologna DBCult Film Institute Museums National Museum of Cinema Museum of Precinema Movements Italian futurism in cinema Italian neorealism Women in Italian neorealism Personnel Actors Directors Animators Cinematographers Composers Editors Producers Screenwriters Other 100 Italian films to be saved Box office Cinema chains Film festivals vteLists of films by countryAfricaCentral Angola Central African Republic Chad Congo (Democratic Republic) Zaire Congo (Republic) Gabon Eastern Burundi Cameroon Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Somalia Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara Southern Botswana South Africa Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Côte d'Ivoire Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Togo AsiaCentral Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Eastern China Hong Kong Macau Japan Korea North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan Southern Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Assamese Bengali Bhojpuri Gujarati Hindi 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Guadeloupe Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Trinidad and Tobago North Canada Greenland Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Tonga	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"films produced in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"1975 in film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_in_film"}],"text":"A list of films produced in Italy in 1975 (see 1975 in film):","title":"List of Italian films of 1975"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017154_1-0"},{"link_name":"Curti 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCurti2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2013129_2-0"},{"link_name":"Curti 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2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCurti2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Nude Per L'assassino – Cast, Reviews, Summary and Awards\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121020095708/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/nude-per-lassassino-v145433"},{"link_name":"AllMovie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMovie"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.allmovie.com/movie/nude-per-lassassino-v145433/releases"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2013139_13-0"},{"link_name":"Curti 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCurti2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Che botte, 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2013, p. 129.\n\n^ Brennan, Sandra. \"Cipolla Colt\". Allmovie. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2017.\n\n^ Curti 2017, p. 144.\n\n^ Gallant 2000, p. 279.\n\n^ Curti 2017, p. 138.\n\n^ Curti 2017, p. 146.\n\n^ Buchanan, Jason. \"Four of the Apocalypse\". AllMovie. Archived from the original on August 30, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2017.\n\n^ Curti 2017, p. 141.\n\n^ Curti 2013, p. 132.\n\n^ Curti 2013, p. 142.\n\n^ Buchanan, Jason. \"Nude Per L'assassino – Cast, Reviews, Summary and Awards\". AllMovie. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2017.\n\n^ Curti 2013, p. 139.\n\n^ \"Che botte, ragazzi!\" (in German). Filmportal.de. Retrieved 18 June 2018.\n\n^ Curti 2013, p. 148.\n\n^ http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/485873/Baby-Sitter-Un-maledetto-pasticcio/full-credits.html [bare URL]\n\n^ Kinnard & Crnkovich 2017, p. 194.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0786469765","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786469765"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1476629605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476629605"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1903254078","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1903254078"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1476662916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476662916"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"Curti, Roberto (22 October 2013). Italian Crime Filmography, 1968-1980. McFarland, 2013. ISBN 978-0786469765.\nCurti, Roberto (2017). Italian Gothic Horror Films, 1970–1979. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476629605.\nGallant, Chris (2000). Art of Darkness: The Cinema of Dario Argento. Fab Press. p. 279. ISBN 1903254078.\nKinnard, Roy; Crnkovich, Tony (2017). Italian Sword and Sandal Films, 1908-1990. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476662916.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Brennan, Sandra. \"Cipolla Colt\". Allmovie. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130620211503/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/cipolla-colt-v45920","url_text":"\"Cipolla Colt\""},{"url":"http://www.allmovie.com/movie/cipolla-colt-v45920","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Buchanan, Jason. \"Four of the Apocalypse\". AllMovie. Archived from the original on August 30, 2013. 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Retrieved 18 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmportal.de/en/movie/che-botte-ragazzi_ea43d4a6f8285006e03053d50b37753d","url_text":"\"Che botte, ragazzi!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmportal.de","url_text":"Filmportal.de"}]},{"reference":"Curti, Roberto (22 October 2013). Italian Crime Filmography, 1968-1980. McFarland, 2013. ISBN 978-0786469765.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786469765","url_text":"978-0786469765"}]},{"reference":"Curti, Roberto (2017). Italian Gothic Horror Films, 1970–1979. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476629605.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476629605","url_text":"978-1476629605"}]},{"reference":"Gallant, Chris (2000). Art of Darkness: The Cinema of Dario Argento. Fab Press. p. 279. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_(rabbit)	List of rabbit breeds not recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders Association or the British Rabbit Council	["1 Alexandria","2 Altex","3 Argenté Clair","4 Armenian Marder","5 Aurora Negro","6 Baladi Rabbits","6.1 Baladi Black","6.2 Baladi Red","6.3 Baladi White","7 Bauscat","8 Big Silver Marten","9 Blanc de Popielno","10 Blue of Sint-Niklaas","11 Bourbonnais Grey","12 Brazilian","13 Brown Chestnut of Lorraine","14 Caldes","15 Canadian Plush Lop","16 Carmagnola Grey","17 Chaudry","18 Criollo","19 Cuban Brown Rabbit","20 Czech Red","21 Czech Solver","22 Czech Spot","23 Czech White","24 Enderby Island","25 Gabali","26 Fox","27 German Angora","28 Giant Havana","29 Giant Marburger","30 Giant Siver","31 Giant Smoke Pearl","32 Giza White","33 Gotland","34 Gouwenaar","35 Grey Pearl of Halle","36 Güzelçamlı","37 Hungarian Giant","38 Isabella","39 Jamora","40 Japanese White","41 Kabyle","42 Liptov Baldspotted","43 Lynx","44 Mecklenburger Piebald","45 Mellerud rabbit","46 Moshtohor","47 Nitransky","48 Orange","49 Orylag","50 Ørestad","51 Pannon White","52 Miniature Plush Lop","53 Standard Plush Lop","54 Rhonde","55 Sachsengold","56 San Juan","57 Simennwar","58 Slovenian","59 Spanish Giant","60 Stone","61 Swedish Fur","62 Swedish Hare","63 Tadla","64 Teddy Dwarf","65 TeddyWidder","66 Trønder","67 V-line","68 Velveteen Lop","69 White Country","70 Zemmouri","71 Zika","72 See also","73 References"]	This is a list of rabbit breeds not recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) or the British Rabbit Council (BRC). Alexandria The Alexandria Rabbit Line originates from Egypt, and got its name from the city of Alexandria. It is an Egyptian paternal rabbit line. It has a medium-sized rabbit, weighing 2.7–4.1 kg (6–9 lb). It has erect ears, and its fur can be found in brown, tan, or black. The line was created in 2007 by Prof. Alaa El-Raffa, the Nucleus Rabbit Unit, the Poultry Research Center, Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University. The Alexandria rabbit is a synthetic line which comes from the cross of two lines, one exotic line (V line) and other native (Black Baladi). The method of selection is individual selection on post-weaning daily gain from weaning. Altex Altex /ɔːltɛks/ is a breed of domestic rabbit developed, beginning in 1994, for cuniculture, specifically for the commercial meat industry. The name Altex is derived from Al plus Tex, referring to this breed's initial development at Alabama A&M University and at Texas A&M University–Kingsville. The breed was developed from Flemish Giant, Champagne d'Argent, and Californian stock, and later with New Zealand white crossings. Altex rabbits weigh 4.5 to 9.1 kg (10 to 20 lb) and have coat markings similar to the Californian rabbit (having dark points). Argenté Clair The Argenté Clair, called Light Groot Silver in Germany, is a rare breed. It is similar in appearance to the Champagne d'Argent, but heavily silvered and with recessive dilute blue as an undercoat (instead of black). It is used for its fur, meat, or as a domestic pet. Armenian Marder The Armenian Marder is a breed of rabbit native to Armenia. It is principally raised for meat. The breed was established in 1940. It is the result of crossbreeding the Chinchilla rabbit, the Himalayan rabbit, and native rabbit breeds. Fully grown males weigh from 4–4.5 kg (8.8–9.9 lb), and have a body length of 50–55 cm (20–22 in). The average litter size is 7–8 kittens. Aurora Negro The Aurora Negro Rabbit originates from Guatemala. It is a large sized rabbit and weights 3.6–4.5 kg (8–10 lb). Its fur comes in blue-gray, gray, black, and white with black spots. It is listed as a rare breed. The Aurora Negro rabbit was created from 1991 to 1994. Scientists mixed 37 different species of rabbit to find a new breed. In 1994, scientists created the Aurora Negro. It was a mix of a Angora rabbit and a Baladi Black rabbit. The "Aurora" part of the name comes from "Angora", and the "Negro" comes from its black fur. Its primary use is for meat, but is also a common domestic pet. It has been brought to other places such as the United States, Mexico, Canada, and Greece. Its primary diet is hay. Baladi Rabbits Baladi Black The Baladi Black rabbit weighs 2.7 kg (6 lb). It comes from the Faiyum region of Egypt. Baladi Red The Baladi Red rabbit weighs 2.8 kg (6.2 lb). Baladi White The Baladi White (or Baladi Albino) rabbit weighs 2.0 kg (4.3 lb). Bauscat The Bauscat rabbit is an Egyptian breed bred to cope with the Egyptian climate. It is a medium-sized breed intended for meat production. It is similar to another Egyptian breed, the Baladi rabbit. Big Silver Marten Big Silver Marten The Big Silver Marten rabbit weighs 3.6–4.5 kg (8–10 lb), and originated in Croatia. It was created by scientists in 1924 as the offspring of two Silver Marten rabbit parents. The rabbit was more fit, healthy, and active than the regular Silver Marten. The Big Silver Marten was brought to the United States, France, Germany, and other places in the 1930s. It can live both indoors and outdoors, as well as living comfortably in temperatures from 10 to 27 °C (50 to 80 °F). Blanc de Popielno The Blanc de Popielno, also known as the Popielno White, is a breed of domestic rabbit developed for meat production. Originating in 1950 in Chorzelów, the breed was further refined in the Polish village of Popielno. It is an albino rabbit with an average weight of 4–5 kg (8.8–11.0 lb). Blue of Sint-Niklaas Blue of Sint-Niklaas The Blue of Sint-Niklaas (Dutch: Sint-Niklase Blauwe), also called the St. Nicholas Blue, is a Flemish rabbit breed that has been bred since the 19th century near the city of Sint-Niklaas to supply the local fur industry. It is one of the oldest fur-rabbit breeds of the world. The Van Beveren, also bred for its fur, is related, and has been bred in the same region of Flanders, the Waasland. Internationally, only blue varieties are accepted by the standard, unlike the Van Beverens, where other varieties are accepted. The Blue of Sint-Niklaas is much heavier, up to 5.4 kg (12 lb), resembling the Flemish Giant. After the decrease of pelt-selling and fur industries in the region (and the world) the breed became almost extinct, as it was not popular as a pet or for meat. Bourbonnais Grey Bourbonnais Grey The Bourbonnais Grey is a rare breed rabbit originally from France. It is a medium breed reaching around 4–5 kg (8.8–11.0 lb). It only comes in a slate blue color. Brazilian The Brazilian Rabbit is a medium-sized hardy breed originated in Brazil. They were developed as a meat breed. It weighs 3.2–5.0 kg (7–11 lb) and has a lifespan of 5–10 years. It was created in the 1980s by a Peace Corp volunteer. Brown Chestnut of Lorraine The Brown Chestnut of Lorraine (also known as the Brun Marron de Lorraine) is a breed of domestic rabbit that originated in France and is named for the Lorraine region. The breed is currently considered rare. It was developed by Ch. Kauffmann from Garenne and Tan rabbit stock. The ideal weight for this breed is 2–2.4 kg (4.4–5.3 lb). This rabbit has chestnut brown fur. The Brown Chestnut of Lorraine is a small slender rabbit, harmoniously rounded. It has an angular head with prominent eyes, dense fur, and short hair. The rabbit has a chestnut brown uniform color with a well-defined orange-brown outer-color, and an under-color bluish including the belly. The ears bluish on their inner side and edged with a black border. Caldes The Caldes rabbit is a Spanish breed of rabbit. It is a terminal sire used to cross breed with other rabbits for meat. They are primarily found in an albino color. It was created in Barcelona, Spain. Canadian Plush Lop The Canadian Plush Lop is a type of lop rabbit found in Canada. Created using Astrex as well as Holland Lop and Mini Rex base stock, the Canadian Plush Lop is a curly breed. It has a more fully arched conformation than the other rex lops, is very bold and friendly, and excels at rabbit agility. The breed does not carry the dwarf gene and so tends to be 1.8–2.7 kg (4–6 lb) in adult weight. Canadian Plush Lops were developed mainly in Alberta since the mid-1990s. The work was initiated by Dr. Helga Vierich and Brenda Wheeler, two Edmonton area breeders, and a Breeder's Group, formed in 2004, consisting of six rabbitries, carries on the work today. The Canadian Plush Lop (or CPLop as it is sometimes called) shares with the rare Astrex rabbit the tendency for the kits to be curly until the first juvenile moult, followed by a less curly "eclipse" coat. Then, at eight to eighteen months, the curls return with the first full adult moult. Canadian Plush Lops are the only fully arched lop breed and are one of only three curly-rex breeds in existence, but people who have come to know this breed tend to find their extremely people-oriented temperament their most remarkable feature. Carmagnola Grey The Carmagnola Grey rabbit is a rare breed from Italy that is almost extinct. It is a large breed bred for meat. The coat of the Carmagnola Grey exhibits chinchilla coloration. The average weight of an adult Carmagnola Grey is 3.5–4.5 kg (7.7–9.9 lb). Fewer than 500 specimens were found in a 2002 population study. One of Carnmagnola's grey rabbits' diets consisted of perilla seeds (Perilla frutescens L.). Perilla seeds are considered as a supplement in their diet as it enhances growth, development, and meat quality. Chaudry The Chaudry rabbit is an albino breed of domestic rabbit that originated in France and was developed for meat production. The Chaudry, which has a minimum weight of 4 kg (8.8 lb), was created by combining every pure albino rabbit breed known in France. Criollo The Criollo Rabbit is a small rabbit, weighing 1.4–1.8 kg (3–4 lb). It originates from Mexico and Central America. It was created by scientists in Mexico in 1940 by mixing an American Fuzzy Lop with a Pygmy rabbit. Cuban Brown Rabbit 2 Cuban Brown rabbits The Cuban Brown Rabbit is a medium-sized rabbit, weighing 4.1–5.0 kg (9–11 lb) pounds. The rabbit originates from Cuba, and has brown fur, explaining the name Cuban Brown. It also has large, erect ears (15 cm (5.9 in)). The Cuban Brown is a very social rabbit, and gets along well with other rabbits and animals. It was bred in Cuba in the mid 20th century. It was a mix of the Spanish Giant Brown Rabbit and the Red Rabbit. It is resistant to ectoparasites and can survive on many foods. The Cuban Brown rabbit is currently threatened. It is mostly used as a pet, but sometimes is used for its meat. Czech Red Czech Red Rabbit The Czech Red (Czech: Český červený králík) is a domestic rabbit breed from what is now the Czech Republic. It was officially recognized in 1959. It weighs about 2.5–3.2 kg (5.5–7.1 lb). The colour of the hairs is gray or red-brown. It has been selected by Theodor Svododa from Modřany in 1940. Czech Solver Czech Solver Rabbit The Czech Solver rabbit is a rare breed of domestic rabbit, that originated in the Czech Republic. It has dense silky fur which is light-sand in colour right down to the skin, with some slate-blue ticking and shading across the body. Czech Spot Czech Spotted Rabbit The Czech Spotted Rabbit (Czech Checkered Rabbit) is a medium-sized rabbit, weighing 2.7–3.6 kg (6–8 lb). It originated in the Czech Republic. It has short, erect ears. The rabbit comes in agouti, black, blue, beige, tortoise, and tri-color. It has a spotted pattern. It was created in 1908. It is a mix of a Checkered Giant and a Dalmatian Rabbit. The name "Czech Spotted" comes from the rabbit being from the Czech Republic, and its spotted coat pattern. It has been recognized by the Czech Association of Breeders since 2000. Czech White Czech White The Czech White Rabbit is a large sized rabbit, weighing 4.0–5.0 kg (8.8–11 lb). It originated in the Czech Republic and the European Union (EU). It has short and erect ears. Its fur is a glossy white, and sometimes has black spots. The rabbit was bred from 1928 to 1930. It was a mix of the New Zealand white rabbit and the Californian rabbit. It was created by scientist Zofka, in Kladno, Czechia. A second type of Czech White rabbit was created in 1996, which was a wild Eastern cottontail and a Belgian Giant White rabbit. Enderby Island Enderby Island Rabbit The Enderby Island Rabbit, or simply Enderby rabbit, is a rare breed. It originates from rabbits introduced to Enderby Island, an uninhabited subantarctic island in New Zealand's Auckland Islands group, from Australia in October 1865 to serve as castaway food. Over 130 years the isolated population became a distinctive variety. The rabbits were exterminated from Enderby Island in the early 1990s, but a breeding group of 49 rabbits was rescued by the Rare Breeds Conservation Society of New Zealand in September 1992. Enderby Island Rabbits are mainly silver-grey in colour, with an undercoat of dark slate-blue. Their heads, ears and tails are very dark, sometimes black. Because of a recessive gene, a small proportion of the rabbits are born cream or beige in colour. Adult rabbits weigh about 2 kg (4.4 lb). Kits are born black or cream then silver ticking develops at puberty. Coat colours are described as Champagne to slate (light to dark silver) and creme. Gabali The Gabali is a rare rabbit breed which originates in Egypt. It is primarily agouti in colour and was bred as a meat breed by the Bedouins. It weighs 2.7–3.2 kg (6–7 lb). Fox Fox rabbit The Fox rabbit is a long-haired rabbit breed whose fur is subject to the normal seasonal hair change, and therefore does not have to be cut or trimmed. It weighs 3–4 kg (6.6–8.8 lb), and comes in brown, black, white, and silver. It was first bred in Switzerland. Fox rabbits were bred jointly by Hermann Leifer from Coburg and Müller from Zug in Switzerland using Angora rabbits. The aim of the breed was to imitate the half-length blue fox fur, but this did not succeed. While the breeders in Switzerland limited themselves to the blue color, other colors were bred relatively early in Germany. The breed has been recognized in Germany since 1962. A dwarf version of the Fox rabbit was created in Germany at the end of the 1970s by crossing fox rabbits with Hermelinkaninchen, sometimes also, in the absence of suitable fox rabbits, by crossing ermine rabbits with Angora rabbits. One of the first breeders of this breed was Herbert Richter from Treuenbrietzen in Brandenburg, along with others. The recognition as a breed took place in the GDR in 1980 with the "Assessment Regulations for Breed Rabbits in Socialist Countries" in all the colors permitted for fox rabbits and in 1986 by the Central Association of German Rabbit Breeders (Today Central Association of German Race Rabbit Breeders) in the Federal Republic of Germany. In the 1991 standard, the breed was named as fox dwarfs and the weight was set at 1.1–1.35 kg (2.4–3.0 lb). German Angora The German Angora rabbit weighs 2.5–5.5 kg (5.5–12.1 lb), and originated in Germany. It comes in albino, black, blue, brown, tortoiseshell, and agouti. It is currently recognized by the International Association of German Angora Rabbit Breeders (IAGARB). Giant Havana The Giant Havana rabbit, also called the Great Havana rabbit, is a large sized rabbit, weighing 4.5–5.0 kg (10–11 lb). They come in dark brown, chocolate, and sometimes black. It was bred in 1898 in Holland, and was brought to France in 1906. The breed is only recognized in Nordic cultures. Giant Marburger The Giant Marburger is a large sized rabbit, weighing 4.5–5.4 kg (10–12 lb). Its fur is light gray or a pigeon blue. England, Belgium, Denmark, and the Netherlands all claim credit for creating the breed. Giant Siver The Giant Siver rabbit is large sized, and weighs 4.5–5.0 kg (10–11 lb). It comes in black, white, and grey. It was bred in the Champagne province of France in 1730. Giant Smoke Pearl The Giant Smoke Pearl rabbit, also called the Giant Sable, is medium-sized, and weighs 3.6–5.0 kg (8–11 lb). Its color of fur can be brown, sepia, and beige. It was bred in Germany and the Netherlands. It, like the Smoke Pearl rabbit, was bred for its soft fur. Giza White The Giza White is a small to medium-sized rabbit, which weighs 2.3–3.6 kg (5–8 lb), and originated in Egypt. Its only fur color is white. In 1932, two Baladi rabbits were bred by the Animal Breeding Department at Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. The original Giza White rabbit came in white, black, grey, and blue. In 1937, systematic breeding took place and created the rabbit only with an albino type of fur. It had a faster rate of growth and a larger litter size. The Giza White improved and replaced the Giza rabbit (El-Giza El-Mohassan). Gotland Gotland rabbit The Gotland rabbit is a Swedish variety of rabbit of medium size that comes in a variety of colours. The Gotland rabbit has official landrace status in Sweden and is considered an endangered variety, but is also being developed as a formal breed under the same name. The landrace is related to the even rarer Mellerud rabbit. Rabbits have been held at farms in Sweden since at least the 1500s, though decreasing in popularity during the 1900s. These rabbits were referred to as "bondkaniner" ("farm rabbits") as early as 1881 and were kept mainly for their meat and pelts. As a result of this, health, productivity and nursing instincts were considered more important that type and colour, which has traditionally been of higher importance in showing breeds. The Gotland rabbit has therefore managed to retain a large genetic diversity in terms of shape and colour, at the same time maintaining good health and few known genetic illnesses. As show breeds gained popularity, the farm rabbits became rarer until all but extinct. A few remaining populations were discovered in the 1970s on the island of Gotland. Despite having never been bred towards a written breed standard until recent times, most Gotland rabbits share a distinctive and recognizable type. The variety is of medium size with an adult weight of 3–4 kg (6.6–8.8 lb). The body of the doe is relatively elongated with a fine head while the buck is usually somewhat more compact with a rounder head and thicker muzzle. There is no weight difference between the genders. The ears are of medium length and relatively thin, pointed rather than rounded. The eyes are somewhat large with an alert expression. Any eye colour is allowed. The coat is short and fine, usually straight although a few rex coated Gotlands have been known. Any pattern and colour is allowed. Gouwenaar The Gouwenaar, also called the Lilac rabbit or the Gouda rabbit, is a small to medium-sized rabbit, weighing 2.5–3.2 kg (5.5–7.1 lb). It comes in grey and blue. It originated in the Netherlands in 1927, by a Dutch pigeon breeder, who bred a Fee de Marbourg with a Havana rabbit. Grey Pearl of Halle The Grey Pearl of Halle, also called the Little Squirrel rabbit, is a medium-sized rabbit, which weighs 2.5–3.2 kg (5.5–7.1 lb) pounds. The breed comes in blue, grey, and light brown. It originated in England, Belgium, and the Netherlands in 1920. It was created when a Beveren and a Lilac rabbit was bred. Belgium approved it in 1928 with the Flemish name parelgrijze van Halle and the French Gris Perle de Hal. Güzelçamlı The Güzelçamlı rabbit is a medium-sized rabbit that weighs 2.3–3.6 kg (5–8 lb). It has a base fur color of white with brown spots. It originates from Turkey. Hungarian Giant The Hungarian Giant is a large sized rabbit that weighs 5.0–6.8 kg (11–15 lb). The breed originated in Hungary about two hundred years ago. It was originally called the Hungarian Agouti, because it came in an agouti color. It is used for its meat as well as a domestic pet and show rabbit. Their fur is soft and dense. Isabella The Isabella rabbit weighs 3.0–4.0 kg (6.6–8.8 lb), and is a small to medium rabbit. It was first created in England in the 1920s as the Beige rabbit. The breed was reintroduced in 1989 in Sweden, by Herbert Nielsson. The new breed was first shown at the National Exhibition in Malmö. Its fur comes in yellow, brown, and blue. Jamora The Jamora rabbit, also called the Dwarf Gangora rabbit, is a long-haired rabbit breed, and long fur that is brightly colored with black and yellow. Their normal weight is 2 kg (4.4 lb), the maximum permissible weight is 2.5 kg (5.5 lb). It is considered a dwarf rabbit. It was first bred in the EU and Germany. The Jamora rabbit was created with the Fox rabbit and Angora rabbit the division of long-haired breeds. It was bred by Dr. Bernhard Thimm from Dornstadt, as well as Barbara Bauerschmidt and Johannes Heldt from Blaustein. The goal of these breeders was to create a small, long-haired breed of rabbits that stood out for their appearance. The Jamora rabbit was shown for the first time in 1990 in Nuremberg. The recognition by the Central Association of German Rabbit Breeders took place in 1994. Japanese White Jumbo rabbit The Japanese White rabbit, also called the Jumbo rabbit and the Japanese Harlequin rabbit, is a breed of rabbit found in only Japan. It weighs 3–10 kg (6.6–22.0 lb), and comes in white and brown. It is used as a domestic pet, for its fur, and for its meat. The rabbit has been used in Inaba's White Rabbit and Choju giga. The rabbit was created in the early Meiji era, in 1870. It was originally used for pets, but as the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese Wars occurred, the demand for meat and fur increased, which shifted the breeding to breeding them for fur and meat. After the war, breeding of the rabbit was recommended as part of emotional education in elementary schools, and it became widespread throughout the country. Kabyle The Kabyle rabbit is a small rabbit, weighing 2.0–3.0 kg (4.4–6.6 lb). It comes in tan, black, white, and brown. The original breed was created in Algeria in the early 1970s, by combining a New Zealand white, Californian, and Burgundy Fawn. The present breed was created in the 1990s, by combining the same breeds again. The breed performs well at high temperatures. Liptov Baldspotted The Liptov Baldspotted Rabbit (Slovak: Liptovský lysko) is a Slovak breed of domestic rabbit. It was officially recognized in 2005. It weighs approximately 4–4.25 kg (8.8–9.4 lb). There are three colour varieties: agouti, blue-agouti, and black. The pattern on the head is a white blaze (similar to "Dutch" head markings), but there are no other white markings anywhere on the rabbit. It has been bred in the Liptov region of Slovakia. Lynx The Lynx rabbit, also called the Luchskaninchen rabbit and the Lux rabbit, is a medium-sized rabbit that weighs 2.5–3.2 kg (5.5–7.1 lb). The Lynx originates from Germany and was created by Karl Hoffmann from Düsseldorf who first exhibited the breed in 1919. In 1922 he named the breed Luchskaninchen. The rabbit comes in light grey, reddish-brown, a blue. Mecklenburger Piebald Mechlenburger Piebald The Mecklenburger Piebald, also known as the Mecklenburg Pinto, is a medium-sized rabbit, weighing 4.5 to 5.5 kg (9.9 to 12.1 lb). It comes in agouti, black, blue, red, and steel. The Mecklenburg Piebald was bred out of Goldenbow in Mecklenburg by Rudolf Wulf in 1973. Wulf, who worked as a cattle breeder, had the goal of developing a breed of farm rabbits with the coloring and drawing of the black-and-white cattle he bred. He used a Giant Checkered rabbit, a blue Viennese rabbit, and an Alaska rabbit as starting breeds for his experiments. The breed was shown for the first time in 1980 in Wittenberge. In 1980, Günter Vetter from Bautzen bred the red color by crossing it with a red New Zealand rabbit. In 2012, scientists attempted to make a dwarf Mecklenburger Piebald, but it failed. Mellerud rabbit Mellerud rabbit The Mellerud rabbit is a Swedish variety of rabbit of medium size that comes in albino or black with white markings. The Mellerud rabbit has official landrace status in Sweden and is considered a critically endangered variety. The Mellerud rabbit shares part of its history with the better-known Gotland rabbit. Both landraces originated from old lines of farm rabbits that were once common all over Sweden. These rabbits were referred to as bondkaniner ('farm-rabbits') as early as 1881 and were kept mainly for their meat and pelts. In the 1900s farm rabbits disappeared from most parts of the country and were largely believed to be extinct. The Mellerud rabbit is similar to the Gotland rabbit in terms of conformation. It is a medium-sized rabbit with an adult weight of 3–3.5 kg (6.6–7.7 lb). The body of the doe is relatively elongated with a fine head while the buck is usually somewhat more compact with a rounder head and thicker muzzle. There is no weight difference between the genders. The ears are of medium length and relatively thin, pointed rather than rounded. The eyes are somewhat large with an alert expression. The eyes are brown, blue or a mixture of the two. The coat is short and fine. The colour is either albino or black with white spotting, referred to as Dutch markings. Because breeders have never strived to standardise the markings in the variety, there is a higher degree of variation in the white markings than in most traditional show breeds. Most Melleruds exhibit white muzzles, blazes to varying degrees, white front of chest and white frontpaws. The white may also extend to and include the sides of the face, the shoulders, the back and/or the hind legs. Moshtohor The Moshtohor rabbit, also called the Line M rabbit, is a small rabbit that weighs 2.4 to 3.9 kg (5.3 to 8.6 lb) and originated in Egypt. It comes in yellowish-brown, white, or grey. The rabbit was founded in 2006 as a mix between the Egyptian Sinai Gabali rabbit and the V-Line rabbit. It is 39–46 cm (15–18 in) long. A special farm for the rabbits has been set up in Egypt, called the Moshtohor rabbitry farm. Nitransky The Nitransky rabbit, also called the Rabbit of Nitra, is a medium-sized rabbit, weighing 3.5 to 5.5 kg (7.7 to 12.1 lb). Its fur comes in white and light grey. Orange The Orange rabbit is a small rabbit weighing 2.5 to 3.2 kg (5.5 to 7.1 lb). It got its name from the color of its fur, which is a dark orange. The breed originates from Sweden, and was bred by judge Nils Jönsson in 1966. It is part of the National Orange and Fawn Rex Rabbit Association. Orylag Evolution of Orylag skins produced (in French) The Orylag rabbit, also known as the Rex du Poitou rabbit, is a breed of rabbit that was first bred in the EU and France. It weighs 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) and comes in black, white, grey, orange, and silver. It is mostly used for its fur and meat. It averages 100,000 skins per year and 120,000 kg (260,000 lb) of meat every year. The hair is also used in making textiles. The rabbit was created in 1979 by French scientists, and was big for its soft and luxurious fur. In 1990, the first breeding farm was established in Brittany, but without success. In 1992, five Orylag farms were created in Charente-Maritime area. Ørestad The Ørestad rabbit is a small to medium-sized rabbit, that weighs 2.5 to 3.2 kg (5.5 to 7.1 lb). It only comes in white, and has ruby eyes. The breed originates from Sweden, and was created by Gunnar Carlsson who bred the breed in 1969. It was shown for the first time in Malmö in 1970. Pannon White The Pannon White rabbit is medium-sized and weighs 2.3 to 4.5 kg (5 to 10 lb). It only comes in white. It was bred in Hungary, using a New Zealand white and a Californian rabbit. It was successfully bred in 1988. Miniature Plush Lop Miniature Plush Lop The Miniature Plush Lop is a small breed of rabbit that weighs 1.7–1.8 kg (3.7–4.0 lb). The rabbit comes in blue, brown, tan, grey, white, and black. It originates from eastern Ohio in 1995 by Devie D’Anniballe, and was a mix of a Mini Rex and a Holland Lop. Miniature Plush Lops are very delicate due to their small size. Their average lifespan is 12 years. Another version of the Miniature Plush Lop was created in 2002 in Australia. It was created by Christine Toyer, who mixed a Standard Rex with a Dwarf Lop. Their fur is soft and is a low shed rabbit. Standard Plush Lop The Standard Plush Lop is a breed of rabbit that weighs 2.3–2.6 kg (5.1–5.7 lb), and is a medium-sized rabbit. It was created by Christine Toyer in April 2015, in Australia. It was created by breeding a Dwarf Lop with a Standard Rex. Its fur is 13 mm (0.5 in) thick, and is smooth and soft. Rhonde The Rhonde rabbit, also called the Rhön rabbit, is medium-sized, and weighs 2.5–3.2 kg (5.5–7.1 lb). It comes in gray, black, and white. It was created by Karl Becker and his son from Stadtlengsfeld, Germany, 1970 to 1973. The goal was a rabbit whose coat color resembled the trunks of birch trees. The rabbit was created when a Rhenish Piebald was crossed with a Chinchilla rabbit. It was rated rabbit breed of the year in Germany in 2012. Sachsengold Sachsengold The Sachsenngold rabbit, also called the Saxon Gold rabbit, weighs 2.8–3.3 kg (6.1–7.2 lb) and is a medium-sized rabbit. It comes in chestnut and red-orange. It originated from Rohrdorf, Germany, and was bred in 1925 by Richard Bennack and his son. The rabbit was first shown in 1952. San Juan The San Juan rabbit is a small rabbit that weighs 1.4 to 2.3 kg (3 to 5 lb). It comes in a brown, chestnut, and agouti color. It was created in Washington, United States, and was a mix of Eastern cottontails. It first appeared in the 1880s. The rabbit was created naturally on San Juan Island. Around 500 San Juan rabbits live on San Juan Island, and the breed has been domesticated. The San Juan rabbit has a short lifespan of one year in the wild, and five years domesticated. The rabbits have spread to the rest of Washington mainland as well as Orcas Island. Simennwar The Simennwar rabbit is a dwarf rabbit that only weighs 1.34 kg (2.95 lb). It was created in Egypt. Slovenian The Slovenian rabbit is a large sized rabbit, weighing 3.0 to 5.0 kg (6.6 to 11 lb). The rabbit originated in Slovenia. It comes in tan, white, blue, yellow, brown, and grey. Patterns include pure color and spotted. It comes in both erect and lop ears. Spanish Giant The Spanish Giant is a breed of large sized rabbit that weighs 5.7 to 6.8 kg (12.5 to 15 lb). Its primary use is meat. The breed was established in 1912 in Spain when farmers in Valencia tried to produce an animal which would provide as much meat as possible. It was created as a mix of Flemish Giant rabbits. The breed was then exported to Europe, Cuba, Argentina, and Chile. One rabbit can produce up to 15 pounds of meat. The Spanish Giant is currently in danger of extinction. Their lifespan is four to six years. Stone The Stone rabbit is a medium-sized rabbit weighing 2.8 kg (6.1 lb). It comes in red agouti, grey agouti, and steel agouti. It is from Belgium. The rabbit was widely exported to England for its meat and almost died out. In 1934, the breed was protected by the government, and the rabbit regained numbers. Swedish Fur The Swedish Fur is a medium-sized rabbit, weighing 3.0–3.7 kg (6.6–8.2 lb). It comes in black and white, and its fur is glossy. It was bred by Otto Christoffersson in 1923 from Helsingborg, Sweden. The Swedish Fur is Sweden's most endangered rabbit breed. Swedish Hare Swedish Hare The Swedish Hare, formerly the Elfin rabbit, is a small rabbit weighing 2.3 kg (5 lb). The breed comes in white, brown, black, grey, and many others. It was developed in 2008 by Mirjam Gille and Linda Ahlsen in Sweden for its competitive jumping ability. The Swedish Hare breed specifically combines the athleticism and temperament to excel in jumping competitions, while avoiding extremes of body type, fur length, or ear length. Tadla The Tadla rabbit is a small sized rabbit, weighing 1.8 to 2.3 kg (4 to 5 lb). It originated in 1994 in the Béni-Mellal province of Morocco, and was created for its meat. It comes in an agouti color. The population is currently 42,000 rabbits. Teddy Dwarf Teddy Dwarf The Teddy Dwarf is a dwarf sized rabbit, weighing 0.82 to 1.68 kg (1.8 to 3.7 lb). The Teddy Dwarf was created in Germany in 2009. It was created by crossing an Angora rabbit and a Lionhead rabbit. The name Teddy Rabbit was created by the Teddy Rabbit Club, which was founded in Germany in 2004. Teddy Dwarfs have spread to almost all European countries beyond Germany. TeddyWidder Teddy Widder The TeddyWidder (also called the Teddy Lop) is a dwarf sized lop rabbit which weighs 1.3 to 2.0 kg (2.9 to 4.4 lb) . The rabbit, like the Teddy Dwarf, was created in 2019 by the Teddy Rabbit Club. It was created by breeding a dwarf French Angora and a bearded rabbit. Trønder The Trønder rabbit, also called the Norwegian Silver Fox rabbit, is a large sized rabbit that weighs 4.0 to 6.0 kg (8.8 to 13.2 lb). Its fur comes in black and sometimes white. It was bred from 1916 to 1918 in Trondheim, Norway by T. Hannemo, who was a telephone assistant. V-line The V-Line rabbit, also called the Line-V or Line V rabbit, is a medium-sized rabbit, weighing 3.3 kg (7.3 lb). It originates in Spain. Velveteen Lop The Velveteen Lop is a breed of rabbit that is a cross between the Mini Rex and the English Lop. Breeder Virginia Menden began developing the breed in 1991, with the goal of creating a rabbit that had a semi-arched body shape and fur similar to that of the Mini Rex. Menden named the breed after the children's story The Velveteen Rabbit. The breed became eligible to be shown at ARBA sanctioned shows in February 2019, but is not currently allowed to compete for Best of Show. The Velveteen Lop's coat should feel shiny and plush to the touch. They are also very smooth. The coat can be a variety of colors, and color standards are similar to those of the English Lop. It should have a semi-arched body shape, and the chest should be full. The head should be wedge-shaped. The ears should be low on the rabbit's head, and should measure at least 36 cm (14 in) from tip to tip. Rabbits weigh 2.3–3.2 kg (5–7 lb). Velveteen Lops can live for 5–11 years. White Country The White Country rabbit is a large sized rabbit, weighing 3.8 to 4.6 kg (8.4 to 10.1 lb). It originates from Denmark, and was created by Julius Schiøtt by mixing a Belgian Giant rabbit with a Danish rabbit. It only comes in white. It was first shown at Copenhagen's Tivoli in 1908. Zemmouri The Zemmouri rabbit is a medium-sized rabbit that weighs 1.8 to 2.9 kg (4 to 6.4 lb). It comes in black, white, and grey. It was created in Morocco in the 1990s by Spanish and French missionaries, who bred European rabbit breeds. Zika The Zika rabbit is a breed of domestic rabbit developed in Germany as a high-yielding hybrid for the meat industry. Zikas are albino rabbits (white with red eyes) that attain a weight of 3.2 kg (7.1 lb) in 84 days. See also Rabbits and hares portal List of rabbit breeds American Rabbit Breeders Association British Rabbit Council References ^ "Molecular Characterization of Alexandria Rabbit". Retrieved December 14, 2020. ^ "Egypt: Alexandria Rabbit". Retrieved December 14, 2020. ^ a b Lukefahr, Steven D. (September–October 1996). "Development of a New Commercial Sire Breed: The Altex". Domestic Rabbits. 24 (5). American Rabbit Breeders Association: 20–21. Retrieved February 14, 2018. ^ "The Rabbit Breeding & Teaching Program at TAMUK". Texas A&M University–Kingsville. September 12, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2018. ^ "Argente Clair – Rabbit". Vetbook. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. ^ a b c "Country Report On the State of the Armenian Animal Genetic Resources" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved August 26, 2019. ^ "Republic of Armenia First National Report" (PDF). Convention on Biological Diversity. Retrieved August 26, 2019. ^ "Armenian Marder/Rabbit/Armenia". EFABIS. Retrieved August 26, 2019. ^ "Raising Aurora Negro Rabbits". Retrieved December 16, 2020. ^ "Domestic Animal Diversity Information System". Retrieved December 17, 2020. ^ "Recursos Zoogenéticos de Guatemala" (PDF). Retrieved December 17, 2020. ^ "Guatemala's Aurora Negro Rabbit Breed". Retrieved December 16, 2020. ^ "Aurora Negro Rabbit". Retrieved December 16, 2020. ^ "Baladi Rabbits – Arca del Gusto". ^ a b c "Baladi Rabbits". Retrieved December 16, 2020. ^ a b c "Three Baladi Rabbits" (PDF). Retrieved December 16, 2020. ^ "Baladi Red". Retrieved December 16, 2020. ^ The Bauscat Rabbit Archived April 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine A.M. El-Raffa and M.A. Kosba, Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt ^ "The history of the Big Silver Marten Rabbit". Retrieved December 17, 2020. ^ "Big Silver Marten Rabbit Breed". August 25, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2020. ^ "Everything You Need To Know About The Marten Rabbit". Retrieved December 17, 2020. ^ "Big Silver Marten". Retrieved December 17, 2020. ^ "Królik popielański biały". Programy Ochrony Zasobów Genetycznych Zwierząt Gospodarskich ("Programs for the Conservation of Genetic Resources of Farm Animals") (in Polish). Krakow, Poland: Instytut Zootechniki – PIB ("Institute of Animal Production – PIB"). 2010. Retrieved March 6, 2018. ^ "biały popielniański królik ("Blanc de Popielno rabbit")". Encyklopedia PWN ("Encyclopedia PWN") (in Polish). PWN. Retrieved March 17, 2018. ^ "St. Nicholas Blue For Sale \| Rabbits \| Breed Information \| Omlet". www.omlet.us. ^ "Blue of Sint-Niklaas – Rabbit". Vetbook. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. ^ "Beveren Rabbits, and the related St. Nicholas Blue Rabbits". Raising-Rabbits.com. ^ Vet Stream Archived April 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine – Bourbonnais Grey ^ Rabbit Geek.com The Rabbits From Brazil by Kathleen Blair, PhD ^ "Brazilian Rabbit Breed Information and Pictures - PetGuide.com". March 8, 2017. ^ a b "Brun Marron de Lorraine ("Brown Chestnut of Lorraine")". FFC Fédération Française de Cuniculiculture ("French Federation for Cuniculture") (in French). January 26, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2018. ^ Brown, Meg; Richardson, Virginia (April 1, 2002). Rabbitlopaedia: A Complete Guide to Rabbit Care (pbk ed.). Ringpress Books Ltd. p. 119. ISBN 978-1860541827. ^ The Caldes Strain EA Gomez, O Rafel & J Ramon, Unitat de Cunicultura ^ "Caldes – Rabbit". Vetbook. ^ Bunny, Here (August 15, 2020). "Caldes Rabbit Care Sheet \| Here Bunny". herebunny.com. ^ The Carmagnola Grey Rabbit Archived April 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine C. Lazzaroni Dipartamento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy ^ Lazzaroni, C. (2002). Khalil, M.H.; Baselga, M (eds.). "The Carmagnola Grey Rabbit (Italy)" (PDF). Rabbit Genetic Resources in Mediterranean Countries. Options Méditerranéennes: Série B. Etudes et Recherches. 38. Zaragoza: CIHEAM – International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies: 145–150. Retrieved February 17, 2018. ^ Peiretti, P. G.; Gasco, L.; Brugiapaglia, A.; Gai, F. (June 1, 2011). "Effects of perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) seeds supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid composition of rabbits". Livestock Science. 138 (1): 118–124. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.12.007. hdl:2318/93155. ISSN 1871-1413. ^ Brown, Meg; Richardson, Virginia (2000). Rabbitlopaedia: A Complete Guide to Rabbit Care. Interpret. p. 120. ISBN 9781860541827. Retrieved March 17, 2018. ^ "Chaudry". Vetbook. Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2018. ^ "Criollo – Rabbit". Vetbook. ^ "Cuban Brown". Retrieved December 17, 2020. ^ "Cuban Brown Rabbits". Retrieved December 17, 2020. ^ a b "Cuban Brown Rabbit". Retrieved December 17, 2020. ^ "Český červený". November 6, 2009. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. ^ Rabbitlopaedia, page 117, ISBN 1-86054-182-8, by Meg Brown & Virginia Richardson ^ "Czech Spot". Retrieved December 18, 2020. ^ "Analysis of Czech rabbit genetic resources". Retrieved December 18, 2020. ^ "Czech Spot". Retrieved December 18, 2020. ^ "Rabbit Breed Description-C". Retrieved January 4, 2021. ^ "Czech White and Other Similar Breeds". Retrieved January 4, 2021. ^ "Genetic characterization of Czech local rabbit breeds using microsatellite analysis". Retrieved January 4, 2021. ^ "Analysis of Czech rabbit genetic resources". Retrieved January 4, 2021. ^ "Czech Albino Rabbit". Retrieved January 4, 2021. ^ a b c d "Enderby Island Rabbits". www.rarebreeds.co.nz. ^ "The Gabali Rabbit" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2013. Retrieved February 29, 2012. ^ "Gabali – Rabbit". Vetbook. ^ Franke, A. "Zwergfuchskaninchen". Kaninchen: Zeitschrift für den Kaninchenfreund. ISSN 1613-6357. ^ Franke, A. "Fuchszwerge". Kaninchen Zeitschrift für den Kaninchen-Freund. ISSN 0941-0848. ^ März, Günther; Dorn, Friedrich (1989). Breeding rabbits. A manual for rabbit keepers and breeders. Naturbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-89440-569-4. ^ "Fuchs – Danmarks Kaninavlerforenings Avlerkatalog". kaniner.dk. ^ "IAGARB Color Description Guide". International Association of German Angora Rabbit Breeders (IAGARB). January 23, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2018. ^ "IAGARB – About Us". International Association of German Angora Rabbit Breeders (IAGARB). September 5, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2018. ^ "Breed Standard – Standard of the German Angora". International Association of German Angora Rabbit Breeders (IAGARB). August 3, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2018. ^ "Stor Havana – Danmarks Kaninavlerforenings Avlerkatalog". kaniner.dk. ^ "Stor Marburger Egern – Danmarks Kaninavlerforenings Avlerkatalog". kaniner.dk. ^ "Stor Sølv – Danmarks Kaninavlerforenings Avlerkatalog". kaniner.dk. ^ "Stor Zobel – Danmarks Kaninavlerforenings Avlerkatalog". kaniner.dk. ^ "The Giza White Rabbits CIHEAM -Options Mediterraneennes". ^ "The Giza White Rabbits (Egypt)" (PDF). ^ "Options Méditerranéennes en ligne – Collection numérique – The Giza White Rabbits (Egypt)". om.ciheam.org. ^ "Rabbit genetic resources of Egypt". ^ a b "Nordens Ark on Gotland rabbits (in Swedish)". Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. ^ a b Ericson, Maria. Gotlandskanin och Mellerudskanin, våra svenska lantraser, Färgatlas Föreningen Gotlandskaninen, 2010 ^ Swedish Gotland Rabbit Society (in Swedish) ^ a b "Föreningen Gotlandskaninen". www.gotlandskaninen.se. ^ Herlitz, A. & Malmros, K.. Föreningen Gotlandskaninens Skötselråd för lantraskaniner Lilla Tryckeriet, Visby, 2012 ^ "Lilac Rabbit – Everything You Need to Know". domesticanimalbreeds.com. ^ "Gouwenaar – Danmarks Kaninavlerforenings Avlerkatalog". kaniner.dk. ^ "Gouwenaar Rabbit \| Fun Poultry". ^ "Halle Pearl Grey For Sale \| Rabbits \| Breed Information \| Omlet". www.omlet.us. ^ "Great Pearl of Halle – Rabbit". Vetbook. ^ "Lille Egern – Danmarks Kaninavlerforenings Avlerkatalog". kaniner.dk. ^ "Rabbit breeds". Cheshire rabbit rescue. ^ "Rabbit Breeds: A Comprehensive List of Over 150 Varieties". ^ a b "10 Largest Rabbit Breeds in the World (With Pictures)". March 16, 2020. ^ "Hungarian Giant Rabbit \| geneconservation.hu". www.geneconservation.hu. ^ "The World's Largest Rabbits". WorldAtlas. November 10, 2017. ^ "13 Giant Rabbit Breeds You Love to Know". domesticanimalbreeds.com. ^ "Isabella (Beige) \| rabbits \| Vetlexicon Lapis from Vetstream \| Definitive Veterinary Intelligence". ^ "Isabella – Danmarks Kaninavlerforenings Avlerkatalog". kaniner.dk. ^ "Rabbit Breed Descriptions. All rabbit breeds listed A – K, more links". Raising-Rabbits.com. ^ "Jamora – Danmarks Kaninavlerforenings Avlerkatalog". kaniner.dk. ^ "Jamora – dvärgangora (Djurhörnan)". home.swipnet.se. ^ "Jamora" (PDF). ^ "Harlequin Rabbits Breeds, Size, Colour, Sale and Facts". May 6, 2020. ^ "Japanese White Rabbit Breed – All You Need To Know". January 25, 2020. ^ "Japanese White (Rabbit) – an overview \| ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. ^ "日本白色種". July 4, 2018 – via Wikipedia. ^ "The Kabyle Rabbits (Algeria)" (PDF). ^ "Options Méditerranéennes en ligne – Collection numérique – The Kabyle Rabbits (Algeria)". om.ciheam.org. ^ "Kabyle – Rabbit". Vetbook. ^ Jančovic, Ján (January 27, 2006). "Uznali nové národné plemeno králikov ("They recognized a new national breed of rabbits")". Korzár (in Slovak). Retrieved March 5, 2018. ^ "Farebné rázy LL (Liptovský Lysko)". Klub chovateľov Liptovského Lyska ("Club of Breeders of Liptovský Lys) (in Slovak). Retrieved March 5, 2018. ^ "Lux – Danmarks Kaninavlerforenings Avlerkatalog". kaniner.dk. ^ "Mecklenburger Schecken schwarz-weiß". www.kaninchenrassen.info. ^ "Line Moshtohor (Egypt)" (PDF). ^ "BioLib: Biological library". www.biolib.cz. ^ a b Orson, Andreja (2008). "Ljubiteljske Reje Kunsev V Sloveniji" (PDF). Retrieved February 3, 2021. ^ "Image 1". ^ "Orange – Danmarks Kaninavlerforenings Avlerkatalog". kaniner.dk. ^ "Orange". National Orange and Fawn Rex Rabbit Association. ^ "Orylag". ^ "Orylag Skin Sales". ^ "January 2, 2004, La Dépêche du Midi". ^ "Le Rex du Poitou sera cuisiné pour le Bocuse d'or". SudOuest.fr. ^ "Orylag – An exceptional Fur – Origin France". Orylag FR. ^ "Home". 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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of rabbit breeds not recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders Association or the British Rabbit Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Alexandria Rabbit Line originates from Egypt, and got its name from the city of Alexandria. It is an Egyptian paternal rabbit line. It has a medium-sized rabbit, weighing 2.7–4.1 kg (6–9 lb). It has erect ears, and its fur can be found in brown, tan, or black.[1] The line was created in 2007 by Prof. Alaa El-Raffa, the Nucleus Rabbit Unit, the Poultry Research Center, Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University. The Alexandria rabbit is a synthetic line which comes from the cross of two lines, one exotic line (V line) and other native (Black Baladi). The method of selection is individual selection on post-weaning daily gain from weaning.[2]","title":"Alexandria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ɔːltɛks/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"domestic rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_rabbit"},{"link_name":"cuniculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuniculture"},{"link_name":"meat industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_industry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lukefahr-3"},{"link_name":"Alabama A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University–Kingsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University%E2%80%93Kingsville"},{"link_name":"Flemish Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Giant"},{"link_name":"Champagne d'Argent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argente_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Californian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californian_rabbit"},{"link_name":"New Zealand white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lukefahr-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBTP_website-4"}],"text":"Altex /ɔːltɛks/ is a breed of domestic rabbit developed, beginning in 1994, for cuniculture, specifically for the commercial meat industry.[3] The name Altex is derived from Al plus Tex, referring to this breed's initial development at Alabama A&M University and at Texas A&M University–Kingsville. The breed was developed from Flemish Giant, Champagne d'Argent, and Californian stock, and later with New Zealand white crossings.[3] Altex rabbits weigh 4.5 to 9.1 kg (10 to 20 lb) and have coat markings similar to the Californian rabbit (having dark points).[4]","title":"Altex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"domestic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_animal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Argenté Clair, called Light Groot Silver in Germany, is a rare breed. It is similar in appearance to the Champagne d'Argent, but heavily silvered and with recessive dilute blue as an undercoat (instead of black). It is used for its fur, meat, or as a domestic pet.[5]","title":"Argenté Clair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian Marder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Marder"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fao-6"},{"link_name":"Chinchilla rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchilla_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Himalayan rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fao-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbd-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fao-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-efabis-8"}],"text":"The Armenian Marder is a breed of rabbit native to Armenia. It is principally raised for meat.[6] The breed was established in 1940. It is the result of crossbreeding the Chinchilla rabbit, the Himalayan rabbit, and native rabbit breeds.[6][7] Fully grown males weigh from 4–4.5 kg (8.8–9.9 lb), and have a body length of 50–55 cm (20–22 in). The average litter size is 7–8 kittens.[6][8]","title":"Armenian Marder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Angora rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angora_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Baladi Black rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladi_Black_(rabbit)"},{"link_name":"domestic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_animal"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Aurora Negro Rabbit originates from Guatemala. It is a large sized rabbit and weights 3.6–4.5 kg (8–10 lb). Its fur comes in blue-gray, gray, black, and white with black spots.[9][10] It is listed as a rare breed.[11] The Aurora Negro rabbit was created from 1991 to 1994. Scientists mixed 37 different species of rabbit to find a new breed.[citation needed] In 1994, scientists created the Aurora Negro. It was a mix of a Angora rabbit and a Baladi Black rabbit. The \"Aurora\" part of the name comes from \"Angora\", and the \"Negro\" comes from its black fur. Its primary use is for meat, but is also a common domestic pet. It has been brought to other places such as the United States, Mexico, Canada, and Greece.[12] Its primary diet is hay.[13]","title":"Aurora Negro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"[14]","title":"Baladi Rabbits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faiyum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-16"}],"sub_title":"Baladi Black","text":"The Baladi Black rabbit weighs 2.7 kg (6 lb). It comes from the Faiyum region of Egypt.\n[15][16]","title":"Baladi Rabbits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-16"}],"sub_title":"Baladi Red","text":"The Baladi Red rabbit weighs 2.8 kg (6.2 lb).\n[17][15][16]","title":"Baladi Rabbits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-16"}],"sub_title":"Baladi White","text":"The Baladi White (or Baladi Albino) rabbit weighs 2.0 kg (4.3 lb).\n[15][16]","title":"Baladi Rabbits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baladi rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladi_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The Bauscat rabbit is an Egyptian breed bred to cope with the Egyptian climate. It is a medium-sized breed intended for meat production. It is similar to another Egyptian breed, the Baladi rabbit.[18]","title":"Bauscat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Silver_Marten_rabbit_breed.jpg"},{"link_name":"Silver Marten rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Marten_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Big Silver MartenThe Big Silver Marten rabbit weighs 3.6–4.5 kg (8–10 lb), and originated in Croatia. It was created by scientists in 1924 as the offspring of two Silver Marten rabbit parents. The rabbit was more fit, healthy, and active than the regular Silver Marten. The Big Silver Marten was brought to the United States, France, Germany, and other places in the 1930s.[19] It can live both indoors and outdoors, as well as living comfortably in temperatures from 10 to 27 °C (50 to 80 °F).\n[20][21][22]","title":"Big Silver Marten"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"domestic rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Chorzelów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorzel%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Popielno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popielno,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"albino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albino"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PWN-24"}],"text":"The Blanc de Popielno, also known as the Popielno White, is a breed of domestic rabbit developed for meat production. Originating in 1950 in Chorzelów, the breed was further refined in the Polish village of Popielno.[23] It is an albino rabbit with an average weight of 4–5 kg (8.8–11.0 lb).[24]","title":"Blanc de Popielno"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlvSN.jpg"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Sint-Niklaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Niklaas"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Van Beveren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beveren_(rabbit)"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Waasland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waasland"},{"link_name":"Flemish Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Giant"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Blue of Sint-NiklaasThe Blue of Sint-Niklaas (Dutch: Sint-Niklase Blauwe), also called the St. Nicholas Blue, is a Flemish rabbit breed that has been bred since the 19th century[25] near the city of Sint-Niklaas to supply the local fur industry. It is one of the oldest fur-rabbit breeds of the world.[26] The Van Beveren, also bred for its fur, is related, and has been bred in the same region of Flanders, the Waasland. Internationally, only blue varieties are accepted by the standard, unlike the Van Beverens, where other varieties are accepted. The Blue of Sint-Niklaas is much heavier, up to 5.4 kg (12 lb), resembling the Flemish Giant. After the decrease of pelt-selling and fur industries in the region (and the world) the breed became almost extinct, as it was not popular as a pet or for meat.[27]","title":"Blue of Sint-Niklaas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lapin-gris-du-bourbonnais_SDA2014.JPG"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Bourbonnais GreyThe Bourbonnais Grey is a rare breed rabbit originally from France. It is a medium breed reaching around 4–5 kg (8.8–11.0 lb). It only comes in a slate blue color.[28]","title":"Bourbonnais Grey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The Brazilian Rabbit is a medium-sized hardy breed originated in Brazil. They were developed as a meat breed.\n[29] It weighs 3.2–5.0 kg (7–11 lb) and has a lifespan of 5–10 years. It was created in the 1980s by a Peace Corp volunteer.[30]","title":"Brazilian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"domestic rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Tan rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FFC-BCL-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rabbitlopaedia-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FFC-BCL-31"}],"text":"The Brown Chestnut of Lorraine (also known as the Brun Marron de Lorraine) is a breed of domestic rabbit that originated in France and is named for the Lorraine region. The breed is currently considered rare. It was developed by Ch. Kauffmann from Garenne and Tan rabbit stock. The ideal weight for this breed is 2–2.4 kg (4.4–5.3 lb).[31] This rabbit has chestnut brown fur.[32] The Brown Chestnut of Lorraine is a small slender rabbit, harmoniously rounded. It has an angular head with prominent eyes, dense fur, and short hair. The rabbit has a chestnut brown uniform color with a well-defined orange-brown outer-color, and an under-color bluish including the belly. The ears bluish on their inner side and edged with a black border.[31]","title":"Brown Chestnut of Lorraine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"albino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albino"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The Caldes rabbit is a Spanish breed of rabbit. It is a terminal sire used to cross breed with other rabbits for meat. They are primarily found in an albino color.[33][34] It was created in Barcelona, Spain.[35]","title":"Caldes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Canadian Plush Lop is a type of lop rabbit found in Canada. Created using Astrex as well as Holland Lop and Mini Rex base stock, the Canadian Plush Lop is a curly breed. It has a more fully arched conformation than the other rex lops, is very bold and friendly, and excels at rabbit agility. The breed does not carry the dwarf gene and so tends to be 1.8–2.7 kg (4–6 lb) in adult weight. Canadian Plush Lops were developed mainly in Alberta since the mid-1990s. The work was initiated by Dr. Helga Vierich and Brenda Wheeler, two Edmonton area breeders, and a Breeder's Group, formed in 2004, consisting of six rabbitries, carries on the work today. The Canadian Plush Lop (or CPLop as it is sometimes called) shares with the rare Astrex rabbit the tendency for the kits to be curly until the first juvenile moult, followed by a less curly \"eclipse\" coat. Then, at eight to eighteen months, the curls return with the first full adult moult. Canadian Plush Lops are the only fully arched lop breed and are one of only three curly-rex breeds in existence, but people who have come to know this breed tend to find their extremely people-oriented temperament their most remarkable feature.","title":"Canadian Plush Lop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIHEAM-Carmagnola_Grey-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"The Carmagnola Grey rabbit is a rare breed from Italy that is almost extinct. It is a large breed bred for meat.[36] The coat of the Carmagnola Grey exhibits chinchilla coloration. The average weight of an adult Carmagnola Grey is 3.5–4.5 kg (7.7–9.9 lb). Fewer than 500 specimens were found in a 2002 population study.[37] One of Carnmagnola's grey rabbits' diets consisted of perilla seeds (Perilla frutescens L.). Perilla seeds are considered as a supplement in their diet as it enhances growth, development, and meat quality.[38]","title":"Carmagnola Grey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"albino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albino"},{"link_name":"domestic rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vetbook-C-40"}],"text":"The Chaudry rabbit is an albino breed of domestic rabbit that originated in France and was developed for meat production.[39] The Chaudry, which has a minimum weight of 4 kg (8.8 lb), was created by combining every pure albino rabbit breed known in France.[40]","title":"Chaudry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Fuzzy Lop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Fuzzy_Lop"},{"link_name":"Pygmy rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"The Criollo Rabbit is a small rabbit, weighing 1.4–1.8 kg (3–4 lb). It originates from Mexico and Central America. It was created by scientists in Mexico in 1940 by mixing an American Fuzzy Lop with a Pygmy rabbit.[41]","title":"Criollo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AJM_012_Vivero_Alamar.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Spanish Giant Brown Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Giant_Brown_Rabbit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Red Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Rabbit_(rabbit)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-44"},{"link_name":"ectoparasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoparasites"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-44"}],"text":"2 Cuban Brown rabbitsThe Cuban Brown Rabbit is a medium-sized rabbit, weighing 4.1–5.0 kg (9–11 lb) pounds. The rabbit originates from Cuba, and has brown fur, explaining the name Cuban Brown. It also has large, erect ears (15 cm (5.9 in)). The Cuban Brown is a very social rabbit, and gets along well with other rabbits and animals.[42][43] It was bred in Cuba in the mid 20th century. It was a mix of the Spanish Giant Brown Rabbit and the Red Rabbit.[44] It is resistant to ectoparasites and can survive on many foods. The Cuban Brown rabbit is currently threatened. It is mostly used as a pet, but sometimes is used for its meat.[44]","title":"Cuban Brown Rabbit"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Czech_Red_Rabbit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"domestic rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Modřany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C5%99any"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Czech Red RabbitThe Czech Red (Czech: Český červený králík) is a domestic rabbit breed from what is now the Czech Republic. It was officially recognized in 1959. It weighs about 2.5–3.2 kg (5.5–7.1 lb). The colour of the hairs is gray or red-brown. It has been selected by Theodor Svododa from Modřany in 1940.[45]","title":"Czech Red"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lustic2.JPG"},{"link_name":"domestic rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"Czech Solver RabbitThe Czech Solver rabbit is a rare breed of domestic rabbit, that originated in the Czech Republic. It has dense silky fur which is light-sand in colour right down to the skin, with some slate-blue ticking and shading across the body.[46]","title":"Czech Solver"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Czech_spotted_rabbit_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Checkered Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkered_Giant"},{"link_name":"Dalmatian Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_(rabbit)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Czech Association of Breeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_Association_of_Breeders&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Czech Spotted RabbitThe Czech Spotted Rabbit (Czech Checkered Rabbit) is a medium-sized rabbit, weighing 2.7–3.6 kg (6–8 lb). It originated in the Czech Republic. It has short, erect ears. The rabbit comes in agouti, black, blue, beige, tortoise, and tri-color. It has a spotted pattern.[47] It was created in 1908. It is a mix of a Checkered Giant and a Dalmatian Rabbit.[48] The name \"Czech Spotted\" comes from the rabbit being from the Czech Republic, and its spotted coat pattern. It has been recognized by the Czech Association of Breeders since 2000.[49]","title":"Czech Spot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Czech_Albino_Rabbit_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"European Union (EU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"New Zealand white rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_white_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Californian rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californian_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Kladno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladno"},{"link_name":"Eastern cottontail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_cottontail"},{"link_name":"Belgian Giant White rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Giant_White_(rabbit)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Czech WhiteThe Czech White Rabbit is a large sized rabbit, weighing 4.0–5.0 kg (8.8–11 lb). It originated in the Czech Republic and the European Union (EU). It has short and erect ears. Its fur is a glossy white, and sometimes has black spots.[50][51] The rabbit was bred from 1928 to 1930. It was a mix of the New Zealand white rabbit and the Californian rabbit.[52] It was created by scientist Zofka, in Kladno, Czechia. A second type of Czech White rabbit was created in 1996, which was a wild Eastern cottontail and a Belgian Giant White rabbit.[53][54]","title":"Czech White"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enderby_Island_Rabbit_Closeup.jpg"},{"link_name":"Enderby Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enderby_Island,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Island-55"},{"link_name":"subantarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarctic"},{"link_name":"Auckland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Islands"},{"link_name":"castaway food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castaway_depot"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Island-55"},{"link_name":"Rare Breeds Conservation Society of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Breeds_Conservation_Society_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Island-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Island-55"}],"text":"Enderby Island RabbitThe Enderby Island Rabbit, or simply Enderby rabbit, is a rare breed. It originates from rabbits introduced to Enderby Island,[55] an uninhabited subantarctic island in New Zealand's Auckland Islands group, from Australia in October 1865 to serve as castaway food.[55] Over 130 years the isolated population became a distinctive variety. The rabbits were exterminated from Enderby Island in the early 1990s, but a breeding group of 49 rabbits was rescued by the Rare Breeds Conservation Society of New Zealand in September 1992.[55] Enderby Island Rabbits are mainly silver-grey in colour, with an undercoat of dark slate-blue. Their heads, ears and tails are very dark, sometimes black. Because of a recessive gene, a small proportion of the rabbits are born cream or beige in colour. Adult rabbits weigh about 2 kg (4.4 lb). Kits are born black or cream then silver ticking develops at puberty. Coat colours are described as Champagne to slate (light to dark silver) and creme.[55]","title":"Enderby Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"agouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti_(coloration)"},{"link_name":"Bedouins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouins"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"The Gabali is a rare rabbit breed which originates in Egypt.[56] It is primarily agouti in colour and was bred as a meat breed by the Bedouins. It weighs 2.7–3.2 kg (6–7 lb).[57]","title":"Gabali"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eithel,_black_Silver_Fox_doe.jpg"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Coburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coburg"},{"link_name":"Zug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zug_(city)"},{"link_name":"Angora rabbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angora_rabbits"},{"link_name":"blue fox fur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_fox_fur"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Hermelinkaninchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermelinkaninchen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Angora rabbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angora_rabbits"},{"link_name":"Treuenbrietzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treuenbrietzen"},{"link_name":"GDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDR"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"Fox rabbitThe Fox rabbit is a long-haired rabbit breed whose fur is subject to the normal seasonal hair change, and therefore does not have to be cut or trimmed. It weighs 3–4 kg (6.6–8.8 lb), and comes in brown, black, white, and silver.[58][59] It was first bred in Switzerland. Fox rabbits were bred jointly by Hermann Leifer from Coburg and Müller from Zug in Switzerland using Angora rabbits. The aim of the breed was to imitate the half-length blue fox fur, but this did not succeed. While the breeders in Switzerland limited themselves to the blue color, other colors were bred relatively early in Germany. The breed has been recognized in Germany since 1962.[60]A dwarf version of the Fox rabbit was created in Germany at the end of the 1970s by crossing fox rabbits with Hermelinkaninchen, sometimes also, in the absence of suitable fox rabbits, by crossing ermine rabbits with Angora rabbits. One of the first breeders of this breed was Herbert Richter from Treuenbrietzen in Brandenburg, along with others. The recognition as a breed took place in the GDR in 1980 with the \"Assessment Regulations for Breed Rabbits in Socialist Countries\" in all the colors permitted for fox rabbits and in 1986 by the Central Association of German Rabbit Breeders (Today Central Association of German Race Rabbit Breeders) in the Federal Republic of Germany. In the 1991 standard, the breed was named as fox dwarfs and the weight was set at 1.1–1.35 kg (2.4–3.0 lb).[61]","title":"Fox"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAGARB_Colors-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAGARB_website-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAGARB_standard-64"}],"text":"The German Angora rabbit weighs 2.5–5.5 kg (5.5–12.1 lb), and originated in Germany. It comes in albino, black, blue, brown, tortoiseshell, and agouti.[62][63] It is currently recognized by the International Association of German Angora Rabbit Breeders (IAGARB).[64]","title":"German Angora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"The Giant Havana rabbit, also called the Great Havana rabbit, is a large sized rabbit, weighing 4.5–5.0 kg (10–11 lb). They come in dark brown, chocolate, and sometimes black. It was bred in 1898 in Holland, and was brought to France in 1906. The breed is only recognized in Nordic cultures.[65]","title":"Giant Havana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"The Giant Marburger is a large sized rabbit, weighing 4.5–5.4 kg (10–12 lb). Its fur is light gray or a pigeon blue. England, Belgium, Denmark, and the Netherlands all claim credit for creating the breed.[66]","title":"Giant Marburger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne,_France"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"text":"The Giant Siver rabbit is large sized, and weighs 4.5–5.0 kg (10–11 lb). It comes in black, white, and grey. It was bred in the Champagne province of France in 1730.[67]","title":"Giant Siver"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Smoke Pearl rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoke_Pearl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"The Giant Smoke Pearl rabbit, also called the Giant Sable, is medium-sized, and weighs 3.6–5.0 kg (8–11 lb). Its color of fur can be brown, sepia, and beige. It was bred in Germany and the Netherlands. It, like the Smoke Pearl rabbit, was bred for its soft fur.[68]","title":"Giant Smoke Pearl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Baladi rabbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladi_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Cairo University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University"},{"link_name":"Giza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Giza rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giza_rabbit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"The Giza White is a small to medium-sized rabbit, which weighs 2.3–3.6 kg (5–8 lb), and originated in Egypt.[69] Its only fur color is white. In 1932, two Baladi rabbits were bred by the Animal Breeding Department at Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. The original Giza White rabbit came in white, black, grey, and blue. In 1937, systematic breeding took place and created the rabbit only with an albino type of fur. It had a faster rate of growth and a larger litter size.[70][71] The Giza White improved and replaced the Giza rabbit (El-Giza El-Mohassan).[72]","title":"Giza White"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gotlandskanin_Vallby.jpg"},{"link_name":"landrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landrace"},{"link_name":"breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed"},{"link_name":"Mellerud rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellerud_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nordens_Ark-73"},{"link_name":"genetic diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversity"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F%C3%A4rgatlas-74"},{"link_name":"Gotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotland"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"breed standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_standard"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gotlandskaninen-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sk%C3%B6tselr%C3%A5d-77"}],"text":"Gotland rabbitThe Gotland rabbit is a Swedish variety of rabbit of medium size that comes in a variety of colours. The Gotland rabbit has official landrace status in Sweden and is considered an endangered variety, but is also being developed as a formal breed under the same name. The landrace is related to the even rarer Mellerud rabbit. Rabbits have been held at farms in Sweden since at least the 1500s, though decreasing in popularity during the 1900s. These rabbits were referred to as \"bondkaniner\" (\"farm rabbits\") as early as 1881[73] and were kept mainly for their meat and pelts. As a result of this, health, productivity and nursing instincts were considered more important that type and colour, which has traditionally been of higher importance in showing breeds. The Gotland rabbit has therefore managed to retain a large genetic diversity in terms of shape and colour, at the same time maintaining good health and few known genetic illnesses.[74] As show breeds gained popularity, the farm rabbits became rarer until all but extinct. A few remaining populations were discovered in the 1970s on the island of Gotland.[75]Despite having never been bred towards a written breed standard until recent times, most Gotland rabbits share a distinctive and recognizable type. The variety is of medium size with an adult weight of 3–4 kg (6.6–8.8 lb). The body of the doe is relatively elongated with a fine head while the buck is usually somewhat more compact with a rounder head and thicker muzzle. There is no weight difference between the genders. The ears are of medium length and relatively thin, pointed rather than rounded. The eyes are somewhat large with an alert expression. Any eye colour is allowed.\nThe coat is short and fine, usually straight although a few rex coated Gotlands have been known. Any pattern and colour is allowed.[76][77]","title":"Gotland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Fee de Marbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee_de_Marbourg"},{"link_name":"Havana rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"text":"The Gouwenaar, also called the Lilac rabbit or the Gouda rabbit,[78] is a small to medium-sized rabbit, weighing 2.5–3.2 kg (5.5–7.1 lb). It comes in grey and blue. It originated in the Netherlands in 1927,[79] by a Dutch pigeon breeder, who bred a Fee de Marbourg with a Havana rabbit.[80]","title":"Gouwenaar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Beveren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beveren"},{"link_name":"Lilac rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilac_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"The Grey Pearl of Halle, also called the Little Squirrel rabbit, is a medium-sized rabbit, which weighs 2.5–3.2 kg (5.5–7.1 lb) pounds.[81][82] The breed comes in blue, grey, and light brown. It originated in England, Belgium, and the Netherlands in 1920. It was created when a Beveren and a Lilac rabbit was bred. Belgium approved it in 1928 with the Flemish name parelgrijze van Halle and the French Gris Perle de Hal.[83]","title":"Grey Pearl of Halle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"text":"The Güzelçamlı rabbit is a medium-sized rabbit that weighs 2.3–3.6 kg (5–8 lb). It has a base fur color of white with brown spots. It originates from Turkey.[84][85]","title":"Güzelçamlı"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petkeen.com-86"},{"link_name":"domestic pet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"text":"The Hungarian Giant is a large sized rabbit that weighs 5.0–6.8 kg (11–15 lb). The breed originated in Hungary about two hundred years ago.[86] It was originally called the Hungarian Agouti, because it came in an agouti color. It is used for its meat as well as a domestic pet[87] and show rabbit.[88] Their fur is soft and dense.[89]","title":"Hungarian Giant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beige rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beige_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Herbert Nielsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Nielsson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"text":"The Isabella rabbit weighs 3.0–4.0 kg (6.6–8.8 lb), and is a small to medium rabbit. It was first created in England in the 1920s as the Beige rabbit.[90] The breed was reintroduced in 1989 in Sweden, by Herbert Nielsson. The new breed was first shown at the National Exhibition in Malmö. Its fur comes in yellow, brown, and blue.[91]","title":"Isabella"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jamora.jpg"},{"link_name":"rabbit breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"dwarf rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Fox rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_(rabbit)"},{"link_name":"Angora rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angora_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Dornstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornstadt"},{"link_name":"Blaustein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaustein"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Central Association of German Rabbit Breeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Association_of_German_Race_Rabbit_Breeders&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Jamora rabbit, also called the Dwarf Gangora rabbit, is a long-haired rabbit breed,[92] and long fur that is brightly colored with black and yellow. Their normal weight is 2 kg (4.4 lb), the maximum permissible weight is 2.5 kg (5.5 lb). It is considered a dwarf rabbit. It was first bred in the EU and Germany.[93] The Jamora rabbit was created with the Fox rabbit and Angora rabbit the division of long-haired breeds.[94] It was bred by Dr. Bernhard Thimm from Dornstadt, as well as Barbara Bauerschmidt and Johannes Heldt from Blaustein.[95] The goal of these breeders was to create a small, long-haired breed of rabbits that stood out for their appearance. The Jamora rabbit was shown for the first time in 1990 in Nuremberg. The recognition by the Central Association of German Rabbit Breeders took place in 1994.","title":"Jamora"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stuffed_jumbo_rabbit.jpg"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"domestic pet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Inaba's White Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inaba%27s_White_Rabbit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Choju giga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choju_giga"},{"link_name":"Meiji era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_era"},{"link_name":"Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"text":"Jumbo rabbitThe Japanese White rabbit, also called the Jumbo rabbit and the Japanese Harlequin rabbit,[96] is a breed of rabbit found in only Japan.[97] It weighs 3–10 kg (6.6–22.0 lb),[98] and comes in white and brown. It is used as a domestic pet, for its fur, and for its meat. The rabbit has been used in Inaba's White Rabbit and Choju giga. The rabbit was created in the early Meiji era, in 1870. It was originally used for pets, but as the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese Wars occurred, the demand for meat and fur increased, which shifted the breeding to breeding them for fur and meat. After the war, breeding of the rabbit was recommended as part of emotional education in elementary schools, and it became widespread throughout the country.[99]","title":"Japanese White"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"New Zealand white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_white_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Californian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californian_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Burgundy Fawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burgundy_Fawn_rabbit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"text":"The Kabyle rabbit is a small rabbit, weighing 2.0–3.0 kg (4.4–6.6 lb). It comes in tan, black, white, and brown. The original breed was created in Algeria in the early 1970s, by combining a New Zealand white, Californian, and Burgundy Fawn. The present breed was created in the 1990s, by combining the same breeds again.[100][101] The breed performs well at high temperatures.[102]","title":"Kabyle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"domestic rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K-LL-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCLL-104"},{"link_name":"Liptov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liptov"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"}],"text":"The Liptov Baldspotted Rabbit (Slovak: Liptovský lysko) is a Slovak breed of domestic rabbit. It was officially recognized in 2005.[103] It weighs approximately 4–4.25 kg (8.8–9.4 lb). There are three colour varieties: agouti, blue-agouti, and black. The pattern on the head is a white blaze (similar to \"Dutch\" head markings), but there are no other white markings anywhere on the rabbit.[104] It has been bred in the Liptov region of Slovakia.","title":"Liptov Baldspotted"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"text":"The Lynx rabbit, also called the Luchskaninchen rabbit and the Lux rabbit, is a medium-sized rabbit that weighs 2.5–3.2 kg (5.5–7.1 lb). The Lynx originates from Germany and was created by Karl Hoffmann from Düsseldorf who first exhibited the breed in 1919. In 1922 he named the breed Luchskaninchen.[105] The rabbit comes in light grey, reddish-brown, a blue.","title":"Lynx"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mecklenburger_Schecke.jpg"},{"link_name":"Goldenbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldenbow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Wulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Wulf"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Giant Checkered rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giant_Checkered_rabbit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"blue Viennese rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viennese_rabbit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alaska rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Wittenberge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberge"},{"link_name":"Bautzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bautzen"},{"link_name":"red New Zealand rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_rabbit"}],"text":"Mechlenburger PiebaldThe Mecklenburger Piebald, also known as the Mecklenburg Pinto, is a medium-sized rabbit, weighing 4.5 to 5.5 kg (9.9 to 12.1 lb). It comes in agouti, black, blue, red, and steel. The Mecklenburg Piebald was bred out of Goldenbow in Mecklenburg by Rudolf Wulf in 1973.[106] Wulf, who worked as a cattle breeder, had the goal of developing a breed of farm rabbits with the coloring and drawing of the black-and-white cattle he bred. He used a Giant Checkered rabbit, a blue Viennese rabbit, and an Alaska rabbit as starting breeds for his experiments. The breed was shown for the first time in 1980 in Wittenberge. In 1980, Günter Vetter from Bautzen bred the red color by crossing it with a red New Zealand rabbit. In 2012, scientists attempted to make a dwarf Mecklenburger Piebald, but it failed.","title":"Mecklenburger Piebald"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mellerud_rabbit.jpeg"},{"link_name":"albino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albino"},{"link_name":"landrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landrace"},{"link_name":"Gotland rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotland_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nordens_Ark-73"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gotlandskaninen-76"},{"link_name":"Gotland rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotland_rabbit"},{"link_name":"doe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animal_names#Terms_by_species_or_taxon"},{"link_name":"buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare"},{"link_name":"albino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albino"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F%C3%A4rgatlas-74"}],"text":"Mellerud rabbitThe Mellerud rabbit is a Swedish variety of rabbit of medium size that comes in albino or black with white markings. The Mellerud rabbit has official landrace status in Sweden and is considered a critically endangered variety. The Mellerud rabbit shares part of its history with the better-known Gotland rabbit. Both landraces originated from old lines of farm rabbits that were once common all over Sweden. These rabbits were referred to as bondkaniner ('farm-rabbits') as early as 1881[73] and were kept mainly for their meat and pelts. In the 1900s farm rabbits disappeared from most parts of the country and were largely believed to be extinct.[76] The Mellerud rabbit is similar to the Gotland rabbit in terms of conformation. It is a medium-sized rabbit with an adult weight of 3–3.5 kg (6.6–7.7 lb). The body of the doe is relatively elongated with a fine head while the buck is usually somewhat more compact with a rounder head and thicker muzzle. There is no weight difference between the genders. The ears are of medium length and relatively thin, pointed rather than rounded. The eyes are somewhat large with an alert expression. The eyes are brown, blue or a mixture of the two.The coat is short and fine. The colour is either albino or black with white spotting, referred to as Dutch markings. Because breeders have never strived to standardise the markings in the variety, there is a higher degree of variation in the white markings than in most traditional show breeds. Most Melleruds exhibit white muzzles, blazes to varying degrees, white front of chest and white frontpaws. The white may also extend to and include the sides of the face, the shoulders, the back and/or the hind legs.[74]","title":"Mellerud rabbit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Sinai Gabali rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Sinai_Gabali_rabbit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V-Line rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V-Line_rabbit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"rabbitry farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabbitry_farm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"}],"text":"The Moshtohor rabbit, also called the Line M rabbit, is a small rabbit that weighs 2.4 to 3.9 kg (5.3 to 8.6 lb) and originated in Egypt. It comes in yellowish-brown, white, or grey. The rabbit was founded in 2006 as a mix between the Egyptian Sinai Gabali rabbit and the V-Line rabbit. It is 39–46 cm (15–18 in) long. A special farm for the rabbits has been set up in Egypt, called the Moshtohor rabbitry farm.[107]","title":"Moshtohor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-109"}],"text":"The Nitransky rabbit, also called the Rabbit of Nitra,[108] is a medium-sized rabbit, weighing 3.5 to 5.5 kg (7.7 to 12.1 lb). Its fur comes in white and light grey.[109]","title":"Nitransky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"National Orange and Fawn Rex Rabbit Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Orange_and_Fawn_Rex_Rabbit_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"text":"The Orange rabbit is a small rabbit weighing 2.5 to 3.2 kg (5.5 to 7.1 lb). It got its name from the color of its fur,[110] which is a dark orange. The breed originates from Sweden, and was bred by judge Nils Jönsson in 1966.[111] It is part of the National Orange and Fawn Rex Rabbit Association.[112]","title":"Orange"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evolution-Ventes-Orylag%C2%AE.jpg"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"}],"text":"Evolution of Orylag skins produced (in French)The Orylag rabbit, also known as the Rex du Poitou rabbit, is a breed of rabbit that was first bred in the EU and France. It weighs 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) and comes in black, white, grey, orange, and silver.[113] It is mostly used for its fur and meat. It averages 100,000 skins per year[114] and 120,000 kg (260,000 lb) of meat[115][116] every year. The hair is also used in making textiles.[117] The rabbit was created in 1979 by French scientists,[118] and was big for its soft and luxurious fur.[119] In 1990, the first breeding farm was established in Brittany, but without success. In 1992, five Orylag farms were created in Charente-Maritime area.[120]","title":"Orylag"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gunnar Carlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Carlsson"},{"link_name":"Malmö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"text":"The Ørestad rabbit is a small to medium-sized rabbit, that weighs 2.5 to 3.2 kg (5.5 to 7.1 lb). It only comes in white, and has ruby eyes. The breed originates from Sweden, and was created by Gunnar Carlsson who bred the breed in 1969. It was shown for the first time in Malmö in 1970.[121]","title":"Ørestad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_white_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Californian rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californian_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"text":"The Pannon White rabbit is medium-sized and weighs 2.3 to 4.5 kg (5 to 10 lb). It only comes in white. It was bred in Hungary, using a New Zealand white and a Californian rabbit. It was successfully bred in 1988.[122][123]","title":"Pannon White"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1,0_Rexzwergwidder_Blau_7_Mon..jpg"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Mini Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Rex"},{"link_name":"Holland Lop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Lop"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"}],"text":"Miniature Plush LopThe Miniature Plush Lop is a small breed of rabbit that weighs 1.7–1.8 kg (3.7–4.0 lb). The rabbit comes in blue, brown, tan, grey, white, and black. It originates from eastern Ohio in 1995 by Devie D’Anniballe, and was a mix of a Mini Rex and a Holland Lop.[124][125][126] Miniature Plush Lops are very delicate due to their small size.[127] Their average lifespan is 12 years. Another version of the Miniature Plush Lop was created in 2002 in Australia. It was created by Christine Toyer, who mixed a Standard Rex with a Dwarf Lop.[128][129] Their fur is soft and is a low shed rabbit.[130]","title":"Miniature Plush Lop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"}],"text":"The Standard Plush Lop is a breed of rabbit that weighs 2.3–2.6 kg (5.1–5.7 lb), and is a medium-sized rabbit. It was created by Christine Toyer in April 2015, in Australia. It was created by breeding a Dwarf Lop with a Standard Rex.[131] Its fur is 13 mm (0.5 in) thick, and is smooth and soft.[132]","title":"Standard Plush Lop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stadtlengsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtlengsfeld"},{"link_name":"Rhenish Piebald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhenish_Piebald&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chinchilla rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchilla_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"}],"text":"The Rhonde rabbit, also called the Rhön rabbit, is medium-sized, and weighs 2.5–3.2 kg (5.5–7.1 lb). It comes in gray, black, and white. It was created by Karl Becker and his son from Stadtlengsfeld, Germany, 1970 to 1973. The goal was a rabbit whose coat color resembled the trunks of birch trees. The rabbit was created when a Rhenish Piebald was crossed with a Chinchilla rabbit. It was rated rabbit breed of the year in Germany in 2012.[133]","title":"Rhonde"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sachsengold1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rohrdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohrdorf,_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"}],"text":"SachsengoldThe Sachsenngold rabbit, also called the Saxon Gold rabbit, weighs 2.8–3.3 kg (6.1–7.2 lb) and is a medium-sized rabbit. It comes in chestnut and red-orange. It originated from Rohrdorf, Germany, and was bred in 1925 by Richard Bennack and his son. The rabbit was first shown in 1952.[134]","title":"Sachsengold"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Eastern cottontails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_cottontail"},{"link_name":"San Juan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Island"},{"link_name":"San Juan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Island"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Orcas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcas_Island,_Washington"}],"text":"The San Juan rabbit is a small rabbit that weighs 1.4 to 2.3 kg (3 to 5 lb). It comes in a brown, chestnut, and agouti color. It was created in Washington, United States, and was a mix of Eastern cottontails. It first appeared in the 1880s. The rabbit was created naturally on San Juan Island. Around 500 San Juan rabbits live on San Juan Island,[135] and the breed has been domesticated.[136] The San Juan rabbit has a short lifespan of one year in the wild, and five years domesticated.[137] The rabbits have spread to the rest of Washington mainland as well as Orcas Island.","title":"San Juan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dwarf rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"}],"text":"The Simennwar rabbit is a dwarf rabbit that only weighs 1.34 kg (2.95 lb). It was created in Egypt.[138]","title":"Simennwar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-109"}],"text":"The Slovenian rabbit is a large sized rabbit, weighing 3.0 to 5.0 kg (6.6 to 11 lb). The rabbit originated in Slovenia. It comes in tan, white, blue, yellow, brown, and grey. Patterns include pure color and spotted. It comes in both erect and lop ears.[109]","title":"Slovenian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"},{"link_name":"Flemish Giant rabbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Giant_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petkeen.com-86"}],"text":"The Spanish Giant is a breed of large sized rabbit that weighs 5.7 to 6.8 kg (12.5 to 15 lb). Its primary use is meat. The breed was established in 1912 in Spain when farmers in Valencia tried to produce an animal which would provide as much meat as possible. It was created as a mix of Flemish Giant rabbits. The breed was then exported to Europe, Cuba, Argentina, and Chile.[139] One rabbit can produce up to 15 pounds of meat. The Spanish Giant is currently in danger of extinction.[140][141] Their lifespan is four to six years.[86]","title":"Spanish Giant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"}],"text":"The Stone rabbit is a medium-sized rabbit weighing 2.8 kg (6.1 lb). It comes in red agouti, grey agouti, and steel agouti. It is from Belgium. The rabbit was widely exported to England for its meat and almost died out. In 1934, the breed was protected by the government, and the rabbit regained numbers.[142][143]","title":"Stone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helsingborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborg"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"}],"text":"The Swedish Fur is a medium-sized rabbit, weighing 3.0–3.7 kg (6.6–8.2 lb). It comes in black and white, and its fur is glossy. It was bred by Otto Christoffersson in 1923 from Helsingborg, Sweden.[144] The Swedish Fur is Sweden's most endangered rabbit breed.[145]","title":"Swedish Fur"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TanElfinrabbit.JPG"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"}],"text":"Swedish HareThe Swedish Hare, formerly the Elfin rabbit, is a small rabbit weighing 2.3 kg (5 lb). The breed comes in white, brown, black, grey, and many others. It was developed in 2008 by Mirjam Gille and Linda Ahlsen in Sweden for its competitive jumping ability. The Swedish Hare breed specifically combines the athleticism and temperament to excel in jumping competitions, while avoiding extremes of body type, fur length, or ear length.[146][147][148]","title":"Swedish Hare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Béni-Mellal province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ni-Mellal"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"}],"text":"The Tadla rabbit is a small sized rabbit, weighing 1.8 to 2.3 kg (4 to 5 lb). It originated in 1994 in the Béni-Mellal province of Morocco,[149] and was created for its meat.[150] It comes in an agouti color. The population is currently 42,000 rabbits.[151]","title":"Tadla"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teddyzwerg.jpg"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"Angora rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angora_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Lionhead rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionhead_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Teddy Rabbit Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teddy_Rabbit_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"}],"text":"Teddy DwarfThe Teddy Dwarf is a dwarf sized rabbit,[152] weighing 0.82 to 1.68 kg (1.8 to 3.7 lb). The Teddy Dwarf was created in Germany in 2009. It was created by crossing an Angora rabbit and a Lionhead rabbit. The name Teddy Rabbit was created by the Teddy Rabbit Club,[153] which was founded in Germany in 2004. Teddy Dwarfs have spread to almost all European countries beyond Germany.","title":"Teddy Dwarf"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teddywidder.jpg"},{"link_name":"dwarf sized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_rabbit"},{"link_name":"lop rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lop_rabbit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Teddy Rabbit Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teddy_Rabbit_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"dwarf French Angora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Angora"},{"link_name":"bearded rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bearded_rabbit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"}],"text":"Teddy WidderThe TeddyWidder (also called the Teddy Lop) is a dwarf sized lop rabbit which weighs 1.3 to 2.0 kg (2.9 to 4.4 lb) [citation needed]. The rabbit, like the Teddy Dwarf, was created in 2019 by the Teddy Rabbit Club. It was created by breeding a dwarf French Angora and a bearded rabbit.[154]","title":"TeddyWidder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"}],"text":"The Trønder rabbit, also called the Norwegian Silver Fox rabbit, is a large sized rabbit that weighs 4.0 to 6.0 kg (8.8 to 13.2 lb). Its fur comes in black and sometimes white. It was bred from 1916 to 1918 in Trondheim, Norway by T. Hannemo, who was a telephone assistant.[155]","title":"Trønder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"}],"text":"The V-Line rabbit, also called the Line-V or Line V rabbit, is a medium-sized rabbit, weighing 3.3 kg (7.3 lb). It originates in Spain.[156][157]","title":"V-line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mini Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Rex"},{"link_name":"English Lop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Lop"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg-158"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg-158"},{"link_name":"The Velveteen Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velveteen_Rabbit"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg-158"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg-158"}],"text":"The Velveteen Lop is a breed of rabbit that is a cross between the Mini Rex and the English Lop.[158] Breeder Virginia Menden began developing the breed in 1991, with the goal of creating a rabbit that had a semi-arched body shape and fur similar to that of the Mini Rex.[158] Menden named the breed after the children's story The Velveteen Rabbit.[159] The breed became eligible to be shown at ARBA sanctioned shows in February 2019, but is not currently allowed to compete for Best of Show.[160] The Velveteen Lop's coat should feel shiny and plush to the touch. They are also very smooth. \nThe coat can be a variety of colors, and color standards are similar to those of the English Lop. It should have a semi-arched body shape, and the chest should be full. The head should be wedge-shaped. The ears should be low on the rabbit's head, and should measure at least 36 cm (14 in) from tip to tip. Rabbits weigh 2.3–3.2 kg (5–7 lb).[158] Velveteen Lops can live for 5–11 years.[158]","title":"Velveteen Lop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Belgian Giant rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Giant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Danish rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danish_rabbit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"}],"text":"The White Country rabbit is a large sized rabbit, weighing 3.8 to 4.6 kg (8.4 to 10.1 lb). It originates from Denmark, and was created by Julius Schiøtt by mixing a Belgian Giant rabbit with a Danish rabbit. It only comes in white.[161] It was first shown at Copenhagen's Tivoli in 1908.","title":"White Country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"}],"text":"The Zemmouri rabbit is a medium-sized rabbit that weighs 1.8 to 2.9 kg (4 to 6.4 lb). It comes in black, white, and grey.[162] It was created in Morocco in the 1990s by Spanish and French missionaries, who bred European rabbit breeds.[163][164][165]","title":"Zemmouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"domestic rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_rabbit"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"albino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albino"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Z-K-167"}],"text":"The Zika rabbit is a breed of domestic rabbit developed in Germany as a high-yielding hybrid for the meat industry.[166] Zikas are albino rabbits (white with red eyes) that attain a weight of 3.2 kg (7.1 lb) in 84 days.[167]","title":"Zika"}]	[{"image_text":"Big Silver Marten","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Big_Silver_Marten_rabbit_breed.jpg/220px-Big_Silver_Marten_rabbit_breed.jpg"},{"image_text":"Blue of Sint-Niklaas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/BlvSN.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bourbonnais Grey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lapin-gris-du-bourbonnais_SDA2014.JPG/220px-Lapin-gris-du-bourbonnais_SDA2014.JPG"},{"image_text":"2 Cuban Brown rabbits","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/AJM_012_Vivero_Alamar.JPG/220px-AJM_012_Vivero_Alamar.JPG"},{"image_text":"Czech Red Rabbit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Czech_Red_Rabbit.jpg/220px-Czech_Red_Rabbit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Czech Solver Rabbit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lustic2.JPG/220px-Lustic2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Czech Spotted Rabbit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Czech_spotted_rabbit_2.jpg/220px-Czech_spotted_rabbit_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Czech White","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Czech_Albino_Rabbit_2.jpg/220px-Czech_Albino_Rabbit_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Enderby Island Rabbit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Enderby_Island_Rabbit_Closeup.jpg/300px-Enderby_Island_Rabbit_Closeup.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fox rabbit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Eithel%2C_black_Silver_Fox_doe.jpg/220px-Eithel%2C_black_Silver_Fox_doe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gotland rabbit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gotlandskanin_Vallby.jpg/220px-Gotlandskanin_Vallby.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Jamora.jpg/220px-Jamora.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jumbo rabbit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Stuffed_jumbo_rabbit.jpg/220px-Stuffed_jumbo_rabbit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mechlenburger Piebald","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mecklenburger_Schecke.jpg/220px-Mecklenburger_Schecke.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mellerud rabbit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mellerud_rabbit.jpeg/220px-Mellerud_rabbit.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Evolution of Orylag skins produced (in French)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Evolution-Ventes-Orylag%C2%AE.jpg/220px-Evolution-Ventes-Orylag%C2%AE.jpg"},{"image_text":"Miniature Plush Lop","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1%2C0_Rexzwergwidder_Blau_7_Mon..jpg/220px-1%2C0_Rexzwergwidder_Blau_7_Mon..jpg"},{"image_text":"Sachsengold","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sachsengold1.jpg/220px-Sachsengold1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Swedish Hare","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/TanElfinrabbit.JPG/220px-TanElfinrabbit.JPG"},{"image_text":"Teddy Dwarf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Teddyzwerg.jpg/220px-Teddyzwerg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Teddy Widder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Teddywidder.jpg/220px-Teddywidder.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lapin01_flipped_and_colorized.svg"},{"title":"Rabbits and hares portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Rabbits_and_hares"},{"title":"List of rabbit breeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rabbit_breeds"},{"title":"American Rabbit Breeders Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Rabbit_Breeders_Association"},{"title":"British Rabbit Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rabbit_Council"}]	[{"reference":"\"Molecular Characterization of Alexandria Rabbit\". Retrieved December 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277236415","url_text":"\"Molecular Characterization of Alexandria Rabbit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Egypt: Alexandria Rabbit\". Retrieved December 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imedpub.com/articles/phylogenetic-relationships-among-different-lines-of-rabbits-in-egypt.php?aid=10100","url_text":"\"Egypt: Alexandria Rabbit\""}]},{"reference":"Lukefahr, Steven D. (September–October 1996). \"Development of a New Commercial Sire Breed: The Altex\". Domestic Rabbits. 24 (5). American Rabbit Breeders Association: 20–21. Retrieved February 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://users.tamuk.edu/kfsdl00/altex-article.html","url_text":"\"Development of a New Commercial Sire Breed: The Altex\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Rabbit Breeding & Teaching Program at TAMUK\". Texas A&M University–Kingsville. September 12, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://users.tamuk.edu/kfsdl00/rabb.html","url_text":"\"The Rabbit Breeding & Teaching Program at TAMUK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Argente Clair – Rabbit\". Vetbook. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210202045212/http://vetbook.org/wiki/rabbit/index.php/Argente_Clair","url_text":"\"Argente Clair – Rabbit\""},{"url":"http://vetbook.org/wiki/rabbit/index.php/Argente_Clair","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Country Report On the State of the Armenian Animal Genetic Resources\" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved August 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/genetics/documents/Interlaken/countryreports/Armenia.pdf","url_text":"\"Country Report On the State of the Armenian Animal Genetic Resources\""}]},{"reference":"\"Republic of Armenia First National Report\" (PDF). Convention on Biological Diversity. Retrieved August 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/am/am-nr-01-en.pdf","url_text":"\"Republic of Armenia First National Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Armenian Marder/Rabbit/Armenia\". EFABIS. Retrieved August 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://efabis.izoo.krakow.pl/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=0ed437a8bb128acf53d459029d75458f,reportsreport8a_50010943","url_text":"\"Armenian Marder/Rabbit/Armenia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raising Aurora Negro Rabbits\". Retrieved December 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.raising-rabbits.com/aurora-rex-rabbit-ranch.html","url_text":"\"Raising Aurora Negro Rabbits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Domestic Animal Diversity Information System\". Retrieved December 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fao.org/dad-is/dataexport/en/","url_text":"\"Domestic Animal Diversity Information System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recursos Zoogenéticos de Guatemala\" (PDF). Retrieved December 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/010/a1250e/annexes/CountryReports/Guatemala.pdf","url_text":"\"Recursos Zoogenéticos de Guatemala\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guatemala's Aurora Negro Rabbit Breed\". Retrieved December 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://149.156.48.19/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=6504e89475a1994575925fe32ca9a4eb,reportsreport8a_972","url_text":"\"Guatemala's Aurora Negro Rabbit Breed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aurora Negro Rabbit\". Retrieved December 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://raisingrabbits.com/","url_text":"\"Aurora Negro Rabbit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baladi Rabbits – Arca del Gusto\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/baladi-rabbits/","url_text":"\"Baladi Rabbits – Arca del Gusto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baladi Rabbits\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christkindlmarkt	Christmas market	["1 History","2 Attractions and stalls","3 Major Christmas markets","3.1 Austria","3.2 France","3.3 Germany","3.4 Italy","3.5 United Kingdom","3.6 United States","3.7 Other countries","4 Queer Christmas markets","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]	Street market associated with the celebration of Christmas The Christkindlesmarkt in Nuremberg, Germany, is one of the most famous Christmas markets in the world. A Christmas market is a street market associated with the celebration of Christmas during the four weeks of Advent. These markets originated in Germany, but are now held in many countries. Some in the U.S. have adapted the name to the quasi-German Christkindlmarket, substituting market for German Markt. Christmas markets date to the Late Middle Ages in the German-speaking part of Europe and in many parts of the former Holy Roman Empire, which included many eastern regions of modern France. They became a popular Advent custom during the Reformation era. Dresden's Striezelmarkt was first held in 1434 and one of the first true Christmas markets; earlier markets of the season were "December markets". Early mentions of these "December markets" can be found in Vienna (1296), Munich (1310), Bautzen (1384), and Frankfurt (1393). In many towns in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, Advent is usually ushered in with the opening of the Christmas market or "Weihnachtsmarkt". In southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria, it is called a "Christkind(e)l(s)(i)markt" (German language, literally meaning "Christ child market"). Traditionally held in the town square, the market offers food, drinks and seasonal items for sale from open-air stalls, accompanied by traditional singing and dancing. On opening night at the Christkindlesmarkt in Nuremberg, and in some other towns, onlookers welcome the "Christkind" (originally boy Jesus, but often depicted as an angel-like girl), acted by a local child. History The first traces of Christmas markets in the German-speaking part of Europe and in many parts of the former Holy Roman Empire go back to late medieval sales fairs and—often one-day—markets, which gave citizens the opportunity to stock up on meat and winter necessities at the beginning of the cold season. In 1296, Duke Albert I of Austria granted the Viennese traders the privilege of holding a "December market" to supply the local population. In the 14th century, the custom arose of allowing craftsmen such as toy makers, basket weavers and confectioners to set up stalls under the name "Saint Nicholas market" to sell the little things that children received as Christmas gifts. There were also stands selling roasted chestnuts, nuts and almonds. A Saint Nicholas market in Munich was first mentioned in a document in 1310. In 1384, King Wenceslas granted the town of Bautzen the right to hold a free meat market on Saturdays from St. Michael's Day (29 September) until Christmas. Over time, the tradition spread throughout the German-speaking world. The first document reporting a Christmas market is dated 1434 during the reign of Frederick II of Saxony, mentioning a Striezelmarkt, which took place in Dresden on the Monday before Christmas. Later, the Reformation continued the tradition by renaming it Christkindlmarkt ("Christ Child market") to combat the cult of saints. The Strasbourg Christmas market dates from 1570, that of Nuremberg from 1628. In the 19th century, the Christkindelsmärik (in Alsatian) of Strasbourg was held at the Frohnhof (French: Cour aux Corvées) between the Cathedral of Our Lady, the Palais Rohan and the Œuvre Notre-Dame Museum (current Place du Château) and took place eight days before Christmas and until midnight mass. Since around the first half of the 20th century, markets have become an integral element of pre-Christmas customs. A revival took place in the mid-1990s. Many cities in Europe have established their own Christmas market with chalets and sometimes attractions (ephemeral ice rink, Ferris wheel, etc.), thus offering a more commercial market. Engraving of the Christmas market in Berlin, Germany, 1796 Litography of the Christmas market in Nuremberg, Germany, in the 19th century Depiction of the Christmas market on the Place Kléber in Strasbourg, France, 1859 Attractions and stalls Traditional gingerbread hearts at a Christmas market in Berlin, Germany Popular attractions at the markets include the Nativity Scene (a crèche or crib), Zwetschgenmännle (figures made of decorated dried plums), Nussknacker (carved Nutcrackers), Gebrannte Mandeln (candied, toasted almonds), traditional Christmas cookies such as Lebkuchen and Magenbrot (both forms of soft gingerbread), Bratwurst, and Glühwein, hot mulled wine (with or without a shot of brandy), or Eierpunsch (an egg-based warm alcoholic drink) - both a highlight of the market for many visitors. Both help stave off the cold winter air which sometimes dips below freezing. More regional food specialties include Christstollen (Stollen), a sort of bread with candied fruit in Saxony, and hot Apfelwein and Frankfurter Bethmännchen in Hesse. Major Christmas markets See also: List of Christmas markets Austria Advent and Christmas market in Leoben, Austria Christmas markets are popular traditions in Austria, and are held in Vienna, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Linz, and Graz. The first "December Market" was held in Vienna in 1298. Vienna holds 20 different Christmas markets around the city. Most Christmas markets open in late November and last through December, closing right after 25 December, with a few staying open for New Year's. The largest Christmas market and one of the most well known is the Vienna Christmas World on Rathausplatz, near the Rathaus, Vienna's historic city hall. The market draws 3 million people each year and includes 150 unique stalls that offer traditional Austrian foods, Christmas decorations and ornaments, handicrafts, and drinks. The Vienna Christmas World on Rathausplatz also features an advent theme park called the Adventzauber with workshops and cultural performances that cater to families and young children. Visitors to the Vienna Christmas World can also ice skate on a 3,000-square-metre (32,000 sq ft) ice rink and on frozen paths that run through the Rathausplatz Park. Other famous Christmas markets include the Christmas Market at Schönbrunn Palace, the Art Advent on Karlsplatz, the Christmas Village at Belvedere Palace, and the Christmas Village on Maria-Theresien-Platz. The Christmas Market at Schönbrunn Palace, “Kultur-und-Weihnachtsmarkt,” takes place in front of the imperial palace. It features Austrian handicrafts and goods as well as a cultural program with activities and workshops. The Art Advent on Karlsplatz offers artisan goods, a children's program, and a petting zoo. Popular food specialities include Kinderpunsch (a non-alcoholic punch), Glühwein, Baumstriezel (a Hungarian pastry coated in cinnamon and sugar), Kartoffelpuffer (potato pancakes), Lángos (savory deep fried dough), Schaumkuss (chocolate covered marshmallows), Stollen (bread with candied fruit), Maroni (roasted chestnuts), Bratkartoffel (roasted potato wedges), Lebkuchen (Austrian gingerbread), and baked potatoes. France The Christkindelsmärik in Strasbourg, France Christmas markets are traditional in Alsace, France, and most of the towns there have their local Christmas market. Strasbourg has been holding a Christmas market, "Christkindelsmärik," around its cathedral since 1570, when the city was part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Germany The Striezelmarkt in Dresden, Germany, one of the first Christmas markets in the world Famous Christmas markets are held in the cities of Augsburg, Dresden, Erfurt, Frankfurt, Nuremberg, and Stuttgart, making them popular tourist attractions during the Christmas holiday season. The Nuremberg and Dresden markets draw about two million people each year; the Stuttgart and Frankfurt markets attract more than three million visitors. The two most visited Christmas markets in Germany are found in Dortmund, with more than three and a half million visitors of 300 stalls around a gigantic Christmas tree that stands 45 metres (148 ft) tall, and in Cologne with 4 million people. Additionally, Berlin claims more than 70 markets, which open in late November and close just after Christmas. Italy See also: Christmas in Italy Christmas market in Merano, Italy In Italy, the oldest Christmas market is considered to be that of Bologna, held for the first time in the 18th century and linked to the feast of Saint Lucia. The tradition of the markets has however spread in Italy predominantly especially since the 1990s, with the birth of the first modern markets: among these, the first ever was that of Bolzano, born in 1991, which was followed by others in the area of Alto Adige, in particular in Merano, Bressanone, Vipiteno and Brunico. The Trento Christmas market, established in 1993, is renowned in Trentino. In Naples, where the tradition of the Neapolitan nativity scene has been famous for centuries, the exhibition of the nativity scenes made in the city's artisan shops is held every year in via San Gregorio Armeno. Noteworthy are the Christmas markets at Piazza Navona in Rome, in Verona, in Gubbio, in Alberobello, in Aosta, in Torino, in Asti, in Arezzo, in Florence, in Trieste, in Livigno, in Santa Maria Maggiore, Arco and in Cison di Valmarino. United Kingdom Main article: Winter wonderland In 1982, Lincoln, England, established an annual Christmas market in early December. This remains one of the most extensive such market by area in the United Kingdom, with a claimed total of over 300 stalls attracting more than 100,000 visitors over its four days. Starting in 1997, Frankfurt Christmas Markets were established with support from Frankfurt in Birmingham, Edinburgh, Leeds, and Manchester. Other large Christmas markets have been held in England in Bath (since 2000) and Liverpool (since 2006). The Christmas markets are such a success that they are becoming a major pull factor to increase trade and visitor numbers to towns and cities. Birmingham's Christmas Market, primarily located on New Street between the Bullring shopping centre and the Council House, is the "largest outdoor Christmas market in the UK" as well as the "largest authentic German Christmas market outside of Germany or Austria". The market also offers live entertainment on the main stage. The market is held for approximately six weeks every year and usually closes around 23 December. Manchester's Christmas Markets have also been successful, with 300 stalls over eight city locations, with each location being themed to create a different atmosphere such as French, World, and German, with European-themed stalls on the Albert Square, Manchester proving to be the most popular. United States German immigrants carried Christmas market celebrations to the United States. It is celebrated in such cities as Chicago, Denver, and Tulsa. Other countries As noted, other countries have also established such markets. The Christmas market of Barcelona starts on 13 December, Saint Lucy's Day, and is called Fira de Santa Llúcia. It has been held in the square of Barcelona Cathedral since 1786. A traditional Christmas market was held for the first time in Sibiu, Romania, in 2007. Queer Christmas markets This new, non-traditional type was inaugurated with the Munich "Pink Christmas Market" in 2005. Subsequently the idea spread out through other German cities (such as Berlin and Hamburg) and worldwide (e.g. in Greater Vancouver, the "Fraser Valley Queer Christmas Market"). Gallery Tallinna Jõuluturg in Tallinn, Estonia Christmas market in Jena, Germany Christmas market in Colmar, France Christkindelsmärik in Strasbourg, France Christmas market in Erfurt, Germany Christmas market at Piazza Navona in Rome, Italy Tuomaan Markkinat at the Senate Square in Helsinki, Finland Christmas market in Bolzano, Italy Christmas market at the Red Square in Moscow, Russia Julmarknad ("Christmas market") in Gamla stan, Stockholm, Sweden Christmas market in Cologne, Germany Sibiu Christmas market in Sibiu, Romania Christmas market in Wrocław, Poland Christmas market in Vienna, Austria Christmas market at Waddesdon Manor, UK Christmas market in Riga, Latvia See also Holidays portalChristianity portalGermany portal 2000 Strasbourg Cathedral bombing plot 2016 Berlin truck attack 2018 Strasbourg attack Notes ^ Also known as Christkindlmarkt (literally: Christ Child Market, but the term "Christkind" usually refers to an angel-like "spirit of Christmas" rather than literally the Christ Child), Christkindlesmarkt, Christkindlimarkt, and Weihnachtsmarkt (German: ⓘ) References ^ a b Larsen, Timothy (2020). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-19-883146-4. Similarly, Christmas markets (aka Christkindlsmarkt) are common during Advent, a Reformation era tradition that has spread from Germany to other countries. ^ a b "German Christmas markets: Seasonal shopping at its finest". The Independent. 11 November 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2016. ^ "The Christkindlmarket 2022". Retrieved 31 December 2022. ^ "Christkindlmarket". Retrieved 31 December 2022. ^ a b c "Christmas Markets in Germany and Europe". The German Way & More. Retrieved 30 October 2019. ^ "Geschichte des Wiener Christkindlmarkts - Weihnachts- und Adventmarkt". www.wien.gv.at (in German). Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2019. ^ "Christmas markets in Vienna". Austrian National Tourist Office. Retrieved 2 April 2017. ^ Darmstadt, IDL Software GmbH. "Weihnachtsmarkt in Bautzen - Weihnachten 2016". Retrieved 25 December 2016. ^ "Frankfurt Christmas Markets in Great Britain \| Frankfurt Tourism". Frankfurt Tourismus. 27 December 2014. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2019. ^ Wahle, Stephan (2018). Die stillste Nacht. Das Fest der Geburt Jesu von den Anfängen bis heute (in German). Freiburg i.Br.: Herder. p. 141. ^ "Teil 10: Die ältesten Weihnachtsmärkte der Welt - WELT". DIE WELT (in German). 19 November 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ Manfred Becker-Huberti: Feiern, Feste, Jahreszeiten. Lebendige Bräuche im ganzen Jahr. (in German), Herder Verlag, Freiburg/Basel/Vienna, 2001, ISBN 3-451-27702-6, p. 147. ^ "Wenzelsmarkt". Wenzelsmarkt (in German). Retrieved 24 December 2023. ^ "ÄLTESTER WEIHNACHTSMARKT \| REKORD-INSTITUT für DEUTSCHLAND". rekord-institut.org (in German). 10 December 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2023. ^ Thuria, Agence. "Marché de Noël à Strasbourg". noel.strasbourg.eu. Retrieved 24 December 2023. ^ "Nuremberg Christmas Market - christkindlesmarkt.de". www.christkindlesmarkt.de (in German). Retrieved 24 December 2023. ^ P. J. Fargès-Méricourt, Description de la ville de Strasbourg (in French), Levrault, Strasbourg, 1840, p. 58 ^ a b "Christmas Markets in Vienna". Austria. Retrieved 31 August 2018. ^ "Christmas Market on the Main Square in Krakow". Retrieved 4 June 2020. ^ a b "Visit Top Christmas Markets (Weihnachtsmarkt) in Vienna". European Traveler. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2018. ^ a b "Christmas markets". VIENNA – Now. Forever. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2018. ^ "Vienna Christmas Market Guide and Map 2018". Vienna Unwrapped. Retrieved 31 August 2018. ^ Christmas markets ^ Noël à Strasbourg Archived 17 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 8 July 2007 ^ Christmas City Nuremberg Stadt Nürnberg. Retrieved 8 July 2007 ^ Stuttgart Christmas Market Archived 22 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine Stuttgart Marketing. Retrieved 8 July 2007 ^ "Weihnachtsmärkte: Köln ist Publikumsmagnet : Topnews". Topnews.de. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2013. ^ Innes said... (26 December 2011). "Top Berlin Christmas Markets". On London Time. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2013. ^ "Mercatini di Natale a Bologna e in Emilia-Romagna: dove sono e le regole per visitarli" (in Italian). Retrieved 1 December 2021. ^ "30 anni e non sentirli" (in Italian). Retrieved 1 December 2021. ^ "Mercatini originali Alto Adige - Südtirol" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 December 2021. ^ "Mercatini di Natale di Trento" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 December 2021. ^ "San Gregorio Armeno, la via dei Presepi" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 December 2021. ^ "Il Mercatino di Natale a piazza Navona" (in Italian). Retrieved 30 January 2024. ^ "I MERCATINI DI NATALE PIÙ BELLI IN ITALIA" (in Italian). Retrieved 6 February 2024. ^ "Alla scoperta dei 10 mercatini di Natale più belli d'Italia" (in Italian). Retrieved 6 February 2024. ^ "Mercatini di Natale 2023: la nostra wishlist" (in Italian). Retrieved 6 February 2024. ^ "Frankfurt Christmas Markets Great Britain Scotland England". Frankfurt-tourismus.de. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013. ^ Bentley, David (20 September 2018). "These are the dates for Birmingham German Christmas Market 2018". birminghammail. Retrieved 5 November 2018. ^ "Frankfurt Christmas Market Birmingham \| 15 November 2018 to 23 December 2018". www.thebfcm.co.uk. Retrieved 5 November 2018. ^ Denise Evans (18 November 2012). "Manchester Christmas Markets 2012: A guide to the city's festive stalls - Manchester Evening News". Menmedia.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2013. ^ "Mapped: Manchester set for 'biggest and best ever' Christmas markets - Manchester Evening News". Menmedia.co.uk. 2 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2013. ^ CHRISTKINDLMARKT BETHLEHEM ArtsQuest (2006). Retrieved 8 July 2007 ^ Christkindlmarket Chicago Archived 3 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine German American Chamber of Commerce of the Midwest, 17 November 2006. Retrieved 8 July 2007 ^ Denver Christkindl Market Archived 4 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine German American Chamber of Commerce Colorado Chapter. (2006). Retrieved 8 July 2007 ^ Donner. "Mifflinburg Christkindl Market". Retrieved 25 December 2016. ^ Christkindlmarkt 2007 Archived 17 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine German-American Society of Tulsa, 1 May 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2007 ^ Christmas Market ^ History ^ (http://www.graffino.com), Graffino. "Târgul de Crăciun din Sibiu". Retrieved 25 December 2016. ^ "Pink Christmas originated from an idea in the gay scene. The pink pleasure combines the needs of this specific audience with the traditional values of a Christmas market." (Official website „Pink Christmas, FAQ, English“) ^ "Christmas Avenue" on visitberlin.de ^ "Winter Pride Christmas Market" on hamburg.com ^ Facebook site Further reading Bakst, Alex: "A Visit to Germany's Christmas Markets", Spiegel Online 7 December 2006 Zug, J.D. (1991): German-American Life: Recipes and Traditions, Iowa City: Penfield Press External links Media related to Christmas markets at Wikimedia Commons Christmas markets travel guide from Wikivoyage vteChristmas Blue Christmas Boxing Day Children's Day Christmas Eve Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen's Day Sol Invictus Yule InChristianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Neapolitan Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc Caganer Christkind Grýla Jack Frost Korvatunturi Kallikantzaros Legend of the Christmas Spider Mari Lwyd Miner's figure Nisse North Pole Old Man Winter Perchta Santa's workshop Tió de Nadal Turoń Vertep Wenceslaus Yule cat Yule Lads Gift-bringers Saint Nicholas folklore 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England Ethiopia Finland France Germany Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Italy Mexico New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine United States American Civil War Hawaii New Mexico Post-War United States Music Carols list Operas Songs Hit singles in the UK Hit singles in the US Music charts (Billboard) Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media In literature novels A Christmas Carol Films (Christmas, Santa, Christmas horror) Poetry "Old Santeclaus with Much Delight" A Visit from St. Nicholas "Christmas Day in the Workhouse" "Journey of the Magi" "Tomten" Christmas television specials Yule Log Apollo 8 Genesis reading Inmodernsociety Advent Conspiracy Black Friday (partying) Black Friday (shopping) Bronner's Christmas Wonderland Christmas and holiday season Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas seals Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday Grinch El Gordo Jews and Christmas In July In August NBA games NFL games Pikkujoulu SantaCon Santa's Candy Castle Santa Claus Village Scrooge Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Ugly sweaters Virginia O'Hanlon ("Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus") White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food anddrinkDinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Thirteen desserts Twelve-dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets Candy cane Cake Cookie Cozonac Fruitcake Gingerbread Kutia Makówki Melomakarono Mince pie Pampushka Panettone Pavlova Pecan pie Poppy seed roll Pumpkin pie Qurabiya Red velvet cake Stollen Szaloncukor Turrón Yule log Soup Menudo Borscht Sauces Bread sauce Cranberry sauce Redcurrant sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Hot chocolate Kissel Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumplings Hallaca Pierogi Tamale Varenyky Meat and fish Carp Gefilte fish Ham Pickled herring Roast goose Romeritos Stuffing Tourtière (meat pie) Turkey Category Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christkindlesmarkt_nuernberg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christkindlesmarkt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christkindlesmarkt,_Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-1"},{"link_name":"street market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_market"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Advent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larsen2020-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Late Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-3"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larsen2020-2"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Striezelmarkt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striezelmarkt"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christkindlmarkt_at_Marienplatz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"Bautzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bautzen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bautzen-9"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Christmas_Market"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Advent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent"},{"link_name":"Christkindlesmarkt in Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christkindlesmarkt,_Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Christkind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christkind"},{"link_name":"boy Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Child"}],"text":"The Christkindlesmarkt in Nuremberg, Germany, is one of the most famous Christmas markets in the world.A Christmas market[a] is a street market associated with the celebration of Christmas during the four weeks of Advent.[1] These markets originated in Germany, but are now held in many countries.[2] Some in the U.S. have adapted the name to the quasi-German Christkindlmarket, substituting market for German Markt.[3][4]Christmas markets date to the Late Middle Ages in the German-speaking part of Europe and in many parts of the former Holy Roman Empire, which included many eastern regions of modern France.[2] They became a popular Advent custom during the Reformation era.[1] Dresden's Striezelmarkt was first held in 1434 and one of the first true Christmas markets;[5] earlier markets of the season were \"December markets\".[5][6] Early mentions of these \"December markets\" can be found in Vienna (1296),[7] Munich (1310),[5] Bautzen (1384),[8] and Frankfurt (1393).[9]In many towns in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, Advent is usually ushered in with the opening of the Christmas market or \"Weihnachtsmarkt\". In southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria, it is called a \"Christkind(e)l(s)(i)markt\" (German language, literally meaning \"Christ child market\"). Traditionally held in the town square, the market offers food, drinks and seasonal items for sale from open-air stalls, accompanied by traditional singing and dancing. On opening night at the Christkindlesmarkt in Nuremberg, and in some other towns, onlookers welcome the \"Christkind\" (originally boy Jesus, but often depicted as an angel-like girl), acted by a local child.","title":"Christmas market"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"late medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Duke Albert I of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Viennese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Saint Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Bautzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bautzen"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Frederick II of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Elector_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Alsatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsatian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Our Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Palais Rohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Rohan,_Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Œuvre Notre-Dame Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27%C5%92uvre_Notre-Dame"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"ice rink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rink"},{"link_name":"Ferris wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris_wheel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChristmarktBerlin1796.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christmarkt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emile_Schweitzer-Foire_de_No%C3%ABl_sur_la_place_Kl%C3%A9ber_en_1859.jpg"},{"link_name":"Place Kléber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Kl%C3%A9ber"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"}],"text":"The first traces of Christmas markets in the German-speaking part of Europe and in many parts of the former Holy Roman Empire go back to late medieval sales fairs and—often one-day—markets, which gave citizens the opportunity to stock up on meat and winter necessities at the beginning of the cold season.[10] In 1296, Duke Albert I of Austria granted the Viennese traders the privilege of holding a \"December market\" to supply the local population.[11]In the 14th century, the custom arose of allowing craftsmen such as toy makers, basket weavers and confectioners to set up stalls under the name \"Saint Nicholas market\" to sell the little things that children received as Christmas gifts. There were also stands selling roasted chestnuts, nuts and almonds.[12] A Saint Nicholas market in Munich was first mentioned in a document in 1310. In 1384, King Wenceslas granted the town of Bautzen the right to hold a free meat market on Saturdays from St. Michael's Day (29 September) until Christmas.[13][14]Over time, the tradition spread throughout the German-speaking world. The first document reporting a Christmas market is dated 1434 during the reign of Frederick II of Saxony, mentioning a Striezelmarkt, which took place in Dresden on the Monday before Christmas. Later, the Reformation continued the tradition by renaming it Christkindlmarkt (\"Christ Child market\") to combat the cult of saints. The Strasbourg Christmas market dates from 1570,[15] that of Nuremberg from 1628.[16]In the 19th century, the Christkindelsmärik (in Alsatian) of Strasbourg was held at the Frohnhof (French: Cour aux Corvées) between the Cathedral of Our Lady, the Palais Rohan and the Œuvre Notre-Dame Museum (current Place du Château) and took place eight days before Christmas and until midnight mass.[17]Since around the first half of the 20th century, markets have become an integral element of pre-Christmas customs. A revival took place in the mid-1990s. Many cities in Europe have established their own Christmas market with chalets and sometimes attractions (ephemeral ice rink, Ferris wheel, etc.), thus offering a more commercial market.Engraving of the Christmas market in Berlin, Germany, 1796\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLitography of the Christmas market in Nuremberg, Germany, in the 19th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDepiction of the Christmas market on the Place Kléber in Strasbourg, France, 1859","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traditional_gingerbread_hearts_Berlin_Xmas_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Nativity Scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_Scene"},{"link_name":"Nutcrackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutcracker"},{"link_name":"Lebkuchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebkuchen"},{"link_name":"gingerbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingerbread"},{"link_name":"Bratwurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratwurst"},{"link_name":"Glühwein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulled_wine"},{"link_name":"mulled wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulled_wine"},{"link_name":"brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy"},{"link_name":"Eierpunsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eierpunsch"},{"link_name":"Stollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stollen"},{"link_name":"Apfelwein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfelwein"},{"link_name":"Bethmännchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethm%C3%A4nnchen"}],"text":"Traditional gingerbread hearts at a Christmas market in Berlin, GermanyPopular attractions at the markets include the Nativity Scene (a crèche or crib), Zwetschgenmännle (figures made of decorated dried plums), Nussknacker (carved Nutcrackers), Gebrannte Mandeln (candied, toasted almonds), traditional Christmas cookies such as Lebkuchen and Magenbrot (both forms of soft gingerbread), Bratwurst, and Glühwein, hot mulled wine (with or without a shot of brandy), or Eierpunsch (an egg-based warm alcoholic drink) - both a highlight of the market for many visitors. Both help stave off the cold winter air which sometimes dips below freezing. More regional food specialties include Christstollen (Stollen), a sort of bread with candied fruit in Saxony, and hot Apfelwein and Frankfurter Bethmännchen in Hesse.","title":"Attractions and stalls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Christmas markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_markets"}],"text":"See also: List of Christmas markets","title":"Major Christmas markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advent-_und_Wihnachtsdorf_am_Hauptplatz_Leoben.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leoben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leoben"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck"},{"link_name":"Linz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz"},{"link_name":"Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Rathausplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathausplatz,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Rathaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_of_local_government"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-21"},{"link_name":"Schönbrunn Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace"},{"link_name":"Karlsplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsplatz"},{"link_name":"Belvedere Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvedere,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Maria-Theresien-Platz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria-Theresien-Platz"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Baumstriezel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrt%C5%91skal%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Kartoffelpuffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_pancake"},{"link_name":"Lángos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1ngos"},{"link_name":"Stollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stollen"},{"link_name":"Lebkuchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebkuchen"}],"sub_title":"Austria","text":"Advent and Christmas market in Leoben, AustriaChristmas markets are popular traditions in Austria, and are held in Vienna, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Linz, and Graz. The first \"December Market\" was held in Vienna in 1298.[18] Vienna holds 20 different Christmas markets around the city.[18] Most Christmas markets open in late November and last through December, closing right after 25 December, with a few staying open for New Year's.[19] The largest Christmas market and one of the most well known is the Vienna Christmas World on Rathausplatz, near the Rathaus, Vienna's historic city hall. The market draws 3 million people each year and includes 150 unique stalls that offer traditional Austrian foods, Christmas decorations and ornaments, handicrafts, and drinks.[20][21] The Vienna Christmas World on Rathausplatz also features an advent theme park called the Adventzauber with workshops and cultural performances that cater to families and young children. Visitors to the Vienna Christmas World can also ice skate on a 3,000-square-metre (32,000 sq ft) ice rink and on frozen paths that run through the Rathausplatz Park.[20]Other famous Christmas markets include the Christmas Market at Schönbrunn Palace, the Art Advent on Karlsplatz, the Christmas Village at Belvedere Palace, and the Christmas Village on Maria-Theresien-Platz.[21] The Christmas Market at Schönbrunn Palace, “Kultur-und-Weihnachtsmarkt,” takes place in front of the imperial palace. It features Austrian handicrafts and goods as well as a cultural program with activities and workshops. The Art Advent on Karlsplatz offers artisan goods, a children's program, and a petting zoo.[22] Popular food specialities include Kinderpunsch (a non-alcoholic punch), Glühwein, Baumstriezel (a Hungarian pastry coated in cinnamon and sugar), Kartoffelpuffer (potato pancakes), Lángos (savory deep fried dough), Schaumkuss (chocolate covered marshmallows), Stollen (bread with candied fruit), Maroni (roasted chestnuts), Bratkartoffel (roasted potato wedges), Lebkuchen (Austrian gingerbread), and baked potatoes.","title":"Major Christmas markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strasbourg_march%C3%A9_de_No%C3%ABl_place_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_jour_d%C3%A9cembre_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christkindelsmärik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christkindelsm%C3%A4rik,_Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Christkindelsmärik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christkindelsm%C3%A4rik,_Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strasbourg-25"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"The Christkindelsmärik in Strasbourg, FranceChristmas markets are traditional in Alsace, France, and most of the towns there have their local Christmas market.[23] Strasbourg has been holding a Christmas market, \"Christkindelsmärik,\" around its cathedral since 1570, when the city was part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.[24]","title":"Major Christmas markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg"},{"link_name":"Striezelmarkt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striezelmarkt"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Erfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nuremberg-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stuttgart-27"},{"link_name":"Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"The Striezelmarkt in Dresden, Germany, one of the first Christmas markets in the worldFamous Christmas markets are held in the cities of Augsburg, Dresden, Erfurt, Frankfurt, Nuremberg, and Stuttgart, making them popular tourist attractions during the Christmas holiday season.[25][26] The Nuremberg and Dresden markets draw about two million people each year; the Stuttgart and Frankfurt markets attract more than three million visitors.The two most visited Christmas markets in Germany are found in Dortmund, with more than three and a half million visitors of 300 stalls around a gigantic Christmas tree that stands 45 metres (148 ft) tall, and in Cologne with 4 million people.[27] Additionally, Berlin claims more than 70 markets, which open in late November and close just after Christmas.[28]","title":"Major Christmas markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christmas in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meraner_Advent-_Passerpromenade-_Kurhaus-_Meran.jpg"},{"link_name":"Merano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merano"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercatini_Italia-30"},{"link_name":"Bolzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolzano"},{"link_name":"Alto Adige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_Adige"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercatino_Bolzano-31"},{"link_name":"Merano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merano"},{"link_name":"Bressanone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bressanone"},{"link_name":"Vipiteno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipiteno"},{"link_name":"Brunico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunico"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Trento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trento"},{"link_name":"Trentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentino"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Neapolitan nativity scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Piazza Navona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Navona"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"Gubbio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubbio"},{"link_name":"Alberobello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberobello"},{"link_name":"Aosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aosta"},{"link_name":"Torino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino"},{"link_name":"Asti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asti"},{"link_name":"Arezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arezzo"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"Livigno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livigno"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore,_Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Arco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco,_Trentino"},{"link_name":"Cison di Valmarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cison_di_Valmarino"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-italia-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanityfair-38"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"See also: Christmas in ItalyChristmas market in Merano, ItalyIn Italy, the oldest Christmas market is considered to be that of Bologna, held for the first time in the 18th century and linked to the feast of Saint Lucia.[29] The tradition of the markets has however spread in Italy predominantly especially since the 1990s, with the birth of the first modern markets: among these, the first ever was that of Bolzano, born in 1991, which was followed by others in the area of Alto Adige,[30] in particular in Merano, Bressanone, Vipiteno and Brunico.[31]The Trento Christmas market, established in 1993, is renowned in Trentino.[32] In Naples, where the tradition of the Neapolitan nativity scene has been famous for centuries, the exhibition of the nativity scenes made in the city's artisan shops is held every year in via San Gregorio Armeno.[33] Noteworthy are the Christmas markets at Piazza Navona in Rome,[34] in Verona, in Gubbio, in Alberobello, in Aosta, in Torino, in Asti, in Arezzo, in Florence, in Trieste, in Livigno, in Santa Maria Maggiore, Arco and in Cison di Valmarino.[35][36][37]","title":"Major Christmas markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frankfurt_Christmas_Markets_in_UK-39"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Birmingham's Christmas Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Christmas_Market"},{"link_name":"New Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Street,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Bullring shopping centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Ring,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Council House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_House,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Albert Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Square,_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"In 1982, Lincoln, England, established an annual Christmas market in early December. This remains one of the most extensive such market by area in the United Kingdom, with a claimed total of over 300 stalls attracting more than 100,000 visitors over its four days. Starting in 1997, Frankfurt Christmas Markets were established with support from Frankfurt in Birmingham, Edinburgh, Leeds, and Manchester.[38] Other large Christmas markets have been held in England in Bath (since 2000) and Liverpool (since 2006). The Christmas markets are such a success that they are becoming a major pull factor to increase trade and visitor numbers to towns and cities.Birmingham's Christmas Market, primarily located on New Street between the Bullring shopping centre and the Council House, is the \"largest outdoor Christmas market in the UK\"[39] as well as the \"largest authentic German Christmas market outside of Germany or Austria\".[40] The market also offers live entertainment on the main stage. The market is held for approximately six weeks every year and usually closes around 23 December. Manchester's Christmas Markets have also been successful, with 300 stalls over eight city locations, with each location being themed to create a different atmosphere such as French, World, and German, with European-themed stalls on the Albert Square, Manchester proving to be the most popular.[41][42]","title":"Major Christmas markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"Tulsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BethlehemPA-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denver-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tulsa-48"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"German immigrants carried Christmas market celebrations to the United States. It is celebrated in such cities as Chicago, Denver, and Tulsa.[43][44][45][46][47]","title":"Major Christmas markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucy's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucy%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Barcelona Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Sibiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sibiu_Christmas_Market-51"}],"sub_title":"Other countries","text":"As noted, other countries have also established such markets. The Christmas market of Barcelona starts on 13 December, Saint Lucy's Day, and is called Fira de Santa Llúcia. It has been held in the square of Barcelona Cathedral since 1786.[48][49]A traditional Christmas market was held for the first time in Sibiu, Romania, in 2007.[50]","title":"Major Christmas markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Greater Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"This new, non-traditional type was inaugurated with the Munich \"Pink Christmas Market\"[51] in 2005. Subsequently the idea spread out through other German cities (such as Berlin[52] and Hamburg[53]) and worldwide (e.g. in Greater Vancouver, the \"Fraser Valley Queer Christmas Market\"[54]).","title":"Queer Christmas markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christmas_market_(Tallinn,_Estonia).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tallinna Jõuluturg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn_Christmas_Market"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChristmasMarketJena.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colmar_(31633763397).jpg"},{"link_name":"Colmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colmar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christmas_market,_Strasbourg_(5226804625).jpg"},{"link_name":"Christkindelsmärik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christkindelsm%C3%A4rik,_Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weihnachtsmarkt_Erfurt,_151216,_ako.jpg"},{"link_name":"Erfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIAZZA_DE_NAVONA,_ROME.JPG"},{"link_name":"Piazza Navona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Navona"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senaatintorin_joulumarkkinat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tuomaan Markkinat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Christmas_Market"},{"link_name":"Senate Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Square,_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christkindlmarkt_Bozen_03.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bolzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolzano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_No%C3%ABl_de_la_place_Rouge_et_magasin_Goum_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Red Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Square"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stortorget_in_Gamla_Stan,_Stockholm,_Sweden,_2022_December_-_8.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gamla stan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_stan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weihnachtsmarkt_Dom_2011_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SibiuChristmasMarket2012Opening.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sibiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercado_de_Navidad,_Plaza_del_Mercado,_Breslavia,_Polonia,_2017-12-20,_DD_41-49_HDR_PAN.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wien_-_Christkindlmarkt,_Rathausplatz.JPG"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waddesdon_Manor%27s_Christmas_Fair.jpg"},{"link_name":"Waddesdon Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christmas_market_at_Esplan%C4%81de_park_in_Riga.jpg"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"}],"text":"Tallinna Jõuluturg in Tallinn, Estonia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChristmas market in Jena, Germany\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChristmas market in Colmar, France\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChristkindelsmärik in Strasbourg, France\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChristmas market in Erfurt, Germany\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChristmas market at Piazza Navona in Rome, Italy\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTuomaan Markkinat at the Senate Square in Helsinki, Finland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChristmas market in Bolzano, Italy\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChristmas market at the Red Square in Moscow, Russia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJulmarknad (\"Christmas market\") in Gamla stan, Stockholm, Sweden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChristmas market in Cologne, Germany\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSibiu Christmas market in Sibiu, Romania\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChristmas market in Wrocław, Poland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChristmas market in Vienna, Austria\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChristmas market at Waddesdon Manor, UK\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChristmas market in Riga, Latvia","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_1-0"},{"link_name":"Christ Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Child"},{"link_name":"[ˈvaɪ̯naxt͡sˌmaʁkt]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/De-Weihnachtsmarkt.ogg/De-Weihnachtsmarkt.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Weihnachtsmarkt.ogg"}],"text":"^ Also known as Christkindlmarkt (literally: Christ Child Market, but the term \"Christkind\" usually refers to an angel-like \"spirit of Christmas\" rather than literally the Christ Child), Christkindlesmarkt, Christkindlimarkt, and Weihnachtsmarkt (German: [ˈvaɪ̯naxt͡sˌmaʁkt] ⓘ)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"A Visit to Germany's Christmas Markets\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451474,00.html"},{"link_name":"Spiegel Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.spiegel.de/international/"}],"text":"Bakst, Alex: \"A Visit to Germany's Christmas Markets\", Spiegel Online 7 December 2006\nZug, J.D. (1991): German-American Life: Recipes and Traditions, Iowa City: Penfield Press","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Christkindlesmarkt in Nuremberg, Germany, is one of the most famous Christmas markets in the world.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Christkindlesmarkt_nuernberg.jpg/250px-Christkindlesmarkt_nuernberg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Traditional gingerbread hearts at a Christmas market in Berlin, Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Traditional_gingerbread_hearts_Berlin_Xmas_2006.jpg/220px-Traditional_gingerbread_hearts_Berlin_Xmas_2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Advent and Christmas market in Leoben, Austria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Advent-_und_Wihnachtsdorf_am_Hauptplatz_Leoben.jpg/220px-Advent-_und_Wihnachtsdorf_am_Hauptplatz_Leoben.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Christkindelsmärik in Strasbourg, France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Strasbourg_march%C3%A9_de_No%C3%ABl_place_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_jour_d%C3%A9cembre_2014.jpg/220px-Strasbourg_march%C3%A9_de_No%C3%ABl_place_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_jour_d%C3%A9cembre_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Striezelmarkt in Dresden, Germany, one of the first Christmas markets in the world","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg/220px-Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg"},{"image_text":"Christmas market in Merano, Italy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Meraner_Advent-_Passerpromenade-_Kurhaus-_Meran.jpg/220px-Meraner_Advent-_Passerpromenade-_Kurhaus-_Meran.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg"},{"title":"Holidays portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Holidays"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"title":"Germany portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany"},{"title":"Strasbourg Cathedral bombing plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral_bombing_plot"},{"title":"2016 Berlin truck attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Berlin_truck_attack"},{"title":"2018 Strasbourg attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Strasbourg_attack"}]	[{"reference":"Larsen, Timothy (2020). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-19-883146-4. Similarly, Christmas markets (aka Christkindlsmarkt) are common during Advent, a Reformation era tradition that has spread from Germany to other countries.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-883146-4","url_text":"978-0-19-883146-4"}]},{"reference":"\"German Christmas markets: Seasonal shopping at its finest\". The Independent. 11 November 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/german-christmas-markets-seasonal-shopping-at-its-finest-8303531.html","url_text":"\"German Christmas markets: Seasonal shopping at its finest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"The Christkindlmarket 2022\". 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Retrieved 25 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.graffino.com/","url_text":"http://www.graffino.com"},{"url":"http://www.targuldecraciun.ro/","url_text":"\"Târgul de Crăciun din Sibiu\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/german-christmas-markets-seasonal-shopping-at-its-finest-8303531.html","external_links_name":"\"German Christmas markets: Seasonal shopping at its finest\""},{"Link":"https://www.christkindlmarket.com/","external_links_name":"\"The Christkindlmarket 2022\""},{"Link":"https://downtowngreenbay.com/do/christkindlmarket","external_links_name":"\"Christkindlmarket\""},{"Link":"https://www.german-way.com/history-and-culture/holidays-and-celebrations/christmas/christmas-markets-in-germany/","external_links_name":"\"Christmas Markets in Germany and Europe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200216183242/https://www.wien.gv.at/freizeit/einkaufen/maerkte/geschichte/christkindlmarkt.html","external_links_name":"\"Geschichte des Wiener Christkindlmarkts - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuenyong_Opakul	Aed Carabao	["1 History","1.1 Early life","1.2 Achieving stardom","1.3 Social role","2 Carabao Dang","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]	Thai singer-songwriter Aed CarabaoChBhแอ๊ด คาราบาวAed in 2009BornYuenyong Opakul (1954-11-09) 9 November 1954 (age 69)Mueang Suphan Buri, Suphan Buri, ThailandOther namesAed CarabaoOccupations Singer-songwriter actor writer presenter Investor Entrepreneur Years active1979 – presentSpouseLinchong OpakulChildren Nicha "Zen" Opakul (daughter) Natcha "Zeen" Opakul (daughter) Warraman "Zorro" Opakul (son) ParentsManus Opakul (father)Jongjin Sae-ung (mother)RelativesYingyong "Eed" Opakul (twin brother)Musical careerGenres Rock Phleng phuea chiwit Instrument(s) Vocals guitar mouth organ LabelsWarner Music ThailandMember ofCarabaoWebsiteOfficial website Musical artist Aed Carabao (Thai: แอ๊ด คาราบาว, RTGS: Aet Kharabao) is the stage name of Yuenyong Opakul (Thai: ยืนยง โอภากุล, RTGS: yuen-yong o-phakun; born 9 November 1954) He is a singer-songwriter and leader of the Thai rock band Carabao, known for its songs in the "songs for life" genre. In October 2022, the governor of Suphan Buri province filed a defamation complaint with Thai police; Yuenyong Opakul "called the governor names as he slammed him for not inviting him to play at an annual fair in" his hometown; Yuenyong Opakul has apologised. History Early life He was born in a Thai Teochew Chinese middle-class family in Tambon Tha Phi Liang, Mueang Suphan Buri, Suphan Buri Province in central Thailand. He is the third generation of overseas Chinese immigrants living in Thailand. Yuenyong is the youngest son of the family. He has a twin brother who is fellow singer and musician, Yingyong Opakul (Eed). His grandfather came from a small village in the Fengshun, Meizhou north of Han River, Guangdong. His father's named Manus Opakul, who was highly regarded in the local area as a folk philosopher. Manus was a merchant, look thung (Thai country music) band manager, writer, local historian and was the pioneer of first Suphan Buri local newspaper. As a youngster, Yuenyong was exposed to the music of central Thailand: call and response songs, Thai folk music, Thai dancing, and look thung which his father was a band manager. When Yeunyong was a teenager he was influenced by Western music, and learned to play Western musical instruments. These were influences he drew on as a musician. He wrote in his autobiography that as a child he had dive in the Tha Chin River that flows through behind his house. He caught a rare species Siamese tigerfish and sold it to an aquarium shop. Yuenyong began primary education at Wat Suwan School, then left for further studies in Bangkok. He continued on in his studies at Uthenthawai Vocational School (now's Rajamangala Institute, Uthenthawai Campus), where he majored in architecture. Then he continued in architecture for one year at the Mapúa Institute of Technology in the Philippines. In the Philippines, Yuengyong Opakul met Kirati Promsaka Na Sakon Nakhon, or Keo, another Thai student. They listened to the music of Led Zeppelin, John Denver, the Eagles, and Peter Frampton from records that a third friend, Sanit Limsila, or Kai, had accumulated. All three agreed to set up a band with the name "Carabao" to perform folk music at the institute. When Yuenyoung Opakul graduated and returned to Thailand, he found work as an architect. Later, when Kai and Keo returned from the Philippines, all three met to play music together again in the Windsor Hotel restaurant in central Bangkok. They played at the Hotel Mandarin Samyan on weekends. All three friends were fired from their jobs for skipping work without notice. Jobless, Kai left the group to work in south Thailand. Aed and Keo stayed and continued playing music together with the band Hope. In 1980, Yuenyong was working as an architect in an office managing a National Housing Authority project. Keo was working as an engineer for a Filipino company opening a branch in Thailand. Together, they played music in the evenings at a bar in the Ambassador Hotel Sukhumvit. Achieving stardom Aed Carabao on stage 2022, Carabao's 40-years anniversary tour in The Green Mango Club, Ko Samui. Aed produced the first album of the group Hammer in 1979. With this album, Hammer became known. In 1980, Aed composed the song "Teuk Kwaai Tui" ('Wild Buffalo') for Hammer to record for their album Bpak Dtai Baan Rao ('Our Southern Home'). That album vaulted Hammer to fame. Later, Aed worked with Hammer to come out with an album named Khanchanmueang with a folk-look thung musical style. He participated in composing songs for a movie starring the singer Phonom Napon in 1981. Aed got together with Keo and produced their first album under the name "Carabao" in 1981. The album, Kee Mao ('The Drunkard'), achieved little notice. So the band toured, playing in cinemas across the country to small audiences. Carabao became successful with their fifth album, Made in Thailand (1984), selling five million copies, and making "Aed Carabao" a household name in Thailand. It wasn't until he made it big that he quit his day job as an architect, a job he has said he enjoyed very much. He has since toured in Europe, Japan, and the US. Aed has written and performed no fewer than 900 songs, making him one of the most prolific singer–songwriters in the world. Social role Aed Carabao on stage in 2009, concert at 14 May 2009 in Bo Phut, Koh Samui. Aed has not limited himself to the role of song artist only, but also hosts television programs and composes music for movies. He has acted in several movies and has composed musical public service announcements on issues or to advertise a project. Aed is a keen observer of the Thai political and social scene. He has composed songs on salient events affecting the country: "Ma Nok" ('Ma Nok') inspired by the events of 9 Sep revolt "No Plom Plam" ('No problem') criticizing the government at that time with Gen Chatichai Choonhavan as prime minister "Khri Kha Pra Cha Chon" ('Who Killed People') and "Ratchadamnoen" ('Ratchadamnoen') with "Talay Jai" ('Ocean Heart') inspired by the events of Black May 1992 "Boon Ma" ('Boon Ma') from drafting the 1997 constitution and criticized then prime minister Banharn Silpa-archa as a fellow Suphan Buri people "Khwan Thai Jai Neung Deaw" ('Thai Axe, All for One') about the South Thailand insurgency "Tsunami" inspired by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami "When Whak" ('Punctuate') arising from the 2005–06 Thai political crisis "Jed Tula Lod Thong Kreung Sao" ('7 Oct, Half-mast') stemming from the 2008–2010 Thai political crisis "Thep Pa Chao Dan Khun Thot" ('God of Dan Khun Thot') from the death of Luang Por Koon Paritsuttho. "Kat Takorn Tao Ninja" (Ninja Turtle Murderer; retitled from Kat Takorn Tao Ngoi – Tao Ngoi Murderer) concerning the murder of a 3-year-old girl, Orawan "Nong Chompoo" Wongsricha Carabao Dang Carabao Dang (CBD), a business for manufacturing, marketing and selling energy drinks, was incorporated in 2001. The company was a joint investment by Sathien Setthasit, Nutchamai Thanombooncharoen, and Aed Carabao. As of 2018 Aed serves as "brand ambassador" for Carabao Dang. Honours In 2013, Aed received an honorary doctorate in Thai popular music from Ramkhamhaeng University. He was also appointed a National Artist in the performing arts branch (international and Thai music) in the same year. References ^ (in Thai)บ้านบรรทัดห้าเส้น Archived 7 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in Thai)๑... Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2418968. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 20 October 2022 ^ https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/2415743/ad-carabao-in-hot-water-over-offensive-rant. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 17 October 2022 ^ "คอนเสิร์ตเมดอินไทยแลนด์สังคายนา – LIFE". YouTube (in Thai). 27 January 2015. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016. ^ a b c Buraphawithi, Pracha (12 February 2024). "การเมืองสไตล์ "แอ๊ด คาราบาว" ประชาธิปไตยดื่มได้". Krungthep Turakij (in Thai). Retrieved 16 October 2022. ^ เปิดใจ "แอ๊ด คาราบาว" จาก "ซูนามิ" สู่ "สึนามิ" นักบุญหรือคนบาป?. ASTV Manager (in Thai). 6 January 2005. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ "แอ๊ด คาราบาว" แสดงจุดยืนผ่านบทเพลง "เว้นวรรค". ASTV Manager (in Thai). 14 March 2006. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ "คาราบาว" กับทิศทางใน "7 ตุลา ลดธงครึ่งเสา". ASTV Manager (in Thai). 24 October 2008. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ "แอ๊ด" ทำเพลง "เทพเจ้าด่านขุนทด" รำลึก "หลวงพ่อคูณ". ASTV Manager (in Thai). 25 May 2015. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ "แอ๊ด คาราบาว เปลี่ยนชื่อเพลง ฆาตกรเต่างอย เป็น ฆาตกรเต่านินจา หลังชาวบ้านชี้ไม่เหมาะ". Khaosod (in Thai). 12 February 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ "Major Developments of the Group; 2001". Carabao Group. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2018. ^ Annual Report 2017 (PDF). Bangkok: Carabao Group. 2018. p. 32. Retrieved 20 August 2018. External links Homepage of Carabao and Aed Carabao (in Thai) Aed Carabao at IMDb Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"RTGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"RTGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Carabao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabao_(band)"},{"link_name":"\"songs for life\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phleng_phuea_chiwit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Suphan Buri province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suphan_Buri_province"},{"link_name":"defamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation"},{"link_name":"Thai police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_police"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Thai singer-songwriterAed Carabao (Thai: แอ๊ด คาราบาว, RTGS: Aet Kharabao) is the stage name of Yuenyong Opakul (Thai: ยืนยง โอภากุล, RTGS: yuen-yong o-phakun; born 9 November 1954)[1] He is a singer-songwriter and leader of the Thai rock band Carabao, known for its songs in the \"songs for life\" genre.[2]In October 2022, the governor of Suphan Buri province filed a defamation complaint with Thai police; Yuenyong Opakul \"called the governor names as he slammed him for not inviting him to play at an annual fair in\" his hometown; Yuenyong Opakul has apologised.[3][4]","title":"Aed Carabao"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai Teochew Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Mueang Suphan Buri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueang_Suphan_Buri_District"},{"link_name":"Fengshun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengshun"},{"link_name":"Meizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meizhou"},{"link_name":"Han River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_River_(Guangdong)"},{"link_name":"look thung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_Thung"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tha Chin River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha_Chin_River"},{"link_name":"Siamese tigerfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_tigerfish"},{"link_name":"Mapúa Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map%C3%BAa_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Kirati Promsaka Na Sakon Nakhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirati_Promsaka_Na_Sakon_Nakhon"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"John Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Denver"},{"link_name":"the Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Peter Frampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frampton"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"He was born in a Thai Teochew Chinese middle-class family in Tambon Tha Phi Liang, Mueang Suphan Buri, Suphan Buri Province in central Thailand. He is the third generation of overseas Chinese immigrants living in Thailand. Yuenyong is the youngest son of the family. He has a twin brother who is fellow singer and musician, Yingyong Opakul (Eed). His grandfather came from a small village in the Fengshun, Meizhou north of Han River, Guangdong. His father's named Manus Opakul, who was highly regarded in the local area as a folk philosopher. Manus was a merchant, look thung (Thai country music) band manager, writer, local historian and was the pioneer of first Suphan Buri local newspaper.As a youngster, Yuenyong was exposed to the music of central Thailand: call and response songs, Thai folk music, Thai dancing, and look thung which his father was a band manager. When Yeunyong was a teenager he was influenced by Western music, and learned to play Western musical instruments. These were influences he drew on as a musician.[5]He wrote in his autobiography that as a child he had dive in the Tha Chin River that flows through behind his house. He caught a rare species Siamese tigerfish and sold it to an aquarium shop.Yuenyong began primary education at Wat Suwan School, then left for further studies in Bangkok. He continued on in his studies at Uthenthawai Vocational School (now's Rajamangala Institute, Uthenthawai Campus), where he majored in architecture. Then he continued in architecture for one year at the Mapúa Institute of Technology in the Philippines.In the Philippines, Yuengyong Opakul met Kirati Promsaka Na Sakon Nakhon, or Keo, another Thai student. They listened to the music of Led Zeppelin, John Denver, the Eagles, and Peter Frampton from records that a third friend, Sanit Limsila, or Kai, had accumulated. All three agreed to set up a band with the name \"Carabao\" to perform folk music at the institute.When Yuenyoung Opakul graduated and returned to Thailand, he found work as an architect. Later, when Kai and Keo returned from the Philippines, all three met to play music together again in the Windsor Hotel restaurant in central Bangkok. They played at the Hotel Mandarin Samyan on weekends. All three friends were fired from their jobs for skipping work without notice.Jobless, Kai left the group to work in south Thailand. Aed and Keo stayed and continued playing music together with the band Hope. In 1980, Yuenyong was working as an architect in an office managing a National Housing Authority project. Keo was working as an engineer for a Filipino company opening a branch in Thailand. Together, they played music in the evenings at a bar in the Ambassador Hotel Sukhumvit.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carabao_(Thai-band)_2022_IMG_IMG_1708.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carabao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabao_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ko Samui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Samui"}],"sub_title":"Achieving stardom","text":"Aed Carabao on stage 2022, Carabao's 40-years anniversary tour in The Green Mango Club, Ko Samui.Aed produced the first album of the group Hammer in 1979. With this album, Hammer became known. In 1980, Aed composed the song \"Teuk Kwaai Tui\" ('Wild Buffalo') for Hammer to record for their album Bpak Dtai Baan Rao ('Our Southern Home'). That album vaulted Hammer to fame. Later, Aed worked with Hammer to come out with an album named Khanchanmueang with a folk-look thung musical style. He participated in composing songs for a movie starring the singer Phonom Napon in 1981.Aed got together with Keo and produced their first album under the name \"Carabao\" in 1981. The album, Kee Mao ('The Drunkard'), achieved little notice. So the band toured, playing in cinemas across the country to small audiences.Carabao became successful with their fifth album, Made in Thailand (1984), selling five million copies, and making \"Aed Carabao\" a household name in Thailand. It wasn't until he made it big that he quit his day job as an architect, a job he has said he enjoyed very much. He has since toured in Europe, Japan, and the US.Aed has written and performed no fewer than 900 songs, making him one of the most prolific singer–songwriters in the world.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carabao_(band)_2009_DSC04621_Aed_Carabao.jpg"},{"link_name":"Koh Samui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Samui"},{"link_name":"9 Sep revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Thai_coup_attempt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jj-6"},{"link_name":"Chatichai Choonhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatichai_Choonhavan"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jj-6"},{"link_name":"Ratchadamnoen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchadamnoen_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Black May 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_May_(1992)"},{"link_name":"1997 constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_constitution_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Banharn Silpa-archa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banharn_Silpa-archa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jj-6"},{"link_name":"South Thailand insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency"},{"link_name":"2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2005–06 Thai political crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Thai_political_crisis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2008–2010 Thai political crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Thai_political_crisis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dan Khun Thot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Khun_Thot_District"},{"link_name":"Luang Por","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luang_Por"},{"link_name":"Koon Paritsuttho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luang_Por_Khun_Parissuddho"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ninja Turtle Murderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles"},{"link_name":"Tao Ngoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoe_Tao_Ngoi"},{"link_name":"Orawan \"Nong Chompoo\" Wongsricha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Kok_Kok#Hot_issue"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Social role","text":"Aed Carabao on stage in 2009, concert at 14 May 2009 in Bo Phut, Koh Samui.Aed has not limited himself to the role of song artist only, but also hosts television programs and composes music for movies. He has acted in several movies and has composed musical public service announcements on issues or to advertise a project.Aed is a keen observer of the Thai political and social scene. He has composed songs on salient events affecting the country:\"Ma Nok\" ('Ma Nok') inspired by the events of 9 Sep revolt[6]\n\"No Plom Plam\" ('No problem') criticizing the government at that time with Gen Chatichai Choonhavan as prime minister[6]\n\"Khri Kha Pra Cha Chon\" ('Who Killed People') and \"Ratchadamnoen\" ('Ratchadamnoen') with \"Talay Jai\" ('Ocean Heart') inspired by the events of Black May 1992\n\"Boon Ma\" ('Boon Ma') from drafting the 1997 constitution and criticized then prime minister Banharn Silpa-archa as a fellow Suphan Buri people[6]\n\"Khwan Thai Jai Neung Deaw\" ('Thai Axe, All for One') about the South Thailand insurgency\n\"Tsunami\" inspired by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami[7]\n\"When Whak\" ('Punctuate') arising from the 2005–06 Thai political crisis[8]\n\"Jed Tula Lod Thong Kreung Sao\" ('7 Oct, Half-mast') stemming from the 2008–2010 Thai political crisis[9]\n\"Thep Pa Chao Dan Khun Thot\" ('God of Dan Khun Thot') from the death of Luang Por Koon Paritsuttho.[10]\n\"Kat Takorn Tao Ninja\" (Ninja Turtle Murderer; retitled from Kat Takorn Tao Ngoi – Tao Ngoi Murderer) concerning the murder of a 3-year-old girl, Orawan \"Nong Chompoo\" Wongsricha[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carabao Dang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabao_Energy_Drink"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aed_Carabao&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Carabao Dang (CBD), a business for manufacturing, marketing and selling energy drinks, was incorporated in 2001. The company was a joint investment by Sathien Setthasit, Nutchamai Thanombooncharoen, and Aed Carabao.[12] As of 2018[update] Aed serves as \"brand ambassador\" for Carabao Dang.[13]","title":"Carabao Dang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramkhamhaeng University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramkhamhaeng_University"},{"link_name":"National Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Artist"}],"text":"In 2013, Aed received an honorary doctorate in Thai popular music from Ramkhamhaeng University. He was also appointed a National Artist in the performing arts branch (international and Thai music) in the same year.","title":"Honours"}]	[{"image_text":"Aed Carabao on stage 2022, Carabao's 40-years anniversary tour in The Green Mango Club, Ko Samui.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Carabao_%28Thai-band%29_2022_IMG_IMG_1708.jpg/220px-Carabao_%28Thai-band%29_2022_IMG_IMG_1708.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aed Carabao on stage in 2009, concert at 14 May 2009 in Bo Phut, Koh Samui.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Carabao_%28band%29_2009_DSC04621_Aed_Carabao.jpg/220px-Carabao_%28band%29_2009_DSC04621_Aed_Carabao.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"คอนเสิร์ตเมดอินไทยแลนด์สังคายนา [ ฉบับเต็ม 3.30 ชม. ] – LIFE\". YouTube (in Thai). 27 January 2015. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160327085140/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9kBUGbnzMo","url_text":"\"คอนเสิร์ตเมดอินไทยแลนด์สังคายนา [ ฉบับเต็ม 3.30 ชม. ] – LIFE\""},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9kBUGbnzMo","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Buraphawithi, Pracha (12 February 2024). \"การเมืองสไตล์ \"แอ๊ด คาราบาว\" ประชาธิปไตยดื่มได้\". Krungthep Turakij (in Thai). Retrieved 16 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/blogs/politics/1032603","url_text":"\"การเมืองสไตล์ \"แอ๊ด คาราบาว\" ประชาธิปไตยดื่มได้\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krungthep_Turakij","url_text":"Krungthep Turakij"}]},{"reference":"เปิดใจ \"แอ๊ด คาราบาว\" จาก \"ซูนามิ\" สู่ \"สึนามิ\" นักบุญหรือคนบาป?. ASTV Manager (in Thai). 6 January 2005. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171002071839/http://www.manager.co.th/Entertainment/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9480000002277","url_text":"เปิดใจ \"แอ๊ด คาราบาว\" จาก \"ซูนามิ\" สู่ \"สึนามิ\" นักบุญหรือคนบาป?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTV_Manager","url_text":"ASTV Manager"},{"url":"http://www.manager.co.th/Entertainment/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9480000002277","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"แอ๊ด คาราบาว\" แสดงจุดยืนผ่านบทเพลง \"เว้นวรรค\". ASTV Manager (in Thai). 14 March 2006. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171002070724/http://www.manager.co.th/Home/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9490000035262","url_text":"\"แอ๊ด คาราบาว\" แสดงจุดยืนผ่านบทเพลง \"เว้นวรรค\""},{"url":"http://www.manager.co.th/Home/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9490000035262","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"คาราบาว\" กับทิศทางใน \"7 ตุลา ลดธงครึ่งเสา\". ASTV Manager (in Thai). 24 October 2008. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175515/http://www.manager.co.th/Entertainment/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9510000126367","url_text":"\"คาราบาว\" กับทิศทางใน \"7 ตุลา ลดธงครึ่งเสา\""},{"url":"http://www.manager.co.th/Entertainment/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9510000126367","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"แอ๊ด\" ทำเพลง \"เทพเจ้าด่านขุนทด\" รำลึก \"หลวงพ่อคูณ\". ASTV Manager (in Thai). 25 May 2015. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150526194857/http://www.manager.co.th/Entertainment/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9580000059205","url_text":"\"แอ๊ด\" ทำเพลง \"เทพเจ้าด่านขุนทด\" รำลึก \"หลวงพ่อคูณ\""},{"url":"http://www.manager.co.th/Entertainment/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9580000059205","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"แอ๊ด คาราบาว เปลี่ยนชื่อเพลง ฆาตกรเต่างอย เป็น ฆาตกรเต่านินจา หลังชาวบ้านชี้ไม่เหมาะ\". Khaosod (in Thai). 12 February 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.khaosod.co.th/special-stories/news_8036970","url_text":"\"แอ๊ด คาราบาว เปลี่ยนชื่อเพลง ฆาตกรเต่างอย เป็น ฆาตกรเต่านินจา หลังชาวบ้านชี้ไม่เหมาะ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaosod","url_text":"Khaosod"}]},{"reference":"\"Major Developments of the Group; 2001\". Carabao Group. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210302005734/https://www.carabaogroup.com/en/about/background","url_text":"\"Major Developments of the Group; 2001\""},{"url":"http://www.carabaogroup.com/en/about/background","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Annual Report 2017 (PDF). Bangkok: Carabao Group. 2018. p. 32. Retrieved 20 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://investor.carabaogroup.com/misc/ar/20180330-cbg-ar2017-en-02.pdf","url_text":"Annual Report 2017"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://carabao.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aed_Carabao&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.prachatai.com/05web/th/columnist/view.php?SystemModuleKey=Village&ContentID=2666&ColumnistID=42","external_links_name":"บ้านบรรทัดห้าเส้น"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071007021204/http://www.prachatai.com/05web/th/columnist/view.php?SystemModuleKey=Village&ContentID=2666&ColumnistID=42","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sakulthai.com/DSakulcolumndetail.asp?stcolumnid=140&stissueid=2386&stcolcatid=2&stauthorid=12","external_links_name":"๑..."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715225815/http://www.sakulthai.com/DSakulcolumndetail.asp?stcolumnid=140&stissueid=2386&stcolcatid=2&stauthorid=12","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2418968","external_links_name":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2418968"},{"Link":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/2415743/ad-carabao-in-hot-water-over-offensive-rant","external_links_name":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/2415743/ad-carabao-in-hot-water-over-offensive-rant"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160327085140/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9kBUGbnzMo","external_links_name":"\"คอนเสิร์ตเมดอินไทยแลนด์สังคายนา [ ฉบับเต็ม 3.30 ชม. ] – LIFE\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9kBUGbnzMo","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/blogs/politics/1032603","external_links_name":"\"การเมืองสไตล์ \"แอ๊ด คาราบาว\" ประชาธิปไตยดื่มได้\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171002071839/http://www.manager.co.th/Entertainment/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9480000002277","external_links_name":"เปิดใจ \"แอ๊ด คาราบาว\" จาก \"ซูนามิ\" สู่ \"สึนามิ\" นักบุญหรือคนบาป?"},{"Link":"http://www.manager.co.th/Entertainment/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9480000002277","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171002070724/http://www.manager.co.th/Home/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9490000035262","external_links_name":"\"แอ๊ด คาราบาว\" แสดงจุดยืนผ่านบทเพลง \"เว้นวรรค\""},{"Link":"http://www.manager.co.th/Home/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9490000035262","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175515/http://www.manager.co.th/Entertainment/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9510000126367","external_links_name":"\"คาราบาว\" กับทิศทางใน \"7 ตุลา ลดธงครึ่งเสา\""},{"Link":"http://www.manager.co.th/Entertainment/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9510000126367","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150526194857/http://www.manager.co.th/Entertainment/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9580000059205","external_links_name":"\"แอ๊ด\" ทำเพลง \"เทพเจ้าด่านขุนทด\" รำลึก \"หลวงพ่อคูณ\""},{"Link":"http://www.manager.co.th/Entertainment/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9580000059205","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.khaosod.co.th/special-stories/news_8036970","external_links_name":"\"แอ๊ด คาราบาว เปลี่ยนชื่อเพลง ฆาตกรเต่างอย เป็น ฆาตกรเต่านินจา หลังชาวบ้านชี้ไม่เหมาะ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210302005734/https://www.carabaogroup.com/en/about/background","external_links_name":"\"Major Developments of the Group; 2001\""},{"Link":"http://www.carabaogroup.com/en/about/background","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://investor.carabaogroup.com/misc/ar/20180330-cbg-ar2017-en-02.pdf","external_links_name":"Annual Report 2017"},{"Link":"http://www.carabao.net/","external_links_name":"Homepage of Carabao and Aed Carabao"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2262867/","external_links_name":"Aed Carabao"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e9bee016-4ea5-4a9e-9920-d825bf31a5eb","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suction_cup	Suction cup	["1 Theory","2 Calculations","3 Artificial use","4 See also","5 References"]	Device used to adhere to nonporous surfaces A transparent suction cup The pressure on a suction cup as exerted by collisions of gas molecules holds the suction cup in contact with the surface. One cup suction lifter. A suction cup, also known as a sucker, is a device or object that uses the negative fluid pressure of air or water to adhere to nonporous surfaces, creating a partial vacuum. Suction cups occur in nature on the bodies of some animals such as octopuses and squid, and have been reproduced artificially for numerous purposes. Theory The working face of the suction cup is made of elastic, flexible material and has a curved surface. When the center of the suction cup is pressed against a flat, non-porous surface, the volume of the space between the suction cup and the flat surface is reduced, which causes the air or water between the cup and the surface to be expelled past the rim of the circular cup. The cavity which develops between the cup and the flat surface has little to no air or water in it because most of the fluid has already been forced out of the inside of the cup, causing a lack of pressure. The pressure difference between the atmosphere on the outside of the cup and the low-pressure cavity on the inside of the cup keeps the cup adhered to the surface. Suction cup pressed on a window When the user ceases to apply physical pressure to the outside of the cup, the elastic substance of which the cup is made tends to resume its original, curved shape. The length of time for which the suction effect can be maintained depends mainly on how long it takes for air or water to leak back into the cavity between the cup and the surface, equalizing the pressure with the surrounding atmosphere. This depends on the porosity and flatness of the surface and the properties of the cup's rim. A small amount of mineral oil or vegetable oil is often employed to help maintain the seal. Calculations The force required to detach an ideal suction cup by pulling it directly away from the surface is given by the formula: F = A P {\displaystyle F=AP} where: F is the force, A is the area of the surface covered by the cup, P is the pressure outside the cup (typically atmospheric pressure) This is derived from the definition of pressure, which is: P = F / A {\displaystyle P=F/A} For example, a suction cup of radius 2.0 cm has an area of π {\displaystyle \pi } (0.020 m)2 = 0.0013 square meters. Using the force formula (F = AP), the result is F = (0.0013 m2)(100,000 Pa) = about 130 newtons. The above formula relies on several assumptions: The outer diameter of the cup does not change when the cup is pulled. No air leaks into the gap between the cup and the surface. The pulling force is applied perpendicular to the surface so that the cup does not slide sideways or peel off. The suction cup contains a perfect vacuum; in reality, a small partial pressure will remain on the interior, and P is the differential pressure. Artificial use SatNav devices often ship with suction cup holders for mounting on windscreens. GoPro camera attached to car with suction cup Artificial suction cups are believed to have first been used in the third century, B.C., and were made out of gourds. They were used to suction "bad blood" from internal organs to the surface. Hippocrates is believed to have invented this procedure. The first modern suction cup patents were issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office during the 1860s. TC Roche was awarded U.S. Patent No. 52,748 in 1866 for a "Photographic Developer Dipping Stick"; the patent discloses a primitive suction cup means for handling photographic plates during developing procedures. In 1868, Orwell Needham patented a more refined suction cup design, U.S. Patent No. 82,629, calling his invention an "Atmospheric Knob" purposed for general use as a handle and drawer opening means. Suction cups have a number of commercial and industrial applications: To attach an object to a flat, nonporous surface, such as a refrigerator door or a tile on a wall. This is also used for mooring ships. To move an object, such as a pane of glass or a raised floor tile, by attaching the suction cup to a flat, nonporous part of the object and then sliding or lifting the object. In some toys, such as Nerf darts. As toilet plungers. To climb up almost or completely vertically up or down a flat, nonporous surface, such as the sides of some buildings. This is part of buildering, which is also known as urban climbering. To hold an object still while it is worked on, such as holding a piece of glass while performing edge grinding. On May 25, 1981, Dan Goodwin, a.k.a. SpiderDan, scaled Sears Tower, the former world's tallest building, with a pair of suction cups. He went on to scale the Renaissance Center in Dallas, the Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angeles, the World Trade Center in New York City, Parque Central Tower in Caracas, the Nippon TV station in Tokyo, and the Millennium Tower in San Francisco. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suction cups. Airlock Horror vacui (physics) Magdeburg hemispheres Self-sealing suction cup References ^ ""Suction Cup" m-w.com". Merriam Webster: An Encyclopædia Britannica Company. Retrieved 2012-06-01. ^ "Well-Armed Design: 8 Octopus-Inspired Technologies". livescience.com. 29 September 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2015. ^ ""Suction Cup" google.com". Google Patents. Retrieved 2012-06-01. ^ "United States Patent 52,748". ^ "United States Patent 82,629". ^ "First inland vacuum-based mooring system installed on St. Lawrence Seaway locks". Professional Mariner. September 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2017. ^ Hands Free Mooring on YouTube ^ "Suction Cup Museum History Page". 2006-04-24. Archived from the original on April 24, 2006. Retrieved 2012-01-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Man climbs skyscraper with suction cups". BBC News. 2010-09-07. Retrieved 2012-01-27. ^ Spider-man aka SpiderDan Goodwin scales the Sears Tower V2 - YouTube ^ Spider-man aka SpiderDan Goodwin the Skyscraperman scales the Millennium Tower in San Francisco - YouTube ^ "αποφραξεις τιμες (Greece)". Ventouza. 25 February 2018. Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suction_cup_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suction_cup_pressure_from_collisions.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suction-lifter-one-cup.jpg"},{"link_name":"fluid pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure#Fluid_pressure"},{"link_name":"nonporous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosity"},{"link_name":"partial vacuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"octopuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus"},{"link_name":"squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A transparent suction cupThe pressure on a suction cup as exerted by collisions of gas molecules holds the suction cup in contact with the surface.One cup suction lifter.A suction cup, also known as a sucker, is a device or object that uses the negative fluid pressure of air or water to adhere to nonporous surfaces, creating a partial vacuum.[1]Suction cups occur in nature on the bodies of some animals such as octopuses and squid, and have been reproduced artificially for numerous purposes.[2]","title":"Suction cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"porous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porous_medium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suction_cup_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"mineral oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_oil"},{"link_name":"vegetable oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil"}],"text":"The working face of the suction cup is made of elastic, flexible material and has a curved surface.[3] When the center of the suction cup is pressed against a flat, non-porous surface, the volume of the space between the suction cup and the flat surface is reduced, which causes the air or water between the cup and the surface to be expelled past the rim of the circular cup. The cavity which develops between the cup and the flat surface has little to no air or water in it because most of the fluid has already been forced out of the inside of the cup, causing a lack of pressure. The pressure difference between the atmosphere on the outside of the cup and the low-pressure cavity on the inside of the cup keeps the cup adhered to the surface.Suction cup pressed on a windowWhen the user ceases to apply physical pressure to the outside of the cup, the elastic substance of which the cup is made tends to resume its original, curved shape. The length of time for which the suction effect can be maintained depends mainly on how long it takes for air or water to leak back into the cavity between the cup and the surface, equalizing the pressure with the surrounding atmosphere. This depends on the porosity and flatness of the surface and the properties of the cup's rim. A small amount of mineral oil or vegetable oil is often employed to help maintain the seal.","title":"Theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force"},{"link_name":"atmospheric pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure"},{"link_name":"newtons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)"},{"link_name":"vacuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum"},{"link_name":"partial pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_pressure"}],"text":"The force required to detach an ideal suction cup by pulling it directly away from the surface is given by the formula:F\n =\n A\n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F=AP}where:F is the force,\nA is the area of the surface covered by the cup,\nP is the pressure outside the cup (typically atmospheric pressure)This is derived from the definition of pressure, which is:P\n =\n F\n \n /\n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P=F/A}For example, a suction cup of radius 2.0 cm has an area of \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n(0.020 m)2 = 0.0013 square meters. Using the force formula (F = AP), the result is\nF = (0.0013 m2)(100,000 Pa) = about 130 newtons.The above formula relies on several assumptions:The outer diameter of the cup does not change when the cup is pulled.\nNo air leaks into the gap between the cup and the surface.\nThe pulling force is applied perpendicular to the surface so that the cup does not slide sideways or peel off.\nThe suction cup contains a perfect vacuum; in reality, a small partial pressure will remain on the interior, and P is the differential pressure.","title":"Calculations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobiles_Navigationsgeraet_Navigon_im_Einsatz.JPG"},{"link_name":"SatNav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SatNav"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GoPro_camera_mounted_on_car.jpg"},{"link_name":"GoPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoPro"},{"link_name":"B.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini"},{"link_name":"gourds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourd"},{"link_name":"Hippocrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"photographic plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_plate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"mooring ships.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooring_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass"},{"link_name":"raised floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised_floor"},{"link_name":"Nerf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerf"},{"link_name":"plungers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunger"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"buildering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildering"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dan Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Goodwin"},{"link_name":"Sears Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears_Tower"},{"link_name":"Bonaventure Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventure_Hotel"},{"link_name":"World Trade Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"Nippon TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_TV"},{"link_name":"Millennium Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Tower_(San_Francisco)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-[[wp:ref]]-12"}],"text":"SatNav devices often ship with suction cup holders for mounting on windscreens.GoPro camera attached to car with suction cupArtificial suction cups are believed to have first been used in the third century, B.C., and were made out of gourds. They were used to suction \"bad blood\" from internal organs to the surface. Hippocrates is believed to have invented this procedure.[citation needed]The first modern suction cup patents were issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office during the 1860s. TC Roche was awarded U.S. Patent No. 52,748 in 1866 for a \"Photographic Developer Dipping Stick\"; the patent discloses a primitive suction cup means for handling photographic plates during developing procedures. In 1868, Orwell Needham patented a more refined suction cup design, U.S. Patent No. 82,629, calling his invention an \"Atmospheric Knob\" purposed for general use as a handle and drawer opening means.[4][5]Suction cups have a number of commercial and industrial applications:To attach an object to a flat, nonporous surface, such as a refrigerator door or a tile on a wall. This is also used for mooring ships.[6][7]\nTo move an object, such as a pane of glass or a raised floor tile, by attaching the suction cup to a flat, nonporous part of the object and then sliding or lifting the object.\nIn some toys, such as Nerf darts.\nAs toilet plungers.[8]\nTo climb up almost or completely vertically up or down a flat, nonporous surface, such as the sides of some buildings. This is part of buildering, which is also known as urban climbering.[9]\nTo hold an object still while it is worked on, such as holding a piece of glass while performing edge grinding.On May 25, 1981, Dan Goodwin, a.k.a. SpiderDan, scaled Sears Tower, the former world's tallest building, with a pair of suction cups. He went on to scale the Renaissance Center in Dallas, the Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angeles, the World Trade Center in New York City, Parque Central Tower in Caracas, the Nippon TV station in Tokyo, and the Millennium Tower in San Francisco.[10][11][12]","title":"Artificial use"}]	[{"image_text":"A transparent suction cup","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Suction_cup_1.jpg/220px-Suction_cup_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The pressure on a suction cup as exerted by collisions of gas molecules holds the suction cup in contact with the surface.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Suction_cup_pressure_from_collisions.svg/232px-Suction_cup_pressure_from_collisions.svg.png"},{"image_text":"One cup suction lifter.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Suction-lifter-one-cup.jpg/220px-Suction-lifter-one-cup.jpg"},{"image_text":"Suction cup pressed on a window","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Suction_cup_2.jpg/220px-Suction_cup_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"SatNav devices often ship with suction cup holders for mounting on windscreens.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mobiles_Navigationsgeraet_Navigon_im_Einsatz.JPG/220px-Mobiles_Navigationsgeraet_Navigon_im_Einsatz.JPG"},{"image_text":"GoPro camera attached to car with suction cup","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/GoPro_camera_mounted_on_car.jpg/220px-GoPro_camera_mounted_on_car.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Suction cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Suction_cups"},{"title":"Airlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlock"},{"title":"Horror vacui (physics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_vacui_(physics)"},{"title":"Magdeburg hemispheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_hemispheres"},{"title":"Self-sealing suction cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-sealing_suction_cup"}]	[{"reference":"\"\"Suction Cup\" m-w.com\". Merriam Webster: An Encyclopædia Britannica Company. Retrieved 2012-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/suction%20cup","url_text":"\"\"Suction Cup\" m-w.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Well-Armed Design: 8 Octopus-Inspired Technologies\". livescience.com. 29 September 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livescience.com/48054-octopus-inspired-technology.html","url_text":"\"Well-Armed Design: 8 Octopus-Inspired Technologies\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Suction Cup\" google.com\". Google Patents. Retrieved 2012-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US2055397","url_text":"\"\"Suction Cup\" google.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Patents","url_text":"Google Patents"}]},{"reference":"\"United States Patent 52,748\".","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US52748","url_text":"\"United States Patent 52,748\""}]},{"reference":"\"United States Patent 82,629\".","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US82629","url_text":"\"United States Patent 82,629\""}]},{"reference":"\"First inland vacuum-based mooring system installed on St. Lawrence Seaway locks\". Professional Mariner. September 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.professionalmariner.com/September-2015/First-inland-vacuum-based-mooring-system-installed-on-St-Lawrence-Seaway-locks/","url_text":"\"First inland vacuum-based mooring system installed on St. Lawrence Seaway locks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suction Cup Museum History Page\". 2006-04-24. Archived from the original on April 24, 2006. Retrieved 2012-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060424182733/http://www.suctioncupmuseum.com/html/history.html","url_text":"\"Suction Cup Museum History Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Man climbs skyscraper with suction cups\". BBC News. 2010-09-07. Retrieved 2012-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11210846","url_text":"\"Man climbs skyscraper with suction cups\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"αποφραξεις τιμες (Greece)\". Ventouza. 25 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ventouza.com/times.php","url_text":"\"αποφραξεις τιμες (Greece)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/suction%20cup","external_links_name":"\"\"Suction Cup\" m-w.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.livescience.com/48054-octopus-inspired-technology.html","external_links_name":"\"Well-Armed Design: 8 Octopus-Inspired Technologies\""},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US2055397","external_links_name":"\"\"Suction Cup\" google.com\""},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US52748","external_links_name":"\"United States Patent 52,748\""},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US82629","external_links_name":"\"United States Patent 82,629\""},{"Link":"http://www.professionalmariner.com/September-2015/First-inland-vacuum-based-mooring-system-installed-on-St-Lawrence-Seaway-locks/","external_links_name":"\"First inland vacuum-based mooring system installed on St. Lawrence Seaway locks\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYf_iHCP14Y","external_links_name":"Hands Free Mooring"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060424182733/http://www.suctioncupmuseum.com/html/history.html","external_links_name":"\"Suction Cup Museum History Page\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11210846","external_links_name":"\"Man climbs skyscraper with suction cups\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKwRFwV5dHE","external_links_name":"Spider-man aka SpiderDan Goodwin scales the Sears Tower V2 - YouTube"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCMCEKy-zJE","external_links_name":"Spider-man aka SpiderDan Goodwin the Skyscraperman scales the Millennium Tower in San Francisco - YouTube"},{"Link":"http://www.ventouza.com/times.php","external_links_name":"\"αποφραξεις τιμες (Greece)\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4512820-0","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniyas_Stadium	Baniyas Stadium	["1 History","2 External links","3 References"]	Coordinates: 24°20′59″N 54°41′09″E / 24.34986°N 54.68571°E / 24.34986; 54.68571Bani Yas StadiumFull nameBani Yas StadiumLocationAbu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesCoordinates24°20′59″N 54°41′09″E / 24.34986°N 54.68571°E / 24.34986; 54.68571Capacity6,927SurfaceGrassConstructionBroke groundAugust 4, 2009OpenedFebruary 8, 2010TenantsBaniyas SC Baniyas Stadium is a stadium in the Bani Yas area of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. It is the home stadium of Baniyas Club of the UAE Pro-League. The stadium holds 6,927 spectators. History Construction of the stadium began on August 4, 2009 and was completed in February 2010. Baniyas Stadium was designed by the architect Roger Taillibert. External links StadiumDB images References ^ "UAE Pro League - Bani Yas - Stadium". Retrieved October 30, 2023. ^ "About the club". Baniyas Sports Club. Archived from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved September 11, 2011. ^ "UAE Pro League - Bani Yas - Stadium". Retrieved October 30, 2023. ^ "Baniyas \| Baniyas Sports Club Stadium, Opening Ceremony". www.baniyas.ae. Retrieved April 19, 2024. Authority control databases: Geographic StadiumDB This article about a sports venue in the United Arab Emirates is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Baniyas Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniyas_Club"},{"link_name":"UAE Pro-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Pro-League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Baniyas Stadium is a stadium in the Bani Yas area of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.[2]It is the home stadium of Baniyas Club of the UAE Pro-League. The stadium holds 6,927 spectators.[3]","title":"Baniyas Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Taillibert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Taillibert"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Construction of the stadium began on August 4, 2009 and was completed in February 2010. Baniyas Stadium was designed by the architect Roger Taillibert.[4]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"UAE Pro League - Bani Yas - Stadium\". Retrieved October 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uaeproleague.ae/en/clubs/bani-yas#nav-stadium","url_text":"\"UAE Pro League - Bani Yas - Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the club\". Baniyas Sports Club. Archived from the original on March 27, 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Vallee_Melodies	Rudy Vallee Melodies	["1 Plot","2 Characters","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]	1932 short film Rudy Vallee MelodiesDirected byDave FleischerProductioncompanyFleischer StudiosDistributed byParamount PicturesFilms ParamountRelease date 5 August 1932 (1932-08-05) (United States) Running time11 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The title card of Rudy Vallee Melodies Rudy Vallee Melodies is a 1932 short film which is presented by Max Fleischer and was originally released by Paramount Pictures. The film, which features Betty Boop with a plethora of animals as she throws a house party in her house, stars Rudy Vallee as he sings three separate songs. The film also features sing-along versions to the songs that Vallee sings. The songs that Vallee sings during the film are: "Deep Night", "A Little Kiss Every Morning" and Vallee's "Stein Song". Released on August 5, 1932, the film is part of the "follow the bouncing ball" series entitled Screen Songs. In these films, the audience would be invited to sing the songs featured in the film. Plot "Stein Song", with accompanying footage of American football The film begins at Betty Boop's house, as she throws a house party. She is seen in a room serving a drink to the other animals. Due to the drink, an argument breaks out between two animals, whom ultimately agree at the end to toss a coin. However, when one of the animals flips a coin, it comically ends up sideways. So one of the animals flips again, but flips it so high that a bird comically catches it and takes it. After that, Betty then asks for anyone that can sing and dance. A rabbit then comes forward and says that he can play the piano. So, Betty asks Hanson to bring in the piano. However Hanson is a small bug, so comically has to tug at it to get it in the room, whilst a big hippo comically only carries a stool. Betty then hands the rabbit some sheet music, but the rabbit says that he only plays "by ear". However, when he starts to play, he comically uses his ears to play the piano. Betty then requests for a singer whilst she plays. All of the animals decline her request. Until a picture of Rudy Vallee from a book of sheet music comes to life and says he will sing. Betty then asks Vallee is the songs will be old or new, Vallee then says that he'll sing songs that they will all know; and he'll sing them with the bouncing ball. His first song that he sings is "Deep Night", with footage of beaches and rainforests accompanying the song . The second song that he sings is "A Little Kiss Every Morning", with footage of a painting firstly showcasing multiple species of birds kissing, then transitioning to babies and their mothers, then to young couples, and then to elderly couples. The final song that Vallee sings is "Stein Song", a college song, with accompanying footage showcasing a noisy game of American football. After the three songs, the party concludes, and all the guests depart from Betty's house. Betty then wishes Vallee good night. Vallee, who is in a picture frame, begins to sing "Good Night Sweetheart". After that performance, Betty then laughs and wishes him a good night. The film ends with Vallee singing "Keep a Little Song Handy". Characters In this film, there are a variety of characters. One of these characters is Betty Boop, whose house is the scene of the party which takes place during the film. These are also a variety of species of animals which are also featured in the film. The film, also includes Rudy Vallee, who sings the three songs during the bouncing ball sequences. Reception Rudy Vallee Melodies received positive reviews from the cinema magazines at that time. The Film Daily said that the film was "Swell", and also said that the film was "A swell piece of entertainment". Whilst Variety said that the film was a "Novel kink", and also said that Vallee's singing "helped this film over nicely". And, The Motion Picture Herald said that the idea of combining Betty Boop and Rudy Vallee is "quite an idea", and also said that the film was "Pleasing entertainment, for young and old". References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Humanivideo (June 21, 2017), Screen Songs: "Rudy Vallee Melodies" (1932) (Betty Boop appearance), retrieved June 29, 2018 ^ Pointer, Ray (January 10, 2017). The Art and Inventions of Max Fleischer: American Animation Pioneer. McFarland. ISBN 9781476663678. ^ a b c d "Short Subjects". The Film Daily. July 14, 1932. p. 4. ^ a b c "Talking Shorts". Variety. New York, New York. July 12, 1932. p. 16. ^ "The Release Chart". Motion Picture Herald. July 16, 1932. p. 93. ^ a b c "Paramount". Motion Picture Herald. December 10, 1932. p. 61. External links Rudy Vallee Melodies on YouTube Rudy Vallee Melodies at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Title_card_of_Rudy_Vallee_Melodies.png"},{"link_name":"short film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"Max Fleischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Fleischer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Betty Boop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Boop"},{"link_name":"house party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Rudy Vallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Vallee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Deep Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Night"},{"link_name":"Stein Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stein_Song"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Screen Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Songs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The title card of Rudy Vallee MelodiesRudy Vallee Melodies is a 1932 short film which is presented by Max Fleischer[1] and was originally released by Paramount Pictures. The film, which features Betty Boop with a plethora of animals as she throws a house party in her house,[1] stars Rudy Vallee[1][2] as he sings three separate songs.[1][3] The film also features sing-along versions to the songs that Vallee sings.[1]The songs that Vallee sings during the film are: \"Deep Night\", \"A Little Kiss Every Morning\" and Vallee's \"Stein Song\".[1][4]Released on August 5, 1932,[5] the film is part of the \"follow the bouncing ball\" series entitled Screen Songs.[1] In these films, the audience would be invited to sing the songs featured in the film.[1]","title":"Rudy Vallee Melodies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stein_Song,_from_Rudy_Vallee_Melodies_(1932).png"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"drink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drink"},{"link_name":"toss a coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toss_of_a_coin"},{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"stool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stool_(seat)"},{"link_name":"sheet music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_music"},{"link_name":"beaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaches"},{"link_name":"rainforests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforests"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"babies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babies"},{"link_name":"mothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"picture frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_frame"},{"link_name":"Good Night Sweetheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodnight_Sweetheart_(Ray_Noble,_Jimmy_Campbell_and_Reg_Connelly_song)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"\"Stein Song\", with accompanying footage of American footballThe film begins at Betty Boop's house, as she throws a house party. She is seen in a room serving a drink to the other animals. Due to the drink, an argument breaks out between two animals, whom ultimately agree at the end to toss a coin. However, when one of the animals flips a coin, it comically ends up sideways. So one of the animals flips again, but flips it so high that a bird comically catches it and takes it. After that, Betty then asks for anyone that can sing and dance. A rabbit then comes forward and says that he can play the piano. So, Betty asks Hanson to bring in the piano. However Hanson is a small bug, so comically has to tug at it to get it in the room, whilst a big hippo comically only carries a stool. Betty then hands the rabbit some sheet music, but the rabbit says that he only plays \"by ear\". However, when he starts to play, he comically uses his ears to play the piano. Betty then requests for a singer whilst she plays. All of the animals decline her request. Until a picture of Rudy Vallee from a book of sheet music comes to life and says he will sing. Betty then asks Vallee is the songs will be old or new, Vallee then says that he'll sing songs that they will all know; and he'll sing them with the bouncing ball. His first song that he sings is \"Deep Night\", with footage of beaches and rainforests accompanying the song . The second song that he sings is \"A Little Kiss Every Morning\", with footage of a painting firstly showcasing multiple species of birds kissing, then transitioning to babies and their mothers, then to young couples, and then to elderly couples. The final song that Vallee sings is \"Stein Song\", a college song, with accompanying footage showcasing a noisy game of American football. After the three songs, the party concludes, and all the guests depart from Betty's house. Betty then wishes Vallee good night. Vallee, who is in a picture frame, begins to sing \"Good Night Sweetheart\". After that performance, Betty then laughs and wishes him a good night. The film ends with Vallee singing \"Keep a Little Song Handy\".[1]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"In this film, there are a variety of characters. One of these characters is Betty Boop, whose house is the scene of the party which takes place during the film.[1] These are also a variety of species of animals which are also featured in the film.[1] The film, also includes Rudy Vallee, who sings the three songs during the bouncing ball sequences.[1]","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"The Film Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Film_Daily"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"The Motion Picture Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Herald"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"}],"text":"Rudy Vallee Melodies received positive reviews from the cinema magazines at that time.[4][3][6] The Film Daily said that the film was \"Swell\",[3] and also said that the film was \"A swell piece of entertainment\".[3] Whilst Variety said that the film was a \"Novel kink\", and also said that Vallee's singing \"helped this film over nicely\".[4] And, The Motion Picture Herald said that the idea of combining Betty Boop and Rudy Vallee is \"quite an idea\",[6] and also said that the film was \"Pleasing entertainment, for young and old\".[6]","title":"Reception"}]	[{"image_text":"The title card of Rudy Vallee Melodies","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Title_card_of_Rudy_Vallee_Melodies.png/270px-Title_card_of_Rudy_Vallee_Melodies.png"},{"image_text":"\"Stein Song\", with accompanying footage of American football","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Stein_Song%2C_from_Rudy_Vallee_Melodies_%281932%29.png/270px-Stein_Song%2C_from_Rudy_Vallee_Melodies_%281932%29.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Humanivideo (June 21, 2017), Screen Songs: \"Rudy Vallee Melodies\" (1932) (Betty Boop appearance), retrieved June 29, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9icxZ0lRTKw","url_text":"Screen Songs: \"Rudy Vallee Melodies\" (1932) (Betty Boop appearance)"}]},{"reference":"Pointer, Ray (January 10, 2017). The Art and Inventions of Max Fleischer: American Animation Pioneer. McFarland. ISBN 9781476663678.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=llwnDwAAQBAJ&q=rudy+valle+melodies&pg=PA84","url_text":"The Art and Inventions of Max Fleischer: American Animation Pioneer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476663678","url_text":"9781476663678"}]},{"reference":"\"Short Subjects\". The Film Daily. July 14, 1932. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://ia600501.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/30/items/filmdailyvolume660newy/filmdailyvolume660newy_jp2.zip&file=filmdailyvolume660newy_jp2/filmdailyvolume660newy_0098.jp2&id=filmdailyvolume660newy&scale=4&rotate=0","url_text":"\"Short Subjects\""}]},{"reference":"\"Talking Shorts\". Variety. New York, New York. July 12, 1932. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://ia802209.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/20/items/variety107-1932-07/variety107-1932-07_jp2.zip&file=variety107-1932-07_jp2/variety107-1932-07_0063.jp2&id=variety107-1932-07&scale=4&rotate=0","url_text":"\"Talking Shorts\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Release Chart\". Motion Picture Herald. July 16, 1932. p. 93.","urls":[{"url":"https://ia804508.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/34/items/motionpictureher108unse/motionpictureher108unse_jp2.zip&file=motionpictureher108unse_jp2/motionpictureher108unse_0315.jp2&id=motionpictureher108unse&scale=2&rotate=0","url_text":"\"The Release Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paramount\". Motion Picture Herald. December 10, 1932. p. 61.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/motionpictureher109unse/page/n991/mode/2up?q=%22quite+an+idea%22","url_text":"\"Paramount\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9icxZ0lRTKw","external_links_name":"Screen Songs: \"Rudy Vallee Melodies\" (1932) (Betty Boop appearance)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=llwnDwAAQBAJ&q=rudy+valle+melodies&pg=PA84","external_links_name":"The Art and Inventions of Max Fleischer: American Animation Pioneer"},{"Link":"https://ia600501.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/30/items/filmdailyvolume660newy/filmdailyvolume660newy_jp2.zip&file=filmdailyvolume660newy_jp2/filmdailyvolume660newy_0098.jp2&id=filmdailyvolume660newy&scale=4&rotate=0","external_links_name":"\"Short Subjects\""},{"Link":"https://ia802209.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/20/items/variety107-1932-07/variety107-1932-07_jp2.zip&file=variety107-1932-07_jp2/variety107-1932-07_0063.jp2&id=variety107-1932-07&scale=4&rotate=0","external_links_name":"\"Talking Shorts\""},{"Link":"https://ia804508.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/34/items/motionpictureher108unse/motionpictureher108unse_jp2.zip&file=motionpictureher108unse_jp2/motionpictureher108unse_0315.jp2&id=motionpictureher108unse&scale=2&rotate=0","external_links_name":"\"The Release Chart\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/motionpictureher109unse/page/n991/mode/2up?q=%22quite+an+idea%22","external_links_name":"\"Paramount\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9icxZ0lRTKw","external_links_name":"Rudy Vallee Melodies"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0023413/","external_links_name":"Rudy Vallee Melodies"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_Antonino	Magnolia Antonino	["1 Early life","2 Personal life","3 Education","4 Political career","5 Death","6 References","7 External links"]	Filipina politician (1915–2010) The HonorableMagnolia W. AntoninoSenator of the PhilippinesIn officeDecember 30, 1967 – September 23, 1972Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from La Union's 1st districtIn officeDecember 30, 1965 – December 30, 1967Preceded byFrancisco OrtegaSucceeded byJoaquín Ortega Personal detailsBornMagnolia Welborn Rodriguez(1915-12-14)December 14, 1915Balaoan, La Union, Philippine IslandsDiedJuly 22, 2010(2010-07-22) (aged 94)NationalityFilipinoPolitical partyNacionalista (from 1967)Other politicalaffiliationsIndependent (until 1967)SpouseGaudencio AntoninoAlma materPhilippine Normal School Magnolia Antonino (née Welborn; December 14, 1915 – July 22, 2010) was a Senator of the Philippines. The daughter of George Welborn and Hipolita Rodriguez, she was married to Gaudencio Antonino, also a senator. Early life Magnolia Welborn was born in Balaoan, La Union, on December 14, 1915, to George Welborn and Hipolita Rodriguez. Her parents were unmarried until December 1919; George was an American. Personal life She was married to Gaudencio Antonino of Jaen, Nueva Ecija. The couple had four children, including Nueva Ecija Congressman Rodolfo "Rody" Antonino. Antonino was also the grandmother of former Representative Darlene Antonino-Custodio of the 1st district of South Cotabato. Education Antonino completed combined normal courses from the Philippine Normal School in 1934. She started as a home economics teacher, then became principal at the Balaoan Elementary School, and later worked as a teacher in Misamis Occidental and Misamis Oriental. Political career Antonino was elected in the House of Representatives as an independent candidate for the first district of La Union in 1965. She ran and won as senator in lieu of her husband who died in a helicopter crash on the eve of the 1967 Senate election. After her election, her senatorial eligibility was contested at the Senate Electoral Tribunal in 1971 by outgoing senator Camilo Osías, who unsuccessfully contended that Antonino was a United States citizen, when in fact her parents were unmarried at her birth, thereby she had the same Philippine citizenship as her mother. After witnesses, including Rodriguez, her mother, testified and other evidence was presented, the tribunal ruled in August 1971 that Antonino qualified as a senator and dismissed Osías's protest. She served until the closure of Congress in 1972 following the declaration of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos. During her term as senator from 1968 to 1972, Antonino worked for the passage of laws including Republic Act 6124 (providing for the fixing of the maximum selling prices of essential articles or commodities and creating the Price Control Council); RA 6235 (prohibiting explosives and flammables, corrosive or poisonous substances or material in passenger aircraft and regulating the loading thereof in cargo aircraft); and RA 6395 which consolidated and revised the charter of the National Power Corporation. She also helped enact laws that benefited women and children, farmers through increased production of rice and corn, and people from the government and education sectors. Antonino was treasurer of the Antonino Construction Enterprises (1946–1953); secretary-treasurer, then manager, Western Mindanao Lumber Co.; general manager, G. E. Antonio, Inc., treasurer, Polytechnic Colleges of the Philippines; director, Philippine Commercial and Industrial Bank, and Luzon Cement Corporation. She was an officer and member of various social and civic organizations, including Inner Wheel Club of Manila, YWCA, Manila Girl Scouts Council, Philippine Band of Mercy, and Philippine Garden Club. Death Antonino died July 22, 2010, at the age of 94. References ^ a b c d e f "Magnolia W. Antonino". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved 30 July 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b "". Official Gazette. Vol. 67, no. 35. 30 August 1971. pp. 6902–6910. ^ "Antonino scion ends Villareal reign in southern Ecija". The Philippine STAR. ^ Bionat, Marvin (1998). How to Win (or Lose) in Philippine Elections: The Dynamics of Winning or Losing in Philippine Electoral Contests. Anvil Publishing Inc. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 180381". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 30 May 2023. ^ "Gaudencio Antonino, Man of the Year, 1967". The Philippines Free Press. 6 January 1968. Retrieved 23 September 2022. ^ "Senate condoles with late Senator Antonino's family". Senate of the Philippines. 28 July 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2023. External links Senate of the Philippines - Manolia Antonio This article about a Filipino politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Gaudencio Antonino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudencio_Antonino"}],"text":"Magnolia Antonino (née Welborn; December 14, 1915 – July 22, 2010) was a Senator of the Philippines. The daughter of George Welborn and Hipolita Rodriguez, she was married to Gaudencio Antonino, also a senator.","title":"Magnolia Antonino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balaoan, La Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaoan,_La_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senate-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette-2"}],"text":"Magnolia Welborn was born in Balaoan, La Union, on December 14, 1915, to George Welborn and Hipolita Rodriguez.[1] Her parents were unmarried until December 1919; George was an American.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaen, Nueva Ecija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaen,_Nueva_Ecija"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Darlene Antonino-Custodio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlene_Antonino-Custodio"},{"link_name":"South Cotabato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Cotabato"}],"text":"She was married to Gaudencio Antonino of Jaen, Nueva Ecija. The couple had four children, including Nueva Ecija Congressman Rodolfo \"Rody\" Antonino.[3] Antonino was also the grandmother of former Representative Darlene Antonino-Custodio of the 1st district of South Cotabato.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine Normal School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Normal_School"},{"link_name":"Misamis Occidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misamis_Occidental"},{"link_name":"Misamis Oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misamis_Oriental"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senate-1"}],"text":"Antonino completed combined normal courses from the Philippine Normal School in 1934. She started as a home economics teacher, then became principal at the Balaoan Elementary School, and later worked as a teacher in Misamis Occidental and Misamis Oriental.[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1967 Senate election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Philippine_Senate_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Senate Electoral Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Electoral_Tribunal"},{"link_name":"Camilo Osías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilo_Os%C3%ADas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette-2"},{"link_name":"martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos"},{"link_name":"National Power Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Power_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senate-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senate-1"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic Colleges of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Colleges_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senate-1"},{"link_name":"YWCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Women%27s_Christian_Association_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senate-1"}],"text":"Antonino was elected in the House of Representatives as an independent candidate for the first district of La Union in 1965. She ran and won as senator in lieu of her husband who died in a helicopter crash on the eve of the 1967 Senate election.[4][5][6] After her election, her senatorial eligibility was contested at the Senate Electoral Tribunal in 1971 by outgoing senator Camilo Osías, who unsuccessfully contended that Antonino was a United States citizen, when in fact her parents were unmarried at her birth, thereby she had the same Philippine citizenship as her mother. After witnesses, including Rodriguez, her mother, testified and other evidence was presented, the tribunal ruled in August 1971 that Antonino qualified as a senator and dismissed Osías's protest.[2] She served until the closure of Congress in 1972 following the declaration of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos.During her term as senator from 1968 to 1972, Antonino worked for the passage of laws including Republic Act 6124 (providing for the fixing of the maximum selling prices of essential articles or commodities and creating the Price Control Council); RA 6235 (prohibiting explosives and flammables, corrosive or poisonous substances or material in passenger aircraft and regulating the loading thereof in cargo aircraft); and RA 6395 which consolidated and revised the charter of the National Power Corporation.[1]She also helped enact laws that benefited women and children, farmers through increased production of rice and corn, and people from the government and education sectors.[1]Antonino was treasurer of the Antonino Construction Enterprises (1946–1953); secretary-treasurer, then manager, Western Mindanao Lumber Co.; general manager, G. E. Antonio, Inc., treasurer, Polytechnic Colleges of the Philippines; director, Philippine Commercial and Industrial Bank, and Luzon Cement Corporation.[1] She was an officer and member of various social and civic organizations, including Inner Wheel Club of Manila, YWCA, Manila Girl Scouts Council, Philippine Band of Mercy, and Philippine Garden Club.[1]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Antonino died July 22, 2010, at the age of 94.[7]","title":"Death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Magnolia W. Antonino\". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved 30 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/senators/former_senators/magnolia_antonino.htm","url_text":"\"Magnolia W. Antonino\""}]},{"reference":"\"[Osias vs. Antonino]\". Official Gazette. Vol. 67, no. 35. 30 August 1971. pp. 6902–6910.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JDFRAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA6902","url_text":"\"[Osias vs. Antonino]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Antonino scion ends Villareal reign in southern Ecija\". The Philippine STAR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/nation/2004/05/27/251555/antonino-scion-ends-villareal-reign-southern-ecija","url_text":"\"Antonino scion ends Villareal reign in southern Ecija\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippine_STAR","url_text":"The Philippine STAR"}]},{"reference":"Bionat, Marvin (1998). How to Win (or Lose) in Philippine Elections: The Dynamics of Winning or Losing in Philippine Electoral Contests. Anvil Publishing Inc.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 180381\". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 30 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/180381","url_text":"\"ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 180381\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gaudencio Antonino, Man of the Year, 1967\". The Philippines Free Press. 6 January 1968. Retrieved 23 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://philippinesfreepress.wordpress.com/1968/01/06/gaudencio-antonio-man-of-the-year-1967/","url_text":"\"Gaudencio Antonino, Man of the Year, 1967\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate condoles with late Senator Antonino's family\". Senate of the Philippines. 28 July 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2010/0728_prib1.asp","url_text":"\"Senate condoles with late Senator Antonino's family\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/senators/former_senators/magnolia_antonino.htm","external_links_name":"\"Magnolia W. Antonino\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JDFRAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA6902","external_links_name":"\"[Osias vs. Antonino]\""},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/nation/2004/05/27/251555/antonino-scion-ends-villareal-reign-southern-ecija","external_links_name":"\"Antonino scion ends Villareal reign in southern Ecija\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/180381","external_links_name":"\"ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 180381\""},{"Link":"https://philippinesfreepress.wordpress.com/1968/01/06/gaudencio-antonio-man-of-the-year-1967/","external_links_name":"\"Gaudencio Antonino, Man of the Year, 1967\""},{"Link":"https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2010/0728_prib1.asp","external_links_name":"\"Senate condoles with late Senator Antonino's family\""},{"Link":"http://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/former_senators/magnolia_antonino.htm","external_links_name":"Senate of the Philippines - Manolia Antonio"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnolia_Antonino&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bago%C4%8Diai	Bagočiai	["1 Etymology","2 References"]	Coordinates: 54°06′40″N 24°44′31″E / 54.11111°N 24.74194°E / 54.11111; 24.74194Village in Alytus County, LithuaniaBagočiaiVillageBagočiaiLocation in Varėna district municipalityLocation of Varėna district in LithuaniaCoordinates: 54°06′40″N 24°44′31″E / 54.11111°N 24.74194°E / 54.11111; 24.74194Country LithuaniaCounty Alytus CountyMunicipalityVarėnaEldershipKaniavos (Kaniava)Population (2011 Census) • Total12Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Bagočiai is a village in Kaniavos eldership , Varėna district municipality, Alytus County, southeastern Lithuania. At the 2001 census, the village had a population of 17. At the 2011 census, the population was 12. Etymology The name Bagočiai comes from a personal name Bagõčius or directly from common names Lithuanian: bagočius, Belarusian: багач, бoгач which mean 'a rich man'. References ^ a b "Population by locality". 2011 Population and Housing Census. Statistics Lithuania. Archived from the original (XLS) on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013. ^ "Lithuanian Population and Housing Census 2001: Alytaus County" (PDF) (in Lithuanian). Statistikos Departamentas (Lithuania). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2010. ^ Šimkus, Šarūnas (2023). Varėnos krašto vietovardžių etimologinis žodynas (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Liutauras Leščinskas. p. 11. ISBN 978-609-447-388-3. vteAlytus CountyMunicipalities Alytus (city) Alytus (district) Druskininkai Lazdijai Varėna Cities Alytus Daugai Druskininkai Lazdijai Simnas Varėna Veisiejai Towns Butrimonys Kapčiamiestis Krokialaukis Krosna Leipalingis Merkinė Nemunaitis Rudamina Seirijai Šeštokai Šventežeris Valkininkai Viečiūnai Villages Akmuo Aladiškės Andriūnai Aukštakalnis Ašašninkai Babriškės Bagočiai Balbutai Barteliai Barčiai Bingeliai Burokaraistis Butvydonys Čebatoriai Česukai Čižiūnai Dainava Dargužiai Darželiai Daržininkai Daržinėlės Degsnės Druckūnai Dubininkas Dubičiai Ežeriekai Geidukonys Geniai Genionys Giraitė Glūkas Grybaulia Gudakiemis Gudeliai Gudžiai Ilgininkai Jakėnai Jasauskai Jonionių gyvenvietės Jonionys Jurgiškės Kabeliai Kalviai Kaniava Kaniavėlė Kaniūkai (Jakėnai) Kaniūkai (Kaniava) Kapiniškiai Kareivonys Karužai Kasčiūnai Kašėtos Kašėtų gyvenvietės Katra Kibyšiai Kijučiai Kirklionys Kriviliai Krokšlys Krūminiai Kudrėnai Kukliai Kurmiškė Kuršiai Liškiava Luksnėnai Lynežeris Maksimai Maksimonys Mantvilai Mančiagirė Marcinkonys Mardasavas (Marcinkonys) Mardasavas (Merkinė) Margionys Masališkės Matuizos Mergežeris Meškučiai Mielupiai Miklusėnai Musteika Nedzingė Neravai Noruliai Noškūnai Paąžuolė Pabezninkai Pagilšys Paklėštarė Palkabalis Pamerkiai Pamusiai Panočiai Papiškės Paručiai Pavarėnis Paversekis Perloja Pilvingiai Pirčiupiai Punia Puodžiai Puvočiai Pūčkornės Radyščius Radžiūnai Roduka Rudnia Rūsingė Samūniškės Sarapiniškės Šarkiškės Senoji Varėna Senovė Šklėriai Subartonys Tolkūnai Trakiškiai Trasninkas Ūdrija Urkionys Ūta Užuperkasis Vazgirdonys Venciūnai Vergakiemis Vilkiautinis Voriškės Vydeniai Zakavoliai Žeimiai Zervynos Žilinai Žilinėliai Žiūrai This Varėna district municipality, Alytus County, Lithuania location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaniavos eldership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaniavos_eldership"},{"link_name":"lt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaniavos_seni%C5%ABnija"},{"link_name":"Varėna district municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C4%97na_district_municipality"},{"link_name":"Alytus County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alytus_County"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_Census-1"}],"text":"Village in Alytus County, LithuaniaBagočiai is a village in Kaniavos eldership [lt], Varėna district municipality, Alytus County, southeastern Lithuania. At the 2001 census, the village had a population of 17.[2] At the 2011 census, the population was 12.[1]","title":"Bagočiai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The name Bagočiai comes from a personal name Bagõčius or directly from common names Lithuanian: bagočius, Belarusian: багач, бoгач which mean 'a rich man'.[3]","title":"Etymology"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Varena_district_location.png/220px-Varena_district_location.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Population by locality\". 2011 Population and Housing Census. Statistics Lithuania. Archived from the original (XLS) on 22 September 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBB/Kawasaki_BK_117	MBB/Kawasaki BK 117	["1 Development","1.1 Origins","1.2 Further development","2 Design","3 Operational history","4 Variants","5 Operators","5.1 Military and government","5.2 Civil","5.3 Former","6 Specifications (BK 117 B-2)","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Citations","8.2 Bibliography","9 External links"]	German/Japanese utility helicopter BK 117 A BK 117 of the German police Role Utility/transportType of aircraft National origin Germany/Japan Manufacturer Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB)/Kawasaki Heavy Industries First flight 13 June 1979 Introduction 9 December 1982 Status in production, in active service Primary users DRFADAC Produced 1979–present Developed into Eurocopter EC145 The MBB/Kawasaki BK 117 is a twin-engined light utility–transport helicopter. It was jointly developed and manufactured by Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) of Germany and Kawasaki of Japan. MBB was later purchased by Daimler-Benz and eventually became a part of Eurocopter, which was later rebranded as Airbus Helicopters. On 25 February 1977, MBB and Kawasaki signed a cooperative agreement to abandon their independent efforts to design twin-engined general purpose helicopters in favour of a collaborative venture to development of a new rotorcraft for that role. While the programme's costs were shared equally, the workshare was divided into certain areas of the design. MBB utilised their expertise with the rigid rotor system used on the earlier Bo 105 to develop the majority of the dynamic systems and flight controls, while Kawasaki focused on the airframe, structural elements, and various other components. On 13 June 1979, MBB's flying prototype conducted its maiden flight at Ottobrunn, Bavaria, Germany; months later, it was followed by the Kawasaki prototype at Gifu, Chūbu region, Japan on 10 August 1979. Each company established their own final assembly line, producing the BK 117 for their respective regions. The BK 117 has proven to be popular for passenger services and VIP-transport, the cabin can be outfitted with various seating configurations, seating between seven and ten passengers. It is also used for a diverse range of operations, such as aerial crane and sling work, law enforcement, and military transport, and is exceptional as an air ambulance and search and rescue platform. During the 1990s, due to its popularity, a refined derivative, initially marketed as the BK 117 C-2 before being rebranded as the EC 145 and later as the H145, was developed from the BK 117 C-1 version; this improved version of the rotorcraft has since succeeded the original BK 117 in production. The original BK 117, Eurocopter EC 145, and Airbus Helicopters H145, are typically thought of as being in one design family, despite different marketing and naming. Development Origins Second prototype at Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg in Germany Third prototype of the BK 117, on display since 2001 in Japan According to aviation author J. Mac. McCellan, the BK 117 has its origins in an earlier rotorcraft designed and produced by German aerospace manufacturer Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB), the MBB Bo 105. This helicopter, which proved to be a commercial success, had made use of a revolutionary hingeless main rotor composed of fibreglass, which was developed by German engineer Ludwig Bölkow. Having established a reputation for reliability and safety, during the early 1970s MBB, along with one of its major shareholders, Boeing Vertol, began studying options for producing an enlarged derivative of the type to accompany the Bo 105. However, Boeing soon withdrew from the venture, leading to MBB searching for another partner; this was found in the form of Japanese company Kawasaki Heavy Industries. On 25 February 1977, MBB and Kawasaki signed an agreement to cooperate on the development of a new rotorcraft. Under the terms of this agreement, the two corporations merged their previously separate projects to produce twin-engined general purpose helicopters, these being the Bo 107 by MBB and the KH-7 from Kawasaki. All of the privately incurred development costs were shared equally between the two partners; in November 1977, the programme received a huge boost when the government of West Germany announced that it would fund half of the costs of development. By April 1978, project definition studies had been completed, enabling the joint venture to proceed with the detail design phase of development. Separate elements of the design were assigned to each company; MBB were responsible for developing the rotors (these were based on the rigid rotor system previously used on MBB's Bo 105), tailboom, flight controls and hydraulic system while Kawasaki undertook the development of the landing gear, airframe, main transmission, electrical system and other minor components. German vehicle manufacturer BMW acted as a consultant on the styling of the BK 117. As per their agreement, each company established their own final assembly line for the type, on which they would produce the rotorcraft to meet demands within their respective local markets. Originally, each company intended to construct a pair of prototypes (in actuality, Kawasaki opted to only build a single prototype) which were to be completed by 1979; one for flight testing purposes and the others for tie down testing and static testing. On 13 June 1979, MBB's flying prototype conducted its maiden flight at Ottobrunn, Bavaria, Germany; months later, it was followed by the Kawasaki prototype at Gifu, Chūbu region, Japan on 10 August 1979. The pace of development on the programme had been slower than expected, a problem that was exacerbated by a shortage of skilled manpower that was available at MBB. Although it was originally planned for the rotorcraft's airworthiness certification to be achieved before the end of 1980, German certification was not achieved until 9 December 1982, being quickly followed by the receipt of Japanese certification on 17 December 1982. On 29 March 1983, the type secured the all-important United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification, clearing it for widespread use. Further development BK 117 in 2018 In service as an air ambulance, 2008 During 1983, the initial production version, designated as the BK 117A-1 was first delivered. Improved variants were quickly developed; in early 1985, the BK 117A-3, featuring an increased maximum takeoff weight and an enlarged tail rotor with twisted airfoils, was certified; two years later, the BK 117A-4, equipped with LTS 101-750B-1 engines for improved hot/high performance and increased maximum takeoff weight, along with improvements to the main rotor transmission and tail rotor mast, as well as a larger capacity fuel tank, was introduced. During 1990, MBB's American division launched a dedicated corporate version of the BK 117; it was furnished with a Honeywell-built SPZ-7000 digital automatic flight control system and a cocoon-type interior system; optional extras included a Bendix/King electronic flight instrumentation system (EFIS) and a clamshell cabin door. During 1992, the BK 117C-1, equipped with a revised EFIS panel and an improved environmental control system, along with greater hot-and-high performance, was introduced to service. At one stage, there was considerable attention paid to the concept of a dedicated militarised variant of the type. During the 1985 Paris Air Show, the concept of an armed attack helicopter derivative, referred to as the BK 117A-3M, was revealed to the general public. As promoted, this variant would have been capable of being armed with launchers for eight Euromissile HOT 2 missiles and a chin-mounted Lucas-built turret for a Browning 12.7mm machine gun, aimed using a helmet-mounted sight. It was also to be equipped with various advanced targeting sensors, including an SFIM APX-M 397 roof-mounted stabilized sight. In order to provide sufficient ground clearance for the gun turret, the use of higher skid landing gear would have also been necessitated. During the 1990s, as a result of the commercial success of the type, a refined derivative, initially marketed as the BK 117 C-2 prior to its rebranding as the EC 145 and later as the H145, was developed from the BK 117 C-1 version; this improved version of the rotorcraft has succeeded and eventually replaced the original BK 117 in production. In total, 443 BK 117s were manufactured by the two partners; 329 (and two prototypes) were produced by MBB at their Donauworth facility while 111 (and one prototype) were completed by Kawasaki in Japan. during the 1980s, an agreement was formed with Indonesian Aerospace, enabling the type to be produced under license in Indonesia, which was accordingly designated as the NBK 117; however, according to economics author Sören Eriksson, the Indonesian production programme was terminated after only a handful of rotorcraft were completed. Since exiting production, third parties have produced their own upgrade programmes for existing BK 117s. In 2010, Airwork launched its conversion programme for the type, replacing the original LTS101-750B-1 engine with the newer LTS101-850B-2 engine, increasing both its performance, reliability and safety margins, resulting in the BK117-850D2; by 2016, Airwork had upgraded nearly 50 rotorcraft in this manner. Design Head on view of BK 117 Bk 117 B2 cockpit Doors open BK 117 P2 The MBB/Kawasaki BK 117 is a twin-engined medium utility–transport helicopter. It possessed several attributes that lend itself to performing many different roles, such as twin-engine redundancy, sizable clamshell-shaped rear-facing double doors, and a relatively spacious cabin; one mission to which it was deemed to be particularly suitable was the emergency medical services (EMS). The airframe is composed of rivetted metal, making minimal use of composite materials, and machined to a high standard; in order to free up internal space, both the engines and transmission are positioned above the main cabin. Considerable efforts were made to reduce the weight of the aircraft where possible albeit without compromising the aircraft's structural integrity. The cabin could be outfitted with various interiors in order to suit its purpose, or to incorporate greater comfort levels, which included measures to dampen both noise and vibration. Early versions of the BK 117 were powered by a pair of Lycoming LTS101 turboshaft engines, rated to generate 550 shp at takeoff with considerable reserve power to guard against a single engine failure. While each engine possesses sufficient power to maintain flight and even takeoff in the event of a single engine being rendered inoperable, the type also has favourable autorotation capabilities. In order to extend their operational lifespan and increase their reliability, MBB tuned the engines to operate at lower-than-standard revolutions per minute (RPM). The engines are regulated using a specialised control system which smoothly and evenly regulate RPM and torque between both engines, even during vigorous manoeuvers. Power management has been greatly eased via the addition of an automatic engine-governor system, allowing pilots to simply monitor the torque and engine temperature gauges. The aircraft can be suitably equipped for flight under instrument flight rules (IFR) as well as for single-pilot operations. According to aviation publication Flying, as a consequence of its uncommon rigid main rotor system, the BK 117 possessed relatively high stability and manoeuvrability which, amongst other capabilities, reportedly gave the type the ability to perform a steeper approach than any other helicopter in its class. The four-bladed main rotor was smaller and slower-turning than many of its contemporaries, reducing both vibration and noise while also enabling the type to use more compact landing sites. The high-mounted tail boom and tail rotor of the BK 117 also presented several benefits, such as enhanced safety to personnel on the ground. In terms of its flight performance, the type was considered to be suitable for the execution of various aerobatic manoeuvres, such as flying loops and rolls, while retaining such levels of inherent stability that pilots could readily release both the cyclic and collective controls, unlike the majority of rotorcraft. The controls of the BK 117 are heavy and distinctly "un-twitchy". An optional Sperry-built three-axis stability augmentation system also served to improve the rotorcraft's ease of handling. Operational history This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2017) A single BK 117 A-3 (c/n 7106) was leased by the Canadian Forces Air Command for a test program and designated as the CH-143. When the program was over, the aircraft was returned to MBB Canada. A BK117 helicopter contracted by the New South Wales Rural Fire Service to fight fires crashed on 17 August 2018, the pilot died in the crash. Variants BK 117 P2 in Police service Cockpit view of BK117 P2 JASDF BK 117 A4 BK 117 P-2 (D-HBKA) German prototype, first flown 13 June 1979. Now exhibited at the Bückeburg helicopter museum, Bückeburg, Germany. BK 117 S-01 (D-HDRF) Initial pre-production prototype. Now preserved on top of the DRF-Headquarters at Stuttgart Airport. BK 117 P-3/P-5 (JQ0003) Japanese prototype, first flown 10 August 1979. Now exhibited at Kakamigahara Aerospace Museum, Kakamigahara/Gifu, Japan BK 117 A-1 Powered by two Lycoming LTS 101-650B-1 engines. First flown 23 April 1982. BK 117 A-3 Introduced in March 1985, the A-3 has a larger tail rotor with improved blades, Yaw CSAS, improved stability (SPAS) and the take-off weight increased to 3,200 kg (7,055 lb).- The Canadian Armed forces leased a single BK 117-A3 for a test program and designated it the CH-143. When the program was over, the aircraft was returned to MBB Canada BK 117 A-4 Introduced in July 1986, the A-4 has increased transmission limits at take-off power, improved tail rotor head. German aircraft have provision for extra internal fuel, giving enhanced performance. BK 117 A-3M Military version introduced in 1986. The A-3M is fitted with taller skids and can carry 11 troops. A Browning 12.7 mm (0.5 in) machine gun can be mounted under the fuselage in a Lucas turret with 450 rounds and controlled by a helmet-mounted sight. The A-3M also has outrigger pylons which can hold up to eight HOT II or TOW antitank missiles or a variety of air-to-air missiles, rocket-pods, or forward-firing cannons. Provisions for a doorway gunner's position with a 12.7 mm (0.5 in) gun can also be installed. BK 117 B-1 Introduced in December 1987, the B-1 is fitted with LTS 101-750B-1 engines to provide increased performance, and a 140 kg (309 lb) increase in payload. BK 117 B-1C UK-certified version with reduced range and endurance. BK 117 B-2 Maximum Gross Weight increased to 3,350 kg, 2 x Allied Signal Lycoming LTS101-750B-1 engines fitted as standard, new tail rotor blades, improved "hot and high" performance, take-off/landing limitation increased to 15,000 ft, improved flight performance for: HIGE/HOGE, single engine service ceiling. BK 117 C-1 Powered by two Turbomeca Arriel 1E engines. Later models may be upgraded to Arriel 1E2 engines. NBK 117 License-built model produced in Indonesia by Indonesian Aerospace. BK 117-850D2 Introduced in 2010, the 850D2 variant is an STC (Supplementary Type Certificate) development (i.e., re-engined) of BK 117 B-2 incorporating Honeywell LTS 101-850B-2 engines aimed at improving OEI and Category A performance. Development and certification was conducted in New Zealand by Airwork of Ardmore, NZ, in conjunction with Flight Structures Ltd. NOTE: All later models are derived from the BK 117 by Eurocopter Deutschland and later Airbus Helicopters. The models BK 117-C2, -D2 and -D3 are therefore better known under their commercial naming convention EC145 and H145. Nevertheless, all models share the same EASA Type Certificate (see EASA Type Certificate Data Sheet). Operators Military and government Australia Fire and Rescue NSW (formerly) New South Wales Rural Fire Service A Polizei BK 117 New South Wales Police Force Western Australia Police Chile Chilean Air Force Carabineros de Chile Colombia Colombian National Armada Germany Bundeswehr Polizei SX-HFH. a BK-117 of the Hellenic Fire Service Greece Hellenic Fire Service – Operates three BK-117C1s. Japan Prefectural police departments Madagascar Malagasy Air Force Peru Peruvian National Police Russia Saitama Prefectural Police BK 117 Ministry of Emergency Situations Spain Guardia Civil South Africa South African Air Force South African Police Service United States Riverside County Sheriff's Department (California) Civil A PolAir 5' BK 117 in flight STARS Air Ambulance at Foothills Medical Centre in Canada The majority of the helicopters are operated by various emergency services although it is also operated by private individuals, companies and executive charter operators. Australia CareFlight Westpac Life Saver Rescue Service Canada Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society Helico Secours Airmedic Germany ADAC DRF Luftrettung Kenya Airmedic BK117 B2 in flight Everett Aviation New Zealand BK 117 in service with Auckland Rescue Helicopter Trust Auckland Rescue Helicopter Trust Life Flight (New Zealand) Canterbury West Coast Air Rescue Trust Otago Rescue Helicopter Trust Switzerland Rega (air rescue) : 7 H145 since 2018, replacing the EC145 Taiwan Daily Air Corporation Thailand Si Chang Flying Services United States Air Methods St. Louis Children's Hospital Orlando Regional Medical Center Former Bophuthatswana Bophuthatswana Air Force Canada Canadian Forces Air Command Ciskei BK 117 in service with the South African Air Force Ciskei Defence Force Transkei Transkei Defence Force Venda Venda Defence Force Specifications (BK 117 B-2) Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–94General characteristics Crew: 1 Capacity: up to 10 passengers Length: 9.91 m (32 ft 6 in) (fuselage length) Height: 3.85 m (12 ft 8 in) (rotors turning) Empty weight: 1,727 kg (3,807 lb) Max takeoff weight: 3,350 kg (7,385 lb) Fuel capacity: 697 L (183 US Gallons, 153 Imp Gallons) internal fuel Powerplant: 2 × Textron Lycoming LTS 101-750B-1 turboshaft, 442 kW (593 hp) each Main rotor diameter: 11.00 m (36 ft 1 in) Main rotor area: 95.03 m2 (1,022.9 sq ft) Performance Maximum speed: 250 km/h (160 mph, 130 kn) at sea level Never exceed speed: 278 km/h (173 mph, 150 kn) Range: 541 km (336 mi, 292 nmi) Service ceiling: 4,575 m (15,010 ft) (max certified altitude) Hover Ceiling: 3,565 m (11,700 ft) (in ground effect) Rate of climb: 11.00 m/s (2,165 ft/min) See also Aviation portal Helicopter Air ambulance Related development MBB Bo 105 Eurocopter EC135 Eurocopter EC145 References Citations ^ McCellan 1986, p. 64. ^ McCellan 1986, pp. 64, 66. ^ a b c d e f g h McCellan 1986, p. 66. ^ Air International April 1989, p. 163. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "The Market for Light Military Rotorcraft." Archived 21 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine Forecast International, November 2010. ^ a b Air International April 1989, p. 164. ^ Air International April 1989, pp. 164–165. ^ Eriksson 2013, p. 153. ^ Williams, Daniel. "50 And Counting For The BK117-850D2." Archived 17 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine Aviation Week, 12 September 2016. ^ McCellan 1986, p. 62, 64. ^ a b c d McCellan 1986, pp. 66–67. ^ McCellan 1986, p. 67. ^ "MBB CH-143 BK 117". Royal Canadian Air Force. Archived from the original on 10 September 2005. Retrieved 25 March 2007. ^ Khalil, Shireen (17 August 2018). "nsw act Pilot of Rural Fire Service helicopter dies after crash". News.com.au. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018. ^ a b "BK 117 CH-143". canadianwings.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ The Emerging Technological Trajectory of the Pacific Rim by Denis Fred Simon, page 193. ^ "Honeywell Announces LTS101-850B-2 Engine Upgrade for Eurocopter BK117." Archived 12 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Honeywell, 22 February 2009. ^ "Airwork (NZ)’s BK117-850D2 takes to the skies over Australia and New Zealand." Archived 7 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine Flight Structures Ltd, 1 May 2010. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b "FireAir 1". fire.nsw.gov.au. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013. ^ "WA Police Air Wing". stepforward.wa.gov.au. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ a b c "World Air Forces 2013" (PDF). Flightglobal Insight. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ "(MBB BK 117) Carabineros de Chile". Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ "Kawasaki BK-117B-1". Demand media. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ "H145M LUH SOF". luftwaffe.de (in German). Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017. ^ "Einsatzfahrzeug: D-HNWQ (c/n: 7554)". Ebner Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ Scharenborg 2022, p. 70 ^ Saitama Prefectural Police (ed.). "航空隊の紹介". Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018. ^ Martin, Guy (September 2019). "Madagascar's military receives more aircraft". Air International. Vol. 97, no. 3. p. 9. ISSN 0306-5634. ^ "Base Aérea Lima-Callao Policia Nacional del Peru". cavok-aviation. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ Mlandenov Air International December 2016, pp. 85–86. ^ "Spanish Guardia Civil". aeroflight.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 January 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ "South African Police Service signs for its 7th Eurocopter AS 350 B3 at AAD 2004". Eurocopter. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ "County of Riverside Sheriff Aircraft Registration". FlightAware. Retrieved 26 November 2021. ^ "Careflight: Our Helicopters". careflight.org. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ "lifesaver Fleet". lifesaver.org.au. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ "STARS fleet". stars.ca. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ "Équipage et flotte". Helico Secours coopérative de solidarité. Retrieved 8 June 2023. ^ "ADAC Air Rescue confirms the choice of Eurocopter to renew its helicopter fleet with the EC145 T2 and EC135". eurocopter.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ "BK-117C". Demand media. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ "DRF Luftrettung BK 117". Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ "Everatt's BK 117 C1". everettaviation.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ "Auckland Rescue Helicopter Trust (fleet)". rescuehelicopter.org.nz. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015. ^ "Westpac Rescue Helicopter". lifeflight.org.nz. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ "Learn more about our Canterbury Westpac Rescue Helicopter". airrescue.co.nz. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020. ^ "Otago Rescue Helicopter Trust (fleet)". otagorescue.co.nz. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013. ^ "Daily Air Operations" (PDF). dailyair.com.tw. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ "MBB-Kawasaki BK-117B-1 – Si Chang Flying Service – SFS". ^ "airmethods fleet". airmethods.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ "KidsFlight 1". stlouischildrens.org. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ "ORMC Aircare 1". Orlando Health. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2015. ^ "World Air Forces 1991 pg. 37". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015. ^ "World Air Forces 1991 pg. 41". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015. ^ "World Air Forces 1991 pg. 65". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015. ^ "World Air Forces 1991 pg. 71". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2015. ^ Lambert 1993, pp. 159–160. Bibliography "BK 117...a Terrestrial Space Ship". Air International, Vol 36 No 4, April 1989. Bromley, UK:Fine Scroll. ISSN 0306-5634. pp. 163–170. Eriksson, Sören. "Clusters and Economic Growth in Asia." Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013. ISBN 0-85793-009-5. Hatch, Paul. "World's Air Forces". Flight International, 5–11 December 1990. pp. 35–81. Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International, Vol. 182, No. 5370, 11–17 December 2012. pp. 40–64. ISSN 0015-3710. Lambert, Mark. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–94. Coulsdon, UK:Jane's Data Division, 1993. ISBN 0-7106-1066-1. McCellan, J. Mac. "Paramedic." Flying, February 1986. Vol. 113, No. 2. pp. 62–67. ISSN 0015-4806. Mlandenov, Alexander. "Russia's Responders". Air International, Vol. 91, No. 6, December 2016. pp. 78–87. ISSN 0306-5634. Prétat, Samuel. "EC 145 & UH-72." Éditions Minimonde76, 2015. ISBN 9-782954-18181-3. (in French) Scharenborg, Martin. "Fighting the fires". Air International, Vol. 103 No. 2, September 2022. pp. 68–72. ISSN 0306-5634. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to MBB/Kawasaki BK117 family. Manufacturer's website BK 117 in aeromedical services BK 117 factsheet vteBölkow and Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) aircraftBölkow gliders Phönix T Phoebus Bölkow fixed wing aircraft Bo 207 Bo 208 Bo 209 Junior Monsun Bölkow rotary wing aircraft Bo 46 Bo 70 Bo 102 Bo 103 Bo 105 Bo 107 Heidelbergrotor MBB aircraft Bo 106 Bo 108 Bo 115 BK 117 MBB 223 Lampyridae X-31 vteKawasaki aircraftCompany designations KAL-1 KAL-2 KAT-1 KAQ-1 KDA-2 KDA-3 KDA-5 KDC-2 KDC-5 KH-4 YPX Imperial Japanese Army designations Type 87 Type 88 Type 92 Ki-3 Ki-5 Ki-10 Ki-22 Ki-28 Ki-32 Ki-38 Ki-45 Ki-48 Ki-56 Ki-60 Ki-61 Ki-64 Ki-66 Ki-78 Ki-81 Ki-85 Ki-88 Ki-89 Ki-91 Ki-96 Ki-100 Ki-102 Ki-108 Ki-119 Ki-148 Ki-174 Japanese Self-Defense Force designations C-1 C-2 OH-1 P-1 P-2J T-4 Joint ventures BK 117 BK 117-C2 Licensed production Bell 47 Hughes 500 Hughes 369 Boeing-Vertol V-107 Boeing-Vertol CH-47 Lockheed T-33 Lockheed P-2 Lockheed P-3C World War II Allied reporting names Bob Lily Mary Nick Perry Randy Rob Thalia Tony vteAirbus Helicopters aircraftCivil helicopters BK 117 EC120 Colibri EC130 (H130) EC135 (H135) EC145 (H145) EC155 (H155) H160 EC175 (H175) AS332 Super Puma (H215) EC225 Super Puma (H225) AS350 (H125) AS355 SA/AS365 Dauphin Military helicopters AS532 Cougar (H215M) AS550/AS555 Fennec (H125M) AS565 Panther EC635 (H135M) EC645 (H145M) EC665 Tiger EC725 (H225M) HH/MH-65 Dolphin NH90 UH-72 Lakota Experimental helicopters X3 vteIndonesian Aerospace (IAe) aircraftFixed-wing aircraft Sikumbang Belalang Kunang Super Kunang Kindjeng Gelatik LT-200 NC-212 N-219 CN-235 N-245 N-250 N-270 CN-295 N-2130 RAI R-80 IF-21 Rotorcraft Kolentang NBO 105 NBK 117 NAS 330J NAS 332 NBell 412 vteCanadian Armed Forces post-1968 unified aircraft designationsNumericalSequence 100 101 1021 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 (I) 119 (II) 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151–1541 155 156 157–1591 160 161 162 163 164–1661 167 168 169 170 1711 172 173 174–1751 176 177 178 179–1871 188 189–2941 295 296–3291 330 RoleCargo (CC) CC-106 CC-108 CC-109 CC-115 CC-117 CC-123 CC-129 CC-130 CC-132 CC-137 CC-138 CC-141 CC-144 CC-150 CC-177 CC-295 CC-330 Fighters (CF) CF-100 CF-101 CF-103 CF-104 CF-105 CF-111 CF-116 CF-188 Helicopter (CH) CH-112 CH-113 CH-118 CH-124 CH-125 CH-126 CH-127 CH-135 CH-136 CH-139 CH-143 CH-146 CH-147 CH-148 CH-149 CH-178 Observation (CO) CO-119 (I) CO-119 (II) Patrol (CP) CP-107 CP-121 CP-122 CP-140 Search & Rescue (CSR) CSR-110 CSR-123 Trainer (CT) CT-114 CT-120 CT-128 CT-133 CT-134 CT-142 CT-145 CT-155 CT-156 Unmanned (CU) CU-160 CU-161 CU-162 CU-163 CU-167 CU-168 CU-169 CU-170 CU-172 CU-173 CU-176 Experimental (CX) CX-131 1 Not assigned vteSpanish Armed Forces helicopter designationsHelicóptero (Z)Helicopter Z.1 Z.2 Z.3 Z.4 Z.5 Z.6 Z.7 Z.8 Z.9 Z.10 Z.11 Z.12 Z.13 Z.14 Z.15 Z.16 Z.17 Z.18 Z.19 Z.20 Helicóptero (H)Helicopter H.1 H.2 H.31 H.4 H.51 H.61 HE.7 HU.8 HS.9 HE.10/HU.10 HD.11 HR.12 HS.13 HA.14 HA.15/HE.15/HR.15 HD.16/HE.16 HT.17 HA.18/HU.18 HD.19 HE.20 HD.21/HT.21/HU.21 HU.22 HS.23 HE.24 HE.25 HE.26 HT.27 HA.28 HT.29 1 Not assigned Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_helicopter"},{"link_name":"transport helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_helicopter"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt-B%C3%B6lkow-Blohm"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Daimler-Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler-Benz"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter"},{"link_name":"Airbus Helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_Helicopters"},{"link_name":"Bo 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBB_Bo_105"},{"link_name":"maiden flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_flight"},{"link_name":"Ottobrunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottobrunn"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Gifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Chūbu region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABbu_region"},{"link_name":"aerial crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_crane_(helicopter)"},{"link_name":"law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency"},{"link_name":"military transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft"},{"link_name":"air ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_ambulance"},{"link_name":"search and rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue"},{"link_name":"EC 145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC_145"}],"text":"The MBB/Kawasaki BK 117 is a twin-engined light utility–transport helicopter. It was jointly developed and manufactured by Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) of Germany and Kawasaki of Japan. MBB was later purchased by Daimler-Benz and eventually became a part of Eurocopter, which was later rebranded as Airbus Helicopters.On 25 February 1977, MBB and Kawasaki signed a cooperative agreement to abandon their independent efforts to design twin-engined general purpose helicopters in favour of a collaborative venture to development of a new rotorcraft for that role. While the programme's costs were shared equally, the workshare was divided into certain areas of the design. MBB utilised their expertise with the rigid rotor system used on the earlier Bo 105 to develop the majority of the dynamic systems and flight controls, while Kawasaki focused on the airframe, structural elements, and various other components. On 13 June 1979, MBB's flying prototype conducted its maiden flight at Ottobrunn, Bavaria, Germany; months later, it was followed by the Kawasaki prototype at Gifu, Chūbu region, Japan on 10 August 1979.Each company established their own final assembly line, producing the BK 117 for their respective regions. The BK 117 has proven to be popular for passenger services and VIP-transport, the cabin can be outfitted with various seating configurations, seating between seven and ten passengers. It is also used for a diverse range of operations, such as aerial crane and sling work, law enforcement, and military transport, and is exceptional as an air ambulance and search and rescue platform. During the 1990s, due to its popularity, a refined derivative, initially marketed as the BK 117 C-2 before being rebranded as the EC 145 and later as the H145, was developed from the BK 117 C-1 version; this improved version of the rotorcraft has since succeeded the original BK 117 in production.The original BK 117, Eurocopter EC 145, and Airbus Helicopters H145, are typically thought of as being in one design family, despite different marketing and naming.","title":"MBB/Kawasaki BK 117"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BK_117_im_Hubschraubermuseum_Bueckeburg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubschraubermuseum_B%C3%BCckeburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MBB_Kawasaki_BK117P-5_%E2%80%98JQ0003%E2%80%99_(48183375721).jpg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt-B%C3%B6lkow-Blohm"},{"link_name":"MBB Bo 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBB_Bo_105"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcce_64-1"},{"link_name":"hingeless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinge"},{"link_name":"fibreglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibreglass"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Bölkow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_B%C3%B6lkow"},{"link_name":"shareholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholder"},{"link_name":"Boeing Vertol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Rotorcraft_Systems"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcce_64_66-2"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcce_66-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AI_p163-4"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-light_mil_forecast-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-light_mil_forecast-5"},{"link_name":"rotors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_rotor"},{"link_name":"Bo 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBB_Bo_105"},{"link_name":"flight controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_control"},{"link_name":"hydraulic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics"},{"link_name":"landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"airframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airframe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcce_66-3"},{"link_name":"vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-light_mil_forecast-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AI_p164-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcce_66-3"},{"link_name":"prototypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype"},{"link_name":"maiden flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_flight"},{"link_name":"Ottobrunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottobrunn"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Gifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Chūbu region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABbu_region"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AI_p164-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-light_mil_forecast-5"},{"link_name":"airworthiness certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_certificate"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AI_p164-5-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-light_mil_forecast-5"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Second prototype at Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg in GermanyThird prototype of the BK 117, on display since 2001 in JapanAccording to aviation author J. Mac. McCellan, the BK 117 has its origins in an earlier rotorcraft designed and produced by German aerospace manufacturer Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB), the MBB Bo 105.[1] This helicopter, which proved to be a commercial success, had made use of a revolutionary hingeless main rotor composed of fibreglass, which was developed by German engineer Ludwig Bölkow. Having established a reputation for reliability and safety, during the early 1970s MBB, along with one of its major shareholders, Boeing Vertol, began studying options for producing an enlarged derivative of the type to accompany the Bo 105.[2] However, Boeing soon withdrew from the venture, leading to MBB searching for another partner; this was found in the form of Japanese company Kawasaki Heavy Industries.[3]On 25 February 1977, MBB and Kawasaki signed an agreement to cooperate on the development of a new rotorcraft. Under the terms of this agreement, the two corporations merged their previously separate projects to produce twin-engined general purpose helicopters, these being the Bo 107 by MBB and the KH-7 from Kawasaki.[4] All of the privately incurred development costs were shared equally between the two partners; in November 1977, the programme received a huge boost when the government of West Germany announced that it would fund half of the costs of development.[5] By April 1978, project definition studies had been completed, enabling the joint venture to proceed with the detail design phase of development.[5]Separate elements of the design were assigned to each company; MBB were responsible for developing the rotors (these were based on the rigid rotor system previously used on MBB's Bo 105), tailboom, flight controls and hydraulic system while Kawasaki undertook the development of the landing gear, airframe, main transmission, electrical system and other minor components.[3] German vehicle manufacturer BMW acted as a consultant on the styling of the BK 117.[5] As per their agreement, each company established their own final assembly line for the type, on which they would produce the rotorcraft to meet demands within their respective local markets.[6][3]Originally, each company intended to construct a pair of prototypes (in actuality, Kawasaki opted to only build a single prototype) which were to be completed by 1979; one for flight testing purposes and the others for tie down testing and static testing. On 13 June 1979, MBB's flying prototype conducted its maiden flight at Ottobrunn, Bavaria, Germany; months later, it was followed by the Kawasaki prototype at Gifu, Chūbu region, Japan on 10 August 1979.[6][5] The pace of development on the programme had been slower than expected, a problem that was exacerbated by a shortage of skilled manpower that was available at MBB. Although it was originally planned for the rotorcraft's airworthiness certification to be achieved before the end of 1980, German certification was not achieved until 9 December 1982, being quickly followed by the receipt of Japanese certification on 17 December 1982. On 29 March 1983, the type secured the all-important United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification, clearing it for widespread use.[7][5]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D-HAOE_(45562374591).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Anglian_Air_Ambulance.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-light_mil_forecast-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-light_mil_forecast-5"},{"link_name":"Honeywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell"},{"link_name":"flight control system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_control_system"},{"link_name":"electronic flight instrumentation system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instruments"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-light_mil_forecast-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-light_mil_forecast-5"},{"link_name":"Paris Air Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Air_Show"},{"link_name":"attack helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter"},{"link_name":"Euromissile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromissile"},{"link_name":"HOT 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOT_(missile)"},{"link_name":"Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Industries"},{"link_name":"turret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret"},{"link_name":"machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"helmet-mounted sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmet-mounted_sight"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-light_mil_forecast-5"},{"link_name":"sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sight"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-light_mil_forecast-5"},{"link_name":"EC 145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC_145"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Aerospace"},{"link_name":"produced under license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensed_production"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-light_mil_forecast-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Further development","text":"BK 117 in 2018In service as an air ambulance, 2008During 1983, the initial production version, designated as the BK 117A-1 was first delivered.[5] Improved variants were quickly developed; in early 1985, the BK 117A-3, featuring an increased maximum takeoff weight and an enlarged tail rotor with twisted airfoils, was certified; two years later, the BK 117A-4, equipped with LTS 101-750B-1 engines for improved hot/high performance and increased maximum takeoff weight, along with improvements to the main rotor transmission and tail rotor mast, as well as a larger capacity fuel tank, was introduced.[5] During 1990, MBB's American division launched a dedicated corporate version of the BK 117; it was furnished with a Honeywell-built SPZ-7000 digital automatic flight control system and a cocoon-type interior system; optional extras included a Bendix/King electronic flight instrumentation system (EFIS) and a clamshell cabin door. During 1992, the BK 117C-1, equipped with a revised EFIS panel and an improved environmental control system, along with greater hot-and-high performance, was introduced to service.[5]At one stage, there was considerable attention paid to the concept of a dedicated militarised variant of the type.[5] During the 1985 Paris Air Show, the concept of an armed attack helicopter derivative, referred to as the BK 117A-3M, was revealed to the general public. As promoted, this variant would have been capable of being armed with launchers for eight Euromissile HOT 2 missiles and a chin-mounted Lucas-built turret for a Browning 12.7mm machine gun, aimed using a helmet-mounted sight.[5] It was also to be equipped with various advanced targeting sensors, including an SFIM APX-M 397 roof-mounted stabilized sight. In order to provide sufficient ground clearance for the gun turret, the use of higher skid landing gear would have also been necessitated.[5]During the 1990s, as a result of the commercial success of the type, a refined derivative, initially marketed as the BK 117 C-2 prior to its rebranding as the EC 145 and later as the H145, was developed from the BK 117 C-1 version; this improved version of the rotorcraft has succeeded and eventually replaced the original BK 117 in production. In total, 443 BK 117s were manufactured by the two partners; 329 (and two prototypes) were produced by MBB at their Donauworth facility while 111 (and one prototype) were completed by Kawasaki in Japan. during the 1980s, an agreement was formed with Indonesian Aerospace, enabling the type to be produced under license in Indonesia, which was accordingly designated as the NBK 117; however, according to economics author Sören Eriksson, the Indonesian production programme was terminated after only a handful of rotorcraft were completed.[8][5]Since exiting production, third parties have produced their own upgrade programmes for existing BK 117s. In 2010, Airwork launched its conversion programme for the type, replacing the original LTS101-750B-1 engine with the newer LTS101-850B-2 engine, increasing both its performance, reliability and safety margins, resulting in the BK117-850D2; by 2016, Airwork had upgraded nearly 50 rotorcraft in this manner.[9]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polair_5-Fire_1_BK-117_B2_-_Flickr_-_Highway_Patrol_Images.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MBB_BK_117-B2_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polizeihubschrauber_(10567007824).jpg"},{"link_name":"utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_helicopter"},{"link_name":"transport helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_helicopter"},{"link_name":"clamshell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalve_shell"},{"link_name":"emergency medical services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcce_62_64-10"},{"link_name":"rivetted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivet"},{"link_name":"composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcce_66-3"},{"link_name":"vibration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcce_66_67-11"},{"link_name":"Lycoming LTS101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_LTS101"},{"link_name":"turboshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboshaft"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcce_66-3"},{"link_name":"autorotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorotation"},{"link_name":"revolutions per minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcce_66_67-11"},{"link_name":"torque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcce_66-3"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_(device)"},{"link_name":"instrument flight rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcce_66-3"},{"link_name":"Flying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Magazine"},{"link_name":"rotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_blade"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcce_66-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcce_67-12"},{"link_name":"aerobatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatics"},{"link_name":"cyclic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_flight_controls#Cyclic"},{"link_name":"collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_flight_controls#Collective"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcce_66_67-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sperry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperry_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcce_66_67-11"}],"text":"Head on view of BK 117Bk 117 B2 cockpitDoors open BK 117 P2The MBB/Kawasaki BK 117 is a twin-engined medium utility–transport helicopter. It possessed several attributes that lend itself to performing many different roles, such as twin-engine redundancy, sizable clamshell-shaped rear-facing double doors, and a relatively spacious cabin; one mission to which it was deemed to be particularly suitable was the emergency medical services (EMS).[10] The airframe is composed of rivetted metal, making minimal use of composite materials, and machined to a high standard; in order to free up internal space, both the engines and transmission are positioned above the main cabin. Considerable efforts were made to reduce the weight of the aircraft where possible albeit without compromising the aircraft's structural integrity.[3] The cabin could be outfitted with various interiors in order to suit its purpose, or to incorporate greater comfort levels, which included measures to dampen both noise and vibration.[11]Early versions of the BK 117 were powered by a pair of Lycoming LTS101 turboshaft engines, rated to generate 550 shp at takeoff with considerable reserve power to guard against a single engine failure.[3] While each engine possesses sufficient power to maintain flight and even takeoff in the event of a single engine being rendered inoperable, the type also has favourable autorotation capabilities. In order to extend their operational lifespan and increase their reliability, MBB tuned the engines to operate at lower-than-standard revolutions per minute (RPM).[11] The engines are regulated using a specialised control system which smoothly and evenly regulate RPM and torque between both engines, even during vigorous manoeuvers.[3] Power management has been greatly eased via the addition of an automatic engine-governor system, allowing pilots to simply monitor the torque and engine temperature gauges. The aircraft can be suitably equipped for flight under instrument flight rules (IFR) as well as for single-pilot operations.[3]According to aviation publication Flying, as a consequence of its uncommon rigid main rotor system, the BK 117 possessed relatively high stability and manoeuvrability which, amongst other capabilities, reportedly gave the type the ability to perform a steeper approach than any other helicopter in its class.[3] The four-bladed main rotor was smaller and slower-turning than many of its contemporaries, reducing both vibration and noise while also enabling the type to use more compact landing sites. The high-mounted tail boom and tail rotor of the BK 117 also presented several benefits, such as enhanced safety to personnel on the ground.[12] In terms of its flight performance, the type was considered to be suitable for the execution of various aerobatic manoeuvres, such as flying loops and rolls, while retaining such levels of inherent stability that pilots could readily release both the cyclic and collective controls, unlike the majority of rotorcraft.[11] The controls of the BK 117 are heavy and distinctly \"un-twitchy\".[citation needed] An optional Sperry-built three-axis stability augmentation system also served to improve the rotorcraft's ease of handling.[11]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Forces Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Rural Fire Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Rural_Fire_Service"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"A single BK 117 A-3 (c/n 7106) was leased by the Canadian Forces Air Command for a test program and designated as the CH-143. When the program was over, the aircraft was returned to MBB Canada.[13]A BK117 helicopter contracted by the New South Wales Rural Fire Service to fight fires crashed on 17 August 2018, the pilot died in the crash.[14]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BK117.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polizeihubschrauber_(10566908725).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JASDF_BK-117_A4.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BK_117_CH-143-15"},{"link_name":"machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Turbomeca Arriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbomeca_Arriel"},{"link_name":"License-built","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensed_production"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Aerospace"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETTPR-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"EC145 and H145.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC145"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"BK 117 P2 in Police serviceCockpit view of BK117 P2JASDF BK 117 A4BK 117 P-2 (D-HBKA)\nGerman prototype, first flown 13 June 1979. Now exhibited at the Bückeburg helicopter museum, Bückeburg, Germany.\nBK 117 S-01 (D-HDRF)\nInitial pre-production prototype. Now preserved on top of the DRF-Headquarters at Stuttgart Airport.\nBK 117 P-3/P-5 (JQ0003)\nJapanese prototype, first flown 10 August 1979. Now exhibited at Kakamigahara Aerospace Museum, Kakamigahara/Gifu, Japan\nBK 117 A-1\nPowered by two Lycoming LTS 101-650B-1 engines. First flown 23 April 1982.\nBK 117 A-3\nIntroduced in March 1985, the A-3 has a larger tail rotor with improved blades, Yaw CSAS, improved stability (SPAS) and the take-off weight increased to 3,200 kg (7,055 lb).- The Canadian Armed forces leased a single BK 117-A3 for a test program and designated it the CH-143. When the program was over, the aircraft was returned to MBB Canada[15]\nBK 117 A-4\nIntroduced in July 1986, the A-4 has increased transmission limits at take-off power, improved tail rotor head. German aircraft have provision for extra internal fuel, giving enhanced performance.\nBK 117 A-3M\nMilitary version introduced in 1986. The A-3M is fitted with taller skids and can carry 11 troops. A Browning 12.7 mm (0.5 in) machine gun can be mounted under the fuselage in a Lucas turret with 450 rounds and controlled by a helmet-mounted sight. The A-3M also has outrigger pylons which can hold up to eight HOT II or TOW antitank missiles or a variety of air-to-air missiles, rocket-pods, or forward-firing cannons. Provisions for a doorway gunner's position with a 12.7 mm (0.5 in) gun can also be installed.\nBK 117 B-1\nIntroduced in December 1987, the B-1 is fitted with LTS 101-750B-1 engines to provide increased performance, and a 140 kg (309 lb) increase in payload.\nBK 117 B-1C\nUK-certified version with reduced range and endurance.\nBK 117 B-2\nMaximum Gross Weight increased to 3,350 kg, 2 x Allied Signal Lycoming LTS101-750B-1 engines fitted as standard, new tail rotor blades, improved \"hot and high\" performance, take-off/landing limitation increased to 15,000 ft, improved flight performance for: HIGE/HOGE, single engine service ceiling.\nBK 117 C-1\nPowered by two Turbomeca Arriel 1E engines. Later models may be upgraded to Arriel 1E2 engines.\nNBK 117\nLicense-built model produced in Indonesia by Indonesian Aerospace.[16]\nBK 117-850D2\nIntroduced in 2010, the 850D2 variant is an STC (Supplementary Type Certificate) development (i.e., re-engined) of BK 117 B-2 incorporating Honeywell LTS 101-850B-2 engines aimed at improving OEI and Category A performance.[17] Development and certification was conducted in New Zealand by Airwork of Ardmore, NZ, in conjunction with Flight Structures Ltd.[18]NOTE: All later models are derived from the BK 117 by Eurocopter Deutschland and later Airbus Helicopters.\nThe models BK 117-C2, -D2 and -D3 are therefore better known under their commercial naming convention EC145 and H145. Nevertheless, all models share the same EASA Type Certificate (see EASA Type Certificate Data Sheet).[19]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Fire and Rescue NSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_and_Rescue_NSW"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FireAir_1-20"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Rural Fire Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Rural_Fire_Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D-HNWQ_MBB_BK-117_Polizei_(7740187134).jpg"},{"link_name":"Polizei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Police_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Police Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Police_Force"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FireAir_1-20"},{"link_name":"Western Australia Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia_Police"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Chilean Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WORLD_AIR_FORCES_2013-22"},{"link_name":"Carabineros de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Colombian National Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_National_Armada"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WORLD_AIR_FORCES_2013-22"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Bundeswehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Polizei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landespolizei_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SX-HFH_over_Athens.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Fire Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Fire_Service"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Prefectural police departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectural_police_department"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Malagasy Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Peruvian National Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_National_Police"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RATS_operators_on_a_helicopter.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Saitama Prefectural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Emergency Situations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Emergency_Situations_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Guardia Civil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_Civil"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South African Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WORLD_AIR_FORCES_2013-22"},{"link_name":"South African Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Riverside County Sheriff's Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_County_Sheriff%27s_Department"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Military and government","text":"AustraliaFire and Rescue NSW[20] (formerly)\nNew South Wales Rural Fire ServiceA Polizei BK 117New South Wales Police Force[20]\nWestern Australia Police[21]ChileChilean Air Force[22]\nCarabineros de Chile[23][24]ColombiaColombian National Armada[22]GermanyBundeswehr[25][failed verification]\nPolizei[26]SX-HFH. a BK-117 of the Hellenic Fire ServiceGreeceHellenic Fire Service – Operates three BK-117C1s.[27]JapanPrefectural police departments[28]MadagascarMalagasy Air Force[29]PeruPeruvian National Police[30]RussiaSaitama Prefectural Police BK 117Ministry of Emergency Situations[31]SpainGuardia Civil[32]South AfricaSouth African Air Force[22]\nSouth African Police Service[33]United StatesRiverside County Sheriff's Department (California)[34]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PolAir_5_BK-117_B2_-_Flickr_-_Highway_Patrol_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STARSFMC.jpg"},{"link_name":"STARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_Trauma_Air_Rescue_Society"},{"link_name":"Foothills Medical Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothills_Medical_Centre"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"CareFlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CareFlight"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Westpac Life Saver Rescue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westpac_Life_Saver_Rescue_Helicopter_Service"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_Trauma_Air_Rescue_Society"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"ADAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAC"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"DRF Luftrettung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Germany#Air_Ambulance"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airmedic_Bk117_B2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westpac_Rescue_Helicopter_2009_RNZAF_Base_Whenuapai_Air_Show.jpg"},{"link_name":"Auckland Rescue Helicopter Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Rescue_Helicopter_Trust"},{"link_name":"Auckland Rescue Helicopter Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Rescue_Helicopter_Trust"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Life Flight (New Zealand)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Flight_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Otago Rescue Helicopter Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Rescue_Helicopter_Trust"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Rega (air rescue)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rega_(air_rescue)"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Air Methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Methods"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Orlando Regional Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Regional_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Civil","text":"A PolAir 5' BK 117 in flightSTARS Air Ambulance at Foothills Medical Centre in CanadaThe majority of the helicopters are operated by various emergency services although it is also operated by private individuals, companies and executive charter operators.AustraliaCareFlight[35]\nWestpac Life Saver Rescue Service[36]CanadaShock Trauma Air Rescue Society[37]\nHelico Secours[38]\nAirmedicGermanyADAC[39][40]\nDRF Luftrettung[41]KenyaAirmedic BK117 B2 in flightEverett Aviation[42]New ZealandBK 117 in service with Auckland Rescue Helicopter TrustAuckland Rescue Helicopter Trust[43]\nLife Flight (New Zealand)[44]\nCanterbury West Coast Air Rescue Trust[45]\nOtago Rescue Helicopter Trust[46]SwitzerlandRega (air rescue) : 7 H145 since 2018, replacing the EC145TaiwanDaily Air Corporation[47]ThailandSi Chang Flying Services[48]United StatesAir Methods[49]\nSt. Louis Children's Hospital[50]\nOrlando Regional Medical Center[51]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bophuthatswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bophuthatswana"},{"link_name":"Bophuthatswana Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bophuthatswana_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BK_117_CH-143-15"},{"link_name":"Ciskei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciskei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SAAF_MBB_Bk117A-3_382_(6929091397).jpg"},{"link_name":"South African Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Ciskei Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciskei_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Transkei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkei"},{"link_name":"Transkei Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkei#Security_forces"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Venda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda"},{"link_name":"Venda Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"BophuthatswanaBophuthatswana Air Force[52]CanadaCanadian Forces Air Command[15]CiskeiBK 117 in service with the South African Air ForceCiskei Defence Force[53]TranskeiTranskei Defence Force[54]VendaVenda Defence Force[55]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janes_93_p159-0-56"},{"link_name":"Textron Lycoming LTS 101-750B-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell_LTS101"},{"link_name":"turboshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboshaft"},{"link_name":"Never exceed speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds#VNE"}],"text":"Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–94[56]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nCapacity: up to 10 passengers\nLength: 9.91 m (32 ft 6 in) (fuselage length)\nHeight: 3.85 m (12 ft 8 in) (rotors turning)\nEmpty weight: 1,727 kg (3,807 lb)\nMax takeoff weight: 3,350 kg (7,385 lb)\nFuel capacity: 697 L (183 US Gallons, 153 Imp Gallons) internal fuel\nPowerplant: 2 × Textron Lycoming LTS 101-750B-1 turboshaft, 442 kW (593 hp) each\nMain rotor diameter: 11.00 m (36 ft 1 in)\nMain rotor area: 95.03 m2 (1,022.9 sq ft)PerformanceMaximum speed: 250 km/h (160 mph, 130 kn) at sea level\nNever exceed speed: 278 km/h (173 mph, 150 kn)\nRange: 541 km (336 mi, 292 nmi)\nService ceiling: 4,575 m (15,010 ft) (max certified altitude)\nHover Ceiling: 3,565 m (11,700 ft) (in ground effect)\nRate of climb: 11.00 m/s (2,165 ft/min)","title":"Specifications (BK 117 B-2)"}]	[{"image_text":"Second prototype at Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg in Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BK_117_im_Hubschraubermuseum_Bueckeburg.jpg/220px-BK_117_im_Hubschraubermuseum_Bueckeburg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Third prototype of the BK 117, on display since 2001 in Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MBB_Kawasaki_BK117P-5_%E2%80%98JQ0003%E2%80%99_%2848183375721%29.jpg/220px-MBB_Kawasaki_BK117P-5_%E2%80%98JQ0003%E2%80%99_%2848183375721%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"BK 117 in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/D-HAOE_%2845562374591%29.jpg/220px-D-HAOE_%2845562374591%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"In service as an air ambulance, 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/East_Anglian_Air_Ambulance.jpg/220px-East_Anglian_Air_Ambulance.jpg"},{"image_text":"Head on view of BK 117","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Polair_5-Fire_1_BK-117_B2_-_Flickr_-_Highway_Patrol_Images.jpg/220px-Polair_5-Fire_1_BK-117_B2_-_Flickr_-_Highway_Patrol_Images.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bk 117 B2 cockpit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MBB_BK_117-B2_2.jpg/220px-MBB_BK_117-B2_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Doors open BK 117 P2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Polizeihubschrauber_%2810567007824%29.jpg/220px-Polizeihubschrauber_%2810567007824%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"BK 117 P2 in Police service","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/BK117.jpg/220px-BK117.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cockpit view of BK117 P2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Polizeihubschrauber_%2810566908725%29.jpg/220px-Polizeihubschrauber_%2810566908725%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"JASDF BK 117 A4","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/JASDF_BK-117_A4.jpg/220px-JASDF_BK-117_A4.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Polizei BK 117","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/D-HNWQ_MBB_BK-117_Polizei_%287740187134%29.jpg/220px-D-HNWQ_MBB_BK-117_Polizei_%287740187134%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"SX-HFH. a BK-117 of the Hellenic Fire Service","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SX-HFH_over_Athens.jpg/220px-SX-HFH_over_Athens.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saitama Prefectural Police BK 117","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RATS_operators_on_a_helicopter.jpeg/220px-RATS_operators_on_a_helicopter.jpeg"},{"image_text":"A PolAir 5' BK 117 in flight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PolAir_5_BK-117_B2_-_Flickr_-_Highway_Patrol_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-PolAir_5_BK-117_B2_-_Flickr_-_Highway_Patrol_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"STARS Air Ambulance at Foothills Medical Centre in Canada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/STARSFMC.jpg/220px-STARSFMC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Airmedic BK117 B2 in flight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Airmedic_Bk117_B2.jpg/220px-Airmedic_Bk117_B2.jpg"},{"image_text":"BK 117 in service with Auckland Rescue Helicopter Trust","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Westpac_Rescue_Helicopter_2009_RNZAF_Base_Whenuapai_Air_Show.jpg/220px-Westpac_Rescue_Helicopter_2009_RNZAF_Base_Whenuapai_Air_Show.jpg"},{"image_text":"BK 117 in service with the South African Air Force","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/SAAF_MBB_Bk117A-3_382_%286929091397%29.jpg/220px-SAAF_MBB_Bk117A-3_382_%286929091397%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"Helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"title":"Air ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_ambulance"},{"title":"MBB Bo 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBB_Bo_105"},{"title":"Eurocopter EC135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC135"},{"title":"Eurocopter EC145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC145"}]	[{"reference":"\"MBB CH-143 BK 117\". Royal Canadian Air Force. Archived from the original on 10 September 2005. Retrieved 25 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20050910050246/http://www.rcaf.com/aircraft/helicopters/bk117/index.php?name=CH-143+BK+117","url_text":"\"MBB CH-143 BK 117\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force","url_text":"Royal Canadian Air Force"},{"url":"http://www.rcaf.com/aircraft/helicopters/bk117/index.php?name=CH-143%20BK%20117","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Khalil, Shireen (17 August 2018). \"nsw act Pilot of Rural Fire Service helicopter dies after crash\". News.com.au. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayu_ura	Kayu ura	["1 References"]	Kayu ura (粥占) or Mi kayu ura (神粥占) is a Japanese Shinto divination ritual using rice or bean gruel. Traditionally, the kayu ura ritual took place on the 15th day of the first lunar month, but since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar it has been conventional to perform the ceremony on January 15; this date is known as ko-shōgatsu or "Little New Year". Divination by gruel is generally used for agricultural predictions; it is presumed to predict the weather and harvests for the coming year. The ceremony takes various forms. A common practice is to stir a large pot of rice gruel (粥 (kayu)) with a split wooden stick, and to observe the number and organisation of the grains that adhere to the stick when it is removed. In another variation, known as tsutsugayu shinji, multiple hollow cylinders made of split bamboo or reeds are placed in the gruel, each cylinder corresponding to a specific month. Shinto prayers are chanted and the rice porridge is then left overnight. The following morning, the cylinders are cut open and the contents examined – the more rice that has stuck to the inside of the tube, the more propitious the harvest. If multiple tubes are used, these usually correspond to specific months of the year, and the results are recorded on a month-by-month basis. The tsutsugayu shinji variation is practiced at the Suwa Grand Shrine. Whilst rice is usually used, a porridge made from red beans (a symbol of fertility) can be substituted as an alternative. A further variation on the ritual is used in Akita, in which the gruel is not stirred but is instead smeared on a wooden pole; predictions are made based on how much rice sticks to the pole and the patterns that it makes. The oldest form of this ceremony, and the precursor to those listed above, involves a Shinto priest examining the mould that has formed on a bowl of rice porridge that has been stored in a special box for several days. References ^ a b Robertson, Stephen (2016). "Hope that sustains: revisiting New Year's divination at Suwa Taisha" (PDF). Contemporary Japan. 1 (28): 101–122. doi:10.1515/cj-2016-0006. Retrieved 14 February 2017. ^ a b c d Kentarō, Suzuki. "Kayu'ura". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Kokugakuin University. Retrieved 14 February 2017. ^ a b Brian Bocking (30 September 2005). A Popular Dictionary of Shinto. Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-135-79739-3. ^ Satow (16 July 2014). Ancient Japanese Rituals. Taylor & Francis. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-317-79291-8. ^ "The Ritual of Kayu-ura Kayubiraki". Imori Shrine. Retrieved 14 February 2017.	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A common practice is to stir a large pot of rice gruel (粥 (kayu)) with a split wooden stick, and to observe the number and organisation of the grains that adhere to the stick when it is removed.[2] In another variation, known as tsutsugayu shinji, multiple hollow cylinders made of split bamboo or reeds are placed in the gruel, each cylinder corresponding to a specific month. Shinto prayers are chanted and the rice porridge is then left overnight. The following morning, the cylinders are cut open and the contents examined – the more rice that has stuck to the inside of the tube, the more propitious the harvest. If multiple tubes are used, these usually correspond to specific months of the year, and the results are recorded on a month-by-month basis. The tsutsugayu shinji variation is practiced at the Suwa Grand Shrine.[1]Whilst rice is usually used, a porridge made from red beans (a symbol of fertility) can be substituted as an alternative.[2][3][4]A further variation on the ritual is used in Akita, in which the gruel is not stirred but is instead smeared on a wooden pole; predictions are made based on how much rice sticks to the pole and the patterns that it makes.[3] The oldest form of this ceremony, and the precursor to those listed above, involves a Shinto priest examining the mould that has formed on a bowl of rice porridge that has been stored in a special box for several days.[2][5]","title":"Kayu ura"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Robertson, Stephen (2016). \"Hope that sustains: revisiting New Year's divination at Suwa Taisha\" (PDF). Contemporary Japan. 1 (28): 101–122. doi:10.1515/cj-2016-0006. Retrieved 14 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/cj.2016.28.issue-1/cj-2016-0006/cj-2016-0006.pdf","url_text":"\"Hope that sustains: revisiting New Year's divination at Suwa Taisha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fcj-2016-0006","url_text":"10.1515/cj-2016-0006"}]},{"reference":"Kentarō, Suzuki. \"Kayu'ura\". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Kokugakuin University. Retrieved 14 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=796","url_text":"\"Kayu'ura\""}]},{"reference":"Brian Bocking (30 September 2005). A Popular Dictionary of Shinto. Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-135-79739-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6d-RAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12","url_text":"A Popular Dictionary of Shinto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79739-3","url_text":"978-1-135-79739-3"}]},{"reference":"Satow (16 July 2014). Ancient Japanese Rituals. Taylor & Francis. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-317-79291-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XtsJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT46","url_text":"Ancient Japanese Rituals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-79291-8","url_text":"978-1-317-79291-8"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ritual of Kayu-ura Kayubiraki\". Imori Shrine. Retrieved 14 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iimorijinja.jp/english.files/en0822/en/m05anlevent/parts/kayu_biraki.html","url_text":"\"The Ritual of Kayu-ura Kayubiraki\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/cj.2016.28.issue-1/cj-2016-0006/cj-2016-0006.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Hope that sustains: revisiting New Year's divination at Suwa Taisha\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fcj-2016-0006","external_links_name":"10.1515/cj-2016-0006"},{"Link":"http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=796","external_links_name":"\"Kayu'ura\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6d-RAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12","external_links_name":"A Popular Dictionary of Shinto"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XtsJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT46","external_links_name":"Ancient Japanese Rituals"},{"Link":"http://www.iimorijinja.jp/english.files/en0822/en/m05anlevent/parts/kayu_biraki.html","external_links_name":"\"The Ritual of Kayu-ura Kayubiraki\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsumi_Yanase	Natsumi Yanase	["1 Roles","1.1 Anime","1.2 Video games","1.3 Drama","2 References","3 External links"]	Japanese voice actress Natsumi Yanase (やなせなつみ, Yanase Natsumi, born May 10, 1971) is a Japanese voice actress from Tokyo, Japan. She also goes by the name Izumi Maki (まきいづみ, Maki Izumi) when voicing adult games. Her former stage name was Hiromi Yanase (柳瀬洋美, Yanase Hiromi). Roles Anime D.C. II: Da Capo II (Akane Hanasaki) Dragon Ball GT (Palace (Japonais)) Debutante Detective Corps (Yōko Ryūzaki) Ef: A Tale of Memories. (Chihiro Shindō) Hanaukyo Maid Team (Yuki Morino) Kaginado (Komari Kamikita) Lamune (Tae Isawa) Little Busters! (Komari Kamikita) Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai! (Tatsuko Itagaki) Soul Link (Nanami Inatsuki) _summer OVA (Konami Hatano) Video games _Summer (Konami Hatano) Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana (Norn) Atelier Iris 2: The Azoth of Destiny (Fee) Atelier Iris 3: Grand Phantasm (Nell Ellis) D.C. II: Da Capo II (Akane Hanasaki) Ef: The First Tale. (Chihiro Shindō) Ef: The Latter Tale. (Chihiro Shindō) Grisaia no Kajitsu (Chizuru Tachibana) Haru no Ashioto (Yuzuki Kaede) Hoshiuta (Yurika Amamiya) I/O (Ea) Island Days (Kokoro Katsura) Lamune (Tae Isawa) Little Busters! (Komari Kamikita) Logos Panic Love & Destroy (LuLu) Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai! (Tatsuko Itagaki) Moe! Ninja Girls RPG (Waka Kyogoku) Narcissu: Side 2nd (Himeko) Rapelay (Manaka Kiryū) Riviera: The Promised Land (Fia) Sakura Sakura (Nanako Sakura) Strip Battle Days (Kokoro Katsura) (credited as "Izumi Maki") Valkyrie Profile (Nanami, Lemia) Heart de Roommate (Tomoe Katsuragi) Tintin: Destination Adventure (Tin Tin) Drama Kyuukyoku Parodius (Tako A) References ^ "Natsumi Yanase at the Voice Artist DataBase" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2007-12-20. Retrieved 2007-09-29. ^ Yanase, Natsumi (December 3, 2020). "やなせなつみ Yanase Natsumi ★ 声優★NLP COACHING TRAINER on Twitter: "I played the role of Ｗaka in Moe! Ninja Girls RPG. Have a blast! https://t.co/0vPgz3eRNh @Moenin_RPG ╰('︶')╯♡ 　　　　　　Natsumi Yanase #声優 #seiyuu #game" / Twitter" (Tweet). Retrieved 30 December 2020 – via Twitter. External links Natsumi Yanase at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Natsumi Yanase at IMDb Natsumi Yanase at Behind The Voice Actors Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people"},{"link_name":"voice actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiy%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"adult games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Natsumi Yanase (やなせなつみ, Yanase Natsumi, born May 10, 1971) is a Japanese voice actress from Tokyo, Japan. She also goes by the name Izumi Maki (まきいづみ, Maki Izumi) when voicing adult games.[1] Her former stage name was Hiromi Yanase (柳瀬洋美, Yanase Hiromi).","title":"Natsumi Yanase"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D.C. II: Da Capo II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._II:_Da_Capo_II"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball GT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_GT"},{"link_name":"Debutante Detective Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debutante_Detective_Corps"},{"link_name":"Ef: A Tale of Memories.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ef:_A_Fairy_Tale_of_the_Two."},{"link_name":"Hanaukyo Maid Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanaukyo_Maid_Team"},{"link_name":"Kaginado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaginado"},{"link_name":"Lamune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamune_(anime)"},{"link_name":"Little Busters!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Busters!"},{"link_name":"Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maji_de_Watashi_ni_Koi_Shinasai!"},{"link_name":"Soul Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Link"},{"link_name":"_summer OVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbar_Summer"}],"sub_title":"Anime","text":"D.C. II: Da Capo II (Akane Hanasaki)\nDragon Ball GT (Palace (Japonais))\nDebutante Detective Corps (Yōko Ryūzaki)\nEf: A Tale of Memories. (Chihiro Shindō)\nHanaukyo Maid Team (Yuki Morino)\nKaginado (Komari Kamikita)\nLamune (Tae Isawa)\nLittle Busters! (Komari Kamikita)\nMaji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai! (Tatsuko Itagaki)\nSoul Link (Nanami Inatsuki)\n_summer OVA (Konami Hatano)","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"_Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbar_Summer"},{"link_name":"Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelier_Iris:_Eternal_Mana"},{"link_name":"Atelier Iris 2: The Azoth of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelier_Iris_2:_The_Azoth_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"Atelier Iris 3: Grand Phantasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelier_Iris_3:_Grand_Phantasm"},{"link_name":"D.C. II: Da Capo II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._II:_Da_Capo_II"},{"link_name":"Ef: The First Tale.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ef:_A_Fairy_Tale_of_the_Two."},{"link_name":"Ef: The Latter Tale.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ef:_A_Fairy_Tale_of_the_Two."},{"link_name":"Grisaia no Kajitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisaia_no_Kajitsu"},{"link_name":"Haru no Ashioto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haru_no_Ashioto"},{"link_name":"Hoshiuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshiuta"},{"link_name":"I/O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I/O_(visual_novel)"},{"link_name":"Island Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Days"},{"link_name":"Lamune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamune"},{"link_name":"Little Busters!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Busters!"},{"link_name":"Love & Destroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_%26_Destroy"},{"link_name":"Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maji_de_Watashi_ni_Koi_Shinasai!"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Narcissu: Side 2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissu:_Side_2nd"},{"link_name":"Rapelay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapelay"},{"link_name":"Riviera: The Promised Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riviera:_The_Promised_Land"},{"link_name":"Sakura Sakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_Sakura_(visual_novel)"},{"link_name":"Valkyrie Profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrie_Profile:_Lenneth"},{"link_name":"Heart de Roommate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_de_Roommate"},{"link_name":"Tintin: Destination Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintin:_Destination_Adventure"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"_Summer (Konami Hatano)\nAtelier Iris: Eternal Mana (Norn)\nAtelier Iris 2: The Azoth of Destiny (Fee)\nAtelier Iris 3: Grand Phantasm (Nell Ellis)\nD.C. II: Da Capo II (Akane Hanasaki)\nEf: The First Tale. (Chihiro Shindō)\nEf: The Latter Tale. (Chihiro Shindō)\nGrisaia no Kajitsu (Chizuru Tachibana)\nHaru no Ashioto (Yuzuki Kaede)\nHoshiuta (Yurika Amamiya)\nI/O (Ea)\nIsland Days (Kokoro Katsura)\nLamune (Tae Isawa)\nLittle Busters! (Komari Kamikita)\nLogos Panic\nLove & Destroy (LuLu)\nMaji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai! (Tatsuko Itagaki)\nMoe! Ninja Girls RPG (Waka Kyogoku)[2]\nNarcissu: Side 2nd (Himeko)\nRapelay (Manaka Kiryū)\nRiviera: The Promised Land (Fia)\nSakura Sakura (Nanako Sakura)\nStrip Battle Days (Kokoro Katsura) (credited as \"Izumi Maki\")\nValkyrie Profile (Nanami, Lemia)\nHeart de Roommate (Tomoe Katsuragi)\nTintin: Destination Adventure (Tin Tin)","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Drama","text":"Kyuukyoku Parodius (Tako A)","title":"Roles"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Natsumi Yanase at the Voice Artist DataBase\" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2007-12-20. Retrieved 2007-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071220103639/http://gph.sakura.ne.jp/va_memo/system/vadb.cgi?action=view_ind&value=00091&namecode=7","url_text":"\"Natsumi Yanase at the Voice Artist DataBase\""},{"url":"http://gph.sakura.ne.jp/va_memo/system/vadb.cgi?action=view_ind&value=00091&namecode=7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yanase, Natsumi [@yanase_natsumi] (December 3, 2020). \"やなせなつみ Yanase Natsumi ★ 声優★NLP COACHING TRAINER on Twitter: \"I played the role of Ｗaka in Moe! Ninja Girls RPG. Have a blast! https://t.co/0vPgz3eRNh @Moenin_RPG ╰('︶')╯♡ 　　　　　　Natsumi Yanase #声優 #seiyuu #game\" / Twitter\" (Tweet). Retrieved 30 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url_text":"Yanase, Natsumi [@yanase_natsumi]"},{"url":"https://x.com/yanase_natsumi/status/1334468809059536896","url_text":"\"やなせなつみ Yanase Natsumi ★ 声優★NLP COACHING TRAINER on Twitter: \"I played the role of Ｗaka in Moe! Ninja Girls RPG. Have a blast! https://t.co/0vPgz3eRNh @Moenin_RPG ╰('︶')╯♡ 　　　　　　Natsumi Yanase #声優 #seiyuu #game\" / Twitter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071220103639/http://gph.sakura.ne.jp/va_memo/system/vadb.cgi?action=view_ind&value=00091&namecode=7","external_links_name":"\"Natsumi Yanase at the Voice Artist DataBase\""},{"Link":"http://gph.sakura.ne.jp/va_memo/system/vadb.cgi?action=view_ind&value=00091&namecode=7","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://x.com/yanase_natsumi/status/1334468809059536896","external_links_name":"\"やなせなつみ Yanase Natsumi ★ 声優★NLP COACHING TRAINER on Twitter: \"I played the role of Ｗaka in Moe! Ninja Girls RPG. Have a blast! https://t.co/0vPgz3eRNh @Moenin_RPG ╰('︶')╯♡ 　　　　　　Natsumi Yanase #声優 #seiyuu #game\" / Twitter\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/people.php?id=11602","external_links_name":"Natsumi Yanase"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0620724/","external_links_name":"Natsumi Yanase"},{"Link":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Natsumi-Yanase/","external_links_name":"Natsumi Yanase"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/713f4f85-5a6d-423f-8ffe-b9bd55613fb7","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislas_Jonart	Ladislas Jonart	["1 Life","2 References"]	French cleric, bishop, and archbishop Ladislas JonartArchbishop of CambraiChurchCatholicDioceseCambraiSeeNotre Dame de CambraiElected1668Installed4 April 1671PredecessorGaspard NemiusSuccessorJacques-Théodore de BryasOther post(s)Bishop of Arras; Bishop of Saint-OmerPersonal detailsBorn1594Mons, County of Hainaut, Habsburg NetherlandsDied22 September 1674Cambrai, Cambrésis, Habsburg Netherlands Ladislas Jonart (1594–1674) was a clergyman from the Low Countries who was named in turn bishop of Arras, bishop of Saint-Omer, and archbishop of Cambrai. In the last position he was, ex officio, duke of Cambrai and count of Cambrésis. Life Jonart was born in Mons in 1594. He was ordained in Cambrai and held a canonry of the cathedral there. He was elected dean on 3 December 1635 and went on to serve as vicar general of the diocese. During a mutiny of the garrison in the city, he personally advanced the money to pay the troops. In 1652 he was named bishop of Arras, but as the city was under French occupation he was never installed. In 1656 he was appointed to Saint-Omer instead, taking possession of the see by procuration on 20 September 1662 and being enthroned as bishop on 28 May 1663. In 1668 he was elected to succeed Gaspard Nemius as archbishop of Cambrai. He was only installed as archbishop on 4 April 1671, distributing the episcopal income that had accrued during the vacancy to the poor. He died on 22 September 1674, leaving his goods in trust to alleviate poverty in the city and to aid distressed bourgeois. He was buried in his cathedral. References ^ a b c d e Émile Van Arenbergh, "Jonart (Ladislas)", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 10 (Brussels, 1889), 505-506. ^ a b Honoré Fisquet, La France pontificale (Gallia Christiana): Cambrai (Paris, Étienne Repos, 1864), pp. 278-279. On Google Books. Catholic Church titles Preceded byJean-Pierre Camus Bishop of Arras nominated but never installed Succeeded byÉtienne Moreau Preceded byChristophe de France Bishop of Saint-Omer 1662–1671 Succeeded byJacques-Théodore de Bryas Preceded byGaspard Nemius Archbishop of Cambrai 1671–1674 Succeeded byJacques-Théodore de Bryas	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"bishop of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Arras"},{"link_name":"bishop of Saint-Omer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Saint-Omer"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cambrai"},{"link_name":"ex officio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_officio"},{"link_name":"Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai"},{"link_name":"Cambrésis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambr%C3%A9sis"}],"text":"Ladislas Jonart (1594–1674) was a clergyman from the Low Countries who was named in turn bishop of Arras, bishop of Saint-Omer, and archbishop of Cambrai. In the last position he was, ex officio, duke of Cambrai and count of Cambrésis.","title":"Ladislas Jonart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arenbergh-1"},{"link_name":"dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"vicar general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_general"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arenbergh-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambrai-2"},{"link_name":"Gaspard Nemius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Nemius"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arenbergh-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arenbergh-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambrai-2"},{"link_name":"his cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Cambrai_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arenbergh-1"}],"text":"Jonart was born in Mons in 1594. He was ordained in Cambrai and held a canonry of the cathedral there.[1] He was elected dean on 3 December 1635 and went on to serve as vicar general of the diocese. During a mutiny of the garrison in the city, he personally advanced the money to pay the troops.[1] In 1652 he was named bishop of Arras, but as the city was under French occupation he was never installed. In 1656 he was appointed to Saint-Omer instead, taking possession of the see by procuration on 20 September 1662 and being enthroned as bishop on 28 May 1663.[2] In 1668 he was elected to succeed Gaspard Nemius as archbishop of Cambrai.[1] He was only installed as archbishop on 4 April 1671, distributing the episcopal income that had accrued during the vacancy to the poor.[1] He died on 22 September 1674, leaving his goods in trust to alleviate poverty in the city and to aid distressed bourgeois.[2] He was buried in his cathedral.[1]","title":"Life"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.academieroyale.be/Academie/documents/FichierPDFBiographieNationaleTome2051.pdf","external_links_name":"vol. 10"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oql2vG7C91AC","external_links_name":"On Google Books"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea-Mediterranean_Flyway	Black Sea–Mediterranean Flyway	["1 Notable locations","2 Threats","3 References","4 External links"]	The Black Sea–Mediterranean Flyway is a group of well-established routes by which many bird species migrate annually between Palearctic breeding grounds in northern Europe and Asia, and non-breeding habitats in southern Europe and Africa. This flyway has been studied less than some other major routes. A 2003 study found that population trends for wetland birds using this route had declined by 65% over the last decade, with three times as many species in decline than were evidencing increased numbers. Different taxa use different flight paths, with waders tending to follow the Black Sea and Mediterranean route southwards into Africa while swans, geese and ducks mostly use a northeast / southwest oriented route. Notable locations Lower Ob, Russia Bosporus, Turkey Jezreel Valley, Israel Southern Arava valley and Eilat Mountains, Israel Sudd, South Sudan Lake Débo, Mali Threats The major threat to the 2.5 billion migratory birds the pass through the Levant twice a year comes from hunters who shoot migrating birds both for food and for sport. In Lebanon, 2.6 million migratory birds are illegally shot or trapped every year. in such density that in 2017 "Hundreds of dead birds were left uncollected on the ground, and the soft breast feathers of eagles could be seen falling like snow as the birds were shot from the sky," according to Axel Hirschfeld, campaign and operations manager with the Committee Against Bird Slaughter. References ^ Colwell, Mark A. (2010). Shorebird Ecology, Conservation, and Management. University of California Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-520-94796-2. ^ Waterbirds Around the World. The Stationery Office. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-0-11-497333-9. ^ Davidson, Nick; Stroud, David (2004). "African-Eurasian Flyways: current knowledge, status, and future challenges". Global Flyways Conference 2004. Ramsar. Retrieved 11 May 2019. ^ Sullivan, Helen (6 January 2020). "Where Eagle Feathers Fall Like Snow". New York Times. Retrieved 8 January 2020. External links Mediterranean/Black Sea Flyway Factsheet from BirdLife International	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This flyway has been studied less than some other major routes. A 2003 study found that population trends for wetland birds using this route had declined by 65% over the last decade, with three times as many species in decline than were evidencing increased numbers.[2] Different taxa use different flight paths, with waders tending to follow the Black Sea and Mediterranean route southwards into Africa while swans, geese and ducks mostly use a northeast / southwest oriented route.[3]","title":"Black Sea–Mediterranean Flyway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob_(river)"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Bosporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Jezreel Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezreel_Valley"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Arava valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabah"},{"link_name":"Eilat Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilat_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Sudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Lake Débo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_D%C3%A9bo"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"}],"text":"Lower Ob, Russia\nBosporus, Turkey\nJezreel Valley, Israel\nSouthern Arava valley and Eilat Mountains, Israel\nSudd, South Sudan\nLake Débo, Mali","title":"Notable locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Committee Against Bird Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_Against_Bird_Slaughter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs-4"}],"text":"The major threat to the 2.5 billion migratory birds the pass through the Levant twice a year comes from hunters who shoot migrating birds both for food and for sport. In Lebanon, 2.6 million migratory birds are illegally shot or trapped every year. in such density that in 2017 \"Hundreds of dead birds were left uncollected on the ground, and the soft breast feathers of eagles could be seen falling like snow as the birds were shot from the sky,\" according to Axel Hirschfeld, campaign and operations manager with the Committee Against Bird Slaughter.[4]","title":"Threats"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Colwell, Mark A. (2010). Shorebird Ecology, Conservation, and Management. University of California Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-520-94796-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s2xR5UMwG1oC&pg=PA124","url_text":"Shorebird Ecology, Conservation, and Management"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94796-2","url_text":"978-0-520-94796-2"}]},{"reference":"Waterbirds Around the World. The Stationery Office. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-0-11-497333-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4htx09cb-6gC&pg=PA68","url_text":"Waterbirds Around the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-497333-9","url_text":"978-0-11-497333-9"}]},{"reference":"Davidson, Nick; Stroud, David (2004). \"African-Eurasian Flyways: current knowledge, status, and future challenges\". Global Flyways Conference 2004. Ramsar. Retrieved 11 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ramsar.org/news/african-eurasian-flyways-current-knowledge-status-and-future-challenges","url_text":"\"African-Eurasian Flyways: current knowledge, status, and future challenges\""}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Helen (6 January 2020). \"Where Eagle Feathers Fall Like Snow\". New York Times. Retrieved 8 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/06/science/lebanon-birds-hunting-conservation.html","url_text":"\"Where Eagle Feathers Fall Like Snow\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s2xR5UMwG1oC&pg=PA124","external_links_name":"Shorebird Ecology, Conservation, and Management"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4htx09cb-6gC&pg=PA68","external_links_name":"Waterbirds Around the World"},{"Link":"https://www.ramsar.org/news/african-eurasian-flyways-current-knowledge-status-and-future-challenges","external_links_name":"\"African-Eurasian Flyways: current knowledge, status, and future challenges\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/06/science/lebanon-birds-hunting-conservation.html","external_links_name":"\"Where Eagle Feathers Fall Like Snow\""},{"Link":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/sowb/flyways/5_Mediterranean_Black_Sea_Factsheet.pdf","external_links_name":"Mediterranean/Black Sea Flyway Factsheet"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exes_%26_Ohs	Exes & Ohs	["1 Cast","1.1 Main","1.2 Recurring","1.3 Guest stars","2 Season 1","3 Season 2","4 References","5 External links"]	Television series For similarly named articles, see X's and O's (disambiguation). Exes & OhsCreated byMichelle ParadiseStarringMichelle ParadiseMarnie AltonMegan CavanaghAngela FeatherstoneHeather MatarazzoNo. of seasons2No. of episodes13 episodesProductionProduction locationsVancouver, British Columbia, CanadaRunning time23 minutes per episodeOriginal releaseNetworkLOGO (USA)Showcase (Canada) Exes & Ohs is an American and Canadian cable TV series that was launched on Logo on October 8, 2007, and Showcase in Canada. The show centres on the dating life of Jennifer (Michelle Paradise), a lesbian documentary filmmaker with a vivid fantasy life and a floundering career. Jennifer is looking for Ms. Right but must navigate the rules of lesbian dating life, most of which she learns the hard way. Her friends are there to help: Sam (Marnie Alton), a sexy commitment-phobe who flips women faster than real estate; Chris (Megan Cavanagh) and Kris (Angela Featherstone), a lesbian couple expanding both their pet accessory business and their family; and Crutch (Heather Matarazzo), a young musician who wants to be taken seriously but still has some growing up to do. The series is based on the short film The Ten Rules: A Lesbian Survival Guide, created and written by Michelle Paradise, and directed by Lee Friedlander. It is shot in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, but is set in Seattle. The show's second season was pushed back various times. AfterEllen.com stated that it would not premiere until 2010. It was later set to premiere on June 29, 2011. Cast Main Michelle Paradise as Jennifer Marnie Alton as Sam Megan Cavanagh as Chris Angela Featherstone as Kris Heather Matarazzo as Crutch Jennifer Spence as Devin Recurring Chelah Horsdal as Lauren Brooks Darby Stanchfield as Sienna Amy Dudgeon as Emmy Beever Stacy Grant as Elizabeth Guest stars Sheryl Lee Ralph as Rev Ruby Sonja Bennett as Kate Karen Holness as Corrine Linnea Sharple as Charlie Cathy DeBuono as Becca Season 1 Episode # Title Description 101 "There Must Be Rules..." Jennifer struggles to move on when she gets trapped on a yacht where her ex-girlfriend is getting married. She decides to take her friend's advice to get over her ex by getting some action of her own. 102 "Roads Previously Not Taken" Chris and Kris try to find homes for stray animals when they come to a startling realization. Jennifer gets back in the dating game at Sam's urging. 103 "Cutthroat" A friendly competition over a girl between Sam and Jennifer brings up unresolved problems from their romantic past. Chris and Kris experiment with a doggie bakery and are daunted by the responsibility of parenting, while Crutch looks for a place to live. 104 "Love, Money and a Six Olive Martini" Jennifer finds a sponsor for her documentary, but this sponsor is interested in more than just a film. As Crutch interviews for a better-paying job, Sam confronts her dad about his discomfort with her homosexuality. 105 "Pole Dancing and Other Forms of Therapy" After taking a pole-dancing class, Jennifer feels less inhibited in other aspects of her life. Meanwhile, Chris and Kris search for the ideal man to father their child and Crutch guides a fan discovering her sexuality. 106 "What Goes Around..." A new, extreme Jennifer tells off her ex after Sienna shows up looking for sympathy, but Sienna doesn't go away quite that easily. While Chris and Kris get inseminated, Sam matures through therapy and Crutch finds fans in unexpected people. Season 2 Episode # Title Description 201 "Fish In A Barrel" Jen is haunted by exes in her dreams and tries speed dating to get her love life back on track. 202 "Two Bridge Girls and a Pair of Bunz" Sam and Kris get new jobs and Jen struggles to date two women at once. 203 "The Big 'O'" Chris and Kris' mom bond over pot smoking, Jen is on a frantic search for her missing sex tape and Sam has trouble oragasming. 204 "Girl-Frogs & Wet T-Shirts" Sam hosts a lesbian wet t-shirt contest to save her job, Jen starts teaching at college, and Chris and Kris get their sex life back on track. 205 "Everything Changes" Jen tries to be friends with Gillian after their breakup. Sam argues with Elizabeth before sharing an intimate moment with Jen. 206 "The Happy Homemaker vs. The Cougar" Kris proposes to Chris. Jen tries dating a younger woman. Elizabeth finds out about Jen and Sam's kiss. 207 "I Do. Do I?" Chris and Kris get married. Sam confesses her feelings to Jen. 208 "Sleepless in Seattle" Kris tries to induce labour while Sam and Jen try to come to terms with their feelings for each other. References ^ Exes & Ohs at IMDb ^ Marnie Alton at IMDb ^ Megan Cavanagh at IMDb ^ Angela Featherstone at IMDb ^ The Ten Rules: A Lesbian Survival Guide at IMDb ^ "The Ten Rules (A Lesbian Survival Guide) (2000)". BFI. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved Dec 17, 2020. ^ "escapismcentral.net". www1.escapismcentral.net. Retrieved Dec 17, 2020. ^ "The Ten Rules: A Lesbian Survival Guide (2002)". Retrieved Dec 17, 2020 – via www.filmaffinity.com. ^ "Ask AfterEllen.com". Archived from the original on 2009-07-17. Retrieved 2009-07-30. ^ "Exes and Ohs - The moment you've all been waiting for...... - Facebook". Facebook. ^ Chelah Horsdal at IMDb ^ Darby Stanchfield at IMDb ^ Amy Dudgeon at IMDb ^ Stacy Grant at IMDb ^ Karen Holness at IMDb ^ Linnea Sharple at IMDb External links Exes & Ohs en Lesbicanarias Resumen de episodios, noticias, imágenes. Exes & Ohs at IMDb vteShowcaseOriginal programming Almost Heroes Billable Hours Bliss Continuum Cra$h & Burn Endgame Exes and Ohs The Foundation Haven It's Me...Gerald Kenny vs. Spenny King KinK Lost Girl Moccasin Flats Moose TV Naked Josh Paradise Falls Pure Pwnage Rent-a-Goalie Show Me Yours Single White Spenny Testees Trailer Park Boys Travelers Webdreams XIII: The Series vteLogo TV original programmingFormer 365gay News (2005–2009) The A-List: Dallas (2011) The A-List: New York (2010–2011) The Arrangement (2010) Bad Sex (2011–2014) The Big Gay Sketch Show (2006–2010) Coming Out Stories (2006) Curl Girls (2007) Exes and Ohs (2006–2009) Finding Prince Charming (2016) Gimme Sugar (2008) Jacob and Joshua: Nemesis Rising (2006) Jeffery & Cole Casserole (2009–2010) NewNowNext Awards (2008–2013) Noah's Arc (2005–2006) Open Bar (2005) Pretty Hurts (2011) Real Gay (2005) Real Momentum (2005) Rick & Steve: The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World (2007–2009) RuPaul's Drag Race (2009–2016) RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (2012–2016) RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars: Untucked (2012) RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked (2010–2014) RuPaul's Drag U (2010–2012) Setup Squad (2011) Shirts & Skins (2008) Sordid Lives: The Series (2008) Transamerican Love Story (2008) TransGeneration (2005) U.S. of Ant (2006) Visible Vote '08: A Presidential Forum (2007)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"X's and O's (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%27s_and_O%27s_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-1"},{"link_name":"Logo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Showcase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showcase_(Canadian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Michelle Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Paradise"},{"link_name":"Marnie Alton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marnie_Alton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alton-2"},{"link_name":"Megan Cavanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Cavanagh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cavanagh-3"},{"link_name":"Angela Featherstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Featherstone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Featherstone-4"},{"link_name":"Heather Matarazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Matarazzo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lee Friedlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Friedlander_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"AfterEllen.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfterEllen.com_and_AfterElton.com"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"For similarly named articles, see X's and O's (disambiguation).Exes & Ohs[1] is an American and Canadian cable TV series that was launched on Logo on October 8, 2007, and Showcase in Canada. The show centres on the dating life of Jennifer (Michelle Paradise), a lesbian documentary filmmaker with a vivid fantasy life and a floundering career. Jennifer is looking for Ms. Right but must navigate the rules of lesbian dating life, most of which she learns the hard way. Her friends are there to help: Sam (Marnie Alton[2]), a sexy commitment-phobe who flips women faster than real estate; Chris (Megan Cavanagh[3]) and Kris (Angela Featherstone[4]), a lesbian couple expanding both their pet accessory business and their family; and Crutch (Heather Matarazzo), a young musician who wants to be taken seriously but still has some growing up to do.The series is based on the short film The Ten Rules: A Lesbian Survival Guide,[5][6][7][8] created and written by Michelle Paradise, and directed by Lee Friedlander. It is shot in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, but is set in Seattle.The show's second season was pushed back various times. AfterEllen.com stated that it would not premiere until 2010.[9] It was later set to premiere on June 29, 2011.[10]","title":"Exes & Ohs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelle Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Paradise"},{"link_name":"Marnie Alton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marnie_Alton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Megan Cavanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Cavanagh"},{"link_name":"Angela Featherstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Featherstone"},{"link_name":"Heather Matarazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Matarazzo"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Spence"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Michelle Paradise as Jennifer\nMarnie Alton as Sam\nMegan Cavanagh as Chris\nAngela Featherstone as Kris\nHeather Matarazzo as Crutch\nJennifer Spence as Devin","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chelah Horsdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelah_Horsdal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Darby Stanchfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darby_Stanchfield"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Amy Dudgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amy_Dudgeon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Stacy Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stacy_Grant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"Chelah Horsdal[11] as Lauren Brooks\nDarby Stanchfield[12] as Sienna\nAmy Dudgeon[13] as Emmy Beever\nStacy Grant[14] as Elizabeth","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheryl Lee Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl_Lee_Ralph"},{"link_name":"Sonja Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Karen Holness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karen_Holness&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Linnea Sharple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linnea_Sharple&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cathy DeBuono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_DeBuono"}],"sub_title":"Guest stars","text":"Sheryl Lee Ralph as Rev Ruby\nSonja Bennett as Kate\nKaren Holness[15] as Corrine\nLinnea Sharple[16] as Charlie\nCathy DeBuono as Becca","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season 1"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season 2"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Ten Rules (A Lesbian Survival Guide) (2000)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Studios	Fountain Studios	["1 History","1.1 Closure","2 Productions","2.1 Television","2.2 Film","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°33′40″N 0°16′54″W / 51.5612°N 0.2818°W / 51.5612; -0.2818Television studio in London, England 1929–2017 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Fountain Studios" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fountain StudiosFountain Studios in 2008Location within Greater LondonFormer namesAssociated-Rediffusion StudiosLondon Weekend TelevisionLee International Film StudiosLimehouse StudiosAlternative namesFountain Studios (Formerly)General informationStatusClosedTypeTelevision studiosAddress128 Wembley Park Drive,Wembley,HA9 8HPCountryUnited KingdomCoordinates51°33′40″N 0°16′54″W / 51.5612°N 0.2818°W / 51.5612; -0.2818Current tenantsWembley Park Theatre LtdOpenedSeptember 1929Renovated1993–1995ClosedFebruary 2017DemolishedTBAClientBBC, ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, SKYOwnerQuintain LtdLandlordQuintain LtdWebsiteWebsite Fountain Studios was an independently owned television studio in Wembley Park, northwest London, England. The company was last part of the Avesco Group plc. Several companies owned the site before it was bought by Fountain in 1993. Originally a film studio complex, it was formerly the base for the ITV contractors Rediffusion from 1955 to 1968, and London Weekend Television from 1968 to 1972. More recently, the studios were best known for being the venue for the live stages of ITV shows The X Factor and Britain's Got Talent. The last show to be broadcast live (and recorded) at the studios was The X Factor on 4 December 2016, after which the studio was closed, and the site sold to property developer Quintain. History In 1927, Ralph J. Pugh and Rupert Mason founded British Incorporated Pictures with the intention of creating an American-style studio complex in the former British Empire Exhibition's Palace of Engineering. They bought a lease at Wembley in June 1927, though it was for the Lucullus Garden Club Restaurant site, not the Palace of Engineering. Their financial backing fell through and in May 1928 the lease was sold to Victor Sheridan. Sheridan announced that £500,000 was to be spent on developing the biggest and best-equipped studio centre in Europe, British Talking Pictures engaged with Dynamics Corporation of New York to develop and supply a new improved Electromagnetic horn driver known as the Type 1 for its state of the art studio. Sheridan sold his lease to British Talking Pictures a few months later. In September 1928, British Talking Pictures formed a subsidiary, British Sound Film Productions, to make films at Wembley. Wembley Studios was Britain's first purpose-built sound studios. Its three sound stages were officially opened in September 1929. Perhaps because of a major fire, the studio was never as successful as had been hoped. They were taken over by the American Fox Film Company, who leased the site and then bought it outright in 1936. Fox used the studio for the production of their 'quota quickies'. A change in the law in 1938 led 20th Century Fox to use other studios, but it retained ownership. During the war the studios were leased to the military (the Army Kinematograph Service and RAF Film Unit), with intermittent rental to independents. Ealing Studios filmed Ships with Wings at Wembley in 1941. There was a fire at the studios in 1943. In the 1950s the studios were used by Mercia Film Productions, who made feature films, and Rayant Pictures, who made shorts and adverts. The last film made at Wembley was Ealing Studios' The Ship That Died of Shame (US: PT Raiders, 1955). Wembley Film Studio was taken over by Associated-Rediffusion, ITV's weekday broadcasters for London, in January 1955. Two of the existing studios were fully converted by the time commercial television began in September 1955, with the other two by the end of the year. An expansion on the site, the newly built Studio 5, opened in 1960. It was the largest television studio in Europe, and could be split into two parts for separate productions when required. The first production was An Arabian Night with Orson Welles. Shows such as Ready Steady Go!, No Hiding Place and Take Your Pick were to follow. During the 1960s the studios were home to some of the most popular programmes on the ITV network, including The Rat Catchers, Blackmail, At Last, The 1948 Show and The Frost Report. The Beatles appeared on more than one occasion at the studios. When Associated-Rediffusion lost its weekday ITV franchise in 1968, the television studios entered a difficult period. For a time they became LWT's broadcast base and were used to record shows such as On the Buses, Please Sir and Upstairs Downstairs. The 1970s through to the 1990s saw the demise and demolition of the film studio complex and the decline of the television studios under many different owners. Fountain Television began its existence as a studio and post-production facility in New Malden, Surrey in 1985. After hosting shows such as Ready Steady Cook and Wizadora, the company took the opportunity to purchase the badly run-down Wembley site in 1993 for redevelopment. Studio 5 (now known as Studio A & Studio B), is 14,000 sq ft (1,300 m2) including the firelanes. An unusual feature of the studio is a soundproof double door which can be lowered in 30 minutes to reconfigure the space into two separate studios, each with its own independent control facilities. When used as a single studio, it was the largest fully equipped television studio in the UK – 500 sq ft (46 m2) larger than HQ1 at Dock10, MediaCityUK in Salford and 2,000 sq ft (190 m2) larger than Studio 1 at BBC Television Centre. Internationally, larger studios exist in Germany and in the United States, although many of these fall into the category of soundstages and are not fully-equipped television studios. Fountain undertook the daunting task of the refurbishment and by 1994 the first shows began to trickle in. Hearts of Gold with Esther Rantzen, Talking Telephone Numbers and The Day Today were amongst the first shows to use Fountain's facilities. Many high-profile productions were still produced at Fountain Studios up until its closure in February 2017; these include The X Factor, Play to the Whistle, 1000 Heartbeats and Britain's Got Talent. Closure In January 2016, it was confirmed that the studios had been sold for £16 million to a property developer, Quintain. The lease (at present up to eight years) for the site is still available and several parties have expressed an interest. The most likely use will be to retain the building and turn it into a 1,000-seat theatre and that may start after the decommissioning of the studio equipment for sale by auction in February 2017. The site was leased from Quintain by Wembley Park Theatre Ltd in September 2017 for a 'meanwhile use' of the site until the site is demolished to make way for new developments. The duration of this use was for up to seven years as submitted by Quintain in November 2017. The existing buildings to be repurposed on a temporary basis as an event space (primarily concentrating on theatrical use). The multi-functional venue will be predominantly focused on a main auditorium which will be designed for use in a number of layouts. This will be formed from the 1,340 m2 (14,400 sq ft) former studio space. In addition, various parts of the building will be used in a number of layouts and for a number of functions, including the former offices, restaurant, storage areas and car parks. Work started in September 2017 with minor modifications to the scene dock area and the addition of extra fire doors. It is expected that the first productions will start in the early part of 2018 Brent Council has various documents relating to the Theatre use. London promoter LWE hosted a club night on 6 May 2018 featuring The Martinez Brothers headlining a Cuttin' Headz showcase. That was followed on 10 May 2018 by an appearance from Paul Kalkbrenner. Some photos of the current state at that time can be found online. A press release was issued on 23 May 2018 stating that the studios would open in the latter half of 2018 as a flexible 1,000- to 2,000-seat theatre by Troubador Theatres (the same company that owns Wembley Park Theatre Ltd) as well as bar and restaurant. Productions Television Alan Davies Après-Ski (2014) At Last the 1948 Show (1967) Big Star's Little Star (2013–16) Bremner, Bird and Fortune (1999–2008) Britain’s Got Talent (2007–16) The British Comedy Awards (2011–14) Clone (2008) Cool for Cats (1956–61) The Cube (2009–15) Dara O Briain's Go 8 Bit (2016) The Dickie Henderson Show (1960–65) Do Not Adjust Your Set (1967–68) Doctor at Large (1971) Doctor on the Go (1975–77) Don't Try This at Home (1999) Double Your Money (1955–68) Educating Archie (1958–59) The Fenn Street Gang (1971–72) Friends (1998) Greed (2001) Harry Enfield's Television Programme (1990–92) Hearts of Gold (1995–96) MasterChef (1991) MTV Unplugged (1991) No Hiding Place (1959–67) Noel's HQ (2009) On the Buses (1969–72) Opportunity Knocks (1956) Our Man at St. Mark's (1963–66) Over the Rainbow (2010) Petrolheads (2006) Play to the Whistle (2015–16) Please Sir! (1968–72) Pop Idol (2001–03) The Rat Catchers (1966–67) Ready Steady Go! (1963–66) The Syndicate (2000) Take Your Pick! (1955–68) Talking Telephone Numbers (1994–97) Taskmaster (2016) Tuesday Rendezvous (1961–63) Upstairs, Downstairs (1971–72) The Voice UK: Battle Rounds (2012–13) Winning Lines (1999–2004) The Word (1990–92) World Idol (2003–04) Would I Lie to You? (2007) The X Factor (2004–16) You Bet! (1989) 1000 Heartbeats (2015–16) Film The Awakening (1980) Brazil (1985) The Bridge (1985) The Elephant Man (1980) The Empire Strikes Back (1980) The Princess Bride (1987) Quadrophenia (1979) Silver Dream Racer (1980) Time Bandits (1981) Yentl (1983) References ^ Harris, Simon (4 December 2017). "Farewell to the home of X Factor: Studio to be demolished after semi-finals". ITV News. Retrieved 23 July 2017. ^ a b c d Kempton, Martin. "An incomplete history of London's television studios". ^ Rachael Low (13 September 2013). History of British Film (Volume 4): The History of the British Film 1918 - 1929. Routledge. pp. 227–. ISBN 978-1-136-20634-4. ^ "Inside Wembley Studios – Part 1 - Studios". Transdiffusion. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2016. ^ Wembley Park Studios archive ^ Wood, Linda. "British Films 1927 - 1939" (PDF). British Film Institute. pp. 6, 9. ^ Patricia Warren British Film Studios: An Illustrated History, London: B.T. Batsford, 2001, p.182-84 ^ team, Code8. "On screen - WEMBLEY PARK". Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Full text of "Kinematograph Year Book 1954"". archive.org. Retrieved 18 July 2016. ^ a b c "A Guide to Rediffusion Television Studios". Rediffusion Television Ltd. April 1967. Retrieved 23 July 2017. ^ "ITV". Wembley Park Studios Archive. Retrieved 3 August 2017. (Use drop down menu for page access as they are not individually indexed.) ^ Lewis, Rebecca (16 January 2016). "Fountain Studios home to The X Factor and Britain's Got Talent sold for £16m". Metro. ^ Nathan Spendelow (14 January 2016). "Britain's Got Talent and X Factor studios in Wembley set to close". Getwestlondon. ^ Brent Council (3 November 2017). "Temporary change of use for a period of seven years from television studio (Use class B1) into a theatre". ^ "Brent Council Planning" (PDF). ^ "17/3917 \| Erection of external wall to enclose open warehouse area and installation of four sets of emergency exit doors in the southern elevation and two sets of emergency exit doors in the eastern elevation. \| 128 Wembley Park Drive, Wembley, HA9 8HP". ^ "Old Fountain Studios opens this weekend: Here's the first look inside". DJMag.com. 1 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018. ^ "Brand new theatre announced for Wembley Park". www.quintain.co.uk. Retrieved 23 May 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Wembley Studios (Rediffusion)". TV Studio History. Retrieved 18 November 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai "Wembley Studios (Lee, Limehouse, Fountain)". TV Studio History. Retrieved 18 November 2022. ^ a b c d e f "Wembley Studios (LWT)". TV Studio History. Retrieved 18 November 2022. ^ "Andy Walmsley - Production Designer". ^ "Andy Walmsley – Production Designer". External links Fountain Studios Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Official Site Avesco PLC - Fountain Studios Archived 9 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine Parent Group The Production Guide profile Wembley Park Studios Historical Archive Wembley Park Studio Historical Archive Site, check here before making any alterations to Wikipedia entry vteMedia in the United KingdomUK national newspapers, magazines, and other periodicalsNewspapers(History, Circulation)Broadsheet Financial Times The Daily Telegraph The Sunday Telegraph The Sunday Times Compact i The Times The Guardian The Observer Middle-market Daily Express Daily Mail The Mail on Sunday Tabloid Daily Mirror Sunday Mirror Morning Star The Sunday People Daily Star Daily Star Sunday The Sun Sunday Sport Weekend Sport Midweek Sport Magazines andother periodicals List of magazines in the United Kingdom List of magazines by circulation Radio in the UKNationalstationsBBC BBC Radio 1 BBC Radio 1Xtra BBC Radio 2 BBC Radio 3 BBC Radio 4 BBC Radio 4 Extra BBC Radio 5 Live BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra BBC Radio 6 Music BBC Asian Network BBC World Service BBC National DAB (multiplex) Independent/ commercial Absolute Radio Network BFBS Radio Classic FM Capital Digital One (multiplex) Gold Greatest Hits Radio Heart Hits Radio Jazz FM Kiss Network LBC LBC News Magic Premier Christian Radio Radio X RNIB Connect Radio Scala Radio Sound Digital (multiplex) Smooth Radio talkSPORT TalkRadio Times Radio UCB UK Virgin Radio UK Regionaland localstationsBBC List of BBC Local Radio stations BBC Radio Scotland BBC Radio nan Gàidheal BBC Radio Ulster BBC Radio Foyle BBC Radio Wales BBC Radio Cymru Cymru 2 Independent/ commercial List of community radio stations List of local commercial radio stations List of semi-national / regional analogue and digital radio stations Otherstations List of hospital radio stations Pirate radio Restricted Service Licence (RSL) List of RSL stations List of satellite radio stations List of student and schools radio Other Broadcasting House FM broadcasting Dock10 Radio Academy Radio Academy Awards Radio Independents Group RAJAR Most listened to programmes Television in the UKPrincipalchannels(List)BBC BBC One BBC Two BBC Three BBC Four BBC News BBC Parliament BBC Alba BBC Scotland CBBC CBeebies ITV ITV1/STV/UTV ITV2 ITV3 ITV4 ITVBe Channel 4/S4C Channel 4 S4C E4 E4 Extra Film4 More4 4seven 4Music The Box Kiss TV Magic TV Kerrang! 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Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA Resources Arqiva List of largest UK book publishers Government andregulatory bodies Advertising Standards Authority BBC Board (formerly: BBC Trust Board of Governors of the BBC) British Board of Film Classification British Film Institute Culture, Media, and Sport Select Committee Department for Culture, Media and Sport Independent Press Standards Organisation Ofcom Press Recognition Panel S4C Authority Industry andtrades bodies British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Phonographic Industry Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union Clearcast Digital TV Group Equity Everyone TV Federation Against Copyright Theft Independent Publishers Guild National Union of Journalists The Publishers Association Royal Television Society United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting Other BBC Academy National Film and Television School National Science and Media Museum Regional and student mediaRegional media Media in England Birmingham London Manchester Media in Scotland Aberdeen Dundee Glasgow Media in Wales Cardiff Student media Student television Student press Category Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_studio"},{"link_name":"Wembley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Park"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Rediffusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated-Rediffusion"},{"link_name":"London Weekend Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Weekend_Television"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"The X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Britain's Got Talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain%27s_Got_Talent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Television studio in London, England 1929–2017Fountain Studios was an independently owned television studio in Wembley Park, northwest London, England. The company was last part of the Avesco Group plc.Several companies owned the site before it was bought by Fountain in 1993. Originally a film studio complex, it was formerly the base for the ITV contractors Rediffusion from 1955 to 1968, and London Weekend Television from 1968 to 1972. More recently, the studios were best known for being the venue for the live stages of ITV shows The X Factor and Britain's Got Talent.The last show to be broadcast live (and recorded) at the studios was The X Factor on 4 December 2016,[1] after which the studio was closed, and the site sold to property developer Quintain.","title":"Fountain Studios"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Empire Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kempton-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Low2013-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"horn driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_loudspeaker"},{"link_name":"Fox Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Film"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kempton-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"quota quickies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematograph_Films_Act_1927#Results"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Army Kinematograph Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Kinematograph_Service"},{"link_name":"RAF Film Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Film_Production_Unit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kempton-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ealing Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Studios"},{"link_name":"Ships with Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_with_Wings"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kempton-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Ship That Died of Shame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ship_That_Died_of_Shame"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTL1967-10"},{"link_name":"Associated-Rediffusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated-Rediffusion"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTL1967-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTL1967-10"},{"link_name":"Orson Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ready Steady Go!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready_Steady_Go!"},{"link_name":"No Hiding Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Hiding_Place"},{"link_name":"Take Your Pick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Your_Pick"},{"link_name":"The Rat Catchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rat_Catchers"},{"link_name":"At Last, The 1948 Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Last,_The_1948_Show"},{"link_name":"The Frost Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frost_Report"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Associated-Rediffusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated-Rediffusion"},{"link_name":"On the Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Buses"},{"link_name":"Please Sir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Please_Sir"},{"link_name":"Upstairs Downstairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstairs,_Downstairs_(1971_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ready Steady Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready_Steady_Cook"},{"link_name":"Wizadora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizadora"},{"link_name":"Dock10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock10_(television_facility)"},{"link_name":"MediaCityUK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaCityUK"},{"link_name":"BBC Television Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Television_Centre"},{"link_name":"soundstages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundstage"},{"link_name":"television studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_studio"},{"link_name":"Hearts of Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearts_of_Gold"},{"link_name":"Esther Rantzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Rantzen"},{"link_name":"Talking Telephone Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Telephone_Numbers"},{"link_name":"The Day Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_Today"},{"link_name":"The X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor"},{"link_name":"Play to the Whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_to_the_Whistle"},{"link_name":"1000 Heartbeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_Heartbeats"},{"link_name":"Britain's Got Talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain%27s_Got_Talent"}],"text":"In 1927, Ralph J. Pugh and Rupert Mason founded British Incorporated Pictures with the intention of creating an American-style studio complex in the former British Empire Exhibition's Palace of Engineering. They bought a lease at Wembley in June 1927, though it was for the Lucullus Garden Club Restaurant site, not the Palace of Engineering.[2][3][4] Their financial backing fell through and in May 1928 the lease was sold to Victor Sheridan. Sheridan announced that £500,000 was to be spent on developing the biggest and best-equipped studio centre in Europe, British Talking Pictures engaged with Dynamics Corporation of New York to develop and supply a new improved Electromagnetic horn driver known as the Type 1 for its state of the art studio. Sheridan sold his lease to British Talking Pictures a few months later.In September 1928, British Talking Pictures formed a subsidiary, British Sound Film Productions, to make films at Wembley. Wembley Studios was Britain's first purpose-built sound studios. Its three sound stages were officially opened in September 1929. Perhaps because of a major fire, the studio was never as successful as had been hoped. They were taken over by the American Fox Film Company,[5] who leased the site and then bought it outright in 1936.[2][6]Fox used the studio for the production of their 'quota quickies'. A change in the law in 1938 led 20th Century Fox to use other studios, but it retained ownership. During the war the studios were leased to the military (the Army Kinematograph Service and RAF Film Unit), with intermittent rental to independents.[2][7] Ealing Studios filmed Ships with Wings at Wembley in 1941.[8] There was a fire at the studios in 1943.[2]In the 1950s the studios were used by Mercia Film Productions, who made feature films, and Rayant Pictures, who made shorts and adverts.[9] The last film made at Wembley was Ealing Studios' The Ship That Died of Shame (US: PT Raiders, 1955).[10]Wembley Film Studio was taken over by Associated-Rediffusion, ITV's weekday broadcasters for London, in January 1955.[10] Two of the existing studios were fully converted by the time commercial television began in September 1955, with the other two by the end of the year. An expansion on the site, the newly built Studio 5, opened in 1960. It was the largest television studio in Europe, and could be split into two parts for separate productions when required.[10] The first production was An Arabian Night with Orson Welles.[11] Shows such as Ready Steady Go!, No Hiding Place and Take Your Pick were to follow. During the 1960s the studios were home to some of the most popular programmes on the ITV network, including The Rat Catchers, Blackmail, At Last, The 1948 Show and The Frost Report. The Beatles appeared on more than one occasion at the studios.When Associated-Rediffusion lost its weekday ITV franchise in 1968, the television studios entered a difficult period. For a time they became LWT's broadcast base and were used to record shows such as On the Buses, Please Sir and Upstairs Downstairs. The 1970s through to the 1990s saw the demise and demolition of the film studio complex and the decline of the television studios under many different owners.Fountain Television began its existence as a studio and post-production facility in New Malden, Surrey in 1985. After hosting shows such as Ready Steady Cook and Wizadora, the company took the opportunity to purchase the badly run-down Wembley site in 1993 for redevelopment.Studio 5 (now known as Studio A & Studio B), is 14,000 sq ft (1,300 m2) including the firelanes. An unusual feature of the studio is a soundproof double door which can be lowered in 30 minutes to reconfigure the space into two separate studios, each with its own independent control facilities. When used as a single studio, it was the largest fully equipped television studio in the UK – 500 sq ft (46 m2) larger than HQ1 at Dock10, MediaCityUK in Salford and 2,000 sq ft (190 m2) larger than Studio 1 at BBC Television Centre. Internationally, larger studios exist in Germany and in the United States, although many of these fall into the category of soundstages and are not fully-equipped television studios.Fountain undertook the daunting task of the refurbishment and by 1994 the first shows began to trickle in. Hearts of Gold with Esther Rantzen, Talking Telephone Numbers and The Day Today were amongst the first shows to use Fountain's facilities.Many high-profile productions were still produced at Fountain Studios up until its closure in February 2017; these include The X Factor, Play to the Whistle, 1000 Heartbeats and Britain's Got Talent.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Closure","text":"In January 2016, it was confirmed that the studios had been sold for £16 million to a property developer, Quintain. The lease (at present up to eight years) for the site is still available and several parties have expressed an interest. The most likely use will be to retain the building and turn it into a 1,000-seat theatre and that may start after the decommissioning of the studio equipment for sale by auction in February 2017.[12][13]The site was leased from Quintain by Wembley Park Theatre Ltd in September 2017 for a 'meanwhile use' of the site until the site is demolished to make way for new developments. The duration of this use was for up to seven years as submitted by Quintain in November 2017.[14]The existing buildings to be repurposed on a temporary basis as an event space (primarily concentrating on theatrical use). The multi-functional venue will be predominantly focused on a main auditorium which will be designed for use in a number of layouts. This will be formed from the 1,340 m2 (14,400 sq ft) former studio space. In addition, various parts of the building will be used in a number of layouts and for a number of functions, including the former offices, restaurant, storage areas and car parks. Work started in September 2017 with minor modifications to the scene dock area and the addition of extra fire doors. It is expected that the first productions will start in the early part of 2018[15] Brent Council has various documents relating to the Theatre use.[16]London promoter LWE hosted a club night on 6 May 2018 featuring The Martinez Brothers headlining a Cuttin' Headz showcase. That was followed on 10 May 2018 by an appearance from Paul Kalkbrenner. Some photos of the current state at that time can be found online.[17]A press release was issued on 23 May 2018 stating that the studios would open in the latter half of 2018 as a flexible 1,000- to 2,000-seat theatre by Troubador Theatres (the same company that owns Wembley Park Theatre Ltd) as well as bar and restaurant.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Davies Après-Ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Davies_Apr%C3%A8s-Ski"},{"link_name":"At Last the 1948 Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Last_the_1948_Show"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rediffusion-19"},{"link_name":"Big Star's Little Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Star%27s_Little_Star"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Bremner, Bird and Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremner,_Bird_and_Fortune"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Britain’s Got Talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain%E2%80%99s_Got_Talent"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"The British Comedy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_British_Comedy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Clone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Cool for Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_for_Cats_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rediffusion-19"},{"link_name":"The Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cube_(British_game_show)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Dara O Briain's Go 8 Bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_O_Briain%27s_Go_8_Bit"},{"link_name":"The Dickie Henderson Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dickie_Henderson_Show"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rediffusion-19"},{"link_name":"Do Not Adjust Your Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Not_Adjust_Your_Set"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rediffusion-19"},{"link_name":"Doctor at Large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_at_Large_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWT-21"},{"link_name":"Doctor on the Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_on_the_Go"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWT-21"},{"link_name":"Don't Try This at Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Try_This_at_Home_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Double Your Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Your_Money"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rediffusion-19"},{"link_name":"Educating Archie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educating_Archie"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rediffusion-19"},{"link_name":"The Fenn Street Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fenn_Street_Gang"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWT-21"},{"link_name":"Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Greed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greed_(British_game_show)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Harry Enfield's Television Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Enfield_%26_Chums"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Hearts of Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearts_of_Gold"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"MasterChef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MasterChef_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"MTV Unplugged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Unplugged"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"No Hiding Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Hiding_Place"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rediffusion-19"},{"link_name":"Noel's HQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel%27s_HQ"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"On the Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Buses"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWT-21"},{"link_name":"Opportunity Knocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_Knocks_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rediffusion-19"},{"link_name":"Our Man at St. Mark's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Man_at_St._Mark%27s"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rediffusion-19"},{"link_name":"Over the Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Rainbow_(2010_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Petrolheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolheads"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Play to the Whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_to_the_Whistle"},{"link_name":"Please Sir!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Please_Sir!"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWT-21"},{"link_name":"Pop Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Idol"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"The Rat Catchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rat_Catchers"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rediffusion-19"},{"link_name":"Ready Steady Go!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready_Steady_Go!"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rediffusion-19"},{"link_name":"The Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Syndicate_(game_show)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Take Your Pick!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Your_Pick!"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rediffusion-19"},{"link_name":"Talking Telephone Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Telephone_Numbers"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Taskmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taskmaster_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Tuesday Rendezvous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuesday_Rendezvous"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rediffusion-19"},{"link_name":"Upstairs, Downstairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstairs,_Downstairs_(1971_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWT-21"},{"link_name":"The Voice UK: Battle Rounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_UK"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Winning Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning_Lines"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"The Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Word_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"World Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Idol"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Would I Lie to You?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Would_I_Lie_to_You%3F_(British_game_show)"},{"link_name":"The X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"You Bet!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Bet!"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"1000 Heartbeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_Heartbeats"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Alan Davies Après-Ski (2014)\nAt Last the 1948 Show (1967)[19]\nBig Star's Little Star (2013–16)[20]\nBremner, Bird and Fortune (1999–2008)[20]\nBritain’s Got Talent (2007–16)[20]\nThe British Comedy Awards (2011–14)[20]\nClone (2008)[20]\nCool for Cats (1956–61)[19]\nThe Cube (2009–15)[20]\nDara O Briain's Go 8 Bit (2016)\nThe Dickie Henderson Show (1960–65)[19]\nDo Not Adjust Your Set (1967–68)[19]\nDoctor at Large (1971)[21]\nDoctor on the Go (1975–77)[21]\nDon't Try This at Home (1999)[20]\nDouble Your Money (1955–68)[19]\nEducating Archie (1958–59)[19]\nThe Fenn Street Gang (1971–72)[21]\nFriends (1998)[20]\nGreed (2001)[22]\nHarry Enfield's Television Programme (1990–92)[20]\nHearts of Gold (1995–96)[20]\nMasterChef (1991)[20]\nMTV Unplugged (1991)[20]\nNo Hiding Place (1959–67)[19]\nNoel's HQ (2009)[20]\nOn the Buses (1969–72)[21]\nOpportunity Knocks (1956)[19]\nOur Man at St. Mark's (1963–66)[19]\nOver the Rainbow (2010)[20]\nPetrolheads (2006)[20]\nPlay to the Whistle (2015–16)\nPlease Sir! (1968–72)[21]\nPop Idol (2001–03)[20]\nThe Rat Catchers (1966–67)[19]\nReady Steady Go! (1963–66)[19]\nThe Syndicate (2000)[23]\nTake Your Pick! (1955–68)[19]\nTalking Telephone Numbers (1994–97)[20]\nTaskmaster (2016)[20]\nTuesday Rendezvous (1961–63)[19]\nUpstairs, Downstairs (1971–72)[21]\nThe Voice UK: Battle Rounds (2012–13)[20]\nWinning Lines (1999–2004)[20]\nThe Word (1990–92)[20]\nWorld Idol (2003–04)[20]\nWould I Lie to You? (2007)\nThe X Factor (2004–16)[20]\nYou Bet! (1989)[20]\n1000 Heartbeats (2015–16)[20]","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Awakening_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"The Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bride_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"The Elephant Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elephant_Man_(film)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"The Empire Strikes Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"The Princess Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princess_Bride_(film)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Quadrophenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrophenia_(film)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Silver Dream Racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Dream_Racer"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Time Bandits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Bandits"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"},{"link_name":"Yentl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yentl_(film)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wembley-20"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"The Awakening (1980)[20]\nBrazil (1985)[20]\nThe Bridge (1985)[20]\nThe Elephant Man (1980)[20]\nThe Empire Strikes Back (1980)[20]\nThe Princess Bride (1987)[20]\nQuadrophenia (1979)[20]\nSilver Dream Racer (1980)[20]\nTime Bandits (1981)[20]\nYentl (1983)[20]","title":"Productions"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Harris, Simon (4 December 2017). \"Farewell to the home of X Factor: Studio to be demolished after semi-finals\". ITV News. Retrieved 23 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itv.com/news/london/2016-12-02/farewell-to-the-home-of-x-factor-studio-to-be-demolished-after-semi-finals/","url_text":"\"Farewell to the home of X Factor: Studio to be demolished after semi-finals\""}]},{"reference":"Kempton, Martin. \"An incomplete history of London's television studios\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvstudiohistory.co.uk/studio%20history.htm#wembley%20rediffusion","url_text":"\"An incomplete history of London's television studios\""}]},{"reference":"Rachael Low (13 September 2013). History of British Film (Volume 4): The History of the British Film 1918 - 1929. Routledge. pp. 227–. ISBN 978-1-136-20634-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6UbaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA227","url_text":"History of British Film (Volume 4): The History of the British Film 1918 - 1929"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-20634-4","url_text":"978-1-136-20634-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Inside Wembley Studios – Part 1 - Studios\". Transdiffusion. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170810052623/https://www.transdiffusion.org/2004/01/01/wembley1","url_text":"\"Inside Wembley Studios – Part 1 - Studios\""},{"url":"https://www.transdiffusion.org/2004/01/01/wembley1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Linda. \"British Films 1927 - 1939\" (PDF). British Film Institute. pp. 6, 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-british-films-1927-1939.pdf","url_text":"\"British Films 1927 - 1939\""}]},{"reference":"team, Code8. \"On screen - WEMBLEY PARK\". Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160810091758/http://wembleypark.com/discover/our-story/on-screen/","url_text":"\"On screen - WEMBLEY PARK\""},{"url":"http://wembleypark.com/discover/our-story/on-screen/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Full text of \"Kinematograph Year Book 1954\"\". archive.org. Retrieved 18 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/kinematographyea1954odha/kinematographyea1954odha_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Full text of \"Kinematograph Year Book 1954\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Guide to Rediffusion Television Studios\". Rediffusion Television Ltd. April 1967. Retrieved 23 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://rediffusion.retropia.co.uk/","url_text":"\"A Guide to Rediffusion Television Studios\""}]},{"reference":"\"ITV\". Wembley Park Studios Archive. Retrieved 3 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wembleyparkstudios.co.uk/","url_text":"\"ITV\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Rebecca (16 January 2016). \"Fountain Studios home to The X Factor and Britain's Got Talent sold for £16m\". Metro.","urls":[{"url":"http://metro.co.uk/2016/01/16/fountain-studios-home-to-the-x-factor-and-bgt-sold-for-16-million-5627286/","url_text":"\"Fountain Studios home to The X Factor and Britain's Got Talent sold for £16m\""}]},{"reference":"Nathan Spendelow (14 January 2016). \"Britain's Got Talent and X Factor studios in Wembley set to close\". Getwestlondon.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/news/west-london-news/britains-talent-x-factor-studios-10736112","url_text":"\"Britain's Got Talent and X Factor studios in Wembley set to close\""}]},{"reference":"Brent Council (3 November 2017). \"Temporary change of use for a period of seven years from television studio (Use class B1) into a theatre\".","urls":[{"url":"https://pa.brent.gov.uk/online-applications/applicationDetails.do?activeTab=summary&keyVal=DCAPR_137037","url_text":"\"Temporary change of use for a period of seven years from television studio (Use class B1) into a theatre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brent Council Planning\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://democracy.brent.gov.uk/documents/s59858/05c.%20Wembley%20Park%20Application%20Letter.pdf","url_text":"\"Brent Council Planning\""}]},{"reference":"\"17/3917 \| Erection of external wall to enclose open warehouse area and installation of four sets of emergency exit doors in the southern elevation and two sets of emergency exit doors in the eastern elevation. \| 128 Wembley Park Drive, Wembley, HA9 8HP\".","urls":[{"url":"https://pa.brent.gov.uk/online-applications/applicationDetails.do?activeTab=documents&keyVal=DCAPR_136203","url_text":"\"17/3917 \| Erection of external wall to enclose open warehouse area and installation of four sets of emergency exit doors in the southern elevation and two sets of emergency exit doors in the eastern elevation. \| 128 Wembley Park Drive, Wembley, HA9 8HP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Old Fountain Studios opens this weekend: Here's the first look inside\". DJMag.com. 1 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://djmag.com/content/old-fountain-studios-opens-weekend-here%E2%80%99s-first-look-inside","url_text":"\"Old Fountain Studios opens this weekend: Here's the first look inside\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brand new theatre announced for Wembley Park\". www.quintain.co.uk. Retrieved 23 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.quintain.co.uk/news-and-media/press-releases/2018/theatre","url_text":"\"Brand new theatre announced for Wembley Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wembley Studios (Rediffusion)\". TV Studio History. Retrieved 18 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvstudiohistory.co.uk/itv-studios-in-london/wembley-studios/","url_text":"\"Wembley Studios (Rediffusion)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wembley Studios (Lee, Limehouse, Fountain)\". TV Studio History. Retrieved 18 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvstudiohistory.co.uk/itv-studios-in-london/wembley-lee-international-film-studios/","url_text":"\"Wembley Studios (Lee, Limehouse, Fountain)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wembley Studios (LWT)\". TV Studio History. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Reyes_(politician)	Vicente Reyes (politician)	["1 See also"]	Chilean lawyer, journalist and political figure This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vicente Reyes" politician – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Vicente ReyesPedro Vicente Reyes Palazuelos (b. 1835 - July 6, 1918), was a Chilean lawyer, journalist, political figure, and candidate during the 1896 presidential election. Vicente Reyes was born in Santiago, the son of Manuel Reyes Saravia and of Mercedes Palazuelos Astaburiaga. He completed his studies in the Instituto Nacional and at the Universidad de Chile, where he graduated as a lawyer in 1858 with a thesis about the copyright of literary works. By 1856 he was already well known in the literary circles of the time and as a journalist of the El Ferrocarril newspaper and the La Semana magazine. In 1857 he joined the civil service as section chief at the Ministry of the Interior and later at the Ministry of Public Instruction, where he remained until 1861, when he was elected as alternate deputy for Ovalle for the period 1861–1864. He also became a professor at the School of Law of the Universidad de Chile and was one of the original members of the Chilean Academy of Language. On June 15, 1863 he married Luisa Solar Valdés and together they had 10 children. In 1869 he was elected president of the Club de la Reforma, the historical nucleus of the Liberal party. He was elected deputy (this time representing Talca) for the period 1870-1873 and reelected to congress as a deputy for Valparaíso for the period 1876-1879 and 1879–1882. President Aníbal Pinto designed him Minister of the Interior, a position he held from October 27, 1877 to August 5, 1878. In 1885, he was elected Senator for Coquimbo for the period 1885–1891; and was one of the principal supporters of the presidential bid of José Francisco Vergara, who went on to lose the party nomination to José Manuel Balmaceda. On June 5, 1889 was elected President of the Senate; position he resigned shortly after and was one of the few senators who refused to sign the Act of Destitution of President Balmaceda; and did not participate in the 1891 Chilean Civil War. In 1894, President Jorge Montt asked him to head a coalition cabinet, but he refused. Reyes was reelected a Senator (for Santiago this time) for the period 1891–1897, was elected President of the Senate on April 26, 1895 and again on August 25, 1909. For the 1896 presidential election, the Liberal party named him their candidate. He lost to Federico Errázuriz Echaurren by only two electoral votes. He was reelected a Senator for the periods 1897–1903, 1903–1909, 1909–1915 and 1915–1921, but died in Santiago before completing his last period, of Bronchopneumonia at the age of 83 in 1918. See also Political offices Preceded byJosé Victorino Lastarria Minister of the Interior 1877-1878 Succeeded byBelisario Prats Preceded byAgustín Edwards Ross President of the Senate of Chile 1895-1896 Succeeded byRamón Barros Luco Preceded byJosé Elías Balmaceda President of the Senate of Chile 1909 Succeeded byIsmael Valdés vtePresidents of the Senate of ChilePre-Republican Chile(1812–1833)Patria Vieja(1812–14) Vivar (1812–13) Henríquez (1813) Egaña (1813) Ruiz-Tagle (1813–14) Patria Nueva(1818–23) O'Higgins Period (1818–23) Eyzaguirre (1822–23) Ruiz-Tagle (1823) Organization of the Republic(1823–29) Elizondo (1826) Vial del Río (1823–24) Eyzaguirre (1824–25) Egaña (1825–27) Freire (1827) B. del Solar Marín (1827–28) Fariñas Ugalde (1827–28) Vicuña (1829) Chilean Civil War of 1829–1830 First Republic1833 Constitution(1833–1925)Conservative Period(1831–61) Errázuriz Aldunate (1833–34) Cienfuegos (1834–35) Vial Santelices (1835–37) Benavente (1837) Elizondo (1837–39) J. del Solar Marín (1839–40) Gandarillas (1839–40) Benavente (1841–42) J. Urrutia Manzano (1842–43) Alcalde Bascuñán (1843–44) Formas (1844) Ortúzar Formas (1844–45) J. del Solar Marín (1845–46) Vial del Río (1846) Pinto (1846–51) Vial Formas (1851–52) Pérez (1852–53) Lazcano Mujica (1853–54) Subercaseaux Mercado (1854–55) Urmeneta (1855–56) Larraín (1856–57) Benavente (1857–58) Alcalde Bascuñán (1858–59) Cosuiño (1859–61) Liberal Period(1861–91) Correa de Saa (1861–63) Cosuiño (1863–64) Torres de Velasco (1864–65) Matte Messia (1865–66) Ossa Mercado (1865–67) Concha y Toro (1867–68) de Borja (1868–69) Errázuriz (1869–70) Correa de Saa (1870–71) Vicuña (1871–72) Borgoño (1872–73) Concha y Cerda (1873–75) Aldunate (1875–76) A. Reyes Cotapos (1876–77) Matte Messia (1877–78) Valdés (1878–79) Lastarria (1879–80) Vicuña Mackenna (1880–82) Vial Formas (1882–84) Martínez Cuadros (1984) Varas (1884–85) Altamirano (1885–86) A. Ibáñez (1886–87) Castillo Andueza (1887–88) Vicuña Guerrero (1888–89) Reyes Palazuelos (1889–90) Covarrubias (1890–91) A. Matte Pérez (1891) Parliamentary Period(1891–25) Silva (1891–92) Gandarillas (1892–93) Reyes Palazuelos (1893–94) S. Sanfuentes (1894–95) Reyes Palazuelos (1896) Barros Luco (1896–97) Lazcano (1897–98) Edwards (1898) J. Errázuriz Echaurren (1898–00) Blanco (1900–02) Valdés Cuevas (1902–03) Lazcano (1903–04) Rozas Garfias (1904–05) Puga (1905–06) Sanfuentes (1906–07) R. Matte (1907–08) Reyes Palazuelos (1908) Escobar (1908–09) Reyes Palazuelos (1909) Vergara Ruíz (1909) R. Matte (1909–12) Valdés Vergara (1912–13) Aldunate Solar (1913–14) Ochagavía (1914–15) Charme (1915–18) Tocornal (1918–19) Claro (1920–24) Yáñez (1924) Second Republic1925 Constitution(1925–1973) Oyarzún (1925–30) Opaso (1930–32) Cabero (1932–33) I. Urrutia Manzano (1933–34) Marambio (1934–35) I. Urrutia Manzano (1935–36) Maza (1935–37) Cruchaga Tocornal (1937–41) Durán (1941–44) Opaso (1944) Urrejola (1944–45) Alessandri Palma (1945–49) Álvarez (1949) Alessandri Palma (1949–50) F. Alessandri Rodríguez (1950–58) Pérez de Arce (1958) Videla (1958–62) Zepeda (1962–65) Ahumada (1965) Reyes Vicuña (1965–66) Maurás (1966) Reyes Vicuña (1966) S. Allende (1966–69) Pablo (1969–71) Aylwin (1971–72) Palma (1972–73) Acuña (1973) Frei Montalva (1973) Pinochet dictatorship(1973–1990) Government Junta Third Republic1980 ConstitutionTransition to democracy(1990–present) Valdés (1990–95) Diez (1995–96) Romero Pizarro (1996–97) Zaldívar (1997–04) H. Larraín (2004–05) Romero Pizarro (2005–06) Frei Ruiz-Tagle (2006–08) Zaldívar (2008–09) Novoa (2009–10) Pizarro (2010–11) Girardi (2011–12) Escalona (2012–13) Pizarro (2013–14) I. Allende (2014–15) Walker (2015–16) Lagos (2016–17) Zaldívar (2017–18) Montes (2018–19) Quintana (2019–20) Muñoz (2020–21) Provoste (2021–21) Rincón (2021-22) Elizalde (2022-)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VicenteReyes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chilean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"political figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_figure"},{"link_name":"1896 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Chilean_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"Instituto Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Universidad de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"Ministry of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Public Instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"Liberal party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Chile,_1849%E2%80%931966)"},{"link_name":"Talca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talca,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Valparaíso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso"},{"link_name":"Aníbal Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Pinto"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"Coquimbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquimbo"},{"link_name":"José Francisco Vergara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_Vergara"},{"link_name":"José Manuel Balmaceda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Balmaceda"},{"link_name":"President of the Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"1891 Chilean Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_Chilean_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Jorge Montt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Montt"},{"link_name":"1896 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Chilean_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Liberal party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Chile,_1849%E2%80%931966)"},{"link_name":"Federico Errázuriz Echaurren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Err%C3%A1zuriz_Echaurren"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"Bronchopneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchopneumonia"}],"text":"Vicente ReyesPedro Vicente Reyes Palazuelos (b. 1835 - July 6, 1918), was a Chilean lawyer, journalist, political figure, and candidate during the 1896 presidential election.Vicente Reyes was born in Santiago, the son of Manuel Reyes Saravia and of Mercedes Palazuelos Astaburiaga. He completed his studies in the Instituto Nacional and at the Universidad de Chile, where he graduated as a lawyer in 1858 with a thesis about the copyright of literary works. By 1856 he was already well known in the literary circles of the time and as a journalist of the El Ferrocarril newspaper and the La Semana magazine. In 1857 he joined the civil service as section chief at the Ministry of the Interior and later at the Ministry of Public Instruction, where he remained until 1861, when he was elected as alternate deputy for Ovalle for the period 1861–1864. He also became a professor at the School of Law of the Universidad de Chile and was one of the original members of the Chilean Academy of Language.On June 15, 1863 he married Luisa Solar Valdés and together they had 10 children. In 1869 he was elected president of the Club de la Reforma, the historical nucleus of the Liberal party. He was elected deputy (this time representing Talca) for the period 1870-1873 and reelected to congress as a deputy for Valparaíso for the period 1876-1879 and 1879–1882. President Aníbal Pinto designed him Minister of the Interior, a position he held from October 27, 1877 to August 5, 1878.In 1885, he was elected Senator for Coquimbo for the period 1885–1891; and was one of the principal supporters of the presidential bid of José Francisco Vergara, who went on to lose the party nomination to José Manuel Balmaceda. On June 5, 1889 was elected President of the Senate; position he resigned shortly after and was one of the few senators who refused to sign the Act of Destitution of President Balmaceda; and did not participate in the 1891 Chilean Civil War. In 1894, President Jorge Montt asked him to head a coalition cabinet, but he refused.Reyes was reelected a Senator (for Santiago this time) for the period 1891–1897, was elected President of the Senate on April 26, 1895 and again on August 25, 1909. For the 1896 presidential election, the Liberal party named him their candidate. He lost to Federico Errázuriz Echaurren by only two electoral votes. He was reelected a Senator for the periods 1897–1903, 1903–1909, 1909–1915 and 1915–1921, but died in Santiago before completing his last period, of Bronchopneumonia at the age of 83 in 1918.","title":"Vicente Reyes (politician)"}]	[{"image_text":"Vicente Reyes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/VicenteReyes.jpg/250px-VicenteReyes.jpg"}]	[{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Chile"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Chile"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Chile"},{"title":"Presidents of the","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_Chile"},{"title":"Senate of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Chile"},{"title":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"title":"Patria Vieja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patria_Vieja"},{"title":"Vivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Vivar"},{"title":"Henríquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilo_Henr%C3%ADquez"},{"title":"Egaña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ega%C3%B1a"},{"title":"Ruiz-Tagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ruiz-Tagle"},{"title":"Patria Nueva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patria_Nueva"},{"title":"O'Higgins Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_O%27Higgins"},{"title":"Eyzaguirre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Eyzaguirre"},{"title":"Ruiz-Tagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ruiz-Tagle"},{"title":"Elizondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Elizondo_Prado"},{"title":"Vial del Río","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Dios_Vial_del_R%C3%ADo"},{"title":"Eyzaguirre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Eyzaguirre"},{"title":"Egaña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ega%C3%B1a"},{"title":"Freire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Freire"},{"title":"B. del Solar Marín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_del_Solar_Mar%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Fariñas Ugalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Fari%C3%B1as_Ugalde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Vicuña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ram%C3%B3n_Vicu%C3%B1a"},{"title":"Chilean Civil War of 1829–1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Civil_War_of_1829%E2%80%931830"},{"title":"1833 Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Constitution_of_1833"},{"title":"Errázuriz Aldunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Err%C3%A1zuriz_Aldunate"},{"title":"Cienfuegos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Cienfuegos"},{"title":"Vial Santelices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agust%C3%ADn_Vial_Santelices&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Benavente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Jos%C3%A9_Benavente"},{"title":"Elizondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Elizondo_Prado"},{"title":"J. del Solar Marín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_del_Solar_Mar%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Gandarillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Jos%C3%A9_Gandarillas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Benavente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Jos%C3%A9_Benavente"},{"title":"J. 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Alessandri Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Alessandri"},{"title":"Pérez de Arce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_P%C3%A9rez_de_Arce"},{"title":"Videla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Videla_Lira"},{"title":"Zepeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Zepeda_Barrios"},{"title":"Ahumada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_Ahumada"},{"title":"Reyes Vicuña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Reyes_Vicu%C3%B1a"},{"title":"Maurás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Luis_Maur%C3%A1s"},{"title":"Reyes Vicuña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Reyes_Vicu%C3%B1a"},{"title":"S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghna_Mishra	Meghna Mishra	["1 Discography","2 Awards and nominations","3 References"]	Indian playback singer Meghna MishraSelf-portrait photographBackground informationBirth nameMeghna MishraBorn (2001-07-23) 23 July 2001 (age 22)Mumbai, IndiaOccupation(s)Playback SingerYears active2014–presentMusical artist Meghna Mishra is an Indian playback singer, mainly a selected playback singer of music director Amit Trivedi. She delivered 2 superhit tracks, "Nachdi Phira" and "Main Kaun Hoon", in the 2017 film Secret Superstar starring Zaira Wasim, Meher Vij and Aamir Khan. She won Best Female Playback Singer for "Nachdi Phira" at the 63rd Filmfare Awards. The song "Main Kaun Hoon" was picked as one of the best Hindi songs of 2017 by an online portal. The songs were written by Kausar Munir and composed by Amit Trivedi. Discography Year Movie Song(s) Music Lyrics Co-singer(s) Language 2014 Kkoli: A Journey of Love "Elitin Beletin" Meet Bros Anjjan Rana Mazumder Aryan Bhattcharya Bengali Vitti Dandu "Chalaa Kheluya Vitti Daandoo" Santosh Mulekar Shrirang Godbole Marathi 2017 Secret Superstar "Main Kaun Hoon" Amit Trivedi Kausar Munir Hindi "Meri Pyaari Ammi" "Nachdi Phira" "Sapne Re" "O Re Manwa" 2018 Manmarziyaan "Kundali" Shellee Meenal Jain, Yashita Sharma, Yashika Sikka, Rani Kaur, Anita Gandharva, Vaishnavi Mishra 2019 Tritiya Adhyay "Hazar Bochor" Arin Papon Bengali 2021 Pagglait "Dil Udd Ja Re" (Revisited) Arijit Singh Neelesh Misra Arijit Singh Hindi Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominated Work Result Ref. 2018 Filmfare Awards Best Playback Singer (Female) "Nachdi Phira" (Secret Superstar) Won Zee Cine Awards "Main Kaun Hoon" (Secret Superstar) Nominated Mirchi Music Awards Upcoming Female Vocalist of the year Won "Meri Pyaari Ammi" (Secret Superstar) Nominated "Nachdi Phira" (Secret Superstar) Bollywood Film Journalistic Awards Best Playback Singer (Female) "Main Kaun Hoon" (Secret Superstar) Won "Nachdi Phira" (Secret Superstar) News18 Reel Movie Awards IIFA Awards "Main Kaun Hoon" (Secret Superstar) References ^ "Secret Superstar's musical discovery Meghna Mishra says response to film is 'a dream come true'". First Post. 26 October 2017. ^ Ghosh, Devarsi (22 December 2017). "Bollywood in 2017: It's Pritam's year again, but Tanishk-Vayu is the talent to watch out for". ^ "Aamir Khan introduces Meghna Mishra at Main Kaun Hoon song launch event". Bolly Worm. 21 August 2017. ^ "63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018: Complete winners' list". The Times of India. 24 January 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018. ^ "Zee Cine Awards 2018 - Winners". Zee Cine Awards. ^ "Mirchi Music Awards 2017 Winners". Mirchi Music Awards. ^ "Mirchi Music Awards 2017 Nominations". Mirchi Music Awards. ^ "List of Power Brands Bollywood Award Winners". Power Brands. ^ "News18 Reel Movie Awards 2017". News18. ^ "IIFA Awards 2018 Winners". IIFA. vteFilmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer1959–1980 Lata Mangeshkar (1959) No Award (1960, 1961, 1962) Lata Mangeshkar (1963) No Award (1964, 1965) Lata Mangeshkar (1966) No Award (1967) Asha Bhosle (1968) Asha Bhosle (1969) Lata Mangeshkar (1970) Sharda (1971) Asha Bhosle (1972) Asha Bhosle (1973) Asha Bhosle (1974) Asha Bhosle (1975) Sulakshana Pandit (1976) Hemlata (1977) Preeti Sagar (1978) Asha Bhosle (1979) Vani Jairam (1980) 1981–2000 Nazia Hassan (1981) Parveen Sultana (1982) Salma Agha (1983) Aarti Mukherji (1984) Anupama Deshpande (1985) Anuradha Paudwal (1986) No Award (1987, 1988) Alka Yagnik (1989) Sapna Mukherjee (1990) Anuradha Paudwal (1991) Anuradha Paudwal (1992) Anuradha Paudwal (1993) Alka Yagnik and Ila Arun (1994) Kavita Krishnamurti (1995) Kavita Krishnamurti (1996) Kavita Krishnamurti (1997) Alka Yagnik (1998) Jaspinder Narula (1999) Alka Yagnik (2000) 2001–present Alka Yagnik (2001) Alka Yagnik (2002) Kavita Krishnamurti and Shreya Ghoshal (2003) Shreya Ghoshal (2004) Alka Yagnik (2005) Alisha Chinai (2006) Sunidhi Chauhan (2007) Shreya Ghoshal (2008) Shreya Ghoshal (2009) Kavita Seth and Rekha Bhardwaj (2010) Mamta Sharma and Sunidhi Chauhan (2011) Rekha Bhardwaj and Usha Uthup (2012) Shalmali Kholgade (2013) Monali Thakur (2014) Kanika Kapoor (2015) Shreya Ghoshal (2016) Neha Bhasin (2017) Meghna Mishra (2018) Shreya Ghoshal (2019) Shilpa Rao (2020) Asees Kaur (2021) Asees Kaur (2022) Kavita Seth (2023) Shilpa Rao (2024) vteIIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer Alka Yagnik (2000) Alka Yagnik (2001) Asha Bhosle (2002) Shreya Ghoshal & Kavita Krishnamurti (2003) Shreya Ghoshal (2004) Sunidhi Chauhan (2005) Alisha Chinai (2006) Sunidhi Chauhan (2007) Shreya Ghoshal (2008) Shreya Ghoshal (2009) Kavita Seth (2010) Mamta Sharma (2011) Shreya Ghoshal (2012) Shreya Ghoshal (2013) Shreya Ghoshal (2014) Kanika Kapoor (2015) Monali Thakur (2016) Kanika Kapoor & Tulsi Kumar (2017) Meghna Mishra (2018) Harshdeep Kaur & Vibha Saraf (2019) Shreya Ghoshal (2020) Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"playback singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playback_singer"},{"link_name":"Amit Trivedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Trivedi"},{"link_name":"Nachdi Phira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachdi_Phira"},{"link_name":"Main Kaun Hoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Kaun_Hoon"},{"link_name":"Secret Superstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Superstar"},{"link_name":"Zaira Wasim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaira_Wasim"},{"link_name":"Meher Vij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meher_Vij"},{"link_name":"Aamir Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aamir_Khan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Best Female Playback Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Female_Playback_Singer"},{"link_name":"63rd Filmfare Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd_Filmfare_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kausar Munir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kausar_Munir"},{"link_name":"Amit Trivedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Trivedi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Musical artistMeghna Mishra is an Indian playback singer, mainly a selected playback singer of music director Amit Trivedi. She delivered 2 superhit tracks, \"Nachdi Phira\" and \"Main Kaun Hoon\", in the 2017 film Secret Superstar starring Zaira Wasim, Meher Vij and Aamir Khan.[1] She won Best Female Playback Singer for \"Nachdi Phira\" at the 63rd Filmfare Awards. The song \"Main Kaun Hoon\" was picked as one of the best Hindi songs of 2017 by an online portal.[2] The songs were written by Kausar Munir and composed by Amit Trivedi.[3]","title":"Meghna Mishra"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Secret Superstar's musical discovery Meghna Mishra says response to film is 'a dream come true'\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inislounaght_Abbey	Inislounaght Abbey	["1 Foundation","2 Decline","3 Monks associated with Inislounaght","4 Sources","5 External links","6 References"]	Coordinates: 52°20′55″N 7°44′39″W / 52.34856°N 7.74425°W / 52.34856; -7.7442512th-century Cistercian settlement in Ireland Inislounaght AbbeyInis LeamhnachtaInscribed stone, thought to be grave marker of Crusader interred at Abbey.Location within IrelandMonastery informationOther namesde SurioOrderCistercianDenominationCatholicEstablishedbefore AD 656Disestablished1540Reestablished1147/48Mother houseMonasteranenagh AbbeyDedicated toVirgin MaryDioceseCashel and EmlyPeopleFounder(s)Saint PulcheriusArchitectureStatusRuinedFunctional statusInactiveStyleLate GothicSiteLocationInislounaght, Marlfield, Clonmel, County TipperaryCountryIrelandCoordinates52°20′55″N 7°44′39″W / 52.34856°N 7.74425°W / 52.34856; -7.74425Visible remainsNo visible remains View of St Patrick's Church and the formey abbeylands at Inishlounaght Inislounaght Abbey (Irish: Mainistir Inis Leamhnachta - "monastery on the island of fresh milk"), also referred to as Innislounaght, Inislounacht and De Surio, was a 12th-century Cistercian settlement on the river Suir, near Clonmel in County Tipperary, Ireland. It was originally dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. Foundation There was an ancient monastery on the site, founded before 656 by Saint Pulcherius. The abbey was refounded between 1142 and 1148 on lands donated by Malachy O'Phelan, lord of the Decies (part of which was in present-day County Waterford), and Donald O'Brien, king of Munster. It was located in rich agricultural land, about three kilometres west of Clonmel, on the northern bank of the river Suir. In 1240, a group of English monks from Furness Abbey were sent to replace the former abbot who had been excommunicated in 1234 following a legal dispute with the abbot of Dunbrody. Nine years later responsibility for the Abbey was transferred from Mellifont to Furness. In 1397, the Earls of Desmond and of Ormond met here to seal a treaty of peace. As with similar treaties between them, it did not last long. Decline In the 16th century, the Abbey lands came under the direct control of the Butler dynasty. According to Burke, "Amid the hundreds of religious houses which studded the country at the time of the Reformation, Innislounaght stood distinguished and alone in evil prominence". That in the same quarter of Tipperary, how James Butler, Abbey of Inislounaght and Dean of Lismore, hath sundry times disobeyed the King's writ and is a man of odious life, taking yearly and daily men's wives and burgess' daughters and keepeth no divine service but spends the goods of his church in voluptuosity, and mortgages the lands of his church and so the house is all decayed , and useth coyne and livery. From the Jury of the city of Waterford to the King's Commissioners. October 12 1537. No trace of the Abbey now remains in its former location. There was still at least one arch standing in the early nineteenth century but much of the stonework is thought to have been used in the building of local mills, the present church (arch over entrance), and the Main Guard in nearby Clonmel (columns and associated elements). According to literary historian Patrick Leo (PL) Henry, Inislounaght may have been the inspiration for the fourteenth-century scathingly satirical poem Land of Cokaygne. The name was recorded as "Abby Slunnagh" in the maps and notes of the Down Survey. It is believed to have been located slightly to the west of the 19th century St. Patrick's Church graveyard, near the present day village of Marlfield. Efforts to locate its foundations in the 1840s by the Ordnance Survey were not successful. It is mentioned in Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn (c. 1634) in a description of the region: These descendants of Fiachaidh Suighdhe, who are called the Deise, possessed only the district known as Deise Dheisceirt, that is, from the Siuir southwards to the sea, and from Lios Mor to Ceann Criadain, up to the time when Eithne Uathach was married to Aonghus son of Natfraoch, king of Munster. For it was about that time that Aonghus gave them Deise Thuaisceirt, that is, from the same Siuir to Corca Athrach, which is called the Plain of Cashel. And O Faolain, who came from that stock, was king of Deise Thuaisceirt; and the place in which his residence was situated was on the brink of the Siuir to the west of Inis Leamhnachta; and Dun Ui Fhaolain is the name it is called to-day. Monks associated with Inislounaght Congan, Abbot in 1148. Requested St. Bernard to write 'The Life of St. Malachy'(De vita et rebus gestis S. Maiachiae, Hiberniae episcopi). Malmaire O'Brien, (otherwise Mairín Ó Briain), former Archbishop of Cashel, buried here in 1236. Abbot Patrick, died 1462. Abbotship disputed between Richard Loundres, Dermot O'Heffernan and William O'Dineen. Pope Paul II confirms Dineen in 1468. Thomas Ochael appointed by Pope Innocent VIII on 19 May 1492. Walter Butler, Abbot in 1503. James Butler, appointed Abbot in 1510 Nicholas Fagan, Abbot, died 1617. Laurence FitzHarris of New Ross, consecrated Abbot by Archbishop Fleming of Dublin on Trinity Sunday, 1625. FitzHarris was the last Abbot of Inislounaght, fleeing to France in 1649, to escape the Cromwellian regime. Unless otherwise indicated, all sourced from Burke pp406–423 Sources CONWAY (Rev. Columcille). "The Cistercian abbey of Inislounaght," Journal of the Clonmel Historical and Archaeological Society, i, no. 4, pp. 3–52. (1955–56) Colmcille Ó Conbhuidhe, Finbarr Donovan. The Cistercian Abbeys of Tipperary, Four Courts Press, 1999 ISBN 978-1-85182-380-2 Burke William P., History of Clonmel 1907 (facsimile reprinted 1983) External links Cistercian Abbeys: INISLOUNAGHT (Suir) The Land of Cockaygne British Library, MS Harley 913. 'Abby Slunagh' in relation to 'Clonmell Citty' from Down Survey map. 'Waterford Historical and Archeological Journal' 1995, p124. References ^ "Marlfield Golf club takes shape". Tipperary Star. 25 February 2008. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011. ^ McLaughlin, Barney. "The High Crosses of County Tipperary" – via www.academia.edu. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Burke p407 ^ Burke, p. 411 ^ The Oxford companion to Irish literature By Robert Welch, Bruce Stewart 1996 ISBN 978-0-19-866158-0 p297 ^ see 'Inislounaght Parish' in Canon Patrick Power's The Place-Names Of Decies Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Part 54 of The History of Ireland". celt.ucc.ie. ^ The English Historical Review, Vol. 28, No. 110 (Apr. 1913), pp. 303–313 Published by: Oxford University Press Stable URL:	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elevation,_St._Patrick%27s_church,_Marlfield,_Clonmel._June_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"Suir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suir"},{"link_name":"Clonmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmel"},{"link_name":"County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Blessed Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessed_Virgin"}],"text":"12th-century Cistercian settlement in IrelandView of St Patrick's Church and the formey abbeylands at InishlounaghtInislounaght Abbey (Irish: Mainistir Inis Leamhnachta - \"monastery on the island of fresh milk\"), also referred to as Innislounaght, Inislounacht and De Surio, was a 12th-century Cistercian settlement on the river Suir, near Clonmel in County Tipperary, Ireland. It was originally dedicated to the Blessed Virgin.","title":"Inislounaght Abbey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Pulcherius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pulcherius"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Decies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decies"},{"link_name":"County Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Waterford"},{"link_name":"king of Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Munster"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Furness Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furness_Abbey"},{"link_name":"excommunicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunicated"},{"link_name":"Dunbrody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbrody_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Mellifont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellifont"},{"link_name":"Earls of Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_FitzGerald,_3rd_Earl_of_Desmond"},{"link_name":"Ormond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_3rd_Earl_of_Ormond"}],"text":"There was an ancient monastery on the site, founded before 656 by Saint Pulcherius.[2]The abbey was refounded between 1142 and 1148 on lands donated by Malachy O'Phelan, lord of the Decies (part of which was in present-day County Waterford), and Donald O'Brien, king of Munster.[3] It was located in rich agricultural land, about three kilometres west of Clonmel, on the northern bank of the river Suir. In 1240, a group of English monks from Furness Abbey were sent to replace the former abbot who had been excommunicated in 1234 following a legal dispute with the abbot of Dunbrody. Nine years later responsibility for the Abbey was transferred from Mellifont to Furness. In 1397, the Earls of Desmond and of Ormond met here to seal a treaty of peace. As with similar treaties between them, it did not last long.","title":"Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Butler dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Lismore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lismore,_County_Waterford"},{"link_name":"coyne and livery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyne_and_livery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"the Main Guard in nearby Clonmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Guard_(Clonmel)"},{"link_name":"Land of Cokaygne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockaigne#In_the_arts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Down Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_Survey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Marlfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlfield,_Clonmel"},{"link_name":"Ordnance Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Keating"},{"link_name":"Foras Feasa ar Éirinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foras_Feasa_ar_%C3%89irinn"},{"link_name":"Deise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9isi"},{"link_name":"the Siuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Suir"},{"link_name":"Lios Mor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lismore,_County_Waterford"},{"link_name":"Ceann Criadain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creaden_Head"},{"link_name":"Aonghus son of Natfraoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93engus_mac_Nad_Fro%C3%ADch"},{"link_name":"king of Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Munster"},{"link_name":"O Faolain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93_Faol%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In the 16th century, the Abbey lands came under the direct control of the Butler dynasty. According to Burke, \"Amid the hundreds of religious houses which studded the country at the time of the Reformation, Innislounaght stood distinguished and alone in evil prominence\".That in the same quarter of Tipperary, how James Butler, Abbey of Inislounaght and Dean of Lismore, hath sundry times disobeyed the King's writ and is a man of odious life, taking yearly and daily men's wives and burgess' daughters and keepeth no divine service but spends the goods of his church in voluptuosity, and mortgages the lands of his church and so the house is all decayed , and useth coyne and livery.\nFrom the Jury of the city of Waterford to the King's Commissioners. October 12 1537.[4]No trace of the Abbey now remains in its former location. There was still at least one arch standing in the early nineteenth century but much of the stonework is thought to have been used in the building of local mills, the present church (arch over entrance), and the Main Guard in nearby Clonmel (columns and associated elements). According to literary historian Patrick Leo (PL) Henry, Inislounaght may have been the inspiration for the fourteenth-century scathingly satirical poem Land of Cokaygne.[5] The name was recorded as \"Abby Slunnagh\" in the maps and notes of the Down Survey.[6] It is believed to have been located slightly to the west of the 19th century St. Patrick's Church graveyard, near the present day village of Marlfield. Efforts to locate its foundations in the 1840s by the Ordnance Survey were not successful.It is mentioned in Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn (c. 1634) in a description of the region:These descendants of Fiachaidh Suighdhe, who are called the Deise, possessed only the district known as Deise Dheisceirt, that is, from the Siuir southwards to the sea, and from Lios Mor to Ceann Criadain, up to the time when Eithne Uathach was married to Aonghus son of Natfraoch, king of Munster. For it was about that time that Aonghus gave them Deise Thuaisceirt, that is, from the same Siuir to Corca Athrach, which is called the Plain of Cashel. And O Faolain, who came from that stock, was king of Deise Thuaisceirt; and the place in which his residence was situated was on the brink of the Siuir to the west of Inis Leamhnachta; and Dun Ui Fhaolain is the name it is called to-day.[7]","title":"Decline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux"},{"link_name":"St. Malachy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Malachy"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Cashel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cashel"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII"},{"link_name":"New Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ross"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(archbishop)"},{"link_name":"Trinity Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Sunday"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cromwellian regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland"}],"text":"Congan, Abbot in 1148. Requested St. Bernard to write 'The Life of St. Malachy'(De vita et rebus gestis S. Maiachiae, Hiberniae episcopi).\nMalmaire O'Brien, (otherwise Mairín Ó Briain), former Archbishop of Cashel, buried here in 1236.\nAbbot Patrick, died 1462.\nAbbotship disputed between Richard Loundres, Dermot O'Heffernan and William O'Dineen. Pope Paul II confirms Dineen in 1468.\nThomas Ochael appointed by Pope Innocent VIII on 19 May 1492.\nWalter Butler, Abbot in 1503.\nJames Butler, appointed Abbot in 1510\nNicholas Fagan, Abbot, died 1617.\nLaurence FitzHarris of New Ross, consecrated Abbot by Archbishop Fleming of Dublin on Trinity Sunday, 1625. FitzHarris was the last Abbot of Inislounaght, fleeing to France in 1649,[8] to escape the Cromwellian regime.Unless otherwise indicated, all sourced from Burke pp406–423","title":"Monks associated with Inislounaght"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85182-380-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-380-2"},{"link_name":"History of Clonmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xF8NAAAAYAAJ&q=History+of+Clonmel"}],"text":"CONWAY (Rev. Columcille). \"The Cistercian abbey of Inislounaght,\" Journal of the Clonmel Historical and Archaeological Society, i, no. 4, pp. 3–52. (1955–56)\nColmcille Ó Conbhuidhe, Finbarr Donovan. The Cistercian Abbeys of Tipperary, Four Courts Press, 1999 ISBN 978-1-85182-380-2\nBurke William P., History of Clonmel 1907 (facsimile reprinted 1983)","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"View of St Patrick's Church and the formey abbeylands at Inishlounaght","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Elevation%2C_St._Patrick%27s_church%2C_Marlfield%2C_Clonmel._June_2010.jpg/220px-Elevation%2C_St._Patrick%27s_church%2C_Marlfield%2C_Clonmel._June_2010.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Marlfield Golf club takes shape\". Tipperary Star. 25 February 2008. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721132153/http://www.tipperarystar.ie/news/local/marlfield_golf_club_takes_shape_1_2262649","url_text":"\"Marlfield Golf club takes shape\""},{"url":"http://www.tipperarystar.ie/news/local/marlfield_golf_club_takes_shape_1_2262649","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McLaughlin, Barney. \"The High Crosses of County Tipperary\" – via www.academia.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/43614986","url_text":"\"The High Crosses of County Tipperary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Part 54 of The History of Ireland\". celt.ucc.ie.","urls":[{"url":"https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T100054/text054.html","url_text":"\"Part 54 of The History of Ireland\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Inislounaght_Abbey&params=52.34856_N_7.74425_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°20′55″N 7°44′39″W / 52.34856°N 7.74425°W / 52.34856; -7.74425"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Inislounaght_Abbey&params=52.34856_N_7.74425_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°20′55″N 7°44′39″W / 52.34856°N 7.74425°W / 52.34856; -7.74425"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xF8NAAAAYAAJ&q=History+of+Clonmel","external_links_name":"History of Clonmel"},{"Link":"http://cistercians.shef.ac.uk/abbeys/inislounaght.php","external_links_name":"Cistercian Abbeys: INISLOUNAGHT (Suir)"},{"Link":"http://www.soton.ac.uk/~wpwt/trans/cockaygn/coctrans.htm","external_links_name":"The Land of Cockaygne"},{"Link":"http://snap.waterfordcoco.ie/collections/ejournals/116768/116768.pdf","external_links_name":"'Abby Slunagh' in relation to 'Clonmell Citty'"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721132153/http://www.tipperarystar.ie/news/local/marlfield_golf_club_takes_shape_1_2262649","external_links_name":"\"Marlfield Golf club takes shape\""},{"Link":"http://www.tipperarystar.ie/news/local/marlfield_golf_club_takes_shape_1_2262649","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/43614986","external_links_name":"\"The High Crosses of County Tipperary\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vDsAaXKLGvYC&dq=henry+%22the+land+of+cokaygne%22+inislounaght&pg=PA297","external_links_name":"The Oxford companion to Irish literature"},{"Link":"http://snap.waterfordcoco.ie/collections/ebooks/106325/106325.pdf","external_links_name":"The Place-Names Of Decies"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719165927/http://snap.waterfordcoco.ie/collections/ebooks/106325/106325.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T100054/text054.html","external_links_name":"\"Part 54 of The History of Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/551471","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln%E2%80%93Mittenwalde_railway	Berlin Hermannstraße station	["1 S-Bahn station","1.1 Berlin Ringbahn","1.2 Rixdorf - Mittenwalde Railway","1.3 During and after World War II","1.4 Reopening after reunification","2 U-Bahn station","3 2016 manhunt after crime at station","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 52°28′05″N 13°25′52″E / 52.468°N 13.431°E / 52.468; 13.431Railway station in Berlin, Germany Berlin HermannstraßeHp2004General informationOwned byDB NetzOperated byDB Station&ServicePlatforms1 island platformTracks2Train operatorsS-Bahn BerlinConnectionsConstructionAccessibleYesOther informationStation code2716DS100 codeBHERIBNR8089105Category4Fare zoneVBB: Berlin A/5555Services Preceding station Berlin S-Bahn Following station NeuköllnOne-way operation S41 TempelhofRingbahn (clockwise) NeuköllnRingbahn (counter-clockwise) S42 TempelhofOne-way operation Tempelhoftowards Südkreuz S45 Neuköllntowards BER Airport Tempelhoftowards Westend S46 Neuköllntowards Königs Wusterhausen Terminus S47 Neuköllntowards Spindlersfeld Preceding station Berlin U-Bahn Following station Leinestraßetowards Wittenau U8 Terminus LocationBerlin HermannstraßeLocation within BerlinShow map of BerlinBerlin HermannstraßeLocation within GermanyShow map of GermanyBerlin HermannstraßeLocation within EuropeShow map of Europe Entrance to the Hermannstraße S-Bahn station Berlin Hermannstraße is a railway station in the Neukölln district of Berlin. It is served by the S-Bahn lines S41, S42, S45, S46 and S47 and the U-Bahn line U8, of which it is the southern terminus. It was formerly also possible to transfer there to the Neukölln-Mittenwalde railway line, which is now only used for goods traffic. S-Bahn station Berlin Ringbahn Hermannstraße was on the route of the first segment of the Berlin Ringbahn which opened on 15 November 1877 (with passenger service beginning on 1 January 1878). At that time the closest station was Rixdorf, which today is called Berlin-Neukölln because the locality changed its name in 1912. The Hermannstraße station opened on 1 February 1899, as one of several suburban stations added during the enlargement of the ring line to 4 tracks. Initially the only access was at the east end of the station, via a small building with a red-tiled roof. In 1910 a second entrance on Siegfriedstraße was added. For 29 years the station was served by steam trains. After the creation of Greater Berlin in 1920, electrification to create the S-Bahn system began in 1924; the Ringbahn was fully incorporated on 6 November 1928. Rixdorf - Mittenwalde Railway Teltow Canal goods depot on the Neukölln - Mittenwalde Railway, near Berlin Sanitation's Gradestraße depot In 1895 a committee of residents of Mittenwalde formed a committee to construct a railway from Mittenwalde to Rixdorf, since existing rail routes were not conveniently located. Finding the cost prohibitive, they partnered with Vering & Waechter, a company which was at the time developing rail lines throughout Germany. On 23 February 1899, the Rixdorf-Mittenwalder Eisenbahn Aktiengesellschaft was founded; it still exists today. Vering & Waechter, given the responsibility for planning and construction, mapped out a 27 km (17 mi) route from North Mittenwalde to Hermannstraße with 7 intermediate stations: Brusendorf, Groß Kienitz, Selchow, Schönefeld, Rudow, Buckow and Britz. After the Ringbahn station was built, the plans were changed and the Hermannstraße terminus of the line became a transfer point and the Britz station the operating centre. The operating licence for the line was granted on 21 July 1899, and it opened on 28 September 1900. 4 years later it was extended southwards to Schöneiche Plan. When Rixdorf became Neukölln in 1912, the line became the Neukölln-Mittenwalder Eisenbahn (Neukölln - Mittenwalde Railway). During and after World War II During World War II the Mittenwalde line was heavily used for transporting both munitions and passengers, reaching a peak of over 1 million tonnes and 3 million passengers in 1942/43. The Hermannstraße S-Bahn station was not damaged during the bombing of Berlin, but the entrance was severely damaged during the Battle for Berlin and that stretch of the Ringbahn was closed from April 1945 until 18 June 1945. The Mittenwalde line was closed until 17 May 1945, when the bridge over the Teltow Canal was repaired by the Red Army. In September 1946, the Soviet occupying administration took possession of the portion of the line outside Berlin under eminent domain and transferred its operation to the Brandenburg State Railways, and in the Berlin Blockade of 1948/49, the line was severed at the boundary with the American sector. 11.5 km (7.1 mi) of line with some sidings within Berlin remained unaffected, and the company had constructed a 5 km (3.1 mi) extension to Tempelhof Airfield which could then be used to transport coal flown there in the Berlin Airlift, avoiding the East Berlin-controlled Deutsche Reichsbahn. S-Bahn operation continued under the control of the Deutsche Reichsbahn during and after the blockade, but was boycotted in West Berlin in protest against this East German body operating in the Western sectors of the city. In 1961, the year Berlin wall was erected, the Siegfriedstraße entrance to the Hermannstraße station was closed. The destroyed main entrance was under restoration until 1968/69, but in 1971 was demolished and replaced with a modern building, which opened in June 1973; the Siegfriedstraße entrance, reopened during this work, was then closed and it was demolished 3 years later. After the September 1980 strike of West Berlin S-Bahn workers, the Reichsbahn almost completely closed the S-Bahn in West Berlin, including the Ringbahn. The Neukölln - Mittenwalde line, in contrast, profited from increased goods traffic after the West Berlin power company, Bewag, built a power plant at Rudow. Within the city, its passenger stations were demolished, while outside the city, in the GDR, the rails were taken up but the station buildings remained. Reopening after reunification New S-Bahn station from Hermannstraße bridge The Reichsbahn transferred the S-Bahn to Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (Berlin Transport) in 1984, and after public enthusiasm for it increased, preparations began in 1989 for gradually reopening the Ringbahn beginning in 1992. The fall of the Berlin Wall that November and the ensuing German reunification changed the plans: the stretch of Ringbahn to be initially reopened was extended into the former East Berlin and the reopening deferred to 1993. The Hermannstraße station was completely rebuilt in a new position under the bridge where Hermannstraße crosses the S-Bahn cutting, so that hardly any traces of the historic station remain. The new station has two entrance buildings on Hermannstraße, which were painted blue and green to draw attention to the connection between the S-Bahn and U-Bahn Line 8 at the station, which was finally realised after some 60 years with the opening of the U-Bahn station on 13 July 1996. Service on the western portion of the Ringbahn was ceremonially relaunched on 17 December 1993, over a stretch of line including the Hermannstraße station. The station is now served by three S-Bahn lines which originate to the southeast of the city: S47, S46 from Königs Wusterhausen and S45 from Schönefeld Airport, plus the two Ringbahn lines, S41 and S42. A new two-track turning area at Hermannstraße is the terminus of the S47. Also since German reunification, the Mittenwalde line became the route by which the city's household waste is conveyed in containers from the Berliner Stadtreinigung (Berlin Sanitation) depot on the Teltow Canal to the Hermannstraße terminus of the line, now known as Güterbahnhof Neukölln, Neukölln Goods Station, where it is transferred to Deutsche Bahn goods trains. In December 2005, however, the district of Neukölln decided to convert unused track area in the goods station to industrial use; the Neukölln-Mittenwalder Eisenbahn is to wind up its operations there at some point in the future. It was supposed to be a regional railway station but plans were scrapped. U-Bahn station U-Bahn entrance; S-Bahn entrances in rear In 1927, seven years after Neukölln like many other surrounding towns became part of Greater Berlin, the city opened the first segment of what was then called Line D of the U-Bahn, today's U8. Over the next 3 years, the line was extended as far south as Leinestraße. It had been the intention since the first conception of the line in 1910 for it to connect with the S-Bahn at Hermannstraße. Work began in 1929 and was scheduled to be completed in March 1930, but was halted by the economic crisis. Finally in 1931 the City of Berlin cancelled the project. By then the tunnel from Leinestraße (the longest tunnel segment excavated that year) and about one third of the platform at the new station had been constructed. The stairways to the street were in place and were capped with concrete. During the Second World War, the Hermannstraße U-Bahn station was used as an air raid shelter In 1940, the unfinished station was used as an air raid shelter; because it is located under the S-Bahn cutting, it is unusually deep underground. There are still signs on the wall from this period. After the construction of the Berlin wall in 1961, the West Berlin Senate did not pursue the plans for an extension, since West Berliners were boycotting the GDR-run S-Bahn and there was thus no longer demand for a transfer point between the U-Bahn and it. Berlin Transport laid rails in the tunnel and used it to store disused trains. The situation changed with German reunification and it was decided to complete the extension and open the Hermannstraße U-Bahn station. The scheduled reopening of the Ringbahn on 17 December 1993 created time pressure, because work on the U-Bahn station had to begin before then. The work included renovation of the existing tunnel and partial platform, construction of the remainder of the platform and the creation of a 320 m long turn-around. In addition, means of transfer between the station and the S-Bahn station above had to be created, and stairwells for a planned regional station. In the course of the work, the trains which had been parked there in the 1960s were discovered. U-Bahn buffs were delighted that one of the discoveries was an antique BI train. Platform view The opening of the station, the 168th in the Berlin U-Bahn system, was celebrated on 13 July 1996. Like almost all Berlin U-Bahn stations constructed in recent decades, the Hermannstraße station was designed by Rainer Rümmler. It was his last design before he retired. In this case he was strongly influenced by the stations to the north, designed by Alfred Grenander, which led to a very sparse station lined with turquoise tiles. The signs for the air raid shelter were retained behind glass as testaments to the past. 2016 manhunt after crime at station A video clip from October 2016 showed a woman being kicked down stairs; in December the clip was published by media before being authorized by the government to do so; thereafter police requested leads from the public to capture the perpetrator of the violence. On 13 December an arrest warrant was issued. On 17 December the suspect was arrested in Germany on a bus coming from another country. References ^ Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland (2017 ed.). Schweers + Wall. 2017. ISBN 978-3-89494-146-8. ^ "Stationspreisliste 2024" (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023. ^ "Der VBB-Tarif: Aufteilung des Verbundgebietes in Tarifwaben und Tarifbereiche" (PDF). Verkehrsbetrieb Potsdam. Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg. 1 January 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2019. ^ a b c d e "Hermannstraße". Stadtschnellbahn-Berlin.de (in German). 4 December 2007. ^ Grab, Carsten; Kurth, Detlef; Radeck, Katharina (1992). Ein-Blicke in die Geschichte der Schillerpromenade in Berlin Neukölln: Stadtteilgeschichte als Grundlage behutsamer Stadterneuerung (in German). Berlin: Stadterneuerung Neukölln. p. 56 – via Google Books. ^ Meyer-Kronthaler, Jürgen; Kramer, Wolfgang (1998). Berlins S-Bahnhöfe: ein dreiviertel Jahrhundert (in German). Berlin: Be.bra. p. 120. ISBN 3-930863-25-1. ^ a b c d e "U8 Hermannstraßen-U-Bahn". Berliner Untergrundbahn (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-02-20. ^ Kurpjuweit, Klaus; Meyer-Kronthaler, Jürgen (2001). Berliner U-Bahn: in Fahrt seit hundert Jahren (in German). Berlin: Be-bra. ISBN 3-930863-99-5 – via Google Books. ^ Domke, Petra; Hoeft, Markus (1998). Tunnel, Gräben, Viadukte: 100 Jahre Baugeschichte der Berliner U-Bahn (in German). Berlin: Kulturbild. p. 200. ISBN 3-933300-00-2. ^ Karlsen, Mina Liavik (9 December 2016). "Kvinne (26) var på vei til t-banen da hun ble sparket ned trappa: - Viser hvor lett alle kan bli voldsofre" . Dagbladet (in Norwegian). ^ Karlsen, Mina Liavik (16 December 2016). "Mann (27) skal ha stått bak trappesparket i Berlin. Politiet har ennå ikke funnet ham" . Dagbladet (in Norwegian). ^ Cogorno, Ingrid (19 December 2016). "Mannen som sparket kvinnen ned trappa på undergrunnstasjonen i Berlin er arrestert" . Dagbladet (in Norwegian). External links Neukölln - Mittenwalder Eisenbahn - Gesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft in Berlin (in German) Hermannstraße S-Bahn station satellite view on Google maps Hermannstraße S-Bahn station and "Kleinbahn-Bahnhof Neukölln-Mittenwalde" on a 1932 Berlin map vteStations on the Berlin U-Bahn Warschauer Straße Stralauer Tor (dismantled) Schlesisches Tor Görlitzer Bahnhof Kottbusser Tor Prinzenstraße Hallesches Tor Möckernbrücke Gleisdreieck Kurfürstenstraße Nollendorfplatz Wittenbergplatz Kurfürstendamm Uhlandstraße Pankow Vinetastraße Schönhauser Allee Eberswalder Straße Senefelderplatz Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz Alexanderplatz Klosterstraße Märkisches Museum Spittelmarkt Hausvogteiplatz Stadtmitte Mohrenstraße Potsdamer Platz Mendelssohn-Bartholdy-Park Gleisdreieck Bülowstraße Nollendorfplatz Wittenbergplatz Zoologischer Garten Ernst-Reuter-Platz Deutsche Oper Bismarckstraße Sophie-Charlotte-Platz Kaiserdamm Theodor-Heuss-Platz Neu-Westend Olympia-Stadion Ruhleben Warschauer Straße Stralauer Tor (dismantled) Schlesisches Tor Görlitzer Bahnhof Kottbusser Tor Prinzenstraße Hallesches Tor Möckernbrücke Gleisdreieck Kurfürstenstraße Nollendorfplatz Wittenbergplatz Augsburger Straße Nürnberger Platz (dismantled) Spichernstraße Hohenzollernplatz Fehrbelliner Platz Heidelberger Platz Rüdesheimer Platz Breitenbachplatz Podbielskiallee Dahlem-Dorf Freie Universität (Thielplatz) Oskar-Helene-Heim Onkel Toms Hütte Krumme Lanke Nollendorfplatz Viktoria-Luise-Platz Bayerischer Platz Rathaus Schöneberg Innsbrucker Platz Hauptbahnhof Bundestag Brandenburger Tor Unter den Linden Museumsinsel Rotes Rathaus Alexanderplatz Schillingstraße Strausberger Platz Weberwiese Frankfurter Tor Samariterstraße Frankfurter Allee Magdalenenstraße Lichtenberg Friedrichsfelde Tierpark Biesdorf-Süd Elsterwerdaer Platz Wuhletal Kaulsdorf Nord Kienberg (Gärten der Welt) Cottbusser Platz Hellersdorf Louis-Lewin-Straße Hönow Alt-Tegel Borsigwerke Holzhauser Straße Otisstraße Scharnweberstraße Kurt-Schumacher-Platz Afrikanische Straße Rehberge Seestraße Leopoldplatz Wedding Reinickendorfer Straße Schwartzkopffstraße Naturkundemuseum Oranienburger Tor Friedrichstraße Unter den Linden Französische Straße (closed) Stadtmitte Kochstraße Hallesches Tor Mehringdamm Platz der Luftbrücke Paradestraße Tempelhof Alt Tempelhof Kaiserin-Augusta-Straße Ullsteinstraße Westphalweg Alt-Mariendorf Rathaus Spandau Altstadt Spandau Zitadelle Haselhorst Paulsternstraße Rohrdamm Siemensdamm Halemweg Jakob-Kaiser-Platz Jungfernheide Mierendorffplatz Richard-Wagner-Platz Bismarckstraße Wilmersdorfer Straße Adenauerplatz Konstanzer Straße Fehrbelliner Platz Blissestraße Berliner Straße Bayerischer Platz Eisenacher Straße Kleistpark Yorckstraße Möckernbrücke Mehringdamm Gneisenaustraße Südstern Hermannplatz Rathaus Neukölln Karl-Marx-Straße Neukölln Grenzallee Blaschkoallee Parchimer Allee Britz-Süd Johannisthaller Chaussee Lipschitzallee Wutzkyallee Zwickauer Damm Rudow Wittenau Rathaus Reinickendorf Karl-Bonhoeffer-Nervenklinik Lindauer Allee Paracelsus-Bad Residenzstraße Franz-Neumann-Platz Osloer Straße Pankstraße Gesundbrunnen Voltastraße Bernauer Straße Rosenthaler Platz Weinmeisterstraße Alexanderplatz Jannowitzbrücke Heinrich-Heine-Straße Moritzplatz Kottbusser Tor Schönleinstraße Hermannplatz Boddinstraße Leinestraße Hermannstraße Osloer Straße Nauener Platz Leopoldplatz Amrumer Straße Westhafen Birkenstraße Turmstraße Hansaplatz Zoologischer Garten Kurfürstendamm Spichernstraße Güntzelstraße Berliner Straße Bundesplatz Friedrich-Wilhelm-Platz Walther-Schreiber-Platz Schloßstraße Rathaus Steglitz 52°28′05″N 13°25′52″E / 52.468°N 13.431°E / 52.468; 13.431	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_Neukoelln_7Hermannstrasse.JPG"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Neukölln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"S41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S41_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"S42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S42_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"S45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S45_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"S46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S46_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"S47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S47_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"U-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_U-Bahn"},{"link_name":"U8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U8_(Berlin_U-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"Mittenwalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittenwalde"},{"link_name":"goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_rail_transport"}],"text":"Railway station in Berlin, GermanyEntrance to the Hermannstraße S-Bahn stationBerlin Hermannstraße is a railway station in the Neukölln district of Berlin. It is served by the S-Bahn lines S41, S42, S45, S46 and S47 and the U-Bahn line U8, of which it is the southern terminus. It was formerly also possible to transfer there to the Neukölln-Mittenwalde railway line, which is now only used for goods traffic.","title":"Berlin Hermannstraße station"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"S-Bahn station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin Ringbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Ringbahn"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Neukölln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Neuk%C3%B6lln_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SB-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SB-4"},{"link_name":"Greater Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SB-4"}],"sub_title":"Berlin Ringbahn","text":"Hermannstraße was on the route of the first segment of the Berlin Ringbahn which opened on 15 November 1877 (with passenger service beginning on 1 January 1878). At that time the closest station was Rixdorf, which today is called Berlin-Neukölln because the locality changed its name in 1912. The Hermannstraße station opened on 1 February 1899,[4] as one of several suburban stations added during the enlargement of the ring line to 4 tracks.Initially the only access was at the east end of the station, via a small building with a red-tiled roof. In 1910 a second entrance on Siegfriedstraße was added.[4] For 29 years the station was served by steam trains. After the creation of Greater Berlin in 1920, electrification to create the S-Bahn system began in 1924; the Ringbahn was fully incorporated on 6 November 1928.[4]","title":"S-Bahn station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neukoelln4_Mittenwalder_Eisenbahn.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mittenwalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittenwalde"},{"link_name":"Brusendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittenwalde_(Mark)"},{"link_name":"Groß Kienitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gro%C3%9F_Kienitz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Selchow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selchow_(Sch%C3%B6nefeld)"},{"link_name":"Schönefeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nefeld"},{"link_name":"Rudow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Rudow"},{"link_name":"Buckow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Buckow"},{"link_name":"Britz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Britz"}],"sub_title":"Rixdorf - Mittenwalde Railway","text":"Teltow Canal goods depot on the Neukölln - Mittenwalde Railway, near Berlin Sanitation's Gradestraße depotIn 1895 a committee of residents of Mittenwalde formed a committee to construct a railway from Mittenwalde to Rixdorf, since existing rail routes were not conveniently located. Finding the cost prohibitive, they partnered with Vering & Waechter, a company which was at the time developing rail lines throughout Germany. On 23 February 1899, the Rixdorf-Mittenwalder Eisenbahn Aktiengesellschaft was founded; it still exists today. Vering & Waechter, given the responsibility for planning and construction, mapped out a 27 km (17 mi) route from North Mittenwalde to Hermannstraße with 7 intermediate stations: Brusendorf, Groß Kienitz, Selchow, Schönefeld, Rudow, Buckow and Britz. After the Ringbahn station was built, the plans were changed and the Hermannstraße terminus of the line became a transfer point and the Britz station the operating centre.The operating licence for the line was granted on 21 July 1899, and it opened on 28 September 1900. 4 years later it was extended southwards to Schöneiche Plan. When Rixdorf became Neukölln in 1912, the line became the Neukölln-Mittenwalder Eisenbahn (Neukölln - Mittenwalde Railway).","title":"S-Bahn station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"Battle for Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Teltow Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teltow_Canal"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Soviet occupying administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Military_Administration_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"eminent domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain"},{"link_name":"Berlin Blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Blockade"},{"link_name":"sidings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_siding"},{"link_name":"Tempelhof Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempelhof_Central_Airport"},{"link_name":"Berlin Airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Airlift"},{"link_name":"East Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Berlin"},{"link_name":"West Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SB-4"},{"link_name":"September 1980 strike of West Berlin S-Bahn workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn_(East_Germany)#The_S-Bahn_in_West_Berlin_during_the_Cold_War"},{"link_name":"GDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"During and after World War II","text":"During World War II the Mittenwalde line was heavily used for transporting both munitions and passengers, reaching a peak of over 1 million tonnes and 3 million passengers in 1942/43.The Hermannstraße S-Bahn station was not damaged during the bombing of Berlin, but the entrance was severely damaged during the Battle for Berlin and that stretch of the Ringbahn was closed from April 1945 until 18 June 1945.The Mittenwalde line was closed until 17 May 1945, when the bridge over the Teltow Canal was repaired by the Red Army. In September 1946, the Soviet occupying administration took possession of the portion of the line outside Berlin under eminent domain and transferred its operation to the Brandenburg State Railways, and in the Berlin Blockade of 1948/49, the line was severed at the boundary with the American sector. 11.5 km (7.1 mi) of line with some sidings within Berlin remained unaffected, and the company had constructed a 5 km (3.1 mi) extension to Tempelhof Airfield which could then be used to transport coal flown there in the Berlin Airlift, avoiding the East Berlin-controlled Deutsche Reichsbahn.S-Bahn operation continued under the control of the Deutsche Reichsbahn during and after the blockade, but was boycotted in West Berlin in protest against this East German body operating in the Western sectors of the city. In 1961, the year Berlin wall was erected, the Siegfriedstraße entrance to the Hermannstraße station was closed. The destroyed main entrance was under restoration until 1968/69, but in 1971 was demolished and replaced with a modern building, which opened in June 1973; the Siegfriedstraße entrance, reopened during this work, was then closed and it was demolished 3 years later.[4] After the September 1980 strike of West Berlin S-Bahn workers, the Reichsbahn almost completely closed the S-Bahn in West Berlin, including the Ringbahn.The Neukölln - Mittenwalde line, in contrast, profited from increased goods traffic after the West Berlin power company, Bewag, built a power plant at Rudow. Within the city, its passenger stations were demolished, while outside the city, in the GDR, the rails were taken up but the station buildings remained.[5]","title":"S-Bahn station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_Neukoelln_8Hermannstrasse.JPG"},{"link_name":"Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Verkehrsbetriebe"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"cutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_(transportation)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SB-4"},{"link_name":"U-Bahn Line 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U8_(Berlin_U-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"S47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S47_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"S46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S46_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"Königs Wusterhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigs_Wusterhausen"},{"link_name":"S45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S45_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"Schönefeld Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nefeld_Airport"},{"link_name":"S41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S41_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"S42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S42_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"containers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_container"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn"}],"sub_title":"Reopening after reunification","text":"New S-Bahn station from Hermannstraße bridgeThe Reichsbahn transferred the S-Bahn to Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (Berlin Transport) in 1984, and after public enthusiasm for it increased, preparations began in 1989 for gradually reopening the Ringbahn beginning in 1992.The fall of the Berlin Wall that November and the ensuing German reunification changed the plans: the stretch of Ringbahn to be initially reopened was extended into the former East Berlin and the reopening deferred to 1993. The Hermannstraße station was completely rebuilt in a new position under the bridge where Hermannstraße crosses the S-Bahn cutting,[6] so that hardly any traces of the historic station remain.[4] The new station has two entrance buildings on Hermannstraße, which were painted blue and green to draw attention to the connection between the S-Bahn and U-Bahn Line 8 at the station, which was finally realised after some 60 years with the opening of the U-Bahn station on 13 July 1996.Service on the western portion of the Ringbahn was ceremonially relaunched on 17 December 1993, over a stretch of line including the Hermannstraße station. The station is now served by three S-Bahn lines which originate to the southeast of the city: S47, S46 from Königs Wusterhausen and S45 from Schönefeld Airport, plus the two Ringbahn lines, S41 and S42. A new two-track turning area at Hermannstraße is the terminus of the S47.Also since German reunification, the Mittenwalde line became the route by which the city's household waste is conveyed in containers from the Berliner Stadtreinigung (Berlin Sanitation) depot on the Teltow Canal to the Hermannstraße terminus of the line, now known as Güterbahnhof Neukölln, Neukölln Goods Station, where it is transferred to Deutsche Bahn goods trains. In December 2005, however, the district of Neukölln decided to convert unused track area in the goods station to industrial use; the Neukölln-Mittenwalder Eisenbahn is to wind up its operations there at some point in the future. It was supposed to be a regional railway station but plans were scrapped.","title":"S-Bahn station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_Neukoelln_6Hermannstrasse.JPG"},{"link_name":"Greater Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Berlin"},{"link_name":"U8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U8_(Berlin_U-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"Leinestraße","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinestra%C3%9Fe_(Berlin_U-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BU-7"},{"link_name":"economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_economic_crisis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BU-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U-Bahn_Berlin_Hermannstra%C3%9Fe_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"air raid shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raid_shelter"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"West Berlin Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BU-7"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"Ringbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringbahn"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BU-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UBahnhfHermannstr.JPG"},{"link_name":"Berlin U-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_U-Bahn"},{"link_name":"Rainer Rümmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainer_G._R%C3%BCmmler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alfred Grenander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Grenander"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BU-7"}],"text":"U-Bahn entrance; S-Bahn entrances in rearIn 1927, seven years after Neukölln like many other surrounding towns became part of Greater Berlin, the city opened the first segment of what was then called Line D of the U-Bahn, today's U8. Over the next 3 years, the line was extended as far south as Leinestraße. It had been the intention since the first conception of the line in 1910 for it to connect with the S-Bahn at Hermannstraße.[7] Work began in 1929 and was scheduled to be completed in March 1930, but was halted by the economic crisis. Finally in 1931 the City of Berlin cancelled the project. By then the tunnel from Leinestraße (the longest tunnel segment excavated that year)[8] and about one third of the platform at the new station had been constructed. The stairways to the street were in place and were capped with concrete.[7]During the Second World War, the Hermannstraße U-Bahn station was used as an air raid shelterIn 1940, the unfinished station was used as an air raid shelter; because it is located under the S-Bahn cutting, it is unusually deep underground.[9] There are still signs on the wall from this period. After the construction of the Berlin wall in 1961, the West Berlin Senate did not pursue the plans for an extension, since West Berliners were boycotting the GDR-run S-Bahn and there was thus no longer demand for a transfer point between the U-Bahn and it. Berlin Transport laid rails in the tunnel and used it to store disused trains.[7]The situation changed with German reunification and it was decided to complete the extension and open the Hermannstraße U-Bahn station. The scheduled reopening of the Ringbahn on 17 December 1993 created time pressure, because work on the U-Bahn station had to begin before then. The work included renovation of the existing tunnel and partial platform, construction of the remainder of the platform and the creation of a 320 m long turn-around. In addition, means of transfer between the station and the S-Bahn station above had to be created, and stairwells for a planned regional station. In the course of the work, the trains which had been parked there in the 1960s were discovered. U-Bahn buffs were delighted that one of the discoveries was an antique BI train.[7]Platform viewThe opening of the station, the 168th in the Berlin U-Bahn system, was celebrated on 13 July 1996. Like almost all Berlin U-Bahn stations constructed in recent decades, the Hermannstraße station was designed by Rainer Rümmler. It was his last design before he retired. In this case he was strongly influenced by the stations to the north, designed by Alfred Grenander, which led to a very sparse station lined with turquoise tiles. The signs for the air raid shelter were retained behind glass as testaments to the past.[7]","title":"U-Bahn station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"A video clip from October 2016 showed a woman being kicked down stairs; in December the clip was published by media before being authorized by the government to do so; thereafter police requested leads from the public to capture the perpetrator of the violence.[10] On 13 December an arrest warrant was issued.[11] On 17 December the suspect was arrested in Germany on a bus coming from another country.[12]","title":"2016 manhunt after crime at station"}]	[{"image_text":"Entrance to the Hermannstraße S-Bahn station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Berlin_Neukoelln_7Hermannstrasse.JPG/300px-Berlin_Neukoelln_7Hermannstrasse.JPG"},{"image_text":"Teltow Canal goods depot on the Neukölln - Mittenwalde Railway, near Berlin Sanitation's Gradestraße depot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Neukoelln4_Mittenwalder_Eisenbahn.JPG/220px-Neukoelln4_Mittenwalder_Eisenbahn.JPG"},{"image_text":"New S-Bahn station from Hermannstraße bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Berlin_Neukoelln_8Hermannstrasse.JPG/220px-Berlin_Neukoelln_8Hermannstrasse.JPG"},{"image_text":"U-Bahn entrance; S-Bahn entrances in rear","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Berlin_Neukoelln_6Hermannstrasse.JPG/220px-Berlin_Neukoelln_6Hermannstrasse.JPG"},{"image_text":"During the Second World War, the Hermannstraße U-Bahn station was used as an air raid shelter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/U-Bahn_Berlin_Hermannstra%C3%9Fe_2.JPG/220px-U-Bahn_Berlin_Hermannstra%C3%9Fe_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Platform view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/UBahnhfHermannstr.JPG/220px-UBahnhfHermannstr.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland [German railway atlas] (2017 ed.). Schweers + Wall. 2017. ISBN 978-3-89494-146-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89494-146-8","url_text":"978-3-89494-146-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Stationspreisliste 2024\" [Station price list 2024] (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deutschebahn.com/resource/blob/10549430/8b4014c743df66a357abf2c652860d8b/Anlage-1-Geplantes-Entgelt-pro-Station-alphabetisch-sortiert-getrennt-nach-Bahnhof-und-Bahnsteig_R1-data.pdf","url_text":"\"Stationspreisliste 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Station%26Service","url_text":"DB Station&Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Der VBB-Tarif: Aufteilung des Verbundgebietes in Tarifwaben und Tarifbereiche\" (PDF). Verkehrsbetrieb Potsdam. Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg. 1 January 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201027142308/https://www.swp-potsdam.de/content/verkehr/pdf_7/vbb_wabenkarte_und_tarifbereiche.pdf","url_text":"\"Der VBB-Tarif: Aufteilung des Verbundgebietes in Tarifwaben und Tarifbereiche\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrsverbund_Berlin-Brandenburg","url_text":"Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg"},{"url":"https://www.swp-potsdam.de/content/verkehr/pdf_7/vbb_wabenkarte_und_tarifbereiche.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hermannstraße\". Stadtschnellbahn-Berlin.de (in German). 4 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stadtschnellbahn-berlin.de/bahnhof/bahnhof.php?bhf=242","url_text":"\"Hermannstraße\""}]},{"reference":"Grab, Carsten; Kurth, Detlef; Radeck, Katharina (1992). Ein-Blicke in die Geschichte der Schillerpromenade in Berlin Neukölln: Stadtteilgeschichte als Grundlage behutsamer Stadterneuerung (in German). Berlin: Stadterneuerung Neukölln. p. 56 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a8WxAAAAIAAJ&q=Hermannstra%C3%9Fe+Mittenwalde","url_text":"56"}]},{"reference":"Meyer-Kronthaler, Jürgen; Kramer, Wolfgang (1998). Berlins S-Bahnhöfe: ein dreiviertel Jahrhundert (in German). Berlin: Be.bra. p. 120. ISBN 3-930863-25-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OkYUAQAAIAAJ&q=Richtung+Osten+verschoben%2C+so+da%C3%9F+er+nun+genau+unter+der+Stra%C3%9Fenbr%C3%BCcke+liegt","url_text":"120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930863-25-1","url_text":"3-930863-25-1"}]},{"reference":"\"U8 Hermannstraßen-U-Bahn\". Berliner Untergrundbahn (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160220191702/http://www.berliner-untergrundbahn.de/st-812.htm","url_text":"\"U8 Hermannstraßen-U-Bahn\""},{"url":"http://www.berliner-untergrundbahn.de/st-812.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kurpjuweit, Klaus; Meyer-Kronthaler, Jürgen (2001). Berliner U-Bahn: in Fahrt seit hundert Jahren (in German). Berlin: Be-bra. ISBN 3-930863-99-5 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pT0fAQAAIAAJ&q=U-Bahn+Hermannstra%C3%9Fe","url_text":"Berliner U-Bahn: in Fahrt seit hundert Jahren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930863-99-5","url_text":"3-930863-99-5"}]},{"reference":"Domke, Petra; Hoeft, Markus (1998). Tunnel, Gräben, Viadukte: 100 Jahre Baugeschichte der Berliner U-Bahn (in German). Berlin: Kulturbild. p. 200. ISBN 3-933300-00-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-0UUAQAAIAAJ&q=Im+zweiten+Weltkrieg+nutzte+man+diese+mit+13+m+unter+der+Hermannstra%C3%9Fe+ungew%C3%B6hnlich+tief+liegenden+U-Bahn-","url_text":"200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-933300-00-2","url_text":"3-933300-00-2"}]},{"reference":"Karlsen, Mina Liavik (9 December 2016). \"Kvinne (26) var på vei til t-banen da hun ble sparket ned trappa: - Viser hvor lett alle kan bli voldsofre\" [Woman (26) was on her way to the subway when she was kicked down the stairs: - Shows how easily everyone can be a victim of violence]. Dagbladet (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/kvinne-26-var-pa-vei-til-t-banen-da-hun-ble-sparket-ned-trappa---viser-hvor-lett-alle-kan-bli-voldsofre/65790564","url_text":"\"Kvinne (26) var på vei til t-banen da hun ble sparket ned trappa: - Viser hvor lett alle kan bli voldsofre\""}]},{"reference":"Karlsen, Mina Liavik (16 December 2016). \"Mann (27) skal ha stått bak trappesparket i Berlin. Politiet har ennå ikke funnet ham\" [A man (27) is said to have been behind the stair kick in Berlin. Police have not yet found him]. Dagbladet (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/mann-27-skal-ha-statt-bak-trappesparket-i-berlin-politiet-har-enna-ikke-funnet-ham/66420758","url_text":"\"Mann (27) skal ha stått bak trappesparket i Berlin. Politiet har ennå ikke funnet ham\""}]},{"reference":"Cogorno, Ingrid (19 December 2016). \"Mannen som sparket kvinnen ned trappa på undergrunnstasjonen i Berlin er arrestert\" [The man who kicked the woman down the stairs at the underground station in Berlin has been arrested]. Dagbladet (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/mannen-som-sparket-kvinnen-ned-trappa-pa-undergrunnstasjonen-inbspberlinnbsper-arrestert/66559952","url_text":"\"Mannen som sparket kvinnen ned trappa på undergrunnstasjonen i Berlin er arrestert\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berlin_Hermannstra%C3%9Fe_station&params=52.468_N_13.431_E_source:nlwiki","external_links_name":"52°28′05″N 13°25′52″E / 52.468°N 13.431°E / 52.468; 13.431"},{"Link":"https://www.deutschebahn.com/resource/blob/10549430/8b4014c743df66a357abf2c652860d8b/Anlage-1-Geplantes-Entgelt-pro-Station-alphabetisch-sortiert-getrennt-nach-Bahnhof-und-Bahnsteig_R1-data.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Stationspreisliste 2024\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201027142308/https://www.swp-potsdam.de/content/verkehr/pdf_7/vbb_wabenkarte_und_tarifbereiche.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Der VBB-Tarif: Aufteilung des Verbundgebietes in Tarifwaben und Tarifbereiche\""},{"Link":"https://www.swp-potsdam.de/content/verkehr/pdf_7/vbb_wabenkarte_und_tarifbereiche.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stadtschnellbahn-berlin.de/bahnhof/bahnhof.php?bhf=242","external_links_name":"\"Hermannstraße\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a8WxAAAAIAAJ&q=Hermannstra%C3%9Fe+Mittenwalde","external_links_name":"56"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OkYUAQAAIAAJ&q=Richtung+Osten+verschoben%2C+so+da%C3%9F+er+nun+genau+unter+der+Stra%C3%9Fenbr%C3%BCcke+liegt","external_links_name":"120"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160220191702/http://www.berliner-untergrundbahn.de/st-812.htm","external_links_name":"\"U8 Hermannstraßen-U-Bahn\""},{"Link":"http://www.berliner-untergrundbahn.de/st-812.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pT0fAQAAIAAJ&q=U-Bahn+Hermannstra%C3%9Fe","external_links_name":"Berliner U-Bahn: in Fahrt seit hundert Jahren"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-0UUAQAAIAAJ&q=Im+zweiten+Weltkrieg+nutzte+man+diese+mit+13+m+unter+der+Hermannstra%C3%9Fe+ungew%C3%B6hnlich+tief+liegenden+U-Bahn-","external_links_name":"200"},{"Link":"http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/kvinne-26-var-pa-vei-til-t-banen-da-hun-ble-sparket-ned-trappa---viser-hvor-lett-alle-kan-bli-voldsofre/65790564","external_links_name":"\"Kvinne (26) var på vei til t-banen da hun ble sparket ned trappa: - Viser hvor lett alle kan bli voldsofre\""},{"Link":"http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/mann-27-skal-ha-statt-bak-trappesparket-i-berlin-politiet-har-enna-ikke-funnet-ham/66420758","external_links_name":"\"Mann (27) skal ha stått bak trappesparket i Berlin. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception:_Murder_in_Hong_Kong	Deception (board game)	["1 Gameplay","2 Release and reception","3 Expansions","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Board game Deception: Murder in Hong KongDesignersTobey HoIllustratorsTommy Ng, Ari WongPublishersGrey Fox games (2015)Players4-12Setup time5 minutesPlaying time20 minutesChanceLowSkillsDeduction, logic Deception: Murder in Hong Kong is a board game for 4 to 12 players designed by Tobey Ho and published by Grey Fox games in 2015. Set as a detective investigation scene, in Deception players find themselves in a scenario of intrigue and murder, deduction and deception. Players take on the roles of investigators attempting to solve a murder case, but one of the investigators is actually the killer. Different roles are randomly assigned at the start of play. As the investigators attempt to deduce the truth, the murderer's team must deceive and mislead. The game was originally released via Kickstarter, raising over $65000. Deception received positive reviews, and was awarded with the Dice Tower Seal of Excellence. Gameplay In Deception: Murder in Hong Kong, each player first receives a secret role: Forensic Scientist, Witness, Investigator, Murderer, or Accomplice. Everyone then closes their eyes except for the forensic scientist, who instructs the murderer to open his eyes. The murderer does so, revealing himself to the scientist, and he points to one of the five murder weapons in front of them and one of their five pieces of evidence. The Scientist has the solution but can express the clues only using special scene tiles while the investigators (and the murderer) attempt to interpret the evidence. In order to succeed, the investigators must deduce the truth from the clues of the Forensic Scientist. The Murderer and his Accomplice try to secretly mislead the real detectives by picking the wrong weapon and clue. Release and reception Deception: Murder in Hong Kong was initially sold via Kickstarter, with 1,796 backers contributing $65,777 during the campaign. It was delivered to backers in December 2015 and then released in retail stores. Deception: Murder in Hong Kong won the Dice Tower Seal of Excellence. The website BoardGameGeek gave it the score of 7.5/10. Expansions The first expansion, Undercover Allies, was released in December 2017, adding three new roles to the game (Lab technician, Clever Accomplice and an Inside man). It adds also more clue cards and tokens to the game, allowing it to be played by 14 players. See also The Resistance (game) Mafia Werewolves References ^ "Deception: Murder in Hong Kong". Gameology. ^ "Deception: Murder in Hong Kong Review". 8 May 2018. ^ "What's Eric Playing? #113: Deception: Murder in Hong Kong Review". Punchboard Media. Archived from the original on 2018-09-15. Retrieved 2018-09-15. ^ "Deception: Murder in Hong Kong – Grey Fox Games". Archived from the original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2018-09-14. ^ "Deception: Murder in Hong Kong Review". 22 February 2018. ^ a b "Deception: Murder in Hong Kong by Grey Fox Games — Kickstarter". ^ "Dice Tower Review - Deception: Murder in Hong Kong" – via boardgamegeek.com. ^ "Review: Deception: Murder in Hong Kong - Shut Up & Sit Down". ^ "Game Review - Deception: Murder in Hong Kong « GirlGeekUpNorth". 9 December 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018. ^ a b "Deception: Murder in Hong Kong". BoardGameGeek. ^ "R/Boardgames - Let's Talk Dice Tower Essentials". 24 June 2016. ^ "Deception: Undercover Allies by Grey Fox Games — Kickstarter". External links how to play on Geek & Sundry Deception: Murder in Hong Kong Review - with Tom Vasel on Dice Tower	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"board game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Deception: Murder in Hong Kong is a board game for 4 to 12 players designed by Tobey Ho and published by Grey Fox games in 2015.[1][2] Set as a detective investigation scene, in Deception players find themselves in a scenario of intrigue and murder, deduction and deception.[3][4] Players take on the roles of investigators attempting to solve a murder case, but one of the investigators is actually the killer. Different roles are randomly assigned at the start of play. As the investigators attempt to deduce the truth, the murderer's team must deceive and mislead.[5]The game was originally released via Kickstarter, raising over $65000.[6] Deception received positive reviews, and was awarded with the Dice Tower Seal of Excellence.[7]","title":"Deception (board game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-10"}],"text":"In Deception: Murder in Hong Kong, each player first receives a secret role: Forensic Scientist, Witness, Investigator, Murderer, or Accomplice. Everyone then closes their eyes except for the forensic scientist, who instructs the murderer to open his eyes. The murderer does so, revealing himself to the scientist, and he points to one of the five murder weapons in front of them and one of their five pieces of evidence.[8]The Scientist has the solution but can express the clues only using special scene tiles while the investigators (and the murderer) attempt to interpret the evidence.[9] In order to succeed, the investigators must deduce the truth from the clues of the Forensic Scientist. The Murderer and his Accomplice try to secretly mislead the real detectives by picking the wrong weapon and clue.[10]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"BoardGameGeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoardGameGeek"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-10"}],"text":"Deception: Murder in Hong Kong was initially sold via Kickstarter, with 1,796 backers contributing $65,777 during the campaign.[6] It was delivered to backers in December 2015 and then released in retail stores.Deception: Murder in Hong Kong won the Dice Tower Seal of Excellence.[11] The website BoardGameGeek gave it the score of 7.5/10.[10]","title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The first expansion, Undercover Allies, was released in December 2017, adding three new roles to the game (Lab technician, Clever Accomplice and an Inside man). It adds also more clue cards and tokens to the game, allowing it to be played by 14 players.[12]","title":"Expansions"}]	[]	[{"title":"The Resistance (game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Resistance_(game)"},{"title":"Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_(party_game)"},{"title":"Werewolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Night_Ultimate_Werewolf"}]	[{"reference":"\"Deception: Murder in Hong Kong\". Gameology.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameology.com.au/products/deception-murder-in-hong-kong","url_text":"\"Deception: Murder in Hong Kong\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deception: Murder in Hong Kong Review\". 8 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thethoughtfulgamer.com/2018/05/08/deception-murder-in-hong-kong-review/","url_text":"\"Deception: Murder in Hong Kong Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"What's Eric Playing? #113: Deception: Murder in Hong Kong Review\". Punchboard Media. Archived from the original on 2018-09-15. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makau_Mutua	Makau Mutua	["1 Early life and education","2 Legal and academic career","3 Memberships, honors and awards","4 Application for Chief Justice, Supreme Court, Kenya","5 Controversies at SUNY Buffalo","5.1 Faculty dissent","5.2 Criticism for absence","5.3 Criticism concerning law-school-ranking","5.4 Criticism concerning income","6 Newspaper columnist","7 Selected works","8 References"]	Kenyan-American professor of law This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Makau Mutua" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Makau W. Mutua (born 1958) is a Kenyan-American professor at the SUNY Buffalo School of Law and was its dean from 2008 to 2014. He teaches international human rights, international business transactions and international law. He is vice president of the American Society of International Law and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He is a second-generation scholar of the Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL), which is critical of the colonial foundations of the extant international law. In 2016, he made an unsuccessful bid for the office of Chief Justice at the Supreme Court of Kenya. Mutua has faced criticism and lawsuits concerning his tenure as Dean and professor at Buffalo School of Law. Early life and education Makau Mutua was born Robert Mutua in Kitui, Kenya, in 1958, the second of seven children. He was educated at Kitui School and Alliance High School, and in 1975 graduated from an American high school in Fisher, Illinois, to which he was taken by Catholic missionaries. He recounted for a Nairobi newspaper that "the Catholic Church had murdered my spirit as an African. I contemplated dropping the name Robert before going to Illinois, but didn’t know how – and lacked the courage to do so at that age. It was only after I returned from America that I "killed" Robert and left the church." In May 1981, his education at the University of Nairobi was disrupted by his anti-government activism. He left Nairobi and enrolled in the University of Dar es Salaam, where he graduated in 1983 and 1984 with bachelor’s and master’s degrees in law. He then returned to the United States, where he earned an LL.M in 1985 and an S.J.D. in 1987 at Harvard University. Legal and academic career He was an associate for one year at a commercial law firm in New York, where he worked on equipment leasing, licensing, and distributorship contracts, and then moved to Human Rights First, at that time known as the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, where he directed the Africa Project. In 1991, he returned to Harvard as associate director of its human rights program. In 1996, he joined the SUNY Buffalo Law faculty. In 2003, while on sabbatical, he was appointed to an official task force that recommended a "truth, justice, and reconciliation" commission for Kenya. That year he was also a delegate to a constitutional conference, which attempted to draft a new constitution for Kenya. In 2006, he was an advisor to John Githongo, the former anti-corruption czar who exposed the Anglo-Leasing scandal in the Kibaki government. He is also chairman of the board of the Kenya Human Rights Commission, which is registered in Nairobi as a non-profit political advocacy group or NGO. In December 2007, following the resignation of his predecessor, R. Nils Olsen, Jr., Mutua was appointed interim dean of the Buffalo School of Law. He was reappointed as dean by the university's provost in May 2008, after the failure of a national job search. He remained in office until December 2014 after he resigned. In January 2017, Mutua was appointed to a four-year-term as Editor of the Routledge Series on Law in Africa. Memberships, honors and awards In 2015, Mutua received the Distinguished Africanist Award from the New York African Studies Association at its 40th Annual Conference. He was elected vice president of the American Society of International Law from 2011 to 2013 after serving on its executive council from 2007 to 2010. In May 2010, he became a member of the Sigma Pi Phi fraternity, the first Greek-letter society founded by African-American men in the United States and has been named several times as among the most influential black lawyers and educators in the United States. Application for Chief Justice, Supreme Court, Kenya Following the early retirement of Dr. Willy Mutunga from the Office of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Kenya in June 2016, Mutua applied for the office of Chief Justice in response to the vacancy announcement by the Judicial Service Commission. During an interview for the position, Attorney General Githu Muigai questioned Mutua over his tweets not recognizing the election of Uhuru Kenyatta as President of Kenya in March 2013. Mutua responded that he would have no problems working with the President if he was appointed Chief Justice, and that his comments were made as a private citizen. In addition, the Attorney General questioned his qualifications for chief justice on the grounds that he has not resided in Kenya or paid Kenyan taxes for over thirty years, and has never tried a case or served in any judicial office. Mutua responded with his readiness to renounce his American citizenship. When the interviews ended, the commission announced that it had settled on Kenyan Court of Appeal Judge David Maraga as the nominee for the Office of Chief Justice. Mutua was ranked third in the interviews. Controversies at SUNY Buffalo Faculty dissent Some faculty members claimed "Mutua’s management style divided the school at a time of great economic turmoil.... Critics say Mutua, who came from within the ranks of the faculty, arrived in the dean’s office with a 'divide and rule' philosophy that placed a priority on loyalty and penalized critics while rewarding allies." A professor had sued the school and Mutua for wrongful termination in 2008, and nine professors supported the plaintiff's account of the matter. The lawsuit ended with Mutua prevailing in 2017, years after he had already resigned his deanship. Those who were in support of Mutua's deanship describing that "alumni and donors view his stewardship as a much-needed step forward. In their eyes, Mutua shook up a moribund faculty, reached out to alums who felt alienated from the school and succeeded in raising $23 million in private donations. They say the law school’s endowment has nearly doubled since he became dean...." Criticism for absence The law school's official history has praised Mutua for "bringing a global focus to the School of Law, drawing on the numerous human rights, diplomatic and rule of law missions he had conducted in countries in Africa, Latin America and Europe." In May 2009, the law school sponsored the visit of a Kenyan government delegation, where then-Prime Minister Raila Odinga gave newly graduated lawyers and their families a lecture about African politics and praised Makau Mutua as "a great Kenyan patriot." However, the campus newspaper The Spectrum reported that "aculty and students who were interviewed offered tepid to scathing critiques of Mutua’s tenure and many students insist they have never seen Mutua on campus nor interacted with him." He was criticized for his disengagement from campus life and prolonged absences while he toured many international destinations. Criticism concerning law-school-ranking In 2010, Mutua has been accused of presiding over SUNY Buffalo's drop below the top one-hundred American law schools for the first time in its history, despite his pledge to devote his deanship to returning it to the top fifty. In 2016, the campus newspaper criticized Mutua for hiring eighteen new professors during a decade in which the law school's enrollment was dropping by almost 40% alleging that the imbalance resulted in the resignations, buy-outs, or early retirements of more than half the faculty and a tuition that doubled in the aftermath of his deanship. Criticism concerning income After Mutua had taken a sabbatical in 2015 and accepted a consultancy at the World Bank, he was criticized by the campus newspaper that "the university is still paying the former law school dean his full salary – a salary that nears $300,000 – despite being away from the school and taking on outside work." Newspaper columnist Mutua, for the better part of a decade, was a columnist for the Sunday Nation, one of the two main newspapers in East and Central Africa. In September 2013, he departed the Sunday Nation and joined the Standard on Sunday, the Sunday Nation's chief competitor. He returned to the Sunday Nation in July 2019. Selected works Human Rights Standards: Hegemony, Law, and Politics. SUNY Press. March 2016 ISBN 978-1-4384-5939-4 Kenya's Quest For Democracy: Taming Leviathan (Challenge and Change in African Politics). L. Rienner Publishers. 30 April 2008 ISBN 1-58826-590-0 Human Rights NGOs in East Africa: Political and Normative Tensions. University of Pennsylvania Press. 12 September 2008 ISBN 978-0-8122-4112-9 Human Rights: A Political and Cultural Critique. University of Pennsylvania Press. 10 November 2008 ISBN 0-8122-2049-8 Zaire: Repression As Policy (with Peter Rosenblum), New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 1990. References ^ "Mutua, Makau W." www.law.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ Gathii, James (26 September 2011). "TWAIL: A Brief History of its Origins, its Decentralized Network, and a Tentative Bibliography". Rochester, NY. SSRN 1933766. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Mutua, Makau (2000). "What is Twail?". Rochester, NY. SSRN 1533471. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ "Uhuru Swears in New Chief Justice David Maraga", The East African, 19 October 2016,(retrieved 1 February 2020). ^ Makau Mutua, "Let’s Fully Reclaim Our African Identity, Overcome Imperialism", The Standard, 25 Feb. 2018,(retrieved 1 February 2020). ^ (retrieved 6 October 2020) ^ "From Obama to Ng'weno to Kirubi: The Harvard trailblazers in Kenya". Nation. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2020. ^ All facts regarding "legal, academic career, and honors," are derived from Mutua’s cv, which he posts and updates on-line at (retrieved 1 February 2020). ^ "The Kenya Human Rights Commission (KHRC) was founded in 1991 and registered in Kenya in 1994 as a national non-governmental organisation (NGO). Throughout its existence, the core agenda of the Commission has been campaigning for the entrenchment of a human rights and democratic culture in Kenya." See "KHRC – About Us" (retrieved 6 October 2020). ^ "Law School Dean Makau Mutua Resigns", UB Spectrum, 24 Sept. 2014, (retrieved 1 February 2020). ^ "Routledge Studies on Law in Africa - Routledge". Routledge.com. Retrieved 23 November 2017. ^ a b "Recognition puts Mutua in distinguished company - University at Buffalo School of Law - University at Buffalo". www.law.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 23 November 2017. ^ "On Being A Black Lawyer (OBABL) Names Makau Mutua One of the Most Influential Black Attorneys in the U.S. - University at Buffalo". www.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 23 November 2017. ^ Leftie, Peter; Mureithi, Brian. "Makau Mutua on the spot over remark on Uhuru's election". Nation. Retrieved 10 October 2020. ^ "Prof. Makau offers to give up U.S. citizenship if appointed C.J.", KUTV, Kenya, 14 September 2016, (retrieved 1 February 2020). ^ "Makau Mutua ranked third with 70 marks in CJ interview". The Star. 23 September 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2020. ^ a b Phil Fairbanks, "Deep Rift Exposed as UB Law's Dean Resigns", Buffalo News, 27 Sept. 2014, retrieved 6 October 2020 ^ Tokasz, Jay (10 November 2017). "Federal Case that roiled UB Law now over". Buffalo News. Retrieved 1 February 2020. ^ "History, Our Past Deans"; See also "Travel and Honors Fill Dean Mutua's Calendar", UB Law Forum, spring 2010, at 16, (retrieved 1 February 2020); These facts verified by tweets and photos from Mutua’s Twitter feed See . ^ "Kenyan Prime Minister Urges Solidarity with Africa", UB Law Forum, Fall 2009, (retrieved 1 February 2020). ^ "Law School Dean Makau Mutua Resigns", UB Spectrum, 24 Sept. 2014, (retrieved 1 February 2020). ^ "UB still paying former Law School Dean Makau Mutua full salary despite his new job", UB Spectrum, 9 March 2016 (retrieved 1 February 2020). ^ Dan Herbeck, "UB Law School Drops Out of Top 100 in Law School Rankings", Buffalo News, 15 July 2010, (retrieved 1 February 2020). See also Makau Mutua, "Building the Law School of the Future", UB Law Forum, Fall 2009, ("As I have said before, my ambition is not to build a good local law school – it is to create a great national law school. I believe that a top 50 ranking, which I have set as the goal for my deanship, will be one measure of that greatness.") ^ "UB’s law school went from having 54 full-time faculty members teaching in the fall of 2010 to just 27 last fall, according to the American Bar Association’s annual 509 information reports. That includes a drop off from 48 full-time faculty members who taught in the fall of 2014. UB’s decrease is among the top 10 largest net decreases in the country." "Less Full-Time Faculty Teaching at UB Law School", UB Spectrum, 27 January 2016, (retrieved 1 February 2020); Current and historical enrollment and tuition data is available on-line at ; See also Faculty Directory – Emeritus (listing professors who acceded to early retirement during his deanship); Stacy Zaretsky, "The future is so bright at this law school that it has to offer faculty buyouts", Above the Law, 18 March 2014 (retrieved 1 February 2020). ^ "UB still paying former Law School Dean Makau Mutua full salary despite his new job". Retrieved 23 November 2017. ^ Mbati, John (16 July 2019). "Makau Mutua Makes Comeback at Nation Newspaper". Kenyans.co.ke. Retrieved 10 October 2020. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SUNY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"American Society of International Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_International_Law"},{"link_name":"Council on Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Third World Approaches to International Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World_Approaches_to_International_Law"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Makau W. Mutua (born 1958) is a Kenyan-American professor at the SUNY Buffalo School of Law and was its dean from 2008 to 2014. He teaches international human rights, international business transactions and international law. He is vice president of the American Society of International Law and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.[1]He is a second-generation scholar of the Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL), which is critical of the colonial foundations of the extant international law.[2][3]In 2016, he made an unsuccessful bid for the office of Chief Justice at the Supreme Court of Kenya.[4]Mutua has faced criticism and lawsuits concerning his tenure as Dean and professor at Buffalo School of Law.","title":"Makau Mutua"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kitui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitui"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"University of Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nairobi"},{"link_name":"LL.M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL.M"},{"link_name":"S.J.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Juridical_Science"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Makau Mutua was born Robert Mutua in Kitui, Kenya, in 1958, the second of seven children. He was educated at Kitui School and Alliance High School, and in 1975 graduated from an American high school in Fisher, Illinois, to which he was taken by Catholic missionaries. He recounted for a Nairobi newspaper that \"the Catholic Church had murdered my spirit as an African. I contemplated dropping the name Robert before going to Illinois, but didn’t know how – and lacked the courage to do so at that age. It was only after I returned from America that I \"killed\" Robert and left the church.\"[5]In May 1981, his education at the University of Nairobi was disrupted by his anti-government activism. He left Nairobi and enrolled in the University of Dar es Salaam, where he graduated in 1983 and 1984 with bachelor’s and master’s degrees in law. He then returned to the United States, where he earned an LL.M in 1985 and an S.J.D. in 1987 at Harvard University.[6][7]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"He was an associate for one year at a commercial law firm in New York, where he worked on equipment leasing, licensing, and distributorship contracts, and then moved to Human Rights First, at that time known as the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, where he directed the Africa Project. In 1991, he returned to Harvard as associate director of its human rights program. In 1996, he joined the SUNY Buffalo Law faculty.[8]In 2003, while on sabbatical, he was appointed to an official task force that recommended a \"truth, justice, and reconciliation\" commission for Kenya. That year he was also a delegate to a constitutional conference, which attempted to draft a new constitution for Kenya. In 2006, he was an advisor to John Githongo, the former anti-corruption czar who exposed the Anglo-Leasing scandal in the Kibaki government. He is also chairman of the board of the Kenya Human Rights Commission, which is registered in Nairobi as a non-profit political advocacy group or NGO.[9]In December 2007, following the resignation of his predecessor, R. Nils Olsen, Jr., Mutua was appointed interim dean of the Buffalo School of Law. He was reappointed as dean by the university's provost in May 2008, after the failure of a national job search. He remained in office until December 2014 after he resigned.[10]In January 2017, Mutua was appointed to a four-year-term as Editor of the Routledge Series on Law in Africa.[11]","title":"Legal and academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYASA-12"},{"link_name":"American Society of International Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_International_Law"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYASA-12"},{"link_name":"Sigma Pi Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Pi_Phi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 2015, Mutua received the Distinguished Africanist Award from the New York African Studies Association at its 40th Annual Conference.[12]He was elected vice president of the American Society of International Law from 2011 to 2013 after serving on its executive council from 2007 to 2010.[12]In May 2010, he became a member of the Sigma Pi Phi fraternity, the first Greek-letter society founded by African-American men in the United States and has been named several times as among the most influential black lawyers and educators in the United States.[13]","title":"Memberships, honors and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willy Mutunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Mutunga"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Uhuru Kenyatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Following the early retirement of Dr. Willy Mutunga from the Office of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Kenya in June 2016, Mutua applied for the office of Chief Justice in response to the vacancy announcement by the Judicial Service Commission. During an interview for the position, Attorney General Githu Muigai questioned Mutua over his tweets not recognizing the election of Uhuru Kenyatta as President of Kenya in March 2013. Mutua responded that he would have no problems working with the President if he was appointed Chief Justice, and that his comments were made as a private citizen.[14]\nIn addition, the Attorney General questioned his qualifications for chief justice on the grounds that he has not resided in Kenya or paid Kenyan taxes for over thirty years, and has never tried a case or served in any judicial office. Mutua responded with his readiness to renounce his American citizenship.[15]When the interviews ended, the commission announced that it had settled on Kenyan Court of Appeal Judge David Maraga as the nominee for the Office of Chief Justice. Mutua was ranked third in the interviews.[16]","title":"Application for Chief Justice, Supreme Court, Kenya"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversies at SUNY Buffalo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buffalonews.com-17"},{"link_name":"wrongful termination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_dismissal"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buffalonews.com-17"}],"sub_title":"Faculty dissent","text":"Some faculty members claimed \"Mutua’s management style divided the school at a time of great economic turmoil.... Critics say Mutua, who came from within the ranks of the faculty, arrived in the dean’s office with a 'divide and rule' philosophy that placed a priority on loyalty and penalized critics while rewarding allies.\"[17] A professor had sued the school and Mutua for wrongful termination in 2008, and nine professors supported the plaintiff's account of the matter. The lawsuit ended with Mutua prevailing in 2017, years after he had already resigned his deanship.[18]Those who were in support of Mutua's deanship describing that \"alumni and donors view his stewardship as a much-needed step forward. In their eyes, Mutua shook up a moribund faculty, reached out to alums who felt alienated from the school and succeeded in raising $23 million in private donations. They say the law school’s endowment has nearly doubled since he became dean....\"[17]","title":"Controversies at SUNY Buffalo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Criticism for absence","text":"The law school's official history has praised Mutua for \"bringing a global focus to the School of Law, drawing on the numerous human rights, diplomatic and rule of law missions he had conducted in countries in Africa, Latin America and Europe.\"[19] In May 2009, the law school sponsored the visit of a Kenyan government delegation, where then-Prime Minister Raila Odinga gave newly graduated lawyers and their families a lecture about African politics and praised Makau Mutua as \"a great Kenyan patriot.\"[20]However, the campus newspaper The Spectrum reported that \"[f]aculty and students who were interviewed offered tepid to scathing critiques of Mutua’s tenure and many students insist they have never seen Mutua on campus nor interacted with him.\"[21] He was criticized for his disengagement from campus life and prolonged absences while he toured many international destinations.[22]","title":"Controversies at SUNY Buffalo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Criticism concerning law-school-ranking","text":"In 2010, Mutua has been accused of presiding over SUNY Buffalo's drop below the top one-hundred American law schools for the first time in its history, despite his pledge to devote his deanship to returning it to the top fifty.[23]In 2016, the campus newspaper criticized Mutua for hiring eighteen new professors during a decade in which the law school's enrollment was dropping by almost 40% alleging that the imbalance resulted in the resignations, buy-outs, or early retirements of more than half the faculty and a tuition that doubled in the aftermath of his deanship.[24]","title":"Controversies at SUNY Buffalo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Criticism concerning income","text":"After Mutua had taken a sabbatical in 2015 and accepted a consultancy at the World Bank, he was criticized by the campus newspaper that \"the university is still paying the former law school dean his full salary – a salary that nears $300,000 – despite being away from the school and taking on outside work.\"[25]","title":"Controversies at SUNY Buffalo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Mutua, for the better part of a decade, was a columnist for the Sunday Nation, one of the two main newspapers in East and Central Africa. In September 2013, he departed the Sunday Nation and joined the Standard on Sunday, the Sunday Nation's chief competitor. He returned to the Sunday Nation in July 2019.[26]","title":"Newspaper columnist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4384-5939-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5939-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58826-590-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58826-590-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8122-4112-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4112-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8122-2049-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-2049-8"}],"text":"Human Rights Standards: Hegemony, Law, and Politics. SUNY Press. March 2016 ISBN 978-1-4384-5939-4\nKenya's Quest For Democracy: Taming Leviathan (Challenge and Change in African Politics). L. Rienner Publishers. 30 April 2008 ISBN 1-58826-590-0\nHuman Rights NGOs in East Africa: Political and Normative Tensions. University of Pennsylvania Press. 12 September 2008 ISBN 978-0-8122-4112-9\nHuman Rights: A Political and Cultural Critique. University of Pennsylvania Press. 10 November 2008 ISBN 0-8122-2049-8\nZaire: Repression As Policy (with Peter Rosenblum), New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 1990.","title":"Selected works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mutua, Makau W.\" www.law.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 6 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.buffalo.edu/faculty/facultyDirectory/MutuaMakau.html","url_text":"\"Mutua, Makau W.\""}]},{"reference":"Gathii, James (26 September 2011). \"TWAIL: A Brief History of its Origins, its Decentralized Network, and a Tentative Bibliography\". Rochester, NY. SSRN 1933766.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1933766","url_text":"1933766"}]},{"reference":"Mutua, Makau (2000). \"What is Twail?\". Rochester, NY. SSRN 1533471.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1533471","url_text":"1533471"}]},{"reference":"\"From Obama to Ng'weno to Kirubi: The Harvard trailblazers in Kenya\". Nation. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/dn2/-from-obama-to-ng-weno-to-kirubi-the-harvard-trailblazers-in-kenya-1116978","url_text":"\"From Obama to Ng'weno to Kirubi: The Harvard trailblazers in Kenya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Routledge Studies on Law in Africa - Routledge\". Routledge.com. Retrieved 23 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Studies-on-Law-in-Africa/book-series/RSOLIA","url_text":"\"Routledge Studies on Law in Africa - Routledge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recognition puts Mutua in distinguished company - University at Buffalo School of Law - University at Buffalo\". www.law.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 23 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.law.buffalo.edu/news.host.html/content/shared/law/articles/current/150413-Mutua.detail.html","url_text":"\"Recognition puts Mutua in distinguished company - University at Buffalo School of Law - University at Buffalo\""}]},{"reference":"\"On Being A Black Lawyer (OBABL) Names Makau Mutua One of the Most Influential Black Attorneys in the U.S. - University at Buffalo\". www.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 23 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2012/02/13208.html","url_text":"\"On Being A Black Lawyer (OBABL) Names Makau Mutua One of the Most Influential Black Attorneys in the U.S. - University at Buffalo\""}]},{"reference":"Leftie, Peter; Mureithi, Brian. \"Makau Mutua on the spot over remark on Uhuru's election\". Nation. Retrieved 10 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nation.africa/kenya/news/makau-mutua-on-the-spot-over-remark-on-uhuru-s-election-1238430","url_text":"\"Makau Mutua on the spot over remark on Uhuru's election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Makau Mutua ranked third with 70 marks in CJ interview\". The Star. 23 September 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016-09-23-makau-mutua-ranked-third-with-70-marks-in-cj-interview/","url_text":"\"Makau Mutua ranked third with 70 marks in CJ interview\""}]},{"reference":"Tokasz, Jay (10 November 2017). \"Federal Case that roiled UB Law now over\". Buffalo News. Retrieved 1 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://buffalonews.com/news/local/federal-case-that-roiled-ub-law-school-now-over/article_0f8400ca-17b5-5bc9-b78e-1991fb0e277e.html","url_text":"\"Federal Case that roiled UB Law now over\""}]},{"reference":"\"UB still paying former Law School Dean Makau Mutua full salary despite his new job\". Retrieved 23 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ubspectrum.com/article/2016/03/ub-still-paying-former-law-school-dean-makau-mutua-full-salary-despite-his-new-job","url_text":"\"UB still paying former Law School Dean Makau Mutua full salary despite his new job\""}]},{"reference":"Mbati, John (16 July 2019). \"Makau Mutua Makes Comeback at Nation Newspaper\". Kenyans.co.ke. Retrieved 10 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/41796-makau-mutua-makes-comeback-nation-newspaper","url_text":"\"Makau Mutua Makes Comeback at Nation Newspaper\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Makau+Mutua%22","external_links_name":"\"Makau Mutua\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Makau+Mutua%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Makau+Mutua%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Makau+Mutua%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Makau+Mutua%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Makau+Mutua%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.law.buffalo.edu/faculty/facultyDirectory/MutuaMakau.html","external_links_name":"\"Mutua, Makau W.\""},{"Link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1933766","external_links_name":"1933766"},{"Link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1533471","external_links_name":"1533471"},{"Link":"https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/2558-3422436-by69rxz/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Uhuru Swears in New Chief Justice David Maraga"},{"Link":"https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001271050/let-s-fully-reclaim-our-african-identity-overcome-imperialism","external_links_name":"\"Let’s Fully Reclaim Our African Identity, Overcome Imperialism\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.buffalo.edu/content/dam/law/restricted-assets/pdf/faculty/cv/mutua_makau_cv.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/dn2/-from-obama-to-ng-weno-to-kirubi-the-harvard-trailblazers-in-kenya-1116978","external_links_name":"\"From Obama to Ng'weno to Kirubi: The Harvard trailblazers in Kenya\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.buffalo.edu/content/dam/law/restricted-assets/pdf/faculty/cv/mutua_makau_cv.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.khrc.or.ke/about-us.html","external_links_name":"\"KHRC – About Us\""},{"Link":"https://www.ubspectrum.com/article/2014/09/law-school-dean-makau-mutua-resigns","external_links_name":"\"Law School Dean Makau Mutua Resigns\""},{"Link":"https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Studies-on-Law-in-Africa/book-series/RSOLIA","external_links_name":"\"Routledge Studies on Law in Africa - Routledge\""},{"Link":"http://www.law.buffalo.edu/news.host.html/content/shared/law/articles/current/150413-Mutua.detail.html","external_links_name":"\"Recognition puts Mutua in distinguished company - University at Buffalo School of Law - University at Buffalo\""},{"Link":"http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2012/02/13208.html","external_links_name":"\"On Being A Black Lawyer (OBABL) Names Makau Mutua One of the Most Influential Black Attorneys in the U.S. - University at Buffalo\""},{"Link":"https://nation.africa/kenya/news/makau-mutua-on-the-spot-over-remark-on-uhuru-s-election-1238430","external_links_name":"\"Makau Mutua on the spot over remark on Uhuru's election\""},{"Link":"http://kutv.co.ke/prof-makau-offers-give-us-citizenship-appointed-cj/","external_links_name":"\"Prof. Makau offers to give up U.S. citizenship if appointed C.J.\""},{"Link":"https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016-09-23-makau-mutua-ranked-third-with-70-marks-in-cj-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Makau Mutua ranked third with 70 marks in CJ interview\""},{"Link":"https://buffalonews.com/news/local/education/deep-rift-exposed-as-ub-law-s-dean-resigns/article_270caa2b-4451-5c69-825e-d925eb8c3f2e.html","external_links_name":"\"Deep Rift Exposed as UB Law's Dean Resigns\""},{"Link":"https://buffalonews.com/news/local/federal-case-that-roiled-ub-law-school-now-over/article_0f8400ca-17b5-5bc9-b78e-1991fb0e277e.html","external_links_name":"\"Federal Case that roiled UB Law now over\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.buffalo.edu/history/our-past-deans.html","external_links_name":"\"History, Our Past Deans\""},{"Link":"https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2147&context=ub_law_forum","external_links_name":"\"Travel and Honors Fill Dean Mutua's Calendar\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/makaumutua?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/ublaw/docs/forumfall09/21","external_links_name":"\"Kenyan Prime Minister Urges Solidarity with Africa\""},{"Link":"https://www.ubspectrum.com/article/2014/09/law-school-dean-makau-mutua-resigns","external_links_name":"\"Law School Dean Makau Mutua Resigns\""},{"Link":"http://www.ubspectrum.com/article/2016/03/ub-still-paying-former-law-school-dean-makau-mutua-full-salary-despite-his-new-job","external_links_name":"\"UB still paying former Law School Dean Makau Mutua full salary despite his new job\""},{"Link":"https://buffalonews.com/news/ub-law-school-drops-out-of-top-100-in-rankings-u-s-news-world-rating/article_7a0c5832-66ce-5862-bb73-88d462ca0362.html","external_links_name":"\"UB Law School Drops Out of Top 100 in Law School Rankings\""},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/ublaw/docs/forumfall09/21","external_links_name":"\"Building the Law School of the Future\""},{"Link":"https://www.ubspectrum.com/article/2016/01/decrease-in-full-time-law-school-faculty","external_links_name":"\"Less Full-Time Faculty Teaching at UB Law School\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.buffalo.edu/about/consumer-information.html","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://www.law.buffalo.edu/faculty/facultyDirectory.html#emeriti","external_links_name":"Faculty Directory – Emeritus"},{"Link":"https://abovethelaw.com/2014/03/the-future-is-so-bright-at-this-law-school-that-it-has-to-offer-faculty-buyouts/","external_links_name":"\"The future is so bright at this law school that it has to offer faculty buyouts\""},{"Link":"http://www.ubspectrum.com/article/2016/03/ub-still-paying-former-law-school-dean-makau-mutua-full-salary-despite-his-new-job","external_links_name":"\"UB still paying former Law School Dean Makau Mutua full salary despite his new job\""},{"Link":"https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/41796-makau-mutua-makes-comeback-nation-newspaper","external_links_name":"\"Makau Mutua Makes Comeback at Nation Newspaper\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1561866/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000080858939","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/6745217","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy8qPbfdT4y9hkFwWhGpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16239834n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16239834n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265750505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001102039","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p139117946","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/084640073","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenzara_Air_Base	Solenzara Air Base	["1 World War II","2 Corsican conflict","3 References","4 External links"]	Airport in Travo, FranceSolenzara Air BaseBase aérienne 126 SolenzaraIATA: SOZICAO: LFKSSummaryAirport typeMilitaryOwnerGovernment of FranceOperatorArmée de l'air et de l'espaceLocationTravo, FranceElevation AMSL65 ft / 20 mCoordinates41°55′28″N 09°24′20″E / 41.92444°N 9.40556°E / 41.92444; 9.40556MapSolenzara ABLocation of Solenzara Air Base, FranceRunways Direction Length Surface m ft 18/36 2,627 8,619 Paved Source:World Aero Data Air Base 126 Solenzara (French: Base aérienne 126 Solenzara) (IATA: SOZ, ICAO: LFKS) is a French Air and Space Force (Armée de l'air et de l'espace) (ALAE) base located in the village of Ventiseri approximately 40 km north-northeast of Porto-Vecchio on Corsica. It is just north of the mouth of the Travo River on the Tyrrhenian Sea. Today the Air Base is a NATO tactical training center. It hosts: Escadron d'Hélicoptères 1/44 Solenzara with the Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma World War II B-25J-10 43-27425, "111". 447th Bombardment Squadron, 321st Bombardment Group, Solenzara Airfield, Corsica in late 1944. During World War II the air base was constructed by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force XII Engineer Command as an all-weather temporary field built using Pierced Steel Planking for runways and parking areas, as well as for dispersal sites. In addition, tents were used for billeting and also for support facilities; an access road was built to the existing road infrastructure; a dump for supplies, ammunition, and gasoline drums, along with a drinkable water and minimal electrical grid for communications and station lighting. As the airfield was not located on mainland France, no Advanced Landing Ground identifier was designated, and it was called Solenzara Airfield. The airfield was designed for fighter, medium bomber units, as well as for command and control. Known units assigned were: HQ, 57th Bombardment Wing, 20 April-5 October 1944 310th Bombardment Group, 10 December 1943 – 7 April 1945, B-25 Mitchell 324th Fighter Group, 19 July 1944 – 25 August 1944, P-40 Warhawk Both the 310th and 324th flew combat missions in support of the Invasion of Southern France (Operation Dragoon) during July and August 1944. At the end of the war, the American combat units moved out for their return to the United States. The airfield was then turned over to the French government in July 1945. Corsican conflict Main article: Corsican conflict On the night of 13 January 1978, nine armed militiamen wearing balaclavas stormed and bombed the NATO radar station at Solenzara using 40 kg of explosives, in the so-called "Operation Zara". References This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency ^ "World Aero Data: GHRISS -- DAOV". Archived from the original on 2012-10-08. Retrieved 2009-08-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Sgt. Sara Keller (7 March 2016). "Exercise SERPENTEX 16; cleared hot". Ramstein Air Base. ^ "US, Canadian, French JTACS build partnership capacity". Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center. Retrieved 4 July 2022. ^ "Chiffres clés de l'Armée de l'air - L'Armée de l'air en chiffres : 2019-2020 (FR)". French Air and Space Force. Retrieved November 3, 2020. ^ Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. ISBN 0-89201-092-4. ^ Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. ^ Johnson, David C. (1988), U.S. Army Air Forces Continental Airfields (ETO), D-Day to V-E Day; Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. ^ USAFHRA Document 00244862 - Report of construction of Solenzara Airdrome, Corsica ^ "Indipendentisti corsi sul piede di guerra" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2016-08-07. Retrieved 2016-07-24. ^ "archive-fr.com - archive-fr Resources and Information". archive-fr.com. Archived from the original on 2018-02-21. Retrieved 2018-12-13. ^ "#Corse StoriaCorsa -1978 " Le FLNC plastique la Base Aérienne 126 de Sulinzara " \| Unità Naziunale". www.corsicainfurmazione.org (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-19. External links Airport information for LFKS at Great Circle Mapper. vteAir Forces in EuropeSovereign statesEuropean Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Republic of Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Other Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Iceland Kazakhstan Liechtenstein Moldova Monaco Montenegro North Macedonia Norway Russia San Marino Serbia Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria vte USAAF Twelfth Air Force in World War IIStationsMorocco Berguent Casablanca Guercif Louis Gentil Marnia Médiouna Nouasser Port Lyautey Oujda Rabat Sale Ras el Ma Algeria Ain M'lila Berteaux Biskra Canrobert Chateau-dun-du-Rhumel Constantine Es Sénia (Oran) Maison Blanche (Algiers) Matemore Montesquieu Nouvion Orleansville Philippeville Relizane Rerhaia Saint-Donat Saint-Leu Sedrata Sainte-Barbe du Tlélat Tafaraoui (Oran) Tébessa Telergma Thiersville Youks-les-Bains Tunisia Bizerte Dar el Koudia Depienne Djedeida Djilma Ebba Ksour El Djem El Bathan Enfidaville Goubrine Grombalia Hergla Kairouan Korba La Marsa La Sebala Le Sers Massicault Mateur Menzel Temime Monastir Oudna Pont du Fahs Protville Sainte Marie du Zit Souk-el-Arba Souk-el-Khemis Soliman Sousse Thelepte Italy Agrigento (Sicily) Bagnoli Barcelona LG (Sicily) Bari Boccadifalco (Sicily) Borizzo (Sicily) Capodichino (Naples) Castel Volturno Castelvetrano (Sicily) Cassibile (Sicily) Cattolica Catania (Sicily) Cercola Comiso (Sicily) Ciampino (Rome) Cesenatico Decimomannu (Sardinia) Elmas (Sardinia) Falconara Fano Florence Foggia Follonica Gaudo Gerbini (Sicily) Gioia Grosseto Grottaglie Iesi Le Banca Lecce Licata (Sicily) Manduria Marcianise Malignano Mazzara (Sicily) Milazzo (Sicily) Messina (Sicily) Montalto Di Castro Nettuno Montecorvino Ombrene Orbetello Paestum Pisa Pantelleria Pignataro Maggiore Piombino Pomigliano Ponte Galeria Pontedera Pompeii Ponte Olivo (Sicily) Reggio Calabria Rocca Bernardo Rosia San Pancrazio Santa Maria Scordia (Sicily) Sele Serretella Tarquinia Termini (Sicily) Tortorella Torrente Comunelli Tre Cancello Voltone Vesuvius France Aghione (Corsica) Amberieu (Y-5) Amiens (B-48) Clastres (A-71) Dijon (Y-9) Dôle-Tavaux (Y-7) Ghisonaccia (Corsica) Gisonochia (Corsica) Istres (Y-17) La Vallon (Y-18) Le Luc Luneville (Y-2) Loyettes (Y-25) Poretta (Corsica) Saint-Dizier (A-64) Salon de Provence (Y-16) Serragia (Corsica) Solonzara (Corsica) Tantonville (Y-1) Toul-Ochey (A-96) UnitsCommands XII Bomber XII Tactical Air XXII Tactical Air XII Troop Carrier (Provisional) Wings 5th Bombardment 42d Bombardment 47th Bombardment (7th Fighter) 51st Troop Carrier 52d Troop Carrier 57th Bombardment 62d Fighter 63d Fighter 64th Fighter 87th Fighter 90th Photographic GroupsBombardment 2d Bombardment 12th Bombardment 17th Bombardment 47th Bombardment 97th Bombardment 98th Bombardment 99th Bombardment 301st Bombardment 310th Bombardment 319th Bombardment 320th Bombardment 321st Bombardment 340th Bombardment 376th Bombardment Fighter 1st Fighter 14th Fighter 27th Fighter 31st Fighter 33d Fighter 52d Fighter 57th Fighter 79th Fighter 81st Fighter 82d Fighter 86th Fighter 324th Fighter 325th Fighter 332d Fighter 350th Fighter Reconnaissance 3d Reconnaissance 5th Reconnaissance 68th Reconnaissance Troop carrier 60th Troop Carrier 61st Troop Carrier 62d Troop Carrier 64th Troop Carrier 313th Troop Carrier 314th Troop Carrier 316th Troop Carrier Squadrons 15th Bombardment 414th Night Fighter 415th Night Fighter 416th Night Fighter 417th Night Fighter 427th Night Fighter United States Army Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Twentieth	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"French Air and Space Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force"},{"link_name":"Ventiseri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventiseri"},{"link_name":"Porto-Vecchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto-Vecchio"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"Travo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travo_River"},{"link_name":"Tyrrhenian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Escadron d'Hélicoptères 1/44 Solenzara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escadron_d%27H%C3%A9licopt%C3%A8res_1/44_Solenzara"},{"link_name":"Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_SA_330_Puma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCDL-4"}],"text":"Air Base 126 Solenzara (French: Base aérienne 126 Solenzara) (IATA: SOZ, ICAO: LFKS) is a French Air and Space Force (Armée de l'air et de l'espace) (ALAE) base located in the village of Ventiseri approximately 40 km north-northeast of Porto-Vecchio on Corsica.\nIt is just north of the mouth of the Travo River on the Tyrrhenian Sea.Today the Air Base is a NATO tactical training center.[2][3] It hosts:Escadron d'Hélicoptères 1/44 Solenzara with the Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma[4]","title":"Solenzara Air Base"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-25J-10-_43-27425_447th_Bomb_Squadron_-_111_-_1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Pierced Steel Planking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierced_Steel_Planking"},{"link_name":"Advanced Landing Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Landing_Ground"},{"link_name":"Solenzara Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solonzara_Airfield"},{"link_name":"57th Bombardment Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"310th Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/310th_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"B-25 Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-25_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"324th Fighter Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/324th_Fighter_Group"},{"link_name":"P-40 Warhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-40_Warhawk"},{"link_name":"Operation Dragoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragoon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"B-25J-10 43-27425, \"111\". 447th Bombardment Squadron, 321st Bombardment Group, Solenzara Airfield, Corsica in late 1944.During World War II the air base was constructed by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force XII Engineer Command as an all-weather temporary field built using Pierced Steel Planking for runways and parking areas, as well as for dispersal sites. In addition, tents were used for billeting and also for support facilities; an access road was built to the existing road infrastructure; a dump for supplies, ammunition, and gasoline drums, along with a drinkable water and minimal electrical grid for communications and station lighting. As the airfield was not located on mainland France, no Advanced Landing Ground identifier was designated, and it was called Solenzara Airfield.The airfield was designed for fighter, medium bomber units, as well as for command and control. Known units assigned were:HQ, 57th Bombardment Wing, 20 April-5 October 1944\n310th Bombardment Group, 10 December 1943 – 7 April 1945, B-25 Mitchell\n324th Fighter Group, 19 July 1944 – 25 August 1944, P-40 WarhawkBoth the 310th and 324th flew combat missions in support of the Invasion of Southern France (Operation Dragoon) during July and August 1944. At the end of the war, the American combat units moved out for their return to the United States. The airfield was then turned over to the French government in July 1945.[5][6][7][8]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"balaclavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"On the night of 13 January 1978, nine armed militiamen wearing balaclavas stormed and bombed the NATO radar station at Solenzara using 40 kg of explosives, in the so-called \"Operation Zara\".[9][10][11]","title":"Corsican conflict"}]	[{"image_text":"B-25J-10 43-27425, \"111\". 447th Bombardment Squadron, 321st Bombardment Group, Solenzara Airfield, Corsica in late 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/B-25J-10-_43-27425_447th_Bomb_Squadron_-_111_-_1944.jpg/220px-B-25J-10-_43-27425_447th_Bomb_Squadron_-_111_-_1944.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"World Aero Data: GHRISS -- DAOV\". Archived from the original on 2012-10-08. Retrieved 2009-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121008052056/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=AG70333&sch=LFKS","url_text":"\"World Aero Data: GHRISS -- DAOV\""}]},{"reference":"Sgt. Sara Keller (7 March 2016). \"Exercise SERPENTEX 16; cleared hot\". Ramstein Air Base.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ramstein.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/726239/exercise-serpentex-16-cleared-hot/","url_text":"\"Exercise SERPENTEX 16; cleared hot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramstein_Air_Base","url_text":"Ramstein Air Base"}]},{"reference":"\"US, Canadian, French JTACS build partnership capacity\". Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center. 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Retrieved 2016-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160807015845/http://www.tribunodelpopolo.it/indipendentisti-corsi-sul-piede-di-guerra/","url_text":"\"Indipendentisti corsi sul piede di guerra\""},{"url":"http://www.tribunodelpopolo.it/indipendentisti-corsi-sul-piede-di-guerra/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"archive-fr.com - archive-fr Resources and Information\". archive-fr.com. Archived from the original on 2018-02-21. 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Retrieved 2018-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.corsicainfurmazione.org/79589/corse-storiacorsa-1978-le-flnc-plastique-la-base-aerienne-126-de-sulinzara/2016/","url_text":"\"#Corse StoriaCorsa -1978 \" Le FLNC plastique la Base Aérienne 126 de Sulinzara \" \| Unità Naziunale\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Solenzara_Air_Base&params=41_55_28_N_09_24_20_E_type:airport","external_links_name":"41°55′28″N 09°24′20″E / 41.92444°N 9.40556°E / 41.92444; 9.40556"},{"Link":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/","external_links_name":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121008052056/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=AG70333&sch=LFKS","external_links_name":"\"World Aero Data: GHRISS -- DAOV\""},{"Link":"https://www.ramstein.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/726239/exercise-serpentex-16-cleared-hot/","external_links_name":"\"Exercise SERPENTEX 16; cleared hot\""},{"Link":"https://www.afnwc.af.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2002245018/","external_links_name":"\"US, Canadian, French JTACS build partnership capacity\""},{"Link":"https://www.defense.gouv.fr/air/presentation/chiffres-cles/chiffres-cles-de-l-armee-de-l-air","external_links_name":"\"Chiffres clés de l'Armée de l'air - L'Armée de l'air en chiffres : 2019-2020 (FR)\""},{"Link":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf","external_links_name":"Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/70605402","external_links_name":"70605402"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/72556","external_links_name":"72556"},{"Link":"http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/244/862.xml","external_links_name":"USAFHRA Document 00244862 - Report of construction of Solenzara Airdrome, Corsica"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160807015845/http://www.tribunodelpopolo.it/indipendentisti-corsi-sul-piede-di-guerra/","external_links_name":"\"Indipendentisti corsi sul piede di guerra\""},{"Link":"http://www.tribunodelpopolo.it/indipendentisti-corsi-sul-piede-di-guerra/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180221035523/http://archive-fr.com/fr/l/larousse.fr/2012-07-15_128611_183/Archive_Larousse_Journal_de_l_ann%C3%A9e_%C3%89dition_1972_chronologie_Janvier_1972/","external_links_name":"\"archive-fr.com - archive-fr Resources and Information\""},{"Link":"http://archive-fr.com/fr/l/larousse.fr/2012-07-15_128611_183/Archive_Larousse_Journal_de_l_ann%C3%A9e_%C3%89dition_1972_chronologie_Janvier_1972/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.corsicainfurmazione.org/79589/corse-storiacorsa-1978-le-flnc-plastique-la-base-aerienne-126-de-sulinzara/2016/","external_links_name":"\"#Corse StoriaCorsa -1978 \" Le FLNC plastique la Base Aérienne 126 de Sulinzara \" \| Unità Naziunale\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcmap.com/airport/LFKS","external_links_name":"Airport information for LFKS"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics	Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics	["1 Venues","2 Competition schedule","3 Qualified nations","3.1 Men's tournament","3.2 Women's tournament","3.3 United Kingdom/Great Britain teams","4 Tie breakers","5 Men's tournament","5.1 Group A","5.2 Group B","5.3 Group C","5.4 Group D","5.5 Knockout stage","5.6 Squad restrictions","6 Women's tournament","6.1 Group E","6.2 Group F","6.3 Group G","6.4 Knockout stage","6.5 Squad restrictions","7 Medal summary","7.1 Medal table","7.2 Medalists","8 Notable events and controversies","8.1 South Korean political statements","8.2 Iranian women's team dress code violations","8.3 Use of incorrect flag for North Korea","8.4 Canada–United States semi-final","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]	Footballat the Games of the XXX OlympiadFootball pictogram for the 2012 Summer OlympicsEvent detailsGames2012 Summer OlympicsHost countryUnited KingdomDates25 July – 11 August 2012Venues6 (in 6 host cities)Competitors467 from 24 nationsMen's tournamentTeams16 (from 6 confederations) Medalists Gold Mexico Silver Brazil Bronze South Korea Women's tournamentTeams12 (from 6 confederations) Medalists Gold United States Silver Japan Bronze Canada Editions← 2008 2016 → Football at the2012 Summer OlympicsQualificationmenwomenTournamentmenwomenSquadsmenwomenvte The association football tournament at the 2012 Summer Olympics was held from 25 July to 11 August, and was the only sport to begin before the official opening day of the Olympic Games, two days before the opening ceremony. It was also the only sport to be held at multiple venues outside London (the host city of the Olympics), with Manchester, Glasgow, Newcastle, Coventry and Cardiff all hosting matches. The finals were played at Wembley Stadium. Associations affiliated with FIFA were invited to send their senior women's and men's under-23 national teams to participate; men's teams were allowed to augment their squads with three players over the age of 23. Five hundred and four football players competed for two sets of gold medals. For these games, the men competed in a 16-team tournament and the women in a 12-team tournament. The draw for the tournament took place on 24 April 2012. Venues There were six stadiums that hosted matches: The stadiums represent London itself and South East England, the English Midlands, North West England and North East England in England, as well as Scotland and Wales. London LondonManchesterCardiffNewcastle upon TyneGlasgowCoventryFootball at the 2012 Summer Olympics (the United Kingdom) Manchester Wembley Stadium Old Trafford Capacity: 90,000 Capacity: 76,212 Cardiff Newcastle upon Tyne Millennium Stadium St. James' Park Capacity: 74,500 Capacity: 52,387 Glasgow Coventry Hampden Park Ricoh Arena Capacity: 52,103 Capacity: 32,500 NOTE: The Ricoh Arena was known as the City of Coventry Stadium due to the no-commercialization policy. Competition schedule GS Group stage QF Quarter-finals SF Semi-finals B Bronze medal match F Final Event↓/Date → Wed 25 Thu 26 Fri 27 Sat 28 Sun 29 Mon 30 Tue 31 Wed 1 Thu 2 Fri 3 Sat 4 Sun 5 Mon 6 Tue 7 Wed 8 Thu 9 Fri 10 Sat 11 Men GS GS GS QF SF B F Women GS GS GS QF SF B F Qualified nations Men's tournament Main article: Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification Means of qualification Date of completion Venue1 Berths Qualified Senior teamFIFA Ranking2 Host nation – 1 Great Britain 43 AFC Preliminary Competition 29 March 2012 Various (home and away) 3 Japan South Korea United Arab Emirates 202887 CAF Preliminary Competition 10 December 2011 Morocco 3 Gabon Morocco Egypt 457142 CONCACAF Preliminary Competition 2 April 2012 United States 2 Mexico Honduras 1963 CONMEBOL Preliminary Competition 12 February 2011 Peru 2 Brazil Uruguay 113 OFC Preliminary Competition 25 March 2012 New Zealand 1 New Zealand 95 UEFA Preliminary Competition 25 June 2011 Denmark 3 Spain Switzerland Belarus 12177 AFC–CAF play-off 23 April 2012 Great Britain 1 Senegal 61 Total 16 ^1 Locations are those of final tournaments, various qualification stages may precede matches at these specific venues. ^2 Senior ranking shown for comparison only. This is an under-23 competition, which does not award ranking points for the FIFA World Rankings, neither takes it into consideration. ^3 England's ranking. Women's tournament Main article: Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's qualification Means of qualification Date of completion Venue1 Berths Qualified FIFA Ranking2 Host nation – 1 Great Britain 92 AFC Preliminary Competition 11 September 2011 China 2 Japan North Korea 38 CAF Preliminary Competition 22 October 2011 – 2 Cameroon South Africa 5061 CONCACAF Preliminary Competition 29 January 2012 Canada 2 United States Canada 17 CONMEBOL Preliminary Competition 21 November 2010 Ecuador 2 Brazil Colombia 528 OFC Preliminary Competition 4 April 2012 – 1 New Zealand 23 (UEFA) 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup 17 July 2011 Germany 2 Sweden France 46 Total 12 ^1 Locations are those of final tournaments, various qualification stages may precede matches at these specific venues. ^2 England's ranking. United Kingdom/Great Britain teams Main articles: United Kingdom national football team and Great Britain men's Olympic football team A men's football team representing Great Britain competed in the Olympics until 1972, albeit failing to qualify for the main tournament after 1960. After the Football Association abolished the distinction between amateur and professionals, a ruling that came into force in 1974, Great Britain did not subsequently attempt to qualify in football, although after the rules on Olympic eligibility were relaxed in 1984, they would have been permitted to do so. On 24 August 2008, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown suggested that the presence of a GB team at the 2012 games was "vital". He said that he had approached Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson to coach such a team. The Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish football associations opposed such a move in case it would affect their status within the governing body of football, FIFA. On 29 May 2009, after last-ditch talks prompted by a FIFA deadline to settle the row, the four associations sent a letter to FIFA stating that while the Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish associations would not participate in a unified UK men's or women's teams at the Olympic Games, they would not prevent England from fielding teams under that banner. However, Britain's FIFA Vice-president Jim Boyce stated that Gareth Bale, Aaron Ramsey, Craig Bellamy, Charlie Adam and other non-English players would have the legal right to be considered for Team GB at the London 2012 Olympics. The deal among the four "home nations" was challenged by the British Olympic Association. Boyce said there was no legal restriction as to why a player from Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland could be stopped from playing. Ultimately, five Welsh players were included in the 2012 Great Britain Olympic football squad, with Ryan Giggs – included as one of the three players over the age of 23 permitted – selected as team captain. Giggs would score during the tournament, in a 3–1 defeat of the United Arab Emirates at Wembley. None of the Great Britain men's football squad came from Scotland or Northern Ireland. Tie breakers This tournament differs from other modern major international football tournaments, in that head-to-head records is not the primary way to break ties. The ranking of the teams in each group shall be determined as follows: greatest number of points obtained in all group matches; goal difference in all group matches; greatest number of goals scored in all group matches; greatest number of points obtained in all group matches between the teams concerned; goal difference resulting from all group matches between the teams concerned; greatest number of goals scored in all group matches between the teams concerned; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee. Men's tournament Main article: Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament Group A Main article: Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament – Group A Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 Great Britain (H) 3 2 1 0 5 2 +3 7 Advance to knockout stage 2 Senegal 3 1 2 0 4 2 +2 5 3 Uruguay 3 1 0 2 2 4 −2 3 4 United Arab Emirates 3 0 1 2 3 6 −3 1 Source: FIFA(H) Hosts Group B Main article: Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament – Group B Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 Mexico 3 2 1 0 3 0 +3 7 Advance to knockout stage 2 South Korea 3 1 2 0 2 1 +1 5 3 Gabon 3 0 2 1 1 3 −2 2 4 Switzerland 3 0 1 2 2 4 −2 1 Source: FIFA Group C Main article: Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament – Group C Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 Brazil 3 3 0 0 9 3 +6 9 Advance to knockout stage 2 Egypt 3 1 1 1 6 5 +1 4 3 Belarus 3 1 0 2 3 6 −3 3 4 New Zealand 3 0 1 2 1 5 −4 1 Source: FIFA Group D Main article: Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament – Group D Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 Japan 3 2 1 0 2 0 +2 7 Advance to knockout stage 2 Honduras 3 1 2 0 3 2 +1 5 3 Morocco 3 0 2 1 2 3 −1 2 4 Spain 3 0 1 2 0 2 −2 1 Source: FIFA Knockout stage Main article: Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament – Knockout stage Quarter-finalsSemi-finalsGold medal match 4 August – Cardiff Great Britain1 (4) 7 August – Manchester South Korea (p)1 (5) South Korea0 4 August – Newcastle Brazil3 Brazil3 11 August – London Honduras2 Brazil1 4 August – London Mexico2 Mexico (a.e.t.)4 7 August – London Senegal2 Mexico3 4 August – Manchester Japan1 Bronze medal match Japan3 10 August – Cardiff Egypt0 South Korea2 Japan0 Squad restrictions The same restrictions used for recent Olympiads are applied, in which each squad is to consist of eighteen players, of which no more than three may be over the age of 23 before the beginning of the next year. In the case of the 2012 Summer Olympics, this restricts players born before 1 January 1989. Women's tournament Main article: Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament Group E Main article: Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Group E Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 Great Britain 3 3 0 0 5 0 +5 9 Qualified for the quarter-finals 2 Brazil 3 2 0 1 6 1 +5 6 3 New Zealand 3 1 0 2 3 3 0 3 4 Cameroon 3 0 0 3 1 11 −10 0 Source: IOC Group F Main article: Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Group F Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 Sweden 3 1 2 0 6 3 +3 5 Qualified for the quarter-finals 2 Japan 3 1 2 0 2 1 +1 5 3 Canada 3 1 1 1 6 4 +2 4 4 South Africa 3 0 1 2 1 7 −6 1 Source: IOC Group G Main article: Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Group G Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 United States 3 3 0 0 8 2 +6 9 Qualified for the quarter-finals 2 France 3 2 0 1 8 4 +4 6 3 North Korea 3 1 0 2 2 6 −4 3 4 Colombia 3 0 0 3 0 6 −6 0 Source: IOC Knockout stage Main article: Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Knockout stage Quarter-finals Semi-finals Gold medal match E1 Great Britain 0 F3 Canada 2 F3 Canada 3 G1 United States (aet) 4 G1 United States 2 E3 New Zealand 0 G1 United States 2 F2 Japan 1 F1 Sweden 1 G2 France 2 G2 France 1 Bronze medal match F2 Japan 2 E2 Brazil 0 F3 Canada 1 F2 Japan 2 G2 France 0 Squad restrictions There were no age restrictions in the women's tournament. Medal summary Medal table RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Mexico1001 United States10013 Brazil0101 Japan01015 Canada0011 South Korea0011Totals (6 entries)2226 Medalists Event Gold Silver Bronze Men Mexico (MEX)Jesús Corona (captain)Israel JiménezCarlos SalcidoHiram MierDárvin ChávezHéctor HerreraJavier CortésMarco FabiánOribe PeraltaGiovani dos SantosJavier AquinoRaúl JiménezDiego ReyesJorge EnríquezNéstor VidrioMiguel PonceNéstor AraujoJosé Antonio Rodríguez Brazil (BRA)GabrielRafaelThiago Silva (captain)Juan JesusSandroMarceloLucasRômuloLeandro DamiãoOscarNeymarHulkBruno UviniDaniloAlex SandroGansoAlexandre PatoNeto South Korea (KOR)Jung Sung-ryongOh Jae-sukYun Suk-youngKim Young-gwonKim Kee-heeKi Sung-yuengKim Bo-kyungBaek Sung-dongJi Dong-wonPark Chu-youngNam Tae-heeHwang Seok-hoKoo Ja-cheol (captain)Kim Chang-sooPark Jong-wooJung Woo-youngKim Hyun-sungLee Bum-young Women United States (USA)Hope SoloHeather MittsChristie Rampone (captain)Becky SauerbrunnKelley O'HaraAmy LePeilbetShannon BoxxAmy RodriguezHeather O'ReillyCarli LloydSydney LerouxLauren CheneyAlex MorganAbby WambachMegan RapinoeRachel BuehlerTobin HeathNicole Barnhart Japan (JPN)Miho FukumotoYukari KingaAzusa IwashimizuSaki KumagaiAya SameshimaMizuho SakaguchiKozue AndoAya Miyama (captain)Nahomi KawasumiHomare SawaShinobu OhnoKyoko YanoKarina MaruyamaAsuna TanakaMegumi TakaseMana IwabuchiYūki ŌgimiAyumi Kaihori Canada (CAN)Karina LeBlancChelsea StewartCarmelina MoscatoRobyn GayleKaylyn KyleRhian WilkinsonDiana MathesonCandace ChapmanLauren SesselmannDesiree ScottChristine Sinclair (captain)Sophie SchmidtMelissa TancrediKelly ParkerJonelle FilignoBrittany TimkoErin McLeodMarie-Ève Nault Notable events and controversies South Korean political statements After South Korea defeated Japan in the Bronze Medal match at Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 10 August, South Korean player Park Jong-woo walked around the field holding a banner with a message written in Korean, "독도는 우리 땅!" (dokdo neun uri ttang lit. "Dokdo is our territory!). As both IOC and FIFA statutes prohibit any political statements being made by athletes at their respective sporting events, the IOC barred Park from the bronze medal ceremony and did not permit him to receive his medal. In addition, it asked FIFA to discipline Park, and stated that it may decide on further sanctions at a later date. FIFA failed to reach a conclusion on the case at a meeting at its Zürich headquarters held on 5 October, and the disciplinary committee discussed the case again on the following week, then failed to reach a verdict again. The case was heard again by the committee on 20 November, and FIFA decided on 3 December to suspend Park for two matches after he was considered to have breached the FIFA Disciplinary Code and the Regulations of the Olympic Football Tournaments. FIFA also imposed a warning on the Korea Football Association and reminded it of its obligation to properly instruct its players on all the pertinent rules and applicable regulations before the start of any competition, in order to avoid such incident in the future. The Korea Football Association was warned that should incidents of such nature occur again in the future, the FIFA Disciplinary Committee may impose harsher sanctions on the Korea Football Association. Iranian women's team dress code violations Iran's women's team and three Jordanian players were banned during the second round of the Asian qualification tournament due to not adhering to FIFA dress code; the players were allowed to play while covering their head in the first round. FIFA banned the hijab in 2007, although FIFA now allows the hijab to be worn after overturning the 2007 decision in 2012. Use of incorrect flag for North Korea Following the South Korean flag being put on display, instead of the correct North Korean flag, on the stadium screen at Hampden Park when the teams were being announced before the Colombia versus North Korea women's match, the North Korea team protested against this action by refusing to take to the pitch. The kick-off was delayed by over an hour while the mistake was being corrected. Canada–United States semi-final During the semi-final match between Canada and the United States, a time-wasting call was made against the Canadian goalkeeper, Erin McLeod, when she held the ball longer than the allowed six seconds. This violation is called in international play, and is intended to be used during instances of time-wasting. As a result, the American side was awarded an indirect free-kick in the box. On the ensuing play, Canada was penalized for a handball in the penalty box, with the American team being awarded a penalty kick, which Abby Wambach converted to tie the game at 3–3. The Americans went on to win the match in extra time, advancing to the gold medal game. After the match, Canada forward Christine Sinclair stated, "the ref decided the result before the game started." FIFA responded by stating that the refeering decisions were correct and saying it was considering disciplinary action against Sinclair, but that any disciplinary action would be postponed until after the end of the tournament. See also Football 5-a-side at the 2012 Summer Paralympics Football 7-a-side at the 2012 Summer Paralympics References ^ "Olympic sports: Football". London2012.com. London 2012. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2008. ^ "GB Olympic football teams to play in Manchester, London and Cardiff". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 10 November 2011. ^ "Sports & venues: Football stadia, UK-wide". London 2012. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2009. ^ "AFC slots for Olympics approved". Asian Football Confederation. ^ "Play-off details confirmed". FIFA. 26 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012. ^ "China to host women's Olympic qualifiers". Asian Football Confederation. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011. ^ "Fixture change in Africa". FIFA.com. 19 August 2011. Archived from the original on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011. ^ "Canada granted 2012 Olympic Qualifiers". CanadaSoccer.com. Canadian Soccer Association. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. ^ a b c "Brown pays tribute to GB success". BBC Sport. 24 August 2008. ^ "England to go solo with 2012 Olympic team?". ESPNsoccernet. 29 May 2009. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009. ^ "Torneos olímpicos de fútbol – Londres 2012" (in Spanish). International football journalism. 4 March 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2011. ^ "London 2012 Olympics: Gareth Bale and non-English players have 'legal right' to play for Team GB". The Daily Telegraph. 24 March 2011. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. ^ "Welsh stars Ryan Giggs and Craig Bellamy dismiss Olympic fears". BBC Sport. 9 July 2012. ^ Fletcher, Paul (29 July 2012). "Olympics football: Ryan Giggs inspires GB win over UAE". BBC Sport. ^ Regulations of the Olympic Football Tournaments London 2012 (FIFA) Chapter VII, Articles 25 & 29, Paragraph 5 (p. 37 & 40). ^ Regulations of the Olympic Football Tournaments London 2012 (FIFA) Chapter III, Article 8, paragraph 3 (p. 15). ^ Regulations of the Olympic Football Tournaments London 2012 (FIFA) Chapter III, Article 8, paragraph 4 (p. 15). ^ "동메달 축구대표팀 박종우, '독도는 우리 땅!'". Sports Seoul (in Korean). 10 August 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012. ^ "London Olympics: row over S Korea 'political celebration'". BBC News. 11 August 2012. ^ "IOC weighs in on flag incident". ESPN. 11 August 2012. ^ Hunt, Katie; Kwon, K.J. (13 August 2012). "Politics keeps South Korean soccer player off medal podium". CNN. ^ Das, Andrew (11 August 2012). "South Korean Denied Medal Over Politics". The New York Times. ^ "FIFA puts off ruling on S. Korean". theStarOnline. 6 October 2012. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. ^ "FIFA to hear case over South Korea Olympic protest". Brian Homewood. Reuters. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012. ^ "Korea Republic's Park Jongwoo suspended for two matches". FIFA. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012. ^ Shantyei, Sanam (6 June 2011). "Iran women's Olympic dream crushed by dress code ruling". Arab News. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011. ^ Singh, Vijai (3 March 2012). "Headscarves for Women's Games Near Approval". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 July 2012. ^ "Hijabs approved for soccer players by FIFA". CBC News. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012. ^ Bowater, Donna (25 July 2012). "London 2012 Olympics: North Korea women footballers protest over flag gaffe". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012. ^ "Controversial women's soccer call continues to baffle experts". ^ "Controversy mars Americans' 4–3 win over Canada, but should not detract from a great game". Yahoo! Sports. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012. ^ "London 2012 soccer: Controversial call against Canada in U.S. semifinal rarely made". Toronto Star. 7 August 2012. ^ "FIFA to probe Canadian remarks". Associated Press. 9 August 2012. p. 17. ^ "Christine Sinclair's suspension wasn't for comments to media". CBC News. ^ Kelly, Cathal (12 June 2015). "The greatest game of women's soccer ever played". The Globe and Mail. External links Media related to Association football at the 2012 Summer Olympics at Wikimedia Commons Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics. London2012.com. at the UK Government Web Archive (archived 28 February 2013) Official results book – Football. London2012.com. at the Wayback Machine (archived 11 May 2013) Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics at SR/Olympics (archived) vteFootball at the 2012 Summer OlympicsMen's tournament Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Knockout stage Final Squads Women's tournament Group stage Group E Group F Group G Knockout stage Canada v United States Squads vteFootball at the 2012 Summer Olympics – QualificationMen's qualificationAFC Asian Qualifiers Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 CAF Qualification rounds U-23 Championship CONCACAF Qualification rounds Olympic Qualifying Championship CONMEBOL U-20 Championship OFC Olympic Qualifying Tournament UEFA Qualification rounds Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Group 9 Group 10 Play-offs U-21 Championship Play-off AFC v CAF Women's qualificationAFC Asian Qualifiers CAF Pre-Olympic Tournament CONCACAF Qualification rounds Olympic Qualifying Tournament CONMEBOL South American Championship OFC Olympic Qualifying Tournament UEFA Qualification rounds Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Play-offs UEFA v CONCACAF play-off World Cup vteFootball at the Summer OlympicsGeneral 1896 (unofficial) 1900 1904 1906 Intercalated 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 TournamentsMen 1896 (unofficial) 1900 1904 1906 Intercalated 1908 1912 Matches Consolation 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Women 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 QualificationsMen 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Women 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 FinalsMen 1920 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Women 2020 2024 SquadsMen 1900 1904 1906 Intercalated 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Overage players Women 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Related topics List of medalists Records men women List of venues List of official match balls Category Commons vte Events at the 2012 Summer Olympics (London) Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"opening ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official_site-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GB_venues-2"}],"text":"The association football tournament at the 2012 Summer Olympics was held from 25 July to 11 August, and was the only sport to begin before the official opening day of the Olympic Games, two days before the opening ceremony. It was also the only sport to be held at multiple venues outside London (the host city of the Olympics), with Manchester, Glasgow, Newcastle, Coventry and Cardiff all hosting matches. The finals were played at Wembley Stadium. Associations affiliated with FIFA were invited to send their senior women's and men's under-23 national teams to participate; men's teams were allowed to augment their squads with three players over the age of 23. Five hundred and four football players competed for two sets of gold medals.[1]For these games, the men competed in a 16-team tournament and the women in a 12-team tournament. The draw for the tournament took place on 24 April 2012.[2]","title":"Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-venues-3"},{"link_name":"South East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England"},{"link_name":"English Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Midlands"},{"link_name":"North West England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England"},{"link_name":"North East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"}],"text":"There were six stadiums that hosted matches:[3] The stadiums represent London itself and South East England, the English Midlands, North West England and North East England in England, as well as Scotland and Wales.NOTE: The Ricoh Arena was known as the City of Coventry Stadium due to the no-commercialization policy.","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competition schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Qualified nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"^2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Rankings"},{"link_name":"^3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_3"}],"sub_title":"Men's tournament","text":"^1 Locations are those of final tournaments, various qualification stages may precede matches at these specific venues.\n^2 Senior ranking shown for comparison only. This is an under-23 competition, which does not award ranking points for the FIFA World Rankings, neither takes it into consideration.\n^3 England's ranking.","title":"Qualified nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"^2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2"}],"sub_title":"Women's tournament","text":"^1 Locations are those of final tournaments, various qualification stages may precede matches at these specific venues.\n^2 England's ranking.","title":"Qualified nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"British Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Gordon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown_pays_tribute-9"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Alex Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown_pays_tribute-9"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Northern Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown_pays_tribute-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jim Boyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Boyce"},{"link_name":"Gareth Bale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Bale"},{"link_name":"Aaron Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"Craig Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Charlie Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Adam"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ryan Giggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Giggs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom/Great Britain teams","text":"A men's football team representing Great Britain competed in the Olympics until 1972, albeit failing to qualify for the main tournament after 1960. After the Football Association abolished the distinction between amateur and professionals, a ruling that came into force in 1974, Great Britain did not subsequently attempt to qualify in football, although after the rules on Olympic eligibility were relaxed in 1984, they would have been permitted to do so.On 24 August 2008, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown suggested that the presence of a GB team at the 2012 games was \"vital\".[9] He said that he had approached Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson to coach such a team.[9] The Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish football associations opposed such a move in case it would affect their status within the governing body of football, FIFA.[9]On 29 May 2009, after last-ditch talks prompted by a FIFA deadline to settle the row, the four associations sent a letter to FIFA stating that while the Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish associations would not participate in a unified UK men's or women's teams at the Olympic Games, they would not prevent England from fielding teams under that banner.[10][11]However, Britain's FIFA Vice-president Jim Boyce stated that Gareth Bale, Aaron Ramsey, Craig Bellamy, Charlie Adam and other non-English players would have the legal right to be considered for Team GB at the London 2012 Olympics. The deal among the four \"home nations\" was challenged by the British Olympic Association. Boyce said there was no legal restriction as to why a player from Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland could be stopped from playing.[12]Ultimately, five Welsh players were included in the 2012 Great Britain Olympic football squad, with Ryan Giggs – included as one of the three players over the age of 23 permitted – selected as team captain.[13] Giggs would score during the tournament, in a 3–1 defeat of the United Arab Emirates at Wembley.[14] None of the Great Britain men's football squad came from Scotland or Northern Ireland.","title":"Qualified nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"This tournament differs from other modern major international football tournaments, in that head-to-head records is not the primary way to break ties.The ranking of the teams in each group shall be determined as follows:[15]greatest number of points obtained in all group matches;\ngoal difference in all group matches;\ngreatest number of goals scored in all group matches;\ngreatest number of points obtained in all group matches between the teams concerned;\ngoal difference resulting from all group matches between the teams concerned;\ngreatest number of goals scored in all group matches between the teams concerned;\ndrawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee.","title":"Tie breakers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Men's tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/mensolympic/london2012/match-center"}],"sub_title":"Group A","text":"Source: FIFA(H) Hosts","title":"Men's tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/mensolympic/london2012/match-center"}],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"Source: FIFA","title":"Men's tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/mensolympic/london2012/match-center"}],"sub_title":"Group C","text":"Source: FIFA","title":"Men's tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/mensolympic/london2012/match-center"}],"sub_title":"Group D","text":"Source: FIFA","title":"Men's tournament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Knockout stage","title":"Men's tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Squad restrictions","text":"The same restrictions used for recent Olympiads are applied, in which each squad is to consist of eighteen players, of which no more than three may be over the age of 23 before the beginning of the next year. In the case of the 2012 Summer Olympics, this restricts players born before 1 January 1989.[16]","title":"Men's tournament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Women's tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.olympic.org/london-2012/football/football-women"}],"sub_title":"Group E","text":"Source: IOC","title":"Women's tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.olympic.org/london-2012/football/football-women"}],"sub_title":"Group F","text":"Source: IOC","title":"Women's tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.olympic.org/london-2012/football/football-women"}],"sub_title":"Group G","text":"Source: IOC","title":"Women's tournament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Knockout stage","title":"Women's tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Squad restrictions","text":"There were no age restrictions in the women's tournament.[17]","title":"Women's tournament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medal summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Medal table","title":"Medal summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Medalists","title":"Medal summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable events and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"Millennium Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Park Jong-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Jong-woo"},{"link_name":"Dokdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liancourt_Rocks"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"FIFA Disciplinary Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Disciplinary_Code"},{"link_name":"Korea Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"South Korean political statements","text":"After South Korea defeated Japan in the Bronze Medal match at Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 10 August, South Korean player Park Jong-woo walked around the field holding a banner with a message written in Korean, \"독도는 우리 땅!\" (dokdo neun uri ttang lit. \"Dokdo is our territory!).[18] As both IOC and FIFA statutes prohibit any political statements being made by athletes at their respective sporting events, the IOC barred Park from the bronze medal ceremony and did not permit him to receive his medal.[19][20] In addition, it asked FIFA to discipline Park, and stated that it may decide on further sanctions at a later date.[21][22] FIFA failed to reach a conclusion on the case at a meeting at its Zürich headquarters held on 5 October, and the disciplinary committee discussed the case again on the following week,[23] then failed to reach a verdict again. The case was heard again by the committee on 20 November,[24] and FIFA decided on 3 December to suspend Park for two matches after he was considered to have breached the FIFA Disciplinary Code and the Regulations of the Olympic Football Tournaments. FIFA also imposed a warning on the Korea Football Association and reminded it of its obligation to properly instruct its players on all the pertinent rules and applicable regulations before the start of any competition, in order to avoid such incident in the future. The Korea Football Association was warned that should incidents of such nature occur again in the future, the FIFA Disciplinary Committee may impose harsher sanctions on the Korea Football Association.[25]","title":"Notable events and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Asian qualification tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_Asian_Qualifiers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"hijab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"hijab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Iranian women's team dress code violations","text":"Iran's women's team[26] and three Jordanian players were banned during the second round of the Asian qualification tournament due to not adhering to FIFA dress code; the players were allowed to play while covering their head in the first round.[citation needed] FIFA banned the hijab in 2007,[27] although FIFA now allows the hijab to be worn after overturning the 2007 decision in 2012.[28]","title":"Notable events and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Korean flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"North Korean flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Hampden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Park"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Use of incorrect flag for North Korea","text":"Following the South Korean flag being put on display, instead of the correct North Korean flag, on the stadium screen at Hampden Park when the teams were being announced before the Colombia versus North Korea women's match, the North Korea team protested against this action by refusing to take to the pitch. The kick-off was delayed by over an hour while the mistake was being corrected.[29]","title":"Notable events and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Erin McLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_McLeod"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Abby Wambach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Wambach"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Christine Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Canada–United States semi-final","text":"During the semi-final match between Canada and the United States, a time-wasting call was made against the Canadian goalkeeper, Erin McLeod, when she held the ball longer than the allowed six seconds. This violation is called in international play, and is intended to be used during instances of time-wasting.[30] As a result, the American side was awarded an indirect free-kick in the box. On the ensuing play, Canada was penalized for a handball in the penalty box, with the American team being awarded a penalty kick, which Abby Wambach converted to tie the game at 3–3. The Americans went on to win the match in extra time, advancing to the gold medal game.[31][32] After the match, Canada forward Christine Sinclair stated, \"the ref decided the result before the game started.\" FIFA responded by stating that the refeering decisions were correct and saying it was considering disciplinary action against Sinclair, but that any disciplinary action would be postponed until after the end of the tournament.[33][34][35]","title":"Notable events and controversies"}]	[]	[{"title":"Football 5-a-side at the 2012 Summer Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_5-a-side_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics"},{"title":"Football 7-a-side at the 2012 Summer Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_7-a-side_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics"}]	[{"reference":"\"Olympic sports: Football\". London2012.com. London 2012. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120530210252/www.london2012.com/games/olympic-sports/football.php","url_text":"\"Olympic sports: Football\""},{"url":"http://www.london2012.com/games/olympic-sports/football.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GB Olympic football teams to play in Manchester, London and Cardiff\". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 10 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/15674327.stm","url_text":"\"GB Olympic football teams to play in Manchester, London and Cardiff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sports & venues: Football stadia, UK-wide\". London 2012. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120530210252/www.london2012.com/games/olympic-sports/football.php","url_text":"\"Sports & venues: Football stadia, UK-wide\""},{"url":"http://www.london2012.com/games/olympic-sports/football.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AFC slots for Olympics approved\". Asian Football Confederation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-afc.com/en/news/29286-afc-slots-for-olympics-approved","url_text":"\"AFC slots for Olympics approved\""}]},{"reference":"\"Play-off details confirmed\". FIFA. 26 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120211162450/http://www.fifa.com/mensolympic/news/newsid=1573873/index.html","url_text":"\"Play-off details confirmed\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/mensolympic/news/newsid=1573873/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"China to host women's Olympic qualifiers\". Asian Football Confederation. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/content/article/33698-china-to-host-womens-olympic-qualifiers","url_text":"\"China to host women's Olympic qualifiers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation","url_text":"Asian Football Confederation"}]},{"reference":"\"Fixture change in Africa\". FIFA.com. 19 August 2011. Archived from the original on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111018233517/http://www.fifa.com/womensolympic/news/newsid=1495323/index.html","url_text":"\"Fixture change in Africa\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/womensolympic/news/newsid=1495323/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada granted 2012 Olympic Qualifiers\". CanadaSoccer.com. Canadian Soccer Association. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111111094926/http://www.canadasoccer.com/tourney/FIFA_WWC/olympic.asp","url_text":"\"Canada granted 2012 Olympic Qualifiers\""},{"url":"http://www.canadasoccer.com/tourney/FIFA_WWC/olympic.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brown pays tribute to GB success\". BBC Sport. 24 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/7579487.stm","url_text":"\"Brown pays tribute to GB success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"England to go solo with 2012 Olympic team?\". ESPNsoccernet. 29 May 2009. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090601094723/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=650708&sec=england&cc=5901","url_text":"\"England to go solo with 2012 Olympic team?\""},{"url":"http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=650708&sec=england&cc=5901","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Torneos olímpicos de fútbol – Londres 2012\" [Full fixture Olympic football tournaments – London 2012] (in Spanish). International football journalism. 4 March 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://arogeraldes.blogspot.com/2011/03/london-2012.html","url_text":"\"Torneos olímpicos de fútbol – Londres 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"London 2012 Olympics: Gareth Bale and non-English players have 'legal right' to play for Team GB\". The Daily Telegraph. 24 March 2011. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140228060656/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/8404386/London-2012-Olympics-Gareth-Bale-and-non-English-players-have-legal-right-to-play-for-Team-GB.html","url_text":"\"London 2012 Olympics: Gareth Bale and non-English players have 'legal right' to play for Team GB\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/olympics/8404386/London-2012-Olympics-Gareth-Bale-and-non-English-players-have-legal-right-to-play-for-Team-GB.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Welsh stars Ryan Giggs and Craig Bellamy dismiss Olympic fears\". BBC Sport. 9 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18760095","url_text":"\"Welsh stars Ryan Giggs and Craig Bellamy dismiss Olympic fears\""}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Paul (29 July 2012). \"Olympics football: Ryan Giggs inspires GB win over UAE\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_De_Man	Paul de Man	["1 Biography","2 Early life","3 Post-war years","4 Academic career","5 Contributions to literary theory","6 Influence and legacy","7 Wartime journalism and posthumous controversies","8 Works","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","11.1 Sources","12 Further reading","13 External links"]	Belgian literary theorist This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Paul de Man" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Paul de ManBornPaul Adolph Michel Deman(1919-12-06)December 6, 1919Antwerp, BelgiumDiedDecember 21, 1983(1983-12-21) (aged 64)New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.EducationFree University of BrusselsHarvard University (Ph.D., 1960)EraContemporary philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolDeconstructionNotable ideasCriticism of authorial intentionalism Paul de Man (December 6, 1919 – December 21, 1983), born Paul Adolph Michel Deman, was a Belgian-born literary critic and literary theorist. He was known particularly for his importation of German and French philosophical approaches into Anglo-American literary studies and critical theory. Along with Jacques Derrida, he was part of an influential critical movement that went beyond traditional interpretation of literary texts to reflect on the epistemological difficulties inherent in any textual, literary, or critical activity. This approach aroused considerable opposition, which de Man attributed to "resistance" inherent in the difficult enterprise of literary interpretation itself. After his death, de Man became a subject of further controversy when his history of writing pro-Nazi and anti-Jewish propaganda for the wartime edition of Le Soir, a major Belgian newspaper during German occupation, came to light. Biography He began his teaching career in the United States at Bard College where he taught French literature. He completed his Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1960, then taught at Cornell University, Johns Hopkins University, and the University of Zurich. He joined the faculty in French and Comparative Literature at Yale University, where he was considered part of the Yale School of Deconstruction. At the time of his death from cancer, he was Sterling Professor of the Humanities and chairman of the Department of Comparative Literature at Yale. De Man oversaw the dissertations of Gayatri Spivak (at Cornell), Barbara Johnson (at Yale), Samuel Weber (at Cornell), and many other noted scholars. After his death, a researcher uncovered some two hundred previously unknown articles which de Man had written in his early twenties for Belgian collaborationist newspapers during World War II, some of them implicitly and two explicitly anti-Semitic. These, in combination with revelations about his domestic life and financial history, caused a scandal and provoked a reconsideration of his life and work. Early life Paul de Man was born to a family of artisans of nineteenth-century Belgium and by the time of his birth, his family was prominent among the new bourgeoisie in Antwerp. He was the son of Robert de Man, a manufacturer and Magdalena de Braey. His maternal great-grandfather was the noted Flemish poet Jan Van Beers, and the family spoke French at home. His uncle Henri de Man (Dutch: Hendrik) was a famous socialist theorist and politician, who became a Nazi-collaborator during World War II. He played an important part in the decisions made by De Man during the Nazi occupation of Belgium. Paul's father, Robert ("Bob") de Man, was a moderately successful businessman whose firm manufactured X-ray equipment. De Man's father and his mother, Madeleine, who were first cousins, married over the family's opposition. The marriage proved unhappy. De Man's early life was difficult and shadowed by tragedy. His mother Madeleine's first pregnancy with her oldest son Hendrik ("Rik," b. 1915) coincided with the intense German bombings of World War I and strained her physical and mental health. The stillbirth of a daughter two years later pushed her into intermittent but lifelong suicidal depression. She was psychologically fragile and had to be watched. The family walked on eggshells and "Bob" de Man found solace with other women. In contrast to Rik, who was backward and a failure in school, Paul dealt with his difficult home life by becoming a brilliant student and accomplished athlete. He was enrolled in the Dutch-speaking cohort of boys admitted to the prestigious and highly competitive Royal Athenaeum of Antwerp. There, he followed his father's career path in choosing to study science and engineering, consistently receiving top marks in all subjects and graduating at the top of his class. He took no courses in literature or philosophy but developed a strong extracurricular interest in both as well as in religious mysticism. In 1936, his brother Rik de Man was killed at the age of 21 when his bicycle was struck by a train at a railroad crossing. The following year, it was Paul, then seventeen, who discovered the body of their mother, who had hanged herself a month before the anniversary of Rik's death. That fall Paul enrolled in the Free University of Brussels. He wrote for student magazines and continued to take courses in science and engineering. For stability he turned to his uncle Henri as a patron and surrogate emotional father, later on several occasions telling people Henri was his real father and his real father was his uncle. He fathered a son with Romanian-born Anaïde Baraghian, the wife of his good friend, Gilbert Jaeger. They lived in a ménage à trois until August 1942, when Baraghian left her husband. Paul married her in 1944, and the couple had two more sons together. De Man, Baraghian and Jaeger fled to the south of France near the Spanish border when the Nazis occupied Belgium in 1940. Henri, who by then was a self-avowed fascist, welcomed the Nazi invaders, whom he saw as essential for instituting his brand of socialism. For a year, Henri de Man was appointed as de facto puppet Prime Minister of Belgium under the Nazis. Some believed that he used his influence to secure his nephew a position as an occasional cultural critic for Le Soir, the influential Belgian French-language newspaper. After contributing an essay, "The Jews in Present-Day Literature", to Le Soir volé's notorious anti-Semitic attack of March 4, 1941, de Man became its official book reviewer and a cultural critic. Later he contributed to the Flemish daily Het Vlaamsche Land; both publications were vehemently anti-Semitic when under Nazi control. As a cultural critic, de Man would contribute hundreds of articles and reviews to these publications. His writings supported the Germanic ideology and the triumph of Germany in the war, while never referring directly to Hitler himself. In spite of that he maintained friendships with individual Jews. Holding three different jobs, de Man became very highly paid, but he lost all three between November 1942 and April 1943, failures that resulted from a combination of losing a coup he had launched against one employer and his own incompetence as a businessman at another. After this, de Man went into hiding; the Belgian Resistance had now begun assassinating prominent Belgian pro-Nazis. He had lost his protection in late 1942, when Henri, mistrusted by his collaborators on the right and himself marked for death as a traitor by the Belgian Resistance, went into exile. De Man spent the rest of the war in seclusion reading American and French literature and philosophy and organizing a translation into Dutch of Moby Dick by Herman Melville, which he published in 1945. He would be interrogated by prosecutor Roger Vinçotte, but not charged after the war. Henri de Man was tried and convicted in absentia for treason; he died in Switzerland in 1953, after crashing his car into an oncoming train, an accident that was almost certainly a suicide. Post-war years In 1948, de Man left Belgium and emigrated to New York City. He had fled as an exile to avoid what became two trials for criminal and financial misdeeds (thefts of money from investors in a publishing company he ran) for which he was convicted in absentia to five years of imprisonment and heavy fines. Baraghian sailed with their three young sons to Argentina, where her parents had recently immigrated. De Man found work stocking books at the Doubleday Bookstore at New York City's Grand Central Station. From there he wrote to his friend Georges Bataille, a French philosopher, and through him, he met Dwight Macdonald, a key figure on the New York intellectual and literary scene. At Macdonald's apartment, de Man met the celebrated novelist Mary McCarthy. McCarthy recommended de Man to her friend Artine Artinian, a professor of French at Bard College, as a temporary replacement while Artinian spent the academic year 1949–50 in France as a Fulbright fellow. De Man was to teach Mr. Artinian's courses, advise Mr. Artinian's advisees, and move into Mr. Artinian's house. By December , de Man had married one of the advisees, a French major named Patricia Kelley, and when the first Mrs. de Man turned up with their three young boys, Hendrik, Robert, and Marc, in the spring of 1950, Patricia de Man was pregnant. De Man persuaded the devastated Baraghian to accept a sum of money, agree to a divorce, and return to Argentina. She, however, surprised him when she left the eldest boy with him, while he surprised her when his first check proved worthless. The boy was raised by Kelley's parents while she took the younger ones back to Argentina with a promise of child support that de Man was never to honor. A heavily fictionalized account of this period of de Man's life is the basis of Henri Thomas's 1964 novel Le Parjure (The Perjurer). His life also provides the basis for Bernhard Schlink's 2006 novel, translated as "Homecoming". De Man married Kelley a first time in June 1950, but did not tell her that he had not actually gotten a divorce and that the marriage was bigamous. They underwent a second marriage ceremony in August 1960, when his divorce from Baraghian was finalized, and later had a third ceremony in Ithaca. In addition to their son, Michael, born while the couple was at Bard College, they had a daughter, Patsy. The couple remained together until de Man's death, aged 64, in New Haven, Connecticut. Academic career The de Mans moved to Boston, where Paul earned money teaching conversational French at Berlitz and did translations assisted by Patricia de Man; he also gave private French lessons to Harvard student Henry Kissinger, then running a small center and publication of his own. There, de Man met Harry Levin, the Harvard Professor of Comparative Literature, and "was invited to join an informal literary seminar that met at Levin's house (alongside, e.g., George Steiner and John Simon). By the fall of 1952, he was officially admitted to graduate study in comparative literature." In 1954 someone sent Harvard an anonymous letter denouncing de Man as a wartime collaborator and questioning his immigration status (a letter not surviving, and known only on the basis of de Man's response to it). According to Harvard faculty members, de Man offered a thorough and more than satisfactory account of his immigration status and the nature of his political activities. While he was writing his dissertation, de Man was awarded a prestigious appointment at the Harvard Society of Fellows. In 1960, because his thesis was unsatisfactory to his mentors on several counts, and especially its philosophical approach, they were prepared to dismiss him, but he moved immediately to an advanced position at Cornell University, where he was highly valued. Peter Brooks, who was de Man's undergraduate student at Harvard, and later became his friend and colleague at Yale, wrote that rather than brand de Man as a confidence man, as his critics were inclined to do: One might consider this a story of remarkable survival and success following the chaos of war, occupation, postwar migration, and moments of financial desperation: without any degrees to his name, de Man had impressed, among others, Georges Bataille, Macdonald, McCarthy, and Levin, and entered the highest precincts of American academia. During the following decade, he contributed nine articles to the newly established New York Review: astute and incisive short essays on major European writers—Hölderlin, Gide, Camus, Sartre, Heidegger, as well as Borges—that display notable cultural range and critical poise. In 1966, de Man attended a conference on structuralism held at Johns Hopkins University, where Jacques Derrida delivered his celebrated essay, "Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences"; de Man and Derrida soon became fast friends. Both were to become identified with Deconstruction. De Man came to reflect the influence primarily of Heidegger and used deconstruction to study Romanticism, both English and German, as well as French literature, specifically the works of William Wordsworth, John Keats, Maurice Blanchot, Marcel Proust, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Friedrich Nietzsche, Immanuel Kant, G .W. F. Hegel, Walter Benjamin, William Butler Yeats, Friedrich Hoelderlin, and Rainer Maria Rilke. Following an appointment to a professorship in Zürich, de Man returned to the United States in the 1970s to teach at Yale University, where he served for the rest of his career. At the time of his death of cancer at age 64, he was a Sterling Professor and chairman of the department of comparative literature at Yale. Contributions to literary theory Although de Man's work in the 1960s differs from his later deconstructive endeavors, considerable continuity can also be discerned. In his 1967 essay "Criticism and Crisis" (included as the first chapter of Blindness and Insight), he argues that because literary works are understood to be fictions rather than factual accounts, they exemplify the break between a sign and its meaning: literature "means" nothing, but critics resist this insight: When modern critics think they are demystifying literature, they are in fact being demystified by it. But since this necessarily occurs in the form of a crisis, they are blind to what takes place within themselves. What they call anthropology, linguistics, psychoanalysis, is nothing but literature reappearing like the hydra's head in the very spot where it had been suppressed. The human mind will go through amazing feats to avoid facing 'the nothingness of human matters'. De Man would later observe that, due to this resistance to acknowledging that literature does not "mean", English departments had become "large organizations in the service of everything except their own subject matter" ("The Return to Philology"). He said that the study of literature had become the art of applying psychology, politics, history, philology, or other disciplines to the literary text, in an effort to make the text "mean" something. Among the central threads running through de Man's work is his attempt to tease out the tension between rhetoric (which de Man uses as a term to mean figural language and trope) and meaning, seeking moments in the text where linguistic forces "tie themselves into a knot which arrests the process of understanding." De Man's earlier essays from the 1960s, collected in Blindness and Insight, represent an attempt to seek these paradoxes in the texts of New Criticism and move beyond formalism. One of De Man's central topoi is of the blindness on which these critical readings are predicated, that the "insight seems instead to have been gained from a negative movement that animates the critic's thought, an unstated principle that leads his language away from its asserted stand...as if the very possibility of assertion had been put into question." Here de Man tries to undercut the notion of the poetic work as a unified, atemporal icon, a self-possessed repository of meaning freed from the intentionalist and affective fallacies. In de Man's argument, formalist and New Critical valorization of the "organic" nature of poetry is ultimately self-defeating: the notion of the verbal icon is undermined by the irony and ambiguity inherent within it. Form ultimately acts as "both a creator and undoer of organic totalities", and "the final insight...annihilated the premises which led up to it." Part of a series onRhetoric History Ancient Greece Asianism Atticism Attic orators Calliope Sophists Ancient India Ancient Rome The age of Cicero Second Sophistic Middle Ages Byzantine rhetoric Trivium Renaissance Studia humanitatis Modern period Concepts Captatio benevolentiae Chironomia Decorum Delectare Docere Device Eloquence Eloquentia perfecta Eunoia Enthymeme Facilitas Fallacy Informal Figure of speech Scheme Trope Five canons Inventio Dispositio Elocutio Memoria Pronuntiatio Hypsos Imitatio Kairos Method of loci Modes Operations Persuasion Ethos Pathos Logos Situation Style Grand Sotto voce Topos Genres Apologetics Debate Declamation Controversia Deliberative Demagogy Dialectic Socratic method Dissoi logoi Elocution Epideictic Encomium Panegyric Eulogy Farewell speech Forensic Funeral oration Homiletics‎ Sermon Invitational Lecture Public Lightning talk Maiden speech Oratory Polemic Diatribe Eristic Philippic Progymnasmata Suasoria Propaganda Spin Resignation speech Stump speech War-mongering Criticism Cluster Dramatic Pentadic Frame Genre Ideological Metaphoric Mimesis Narrative Neo-Aristotelian Rhetoricians Aristotle Aspasia Augustine Bakhtin Booth Brueggemann Burke Cicero de Man Demosthenes Derrida Erasmus Gorgias Hobbes Isocrates Lucian Lysias McLuhan Ong Perelman Pizan Plato Protagoras Quintilian Ramus Richards Smith Tacitus Toulmin Vico Weaver Works Gorgias (380 BC) Phaedrus (c. 370 BC) Rhetoric (c. 350 BC) Rhetoric to Alexander (c. 350 BC) De Sophisticis Elenchis (c. 350 BC) Topics (c. 350 BC) De Inventione (84 BC) Rhetorica ad Herennium (80 BC) De Oratore (55 BC) A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions (c. 50 BC) De Optimo Genere Oratorum (46 BC) Orator (46 BC) On the Sublime (c. 50) Institutio Oratoria (95) Panegyrici Latini (100–400) Dialogus de oratoribus (102) De doctrina Christiana (426) De vulgari eloquentia (1305) Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style (1521) Language as Symbolic Action (1966) A General Rhetoric (1970) Subfields Argumentation Cognitive Contrastive Constitutive Digital Feminist Native American New Health and medicine Pedagogy Procedural Science Technology Therapy Visual Composition Related Ars dictaminis Communication studies Composition studies Doxa Glossary of rhetorical terms Glossophobia List of feminist rhetoricians List of speeches Oral skills Orator Pistis Public rhetoric Rhetoric of social intervention model Rhetrickery Rogerian argument Seduction Speechwriting Talking point TED Terministic screen Toulmin model Wooden iron vte In Allegories of Reading, de Man further explores the tensions arising in figural language in Nietzsche, Rousseau, Rilke, and Proust. In these essays, he concentrates on crucial passages which have a metalinguistic function or metacritical implications, particularly those where figural language has a dependency on classical philosophical oppositions (essence/accident, synchronic/diachronic, appearance/reality) which are so central to Western discourse. Many of the essays in this volume attempt to undercut figural totalization, the notion that one can control or dominate a discourse or phenomenon through metaphor. In de Man's discussion of Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy, for instance, he claims that "genetic" conceptions of history appearing in the text are undercut by the rhetorical strategies Nietzsche employs: "the deconstruction does not occur between statements, as in a logical refutation or a dialectic, but happens instead between, on the one hand, metalinguistic statements about the rhetorical nature of language and, on the other hand, a rhetorical praxis that puts these statements into question." For de Man, an "allegory of reading" emerges when texts are subjected to such scrutiny and reveal this tension; a reading wherein the text reveals its own assumptions about language, and in so doing dictates a statement about undecidability, the difficulties inherent in totalization, their own readability, or the "limitations of textual authority." De Man is also known for his readings of English and German Romantic and post-Romantic poetry and philosophy (The Rhetoric of Romanticism), and concise and deeply ironic essays. Specifically noteworthy is his critical dismantling of the Romantic ideology and the linguistic assumptions which underlie it. His arguments are outlined below. First, de Man seeks to deconstruct the privileged claims in Romanticism of symbol over allegory, and metaphor over metonymy. In his reading, because of the implication of self-identity and wholeness which is inherent in the Romantics' conception of metaphor, when this self-identity decomposes, so also does the means of overcoming the dualism between subject and object, which Romantic metaphor sought to transcend. In de Man's reading, to compensate for this inability, Romanticism constantly relies on allegory to attain the wholeness established by the totality of the symbol. In addition, in his essay "The Resistance to Theory", which explores the task and philosophical bases of literary theory, de Man uses the example of the classical trivium of grammar, rhetoric, and logic to argue that the use of linguistic sciences in literary theory and criticism (i.e. a structuralist approach) was able to harmonize the logical and grammatical dimension of literature, but only at the expense of effacing the rhetorical elements of texts which presented the greatest interpretive demands. He posits that the resistance to theory is the resistance to reading, thus the resistance to theory is theory itself. Or the resistance to theory is what constitutes the possibility and existence of theory. Taking up the example of the title of Keats's poem The Fall of Hyperion, de Man draws out an irreducible interpretive undecidability which bears strong affinities to the same term in Derrida's work and some similarity to the notion of incommensurability as developed by Jean-François Lyotard in The Postmodern Condition and The Differend. De Man argues that the recurring motive of theoretical readings is to subsume these decisions under theoretical, futile generalizations, which are displaced in turn by harsh polemics about theory. Influence and legacy De Man's influence on literary criticism was considerable, in part through his numerous and vocal disciples. Although much of his work brought to bear insights on literature drawn from German philosophers such as Kant and Heidegger, de Man also closely followed developments in contemporary French literature, criticism, and theory. Much of de Man's work was collected or published posthumously, for instance in his book Resistance to Theory which he complete shortly before his death, and a collection of essays, edited by his former Yale colleague Andrzej Warminski, was published by the University of Minnesota Press in 1996 under the title Aesthetic Ideology. Wartime journalism and posthumous controversies This article contains too many or overly lengthy quotations. Please help summarize the quotations. Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote or excerpts to Wikisource. (January 2024) In August 1987, Ortwin de Graef, a Belgian graduate student at the University of Leuven, discovered some two hundred articles, including anti-semitic pieces, which de Man had written during World War II for Le Soir, a Nazi-controlled newspaper. In 1988, a conference on Paul de Man took place at the University of Antwerp. "On the last day, Jean Stengers, a historian at the Free University of Brussels, addressed a topic pointedly titled: "Paul de Man, a Collaborator?" Then Georges Goriely, professor emeritus of sociology at the Free University of Brussels, rose to deliver what he called "A Personal Testimony": M. Goriely began by extolling de Man, whom he had known intimately in his youth, as "a charming, humorous, modest, highly cultured" homme de lettres renowned in Belgian literary circles during their youth. Then the professor dropped his bombshell. De Man, he asserted, wasn't all that he appeared to be. He was "completely, almost pathologically, dishonest," a crook who had bankrupted his family. "Swindling, forging, lying were, at least at the time, second nature to him." The European press was in an uproar: "There were stories in La Quinzaine Litteraire, the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, The (Manchester) Guardian. Newsweek juxtaposed a photograph of de Man with another of Nazis on the march. Le Soir described him as 'an academic Waldheim." De Man's disciples tried to portray the attacks on de Man as a cover for his critics' dislike of deconstruction, alleging that the attacks were a ruse that used de Man's youthful errors as evidence of what they considered the decadence at the heart of the Continental thought behind de Man and his theories. The controversies quickly spread from the pages of scholarly journals to the broader media. The Chronicle of Higher Education and the front page of The New York Times exposed the sensational details of de Man's personal life, particularly the circumstances of his marriage and his difficult relationships with his children. In the most controversial and explicitly anti-semitic essay from this wartime journalism, titled "Jews in Contemporary Literature" (1941), de Man described how "ulgar anti-semitism willingly takes pleasure in considering post-war cultural phenomenon (after the war of 14–18) as degenerate and decadent because they are ." He notes that Literature does not escape this lapidary judgement: it is sufficient to discover a few Jewish writers under Latinized pseudonyms for all contemporary production to be considered polluted and evil. This conception entails rather dangerous consequences ... it would be a rather unflattering appreciation of western writers to reduce them to being mere imitators of a Jewish culture which is foreign to them. The article claimed that contemporary literature had not broken from tradition as a result of the First World War and that the Jews cannot claim to have been its creators, nor even to have exercised a preponderant influence over its development. On any closer examination, this influence appears to have extraordinarily little importance since one might have expected that, given the specific characteristics of the Jewish Spirit, the later would have played a more brilliant role in this artistic production. The article concluded that "our civilization...y keeping, in spite of Semitic interference in all aspects of European life, an intact originality and character...has shown that its basic character is healthy." It concluded that "the creation of a Jewish colony isolated from Europe" as "a solution to the Jewish problem" would not entail any "deplorable consequences" for "the literary life of the west." This is the only known article in which de Man pronounced such views so openly, though two or three other articles also accept without demurral the disenfranchisement and ostracization of Jews, as some contributors to Responses have noted. De Man's colleagues, students, and contemporaries tried to respond to his early writings and his subsequent silence about them in the volume Responses: On Paul de Man's Wartime Journalism (edited by Werner Hamacher, Neil Hertz, and Thomas Keenan; Nebraska, 1989). His longtime friend, Jacques Derrida, who was Jewish, published a long piece responding to de Man's critics, declaring: To judge, to condemn the work or the man on the basis of what was a brief episode, to call for closing, that is to say, at least figuratively, for censuring or burning his books is to reproduce the exterminating gesture which one accuses de Man of not having armed himself against sooner with the necessary vigilance. It is not even to draw a lesson that he, de Man, learned to draw from the war. Some readers objected to what they considered as Derrida's effort to relate criticism of de Man to the greater tragedy of extermination of the Jews. Fredric Jameson lengthily defended de Man in Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991), observing about de Man's critics that "it does not seem to me that North American intellectuals have generally had the kind of experience of history that would qualify them to judge the actions and choices of people under military occupation." According to Jameson, the efforts to implicate de Man in the Holocaust hinged on a fundamental misunderstanding of Nazi anti-Semitism: The exclusive emphasis on anti-Semitism ignores and politically neutralizes its other constitutive feature in the Nazi period: namely, anticommunism. very possibility of the Judeocide was absolutely at one with and inseparable from the anticommunist and radical right-wing mission of National Socialism.... But put this way, it seems at once clear that DeMan was neither an anticommunist nor a right-winger: had he taken such positions in his student days..., they would have been public knowledge. Turning to the content and ideology of de Man's wartime journalism, Jameson contended that it was "devoid of any personal originality or distinctiveness", simply rehearsing corporatist commonplaces found in a broad range of European political movements. From this, Jameson concluded that none of the wartime articles "had any relevance to Paul De Man, for whom the thing dramatically called 'collaboration' was simply a job, in a Europe henceforth and for the foreseeable future united and German, and who as long as I knew him personally was simply a good liberal." Since the late 1980s, some of de Man's followers, many of them Jewish, have pointed out that de Man at no time in his life displayed personal animus against Jews. Shoshana Felman, recounted that about a year after the journalistic publication of his compromising statement, he and his wife sheltered for several days in their apartment the Jewish pianist Esther Sluszny and her husband, who were then illegal citizens in hiding from the Nazis. During this same period, de Man was meeting regularly with Georges Goriely, a member of the Belgian Resistance. According to Goriely's own testimony, he never for one minute feared denunciation of his underground activities by Paul de Man. Jameson proposed that de Man's apparent anti-Semitism was suffused with irony and, properly interpreted, served as a philosemitic parody and rebuke of conventional anti-Semitic tropes. But, his disciples and defenders have failed to agree about the nature of de Man's silence about his wartime activities. His critics, on the other hand, point out that throughout his life de Man was not only passively silent, but also engaged in an active coverup through lies and misdirections about his past. The question of de Man's personal history has continued to fascinate scholars, as evidenced by Evelyn Barish's 2014 biography The Double Life of Paul de Man. In an advance review published in Harper's Magazine, Christine Smallwood concludes that de Man, as portrayed by Barish, was "a slippery Mr. Ripley, a confidence man, and a hustler who embezzled, lied, forged, and arreared his way to intellectual acclaim." In response to these claims, Peter Brooks, who succeeded to de Man's post as Sterling Professor at Yale, stated that some of Barish's accusations were overblown, identifying several errors in her footnotes: "One could do a review of Barish's footnotes that would cast many doubts on her scholarship". For example, he cites the footnote Barish provides to support her claim that in 1942 de Man planned to launch a Nazi literary magazine: "I shared this information, and it has since been previously published in Belgian sources not now available to me", noting that this sort of thing "does not pass any sort of muster." Harvard professor Louis Menand, on the other hand, in his review in The New Yorker, finds Barish's biography important and credible, notwithstanding the presence of occasional errors and exaggerations. Menand writes "er book is a brief for the prosecution. But it is not a hatchet job, and she has an amazing tale to tell. In her account, all guns are smoking. There are enough to stock a miniseries." Works Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism. 1971. Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust (ISBN 0-300-02845-8), 1979. Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism. 2nd ed. (ISBN 0-8166-1135-1), 1983. The Rhetoric of Romanticism (ISBN 0-231-05527-7), 1984. The Resistance to Theory (ISBN 0-8166-1294-3), 1986. Wartime Journalism, 1934–1943 Werner Hamacher, Neil Hertz, Thomas Keenan, editors (ISBN 0-8032-1684-X), 1988. Critical Writings: 1953–1978 Lindsay Waters, editor (ISBN 0-8166-1695-7), 1989. Romanticism and Contemporary Criticism: The Gauss Seminar and Other Papers E. S. Burt, Kevin Newmark, and Andrzej Warminski, editors (ISBN 0-8166-1695-7), 1993. Aesthetic Ideology Andrzej Warminski, editor (ISBN 0-8166-2204-3), 1996 The Post-Romantic Predicament, Martin McQuillan, editor (ISBN 978-0-74864-105-5), 2012 . The Paul de Man Notebooks, Martin McQuillan, editor (ISBN 978-0-74864-104-8), 2014. See also List of deconstructionists Notes ^ Jameson renders the basic message of de Man's wartime writings as follows: "you garden-variety anti-Semites ... in fact do your own cause a disservice. You have not understood that if 'Jewish literature' is as dangerous and virulent as you claim it is, it follows that Aryan literature does not amount to much ... You would therefore under these circumstances be better advised to stop talking about the Jews altogether and to cultivate your own garden." References ^ Barish 2014, p. 3. ^ Stranger Than Fiction The Atavist Magazine. 2020. ^ de Man, Paul (1982). The Resistance to Theory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 3–20. ^ a b Spikes, Michael Paul (2003). Understanding Contemporary American Literary Theory, Revised Edition. University of South Carolina Press. p. 19. ISBN 1-57003-498-2. ^ Barish 2014, pp. xv, xx. ^ Barish 2014, p. needed. ^ a b c d e f g James Atlas (August 28, 1988). "The Case of Paul de Man". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 May 2014. ^ Barish 2014, p. 4. ^ McQuillian, Martin (2001). Paul de Man. Oxon: Routledge. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-134-60911-6. ^ Barish 2014, p. 45. ^ Steiner, Wendy (1997). The Scandal of Pleasure: Art in an Age of Fundamentalism. University Of Chicago Press. p. 191. ^ Barish 2014, pp. 99–103. ^ Tuttleton, James (April 1991). "Quisling criticism: the case of Paul de Man: a review of David Lehman, 'Signs of the Times: Deconstruction & the Fall of Paul de Man'". New Criterion. ^ J. Gérard-Libois; José Gotovitch (1980). L'An 40. La Belgique occupée (in French). Bruxelles: Centre de recherche et d’information socio-politiques (CRISP). ^ Barish 2014, e.g., his contacts with G. Goriély, p. 142 and E. Sluszny, pp. 153, 154 ^ Barish 2014, p. 194. ^ Peter Rudnytsky (1994). "Rousseau's Confessions, De Man's Excuses". In Mary Donaldson-Evans; Lucienne Frappier-Mazur; Gerald Prince (eds.). Autobiography, Historiography, Rhetoric: A Festschrift in Honor of Frank Paul Bowman. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 215–243. ISBN 978-9-05183-576-2. Retrieved 2020-01-02. ^ Kermode, Frank (March 16, 1989). "Paul de Man's Abyss". London Review of Books. 11 (6). ^ Barish 2014, p. 192. ^ a b Lehman, David (May 24, 1992). "Paul de Man: The Plot Thickens". The New York Times. ^ "The Many Betrayals of Paul de Man". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 21 October 2013. ^ Lindsay Waters (1989). "Paul de Man: Life and Works". Critical Writings: 1953–1978. By Paul de Man. Lindsay Waters (ed.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. lxiv. See also Jacques Derrida (2002). "Le Parjure: Perhaps, Storytelling and Lying". Without Alibi. Stanford University Press. pp. 161–201. ^ a b Christine Smallwood (March 2014). "New Books". Harper's Magazine. Vol. March 2014. ^ Barish 2014, pp. 326–327. ^ a b c d Peter Brooks (April 3, 2014). "The Strange Case of Paul de Man". The New York Review of Books. ^ Barish 2014, pp. 347–360. ^ Barish 2014, p. 345. ^ Barish 2014, pp. 423–425. ^ de Man, Paul. "Criticism and Crisis". Blindness and Insight. p. 18. The phrase "nothingness of human matters" – le néant des choses humaines – is from a well-known passage about the imagination from Rousseau's Julie ou La Nouvelle Héloïse (VI: VIII), which asserts that human happiness lies only in desire and not fulfillment: "The world of illusions is the only one worth inhabiting. Such is the vanity of human matters, outside the realm of the Self-Created Being, that nothing here is beautiful but what is not. ^ de Man, Paul, "Shelley Disfigured", in Bloom, Harold, et al. Deconstruction and Criticism (New York, Continuum: 1979), p. 44. ^ de Man, Paul. Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism. ^ de Man, Paul. "The Rhetoric of Blindness". Blindness and Insight. p. 103. ^ de Man, Paul. "The Rhetoric of Blindness". Blindness and Insight. p. 104. ^ de Man 1979. ^ de Man 1979, p. 98. ^ de Man 1979, p. 99. ^ de Man, Paul. "The Rhetoric of Temporality". Blindness and Insight. ^ "Dead Yale Scholar Wrote For Nazi Paper". AP News. December 2, 1987. Retrieved 2020-01-02. ^ For facsimiles of the articles, see Paul de Man (1988). Werner Hamacher; Neil Hertz; Thomas Keenan (eds.). Wartime Journalism 1939–1943. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ^ Menand, Louis (2014-03-17). "The De Man Case". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2024-02-23. ^ Derrida 1988, pp. 597–598. ^ "Yale Scholar Wrote for Pro-Nazi Newspaper". The New York Times. December 1, 1987. pp. B1, B6. ^ a b c Paul de Man. "The Jews in Contemporary Literature." Originally published in Le Soir (March 4, 1941), Martin McQuillan, translator, in Martin McQuillan, Paul de Man. USA (Routledge. 2001), pp. 127–29. ^ Paul de Man (March 4, 1941). "Les Juifs dans la littérature actuelle". Le Soir (in French). p. 45. ^ Hamacher, Werner; Hertz, Neil; Keenan, Thomas (January 1989). Responses: On Paul de Man's Wartime Journalism: Werner Hamacher, Neil H. Hertz, Thomas Keenan: 9780803272439: Amazon.com: Books. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 080327243X. ^ Derrida 1988, p. 651; see also the "Critical Responses" in Critical Inquiry 15 (Summer 1989, 765–811) and Derrida's reply, "Biodegradables: Seven Diary Fragments", 812–873. ^ See, for example, Jon Wiener (Summer 1989). "The Responsibilities of Friendship: Jacques Derrida on Paul de Man's Collaboration". Critical Inquiry. 15 (4): 797–803. doi:10.1086/448520. S2CID 145367297. ^ a b c d Fredric Jameson, 1991, Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 256–58 ^ Shoshana Felman, "Paul de Man's Silence", Critical Inquiry 15: 4 (Summer, 1989): 704–744 ^ Barish 2014. ^ Louis Menand (March 24, 2014). "The de Man Case: Does a Critic's Past Explain His Criticism?". The New Yorker. Sources Barish, Evelyn (2014). The Double Life of Paul de Man. New York: W. W. Norton/Liveright. ISBN 978-0-87140-326-1. de Man, Paul (1979). Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02845-8. Derrida, Jacques (Spring 1988). "Like the Sound of the Sea Deep within a Shell: Paul de Man's War" (PDF). Critical Inquiry. 14 (3). Translated by Kamuf, Peggy: 590–652. doi:10.1086/448458. JSTOR 1343706. S2CID 161117345. Retrieved 2020-01-02. Further reading In inverse chronological order Christine Smallwood, 2014, "New Books (The Double Life of Paul de Man)", Harpers Magazine, March 2014, pp. 77–78. Claire Colebrook, Paul de Man, Tom Cohen & J. Hillis Miller, 2012, Theory and the Disappearing Future: On de Man, On Benjamin. New York, N.Y.: Routledge. Ian MacKenzie, 2002,Paradigms of Reading: Relevance Theory and Deconstruction. New York, N.Y.;Macmillan/Palgrave. Tom Cohen, Barbara Cohen, J. Hillis Miller & Andrzej Warminski, Eds., 2000, Material Events: Paul de Man and the Afterlife of Theory. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press. Rodolphe Gasché, 1998, The Wild Card of Reading, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Cathy Caruth & Deborah Esch, Eds., 1995, Critical Encounters: Reference and Responsibility in Deconstructive Writing, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. Cynthia Chase, 1986, Decomposing Figures: Rhetorical Reading in the Romantic Tradition. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. James J. Sosnoski, 1995, Modern Skeletons in Postmodern Closets: A Cultural Studies Alternative (Knowledge : Disciplinarity and Beyond). Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. Ortwin De Graef, 1995, Titanic Light: Paul de Man's Post-Romanticism. Lincoln, NE.: University of Nebraska Press. Ortwin De Graef, 1993, Serenity in Crisis: A Preface to Paul de Man, 1939–1960. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Fredric Jameson, 1991, Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 217–59. Bradbury, Malcolm (February 24, 1991). "The Scholar Who Misread History". The New York Times. David Lehman, 1991, Signs of the Times: Deconstruction and the Fall of Paul de Man. New York: Simon & Schuster/Poseidon Press. Lindsay Waters & Wlad Godzich, 1989, Reading de Man Reading. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Jacques Derrida, 1989, Memoires for Paul de Man. New York: Columbia University Press. Neil Hertz, Werner Hamacher & Thomas Keenan, Eds., 1988, Responses to Paul de Man's Wartime Journalism. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Christopher Norris, 1988, Paul de Man: Deconstruction and the Critique of Aesthetic Ideology, London: Routledge. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Paul de Man. Archival collections Guide to the Paul de Man Papers. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California. Guide to the Neil Hertz Papers on Paul de Man. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California. Other UCIspace at the Libraries digital collection: Paul de Man manuscripts, circa 1973–1983 Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory Archived 2004-04-04 at the Wayback Machine vteAestheticsAreas Ancient Africa India Internet Japanese Mathematics Medieval Music Nature Science Theology Schools Aestheticism Classicism Fascism Feminism Formalism Historicism Marxism Modernism Postmodernism Psychoanalysis Realism Romanticism Symbolism Theosophy more... 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He was known particularly for his importation of German and French philosophical approaches into Anglo-American literary studies and critical theory. Along with Jacques Derrida, he was part of an influential critical movement that went beyond traditional interpretation of literary texts to reflect on the epistemological difficulties inherent in any textual, literary, or critical activity.[2] This approach aroused considerable opposition, which de Man attributed to \"resistance\" inherent in the difficult enterprise of literary interpretation itself.[3]After his death, de Man became a subject of further controversy when his history of writing pro-Nazi and anti-Jewish propaganda for the wartime edition of Le Soir, a major Belgian newspaper during German occupation, came to light.","title":"Paul de Man"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard_College"},{"link_name":"French literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_literature"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"University of Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zurich"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014xv,_xx-5"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Yale School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_school_(deconstruction)"},{"link_name":"Deconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstruction"},{"link_name":"Sterling Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Professor"},{"link_name":"Gayatri Spivak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayatri_Spivak"},{"link_name":"Barbara Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Johnson"},{"link_name":"not verified in body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Samuel Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Weber"},{"link_name":"collaborationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014needed-6"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlas1988-7"}],"text":"He began his teaching career in the United States at Bard College where he taught French literature.[4] He completed his Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1960, then taught at Cornell University, Johns Hopkins University, and the University of Zurich.[5] He joined the faculty in French and Comparative Literature at Yale University, where he was considered part of the Yale School of Deconstruction. At the time of his death from cancer, he was Sterling Professor of the Humanities and chairman of the Department of Comparative Literature at Yale. De Man oversaw the dissertations of Gayatri Spivak (at Cornell), Barbara Johnson (at Yale),[not verified in body] Samuel Weber (at Cornell), and many other noted scholars.After his death, a researcher uncovered some two hundred previously unknown articles which de Man had written in his early twenties for Belgian collaborationist[6][page needed] newspapers during World War II, some of them implicitly and two explicitly anti-Semitic. These, in combination with revelations about his domestic life and financial history, caused a scandal and provoked a reconsideration of his life and work.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish20144-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Jan Van Beers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Beers_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Henri de Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Man"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist"},{"link_name":"collaborator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish201445-10"},{"link_name":"Free University of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_University_of_Brussels_(1834%E2%80%931969)"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"},{"link_name":"ménage à trois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9nage_%C3%A0_trois"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish201499%E2%80%93103-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Le Soir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Soir"},{"link_name":"French-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-language"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Belgian Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Resistance"},{"link_name":"Moby Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby_Dick"},{"link_name":"Herman Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014194-16"},{"link_name":"tried and convicted in absentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tried_in_absentia"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlas1988-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"Paul de Man was born to a family of artisans of nineteenth-century Belgium and by the time of his birth, his family was prominent among the new bourgeoisie in Antwerp.[8] He was the son of Robert de Man, a manufacturer and Magdalena de Braey.[4] His maternal great-grandfather was the noted Flemish poet Jan Van Beers, and the family spoke French at home. His uncle Henri de Man (Dutch: Hendrik) was a famous socialist theorist and politician, who became a Nazi-collaborator during World War II. He played an important part in the decisions made by De Man during the Nazi occupation of Belgium.[9] Paul's father, Robert (\"Bob\") de Man, was a moderately successful businessman whose firm manufactured X-ray equipment. De Man's father and his mother, Madeleine, who were first cousins, married over the family's opposition. The marriage proved unhappy.De Man's early life was difficult and shadowed by tragedy. His mother Madeleine's first pregnancy with her oldest son Hendrik (\"Rik,\" b. 1915) coincided with the intense German bombings of World War I and strained her physical and mental health. The stillbirth of a daughter two years later pushed her into intermittent but lifelong suicidal depression. She was psychologically fragile and had to be watched. The family walked on eggshells and \"Bob\" de Man found solace with other women. In contrast to Rik, who was backward and a failure in school, Paul dealt with his difficult home life by becoming a brilliant student and accomplished athlete. He was enrolled in the Dutch-speaking cohort of boys admitted to the prestigious and highly competitive Royal Athenaeum of Antwerp. There, he followed his father's career path in choosing to study science and engineering, consistently receiving top marks in all subjects and graduating at the top of his class. He took no courses in literature or philosophy but developed a strong extracurricular interest in both as well as in religious mysticism. In 1936, his brother Rik de Man was killed at the age of 21 when his bicycle was struck by a train at a railroad crossing. The following year, it was Paul, then seventeen, who discovered the body of their mother, who had hanged herself a month before the anniversary of Rik's death.[10]That fall Paul enrolled in the Free University of Brussels. He wrote for student magazines and continued to take courses in science and engineering. For stability he turned to his uncle Henri as a patron and surrogate emotional father, later on several occasions telling people Henri was his real father and his real father was his uncle. He fathered a son with Romanian-born Anaïde Baraghian, the wife of his good friend, Gilbert Jaeger. They lived in a ménage à trois until August 1942, when Baraghian left her husband. Paul married her in 1944, and the couple had two more sons together.[11]De Man, Baraghian and Jaeger fled to the south of France near the Spanish border when the Nazis occupied Belgium in 1940.[12] Henri, who by then was a self-avowed fascist, welcomed the Nazi invaders, whom he saw as essential for instituting his brand of socialism.[13][needs update][14] For a year, Henri de Man was appointed as de facto puppet Prime Minister of Belgium under the Nazis. Some believed that he used his influence to secure his nephew a position as an occasional cultural critic for Le Soir, the influential Belgian French-language newspaper. After contributing an essay, \"The Jews in Present-Day Literature\", to Le Soir volé's notorious anti-Semitic attack of March 4, 1941, de Man became its official book reviewer and a cultural critic. Later he contributed to the Flemish daily Het Vlaamsche Land; both publications were vehemently anti-Semitic when under Nazi control. As a cultural critic, de Man would contribute hundreds of articles and reviews to these publications. His writings supported the Germanic ideology and the triumph of Germany in the war, while never referring directly to Hitler himself. In spite of that he maintained friendships with individual Jews.[15]Holding three different jobs, de Man became very highly paid, but he lost all three between November 1942 and April 1943, failures that resulted from a combination of losing a coup he had launched against one employer and his own incompetence as a businessman at another.[citation needed] After this, de Man went into hiding; the Belgian Resistance had now begun assassinating prominent Belgian pro-Nazis. He had lost his protection in late 1942, when Henri, mistrusted by his collaborators on the right and himself marked for death as a traitor by the Belgian Resistance, went into exile.De Man spent the rest of the war in seclusion reading American and French literature and philosophy and organizing a translation into Dutch of Moby Dick by Herman Melville, which he published in 1945. He would be interrogated by prosecutor Roger Vinçotte,[16] but not charged after the war. Henri de Man was tried and convicted in absentia for treason; he died in Switzerland in 1953, after crashing his car into an oncoming train, an accident that was almost certainly a suicide.[7][17][18][needs update]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlas1988-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014192-19"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Grand Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal"},{"link_name":"Georges Bataille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bataille"},{"link_name":"Dwight Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Macdonald"},{"link_name":"Mary McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_McCarthy_(author)"},{"link_name":"Artine Artinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artine_Artinian"},{"link_name":"Bard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard_College"},{"link_name":"Fulbright fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_fellow"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lehman-20"},{"link_name":"child support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_support"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lehman-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Henri Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Schlink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Schlink"},{"link_name":"bigamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigamy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smallwood2014-23"},{"link_name":"New Haven, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"}],"text":"In 1948, de Man left Belgium and emigrated to New York City.[7] He had fled as an exile to avoid what became two trials for criminal and financial misdeeds (thefts of money from investors in a publishing company he ran) for which he was convicted in absentia to five years of imprisonment and heavy fines.[19] Baraghian sailed with their three young sons to Argentina, where her parents had recently immigrated. De Man found work stocking books at the Doubleday Bookstore at New York City's Grand Central Station. From there he wrote to his friend Georges Bataille, a French philosopher, and through him, he met Dwight Macdonald, a key figure on the New York intellectual and literary scene. At Macdonald's apartment, de Man met the celebrated novelist Mary McCarthy. McCarthy recommended de Man to her friend Artine Artinian, a professor of French at Bard College, as a temporary replacement while Artinian spent the academic year 1949–50 in France as a Fulbright fellow.De Man was to teach Mr. Artinian's courses, advise Mr. Artinian's advisees, and move into Mr. Artinian's house. By December [1949], de Man had married one of the advisees, a French major named Patricia Kelley, and when the first Mrs. de Man turned up with their three young boys, Hendrik, Robert, and Marc, in the spring of 1950, Patricia de Man [sic] was pregnant.[20]De Man persuaded the devastated Baraghian to accept a sum of money, agree to a divorce, and return to Argentina. She, however, surprised him when she left the eldest boy with him, while he surprised her when his first check proved worthless. The boy was raised by Kelley's parents while she took the younger ones back to Argentina with a promise of child support that de Man was never to honor.[20][21][needs update]A heavily fictionalized account of this period of de Man's life is the basis of Henri Thomas's 1964 novel Le Parjure (The Perjurer).[22] His life also provides the basis for Bernhard Schlink's 2006 novel, translated as \"Homecoming\". De Man married Kelley a first time in June 1950, but did not tell her that he had not actually gotten a divorce and that the marriage was bigamous. They underwent a second marriage ceremony in August 1960, when his divorce from Baraghian was finalized, and later had a third ceremony in Ithaca.[23] In addition to their son, Michael, born while the couple was at Bard College, they had a daughter, Patsy. The couple remained together until de Man's death, aged 64, in New Haven, Connecticut.","title":"Post-war years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlitz_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard"},{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014326%E2%80%93327-24"},{"link_name":"Harry Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Levin"},{"link_name":"George Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Steiner"},{"link_name":"John Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Simon_(critic)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooks2014-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014347%E2%80%93360-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooks2014-25"},{"link_name":"Harvard Society of Fellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Society_of_Fellows"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014345-27"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014423%E2%80%93425-28"},{"link_name":"Peter Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brooks_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Georges Bataille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bataille"},{"link_name":"New York Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Review"},{"link_name":"Hölderlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6lderlin"},{"link_name":"Gide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gide"},{"link_name":"Camus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus"},{"link_name":"Sartre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sartre"},{"link_name":"Heidegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidegger"},{"link_name":"Borges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borges"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooks2014-25"},{"link_name":"structuralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"Jacques Derrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida"},{"link_name":"Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure,_Sign,_and_Play_in_the_Discourse_of_the_Human_Sciences"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Deconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstruction"},{"link_name":"Heidegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_romantics"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Romanticism"},{"link_name":"William Wordsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth"},{"link_name":"John Keats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats"},{"link_name":"Maurice Blanchot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot"},{"link_name":"Marcel Proust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Proust"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"Immanuel Kant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant"},{"link_name":"G .W. F. Hegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel"},{"link_name":"Walter Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"William Butler Yeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Hoelderlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hoelderlin"},{"link_name":"Rainer Maria Rilke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Sterling Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Professor"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The de Mans moved to Boston, where Paul earned money teaching conversational French at Berlitz and did translations assisted by Patricia de Man; he also gave private French lessons to Harvard student Henry Kissinger, then running a small center and publication of his own.[24] There, de Man met Harry Levin, the Harvard Professor of Comparative Literature, and \"was invited to join an informal literary seminar that met at Levin's house (alongside, e.g., George Steiner and John Simon). By the fall of 1952, he was officially admitted to graduate study in comparative literature.\"[25] In 1954 someone sent Harvard an anonymous letter denouncing de Man as a wartime collaborator and questioning his immigration status (a letter not surviving, and known only on the basis of de Man's response to it).[26] According to Harvard faculty members, de Man offered a thorough and more than satisfactory account of his immigration status and the nature of his political activities.[25] While he was writing his dissertation, de Man was awarded a prestigious appointment at the Harvard Society of Fellows.[27] In 1960, because his thesis was unsatisfactory to his mentors on several counts, and especially its philosophical approach, they were prepared to dismiss him, but he moved immediately to an advanced position at Cornell University, where he was highly valued.[28]Peter Brooks, who was de Man's undergraduate student at Harvard, and later became his friend and colleague at Yale, wrote that rather than brand de Man as a confidence man, as his critics were inclined to do:One might consider this a story of remarkable survival and success following the chaos of war, occupation, postwar migration, and moments of financial desperation: without any degrees to his name, de Man had impressed, among others, Georges Bataille, Macdonald, McCarthy, and Levin, and entered the highest precincts of American academia. During the following decade, he contributed nine articles to the newly established New York Review: astute and incisive short essays on major European writers—Hölderlin, Gide, Camus, Sartre, Heidegger, as well as Borges—that display notable cultural range and critical poise.[25]In 1966, de Man attended a conference on structuralism held at Johns Hopkins University, where Jacques Derrida delivered his celebrated essay, \"Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences\"; de Man and Derrida soon became fast friends.[citation needed] Both were to become identified with Deconstruction. De Man came to reflect the influence primarily of Heidegger and used deconstruction to study Romanticism, both English and German, as well as French literature, specifically the works of William Wordsworth, John Keats, Maurice Blanchot, Marcel Proust, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Friedrich Nietzsche, Immanuel Kant, G .W. F. Hegel, Walter Benjamin, William Butler Yeats, Friedrich Hoelderlin, and Rainer Maria Rilke.[citation needed]Following an appointment to a professorship in Zürich, de Man returned to the United States in the 1970s to teach at Yale University, where he served for the rest of his career. At the time of his death of cancer at age 64, he was a Sterling Professor and chairman of the department of comparative literature at Yale.[citation needed]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sign and its meaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"trope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"paradoxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox"},{"link_name":"New Criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Criticism"},{"link_name":"formalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalism_(literature)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol"},{"link_name":"intentionalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorial_intentionalism"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Man1979-34"},{"link_name":"metalinguistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistics"},{"link_name":"essence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence"},{"link_name":"synchronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synchronic"},{"link_name":"diachronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diachronic"},{"link_name":"discourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse"},{"link_name":"metaphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"},{"link_name":"rhetorical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"praxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxis_(process)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Man197998-35"},{"link_name":"undecidability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undecidable_problem"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Man197999-36"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol"},{"link_name":"allegory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory"},{"link_name":"metaphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"},{"link_name":"metonymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonymy"},{"link_name":"self-identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-concept"},{"link_name":"subject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"The Resistance to Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Resistance_to_Theory"},{"link_name":"literary theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_theory"},{"link_name":"trivium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivium_(education)"},{"link_name":"structuralist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_linguistics"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Lyotard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard"},{"link_name":"The Postmodern Condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Postmodern_Condition"},{"link_name":"The Differend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Differend"},{"link_name":"polemics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic"}],"text":"Although de Man's work in the 1960s differs from his later deconstructive endeavors, considerable continuity can also be discerned. In his 1967 essay \"Criticism and Crisis\" (included as the first chapter of Blindness and Insight), he argues that because literary works are understood to be fictions rather than factual accounts, they exemplify the break between a sign and its meaning: literature \"means\" nothing, but critics resist this insight:When modern critics think they are demystifying literature, they are in fact being demystified by it. But since this necessarily occurs in the form of a crisis, they are blind to what takes place within themselves. What they call anthropology, linguistics, psychoanalysis, is nothing but literature reappearing like the hydra's head in the very spot where it had been suppressed. The human mind will go through amazing feats to avoid facing 'the nothingness of human matters'.[29]De Man would later observe that, due to this resistance to acknowledging that literature does not \"mean\", English departments had become \"large organizations in the service of everything except their own subject matter\" (\"The Return to Philology\"). He said that the study of literature had become the art of applying psychology, politics, history, philology, or other disciplines to the literary text, in an effort to make the text \"mean\" something.Among the central threads running through de Man's work is his attempt to tease out the tension between rhetoric (which de Man uses as a term to mean figural language and trope) and meaning, seeking moments in the text where linguistic forces \"tie themselves into a knot which arrests the process of understanding.\"[30] De Man's earlier essays from the 1960s, collected in Blindness and Insight,[31] represent an attempt to seek these paradoxes in the texts of New Criticism and move beyond formalism. One of De Man's central topoi is of the blindness on which these critical readings are predicated, that the \"insight seems instead to have been gained from a negative movement that animates the critic's thought, an unstated principle that leads his language away from its asserted stand...as if the very possibility of assertion had been put into question.\"[32] Here de Man tries to undercut the notion of the poetic work as a unified, atemporal icon, a self-possessed repository of meaning freed from the intentionalist and affective fallacies. In de Man's argument, formalist and New Critical valorization of the \"organic\" nature of poetry is ultimately self-defeating: the notion of the verbal icon is undermined by the irony and ambiguity inherent within it. Form ultimately acts as \"both a creator and undoer of organic totalities\", and \"the final insight...annihilated the premises which led up to it.\"[33]In Allegories of Reading, de Man further explores the tensions arising in figural language in Nietzsche, Rousseau, Rilke, and Proust.[34] In these essays, he concentrates on crucial passages which have a metalinguistic function or metacritical implications, particularly those where figural language has a dependency on classical philosophical oppositions (essence/accident, synchronic/diachronic, appearance/reality) which are so central to Western discourse. Many of the essays in this volume attempt to undercut figural totalization, the notion that one can control or dominate a discourse or phenomenon through metaphor. In de Man's discussion of Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy, for instance, he claims that \"genetic\" conceptions of history appearing in the text are undercut by the rhetorical strategies Nietzsche employs: \"the deconstruction does not occur between statements, as in a logical refutation or a dialectic, but happens instead between, on the one hand, metalinguistic statements about the rhetorical nature of language and, on the other hand, a rhetorical praxis that puts these statements into question.\"[35] For de Man, an \"allegory of reading\" emerges when texts are subjected to such scrutiny and reveal this tension; a reading wherein the text reveals its own assumptions about language, and in so doing dictates a statement about undecidability, the difficulties inherent in totalization, their own readability, or the \"limitations of textual authority.\"[36]De Man is also known for his readings of English and German Romantic and post-Romantic poetry and philosophy (The Rhetoric of Romanticism), and concise and deeply ironic essays. Specifically noteworthy is his critical dismantling of the Romantic ideology and the linguistic assumptions which underlie it. His arguments are outlined below. First, de Man seeks to deconstruct the privileged claims in Romanticism of symbol over allegory, and metaphor over metonymy. In his reading, because of the implication of self-identity and wholeness which is inherent in the Romantics' conception of metaphor, when this self-identity decomposes, so also does the means of overcoming the dualism between subject and object, which Romantic metaphor sought to transcend. In de Man's reading, to compensate for this inability, Romanticism constantly relies on allegory to attain the wholeness established by the totality of the symbol.[37]In addition, in his essay \"The Resistance to Theory\", which explores the task and philosophical bases of literary theory, de Man uses the example of the classical trivium of grammar, rhetoric, and logic to argue that the use of linguistic sciences in literary theory and criticism (i.e. a structuralist approach) was able to harmonize the logical and grammatical dimension of literature, but only at the expense of effacing the rhetorical elements of texts which presented the greatest interpretive demands. He posits that the resistance to theory is the resistance to reading, thus the resistance to theory is theory itself. Or the resistance to theory is what constitutes the possibility and existence of theory. Taking up the example of the title of Keats's poem The Fall of Hyperion, de Man draws out an irreducible interpretive undecidability which bears strong affinities to the same term in Derrida's work and some similarity to the notion of incommensurability as developed by Jean-François Lyotard in The Postmodern Condition and The Differend. De Man argues that the recurring motive of theoretical readings is to subsume these decisions under theoretical, futile generalizations, which are displaced in turn by harsh polemics about theory.","title":"Contributions to literary theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press"}],"text":"De Man's influence on literary criticism was considerable, in part through his numerous and vocal disciples. Although much of his work brought to bear insights on literature drawn from German philosophers such as Kant and Heidegger, de Man also closely followed developments in contemporary French literature, criticism, and theory.Much of de Man's work was collected or published posthumously, for instance in his book Resistance to Theory which he complete shortly before his death, and a collection of essays, edited by his former Yale colleague Andrzej Warminski, was published by the University of Minnesota Press in 1996 under the title Aesthetic Ideology.","title":"Influence and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katholieke_Universiteit_Leuven"},{"link_name":"anti-semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"Le Soir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Soir"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlas1988-7"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"University of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Jean Stengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Stengers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlas1988-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlas1988-7"},{"link_name":"Waldheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Waldheim#Election_and_Waldheim_Affair"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlas1988-7"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerrida1988597%E2%80%93598-41"},{"link_name":"The Chronicle of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deMan127-129-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deMan127-129-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deMan127-129-43"},{"link_name":"Jewish problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Question"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Fredric Jameson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredric_Jameson"},{"link_name":"Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism,_or,_the_Cultural_Logic_of_Late_Capitalism"},{"link_name":"military occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jameson_257-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jameson_257-48"},{"link_name":"corporatist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatist"},{"link_name":"united and German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jameson_257-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"irony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony"},{"link_name":"philosemitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo-Semitism"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014-51"},{"link_name":"Harper's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Ripley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ripley"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smallwood2014-23"},{"link_name":"Peter Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brooks_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooks2014-25"},{"link_name":"Louis Menand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Menand"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"In August 1987, Ortwin de Graef, a Belgian graduate student at the University of Leuven, discovered some two hundred articles, including anti-semitic pieces, which de Man had written during World War II for Le Soir, a Nazi-controlled newspaper.[7][38][39][40] In 1988, a conference on Paul de Man took place at the University of Antwerp. \"On the last day, Jean Stengers, a historian at the Free University of Brussels, addressed a topic pointedly titled: \"Paul de Man, a Collaborator?\"[7] Then Georges Goriely, professor emeritus of sociology at the Free University of Brussels, rose to deliver what he called \"A Personal Testimony\":M. Goriely began by extolling de Man, whom he had known intimately in his youth, as \"a charming, humorous, modest, highly cultured\" homme de lettres renowned in Belgian literary circles during their youth. Then the professor dropped his bombshell. De Man, he asserted, wasn't all that he appeared to be. He was \"completely, almost pathologically, dishonest,\" a crook who had bankrupted his family. \"Swindling, forging, lying were, at least at the time, second nature to him.\"[7]The European press was in an uproar: \"There were stories in La Quinzaine Litteraire, the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, The (Manchester) Guardian. Newsweek juxtaposed a photograph of de Man with another of Nazis on the march. Le Soir described him as 'an academic Waldheim.\"[7]De Man's disciples tried to portray the attacks on de Man as a cover for his critics' dislike of deconstruction, alleging that the attacks were a ruse that used de Man's youthful errors as evidence of what they considered the decadence at the heart of the Continental thought behind de Man and his theories. The controversies quickly spread from the pages of scholarly journals[41] to the broader media. The Chronicle of Higher Education and the front page of The New York Times exposed the sensational details of de Man's personal life, particularly the circumstances of his marriage and his difficult relationships with his children.[42]In the most controversial and explicitly anti-semitic essay from this wartime journalism, titled \"Jews in Contemporary Literature\" (1941), de Man described how \"[v]ulgar anti-semitism willingly takes pleasure in considering post-war cultural phenomenon (after the war of 14–18) as degenerate and decadent because they are [enjewished].\"[43] He notes thatLiterature does not escape this lapidary judgement: it is sufficient to discover a few Jewish writers under Latinized pseudonyms for all contemporary production to be considered polluted and evil. This conception entails rather dangerous consequences ... it would be a rather unflattering appreciation of western writers to reduce them to being mere imitators of a Jewish culture which is foreign to them.[43]The article claimed that contemporary literature had not broken from tradition as a result of the First World War and thatthe Jews cannot claim to have been its creators, nor even to have exercised a preponderant influence over its development. On any closer examination, this influence appears to have extraordinarily little importance since one might have expected that, given the specific characteristics of the Jewish Spirit, the later would have played a more brilliant role in this artistic production.[43]The article concluded that \"our civilization...[b]y keeping, in spite of Semitic interference in all aspects of European life, an intact originality and character...has shown that its basic character is healthy.\" It concluded that \"the creation of a Jewish colony isolated from Europe\" as \"a solution to the Jewish problem\" would not entail any \"deplorable consequences\" for \"the literary life of the west.\"[44] This is the only known article in which de Man pronounced such views so openly, though two or three other articles also accept without demurral the disenfranchisement and ostracization of Jews, as some contributors to Responses have noted.De Man's colleagues, students, and contemporaries tried to respond to his early writings and his subsequent silence about them in the volume Responses: On Paul de Man's Wartime Journalism[45] (edited by Werner Hamacher, Neil Hertz, and Thomas Keenan; Nebraska, 1989). His longtime friend, Jacques Derrida, who was Jewish, published a long piece responding to de Man's critics, declaring:To judge, to condemn the work or the man on the basis of what was a brief episode, to call for closing, that is to say, at least figuratively, for censuring or burning his books is to reproduce the exterminating gesture which one accuses de Man of not having armed himself against sooner with the necessary vigilance. It is not even to draw a lesson that he, de Man, learned to draw from the war.[46]Some readers objected to what they considered as Derrida's effort to relate criticism of de Man to the greater tragedy of extermination of the Jews.[47]Fredric Jameson lengthily defended de Man in Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991), observing about de Man's critics that \"it does not seem to me that North American intellectuals have generally had the kind of experience of history that would qualify them to judge the actions and choices of people under military occupation.\"[48] According to Jameson, the efforts to implicate de Man in the Holocaust hinged on a fundamental misunderstanding of Nazi anti-Semitism:The exclusive emphasis on anti-Semitism ignores and politically neutralizes its other constitutive feature in the Nazi period: namely, anticommunism. [The] very possibility of the Judeocide was absolutely at one with and inseparable from the anticommunist and radical right-wing mission of National Socialism.... But put this way, it seems at once clear that DeMan was neither an anticommunist nor a right-winger: had he taken such positions in his student days..., they would have been public knowledge.[48]Turning to the content and ideology of de Man's wartime journalism, Jameson contended that it was \"devoid of any personal originality or distinctiveness\", simply rehearsing corporatist commonplaces found in a broad range of European political movements. From this, Jameson concluded that none of the wartime articles \"had any relevance to Paul De Man, for whom the thing dramatically called 'collaboration' was simply a job, in a Europe henceforth and for the foreseeable future united and German, and who as long as I knew him personally was simply a good liberal.\"[48]Since the late 1980s, some of de Man's followers, many of them Jewish, have pointed out that de Man at no time in his life displayed personal animus against Jews. Shoshana Felman, recounted thatabout a year after the journalistic publication of his compromising statement, he and his wife sheltered for several days in their apartment the Jewish pianist Esther Sluszny and her husband, who were then illegal citizens in hiding from the Nazis. During this same period, de Man was meeting regularly with Georges Goriely, a member of the Belgian Resistance. According to Goriely's own testimony, he never for one minute feared denunciation of his underground activities by Paul de Man.[49]Jameson proposed that de Man's apparent anti-Semitism was suffused with irony and, properly interpreted, served as a philosemitic parody and rebuke of conventional anti-Semitic tropes.[a]But, his disciples and defenders have failed to agree about the nature of de Man's silence about his wartime activities. His critics, on the other hand, point out that throughout his life de Man was not only passively silent, but also engaged in an active coverup through lies and misdirections about his past.The question of de Man's personal history has continued to fascinate scholars, as evidenced by Evelyn Barish's 2014 biography The Double Life of Paul de Man.[50] In an advance review published in Harper's Magazine, Christine Smallwood concludes that de Man, as portrayed by Barish, was \"a slippery Mr. Ripley, a confidence man, and a hustler who embezzled, lied, forged, and arreared his way to intellectual acclaim.\"[23] In response to these claims, Peter Brooks, who succeeded to de Man's post as Sterling Professor at Yale, stated that some of Barish's accusations were overblown, identifying several errors in her footnotes: \"One could do a review of Barish's footnotes that would cast many doubts on her scholarship\".[25] For example, he cites the footnote Barish provides to support her claim that in 1942 de Man planned to launch a Nazi literary magazine: \"I shared this information, and it has since been previously published in Belgian sources not now available to me\", noting that this sort of thing \"does not pass any sort of muster.\" Harvard professor Louis Menand, on the other hand, in his review in The New Yorker, finds Barish's biography important and credible, notwithstanding the presence of occasional errors and exaggerations. Menand writes \"[h]er book is a brief for the prosecution. But it is not a hatchet job, and she has an amazing tale to tell. In her account, all guns are smoking. There are enough to stock a miniseries.\"[51]","title":"Wartime journalism and posthumous controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-300-02845-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02845-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8166-1135-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1135-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-231-05527-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-05527-7"},{"link_name":"The Resistance to Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Resistance_to_Theory"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8166-1294-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1294-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8032-1684-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1684-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8166-1695-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1695-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8166-1695-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1695-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8166-2204-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2204-3"},{"link_name":"Martin McQuillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_McQuillan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-74864-105-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74864-105-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-74864-104-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74864-104-8"}],"text":"Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism. 1971.\nAllegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust (ISBN 0-300-02845-8), 1979.\nBlindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism. 2nd ed. (ISBN 0-8166-1135-1), 1983.\nThe Rhetoric of Romanticism (ISBN 0-231-05527-7), 1984.\nThe Resistance to Theory (ISBN 0-8166-1294-3), 1986.\nWartime Journalism, 1934–1943 Werner Hamacher, Neil Hertz, Thomas Keenan, editors (ISBN 0-8032-1684-X), 1988.\nCritical Writings: 1953–1978 Lindsay Waters, editor (ISBN 0-8166-1695-7), 1989.\nRomanticism and Contemporary Criticism: The Gauss Seminar and Other Papers E. S. Burt, Kevin Newmark, and Andrzej Warminski, editors (ISBN 0-8166-1695-7), 1993.\nAesthetic Ideology Andrzej Warminski, editor (ISBN 0-8166-2204-3), 1996\nThe Post-Romantic Predicament, Martin McQuillan, editor (ISBN 978-0-74864-105-5), 2012 [de Man's dissertation, collected with other writings from his Harvard University years, 1956–1961].\nThe Paul de Man Notebooks, Martin McQuillan, editor (ISBN 978-0-74864-104-8), 2014.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jameson_257-48"}],"text":"^ Jameson renders the basic message of de Man's wartime writings as follows: \"you garden-variety anti-Semites ... in fact do your own cause a disservice. You have not understood that if 'Jewish literature' is as dangerous and virulent as you claim it is, it follows that Aryan literature does not amount to much ... You would therefore under these circumstances be better advised to stop talking about the Jews altogether and to cultivate your own garden.\"[48]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claire Colebrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Colebrook"},{"link_name":"Tom Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cohen_(Cultural_Theorist)"},{"link_name":"J. Hillis Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Hillis_Miller"},{"link_name":"Tom Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Cohen_(cultural_theorist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fredric Jameson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredric_Jameson"},{"link_name":"Bradbury, Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Bradbury"},{"link_name":"\"The Scholar Who Misread History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/books/01/04/01/specials/bradbury-deman.html"},{"link_name":"Wlad Godzich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wlad_Godzich"},{"link_name":"Jacques Derrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida"}],"text":"In inverse chronological orderChristine Smallwood, 2014, \"New Books (The Double Life of Paul de Man)\", Harpers Magazine, March 2014, pp. 77–78.\nClaire Colebrook, Paul de Man, Tom Cohen & J. Hillis Miller, 2012, Theory and the Disappearing Future: On de Man, On Benjamin. New York, N.Y.: Routledge. [Includes de Man's notes for \"Conclusions: on The Task of the Translator\"]\nIan MacKenzie, 2002,Paradigms of Reading: Relevance Theory and Deconstruction. New York, N.Y.;Macmillan/Palgrave.\nTom Cohen, Barbara Cohen, J. Hillis Miller & Andrzej Warminski, Eds., 2000, Material Events: Paul de Man and the Afterlife of Theory. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press. [Essays on Aesthetic Ideology]\nRodolphe Gasché, 1998, The Wild Card of Reading, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\nCathy Caruth & Deborah Esch, Eds., 1995, Critical Encounters: Reference and Responsibility in Deconstructive Writing, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.\nCynthia Chase, 1986, Decomposing Figures: Rhetorical Reading in the Romantic Tradition. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.\nJames J. Sosnoski, 1995, Modern Skeletons in Postmodern Closets: A Cultural Studies Alternative (Knowledge : Disciplinarity and Beyond). Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.\nOrtwin De Graef, 1995, Titanic Light: Paul de Man's Post-Romanticism. Lincoln, NE.: University of Nebraska Press.\nOrtwin De Graef, 1993, Serenity in Crisis: A Preface to Paul de Man, 1939–1960. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.\nFredric Jameson, 1991, Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 217–59.\nBradbury, Malcolm (February 24, 1991). \"The Scholar Who Misread History\". The New York Times. [Review of D. Lehman's Signs of the times: Deconstruction and the Fall of Paul De Man]\nDavid Lehman, 1991, Signs of the Times: Deconstruction and the Fall of Paul de Man. New York: Simon & Schuster/Poseidon Press.\nLindsay Waters & Wlad Godzich, 1989, Reading de Man Reading. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.\nJacques Derrida, 1989, Memoires for Paul de Man. New York: Columbia University Press.\nNeil Hertz, Werner Hamacher & Thomas Keenan, Eds., 1988, Responses to Paul de Man's Wartime Journalism. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.\nChristopher Norris, 1988, Paul de Man: Deconstruction and the Critique of Aesthetic Ideology, London: Routledge.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of deconstructionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deconstructionists"}]	[{"reference":"de Man, Paul (1982). The Resistance to Theory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 3–20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Spikes, Michael Paul (2003). Understanding Contemporary American Literary Theory, Revised Edition. University of South Carolina Press. p. 19. ISBN 1-57003-498-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57003-498-2","url_text":"1-57003-498-2"}]},{"reference":"James Atlas (August 28, 1988). \"The Case of Paul de Man\". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/28/magazine/the-case-of-paul-de-man.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"The Case of Paul de Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"McQuillian, Martin (2001). Paul de Man. Oxon: Routledge. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-134-60911-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-60911-6","url_text":"978-1-134-60911-6"}]},{"reference":"Steiner, Wendy (1997). The Scandal of Pleasure: Art in an Age of Fundamentalism. University Of Chicago Press. p. 191.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tuttleton, James (April 1991). \"Quisling criticism: the case of Paul de Man: a review of David Lehman, 'Signs of the Times: Deconstruction & the Fall of Paul de Man'\". New Criterion.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/Quisling-criticism--the-case-of-Paul-de-Man-5464","url_text":"\"Quisling criticism: the case of Paul de Man: a review of David Lehman, 'Signs of the Times: Deconstruction & the Fall of Paul de Man'\""}]},{"reference":"J. Gérard-Libois; José Gotovitch (1980). L'An 40. La Belgique occupée [The year 40. Occupied Belgium] (in French). Bruxelles: Centre de recherche et d’information socio-politiques (CRISP).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_G%C3%A9rard-Libois","url_text":"J. Gérard-Libois"}]},{"reference":"Peter Rudnytsky (1994). \"Rousseau's Confessions, De Man's Excuses\". In Mary Donaldson-Evans; Lucienne Frappier-Mazur; Gerald Prince (eds.). Autobiography, Historiography, Rhetoric: A Festschrift in Honor of Frank Paul Bowman. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 215–243. ISBN 978-9-05183-576-2. Retrieved 2020-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wfwHC3G0LOIC","url_text":"Autobiography, Historiography, Rhetoric: A Festschrift in Honor of Frank Paul Bowman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-05183-576-2","url_text":"978-9-05183-576-2"}]},{"reference":"Kermode, Frank (March 16, 1989). \"Paul de Man's Abyss\". London Review of Books. 11 (6).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lrb.co.uk/v11/n06/frank-kermode/paul-de-mans-abyss","url_text":"\"Paul de Man's Abyss\""}]},{"reference":"Lehman, David (May 24, 1992). \"Paul de Man: The Plot Thickens\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/24/books/paul-de-man-the-plot-thickens.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Paul de Man: The Plot Thickens\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Many Betrayals of Paul de Man\". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 21 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://chronicle.com/article/The-Many-Betrayals-of-Paul-de/142505/","url_text":"\"The Many Betrayals of Paul de Man\""}]},{"reference":"Lindsay Waters (1989). \"Paul de Man: Life and Works\". Critical Writings: 1953–1978. By Paul de Man. Lindsay Waters (ed.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. lxiv.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jacques Derrida (2002). \"Le Parjure: Perhaps, Storytelling and Lying\". Without Alibi. Stanford University Press. pp. 161–201.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/withoutalibimeri00derr","url_text":"Without Alibi"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/withoutalibimeri00derr/page/n195","url_text":"161"}]},{"reference":"Christine Smallwood (March 2014). \"New Books\". Harper's Magazine. Vol. March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://harpers.org/archive/2014/03/new-books-56/","url_text":"\"New Books\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Brooks (April 3, 2014). \"The Strange Case of Paul de Man\". The New York Review of Books.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/apr/03/strange-case-paul-de-man/?insrc=hpss","url_text":"\"The Strange Case of Paul de Man\""}]},{"reference":"de Man, Paul. \"Criticism and Crisis\". Blindness and Insight. p. 18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"de Man, Paul. Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism.","urls":[]},{"reference":"de Man, Paul. \"The Rhetoric of Blindness\". Blindness and Insight. p. 103.","urls":[]},{"reference":"de Man, Paul. \"The Rhetoric of Blindness\". Blindness and Insight. p. 104.","urls":[]},{"reference":"de Man, Paul. \"The Rhetoric of Temporality\". Blindness and Insight.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Dead Yale Scholar Wrote For Nazi Paper\". AP News. December 2, 1987. Retrieved 2020-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/6e28faec945e8a779256e5b2c64a1120","url_text":"\"Dead Yale Scholar Wrote For Nazi Paper\""}]},{"reference":"Paul de Man (1988). Werner Hamacher; Neil Hertz; Thomas Keenan (eds.). Wartime Journalism 1939–1943. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Menand, Louis (2014-03-17). \"The De Man Case\". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2024-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/03/24/the-de-man-case","url_text":"\"The De Man Case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X","url_text":"0028-792X"}]},{"reference":"\"Yale Scholar Wrote for Pro-Nazi Newspaper\". The New York Times. December 1, 1987. pp. B1, B6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Paul de Man (March 4, 1941). \"Les Juifs dans la littérature actuelle\". Le Soir (in French). p. 45.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hamacher, Werner; Hertz, Neil; Keenan, Thomas (January 1989). Responses: On Paul de Man's Wartime Journalism: Werner Hamacher, Neil H. Hertz, Thomas Keenan: 9780803272439: Amazon.com: Books. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 080327243X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/080327243X","url_text":"080327243X"}]},{"reference":"Jon Wiener (Summer 1989). \"The Responsibilities of Friendship: Jacques Derrida on Paul de Man's Collaboration\". Critical Inquiry. 15 (4): 797–803. doi:10.1086/448520. S2CID 145367297.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F448520","url_text":"10.1086/448520"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145367297","url_text":"145367297"}]},{"reference":"Louis Menand (March 24, 2014). \"The de Man Case: Does a Critic's Past Explain His Criticism?\". The New Yorker.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2014/03/24/140324crat_atlarge_menand?currentPage=all","url_text":"\"The de Man Case: Does a Critic's Past Explain His Criticism?\""}]},{"reference":"Barish, Evelyn (2014). The Double Life of Paul de Man. New York: W. W. Norton/Liveright. ISBN 978-0-87140-326-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liveright_%26_Company","url_text":"Liveright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-326-1","url_text":"978-0-87140-326-1"}]},{"reference":"de Man, Paul (1979). Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02845-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02845-8","url_text":"0-300-02845-8"}]},{"reference":"Derrida, Jacques (Spring 1988). \"Like the Sound of the Sea Deep within a Shell: Paul de Man's War\" (PDF). Critical Inquiry. 14 (3). Translated by Kamuf, Peggy: 590–652. doi:10.1086/448458. JSTOR 1343706. S2CID 161117345. Retrieved 2020-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://users.clas.ufl.edu/burt/deconstructionandnewmediatheory/PauldeManWar.pdf","url_text":"\"Like the Sound of the Sea Deep within a Shell: Paul de Man's War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F448458","url_text":"10.1086/448458"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1343706","url_text":"1343706"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161117345","url_text":"161117345"}]},{"reference":"Bradbury, Malcolm (February 24, 1991). \"The Scholar Who Misread History\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidal_Rock	Vidal Rock	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 62°30′S 59°43′W / 62.500°S 59.717°W / -62.500; -59.717Vidal RockLocation of Greenwich Island in the South Shetland IslandsVidal RockLocation ofShow map of Antarctic PeninsulaVidal RockVidal Rock (Antarctica)Show map of AntarcticaGeographyLocationAntarcticaCoordinates62°30′S 59°43′W / 62.500°S 59.717°W / -62.500; -59.717AdministrationAdministered under the Antarctic Treaty SystemDemographicsPopulationUninhabited Vidal Rock or Vidal Islote, is a rock 1.5 kilometres (0.8 nmi) west of Ferrer Point in southern Discovery Bay, Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. It was named by the first Chilean Antarctic Expedition (1947) for mariner Osvaldo Vidal, in charge of echo sounding on the frigate Iquique. References ^ Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995). Geographic Names of the Antarctic. National Science Foundation. p. 784. This article incorporates public domain material from "Vidal Rock". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Portals: Islands Geography vteSouth Shetland IslandsMain islands Clarence Deception Elephant Greenwich King George Livingston Low Nelson Robert Smith Snow Other islands Afala Aitcho Barrientos Bilyana Cecilia Emeline Jorge Kilifarevo Pasarel Riksa Akin Alfeus Araguez Astor Aurelia Barlow Basso Beslen Biruni Boatin Borceguí Bridgeman Cacho Chiprovtsi Cornwall Cornwallis Craggy Dee Desolation Island (South Shetland Islands) Dinea Dioptra Dufayel Dunbar Aspis Balsha Melyane Pogledets Zavala Eadie Express Fregata Gergini Gibbs Glumche Gnomon González Half Moon Heywood Kabile Kaliman Kondor Korsis Låvebrua Meade Cave Pisanitsa Zverino Miladinovi Montufar Ogygia Ongley Onogur Churicheni Grod Kovach Leeve Oescus Osenovlag Redina Svetulka Vilare Penguin Pindarev Pordim Presnakov Prisad Prosechen Pyramid Rogozen Romeo Rotalia Rowett Rugged Saffar San Telmo Seal Sierra Square End Stoker Sugarloaf Table Tatul Tirizis Toledo Treklyano Two Summit Valchedram Window Withem Wood Yrvind Zebil Zed Esperanto Koshava Lesidren Phanagoria Rocks, stacks, reefsspits and banks Aim Rocks Alepu Avren Baktriana Ballestilla Bekas Belchin Besson Bizone Bonert Borda Bowler Brahe Bris Buchino Caraquet Chabrier Channel Chaos Chapman Cheshire Chorobates Cone Cosmolabe Cove Cutler Dlagnya Dovizio Dzhegov Eddystone Elemag Eliza Emm Enchantress Folger Frederick Galiche Glozhene Goritsa Grace Graovo Groma Growler Habermehl Hauken Henfield Hetty Hole Holmes Ibar Indian Keep Kianida Knight Koynare Lenoir Letelier Liberty Lientur Limit Livonia Long Low Lynx Lyutibrod Maglizh Makresh Martello Tower Meldia Mellona Milev Mónica Morris Nancy Napier Nessie Nikudin Odometer Okol Opaka Ørnen Orsini Orsoya Parry Patch Passage Patresh Perivol Pig Pingvin Potmess Asses Ears Priboy Rabisha Ramsden Raquelia Reyes Ritchie Rongel Rosales Rusokastro Sail Rock Salient Sally Sewing-Machine Needles Shearer Simms Simpson Sinbad Skrino Stackpole Stewart Suhache Syrezol Telefon Telish Tenorio The Pointers Tooth Triznatsi Troughton Tu Turmoil Tvarditsa Twin Pinnacles Upton Vardim Vergilov Vidal Vietor Vodoley Voluyak Waldseemüller ‎ ‎ Weeks Straits Boyd English Fildes Glogovo Hell Gates Iglika Izgrev Klimash McFarlane Morton Mugla Neck or Nothing Nelson Orión Osmar Smolensk Villalón Undersea andsubglacial features Bransfield Trough Macheret Trench Orca Seamount Quiroga Ridge South Shetland Trough Vergilov Ridge Wordie Seamount This Greenwich Island location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferrer Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrer_Point"},{"link_name":"Discovery Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Bay_(Antarctica)"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Island"},{"link_name":"South Shetland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Chilean Antarctic Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Antarctic_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Osvaldo Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osvaldo_Vidal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Vidal Rock or Vidal Islote, is a rock 1.5 kilometres (0.8 nmi) west of Ferrer Point in southern Discovery Bay, Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_Is_Nigh_(disambiguation)	The End Is Nigh	["1 Film","2 Games and video games","3 Literature","4 Music","5 Other uses","6 See also"]	The end is nigh is a phrase frequently used in relation to potential apocalyptical and eschatological events or the Biblical Apocalypse. It can also refer to the following: Film "The End is Nigh", a chapter title in the Malcolm X documentary Seven Songs for Malcolm X Kiamat Sudah Dekat (The End is Nigh), a 2003 Indonesian film by Deddy Mizwar Games and video games Watchmen: The End Is Nigh, an episodic video game series The End Is Nigh (video game), a 2017 video game Literature The End Is Nigh (fanzine), defunct British fanzine The End is Nigh, the first book in the apocalyptic anthology trilogy The Apocalypse Triptych Music The End Is Nigh, a 2013 parody of the Lady Gaga song "You and I" by YouTube Internet personality VenetianPrincess The End is Nigh, a song by Irish rock band Bell X1 on their 2013 album Chop Chop Wake (The End Is Nigh), a song by American metal band Trivium on their 2013 album Vengeance Falls The End is Nigh, a song by Dutch doom metal band Officium Triste on their 2019 album The Death of Gaia Other uses The End is Nigh, the last solo show before the semi-retirement of Tony Allen See also Search for "end is nigh" on Wikipedia. All pages with titles containing end is nigh The End is Nye, a 2022 television series starring Bill Nye Nigh Nye (disambiguation) End (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title The End Is Nigh.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossainpur	Hossainpur Upazila	["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Rivers","3 Demographics","3.1 Religion","4 Economy","5 Sports","6 Administration","7 Infrastructure","7.1 Transport","7.2 Health care","8 Education","8.1 College","8.2 Secondary schools","8.3 Madrasah","8.4 Others","9 Media","10 See also","11 References"]	Coordinates: 24°25′N 90°39′E / 24.417°N 90.650°E / 24.417; 90.650Upazila in Dhaka Division, Bangladesh This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hossainpur Upazila" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Upazila in Dhaka, BangladeshHossainpur হোসেনপুরUpazilaCoordinates: 24°25′N 90°39′E / 24.417°N 90.650°E / 24.417; 90.650Country BangladeshDivisionDhakaDistrictKishoreganjArea • Total121.29 km2 (46.83 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total183,884 • Density1,500/km2 (3,900/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+6 (Dhaka (+06)BST)Websitewww.hossainpur.kishoreganj.gov.bd Hossainpur (Bengali: হোসেনপুর) is an upazila of Kishoreganj District in the Division of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The city is located on the bank of Brahmaputra river. The distance of Hossainpur is 14 km from Kishoreganj District and 95 km from Dhaka Mohakhali bus station. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In 1781, James Reel identified the boundaries of three major areas of Kishoreganj district in the geographical map of undivided Bangladesh. The name of a town is Hossainpur. It was shown as the most important township of ancient Kishoreganj on James Venlen's grid map. Under the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah, this area was named for Alauddin Husain Shah. Hossainpur Upazila was surrounded by the river Narasunda at the southern end of Brahmaputra river at the western end. In the full age of the river, this township was well known in this area due to the expansion of business commerce at one time. Boats often sailed on the outskirts of Hossainpur. Because of the easy flow of rivers, the British East India Company set up blue cells for indigo cultivation in the village of Pitalganj in Upazila. Even today, the remains of the demolished blue house in Pitalganj village are silent. In the oppression of the blue tax, the people of this population rebelled against the British. Geography This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hossainpur is located at 24°25′00″N 90°39′00″E / 24.4167°N 90.6500°E / 24.4167; 90.6500. It has 29,486 households and a total area of 121.29 km2. This is only 14 km distance from the Kishoreganj district headquarters. Hossainpur is bordered by Nandail Upazila of Mymensingh district on the north, Kishoreganj Sadar Upazila on the east, Pakundia Upazila on the south, and Gafargaon Upazila of Mymensingh district on the west. Rivers This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In this Upazila, there is the main river named the Brahmaputra. From Kishoreganj a river flows in this area named Norosunda. Actually, this city is situated on the bank of Brahmaputra. There are some small, unknown rivers in this city. Panan bills, Bogra bills, Ragakhali canal, and Barikhal are flowing out of the Upazila. Demographics According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Hossainpur Upazila had 41,376 households and a population of 183,884. 50,504 (27.47%) were under 10 years of age. Hossainpur had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 41.85%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 1038 females per 1000 males. 23,118 (12.57%) lived in urban areas. As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Hossainpur had a population of 191,206. Males constituted 49% of the population, and females 51%. The adult population was 72,824. Hossainpur had an average literacy rate of 23.1% (7+ years), while the national average is 32.4%. Religion Religions in Hossainpur upazila (2011) Religion Percent Islam 98.02% Hinduism 1.92% Other or not stated 0.06% Nearly the entire population is Muslim with a tiny Hindu minority. There are more than 370 mosques in Upazila and three temples. The main mosque in the Upazila is Hossainpur Jame Masjid with other mosques such as Hossainpur Upazila Jame Masjid, Thana Masjid, Murgi Mahal Masjid, Court Masjid. For performing Eid day prayer having a central Eidgah field located in Notun bazar. The main Hindu temple is Sree Sree kuleshori mondir, Sree Sree Narsinhg Jiur Akhra, Sree Sree kali mondir. For the other religion having a comfortable place of worship. Economy This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The main characteristic of Hossainpur is an agriculture-based economy. More than 60% of people directly relate to agriculture. Rice is the main crop in this area and jute, vegetables, peanut, etc. are popular cultivated products. Hossainpur is not the biggest industrial area but a very comfortable zone for doing business. A huge amount of potato, green chili, red chili, and other products export to the whole country. The other thing the city is popular for is different types of sweets. Sports This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cricket is the favourite game with the local people. Other popular sports include football, basketball, and hockey. Popular traditional games include Kabadi, Daraibadha, and Gullachut. In the flowing season of the Brahmaputra river, a boat race is held on a fixed date. Dhekiya Field is the central field of this Upazila and has some first-class cricket and football players. Administration Hossainpur Upazila is divided into Hossainpur Municipality and six union parishads: Araibaria, Gobindapur, Jinari, Pumdi, Sahedal, and Sidhla. The union parishads are subdivided into 73 mauzas and 90 villages. Hossainpur Municipality is subdivided into 9 wards and 16 mahallas. Hossainpur municipality was formed on 5 February 2006 with a total area of 5.46 km2 (2.18 square miles) of the largest part of the Araibaria Union and the part of Sidla Union. The total population of the municipal area is 28,206 (according to the 2011 census). 65.44% of the population is educated, 45% of businessmen and employers 30% agricultural, and 25% of the population of other occupations. Infrastructure Transport This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The transport system of Hossainpur Upazila is so standard comparing with others. The distance from Hossainpur to Dhaka is about 95 km from the Mohakhali bus stop. The only bus is available to service here to be connected with others or Dhaka. There is no direct train service from this Upazila. Jalshiri Express and Banna Paribahan are two popular buses service in this area. To be connected with Kishoreganj CNG and auto rickshaw are the main vehicle. Health care This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This has an Upazila health Complex, 20 community clinics, 6 union health complex, a few private clinics, and a diagnostic center. Education This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) As one of the most popular cities of Kishoreganj, Hossainpur has a good reputation regarding its educational system and growth. There are some historical and popular educational institutes in this upazila. College Hossainpur Govt. College Hossainpur Adarsha Mohila Degree College Hossainpur Business Management College Hossainpur Technical College Hossainpur BM College Secondary schools Hossainpur Government Model Pilot School & College Hossainpur Model Pilot Girls High School Hossainpur Adarsha High School Golacipa High School Hoglakandi High School Akbar Ali Technical School and College Piplakandi High School Pitalganj High School SRD High school Gobindhapur High school Lulikandi High School Madrasah Madhkhola Senior Fazil Madrasah Hossainpur Upazaila Sadar Dakhil Madrasah Ashutia Chamadia Dakhil Madrasah Gorbishudia Burapir Hossainia Dakhil Madrasah DS Sahedal Dakhil Madrasah Dahora Golpokor par Fazil Madrasah Others There are also a few primary and kindergarten schools in this locality. Media Saptahik Hossainpur Barta The Daily Ajkal See also Upazila of Kishoreganj Districts of Dhaka Divisions of Dhaka Bangladesh References ^ Azizur Rahman Bhuiyan Babul (2012), "Hossainpur Upazila", in Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal (ed.), Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.), Asiatic Society of Bangladesh ^ a b c d e "Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Kishoreganj" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. ^ "Community Tables: Kishoreganj district" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 2011. ^ "Population Census Wing, BBS". Archived from the original on 2005-03-27. Retrieved November 10, 2006. vteKishoreganj DistrictUpazila/Thana: Austagram Bajitpur Bhairab Hossainpur Itna Karimganj Katiadi Kishoreganj Kuliarchar Mithamain Nikli Pakundia Tarail vte Upazilas of the Dhaka DivisionHeadquarters: DhakaDhaka District Dhamrai Dohar Keraniganj Nawabganj Savar Faridpur District Alfadanga Bhanga Boalmari Charbhadrasan Faridpur Sadar Madhukhali Nagarkanda Sadarpur Gazipur District Gazipur Kaliakair Kaliganj Kapasia Sreepur Gopalganj District Gopalganj Kashiani Kotalipara Muksudpur Tungipara Kishoreganj District Austagram Bajitpur Bhairab Hossainpur Itna Karimganj Katiadi Kishoreganj Kuliarchar Mithamain Nikli Pakundia Tarail Madaripur District Kalkini Madaripur Rajoir Shibchar Manikganj District Daulatpur Ghior Harirampur Manikganj Saturia Shivalaya Singair Munshiganj District Gazaria Lohaganj Munshiganj Sirajdikhan Sreenagar Tongibari Narayanganj District Araihazar Sonargaon Bandar Narayanganj Rupganj Narsingdi District Belabo Monohardi Narsingdi Palash Raipura Shibpur Rajbari District Baliakandi Goalandaghat Kalukhali Pangsha Rajbari Shariatpur District Bhedarganj Damudya Gosairhat Naria Shariatpur Zajira Shakhipur Tangail District Basail Bhuapur Delduar Ghatail Gopalpur Kalihati Madhupur Dhanbari Mirzapur Nagarpur Sakhipur Tangail	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upazila"},{"link_name":"Kishoreganj District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishoreganj_District"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_Division"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banglapedia-1"},{"link_name":"Brahmaputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra"},{"link_name":"Kishoreganj District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishoreganj_District"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Mohakhali bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohakhali_Inter_District_Bus_Terminal"}],"text":"Upazila in Dhaka Division, BangladeshUpazila in Dhaka, BangladeshHossainpur (Bengali: হোসেনপুর) is an upazila of Kishoreganj District in the Division of Dhaka, Bangladesh.[1] The city is located on the bank of Brahmaputra river. The distance of Hossainpur is 14 km from Kishoreganj District and 95 km from Dhaka Mohakhali bus station.","title":"Hossainpur Upazila"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Reel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Reel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kishoreganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishoreganj"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Hossainpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossainpur"},{"link_name":"James Venlen's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Venlen%27s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bahadur Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Narasunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narsunda_River"},{"link_name":"Brahmaputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Brahmaputra_River"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"}],"text":"In 1781, James Reel identified the boundaries of three major areas of Kishoreganj district in the geographical map of undivided Bangladesh. The name of a town is Hossainpur. It was shown as the most important township of ancient Kishoreganj on James Venlen's grid map.Under the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah, this area was named for Alauddin Husain Shah. Hossainpur Upazila was surrounded by the river Narasunda at the southern end of Brahmaputra river at the western end. In the full age of the river, this township was well known in this area due to the expansion of business commerce at one time. Boats often sailed on the outskirts of Hossainpur.Because of the easy flow of rivers, the British East India Company set up blue cells for indigo cultivation in the village of Pitalganj in Upazila. Even today, the remains of the demolished blue house in Pitalganj village are silent. In the oppression of the blue tax, the people of this population rebelled against the British.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"24°25′00″N 90°39′00″E / 24.4167°N 90.6500°E / 24.4167; 90.6500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hossainpur_Upazila&params=24.4167_N_90.6500_E_"},{"link_name":"Nandail Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandail_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Mymensingh district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh_District"},{"link_name":"Kishoreganj Sadar Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishoreganj_Sadar_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Pakundia Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakundia_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Gafargaon Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gafargaon_Upazila"}],"text":"Hossainpur is located at 24°25′00″N 90°39′00″E / 24.4167°N 90.6500°E / 24.4167; 90.6500. It has 29,486 households and a total area of 121.29 km2. This is only 14 km distance from the Kishoreganj district headquarters. Hossainpur is bordered by Nandail Upazila of Mymensingh district on the north, Kishoreganj Sadar Upazila on the east, Pakundia Upazila on the south, and Gafargaon Upazila of Mymensingh district on the west.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kishoreganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishoreganj"},{"link_name":"Norosunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narsunda_River"}],"sub_title":"Rivers","text":"In this Upazila, there is the main river named the Brahmaputra. From Kishoreganj a river flows in this area named Norosunda. Actually, this city is situated on the bank of Brahmaputra. There are some small, unknown rivers in this city. Panan bills, Bogra bills, Ragakhali canal, and Barikhal are flowing out of the Upazila.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Bangladesh census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-community-3"},{"link_name":"1991 Bangladesh census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Bangladesh_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-4"}],"text":"According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Hossainpur Upazila had 41,376 households and a population of 183,884. 50,504 (27.47%) were under 10 years of age. Hossainpur had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 41.85%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 1038 females per 1000 males. 23,118 (12.57%) lived in urban areas.[2][3]As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Hossainpur had a population of 191,206. Males constituted 49% of the population, and females 51%. The adult population was 72,824. Hossainpur had an average literacy rate of 23.1% (7+ years), while the national average is 32.4%.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-2"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-2"},{"link_name":"Eid day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_day"},{"link_name":"Eidgah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidgah"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Religions in Hossainpur upazila (2011)[2]\n\nReligion\n\nPercent\n\n\nIslam\n \n98.02%\n\n\nHinduism\n \n1.92%\n\n\nOther or not stated\n \n0.06%Nearly the entire population is Muslim with a tiny Hindu minority.[2] There are more than 370 mosques in Upazila and three temples. The main mosque in the Upazila is Hossainpur Jame Masjid with other mosques such as Hossainpur Upazila Jame Masjid, Thana Masjid, Murgi Mahal Masjid, Court Masjid. For performing Eid day prayer having a central Eidgah field located in Notun bazar. The main Hindu temple is Sree Sree kuleshori mondir, Sree Sree Narsinhg Jiur Akhra, Sree Sree kali mondir. For the other religion having a comfortable place of worship.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The main characteristic of Hossainpur is an agriculture-based economy. More than 60% of people directly relate to agriculture. Rice is the main crop in this area and jute, vegetables, peanut, etc. are popular cultivated products. Hossainpur is not the biggest industrial area but a very comfortable zone for doing business. A huge amount of potato, green chili, red chili, and other products export to the whole country. The other thing the city is popular for is different types of sweets.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"Kabadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaddi"},{"link_name":"Daraibadha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daraibadha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gullachut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gullachut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dhekiya Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhekiya_Field&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Cricket is the favourite game with the local people. Other popular sports include football, basketball, and hockey. Popular traditional games include Kabadi, Daraibadha, and Gullachut. In the flowing season of the Brahmaputra river, a boat race is held on a fixed date. Dhekiya Field is the central field of this Upazila and has some first-class cricket and football players.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"union parishads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_parishad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-2"},{"link_name":"mahallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalla"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-2"}],"text":"Hossainpur Upazila is divided into Hossainpur Municipality and six union parishads: Araibaria, Gobindapur, Jinari, Pumdi, Sahedal, and Sidhla. The union parishads are subdivided into 73 mauzas and 90 villages.[2]Hossainpur Municipality is subdivided into 9 wards and 16 mahallas.[2]Hossainpur municipality was formed on 5 February 2006 with a total area of 5.46 km2 (2.18 square miles) of the largest part of the Araibaria Union and the part of Sidla Union. The total population of the municipal area is 28,206 (according to the 2011 census). 65.44% of the population is educated, 45% of businessmen and employers 30% agricultural, and 25% of the population of other occupations.","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Mohakhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohakhali"},{"link_name":"Jalshiri Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalshiri_Express&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Banna Paribahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banna_Paribahan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNG"},{"link_name":"auto rickshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_rickshaw"}],"sub_title":"Transport","text":"The transport system of Hossainpur Upazila is so standard comparing with others. The distance from Hossainpur to Dhaka is about 95 km from the Mohakhali bus stop. The only bus is available to service here to be connected with others or Dhaka. There is no direct train service from this Upazila. Jalshiri Express and Banna Paribahan are two popular buses service in this area. To be connected with Kishoreganj CNG and auto rickshaw are the main vehicle.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Health care","text":"This has an Upazila health Complex, 20 community clinics, 6 union health complex, a few private clinics, and a diagnostic center.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As one of the most popular cities of Kishoreganj, Hossainpur has a good reputation regarding its educational system and growth. There are some historical and popular educational institutes in this upazila.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"College","text":"Hossainpur Govt. College\nHossainpur Adarsha Mohila Degree College\nHossainpur Business Management College\nHossainpur Technical College\nHossainpur BM College","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Secondary schools","text":"Hossainpur Government Model Pilot School & College\nHossainpur Model Pilot Girls High School\nHossainpur Adarsha High School\nGolacipa High School\nHoglakandi High School\nAkbar Ali Technical School and College\nPiplakandi High School\nPitalganj High School\nSRD High school\nGobindhapur High school\nLulikandi High School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Madrasah","text":"Madhkhola Senior Fazil Madrasah\nHossainpur Upazaila Sadar Dakhil Madrasah\nAshutia Chamadia Dakhil Madrasah\nGorbishudia Burapir Hossainia Dakhil Madrasah\nDS Sahedal Dakhil Madrasah\nDahora Golpokor par Fazil Madrasah","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Others","text":"There are also a few primary and kindergarten schools in this locality.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saptahik Hossainpur Barta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saptahik_Hossainpur_Barta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Daily Ajkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Daily_Ajkal&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Saptahik Hossainpur Barta\nThe Daily Ajkal","title":"Media"}]	[]	[{"title":"Upazila of Kishoreganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upazila_of_Kishoreganj&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Districts of Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Districts_of_Dhaka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Divisions of Dhaka Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divisions_of_Dhaka_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1"}]	[{"reference":"Azizur Rahman Bhuiyan Babul (2012), \"Hossainpur Upazila\", in Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal (ed.), Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.), Asiatic Society of Bangladesh","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Hossainpur_Upazila","url_text":"\"Hossainpur Upazila\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"}]},{"reference":"\"Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Kishoreganj\" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila-Kishoreganj.pdf","url_text":"\"Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Kishoreganj\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Community Tables: Kishoreganj district\" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCen2011/Com_Kishoreganj.pdf","url_text":"\"Community Tables: Kishoreganj district\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Population Census Wing, BBS\". Archived from the original on 2005-03-27. Retrieved November 10, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050327072826/http://www.bangladeshgov.org/mop/ndb/arpc91_v1/tables04.htm","url_text":"\"Population Census Wing, BBS\""},{"url":"http://www.bangladeshgov.org/mop/ndb/arpc91_v1/tables04.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hossainpur_Upazila&params=24_25_N_90_39_E_type:adm3rd_region:BD","external_links_name":"24°25′N 90°39′E / 24.417°N 90.650°E / 24.417; 90.650"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hossainpur+Upazila%22","external_links_name":"\"Hossainpur Upazila\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hossainpur+Upazila%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hossainpur+Upazila%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hossainpur+Upazila%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hossainpur+Upazila%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hossainpur+Upazila%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hossainpur_Upazila&params=24_25_N_90_39_E_type:adm3rd_region:BD","external_links_name":"24°25′N 90°39′E / 24.417°N 90.650°E / 24.417; 90.650"},{"Link":"http://www.hossainpur.kishoreganj.gov.bd/","external_links_name":"www.hossainpur.kishoreganj.gov.bd"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hossainpur_Upazila&params=24.4167_N_90.6500_E_","external_links_name":"24°25′00″N 90°39′00″E / 24.4167°N 90.6500°E / 24.4167; 90.6500"},{"Link":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Hossainpur_Upazila","external_links_name":"\"Hossainpur Upazila\""},{"Link":"http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila-Kishoreganj.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Kishoreganj\""},{"Link":"http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCen2011/Com_Kishoreganj.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Community Tables: Kishoreganj district\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050327072826/http://www.bangladeshgov.org/mop/ndb/arpc91_v1/tables04.htm","external_links_name":"\"Population Census Wing, BBS\""},{"Link":"http://www.bangladeshgov.org/mop/ndb/arpc91_v1/tables04.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_and_smallpox	Mozart and smallpox	["1 Smallpox in Mozart's day","2 Leopold's decision against inoculation","3 Mozart's case of smallpox","4 Later history","5 Notes","5.1 Sources"]	In 1767, the 11-year-old composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was struck by smallpox. Like all smallpox victims, he was at serious risk of dying, but he survived the disease. This article discusses smallpox as it existed in Mozart's time, the decision taken in 1764 by Mozart's father Leopold not to inoculate his children against the disease, the course of Mozart's illness, and the aftermath. Smallpox in Mozart's day Main articles: Smallpox and History of smallpox Smallpox in 18th-century Europe was a devastating disease, recurring frequently in epidemics and killing or disfiguring millions of people. The 18th century was probably a particularly terrible time for smallpox in Europe: urbanization had increased crowding, making it easier for the disease to spread; yet effective protection from smallpox through a smallpox vaccine was discovered only at the end of the century (see below). The disease was a terrible one for its victims. Ian and Jenifer Glynn write: So what was it like? As children, we were told it was like chickenpox but worse. In fact it is not related to chickenpox, and it was unimaginably worse. In an unvaccinated population, something like 10–30 percent of all patients with smallpox would be expected to die. And dying was not easy; smallpox was, as Macaulay wrote, 'the most terrible of all the ministers of death.' Those who survived smallpox did not always survive intact; it frequently inflicted blindness on its survivors. The survival rate was particularly low for children. The physical appearance of the disease was frightening to patients and to their caretakers: the patient's skin became covered with large, bulging pustules, which often left conspicuous pitting on the skin of patients who survived the disease. Leopold's decision against inoculation Medicine had made only slight progress against the disease in Mozart's time. Around the second decade of the 18th century the method of inoculation, which had originated in Asia, reached European countries. Inoculation was not the same as the vaccination which later succeeded in eradicating the disease; rather, an inoculated person was treated with live smallpox virus, taken from pustules of the mildest variety of smallpox that could be found. Inoculation offered immunity to smallpox, but the procedure carried a definite risk that the inoculated person could die from smallpox as a result. Thus, many parents felt that they would rather do nothing, risking future smallpox arriving at random, rather than carry out a deliberate act that might well kill their children immediately. As Mozart biographer Ruth Halliwell points out, it is in this context that we must interpret a letter sent by Leopold Mozart on 22 February 1764 to his landlord and friend Lorenz Hagenauer concerning smallpox: They are trying to persuade me to let my boy be inoculated with smallpox. But as I have expressed sufficiently clearly my aversion to this impertinence they are leaving me in peace. Here inoculation is the general fashion. But for my part I leave the matter to the grace of God. It depends on His grace whether He wishes to keep this prodigy of nature in this world in which He placed it or to take it to Himself. From the modern perspective—with most children now made safe from several terrible diseases by vaccination—it is easy to make the superficial interpretation that Leopold was acting foolishly, relying on divine will when direct action was available that would have helped his children. However, since in Leopold's day it was not firmly established that inoculation was beneficial, his remarks can be seen to be more of appeal to religion to resolve what must have seemed an impossible dilemma. Mozart's case of smallpox The Mozart family (Wolfgang, his father Leopold, his mother Anna Maria, and his older sister Nannerl) left their home in Salzburg for Vienna on 11 September 1767. They had been there before, exhibiting the children's talents, in 1762; by this time they had completed their "Grand Tour" of Europe, performing in England, France, and elsewhere, and hoped to achieve even greater recognition (and income) in the Imperial capital. The forthcoming marriage of the 16-year-old Archduchess Maria Josepha, daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, scheduled for October 14, promised many festivities and thus opportunities for visiting musicians. Archduchess Maria Josepha of AustriaUnfortunately, there was an outbreak of smallpox in Vienna at the time. On 28 May of that year, Emperor Joseph II had lost his second wife Maria Josepha to the disease, and his mother Maria Theresa also caught it (she survived). The imperial bride-to-be Maria Josepha caught the disease in October and died of it on the 15th, the day after she had been scheduled to be married. In the following week, presumably before the onset of his illness, the 11-year-old composer wrote an inexplicably cheerful elegy, a fragmentary duet for two sopranos in F major (K. Anh.24a/43a) to an anonymous text: Ach, was müssen wir erfahren! Wie? Josepha lebt nicht mehr! Sie gibt in den schönsten Jahren Sich zum Todesopfer mehr. Nicht die Glut der frohen Jugend, Nicht die angestammte Tugend, Der sie ganz gewidmet war, Schützt sie vor der kalten Bahr. Oh, what we must know! How? Josepha lives no more. She gives herself to be death's offering In the most beautiful of years. Neither the glow of happy youth, Nor the ancestral virtue To which she was wholly dedicated, Protects her from the cold stretcher. The Mozarts were renting rooms in the home of the goldsmith Johann Schmalecker, and were horrified when all three of Schmalecker's children came down with smallpox. Alarmed, Leopold first left Schmalacker's house, taking Wolfgang (only) with him (17 October). Six days later (23 October), the entire family fled the city. They headed north, into what today is the Czech Republic, first reaching Brno (then called by its German name, Brünn), where they called on the Count Franz Anton Schrattenbach, brother of Leopold's employer in Salzburg, the Prince-Archbishop Sigismund von Schrattenbach. Count Schrattenbach invited them to give a concert, but Leopold, impelled by an "inner urge," wanted to go farther, and the family continued northward after two days to Olmütz (today Olomouc). It was there that, on 26 October, Wolfgang showed the first symptoms of smallpox. Given the incubation period of the disease (roughly, 12 days), it can be ascertained that he had already caught it in Vienna. Leopold consulted an acquaintance, Count Leopold Anton Podstatsky, who was dean of the cathedral and rector of the University in Olmütz. Leopold had known Podstatsky when the Count had previously worked in Salzburg. The count, learning that Wolfgang was showing symptoms of smallpox, insisted that the Mozarts move into his home, and he placed Mozart under the excellent care of his personal physician, Dr. Joseph Wolff. Leopold later wrote: Wolfgang was complaining of his eyes. I noticed his head was warm, that his cheeks were hot and very red, but that his hands were cold as ice. Moreover, his pulse was not right. So we gave him some black powder and put him to bed. During the night he was rather restless and in the morning he still had the dry fever. A frightening symptom of Wolfgang's illness, not made explicit in Leopold's letter, was an inability to see. In a letter written much later (1800), his sister Nannerl reported: He caught the smallpox, which made him so ill that he could see nothing for nine days and had to spare his eyes for several weeks after his recovery. Although blindness was indeed a common result of smallpox, ophthalmologist Richard H. C. Zegers suggests that Mozart's symptoms did not represent actual blindness, but rather resulted from the pustular rash of the disease affecting his eyelids. By 10 November, Wolfgang was feeling better, but then Nannerl also contracted smallpox, and was ill for three weeks. The Mozart children were thereafter safe from the disease, which confers immunity on its survivors. According to Leopold, both children were pitted in the locations of the former pustules, but neither seriously. During his recovery, Wolfgang, who needed to spare his eyes, spent the time learning card tricks and fencing. With both children's illness to contend with, the Mozarts spent a total of four months away from Vienna. They eventually returned there and were received in the Imperial court on 19 January 1768. The Empress, who had by now lost three children to smallpox, conversed with Frau Mozart about the disease. The remainder of the trip was not especially successful. Leopold apparently misinterpreted a chance remark of the Emperor as a firm invitation for Wolfgang to compose an opera; this resulted in Wolfgang writing La finta semplice. However, the opera went unperformed in Vienna; the singers and musicians did not like it, and intrigues prevented the work from reaching the stage. La finta semplice eventually was premiered in Salzburg, following the Mozarts' return there on 5 January 1769. Later history See also: Smallpox § Eradication The experience of losing three of her children to smallpox led Empress Maria Theresa to become a convert to inoculation. In 1768, she engaged the Dutch physician Jan Ingenhousz to conduct an inoculation program. Ingenhousz's program worked first among poor people, with the goal of developing a weakened strain of the disease; poor parents in Vienna were paid a ducat to have their children inoculated. The inoculations performed with this weakened strain on the imperial family were successful, and led to greater public acceptance for the procedure. Smallpox struck the Mozart family again in the next generation: Nannerl's eldest son Leopold and two of her stepchildren caught the disease during an outbreak in the Salzburg area in 1787. All three children survived. In 1796, the discovery of vaccination—the use of the related cowpox virus to immunize against smallpox—by Edward Jenner revolutionized the ability of medicine to deal with smallpox. Vaccination reached Vienna around 1800, when yet another local epidemic created impetus for its adoption. One of the doctors trained in the Vienna campaign, named Doutrepout, then brought vaccination to Mozart's native city of Salzburg. According to Halliwell, "popular resistance was fierce," and both the government and the Roman Catholic Church (previously an opponent) took stern measures to promote vaccination. The first relative of Mozart's known to have been vaccinated was Johanna Berchtold von Sonnenberg, called "Jeannette" (1789–1805), Nannerl's youngest child; she was vaccinated during the 1802 campaign in Salzburg. With vaccination, great progress was made in reducing incidence of the disease, and it was eventually confirmed as eradicated in 1979. Notes ^ Hopkins 2002, 62. ^ Glynn & Glynn 2004, 2. ^ Halliwell 1998, 70. ^ Halliwell 1998, 71–72. ^ Translation from Jenkins 1995, 410, who cites Anderson 1985. ^ Hopkins 2002, 62 observes that inoculation was a very controversial practice in Paris at the very time of the Mozarts' visit. The visiting Italian physician Angelo Gatti noted in 1761 that in Paris there were "more brochures for and against inoculation than inoculations." ^ The primary source for this section is Halliwell 1998, 70–72, which discusses Leopold's dilemma in greater detail. ^ a b c d Halliwell 1998, 120 ^ Solomon 1995, 40–42. ^ Halliwell 1998, 122. ^ Ach, was müssen wir erfahren! (Score) ^ "Ach, was müssen wir erfahren!" (audio) on YouTube, soloists of the WebernKammerchor, University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna ^ The address was at #3 Weihburggasse; the building no longer exists Deutsch 1965, 77. ^ Halliwell 1998, 123. ^ The implication that Leopold valued Wolfgang's survival over Nannerl's is not necessarily correct; according to Sadie and Zaslaw (2006, 132), the parents "suspected, wrongly, that Nannerl had already had smallpox as a child and so was in less danger"; see also Halliwell 1998, 125 ^ a b Deutsch 1965, 77 ^ Hopkins 2002, 63. ^ Source for this paragraph except where indicated: Halliwell 1998, 124 ^ Halliwell 1998, 124–125; Deutsch 1965, 77 ^ "The black powders were pulvis epilecticus niger; they had the effect of reducing fever, and were a staple of the Mozarts' medicine chest"; Halliwell 1998, 294. ^ Letter of 10 November 1767; quoted from Solomon 1995, 70. ^ a b c Quoted from Solomon 1995, 70 ^ Zegers 2007, 372. ^ Hopkins 2002, 63, Gutman 2000, 233 ^ Gutman 2000, 233. ^ For discussion, see Solomon 1995, 73–74 ^ Solomon 1995, 71. ^ Deutsch 1965, 89. ^ Deutsch 1965, 86. ^ Halliwell 1998, 126, Glynn & Glynn 2004, 82–83 ^ a b Halliwell 1998, 573 ^ Halliwell 1998, 617. ^ Halliwell 1998, 685. ^ World Health Organization: Factsheet Smallpox Archived 2007-09-21 at the Wayback Machine Sources Anderson, Emily (1985). The Letters of Mozart and his Family. Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965). Mozart: A Documentary Biography. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Gutman, Robert W. (2000). Mozart: A Cultural Biography. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780156011716. Glynn, Ian; Glynn, Jenifer (2004). The Life and Death of Smallpox. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521845427. Halliwell, Ruth (1998). The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Hopkins, Donald R. (2002). The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226351681. Jenkins, J. S. (1995). "Mozart and medicine in the eighteenth century". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 88 (7): 408–413. PMC 1295274. PMID 7562811. Solomon, Maynard (1995). Mozart: A Life. New York: Harper Collins. Zegers, Richard H. C. (2007). "Mozart and smallpox". Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 35 (4pages=372–373): 372–373. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2007.01488.x. PMID 17539792. S2CID 7238140. vteWolfgang Amadeus MozartBiography Biographies Birthplace Grand tour Name Nationality Residence Scatology Smallpox Italy Berlin Prague Appearance and character Pet starling Death Music Concert arias, songs, canons Dances Horn concertos Masses Operas Piano concertos Works for solo piano Sonatas Symphonies Violin concertos Compositional method Relationship with G minor Editions Köchel catalogue Alte Mozart-Ausgabe Neue Mozart-Ausgabe Family Leopold Mozart (father) Anna Maria Mozart (mother) Maria Anna Mozart (Nannerl) (sister) Constanze Mozart (wife) Maria Anna Thekla Mozart (Bäsle) (first cousin) Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (son) Karl Thomas Mozart (son) Johann Georg Mozart (paternal grandfather) Franz Mozart (paternal great-grandfather) Joseph Lange (brother-in-law) Cäcilia Weber (mother-in-law) Josepha Weber (sister-in-law) Aloysia Weber (sister-in-law) Sophie Weber (sister-in-law) Influences Beethoven Catholic Church Freemasonry Haydn Salieri Related Georg Nissen Mozart in popular culture Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial Mozart effect Mozart Monument, Vienna Category	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mozart and smallpox"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins200262-1"},{"link_name":"smallpox vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine"},{"link_name":"Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Glynn"},{"link_name":"chickenpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox"},{"link_name":"Macaulay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Macaulay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlynnGlynn20042-2"}],"text":"Smallpox in 18th-century Europe was a devastating disease, recurring frequently in epidemics and killing or disfiguring millions of people. The 18th century was probably a particularly terrible time for smallpox in Europe: urbanization had increased crowding, making it easier for the disease to spread;[1] yet effective protection from smallpox through a smallpox vaccine was discovered only at the end of the century (see below).The disease was a terrible one for its victims. Ian and Jenifer Glynn write:So what was it like? As children, we were told it was like chickenpox but worse. In fact it is not related to chickenpox, and it was unimaginably worse. In an unvaccinated population, something like 10–30 percent of all patients with smallpox would be expected to die. And dying was not easy; smallpox was, as Macaulay wrote, 'the most terrible of all the ministers of death.'[2]Those who survived smallpox did not always survive intact; it frequently inflicted blindness on its survivors. The survival rate was particularly low for children.The physical appearance of the disease was frightening to patients and to their caretakers: the patient's skin became covered with large, bulging pustules, which often left conspicuous pitting on the skin of patients who survived the disease.","title":"Smallpox in Mozart's day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell199870-3"},{"link_name":"inoculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoculation"},{"link_name":"vaccination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell199871%E2%80%9372-4"},{"link_name":"Ruth Halliwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Halliwell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lorenz Hagenauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Hagenauer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Medicine had made only slight progress against the disease in Mozart's time. Around the second decade of the 18th century[3] the method of inoculation, which had originated in Asia, reached European countries. Inoculation was not the same as the vaccination which later succeeded in eradicating the disease; rather, an inoculated person was treated with live smallpox virus, taken from pustules of the mildest variety of smallpox that could be found.Inoculation offered immunity to smallpox, but the procedure carried a definite risk that the inoculated person could die from smallpox as a result. Thus, many parents felt that they would rather do nothing, risking future smallpox arriving at random, rather than carry out a deliberate act that might well kill their children immediately.[4]As Mozart biographer Ruth Halliwell points out, it is in this context that we must interpret a letter sent by Leopold Mozart on 22 February 1764 to his landlord and friend Lorenz Hagenauer concerning smallpox:They are trying to persuade me to let my boy be inoculated with smallpox. But as I have expressed sufficiently clearly my aversion to this impertinence they are leaving me in peace. Here inoculation is the general fashion. But for my part I leave the matter to the grace of God. It depends on His grace whether He wishes to keep this prodigy of nature in this world in which He placed it or to take it to Himself.[5]From the modern perspective—with most children now made safe from several terrible diseases by vaccination—it is easy to make the superficial interpretation that Leopold was acting foolishly, relying on divine will when direct action was available that would have helped his children. However, since in Leopold's day it was not firmly established that inoculation was beneficial,[6] his remarks can be seen to be more of appeal to religion to resolve what must have seemed an impossible dilemma.[7]","title":"Leopold's decision against inoculation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anna Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Nannerl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H120-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon199540%E2%80%9342-9"},{"link_name":"Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_family_grand_tour"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Maria Josepha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Josepha"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H120-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_van_Meytens_002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Maria Josepha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998122-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H120-8"},{"link_name":"K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6chel_catalogue"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998123-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H120-8"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno"},{"link_name":"Sigismund von Schrattenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_von_Schrattenbach"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D77-16"},{"link_name":"Olomouc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olomouc"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins200263-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"University in Olmütz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palack%C3%BD_University_of_Olomouc"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D77-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S70-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZegers2007372-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S70-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman2000233-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S70-22"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"La finta semplice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_finta_semplice"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon199571-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch196589-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch196586-29"}],"text":"The Mozart family (Wolfgang, his father Leopold, his mother Anna Maria, and his older sister Nannerl) left their home in Salzburg for Vienna on 11 September 1767.[8] They had been there before, exhibiting the children's talents, in 1762;[9] by this time they had completed their \"Grand Tour\" of Europe, performing in England, France, and elsewhere, and hoped to achieve even greater recognition (and income) in the Imperial capital. The forthcoming marriage of the 16-year-old Archduchess Maria Josepha, daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, scheduled for October 14, promised many festivities and thus opportunities for visiting musicians.[8]Archduchess Maria Josepha of AustriaUnfortunately, there was an outbreak of smallpox in Vienna at the time. On 28 May of that year, Emperor Joseph II had lost his second wife Maria Josepha to the disease, and his mother Maria Theresa also caught it (she survived).[10] The imperial bride-to-be Maria Josepha caught the disease in October and died of it on the 15th, the day after she had been scheduled to be married.[8] In the following week, presumably before the onset of his illness, the 11-year-old composer wrote an inexplicably cheerful elegy, a fragmentary duet for two sopranos in F major (K. Anh.24a/43a) to an anonymous text:Ach, was müssen wir erfahren!\nWie? Josepha lebt nicht mehr!\nSie gibt in den schönsten Jahren\nSich zum Todesopfer mehr.\nNicht die Glut der frohen Jugend,\nNicht die angestammte Tugend,\nDer sie ganz gewidmet war,\nSchützt sie vor der kalten Bahr.Oh, what we must know!\nHow? Josepha lives no more.\nShe gives herself to be death's offering\nIn the most beautiful of years.\nNeither the glow of happy youth,\nNor the ancestral virtue\nTo which she was wholly dedicated,\nProtects her from the cold stretcher.[11][12]The Mozarts were renting rooms in the home of the goldsmith Johann Schmalecker,[13] and were horrified when all three of Schmalecker's children came down with smallpox.[14] Alarmed, Leopold first left Schmalacker's house, taking Wolfgang (only) with him (17 October).[15] Six days later (23 October), the entire family fled the city.[8]They headed north, into what today is the Czech Republic, first reaching Brno (then called by its German name, Brünn), where they called on the Count Franz Anton Schrattenbach, brother of Leopold's employer in Salzburg, the Prince-Archbishop Sigismund von Schrattenbach. Count Schrattenbach invited them to give a concert, but Leopold, impelled by an \"inner urge,\" wanted to go farther, and the family continued northward after two days[16] to Olmütz (today Olomouc). It was there that, on 26 October, Wolfgang showed the first symptoms of smallpox. Given the incubation period of the disease (roughly, 12 days), it can be ascertained that he had already caught it in Vienna.[17][18]Leopold consulted an acquaintance, Count Leopold Anton Podstatsky, who was dean of the cathedral and rector of the University in Olmütz.[16] Leopold had known Podstatsky when the Count had previously worked in Salzburg. The count, learning that Wolfgang was showing symptoms of smallpox, insisted that the Mozarts move into his home, and he placed Mozart under the excellent care of his personal physician, Dr. Joseph Wolff.[19]Leopold later wrote:Wolfgang was complaining of his eyes. I noticed his head was warm, that his cheeks were hot and very red, but that his hands were cold as ice. Moreover, his pulse was not right. So we gave him some black powder[20] and put him to bed. During the night he was rather restless and in the morning he still had the dry fever.[21]A frightening symptom of Wolfgang's illness, not made explicit in Leopold's letter, was an inability to see. In a letter written much later (1800), his sister Nannerl reported:He caught the smallpox, which made him so ill that he could see nothing for nine days and had to spare his eyes for several weeks after his recovery.[22]Although blindness was indeed a common result of smallpox, ophthalmologist Richard H. C. Zegers suggests that Mozart's symptoms did not represent actual blindness, but rather resulted from the pustular rash of the disease affecting his eyelids.[23]By 10 November, Wolfgang was feeling better, but then Nannerl also contracted smallpox, and was ill for three weeks.[22] The Mozart children were thereafter safe from the disease, which confers immunity on its survivors. According to Leopold, both children were pitted in the locations of the former pustules, but neither seriously.[24]During his recovery, Wolfgang, who needed to spare his eyes, spent the time learning card tricks and fencing.[25]With both children's illness to contend with, the Mozarts spent a total of four months away from Vienna.[22] They eventually returned there and were received in the Imperial court on 19 January 1768. The Empress, who had by now lost three children to smallpox, conversed with Frau Mozart about the disease.The remainder of the trip was not especially successful.[26] Leopold apparently misinterpreted a chance remark of the Emperor as a firm invitation for Wolfgang to compose an opera; this resulted in Wolfgang writing La finta semplice. However, the opera went unperformed in Vienna; the singers and musicians did not like it, and intrigues prevented the work from reaching the stage.[27] La finta semplice eventually was premiered in Salzburg,[28] following the Mozarts' return there on 5 January 1769.[29]","title":"Mozart's case of smallpox"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smallpox § Eradication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox#Eradication"},{"link_name":"Jan Ingenhousz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Ingenhousz"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H573-31"},{"link_name":"cowpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpox"},{"link_name":"Edward Jenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenner"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998617-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998685-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H573-31"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"See also: Smallpox § EradicationThe experience of losing three of her children to smallpox led Empress Maria Theresa to become a convert to inoculation. In 1768, she engaged the Dutch physician Jan Ingenhousz to conduct an inoculation program. Ingenhousz's program worked first among poor people, with the goal of developing a weakened strain of the disease; poor parents in Vienna were paid a ducat to have their children inoculated. The inoculations performed with this weakened strain on the imperial family were successful, and led to greater public acceptance for the procedure.[30]Smallpox struck the Mozart family again in the next generation: Nannerl's eldest son Leopold and two of her stepchildren caught the disease during an outbreak in the Salzburg area in 1787. All three children survived.[31]In 1796, the discovery of vaccination—the use of the related cowpox virus to immunize against smallpox—by Edward Jenner revolutionized the ability of medicine to deal with smallpox. Vaccination reached Vienna around 1800, when yet another local epidemic created impetus for its adoption. One of the doctors trained in the Vienna campaign, named Doutrepout, then brought vaccination to Mozart's native city of Salzburg. According to Halliwell, \"popular resistance was fierce,\" and both the government and the Roman Catholic Church (previously an opponent) took stern measures to promote vaccination.[32] The first relative of Mozart's known to have been vaccinated was Johanna Berchtold von Sonnenberg, called \"Jeannette\" (1789–1805), Nannerl's youngest child;[33] she was vaccinated during the 1802 campaign in Salzburg.[31]With vaccination, great progress was made in reducing incidence of the disease, and it was eventually confirmed as eradicated in 1979.[34]","title":"Later history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins200262_1-0"},{"link_name":"Hopkins 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHopkins2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlynnGlynn20042_2-0"},{"link_name":"Glynn & Glynn 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGlynnGlynn2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell199870_3-0"},{"link_name":"Halliwell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliwell1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell199871%E2%80%9372_4-0"},{"link_name":"Halliwell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliwell1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Jenkins 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJenkins1995"},{"link_name":"Anderson 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAnderson1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Hopkins 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHopkins2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Halliwell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliwell1998"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H120_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H120_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H120_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H120_8-3"},{"link_name":"Halliwell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliwell1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon199540%E2%80%9342_9-0"},{"link_name":"Solomon 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSolomon1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998122_10-0"},{"link_name":"Halliwell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliwell1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dme.mozarteum.at/DME/nma/nma_cont.php?vsep=91&gen=edition&l=1&p1=51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Ach, was müssen wir erfahren!\" (audio)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3UpsqN4ip0"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Performing_Arts_Vienna"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Deutsch 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDeutsch1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998123_14-0"},{"link_name":"Halliwell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliwell1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Halliwell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliwell1998"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-D77_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-D77_16-1"},{"link_name":"Deutsch 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDeutsch1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins200263_17-0"},{"link_name":"Hopkins 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHopkins2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Halliwell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliwell1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Halliwell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliwell1998"},{"link_name":"Deutsch 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDeutsch1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Halliwell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliwell1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Solomon 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSolomon1995"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S70_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S70_22-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S70_22-2"},{"link_name":"Solomon 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSolomon1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZegers2007372_23-0"},{"link_name":"Zegers 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZegers2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Hopkins 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHopkins2002"},{"link_name":"Gutman 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGutman2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman2000233_25-0"},{"link_name":"Gutman 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGutman2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Solomon 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSolomon1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon199571_27-0"},{"link_name":"Solomon 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSolomon1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch196589_28-0"},{"link_name":"Deutsch 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDeutsch1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch196586_29-0"},{"link_name":"Deutsch 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDeutsch1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Halliwell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliwell1998"},{"link_name":"Glynn & Glynn 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGlynnGlynn2004"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H573_31-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H573_31-1"},{"link_name":"Halliwell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliwell1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998617_32-0"},{"link_name":"Halliwell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliwell1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998685_33-0"},{"link_name":"Halliwell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliwell1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"Factsheet Smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ Hopkins 2002, 62.\n\n^ Glynn & Glynn 2004, 2.\n\n^ Halliwell 1998, 70.\n\n^ Halliwell 1998, 71–72.\n\n^ Translation from Jenkins 1995, 410, who cites Anderson 1985.\n\n^ Hopkins 2002, 62 observes that inoculation was a very controversial practice in Paris at the very time of the Mozarts' visit. The visiting Italian physician Angelo Gatti noted in 1761 that in Paris there were \"more brochures for and against inoculation than inoculations.\"\n\n^ The primary source for this section is Halliwell 1998, 70–72, which discusses Leopold's dilemma in greater detail.\n\n^ a b c d Halliwell 1998, 120\n\n^ Solomon 1995, 40–42.\n\n^ Halliwell 1998, 122.\n\n^ Ach, was müssen wir erfahren! (Score)\n\n^ \"Ach, was müssen wir erfahren!\" (audio) on YouTube, soloists of the WebernKammerchor, University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna\n\n^ The address was at #3 Weihburggasse; the building no longer exists Deutsch 1965, 77.\n\n^ Halliwell 1998, 123.\n\n^ The implication that Leopold valued Wolfgang's survival over Nannerl's is not necessarily correct; according to Sadie and Zaslaw (2006, 132), the parents \"suspected, wrongly, that Nannerl had already had smallpox as a child and so was in less danger\"; see also Halliwell 1998, 125\n\n^ a b Deutsch 1965, 77\n\n^ Hopkins 2002, 63.\n\n^ Source for this paragraph except where indicated: Halliwell 1998, 124\n\n^ Halliwell 1998, 124–125; Deutsch 1965, 77\n\n^ \"The black powders were pulvis epilecticus niger; they had the effect of reducing fever, and were a staple of the Mozarts' medicine chest\"; Halliwell 1998, 294.\n\n^ Letter of 10 November 1767; quoted from Solomon 1995, 70.\n\n^ a b c Quoted from Solomon 1995, 70\n\n^ Zegers 2007, 372.\n\n^ Hopkins 2002, 63, Gutman 2000, 233\n\n^ Gutman 2000, 233.\n\n^ For discussion, see Solomon 1995, 73–74\n\n^ Solomon 1995, 71.\n\n^ Deutsch 1965, 89.\n\n^ Deutsch 1965, 86.\n\n^ Halliwell 1998, 126, Glynn & Glynn 2004, 82–83\n\n^ a b Halliwell 1998, 573\n\n^ Halliwell 1998, 617.\n\n^ Halliwell 1998, 685.\n\n^ World Health Organization: Factsheet Smallpox Archived 2007-09-21 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anderson, Emily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Deutsch, Otto Erich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Erich_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780156011716","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780156011716"},{"link_name":"Glynn, 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Mozart-Ausgabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Mozart-Ausgabe"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_family"},{"link_name":"Leopold Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Anna Maria Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Maria Anna Mozart (Nannerl)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Constanze Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanze_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Maria Anna Thekla Mozart (Bäsle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_Thekla_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Wolfgang_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Karl Thomas Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Thomas_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Johann Georg Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Franz Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Joseph Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lange"},{"link_name":"Cäcilia Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A4cilia_Weber"},{"link_name":"Josepha Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josepha_Weber"},{"link_name":"Aloysia Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysia_Weber"},{"link_name":"Sophie Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Weber"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven_and_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_and_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Freemasonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_and_Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydn_and_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Salieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Salieri"},{"link_name":"Georg Nissen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Nikolaus_von_Nissen"},{"link_name":"Mozart in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven%E2%80%93Haydn%E2%80%93Mozart_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Mozart effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_effect"},{"link_name":"Mozart Monument, Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_Monument,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"}],"sub_title":"Sources","text":"Anderson, Emily (1985). The Letters of Mozart and his Family.\nDeutsch, Otto Erich (1965). Mozart: A Documentary Biography. Stanford: Stanford University Press.\nGutman, Robert W. (2000). Mozart: A Cultural Biography. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780156011716.\nGlynn, Ian; Glynn, Jenifer (2004). The Life and Death of Smallpox. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521845427.\nHalliwell, Ruth (1998). The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nHopkins, Donald R. (2002). The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226351681.\nJenkins, J. S. (1995). \"Mozart and medicine in the eighteenth century\". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 88 (7): 408–413. PMC 1295274. PMID 7562811.\nSolomon, Maynard (1995). Mozart: A Life. New York: Harper Collins.\nZegers, Richard H. C. (2007). \"Mozart and smallpox\". Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 35 (4pages=372–373): 372–373. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2007.01488.x. PMID 17539792. S2CID 7238140.vteWolfgang Amadeus MozartBiography\nBiographies\nBirthplace\nGrand tour\nName\nNationality\nResidence\nScatology\nSmallpox\nItaly\nBerlin\nPrague\nAppearance and character\nPet starling\nDeath\nMusic\nConcert arias, songs, canons\nDances\nHorn concertos\nMasses\nOperas\nPiano concertos\nWorks for solo piano\nSonatas\nSymphonies\nViolin concertos\nCompositional method\nRelationship with G minor\nEditions\nKöchel catalogue\nAlte Mozart-Ausgabe\nNeue Mozart-Ausgabe\n\nFamily\nLeopold Mozart (father)\nAnna Maria Mozart (mother)\nMaria Anna Mozart (Nannerl) (sister)\nConstanze Mozart (wife)\nMaria Anna Thekla Mozart (Bäsle) (first cousin)\nFranz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (son)\nKarl Thomas Mozart (son)\nJohann Georg Mozart (paternal grandfather)\nFranz Mozart (paternal great-grandfather)\nJoseph Lange (brother-in-law)\nCäcilia Weber (mother-in-law)\nJosepha Weber (sister-in-law)\nAloysia Weber (sister-in-law)\nSophie Weber (sister-in-law)\nInfluences\nBeethoven\nCatholic Church\nFreemasonry\nHaydn\nSalieri\nRelated\nGeorg Nissen\nMozart in popular culture\nBeethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial\nMozart effect\nMozart Monument, Vienna\n\n Category","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Martin_van_Meytens_002.jpg/220px-Martin_van_Meytens_002.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Anderson, Emily (1985). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romed_Wyder	Romed Wyder	["1 Biography","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"]	Swiss filmmaker (born 1967) Romed Wyder (born 1967) is a Swiss filmmaker. He has been established in Geneva since 1989. Biography Romed Wyder was born in 1967 in Brig-Glis, Valais, Switzerland. In 1995, he graduated with a degree from the cinema department of the Geneva University of Art and Design (HEAD) (formerly École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Genève). He is a former member of the Cinéma Spoutnik and founded Laika Films with five other filmmakers in 1993. Romed developed a tape to film system and an online widget generator. He founded Paradigma Films SA in 2003. During 12 years he was a member of the Federal Film Commission. Between 2005 and 2008 he was the president of the Swiss Filmmakers Association and is currently a member of the Board of Trustees of Swiss Films and of the executive committee of the Swiss Film Academy. He works as director, producer and screenwriter since 1990. Filmography A fleeting encounter (Une histoire provisoire) directed by Romed Wyder; written by Nasim Ahmadpour and Romed Wyder, produced by Romed Wyder, Cyrill Gerber, Bady Minck, Alexander Dummreicher-Ivanceanu (2022, fiction, 85 min, DCP) Et Israël fut... directed and written by Romed Wyder; produced by Yasmine Abd El Aziz and Romed Wyder (2018, documentary, 52 min, DCP) Dawn directed by Romed Wyder; written by Billy MacKinnon; based on a novel by Elie Wiesel; produced by Samir and Romed Wyder (2014, fiction, 95 min, DCP) Ménagerie intérieure directed by Nadège de Benoit-Luthy, written by Nadège de Benoit Luthy and Nicole Borgeat, produced by Romed Wyder (2007, fiction, 18 min, 35mm) Absolut directed and produced by Romed Wyder, written by Romed Wyder, Yves Mugny and Maria Watzlawick (2004, fiction, 94 min, 35mm) Pas de café, pas de télé, pas de sexe directed and produced by Romed Wyder, written by Romed Wyder and Maria Watzlawick (1999, fiction, 87 min, 35mm) Écran d’argile directed, written and produced by Romed Wyder and Maria Watzlawick (1997, documentary, 53 min, 16mm) Excursion directed, written and produced by Romed Wyder (1996, fiction, 21 min, 35mm) Squatters directed, written and produced by Romed Wyder (1995, documentary, 70+55 min, 16mm) November am Meer directed, written and produced by Romed Wyder (1992, fiction, 5 min, 16mm References ^ Harvey, Dennis (2000-05-08). "No Coffee, No Tv, No Sex". Variety. Retrieved 2022-09-27. ^ Swiss Films ^ a b c "Romed Wyder". Kino-Zeit (in German). Retrieved 2022-09-27. ^ Laika Films ^ Paradigma Films ^ ARF FDS ^ "Israël, une naissance dans la douleur". LaLiberte.ch (in French). Retrieved 2022-09-27. ^ Brownstein, Rich (2021-09-17). Holocaust Cinema Complete: A History and Analysis of 400 Films, with a Teaching Guide. McFarland. p. 298. ISBN 978-1-4766-4192-8. ^ Del Don, Giorgia (April 14, 2015). "The captivating psychological huis clos Dawn, coming soon to Swiss screens". Cineuropa - the best of european cinema. Retrieved 2022-09-27. ^ Official Website of the film ABSOLUT ^ "ROTTERDAM Film Festival part EIGHT (5th Feb) 'Absolut, ' 'The Soup, One Morning, ' 'Moog, ' etc". Jigsawlounge.co.uk. Neil Young's Film Lounge. 2005-03-15. Retrieved 2022-09-27. ^ Laïka Films External links Romed Wyder at IMDb Romed Wyder at Kinorium.com Paradigma Films SA \| Romed Wyder's production company Laika Films \| Filmmaker collective Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany People Deutsche Biographie This article about a Swiss film director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Romed Wyder (born 1967) is a Swiss filmmaker.[1] He has been established in Geneva since 1989.[2]","title":"Romed Wyder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brig-Glis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig-Glis"},{"link_name":"Valais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Geneva University of Art and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_University_of_Art_and_Design"},{"link_name":"École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Genève","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts,_Gen%C3%A8ve"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Cinéma Spoutnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cin%C3%A9ma_Spoutnik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laika Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laika_Films&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Paradigma Films SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paradigma_Films_SA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Federal Film Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Film_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Swiss Filmmakers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Filmmakers_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Romed Wyder was born in 1967 in Brig-Glis, Valais, Switzerland.[3] In 1995, he graduated with a degree from the cinema department of the Geneva University of Art and Design (HEAD) (formerly École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Genève).[3]He is a former member of the Cinéma Spoutnik and founded Laika Films with five other filmmakers in 1993.[4] Romed developed a tape to film system and an online widget generator. He founded Paradigma Films SA in 2003.[5] During 12 years he was a member of the Federal Film Commission. Between 2005 and 2008 he was the president of the Swiss Filmmakers Association[6] and is currently a member of the Board of Trustees of Swiss Films and of the executive committee of the Swiss Film Academy. He works as director, producer and screenwriter since 1990.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A fleeting encounter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_fleeting_encounter"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Elie Wiesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Wiesel"},{"link_name":"Samir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"A fleeting encounter (Une histoire provisoire) directed by Romed Wyder; written by Nasim Ahmadpour and Romed Wyder, produced by Romed Wyder, Cyrill Gerber, Bady Minck, Alexander Dummreicher-Ivanceanu (2022, fiction, 85 min, DCP)\nEt Israël fut... directed and written by Romed Wyder; produced by Yasmine Abd El Aziz and Romed Wyder (2018, documentary, 52 min, DCP)[7]\nDawn directed by Romed Wyder; written by Billy MacKinnon; based on a novel by Elie Wiesel; produced by Samir and Romed Wyder (2014, fiction, 95 min, DCP)[8][9]\nMénagerie intérieure directed by Nadège de Benoit-Luthy, written by Nadège de Benoit Luthy and Nicole Borgeat, produced by Romed Wyder (2007, fiction, 18 min, 35mm)[3]\nAbsolut directed and produced by Romed Wyder, written by Romed Wyder, Yves Mugny and Maria Watzlawick (2004, fiction, 94 min, 35mm)[10][11]\nPas de café, pas de télé, pas de sexe directed and produced by Romed Wyder, written by Romed Wyder and Maria Watzlawick (1999, fiction, 87 min, 35mm)[12]\nÉcran d’argile directed, written and produced by Romed Wyder and Maria Watzlawick (1997, documentary, 53 min, 16mm)\nExcursion directed, written and produced by Romed Wyder (1996, fiction, 21 min, 35mm)\nSquatters directed, written and produced by Romed Wyder (1995, documentary, 70+55 min, 16mm)\nNovember am Meer directed, written and produced by Romed Wyder (1992, fiction, 5 min, 16mm","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Harvey, Dennis (2000-05-08). \"No Coffee, No Tv, No Sex\". Variety. Retrieved 2022-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2000/film/reviews/no-coffee-no-tv-no-sex-1200462412/","url_text":"\"No Coffee, No Tv, No Sex\""}]},{"reference":"\"Romed Wyder\". Kino-Zeit (in German). Retrieved 2022-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kino-zeit.de/personen/romed-wyder-0","url_text":"\"Romed Wyder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israël, une naissance dans la douleur\". LaLiberte.ch (in French). Retrieved 2022-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laliberte.ch/news/israel-une-naissance-dans-la-douleur-439087","url_text":"\"Israël, une naissance dans la douleur\""}]},{"reference":"Brownstein, Rich (2021-09-17). Holocaust Cinema Complete: A History and Analysis of 400 Films, with a Teaching Guide. McFarland. p. 298. ISBN 978-1-4766-4192-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JJdDEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Holocaust Cinema Complete: A History and Analysis of 400 Films, with a Teaching Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-4192-8","url_text":"978-1-4766-4192-8"}]},{"reference":"Del Don, Giorgia (April 14, 2015). \"The captivating psychological huis clos Dawn, coming soon to Swiss screens\". Cineuropa - the best of european cinema. Retrieved 2022-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/289667/","url_text":"\"The captivating psychological huis clos Dawn, coming soon to Swiss screens\""}]},{"reference":"\"ROTTERDAM Film Festival part EIGHT (5th Feb) 'Absolut, ' 'The Soup, One Morning, ' 'Moog, ' etc\". Jigsawlounge.co.uk. Neil Young's Film Lounge. 2005-03-15. Retrieved 2022-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/reviews/rotterdam-film-festival-part-eight-5th-feb-absolut-the-soup-one-morning-moog-etc/","url_text":"\"ROTTERDAM Film Festival part EIGHT (5th Feb) 'Absolut, ' 'The Soup, One Morning, ' 'Moog, ' etc\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://variety.com/2000/film/reviews/no-coffee-no-tv-no-sex-1200462412/","external_links_name":"\"No Coffee, No Tv, No Sex\""},{"Link":"http://www.swissfilms.ch/en/information_publications/festival_search/festivaldetails/-/id_person/94","external_links_name":"Swiss Films"},{"Link":"https://www.kino-zeit.de/personen/romed-wyder-0","external_links_name":"\"Romed Wyder\""},{"Link":"http://www.laika.info/","external_links_name":"Laika Films"},{"Link":"http://www.paradigmafilms.ch/","external_links_name":"Paradigma Films"},{"Link":"http://www.arf-fds.ch/","external_links_name":"ARF FDS"},{"Link":"https://www.laliberte.ch/news/israel-une-naissance-dans-la-douleur-439087","external_links_name":"\"Israël, une naissance dans la douleur\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JJdDEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Holocaust Cinema Complete: A History and Analysis of 400 Films, with a Teaching Guide"},{"Link":"https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/289667/","external_links_name":"\"The captivating psychological huis clos Dawn, coming soon to Swiss screens\""},{"Link":"http://www.absolut-film.com/","external_links_name":"Official Website of the film ABSOLUT"},{"Link":"https://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/reviews/rotterdam-film-festival-part-eight-5th-feb-absolut-the-soup-one-morning-moog-etc/","external_links_name":"\"ROTTERDAM Film Festival part EIGHT (5th Feb) 'Absolut, ' 'The Soup, One Morning, ' 'Moog, ' etc\""},{"Link":"http://www.laika.info/","external_links_name":"Laïka Films"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0943648/","external_links_name":"Romed Wyder"},{"Link":"https://en.kinorium.com/name/705972/","external_links_name":"Romed Wyder"},{"Link":"http://www.paradigmafilms.ch/en/films/","external_links_name":"Paradigma Films SA \| Romed Wyder's production company"},{"Link":"http://www.laika.info/","external_links_name":"Laika Films \| Filmmaker collective"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000107651074","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/160341020","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwhy8ttp6YY7XdtdcJYyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16242743v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16242743v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/139985395","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd139985395.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romed_Wyder&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck_Ferrand	Franck Ferrand	["1 Publications","1.1 Non-fiction","1.2 Novels","1.3 References"]	French writer and radio personality Franck FerrandFranck Ferrand in 2010Born (1967-10-12) 12 October 1967 (age 56)Poitiers, FranceEducationSciences PoOccupation(s)JournalistEssayist You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (April 2018) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Franck Ferrand}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Franck Ferrand (born 12 October 1967 in Poitiers) is a French writer and radio personality who specializes in history. He has a radio show about major figures of French history on Radio Classique, a French Radio station. Publications Non-fiction Ils ont sauvé Versailles, Librairie Académique Perrin, 20 février 2003, 367 p., ISBN 978-2262017552 La grande époque des sports d’hiver, Le Chêne, 3 novembre 2003, 175 p., ISBN 978-2842774752 Jacques Garcia ou l'éloge du décor, Flammarion, 22 juin 2005, 263 p., ISBN 978-2080114655 Gérald Van der Kemp : Un gentilhomme à Versailles, Librairie Académique Perrin, 27 octobre 2005, 248 p., ISBN 978-2262024048 L'Histoire interdite, révélations sur l’histoire de France, Tallandier, 16 octobre 2008, 203 p., ISBN 978-2847344974 L'ombre des Romanov, XO Éditions, 10 novembre 2010, 368 p., ISBN 978-2845634473 Au cœur de l'histoire, Flammarion, 26 octobre 2011, 349 p., ISBN 978-2081266384 Versailles après les rois, Librairie Académique Perrin, coll. « Tempus », 3 mai 2012, 408 p., ISBN 978-2262037680 Du sang sur l'histoire, Flammarion, 10 octobre 2012, 352 p., ISBN 978-2081284982 Dictionnaire amoureux de Versailles, Plon, 17 octobre 2013, 557 p., ISBN 978-2259211895 François Ier, roi de chimères, Flammarion, 24 septembre 2014, 300 p., ISBN 978-2081329959 L'Histoire au jour le jour, Flammarion, 2015, ISBN 978-2-0813-0018-7 Novels Le Bal des ifs :Mémoires amoureux de la marquise de Pompadour. Flammarion. 2000. pp. 378. ISBN 978-2080679079. La Cour des Dames: La Régente Noire. Flammarion. 2007. p. 408. ISBN 978-2080689634. La Cour des Dames: Les Fils de France. Flammarion. 2008. p. 378. ISBN 978-2081211087. La Cour des Dames: Madame Catherine. Flammarion. 2009. p. 332. ISBN 978-2081221406. References ^ Who's Who in France, 2005 ^ Christian Delporte, "Quand les journalistes se font historiens. Le cas français", Le Temps des médias n° 31, 2018. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Belgium United States Japan Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers"},{"link_name":"French history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_France"},{"link_name":"Radio Classique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Classique"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Franck Ferrand (born 12 October 1967 in Poitiers) is a French writer and radio personality who specializes in history. He has a radio show about major figures of French history on Radio Classique, a French Radio station.[1][2]","title":"Franck Ferrand"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2262017552","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2262017552"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2842774752","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2842774752"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2080114655","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2080114655"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2262024048","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2262024048"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2847344974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2847344974"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2845634473","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2845634473"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2081266384","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2081266384"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2262037680","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2262037680"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2081284982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2081284982"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2259211895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2259211895"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2081329959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2081329959"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-0813-0018-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-0813-0018-7"}],"sub_title":"Non-fiction","text":"Ils ont sauvé Versailles, Librairie Académique Perrin, 20 février 2003, 367 p., ISBN 978-2262017552\nLa grande époque des sports d’hiver, Le Chêne, 3 novembre 2003, 175 p., ISBN 978-2842774752\nJacques Garcia ou l'éloge du décor, Flammarion, 22 juin 2005, 263 p., ISBN 978-2080114655\nGérald Van der Kemp : Un gentilhomme à Versailles, Librairie Académique Perrin, 27 octobre 2005, 248 p., ISBN 978-2262024048\nL'Histoire interdite, révélations sur l’histoire de France, Tallandier, 16 octobre 2008, 203 p., ISBN 978-2847344974\nL'ombre des Romanov, XO Éditions, 10 novembre 2010, 368 p., ISBN 978-2845634473\nAu cœur de l'histoire, Flammarion, 26 octobre 2011, 349 p., ISBN 978-2081266384\nVersailles après les rois, Librairie Académique Perrin, coll. « Tempus », 3 mai 2012, 408 p., ISBN 978-2262037680\nDu sang sur l'histoire, Flammarion, 10 octobre 2012, 352 p., ISBN 978-2081284982\nDictionnaire amoureux de Versailles, Plon, 17 octobre 2013, 557 p., ISBN 978-2259211895\nFrançois Ier, roi de chimères, Flammarion, 24 septembre 2014, 300 p., ISBN 978-2081329959\nL'Histoire au jour le jour, Flammarion, 2015, ISBN 978-2-0813-0018-7","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Bal des ifs :Mémoires amoureux de la marquise de Pompadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lebaldesifsmemoi0000ferr/page/378"},{"link_name":"378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lebaldesifsmemoi0000ferr/page/378"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2080679079","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2080679079"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2080689634","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2080689634"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2081211087","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2081211087"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2081221406","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2081221406"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"Le Bal des ifs :Mémoires amoureux de la marquise de Pompadour. Flammarion. 2000. pp. 378. ISBN 978-2080679079.\nLa Cour des Dames: La Régente Noire. Flammarion. 2007. p. 408. ISBN 978-2080689634.\nLa Cour des Dames: Les Fils de France. Flammarion. 2008. p. 378. ISBN 978-2081211087.\nLa Cour des Dames: Madame Catherine. Flammarion. 2009. p. 332. ISBN 978-2081221406.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Who's Who in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_in_France"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3082132#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000116007176"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/17358442"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjXjytwf4TJQ6hgT8c9Dq"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb130817321"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb130817321"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1220433330"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14706879"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001084920"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/032573031"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p212758322"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811567389605606"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15609651?l=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/056547161"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ Who's Who in France, 2005\n\n^ Christian Delporte, \"Quand les journalistes se font historiens. Le cas français\", Le Temps des médias n° 31, 2018.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nBelgium\nUnited States\nJapan\nNetherlands\nPoland\nAcademics\nCiNii\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Le Bal des ifs :Mémoires amoureux de la marquise de Pompadour. Flammarion. 2000. pp. 378. ISBN 978-2080679079.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lebaldesifsmemoi0000ferr/page/378","url_text":"Le Bal des ifs :Mémoires amoureux de la marquise de Pompadour"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lebaldesifsmemoi0000ferr/page/378","url_text":"378"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2080679079","url_text":"978-2080679079"}]},{"reference":"La Cour des Dames: La Régente Noire. Flammarion. 2007. p. 408. ISBN 978-2080689634.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2080689634","url_text":"978-2080689634"}]},{"reference":"La Cour des Dames: Les Fils de France. Flammarion. 2008. p. 378. ISBN 978-2081211087.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2081211087","url_text":"978-2081211087"}]},{"reference":"La Cour des Dames: Madame Catherine. Flammarion. 2009. p. 332. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Heyerdahl_(1867%E2%80%931959)	Hieronymus Heyerdahl (1867–1959)	["1 Personal life","2 Career","3 References"]	Norwegian politician Hieronymus HeyerdahlBorn(1867-05-05)5 May 1867Fredrikstad, NorwayDied13 January 1959(1959-01-13) (aged 91)NationalityNorwegianOccupation(s)Lawyer, administrator and politicianRelativesHieronymus Heyerdahl (1773–1847) (grandfather) Hieronymus Heyerdahl (5 May 1867 – 13 January 1959) was a Norwegian lawyer, administrator and politician for the Conservative Party. He served as mayor of Oslo and was associated with the development of the new Oslo City Hall. Personal life Heyerdahl was born at Fredrikstad in Østfold, Norway. His parents were Hieronymus Heyerdahl (1832–1876) and Henriette Sophie Schou (1839-1929). He was the grandson of Hieronymus Heyerdahl (1773–1847) who had served at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in 1814. He married Anna Wilhelmine Weidemann (1869–1956) in 1893. Career Heyerdahl moved to Kristiania (now Oslo) in 1877. He entered the law school at Gjertsens skole in 1884 and earned his cand.jur. in 1889. He opened his own practice as an attorney in 1891 and became a High Court attorney (høyesterettsadvokat) in 1895. He served on the City Council 1911–19 and 1923–25 and as mayor of Oslo from 1911 to 1914. At the end of his term in office, he developed the plans to build a new Oslo City Hall (Oslo rådhus). Heyerdahl launched the fundraising campaign for a new Oslo City Hall in 1914. Construction started during September 1931 and officially the facility opened in May 1950. Heyerdahl was chairman of the board of directors of Heimdal A/S, member of the board of directors (chairman 1928–46) of Hafslund, member of the board of Christiania Bank and chairman 1919–29, member of the board of Vinmonopolet and representative of Norway for the Swedish mining company LKAB. He also was president of the Norwegian Red Cross from 1917 to 1922. References ^ "Hieronymus Heyerdahl (1867–1959)". lokalhistoriewiki.no. Retrieved 1 February 2018. ^ "Oslo rådhus". lokalhistoriewiki.no. Retrieved 1 February 2018. ^ Jon Gisle. "høyesterettsadvokat". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 1 February 2018. ^ Boye, Else. "Hieronymus Heyerdahl". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 25 January 2011. ^ "Oslo rådhus". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 1 February 2018. ^ "Hieronymus Heyerdahl – norsk jurist og politiker (H)". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 25 January 2011. Preceded byLyder Nicolaysen Mayor of Oslo 1912–1914 Succeeded byPeter Meinich vtePresidents of the Norwegian Red Cross1865–present Frederik Stang Christian August Selmer Johan Fredrik Thaulow Ernst Motzfeldt Andreas Martin Seip Kristian Wilhelm Engel Bredal Olssøn Hans Jørgen Darre-Jenssen Hieronymus Heyerdahl Torolf Prytz Jens Meinich Fridtjof Heyerdahl Nikolai Nissen Paus Erling Steen Ulf Styren Torstein Dale Grethe Johnsen Hans Høegh Bjørn Egge Bjørn Bruland Astrid Nøklebye Heiberg Thorvald Stoltenberg Sven Mollekleiv Robert Mood Red Cross	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Oslo City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Hieronymus Heyerdahl (5 May 1867 – 13 January 1959) was a Norwegian lawyer, administrator and politician for the Conservative Party. He served as mayor of Oslo and was associated with the development of the new Oslo City Hall.\n[1][2]","title":"Hieronymus Heyerdahl (1867–1959)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fredrikstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrikstad"},{"link_name":"Østfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stfold"},{"link_name":"Hieronymus Heyerdahl (1773–1847)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Heyerdahl_(1773%E2%80%931847)"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Constituent_Assembly"}],"text":"Heyerdahl was born at Fredrikstad in Østfold, Norway. His parents were Hieronymus Heyerdahl (1832–1876) and Henriette Sophie Schou (1839-1929). He was the grandson of Hieronymus Heyerdahl (1773–1847) who had served at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in 1814. He married Anna Wilhelmine Weidemann (1869–1956) in 1893.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cand.jur.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cand.jur."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Oslo City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbl-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hafslund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafslund_(company)"},{"link_name":"Christiania Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiania_Bank"},{"link_name":"Vinmonopolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinmonopolet"},{"link_name":"LKAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LKAB"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-6"}],"text":"Heyerdahl moved to Kristiania (now Oslo) in 1877. He entered the law school at Gjertsens skole in 1884 and earned his cand.jur. in 1889. He opened his own practice as an attorney in 1891 and became a High Court attorney (høyesterettsadvokat) in 1895.[3]He served on the City Council 1911–19 and 1923–25 and as mayor of Oslo from 1911 to 1914. At the end of his term in office, he developed the plans to build a new Oslo City Hall (Oslo rådhus). Heyerdahl launched the fundraising campaign for a new Oslo City Hall in 1914. Construction started during September 1931 and officially the facility opened in May 1950.[4][5]Heyerdahl was chairman of the board of directors of Heimdal A/S, member of the board of directors (chairman 1928–46) of Hafslund, member of the board of Christiania Bank and chairman 1919–29, member of the board of Vinmonopolet and representative of Norway for the Swedish mining company LKAB. He also was president of the Norwegian Red Cross from 1917 to 1922.\n[6]","title":"Career"}]	[{"image_text":"Red Cross","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Hieronymus Heyerdahl (1867–1959)\". lokalhistoriewiki.no. Retrieved 1 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Hieronymus_Heyerdahl_(1867%E2%80%931959)","url_text":"\"Hieronymus Heyerdahl (1867–1959)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oslo rådhus\". lokalhistoriewiki.no. Retrieved 1 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Oslo_r%C3%A5dhus","url_text":"\"Oslo rådhus\""}]},{"reference":"Jon Gisle. \"høyesterettsadvokat\". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 1 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/h%C3%B8yesterettsadvokat","url_text":"\"høyesterettsadvokat\""}]},{"reference":"Boye, Else. \"Hieronymus Heyerdahl\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 25 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Hieronymus_Heyerdahl/utdypning","url_text":"\"Hieronymus Heyerdahl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Helle","url_text":"Helle, Knut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_biografisk_leksikon","url_text":"Norsk biografisk leksikon"}]},{"reference":"\"Oslo rådhus\". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 1 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/Oslo_r%C3%A5dhus","url_text":"\"Oslo rådhus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hieronymus Heyerdahl – norsk jurist og politiker (H)\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 25 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snl.no/Hieronymus_Heyerdahl/norsk_jurist_og_politiker_(H)","url_text":"\"Hieronymus Heyerdahl – norsk jurist og politiker (H)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Hieronymus_Heyerdahl_(1867%E2%80%931959)","external_links_name":"\"Hieronymus Heyerdahl (1867–1959)\""},{"Link":"https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Oslo_r%C3%A5dhus","external_links_name":"\"Oslo rådhus\""},{"Link":"https://snl.no/h%C3%B8yesterettsadvokat","external_links_name":"\"høyesterettsadvokat\""},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Hieronymus_Heyerdahl/utdypning","external_links_name":"\"Hieronymus Heyerdahl\""},{"Link":"https://snl.no/Oslo_r%C3%A5dhus","external_links_name":"\"Oslo rådhus\""},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/Hieronymus_Heyerdahl/norsk_jurist_og_politiker_(H)","external_links_name":"\"Hieronymus Heyerdahl – norsk jurist og politiker (H)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Marine_Communication_Phrases	Standard Marine Communication Phrases	["1 Background","2 Examples","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Set of phrases in English for use at sea The Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) is a set of key phrases in the English language (which is the internationally recognised language of the sea), supported by the international community for use at sea and developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). They aim to explain: 1) external communication phrases – ship to ship and ship to shore communication, 2) onboard communication phrases – communication within the ship. Background The SMCP were adopted by the 22nd Assembly of the IMO in November 2001 in a resolution which also promoted the wide circulation of the SMCP to all prospective users and all maritime education authorities. The SMCP includes phrases which have been developed to cover the most important safety-related fields of verbal shore-to-ship (and vice versa), ship-to-ship and on-board communications. The aim is to reduce the problem of language barriers at sea and avoid misunderstandings which can cause accidents. Examples To describe an unmanned and abandoned ship floating adrift, the SMCP gives the correct phrase as, “unlit derelict vessel adrift in vicinity (date, time and position if known)” Being stuck in ice and requesting assistance: “I am fast in ice. I require assistance”. Damage to vessel by ice: “I have developed stability problems, heavy icing. Request ice breaker assistance”. Ship is sinking: “I am sinking. Please proceed to my assistance. What is your ETA at our distress position?” See also List of international common standards MarTEL (Maritime Tests of English Language) is a standardised test of maritime English language proficiency Seaspeak Q codes References ^ a b "IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases". Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. ^ a b c d "Shipboard English for Japanese Pilots" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2021. External links Rijeka College of Maritime Studies SMCP Handbook	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Maritime Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization"}],"text":"The Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) is a set of key phrases in the English language (which is the internationally recognised language of the sea), supported by the international community for use at sea and developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). They aim to explain: 1) external communication phrases – ship to ship and ship to shore communication, 2) onboard communication phrases – communication within the ship.","title":"Standard Marine Communication Phrases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imo357-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imo357-1"}],"text":"The SMCP were adopted by the 22nd Assembly of the IMO in November 2001 in a resolution which also promoted the wide circulation of the SMCP to all prospective users and all maritime education authorities.[1]The SMCP includes phrases which have been developed to cover the most important safety-related fields of verbal shore-to-ship (and vice versa), ship-to-ship and on-board communications. The aim is to reduce the problem of language barriers at sea and avoid misunderstandings which can cause accidents.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kobe-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kobe-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kobe-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kobe-2"}],"text":"To describe an unmanned and abandoned ship floating adrift, the SMCP gives the correct phrase as, “unlit derelict vessel adrift in vicinity (date, time and position if known)”[2]\nBeing stuck in ice and requesting assistance: “I am fast in ice. I require assistance”.[2]\nDamage to vessel by ice: “I have developed stability problems, heavy icing. Request ice breaker assistance”.[2]\nShip is sinking: “I am sinking. Please proceed to my assistance. What is your ETA at our distress position?”[2]","title":"Examples"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of international common standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_common_standards"},{"title":"MarTEL (Maritime Tests of English Language)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MarTEL_(Maritime_Tests_of_English_Language)"},{"title":"Seaspeak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaspeak"},{"title":"Q codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_code"}]	[{"reference":"\"IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases\". Archived from the original on 16 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150316133401/https://www.imo.org/ourwork/safety/navigation/pages/standardmarinecommunicationphrases.aspx","url_text":"\"IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases\""},{"url":"http://www.imo.org/ourwork/safety/navigation/pages/standardmarinecommunicationphrases.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Shipboard English for Japanese Pilots\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211007095124/www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/80050001.pdf","url_text":"\"Shipboard English for Japanese Pilots\""},{"url":"http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/80050001.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150316133401/https://www.imo.org/ourwork/safety/navigation/pages/standardmarinecommunicationphrases.aspx","external_links_name":"\"IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases\""},{"Link":"http://www.imo.org/ourwork/safety/navigation/pages/standardmarinecommunicationphrases.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211007095124/www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/80050001.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Shipboard English for Japanese Pilots\""},{"Link":"http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/80050001.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.segeln.co.at/media/pdf/smcp.pdf","external_links_name":"Rijeka College of Maritime Studies SMCP Handbook"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zde%C5%88ka_Pokorn%C3%A1	Zdeňka Pokorná	["1 Biography","2 References"]	Pokorná after receiving the Czechoslovak Order of Merit Zdeňka Pokorná (6 April 1905 – 3 March 2007) was a Czechoslovak teacher and patriot. She was hailed on her 90th birthday as the "living conscience of the century" by the Czech Government. She opposed the Habsburg, Nazi and Soviet Union occupations of her homeland and following the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état she was forced into exile to the United Kingdom, where she lived the rest of her life. Biography The grave of Zdeňka Pokorná in Brookwood Cemetery Born in Břeclav in 1905, Pokorná was a member of the anti-Nazi Czech Resistance Movement who, following the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia, helped a group of people to escape to Yugoslavia. Shortly after she was arrested by the Gestapo, probably as a result of information from an informer, and was sentenced to life imprisonment spending the rest of the war in various prisons and surviving a Death March in 1945. Expelled from her position as headmistress in Břeclav after the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état because of her anti-Soviet stance, she avoided impending arrest by escaping to Austria. Her political activities during World War II gained her the right to asylum in the United Kingdom where she retrained as a psychiatric nurse, and from here she continued both her anti-communist campaigning and her work for Czechoslovak expatriate organisations including the Association of Czechoslovak Legionaries. Pokorná was awarded the Czechoslovak Order of Merit (First Class) by President Václav Havel for her outstanding work for her home country and for upholding the ideals of freedom. For the remainder of her life Pokorná lived in the United Kingdom but never relinquished her Czech nationality. Zdeňka Pokorná died in London in 2007 aged 101 and was cremated at Honor Oak Crematorium following which her ashes were buried in the Czechoslovak section of Brookwood Cemetery in Surrey. References ^ a b Zdenka Pokorna - obituary in The Times 23 March 2007 ^ a b Zdeňka Pokorná in The Heart of Europe- (2009) pg 16 ^ Zdeňka Pokorná in the Prague, Czechoslovakia, Selected Holocaust Records, 1939-1945 (USHMM) - Ancestry.com - pay to view ^ Zdeňka Pokorná in the England & Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1916-2007 - ancestry.com - pay to view ^ Zdenka Pokorna on the Brookwood Cemetery website	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zde%C5%88ka_Pokorn%C3%A1_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-1"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"}],"text":"Pokorná after receiving the Czechoslovak Order of MeritZdeňka Pokorná (6 April 1905 – 3 March 2007) was a Czechoslovak teacher and patriot. She was hailed on her 90th birthday as the \"living conscience of the century\" by the Czech Government.[1] She opposed the Habsburg, Nazi and Soviet Union occupations of her homeland and following the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état she was forced into exile to the United Kingdom, where she lived the rest of her life.","title":"Zdeňka Pokorná"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zde%C5%88ka_Pokorn%C3%A1_Grave_Brookwood_Cemetery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brookwood Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookwood_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Břeclav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99eclav"},{"link_name":"Czech Resistance Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_in_German-occupied_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"Death March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_march"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Theo-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Theo-2"},{"link_name":"Václav Havel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Honor Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_Oak"},{"link_name":"Brookwood Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookwood_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The grave of Zdeňka Pokorná in Brookwood CemeteryBorn in Břeclav in 1905, Pokorná was a member of the anti-Nazi Czech Resistance Movement who, following the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia, helped a group of people to escape to Yugoslavia. Shortly after she was arrested by the Gestapo, probably as a result of information from an informer, and was sentenced to life imprisonment spending the rest of the war in various prisons and surviving a Death March in 1945.[2][3]Expelled from her position as headmistress in Břeclav after the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état because of her anti-Soviet stance, she avoided impending arrest by escaping to Austria. Her political activities during World War II gained her the right to asylum in the United Kingdom where she retrained as a psychiatric nurse, and from here she continued both her anti-communist campaigning and her work for Czechoslovak expatriate organisations including the Association of Czechoslovak Legionaries.[2]Pokorná was awarded the Czechoslovak Order of Merit (First Class) by President Václav Havel for her outstanding work for her home country and for upholding the ideals of freedom. For the remainder of her life Pokorná lived in the United Kingdom but never relinquished her Czech nationality.Zdeňka Pokorná died in London in 2007 aged 101[4] and was cremated at Honor Oak Crematorium following which her ashes were buried in the Czechoslovak section of Brookwood Cemetery in Surrey.[1][5]","title":"Biography"}]	[{"image_text":"Pokorná after receiving the Czechoslovak Order of Merit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/Zde%C5%88ka_Pokorn%C3%A1_2005.jpg/180px-Zde%C5%88ka_Pokorn%C3%A1_2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"The grave of Zdeňka Pokorná in Brookwood Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Zde%C5%88ka_Pokorn%C3%A1_Grave_Brookwood_Cemetery.jpg/160px-Zde%C5%88ka_Pokorn%C3%A1_Grave_Brookwood_Cemetery.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/obituaries/article2079368.ece","external_links_name":"Zdenka Pokorna - obituary"},{"Link":"http://www.theo.cz/pdf/2009/Theo_2009_01_EN.pdf","external_links_name":"Zdeňka Pokorná in The Heart of Europe- (2009) pg 16"},{"Link":"https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=bjS152&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&gss=angs-g&new=1&rank=1&msT=1&gsfn=zdenka&gsfn_x=0&gsln=pokorna&gsln_x=0&MSAV=1&msbdy=1905&msddy=2007&cp=0&catbucket=rstp&uidh=rc8&pcat=ROOT_CATEGORY&h=47735&recoff=3%204&dbid=60551&indiv=1&ml_rpos=3","external_links_name":"Zdeňka Pokorná in the Prague, Czechoslovakia, Selected Holocaust Records, 1939-1945"},{"Link":"https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=bjS153&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&gss=angs-g&new=1&rank=1&msT=1&gsfn=zdenka&gsfn_x=0&gsln=pokorna&gsln_x=0&MSAV=1&msbdy=1905&msddy=2007&cp=0&catbucket=rstp&uidh=rc8&pcat=ROOT_CATEGORY&h=1022060891&dbid=7579&indiv=1&ml_rpos=1","external_links_name":"Zdeňka Pokorná in the England & Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1916-2007"},{"Link":"http://www.brookwoodcemetery.com/zdenka-pokorna/","external_links_name":"Zdenka Pokorna"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_Azerbaijan	History of Azerbaijan	["1 Prehistory","1.1 Early prehistory","1.2 Later prehistory","2 Antiquity","2.1 Achaemenid and Seleucid rule","2.2 Caucasian Albania, Parthians, and Sasanian conquest","3 Middle Ages","3.1 Islamic conquest","3.2 Feudal states in 9th-11th centuries","3.3 The Shirvanshahs","3.4 Sajid dynasty","3.5 Sallarid dynasty","3.6 Shaddadids","3.7 Seljuks","3.8 Mongols and Ilkhanate rule","3.9 End of Mongol rule and Kara Koyunlu-Aq Qoyunlu rivalry","4 Early modern history","4.1 Safavid Empire and the rise of Shia Islam","4.2 18th- and early 19th-century khanates and cession to Russia","4.3 Transition from Iranian to Russian rule","5 Modern history","5.1 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic","5.2 Soviet Azerbaijan","6 Contemporary history","6.1 Independent Azerbaijan","6.2 Mutallibov presidency (1991–1992)","6.3 Elchibey presidency (1992–1993)","6.4 Heydar Aliyev presidency (1993–2003)","6.5 Ilham Aliyev presidency (2003–present)","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Notes","8.2 Citations","8.3 Works cited","9 Further reading","10 External links"]	Azerbaijans history over the years Part of a series on the History of Azerbaijan Prehistory Stone Age • Bronze Age • Iron Age Shulaveri–Shomu culturec.6000–c.4000 BC Chalcolithic culture of Nakhchivanc.4945–c.3800 BC Leyla-Tepe culturec.4350–c.4000 BC Kura–Araxes culturec.3400–c.2000 BC Nakhchivan culturec.3000–c.2000 BC Talish–Mughan culturec.1400–c.700 BC Khojaly–Gadabay culturec.1300–c.700 BC Antiquity Kingdom of Iškuzac.700 BC–c.590s BC Achaemenid Empire550 BC–330 BC • Satrapy of Mediac.550 BC – 323 BC Seleucid Empire312 BC – 63 BC Parthian Empire247 BC – AD 224 Caucasian Albaniac.200 BC – c.AD 800 Roman Empire 27 BC – AD 395 Early Middle Ages Sasanian Empire 224–651 • Satrapy of Albaniac.252–636 Khazar Khaganatec.650–969 Rashidun Caliphate632–661 • Islamic conquest633–654 • Arranc.650–705Umayyad Caliphate661–750 • Arranc.650–705 • Emirate of Arminiya 705–884Abbasid Caliphate750–1258 • Emirate of Arminiya705–884 Shirvanshahs861–1538 Sajids889–929 Shaddadids951–1199 Sallarid dynasty919–1062 High Middle Ages Seljuk Empire 1037–1194 Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231 Eldiguzids 1135–1225 Mongol Empire1206–1368 Ilkhanate 1256–1335 Chobanids 1335–1357 Timurid Empire 1370–1507 Qara Qoyunlu 1374–1468 Aq Qoyunlu 1378–1503 Early modern history Safavid Iran 1501–1736 • Safavid Shirvan 1501–1736 • Safavid Karabakh 1501–1747 • Chokhur-e Sa'd 1502–1736 Ottoman Empire 1299–1922 • Shirvan Eyalet 1578–1607 • Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (I) 1588–1606 • Revan Eyalet (I) 1583–1604 • Nakhchivan Sanjak (I) 1583–1604 • Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (II) 1725–1735 • Revan Eyalet (II) 1724–1736 • Nakhchivan Sanjak (II) 1724–1736 • Tiflis Eyalet (II) 1723–1735 • Kazak Sanjak (II) 1723–1735 Afsharid Iran 1736–1796 • Division of Afsharid Empire 1747 Khanates of the Caucasus 1604–1844 • Elisu Sultanate 1604–1844 • Kazakh sultanate 1605–1801 • Djaro-Belokani c.1600s–c.1800s • Shaki Khanate 1743–1819 • Ganja Khanate 1747–1805 • Talysh Khanate 1747–1828 • Nakhichevan Khanate 1747–1828 • Qutqashen Sultanate 1747–1841 • Baku Khanate 1747–1806 • Shamshadil sultanate 1747–1801 • Quba Khanate 1747–1806 • Karabakh Khanate 1748–1822 • Treaty of Kurakchay 1805 • Shirvan Khanate 1748–1820 Zand dynasty1751–1794 Qajar Iran1789–1925 • Fourth Russo-Persian War 1804–1813 • Treaty of Gulistan 1813 • Fifth Russo-Persian War 1826–1828 • Treaty of Turkmenchay 1828 Russian Empire 1721–1917 • Second Russo-Persian War 1722–1723 • Caucasus Viceroyalty 1801–1917 • Baku Governorate 1846–1920 • Erivan Governorate 1849–1917 • Zakatal okrug 1859–1918 • Elizavetpol Governorate 1867–1920 • Special Transcaucasian Committee 1917 Modern history Transcaucasian Commissariat 1917–1918 • March Days 1918 Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 1918 Baku Commune 1918 Centrocaspian Dictatorship 1918 Republic of Aras 1918–1919 Mughan Soviet Republic 1919 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1918 - 1920 • Armenian–Azerbaijani War 1918–1920 • Battle of Baku 1918 • Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 1920Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic 1920–1922 • Treaty of Kars 1921Soviet Union 1922–1991 • Transcaucasian SFSR 1922–1936 • Azerbaijan SSR 1922–1936 • Azerbaijan SSR 1936–1991 • World War II 1941–1945 • Black January 1990 • Republic of Azerbaijan 1991 Contemporary history Republic of Azerbaijan 1991–present • I Nagorno-Karabakh War 1988–1994 • Bishkek Protocol 1994 • II Nagorno-Karabakh War 2020 • Ceasefire Agreement 2020 Topics Name Heads of state Genetic history Economic history Military history Jewish history Wars Historical regions Sakasene Utik Arran Cambysene Gardman Shirvan Maskut Mughan Balasagan Caspiane Paytakaran Azerbaijan portalvte The history of Azerbaijan is understood as the history of the region now forming the Republic of Azerbaijan. Topographically, the land is contained by the southern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains in the north, the Caspian Sea in the east, and the Armenian Highlands in the west. In the south, its natural boundaries are less distinct, and here the country merges with the Iranian Plateau. The entity of Caucasian Albania was established on its soil in ancient times. The Caucasian Albanian language spoken by the founders of Caucasian Albania was most likely a predecessor of the now endangered Udi language spoken by the Udi people. From the time of the Medes and the Achaemenid Empire, until the coming of the Russians in the 19th century, the territories of the republic of Azerbaijan and Iran have usually shared the same history. Azerbaijan retained its Iranian character even after the Arab conquest of Iran and the conversion of the area's inhabitants to Islam. Some four centuries later, Oghuz Turkic tribes under the Seljuq dynasty entered the area, and Azerbaijan gained a large amount of Turkic inhabitants. Over the centuries, as the original population mingled with the immigrant Turkic nomads, the number of native Persian speakers gradually diminished, and a Turkic dialect nowadays known as Azerbaijani (or Azeri Turkic) gained hold. One of the regional dynasties, the Shirvanshahs, after becoming a state under the roof of the Timurid Empire, helped the Timurids in the war against the Golden Horde State. After Timur's death, two Turkic independent and rival states emerged in the region, namely Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu. The Shirvanshahs, on the other hand, became independent again in this process and strengthened their local governments. After the Russo-Persian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828, Qajar Iran was forced to cede its Caucasian territories to the Russian Empire; the treaties of Gulistan in 1813 and Turkmenchay in 1828 defined the border between Czarist Russia and Qajar Iran. The region north of the Aras was Iranian until it was occupied by Russia during the 19th century. According to the Treaty of Turkmenchay, Qajar Iran recognized Russian sovereignty over the Erivan, Nakhchivan and Talysh Khanates (the last parts of Azerbaijan still in Iranian hands). In the ensuing period, in post-Iranian Russian-held East Caucasia, an Azerbaijani national identity emerged at the end of the 19th century. After more than 80 years of being part of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was established in 1918. The name "Azerbaijan", adopted by the ruling Musavat Party for political reasons, had been used to identify the adjacent region of northwestern Iran. Azerbaijan was invaded by Soviet forces in 1920, which led to the establishment of the Azerbaijan SSR. In the early Soviet period, the Azerbaijani national identity was finally forged. Azerbaijan remained under Soviet rule until the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union, after which the independent Republic of Azerbaijan was proclaimed. Hostile relations with the neighboring Armenia and the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict have been focal points within Azerbaijani politics since independence. Prehistory Gobustan rock art Goytepe site Pottery from Kul-Tepe I "Hounds and Jackals" game Main articles: Stone Age in Azerbaijan and Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan Azerbaijani prehistory includes Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages with the Stone Age divided into Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic eras and the Chalcolithic era being a transitional period from the Stone age to the Bronze and Iron Ages. Early prehistory The Paleolithic era is divided into three periods: lower, middle, and upper. The era began with the first human habitation in the region and lasted until the 12th millennium BCE. The Azykh Cave in Khojavend District is the site of one of Eurasia's oldest archaic-human habitations. Remnants of pre-Acheulean culture at least 700,000 years old were found in the lowest layers of the cave. In 1968, Mammadali Huseynov discovered a 300,000-year-old partial jawbone from an early human in the Acheulean-age cave layer; it is one of the oldest human remains ever discovered in the territory of the former Soviet Union. Azerbaijan's lower Paleolithic is known for the Guruchay culture, which has features similar to the culture of Tanzania's Olduvai Gorge. The Mesolithic era from approximately 12,000 to 8,000 BCE, is represented by caves in Gobustan National Park (near Baku) and Damjili (in Qazax District). Rock carvings in Gobustan depict scenes of hunting, fishing, work and dancing. The newly excavated settlement of Osmantəpə in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic seems to cast light on the intermediate stage between the Mesolithic and Neolithic era. The Neolithic era from the seventh and sixth millennia BCE, is represented by the Shulaveri–Shomu culture in Aghstafa District; finds at Damjili, Gobustan, Kultepe (in Nakhchivan) and Toyretepe, and the Neolithic Revolution in agriculture. Petroglyphs dating from 8,000 to 5,000 years ago depict long boats (similar to Viking ships), indicating a connection with Continental Europe and the Mediterranean Sea. Later prehistory The Chalcolithic era lasted from the sixth to the fourth millennium BCE, was the period of transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age. The Caucasus Mountains are rich in copper ore, facilitating the development of copper smelting in Azerbaijan. A number of Chalcolithic settlements in Shomu-tepe, Toyratepe, Jinnitepe, Kültepe, Alikomektepe and IIanlitepe have been discovered, and carbon-dated artifacts indicate that inhabitants built homes, made copper tools and arrowheads, and were familiar with non-irrigated agriculture. The Bronze Age in Azerbaijan began in approximately the second half of the fourth millennium BCE and the Iron Age began in approximately the seven and sixth centuries BCE. The Bronze Age is divided into early, middle and late eras and have been studied in Nakhchivan, Ganja, Mingachevir and Dashkasan District. The early Bronze Age is characterized by the Kura–Araxes culture, and the middle Bronze Age by painted earthenware or pottery culture. The late Bronze Age is demonstrated in Nakhchivan and by the Khojali–Gadabay and Talish–Mughan cultures. Research in 1890 by Jacques de Morgan in the mountains of Talysh, near Lankaran, revealed over 230 late-Bronze and early-Iron Age burials. E. Rösler discovered late-Bronze Age materials in Karabakh and Ganja between 1894 and 1903. J. Hummel conducted research from 1930 to 1941 in Goygol District and Karabakh at sites known as Barrows I and II and other late-Bronze Age sites. Archaeologist Walter Crist of the American Museum of Natural History discovered a 4,000-year-old, Bronze Age version of hounds and jackals in Gobustan National Park in 2018. The game, popular in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Anatolia at the time, was identified in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenemhat IV. Antiquity Main article: Caucasian Albania The Achaemenids were defeated by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE. After the 247 BCE fall of the Seleucid Empires in Persia, the Kingdom of Armenia ruled portions of what is today Azerbaijan from 190 BCE to 428 CE. The Arsacid dynasty of Armenia was a branch of the Parthian Empire, and Caucasian Albania (present-day Azerbaijan and Dagestan) was under Parthian rule for the next several centuries. The Caucasian Albanians established a kingdom in the 1st century BCE, primarily remaining a semi-independent vassal state until the Parthians were deposed in 252 and the kingdom became a province of the Sasanian Empire. Caucasian Albania's King Urnayr adopted Christianity as the state religion during the fourth century, and Albania was a Christian state until the eighth century. Although it was subordinate to Sasanid Persia, Caucasian Albania retained its monarchy. Sasanid control ended with its 642 defeat by the Rashidun Caliphate in the Muslim conquest of Persia. The migration and settlement of Eurasian and Central Asian nomads has been a regional pattern in the history of the Caucasus from the Sassanid-Persian era to the 20th-century emergence of the Azerbaijani Turks. Among the Iranian nomads were the Scythians, Alans and Cimmerians, and the Khazars and Huns made incursions during the Hunnic and Khazar eras. Derbent was fortified during the Sasanid era to block nomads from beyond the North Caucasus pass who did not establish permanent settlements. Achaemenid and Seleucid rule This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources at this section. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Main article: Seleucid Empire The Achaemenid empire at its greatest extent After the overthrow of the Median Empire, Azerbaijan was invaded by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BCE and integrated into the Achaemenid empire. This early Persian rule enabled the rise of Zoroastrianism and other Persian cultural influences. Many Caucasian Albanians came to be known as fire worshippers, a Zoroastrian practice. Caucasian Albania, Parthians, and Sasanian conquest Main articles: Roman–Parthian Wars and Early Middle Ages in Azerbaijan Roman inscription in Qobustan Sasanid silver plate from Shamakhi District (Azerbaijan State Museum of History) The Albanian kingdom coalesced around a Caucasian identity to forge a state in a region of empire-states. During the second or first century BCE the Armenians curtailed the southern Albanian territories and conquered Karabakh and Utik, inhabited by Albanian tribes who included the Utians, Gargarians and Caspians. At this time, the border between Albania and Armenia was the Kura. As the region became an arena of wars when the Roman and Parthian Empires began to expand, most of Albania was briefly dominated by Roman legions under Pompey; the south was controlled by the Parthians. A rock carving of what is believed to be the easternmost Roman inscription, by Legio XII Fulminata during the reign of Domitian, survives just south-west of Baku in Gobustan. Caucasian Albania then came fully under Parthian rule. In 252–253, Caucasian Albania was conquered and annexed by the Sasanian Empire. A vassal state, it retained its monarchy; the Albanian king had no real power, however, and most civil, religious, and military authority was held by the Sasanid marzban. After the Sasanid victory over Rome in 260, the victory and the annexation of Albania and Atropatene were described in a trilingual inscription by Shapur I at Naqsh-e Rostam. Urnayr (343–371), related by marriage to Shapur II (309–379), held power in Albania. With a somewhat-independent foreign policy, he allied with the Sasanian Shapur. According to Ammianus Marcellinus, the Albanians provided military forces (particularly cavalry) to Shapur's armies in their attacks against Rome. The siege of Amida (359) ended in a Sasanian victory, and some Albanian regions were returned. Marcellinus noted that the Albanian cavalry played a role in the siege similar to that of the Xionites, and the Albanians were commended for their alliance with Shapur: Close by him on the left went Grumbates, king of the Chionitae, a man of moderate strength, it is true, and with shriveled limbs, but of certain greatness of mind and distinguished by the glory of many victories. On the right was the king of the Albani, of equal rank, high in honour. After the 387 division of Armenia between Byzantium and Persia, the Albanian kings regained control of the provinces of Uti and Artsakh (south of the Kur) when the Sasanian kings rewarded them for their loyalty to Persia. Medieval Armenian historians such as Movses Khorenatsi and Movses Kaghankatvatsi wrote that the Albanians were converted to Christianity during the fourth century by Gregory the Illuminator of Armenia. Urnayr accepted Christianity, was baptised by Gregory, and declared Christianity his kingdom's official religion. The Mihranids (630–705) arrived in Albania from Gardman during the early seventh century. Partav (now Barda) was the dynasty's administrative centre. According to M. Kalankatli, the dynasty was founded by Mehran (570–590) and Varaz Grigor (628–642) assumed the title of "prince of Albania". Partav was Albania's capital city during the reign of Grigor's son, Javanshir (642–681), who demonstrated his allegiance early to Sasanian shah Yazdegerd III (632–651). He led the Albanian army as its sparapet from 636 to 642. Despite the Arab victory in the 637 battle of Kadissia, Javanshir fought as an ally of the Sasanians. After the 651 fall of the Sasanian Empire to an Arab caliphate, he shifted his allegiance to the Byzantine Empire three years later. Constans II protected Javanshir, who defeated the Khazars near the Kura in 662. Three years later the Khazars successfully attacked Albania, which became its tributary in exchange for the return of captives and cattle. Javanshir established diplomatic relations with the caliphate to protect his country from invasion via the Caspian Sea, meeting with Muawiyah I in Damascus in 667 and 670, and Albania's taxes were reduced. Javanshir was assassinated in 681 by rival Byzantine nobles. After his death, the Khazars again attacked Albania; Arab troops entered in 705 and put Javanshir's last heir to death in Damascus, ending the Mihrani dynasty and beginning caliphate rule. Middle Ages Islamic conquest Early caliphates: Muhammad, 622–632 Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Main article: Muslim conquest of Persia Muslim Arabs defeated the Sasanian and Byzantine Empires as they marched into the Caucasus, making Caucasian Albania a vassal state after Javanshir's 667 surrender. Between the ninth and 10th centuries, Arab authors began calling the region between the Kura and Aras "Arran". Arabs from Basra and Kufa came to Azerbaijan, seizing abandoned lands. At the beginning of the eighth century, Azerbaijan was the centre of the caliphate–Khazar–Byzantine wars. In 722–723, the Khazars attacked Arab Transcaucasian territory. An Arabian army led by Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah drove the Khazars back across the Caucasus. Al-Jarrah fought his way north along the west Caspian coast, recovering Derbent and advancing with his army to the Khazar capital of Balanjar, captured the capital of the Khazar khanate and placed prisoners around Gabala. Then al-Jarrah returned to Sheki. During the ninth century, the Abbasid Caliphate dealt with uprisings against Arab rule. The Khurramites, led by Babak Khorramdin, staged a persistent revolt. Babak's victories over Arab generals were associated with his seizure of Babak Fort, according to Arab historians who said that his influence extended to Azerbaijan: "southward to near Ardabil and Marand, eastward to the Caspian Sea and the Shamakhi district and Shervan, northward to the Muqan (Moḡan) steppe and the Aras riverbank, westward to the districts of Jolfa, Nakjavan, and Marand". Feudal states in 9th-11th centuries After the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate, the territory of the contemporary Azerbaijan Republic was ruled by dynasties Shaddadids, Shirvanshahs and the Salarid, Sajid, and Buyid dynasties. The Shirvanshahs Shirvanshah, Shīrwān Shāh or Sharwān Shāh, was the title of the rulers of Shirvan: a Persianized dynasty of Arab origin. The Shirvanshahs maintained a high degree of autonomy as local rulers and vassals from 861 to 1539, a continuity which lasted longer than any other dynasty in the Islamic world. V.F Minorsky in his book titled "A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th–11th Centuries" distinguishes four dynasties of Shirvanshahs; 1. The Shirvanshahs (the Sassanids designated them for the protection of northern frontier); 2. Mazyadids; 3. Kasranids; 4. Derbent Shirvanshahs or Derbent dynasty. At the end of the 10th – beginning of the 11th century they began wars with Derbent (this rivalry lasted for centuries), and in the 1030s they had to repel the raids of the Rus, and Alans. The last ruler of the Mazyadid was Yazid ibn Ahmad, and from 1027 to 1382, the Kasranid dynasty began to rule the Shirvanshahs. In 1032 and 1033, the Alans attacked the territory of Shamakhi, but were defeated by the troops of the Shirvanshahs. The Kasranid dynasty ruled the state independently until 1066 when the Seljuk tribes came to their territory, and Shirvanshah I Fariburz accepted dependence on them, preserving internal independence. Shirvan was reportedly independent during two periods: under the legendary sultan Manuchehr and Akhsitan I (who built Baku), and under the 15th-century House of Derbent. Between the 13th and 14th centuries, the Shirvanshahs were vassals of the Mongol and Timurid empires. The Shirvanshahs Khalilullah I and Farrukh Yassar presided over a stable period during the mid-15th century, and Baku's Palace of the Shirvanshahs (which includes mausoleums) and the Khalwati Sufi khanqah were built during their reign. The Shirvanshahs were Sunnis, and opposed to the Shia Islam of the Safavid order. The Safavid leader Shaykh Junayd was killed in a 1460 skirmish with the Shirvanishah, leading to sectarian animosity. Sajid dynasty The Sajid dynasty was an Islamic dynasty that ruled from 879–880 until 941. The Sajids ruled Azerbaijan first from Maragha and Barda and then from Ardabil. According to the Azerbaijani historian Abbasgulu aga Bakikhanov, from 908–909 to 919, the Sajids made the Shirvanshah Mazyadids dependent on them. Thus, at the beginning of the 10th century, the Sajid state included territories from Zanjan in the south to Derbent in the north, the Caspian Sea in the east, to the cities of Ani and Dabil in the west, covering most of the lands of modern Azerbaijan. After the death of Yusuf ibn Abu Saj, the last ruler of the Sajid dynasty Deysam ibn Ibrahim was defeated by the ruler of Daylam (Gilan) Marzban ibn Muhammad who ended the Sajid dynasty and founded the Sallarid dynasty in 941 with its capital in Ardabil. Sallarid dynasty The Sallarid dynasty was an Islamic dynasty that ruled the territories of Azerbaijan, as well as Iranian Azerbaijan from 941 until 979. In 943–944, the Russians organized a campaign to the Caspian region, which was many times more brutal than the 913/14 March. As a result of this campaign, which affected the economic situation in the region, Barda lost its position and essence as a large city and gave this position to Ganja. The Sallaryid dynasty was forced to recognize the rule of the Shaddadids, which strengthened in Ganja in 971. Then, they were assimilated by the Seljuk Turks at the end of the 11th century. Shaddadids The Shaddadids were a Muslim dynasty that ruled the area between the rivers Kura and Araxes from 951 to 1199 AD. Muhammad ibn Shaddad was considered the founder of the Shaddadid dynasty. Taking advantage of the weakening of Sallarids, Muhammad ibn Shaddad took control of the city of Dvin and established his state. The Shaddadids eventually extended their power over the territories of Azerbaijan and ruled major cities such as Barda and Ganja. Fadl ibn Muhammad built the Khodaafarin Bridges along the Aras River to reconnect the territories between the north and south banks of Aras. In 1030, he organized an expedition against the Khazar khaganate. In 1030, a new attack on Shirvanshahs by 38 Russian ships took place. Shirvanshah Manučehr was heavily defeated. At that time, Fadl I's son Askuya rebelled in Beylagan. Fadl I's loyal son Musa paid money to the Russians to save Beylagan. As a result, Askuya's revolt was suppressed, and he was executed. Seljuks Main article: Seljuk dynasty The history of what comprises the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan as part of the Seljuk Empire may have been more pivotal than the Arab conquest since it helped shape the identity of modern Azerbaijani Turks. At the beginning of the 11th century, the region was occupied by waves of Oghuz Turks from Central Asia. The first Turkic rulers were the Ghaznavids from northern Afghanistan, who took over part of Azerbaijan by 1030. They were followed by the Seljuks, a western branch of the Oghuz Turks who conquered Iran and the Caucasus. The Seljuks pressed on to Iraq, where they overthrew the Buyids in Baghdad in 1055. On September 30, 1139, a Ms 7.7 earthquake struck Ganja, causing 200,000 to 300,000 deaths and great devastation. The Seljuks then ruled an empire which included Iran and Azerbaijan until the end of the 12th century. During their rule, the sultan Nizam ul-Mulk (a noted Persian scholar and administrator) helped to introduce a number of educational and bureaucratic reforms. With his death in 1092 began the decline of the Seljuk empire, which hastened after the death of the sultan Ahmad Sanjar in 1153. After Rawwadid Vahsudan, Togrul Bey came to Ganja and Abulasvar Shavur accepted his rule in 1054. In 1075, Alp Arslan annexed the last of the Shaddadid territories. According to the anonymous Tariḵ Bab al-Abwab, Alp Arslan appointed al-Bab and Arran as iqta to his slave Sav Tegin who seized these areas by force from Fażlun in 1075 and ended the dynasty's reign. A branch of the Shaddadids continued to rule in the Ani emirate as vassals of the Seljuq Empire, while the others were assimilated by the Seljuqs. Referring to the work of Minorsky, Azerbaijani historian Sara Ashurbeyli states that in 1066–67, during the reign of Shah Fariborz b. Sallār (1063–1096), ruler of Shirvanshahs, Seljuk Turks headed by commander Qarategin made great marches to Shamakhi and Baku, and then Shah I Fariburz accepted to be dependent on the Seljuks by paying 40,000 dinars a year. The absence of the sultan's name on the coins minted during the reign of his son Akhsitan I indicates that the Seljuk state was already weakened and the Shirvanshahs were independent. Seljuk possessions were ruled by atabegs, vassals of the Seljuk sultans who were sometimes de facto rulers themselves. The title of atabeg became common during Seljuk rule in the 12th century. From the end of the 12th to the early 13th century, Azerbaijan became a Turkic cultural centre. Palaces of the atabeg Eldiguz and the Shirvanshahs hosted distinguished guests, many of whom were Muslim artisans and scientists. The Atabeks of Azerbaijan's power base was centered around Nakhchivan and would focus on Georgia. It expanded to Arran and took control of from Baylagan to Shamkir. He made himself virtually independent ruler of Azerbaijan by 1146. His marriage to the Mumine Khatun enabled him to intervene in the dynasty dispute between the Seljuk sultans of Iraq, which began after Masud's death in 1152. After the death of Shamsaddin Eldaniz in Nakhchivan in 1175, his son Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan succeeded him. Pahlavan transferred the capital from Nakhchivan to Hamadan in western Iran and made his younger brother, Qizil Arslan Uthman, the ruler of Azerbaijan. In 1174, Qizil Arslan captured Tabriz, which subsequently became his capital. After Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan's death, his brother Qizil Arslan (1186–1191) ascended the throne. He continued his successful struggle against the Seljuq rulers. At the same time, the central power began to get weaker as mamluks, who had strengthened their dominance in their areas, did not want to obey the Sultan. Even Shirvanshah Akhsitan I who used to be Atabegs' attempted to intervene in the interior affairs of the Eldiguzids and opposed Qizil Arslans aspiration to the throne. In the response to this, Qizil Arslan invaded Shirvan in 1191, reached to Derbent and subordinated the whole Shirvan to his authority. In 1191, Toghrul III, the last Seljuq ruler was overthrown by Qizil Arslan. Then, by Khalif's leave, he proclaimed himself a Sultan, and then he was poisoned by Innach Khatun in September, 1191. The Eldiguzid atabeg Abu Bakr attempted to stem the Georgian advance, but suffered a defeat at the hands of David Soslan at the Battle of Shamkor and lost his capital to a Georgian protégé in 1195. Although Abu Bakr was able to resume his reign a year later, the Eldiguzids were only barely able to contain further Georgian forays. The State's defense capability was stricken. Khorezmshahs' and Georgians' non-stopping forays aggravated the situation in the country and speeded up its decay. In 1225, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu of the Khwarazmian dynasty ended Seljuk and atabeg rule and set himself up in the capital of Tabriz on the 25 of July in 1225. Under the Seljuks, progress was made in poetry by the Persian poets Nizami Ganjavi (1141–1209), Mahsati Ganjavi (1089–1159) and Khaqani (1120–1199), who lived in this region, and mark the zenith of medieval Persian literature. The region experienced a building boom, and the unique Seljuk architecture is exemplified by the 12th-century fortress walls, mosques, schools, mausoleums, and bridges of Baku, Ganja, and the Absheron Peninsula. Ajami Abubakr oglu Nakhchivani is one of the architects who lived and created in Azerbaijan during the Atabegs of Azerbaijan. Ajami, also known as "Sheikh al-Muhandis", was the architect of the several famous architectural monumentssuch as Yusif ibn Kuseyir Mausoleum, Momine Khatun Mausoleum and Juma Mosque and the founder of the Nakhichivan School of architecture. The mausoleums of Nakhichivan was nominated for the List of World Heritage Sites, UNESCO in 1998. Mongols and Ilkhanate rule The Mongol invasions and conquests of Azerbaijan took place during the 13th and 14th centuries and involved large-scale raids. The Mongol invasion of the Middle East and the Caucasus impacted Azerbaijan and most of its neighbors. Invasions resulted in the incorporation of the territories of Azerbaijan into the newly established Hulagu state with the capital of Maragha in 1256 and lasted until 1357. During the first invasion of Azerbaijan by the Mongols in 1220–1223, cities such as Zanjan, Qazvin, Maragha, Ardebil, Bailagan, Barda, Ganja, which were the territory of the Atabegs of Azerbaijan, were destroyed. The Mongol forces approached Tabriz and got a ransom from the city in 1221. After destroying the city of Maragha, they attacked Diyarbakir and Ardabil and then again returned to Azerbaijan. Thus, the Mongols marched to the north, plundering Shirvanen route. In addition, Beylagan was plundered in the spring of 1221. This took them through the Caucasus into Alania and the South Russian steppes where the Mongols routed the Rus'-Kipchak armies at the Battle of the Kalka River (1223). The second invasion of the Mongolians to Azerbaijan is connected with the name of Chormagan Noyon- a military commander of Genghis Khan in the 1230s. This march was organized by the order of the great Khan Ögedei against Jalâl ad-Dîn Khwârazmshâh, who was ruling these areas after putting an end to Atabek's power in Azerbaijanin 1225. Ögedei Khan sent 30,000 men under the command of Chormagan and the Khwarazmians were swept away by the new Mongol army. In 1231, the Mongols occupied most of Azerbaijan Four years later, they destroyed cities of Ganja, Shamkir, Tovuz, and Şabran on their way to Kievan Rus'. By 1236, Transcaucasia was in the hands of Ögedei Khan. The third invasion of territories of Azerbaijan by Mongolians is associated with the name of Hulagu khan. After his brother Möngke's accession as Great Khan in 1251. The state established in the areas of modern Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, was an attempt to repair of the damage of the previous Mongol invasions. Thus, the territories of Azerbaijan became a battleground between the Golden Horde and the Hulagu states. After the death of Abu Sa'id, the Chobanids dynasty ruled over Azerbaijan, Arrān, and parts of Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and west central Persia from 1335 to 1357, until the death of Malek Ashraf. In 1364 Shaykh Uways Jalayir campaigned against the Shirvan Shah Kai-Ka'us, but a revolt begun by the governor of Baghdad, Khwaja Mirjan, forced him to return to reassert his authority. In 1366 Shaykh Uways Jalayir marched against the Kara Koyunlu, defeating their leader, Bairam Khwaja, at the battle of Mush. Later, he defeated the Shirvan Shah. Then, he was succeeded by his son Shaikh Hasan Jalayir. End of Mongol rule and Kara Koyunlu-Aq Qoyunlu rivalry Momine Khatun Mausoleum in Nakhchivan Timur (Tamurlane) invaded Azerbaijan during the 1380s, temporarily incorporating it into his Eurasian domain. Shirvan, under Ibrahim I of Shirvan, was also a vassal state of Timur and assisted him in his war with the Mongol ruler Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde. Azerbaijan experienced social unrest and religious strife during this period due to sectarian conflict initiated by Hurufism, the Bektashi Order, and other movements. After Timur's death in 1405, Shah Rukh (his fourth son) reigned until his death in 1447. Two rival Turkic rulers emerged west of his domain: the Qara Qoyunlu (based around Lake Van) and the Aq Qoyunlu, centred around Diyarbakır. The Kara Koyunlu were ascendant when their chief, Qara Yusuf, overcame Sultan Ahmed Mirza (the last of the Jalayirids), conquered lands south of Azerbaijan in 1410, and established his capital at Tabriz. Under Jahan Shah, they expanded into central Iran and as far east as Greater Khorasan. The Aq Qoyunlu became prominent under Uzun Hasan, overcoming Jahan Shah and the Qara Qoyunlu. Uzun Hasan ruled Iran, Azerbaijan, and Iraq until his death in 1478. The Aq Qoyunlu and Qara Qoyunlu continued the Timurid tradition of literary and artistic patronage, illustrated by Tabriz' Persian miniature paintings.15th-century Shirvanshah mausoleum in Baku Early modern history Safavid Empire and the rise of Shia Islam Main articles: Safavid Iran and Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam Shah Abbas I of Safavid at a banquet. Detail from a ceiling fresco, Chehel Sotoun palace, Isfahan. The Safavid order was a Sufi religious order based in Iran and formed during the 1330s by Safi-ad-din Ardabili (1252–1334), for whom it was named. The order converted to Twelver Shia Islam by the end of the 15th century. Some Safavid followers (notably the Qizilbash) believed in the mystical and esoteric nature of their rulers and their relationship to the house of Ali, and were willing to fight for them. The Safavid rulers claimed to be descended from Ali and his wife, Fatimah (the daughter of Muhammad), through the seventh Imam Musa al-Kadhim. Qizilbash numbers increased by the 16th century; their generals waged a successful war against the Aq Qoyunlu, and captured Tabriz. The Safavids, led by Ismail I, expanded their base in Ardabil; they conquered the Caucasus, parts of Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Central Asia, and western portions of South Asia. Ismail sacked Baku in 1501 and persecuted the Sunni Shirvanshahs. Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Dagestan were conquered by the Safavids between 1500 and 1502. Ismail I's empire During the reign of Ismail I and his son, Tahmasp I, Shia Islam was imposed upon the Sunni population of Iran and Azerbaijan. The conversion was especially harsh in Shirvan, where many Sunnis were massacred. Safavid Iran became a feudal theocracy during this period, and the shah was held to be the divinely-ordained head of the state and its religion. The Qizilbashi chiefs were designated wakils (provincial administrators), and the position of ulama was created. Wars with the rival Sunni Ottoman Empire continued during the reign of Tahmasp I, and the Safavid cities of Shamakha, Ganja, and Baku were occupied by the Ottomans during the 1580s. Under Abbas the Great (1587–1630), the monarchy assumed a Persian Shiite identity. Abbas' reign was the Safavid zenith, and he repelled the Ottomans and re-captured the Caucasus (including Azerbaijan) between 1603 and 1607. Aware of Qizilbash power, Abbas continued the policy of integrating the Caucasus into Persian society and deported hundreds of thousands of Circassians, Georgians and Armenians to Iran. They served in the army, the royal house and in civil administration, effectively killing the feudal Qizilbash; the converted Caucasians (known as ghulams) were loyal to the shah, not their tribal chiefs. Their Armenian, Georgian, and Circassian descendants still live in Iran. The religious impact of Safavid Iran was significant in Azerbaijan due to its early-16th century conversion to Shia Islam, and the country has the world's second-largest population of Shiites (by percentage, after Iran). 18th- and early 19th-century khanates and cession to Russia Main articles: Afsharid dynasty, Qajar dynasty, and Russo-Persian Wars Qajar-style painting of mullahs with the shah 1748 maps of Shirvan, the Caucasus and Persia As civil conflicts took hold in Iran, most of Azerbaijan was occupied by the Ottomans from 1722 to 1736. Between 1722 and 1735, during the reign of Peter the Great, the Caspian coast (including Derbent, Baku and Salyan) came under Imperial Russian rule as a result of the Russo-Persian War. After the collapse of Safavid Iran, Nader Shah (an Iranian military man of Turkoman origin) came to power. He seized Iran, banished the Afghans in 1729, and marched as east as Delhi in the hope of founding another Persian empire. Not fortifying his Persian base, however, exhausted Nader's army. He controlled Shah Tahmasp II and was regent of the infant Abbas III until 1736 when he had himself crowned as shah on the Mugan plain. Nader quickly established a new Iranian empire, amassing territory unknown since the Sasanians. He conquered the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, portions of Anatolia, large parts of Central Asia, and defeated the Mughals in the Battle of Karnal. Nader sacked Delhi, the Mughal capital, and brought much wealth back to Persia. Although his empire was short-lived, he is considered Asia's last great conqueror. Transcaucasia in the early 19th century Nader Shah's Afsharid dynasty disintegrated after his assassination in 1747, and several Turkic khanates with varying degrees of autonomy emerged in the region. The eunuch Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar turned to the restoration of the outlying Safavid and Afsharid provinces. Returning to Tehran in the spring of 1795, he assembled a force of about 60,000 cavalry and infantry and set off for Azerbaijan in May. He intended to reconquer all territory lost to the Ottomans and Russians, including the region between the Aras and Kura formerly under Iranian Safavid and Afsharid control. The region contained a number of khanates, of which the most important was Karabakh (with its capital at Shusha); Ganja; Shirvan, across the Kura, with its capital at Shamakhi; and Christian Gurjistan (Georgia), on both banks of the Kura in the north-west with its capital at Tiflis. All were under nominal Persian suzerainty. The khanates warred constantly among themselves and against external threats. The most powerful northern khan was Fat'h Ali Khan of Quba (died 1783), who united most of the neighbouring khanates and mounted an expedition to seize Tabriz from the Zand dynasty. The Karabakh Khanate subdued neighbouring Nakhchivan and portions of Erivan. Iran around 1900 The Caucasus after the Treaty of Gulistan, in which Persia ceded most of its northern khanates to Russia after the first Russo-Persian war Agha Mohammad Khan was victorious in the civil war which began with the death of the last Zand king. His reign is noted for the re-emergence of a united Iran. After the death of Nader Shah and the last of the Zands, most of Iran's Caucasian territories had broken away and formed khanates. Agha Mohammad Khan (like the Safavid kings and Nader Shah before him) viewed the region as no different from Iran, and his first objective after securing Iran was to reincorporate the Caucasus into it. Georgia was seen as an integral territory. For Agha Mohammad Khan, the subjugation and reintegration of Georgia into the Iranian empire was part of the process which brought Shiraz, Isfahan, and Tabriz under his rule. According to The Cambridge History of Iran, Georgia's secession was inconceivable; it had to be resisted like an attempt at separating Fars or Gilan Province. Agha Mohammad Khan did whatever was necessary to subdue and reincorporate the recently-lost regions after Nader Shah's death and the fall of the Zands, including suppressing what was seen as treason by the wali of Georgia: King Heraclius II, who was appointed viceroy of Georgia by Nader Shah. Agha Mohammad Khan demanded that Heraclius II renounce the Treaty of Georgievsk, which had been signed several years earlier, denouncing dependence on Persia and agreeing to Russian protection and assistance in its affairs. He demanded that Heraclius II again accept Persian suzerainty in return for peace and security. The Ottomans, Iran's neighbouring rival, recognized Iranian rights to Kartli and Kakheti for the first time in four centuries. Heraclius appealed to Empress Catherine II of Russia for at least 3,000 Russian troops; although he received no response (leaving Georgia to fend off Persia alone), he rejected Agha Mohammad Khan's ultimatum. Agha Mohammad Khan invaded the Caucasus, crossing the Aras and recapturing Shirvan, the Erivan, Nakhchivan, Derbent, Talysh, Shaki and Karabakh Khanates, and Igdir. The Battle of Krtsanisi resulted in the sack of Tiflis and the reintegration of Georgia into Iran. When he returned with 15,000 to 20,000 Georgian captives, Agha Mohammad was crowned shah in 1796 on the Mughan plain, as Nader Shah had been sixty years earlier. He was assassinated while preparing a second expedition against Georgia in 1797 in Shusha, and Heraclius II died early the following year. Iranian rule of Georgia was short-lived; in 1799, the Russians marched into Tbilisi. Russia had pursued a policy of expansion with its southern neighbours (the Ottoman Empire and Iran) since the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The two years following Russia's entrance into Tbilisi were a time of confusion, and Georgia was absorbed by Russia in 1801. Iran would not allow the cession of Transcaucasia and Dagestan, leading to the Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813 and the 1826-1828. Eastern Georgia, Dagestan, Armenia, and Azerbaijan were ceded to Russia in the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay. Although the 1804–1813 Russo-Persian War disrupted trade and agriculture in the Caucasus, the 1826–1828 war was primarily fought in Iran. As a result of the wars, long-standing ties between Iran and the region were severed during the 19th century. Battle-scene miniature in the Palace of Shaki Khans Tadeusz Swietochowski wrote, The brief and successful Russian campaign of 1812 was concluded with the Treaty of Gulistan, which was signed on October 12 of the following year. The treaty provided for the incorporation into the Russian Empire of vast tracts of Iranian territory, including Daghestan, Georgia with the Sheragel province, Imeretia, Guria, Mingrelia, and Abkhazia (latter four regions were vassals of Ottomans), as well as the khanates of Karabagh, Ganja, Sheki, Shirvan, Derbent, Kuba, Baku, and Talysh. Svante Cornell wrote, In 1812 Russia ended a war with Turkey and went on the offensive against Iran. This led to the treaty of Gulistan in 1813, which gave Russia control over large territories that hitherto had been at least nominally Iranian, and moreover a say in Iranian succession politics. The whole of Daghestan and Georgia, including Mingrelia and Abkhazia, were formally ceded to Russia, as well as eight Khanates in modern-day Azerbaijan (Karabakh, Ganja, Sheki, Kuba, Shirvan, Talysh, Baku, and Derbent). However, as we have seen the Persians soon challenged Russia's rule in the area, resulting in a military disaster. Iran lost control over the whole of Azerbaijan, and with the Turkemenchai settlement of 1828 Russia threatened to establish its control over Azerbaijan unless Iran paid a war indemnity. The British helped the Iranians with the matter, but the fact remained that Russian troops had marched as far as south of Tabriz. Although certain areas (including Tabriz) were returned to Iran, Russia was in fact at the peak of its territorial expansion. According to The Cambridge History of Iran, Even when rulers on the plateau lacked the means to effect suzerainty beyond the Aras, the neighbouring Khanates were still regarded as Iranian dependencies. Naturally, it was those Khanates located closest to the province of Āzarbāījān which most frequently experienced attempts to re-impose Iranian suzerainty: the Khanates of Erivan, Nakhchivān and Qarābāgh across the Aras, and the cis-Aras Khanate of Ṭālish, with its administrative headquarters located at Lankarān and therefore very vulnerable to pressure, either from the direction of Tabrīz or Rasht. Beyond the Khanate of Qarābāgh, the Khān of Ganja and the Vāli of Gurjistān (ruler of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom of south-east Georgia), although less accessible for purposes of coercion, were also regarded as the Shah's vassals, as were the Khāns of Shakki and Shīrvān, north of the Kura river. The contacts between Iran and the Khanates of Bākū and Qubba, however, were more tenuous and consisted mainly of maritime commercial links with Anzalī and Rasht. The effectiveness of these somewhat haphazard assertions of suzerainty depended on the ability of a particular Shah to make his will felt, and the determination of the local khans to evade obligations they regarded as onerous. Transition from Iranian to Russian rule Azerbaijani deputies to the 1907 Second Russian State Duma. Seated left is Fatali Khan Khoyski; seated right is Khalil Khasmammadov. According to Audrey L. Altstadt, Russia had been moving militarily towards the Caucasus since 1790. After its defeat by Russia, Qajar Iran ceded Dagestan, Georgia, and most of Azerbaijan to Russia. Local khanates were abolished (Baku and Ganja) or accepted Russian patronage. The 1826–1828 Russo-Persian war resulted in another defeat for Iran. The Qajars ceded their remaining Caucasian territories: the remainder of Azerbaijan (the Nakhchivan and Lankaran Khanates) and Armenia's Erivan Khanate. Tariffs were lowered on Russian goods, and Russia could keep a navy in the Caspian Sea. The Treaty of Turkmenchay defined Russian-Iranian relations until 1917, establishing the present borders of Azerbaijan and Iran as khan rule ended. In the newly-Russian-controlled territories, two provinces were established which became most of present-day Azerbaijan: Elisavetpol (Ganja) in the west and Shamakhi District in the east. Azerbaijanis are now divided between Azerbaijan and Iran. The Russian conquest sparked an exodus of Caucasian Muslims toward Iran, including many Turkic peoples from north of the Aras. Despite the Russian conquest, throughout the entire 19th century, preoccupation with Iranian culture, literature, and language remained widespread amongst Shia and Sunni intellectuals in the Russian-held cities of Baku, Ganja and Tiflis (Tbilisi, now Georgia). Within the same century, in post-Iranian Russian-held East Caucasia, an Azerbaijani national identity emerged at the end of the 19th century. From the Russian conquests to the 1840s, Azerbaijan was governed by the Tsar's military. Russia reorganized the region's khanates into provinces, each governed by an army officer with a combination of local and Russian law. Due to the officers' unfamiliarity with local customs, however, Russian imperial law was increasingly applied; this led to local discontent. Russian administration was unequal to non-Christian Azerbaijanis; religious authorities were kept under control, disturbing non-Christians. Russia made concerted efforts to control the application of Islamic law, and two ecclesiastical boards were created to oversee Islamic activity; it appointed a mufti for the Sunni board and a shaykh al-Islām for its Shia counterpart. In 1857 Georgian and Armenian religious authorities were permitted to censor their respective communities, but Muslim religious works were approved by a censorship board in Odessa. Azerbaijani Turks were subject to Russian proselytizing. During the late 1830s, plans were made to replace the military rule with a civil administration. When the new legal system became effective in January 1841, Transcaucasia was divided into a Georgian-Imeretian province and a Caspian oblast centered in Shamakhi. New administrative borders ignored historic borders or ethnic composition. By the end of military rule in Azerbaijan, Russian imperial law applied to all criminal and most civil matters; the jurisdiction of traditional religious courts and Qadis was reduced to family law. After an 1859 earthquake, the capital of the eastern province was transferred from Shamakhi to Baku. Oil derricks in Balaxanı around 1890 Baku was integrated into the Russian Empire in accordance with the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan, and Azerbaijan experienced significant economic development during the second half of the 19th century. The separate currencies of the former khanates were replaced by the ruble, and their tariffs were abolished; these reforms encouraged further investment in the region. Russia began investing in joint-stock companies, and by the 1840s steamships began sailing on the Caspian. Trade in the port of Baku increased from an average of 400,000 rubles during the 1830s to 500,000 in the 1840s and 700,000 to 900,000 rubles after the Crimean War. Although oil had been discovered and exported from the region centuries before, the 1870s Azerbaijani oil rush led to prosperity and growth in the years leading to World War I and created huge disparities in wealth between the largely-European capitalists and the local Muslim workforce. During the 1870s, Baku experienced rapid industrial growth due to the oil boom. Azerbaijan's first oil refinery was established near Baku in 1859, and the region's first kerosene plant was built in 1863. Oil wells built during the 1870s sparked the boom, and oilfields were auctioned. This system secured investors' holdings, encouraging further investment. Most of the investors were elite Russians and Armenians; of 51 oilfields sold at the first auction, five were bought by Azerbaijani Turks. Two of Baku's 54 notable 1888 oil-extraction firms were owned by Azerbaijanis, who participated in greater numbers in small-scale extraction and refining operations; 73 of 162 oil refineries were Azerbaijani-owned, but all except seven of them employed fewer than 15 people. In the decades after the oil rush (and its foreign investment), other industries grew in Azerbaijan. The banking system was one of the first to react to the oil industry. In 1880, an offshoot of the state bank opened in Baku. In its first year of operation, it issued 438,000 rubles; in 1899, all Baku banks had issued 11.4 million rubles in interest-bearing securities. Transportation and shipping also developed as a result of the expanding oil market, and the number of vessels on the Caspian quadrupled between 1887 and 1899. The Transcaucasus Railway, completed in 1884, connected Baku (on the Caspian Sea) to Batum on the Black Sea via Ganja (Elizavetpol) and Tiflis. In addition to transporting oil, the railroad develop new relationships between rural agricultural regions and industrial areas. The region was further interconnected with new communications infrastructure; telegraph lines connected Baku to Tiflis via Elizavetpol in the 1860s, and a telephone system operated in Baku during the 1880s. Modernisation—compared to the neighboring Armenians and Georgians—was slow to develop amongst the Tatars of the Russian Caucasus. According to the 1897 Russian Empire census, less than five percent of the Tatars were able to read or write. The intellectual and newspaper editor Ali bey Huseynzade (1864–1940) led a campaign to 'Turkify, Islamise, modernise' the Caucasian Tatars, whereas Mammed Said Ordubadi (1872–1950), another journalist and activist, criticized superstition amongst Muslims. The oil rush was spurred by Armenian magnate Ivan Mirzoev and his drilling practices. Oilfields were auctioned primarily to Russians, Armenians, and Europeans, most notably Robert Nobel of Branobel. By 1900, Baku's population increased from 10,000 to about 250,000 as a result of worker migration from the Russian Empire, Iran, and elsewhere. The growth of Baku fostered the emergence of an Azeri nationalist intelligentsia influenced by European and Ottoman ideas. Influential thinkers such as Hasan bey Zardabi, Mirza Fatali Akhundov and (later) Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, Mirza Alakbar Sabir, Nariman Narimanov encouraged nationalist discourse, railed against poverty, ignorance, and extremism, and sought reforms in education and the emancipation of dispossessed classes (including women). The financial support of philanthropic millionaires such as Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev bolstered the rise of an Azeri middle class. An economic and political crisis erupted in Baku after the Russo-Japanese War, beginning with a general strike of oil workers in 1904. The following year, class and ethnic tensions resulted in Muslim-Armenian massacres during the 1905 Russian Revolution. The situation improved between 1906 and 1914 when a limited parliamentary system was introduced in Russia and Muslim MPs from Azerbaijan promoted Azeri interests. The pan-Turkist and pan-Islamist Musavat Party, inspired by Mammed Amin Rasulzade's left-wing modernist ideology, was formed in 1911. Clandestine at first, the party expanded rapidly in 1917 after Russia's October Revolution. Key components of Musavat ideology were secularism, nationalism and federalism, or autonomy within a broader political structure. The party's right and left wings differed on certain issues, however, most notably land distribution. When Russia became involved in World War I, social and economic tensions spiked. Its 1917 revolution granted self-rule to Azerbaijan, but also renewed ethnic conflicts between Azeris and Armenians. Modern history Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Mammad Amin Rasulzade, a founder and spokesperson of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918, was widely regarded as Azerbaijan's national leader. Main articles: Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) and Battle of Baku When the Russian Empire collapsed in 1917, the Transcaucasian Federation was founded by Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian intelligentsia. The federation was short-lived, and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was proclaimed on 28 May 1918 by the Musavat. The name "Azerbaijan", adopted by the party for political reasons, had been used to identify the adjacent region of northwestern Iran. It was the Islamic world's first democratic republic. In Baku, however, a coalition of Bolsheviks, Dashnaks and Mensheviks fought against a Turkish Islamic army led by Nuri Pasha. The coalition, known as the Baku Commune, inspired (or tacitly condoned) the massacre of local Muslims by Dashnak-Armenian forces. It collapsed, and was replaced by the British-controlled Centrocaspian Dictatorship in July 1918. After battles in August and September, the joint forces of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Ottoman Empire (led by Nuri Pasha) entered Baku and declared it the Azerbaijani capital on 15 September 1918. Azerbaijan was proclaimed a secular republic, and its first parliament met on 5 December 1918. Although the British administration initially did not recognize the republic, it cooperated with it. The situation in Azerbaijan had more or less stabilized by mid-1919, and British forces left in August of that year. However, advancing Bolshevik forces, victorious in the Russian Civil War, began to threaten the republic (involved in a conflict with Armenia over Karabakh) by early 1920. Azerbaijan was recognised by the Allies as an independent nation in January 1920 at the Paris Peace Conference. The republic was governed by five cabinets, formed by a coalition of the Musavat, the Socialist Bloc, the Independents, the Liberals, the Hummet and the Ittihad parties. The premier of the first three cabinets was Fatali Khan Khoyski, and Nasib Yusifbeyli was premier of the last two. Parliamentary president Alimardan Topchubashov, the recognized head of state, represented Azerbaijan at the peace conference. Aided by dissidents in government, the Red Army invaded Azerbaijan on 28 April 1920. Most of the newly formed Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt which had broken out in Karabakh. The Azerbaijanis did not surrender their brief independence easily; as many as 20,000 died resisting what was essentially a Russian reconquest. The formation of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic was facilitated by popular support of Bolshevik ideology, particularly by workers in Baku. On the day of the invasion, a Soviet government was formed under Nariman Narimanov. The same fate befell Armenia by the end of 1920, and Georgia in March 1921. Soviet Azerbaijan See also: Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan and Azerbaijan in World War II Two 1938 Azerbaijani propaganda posters After the government surrendered to Bolshevik forces, Azerbaijan was proclaimed a Soviet socialist republic on 28 April 1920. The Congress of the Peoples of the East was held in Baku in September of that year. Nominally an independent state, the Azerbaijan SSR was dependent on (and controlled by) the government in Moscow. It was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, with Armenia and Georgia, in March 1922. In accordance with a December 1922 agreement, the TSFSR became one of the Soviet Union's four original republics. The TSFSR was dissolved in 1936, and its three regions became republics of the USSR. In the early Soviet period, the Azerbaijani national identity was finally forged. Like other Union Republics, Azerbaijan was affected by Stalin's purges during the 1930s. Thousands of people were killed during the period, including Huseyn Javid, Mikail Mushfig, Ruhulla Akhundov, and Ayna Sultanova. The Azerbaijan SSR supplied much of the Soviet Union's gas and oil during World War II, and was a strategically important region. Although the June 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union reached the Greater Caucasus in July 1942, the Germans did not invade Azerbaijan. The 1950s were a period of rapid urbanization and industrialization, and a sblizheniye (rapprochement) policy began to merge the peoples of the Soviet Union into a monolithic nation. Azerbaijan's oil industry lost its relative importance to the Soviet economy during the 1960s because of a shift in oil production to other regions of the Soviet Union and the depletion of known terrestrial oil resources; offshore production was not considered cost-effective. Azerbaijan had the second-lowest rate of growth in productivity and economic output of the Soviet republics, ahead of Tajikistan. Although ethnic tensions (particularly between Armenians and Azerbaijanis) began to grow, violence was suppressed. In an attempt to end the structural crisis, the government in Moscow appointed Heydar Aliyev as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan in 1969. Aliyev temporarily improved economic conditions and promoted alternative industries, such as cotton, to supplement the declining oil industry. He consolidated the republic's ruling elite (which now consisted almost entirely of ethnic Azerbaijanis), reversing the previous rapprochement. Aliyev was appointed a member of the Communist Party's Politburo in Moscow, the highest position attained by an Azeri in the Soviet Union, in 1982. In 1987, when Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika began, he retired. The Gorbachev era was marked by increasing unrest in the Caucasus, initially over Nagorno-Karabakh. Ethnic conflict, centering on Armenian demands for the unification of Azerbaijan's Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast with Armenia by March 1988, began in February of that year amid pogroms against the Armenian populations of Baku and Sumgait. Although Moscow imposed military rule several times, unrest continued to spread. The ethnic strife revealed the Communist Party's shortcomings as a champion of national interests, and independent publications and political organizations emerged in the spirit of glasnost. By fall 1989, the Popular Front of Azerbaijan (PFA) seemed poised to seize power from the Communist Party before the party split into conservative-Islamic and moderate wings. The split was followed by an outbreak of anti-Armenian violence in Baku and intervention by Soviet troops. Unrest culminated in violent confrontation when Soviet troops killed 132 nationalist demonstrators in Baku on 20 January 1990. Azerbaijan declared independence from the USSR on 30 August 1991 and became part of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The First Nagorno-Karabakh War began by the end of the year, resulting in the creation of the self-declared separatist Republic of Artsakh, which persisted until 2023. The refusal by both sides to negotiate resulted in a stalemate, as Armenian troops retained their positions in Karabakh and corridors to Armenia which were seized from Azerbaijan. Contemporary history Independent Azerbaijan Main article: Politics of Azerbaijan Mutallibov presidency (1991–1992) Azerbaijan SSR president Ayaz Mutallibov and Georgian president Zviad Gamsakhurdia were the only Soviet leaders to support the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, and Mütallibov proposed constitutional changes to permit direct nationwide presidential elections. The 1991 Azerbaijani presidential election, in which Mutalibov was the only candidate, was held on 8 September 1991. Although the election was neither free nor fair by international standards, Mutalibov became the country's formal president. The proposed 18 October 1991 declaration of independence by Azerbaijan's Supreme Soviet was followed by the dissolution of its Communist Party, although its former members (including Mutallibov) retained their posts. In a nationwide December 1991 referendum, Azerbaijani voters approved the Supreme Soviet's declaration of independence. The country was first recognized by Turkey, Israel, Romania and Pakistan, and the United States followed suit on 25 December. The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict continued, despite efforts to negotiate a settlement. Early in 1992, Karabakh's Armenian leadership proclaimed an independent republic. Armenia gained the upper hand in what was now a full-scale war, with covert assistance from the Russian Army. Atrocities were committed by both sides; the 25 February 1992 Khojaly massacre of Azerbaijani civilians was criticized for the government's inaction, and Azerbaijani troops killed and captured Armenian civilians in the Maraga massacre. Mütallibov, pressured by the Azerbaijani Popular Front Party, submitted his resignation to the National Council on 6 March. His failure to build an adequate army he could control caused the downfall of his government. Shusha, the last Azerbaijani-inhabited town in Nagorno-Karabakh, came under Armenian control on 6 May. Eight days later, the Supreme Council investigated the Khojaly massacre, absolved Mutallibov of responsibility, overturned his resignation and restored him as president. The following day (15 May), armed Azerbaijan Popular Front forces seized the National Council and the state-owned radio and television stations and deposed Mutallibov, who fled to Moscow. The National Council was dissolved, and the National Assembly (composed of Azerbaijan Popular Front members and former communists) was formed. Two days later (as Armenian forces took Lachin), Isa Gambar was elected National Assembly chair and assumed the duties of the president until national elections scheduled for 17 June 1992. Elchibey presidency (1992–1993) The former communists failed to present a viable candidate for the 1992 Azerbaijani presidential election and PFA leader, former dissident and political prisoner Abulfaz Elchibey was elected president with over 60 percent of the vote. Elchibey's program included opposition to Azerbaijan's membership in the Commonwealth of Independent States, closer relations with Turkey, and a desire for improved links with the Iranian Azerbaijanis. Heydar Aliyev, who had been prevented from running for president by an age limit of 65, was doing well in Nakhchivan but had to contend with an Armenian blockade of the exclave. Azerbaijan halted rail traffic into and out of Armenia, cutting most of its land links with the outside world. The negative economic effects of the Nagorno-Karabakh war on both countries illustrated Transcaucasian interdependence. Within a year of his election, Elchibey faced the same situation which had led to Mutallibov's downfall. The fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh turned in favour of Armenia, which seized about one-fifth of Azerbaijan's territory and created over one million internally displaced persons. A military rebellion led by Surat Huseynov broke out in early June 1993 in Ganja. The PFA leadership found itself without political support as a result of the war's setbacks, a deteriorating economy, and opposition from groups led by Aliyev. In Baku, he seized power and quickly consolidated his position, and an August vote-of-confidence referendum removed Elchibey from the presidency. Heydar Aliyev presidency (1993–2003) Heydar Aliyev during a 1997 Pentagon visit A presidential election was held on 3 October 1993, which Heydar Aliyev won overwhelmingly. Aliyev had some of his opposition, including Surat Huseynov, arrested by March 1994. In 1995, the military police were accused of plotting a coup and disbanded; the coup plotters were linked to right-wing Turkish nationalists. The following year, Former National Assembly speaker Rəsul Quliyev went into exile, and Aliyev's position as absolute ruler was unquestionable by the end of 1996. As a result of limited reforms and the signing of the October 1994 contract for the Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli offshore oilfield complex, which led to increased oil exports to Western markets, the economy began improving. However, extreme levels of corruption and nepotism in Aliyev's government prevented Azerbaijan from more sustained development, however, especially in non-oil sectors. In October 1998, Aliyev was re-elected to a second term. Although his weakened opposition accused him of voter fraud, there was no widespread international condemnation of the election. Aliyev's second term was characterized by limited reforms, increasing oil production and the dominance of BP as Azerbaijan's main foreign oil company. The Shah Deniz gas field is part of the European Commission's Southern Gas Corridor, and a gas export agreement was signed with Turkey. Work on the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline and the South Caucasus gas pipeline began in 2003; the oil pipeline was completed in 2005, and the gas pipeline in 2006. Azerbaijan was a party to the aborted Nabucco pipeline. Ilham Aliyev in Munich in 2010 Aliyev's health began to fail. He collapsed during a televised April 2003 speech, and made his son Ilham the unopposed presidential candidate in October. After several months in the Cleveland Clinic with heart and kidney problems, he died on 12 December 2003. Ilham Aliyev presidency (2003–present) In another controversial election, Heydar's son Ilham Aliyev was elected president that year. The election, marred by violence, was criticised by foreign observers. Opposition to the Aliyev administration is widespread, with opponents advocating a more democratic government. Aliyev was re-elected in 2008 with 87 percent of the vote, however, as opposition parties boycotted the election. After a 2009 constitutional referendum, presidential term limits were abolished and freedom of the press was restricted. The 2010 election produced a National Assembly loyal to Aliyev; for the first time in Azerbaijani history, no candidate from the main opposition Azerbaijani Popular Front or Musavat parties was elected. The Economist called Azerbaijan's regime authoritarian, ranking it 135th out of 167 countries in its 2010 Democracy Index. Demonstrations were held against Aliyev's rule in 2011, calling for democratic reforms and a new government. Aliyev responded with a security crackdown, using force to crush protests in Baku and refusing to make concessions. Over 400 people were arrested during the protests, which began in March. Opposition leaders, including Musavat's Isa Gambar, vowed to continue demonstrating despite police suppression. On 24 October 2011, Azerbaijan was elected a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. From 1 to 5 April 2016, clashes resumed between Armenian and Azerbaijani armed forces. In April 2018, President Ilham Aliyev secured his fourth consecutive term in the election that was boycotted by the main opposition parties as fraudulent. On 27 September 2020, new clashes in the unresolved Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resumed along the Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact. Both the armed forces of Azerbaijan and Armenia reported military and civilian casualties. The Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement and the end of the six-week war between Azerbaijan and Armenia was widely celebrated in Azerbaijan, as they made significant territorial gains. See also Origin of the Azerbaijanis Western Azerbaijan (political concept) References Notes ^ For works about the Early prehistory in Azerbaijan, see: ^ Works about the Neolithic era in Azerbaijan. ^ Sometimes known as the Copper age or Eneolithic era. ^ For works about the Bronze age in Azerbaijan, see: ^ For works about Bronze age Azerbaijan, see: Citations ^ a b c d e Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1985). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ^ Gasimov, Zaur (2022). "Observing Iran from Baku: Iranian Studies in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan". Iranian Studies. 55 (1): 38. doi:10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136. S2CID 233889871. ^ EI. (1990). "CAUCASUS AND IRAN". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume V/1: Carpets XV–C̆ehel Sotūn, Isfahan. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-939214-66-2. ^ Harcave, Sidney (1968). Russia: A History: Sixth Edition. Lippincott. p. 267. ^ Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (2007). Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 15 Neighbors in the Middle East by a Number of Renowned Experts in the Field. Universal. p. 372. ISBN 978-1-58112-933-5. ^ a b Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1995). Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press. pp. 69, 133. ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3. ^ a b L. Batalden, Sandra (1997). The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former Soviet republics. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-89774-940-4. ^ a b E. Ebel, Robert, Menon, Rajan (2000). Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-7425-0063-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b Andreeva, Elena (2010). Russia and Iran in the great game: travelogues and orientalism (reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-415-78153-4. ^ a b Çiçek, Kemal, Kuran, Ercüment (2000). The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation. University of Michigan. ISBN 978-975-6782-18-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b Ernest Meyer, Karl, Blair Brysac, Shareen (2006). Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Basic Books. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-465-04576-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Timothy C. Dowling Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond Archived 2022-12-15 at the Wayback Machine pp 728–729 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014 ISBN 1-59884-948-4 ^ a b c d Gasimov, Zaur (2022). "Observing Iran from Baku: Iranian Studies in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan". Iranian Studies. 55 (1): 37. doi:10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136. S2CID 233889871. ^ a b Yilmaz, Harun (2015). National Identities in Soviet Historiography: The Rise of Nations Under Stalin. Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-317-59664-6. On May 27, the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (DRA) was declared with Ottoman military support. The rulers of the DRA refused to identify themselves as Tatar, which they rightfully considered to be a Russian colonial definition. (...) Neighboring Iran did not welcome the DRA's adoption of the name of "Azerbaijan" for the country because it could also refer to Iranian Azerbaijan and implied a territorial claim. ^ a b Barthold, Vasily (1963). Sochineniya, vol II/1. Moscow. p. 706. (...) whenever it is necessary to choose a name that will encompass all regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan, name Arran can be chosen. But the term Azerbaijan was chosen because when the Azerbaijan republic was created, it was assumed that this and the Persian Azerbaijan will be one entity because the population of both has a big similarity. On this basis, the word Azerbaijan was chosen. Of course right now when the word Azerbaijan is used, it has two meanings as Persian Azerbaijan and as a republic, its confusing and a question arises as to which Azerbaijan is talked about.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b Atabaki, Touraj (2000). Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran. I.B.Tauris. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-86064-554-9. ^ a b Dekmejian, R. Hrair; Simonian, Hovann H. (2003). Troubled Waters: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Region. I.B. Tauris. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-86064-922-6. Until 1918, when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly independent state Azerbaijan, this designation had been used exclusively to identify the Iranian province of Azerbaijan. ^ a b Rezvani, Babak (2014). Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-90-485-1928-6. The region to the north of the river Araxes was not called Azerbaijan prior to 1918, unlike the region in northwestern Iran that has been called since so long ago. ^ a b c M. N. Ragimova, М. Н Рагимова (2008). Azärbaycan arxeologiyası: Daş dövrü. Şärq-Qärb. ISBN 978-9952-498-08-0. ^ a b c Baxşəliyev, Vəli (2006). Azərbaycan Arxeologiyası (PDF). Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-01-11. Retrieved 2020-03-16. ^ "Azerbaijan — History and Culture". www.iexplore.com. Retrieved 2020-03-16. ^ "Jawbones and Dragon Legends: Azerbaijan's Prehistoric Azikh Cave by Dr. Arif Mustafayev". azer.com. Retrieved 2020-03-16. ^ "Visions of Azerbaijan Magazine ::: A History of Azerbaijan: from the Furthest Past to the Present Day". Visions of Azerbaijan Magazine. Retrieved 2020-03-16. ^ a b "Gobustan Rock Art - World Heritage Site - Pictures, Info and Travel Reports". www.worldheritagesite.org. Retrieved 2020-03-17. ^ Coimbra, Fernando, ed. (2008). Cognitive Archaeology as Symbolic Archaeology. England: BAR Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4073-0179-2. ^ Veli Bakhshaliyev 2021, OSMAN TEPE IS A NEW MONUMENT OF THE STONE AGE. (Abstract in English) SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF AZERBAIJAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, NAKHCHIVAN BRANCH OFFICE. -- "... new finds identified at the Osman Tepe settlement attract attention, make it possible to supplement the gap existing in the study of the pre-ceramic Neolithic in the South Caucasus. ... A small number of ceramic products in our way testifies to the new beginning ceramic Neolithic. Therefore, settlements can be dated 9500-7000 BC." ^ Alakbarov, V. A. (2018). "TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEOLITHIC POTTERY AT GÖYTEPE (WEST AZERBAIJAN)". Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 46 (3): 22–31. doi:10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.022-031. ISSN 1563-0110. ^ Nıshıakı, Yoshıhıro; Guliyev, Farhad (2015). "Chronological context of the earliest pottery Neolithic in the South Caucasus : Radiocarbon. Dates for Göytepe and Hacı Elemxanlı Tepe, Azerbaijan" (PDF). American Journal of Archaeology. 119 (3): 279–294. doi:10.3764/aja.119.3.0279. S2CID 192912124. ^ Nishiaki; Kannari; Nagai; Maeda (2019). "Obsidian provenance analyses at Göytepe, Azerbaijan: Implications for understanding Neolithic socioeconomies in the southern Caucasus: Obsidian provenance analyses at Göytepe, Azerbaijan". Archaeometry. doi:10.1111/arcm.12457. ^ Guliyev, Farhad; Yoshihiro, Nishiaki (2012). "Excavations at the Neolithic settlement of Göytepe, the middle Kura Valley, Azerbaijan, 2008-2009". ResearchGate. 3: 71–84. ^ Nishiaki Seiji, Yoshihiro; Guliyev, Farhad; Kadowaki, Seiji (2015). "The origins of food production in the southern Caucasus: excavations at Hacı Elamxanlı Tepe, Azerbaijan". Antiquity. 89: 348. ^ Sebbane, Michael (1989). "COPPER METALLURGY, TRADE AND THE URBANIZATION OF. SOUTHERN CANAAN IN THE CHALCOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE 1". Academia.edu. ^ a b "ARCHEOLOGY viii. REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-03-19. ^ a b c Zerdabli, Ismail bey (2014). THE HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN. Rossendale Books. ^ a b c d ISMAILOV, DILGAM (2017). HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN (PDF). Baku. ^ a b Göyüşov, Rəşid (1986). Azərbaycan Arxeologiyası (PDF). ^ Palumbi, Giulio (5 October 2016). "The Early Bronze Age of the Southern Caucasus". Online Only -- Archaeology. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.14. ISBN 978-0-19-993541-3. ^ JAFARLI, Hidayat (2016). "Bronze Age and Early Iron Age monuments of Karabakh" (PDF). İrs Karabakh: 22–29. ^ "4,000-Year-Old Board Game Called 58 Holes Discovered in Azerbaijan \| Mysterious Universe". mysteriousuniverse.org. Retrieved 2020-03-19. ^ December 2018, Tom Metcalfe 10 (10 December 2018). "4,000-Year-Old Game Board Carved into the Earth Shows How Nomads Had Fun". livescience.com. Retrieved 2020-03-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "4,000-Year-Old Game Board Identified in Azerbaijan - Archaeology Magazine". www.archaeology.org. Retrieved 2020-03-19. ^ "A 4,000-Year-Old Bronze Age Game Called 58 Holes Has Been Discovered In Azerbaijan Rock Shelter". WSBuzz.com. 2018-11-18. Retrieved 2020-03-19. ^ "A Bronze Age game was found chiseled into stone in Azerbaijan". Science News. 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2020-03-19. ^ "Armenia-Ancient Period" Archived 2019-05-07 at the Wayback Machine – US Library of Congress Country Studies (retrieved 23 June 2006) ^ Strabo, "Geography" Archived 2008-10-11 at the Wayback Machine – Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University (retrieved 24 June 2006). ^ p. 38 ^ James Stuart Olson. An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. ISBN 0-313-27497-5 ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Archived 2008-01-10 at the Wayback Machine: "The list of provinces given in the inscription of Ka'be-ye Zardusht defines the extent of the empire under Shapur, in clockwise geographic enumeration: (1) Persis (Fars), (2) Parthia, (3) Susiana (Khuzestan), (4) Maishan (Mesene), (5) Asuristan (southern Mesopotamia), (6) Adiabene, (7) Arabistan (northern Mesopotamia), (8) Atropatene (Azerbaijan), (9) Armenia, (10) Iberia (Georgia), (11) Machelonia, (12) Albania (eastern Caucasus), (13) Balasagan up to the Caucasus Mountains and the Gate of Albania (also known as Gate of the Alans), (14) Patishkhwagar (all of the Elburz Mountains), (15) Media, (16) Hyrcania (Gorgan), (17) Margiana (Merv), (18) Aria, (19) Abarshahr, (20) Carmania (Kerman), (21) Sakastan (Sistan), (22) Turan, (23) Mokran (Makran), (24) Paratan (Paradene), (25) India (probably restricted to the Indus River delta area), (26) Kushanshahr, until as far as Peshawar and until Kashgar and (the borders of) Sogdiana and Tashkent, and (27), on the farther side of the sea, Mazun (Oman)" ^ a b "Albania" Archived 2020-05-26 at the Wayback Machine – Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. I, p. 807 (retrieved 15 June 2006). ^ "Voices of the Ancients: Heyerdahl Intrigued by Rare Caucasus Albanian Text" by Dr. Zaza Alexidze Archived 2009-01-17 at the Wayback Machine – Azerbaijan International, Summer 2002 (retrieved 7 June 2006). ^ Nevertheless, "despite being one of the chief vassals of Sasanian Shahanshah, the Albanian king had only a semblance of authority, and the Sassanid marzban (military governor) held most civil, religious, and military authority. ^ Babak, Vladimir; Vaisman, Demian; Wasserman, Aryeh (2004-11-23). Political Organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan: Sources and Documents. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-77681-7. ^ Hewsen, Robert H., Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians, in: Samuelian, Thomas J. (Hg.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity, Chico: 1982, 27–40. ^ a b Vladimir Minorsky. A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th–11th Centuries. ^ See: Strabo, Geography Archived 2022-12-15 at the Wayback Machine, 11.5 (English ed. H. C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A.); also: Pliny the Elder, The Natural History Archived 2022-12-15 at the Wayback Machine, (eds. John Bostock, Henry Thomas Riley). ^ Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 2001 ^ "ALBANIA – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-09-08. ^ "SASANIAN DYNASTY – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-09-08. ^ a b c d e Vladimir Minorsky. A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries. ^ "Ancient Iran". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-09-08. ^ a b Farrokh, Kaveh; Sánchez-Gracia, Javier; Maksymiuk, Katarzyna (29 August 2019). "Widok Caucasian Albanian Warriors in the Armies of pre-Islamic Iran". Historia i Świat. 8: 21–36. doi:10.34739/his.2019.08.02. hdl:11331/2592. S2CID 216601428. Retrieved 2020-09-08. ^ a b Zardabli, Ismail bey (2014). THE HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN: from ancient times to the present day. Lulu.com. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-291-97131-6. ^ a b A. West, Barbara (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7. ^ a b c d e f Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. (1983). The Cambridge History of Iran. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20092-9. ^ Marcellinus, Ammianus (1939). ROLFE, J.C (ed.). The later Roman Empire. Cambridge.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ M. Chaumont, "Albania, Ancient country in Caucasus" Archived 2020-05-26 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopaedia Iranica ^ Moses Khorenatsi. History of the Armenians, translated from Old Armenian by Robert W. Thomson. Harvard University Press, 1978 ^ Movses Kalankatuatsi. History of the Land of Aluank, translated from Old Armenian by Sh. V. Smbatian. 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Retrieved 2021-06-22. ^ Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1. ^ Ciocîltan, Virgil (2012). The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-23643-1. ^ "Iran \| History, Culture, People, Facts, Map, & Nuclear Deal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-06-23. ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "JALAYERIDS". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-06-23. ^ Dizadji, H (2010). Journey from Tehran to Chicago: My Life in Iran and the United States, and a Brief History of Iran. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4269-2918-2. ^ Morgan, David (2015). Medieval Persia 1040-1797. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-41567-1. ^ Nicholas V. Raisanovsky; Mark D. Steinberg: A History of Russia Seventh Edition, p. 94. ^ Minorsky, Vladimir (1958). A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries. University of Michigan. pp. 1–219. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3. ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth (2004). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 273–274. ISBN 978-0-7486-2137-8. OCLC 1001660530. Their ruling family seems to have come from the Yïwa or Iwa clan of the Oghuz, and the seats of their power in the fourteenth century lay to the north of Lake Van and in the Mosul region of northern Iraq. ^ Bosworth, C. E. (1 June 2019). New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 275–276. ISBN 978-1-4744-6462-8 ^ René Grousset. "The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia", translated by N. Wallford. Rutgers University Press, 1970, ISBN 0-8135-1304-9, p. 458 ^ Alexander Mikaberidze (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 907. ISBN 978-1-59884-336-1. Retrieved February 13, 2013. ^ Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces, By Steven R. Ward, pg.43 ^ Akiner, Shirin (5 July 2004). The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-64167-5 – via Google Books. ^ Juan Eduardo Campo,Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 625 ^ Balland, D. "ĀŠRAF ḠILZAY". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2011-12-31. ^ Walker, Christopher J. (1980). Armenia, the survival of a nation. Croom Helm. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-7099-0210-2. Tsitsianov next moved against the semi-independent Persian khanates. On the thinnest of pretexts he captured the Muslim town of Ganja, the seat of Islamic learning in the Caucasus (...) ^ Saparov, Arsène (2014). From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-63783-7. Even though these principalities had not been under Iranian suzerainty since the assassination of Nadir Shah in 1747, they were traditionally considered an inalienable part of Iranian domains. (...) To the semi-independent Caucasian principalities the appearance of the new Great Power (...) ^ Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh (May 1997). "Fragile Frontiers: The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 29 (2): 210. doi:10.1017/s0020743800064473. In 1795, Ibrahim Khalil Khan, the wali of Qarabagh, warned Sultan Selim III of Aqa Muhammad Khan's ambitions. Fearing for his independence, he informed the Sultan of Aqa Muhammad Khan's ability to subdue Azerbaijan and later Qarabagh, Erivan, and Georgia. ^ Barker, Adele Marie; Grant, Bruce (2010). The Russia Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-8223-4648-7. But they were relatively more accessible given the organization of small, centralized, semi-independent khanates that functioned through the decline of Persian rule after the death of Nadir Shah in the mid-eighteenth century (...) ^ Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0. Agha Muhammad Khan could now turn to the restoration of the outlying provinces of the Safavid kingdom. Returning to Tehran in the spring of 1795, he assembled a force of some 60,000 cavalries and infantry and in Shawwal Dhul-Qa'da/May, set off for Azarbaijan, intending to conquer the country between the rivers Aras and Kura, formerly under Safavid control. This region comprised a number of khanates of which the most important was Qarabagh, with its capital at Shusha; Ganja Khanate, with its capital of the same name; Shirvan Khanate across the Kura, with its capital at Shamakhi; and to the north-west, on both banks of the Kura, Christian Georgia (Gurjistan), with its capital at Tiflis. ^ Baddeley, John Frederick (1908). The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus. Harvard University: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 71. Potto sums up Tsitsianoff's achievements and character as follows: "In the short time he passed there (in Transcaucasia) he managed to completely alter the map of the country. He found it composed of minutely divided, independent Muhammadan States leaning upon Persia, namely, the khanates of Baku, Shirvan, Shekeen, Karabagh, Gandja and Erivan (Revan till 1828)..." ^ a b Bertsch, Gary Kenneth (2000). Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Routledge. pp. 297: "Shusha became the capital of an independent "Azeri" khanate in 1752 (Azeri in the sense of Muslims who spoke a version of the Turkic language we call Azeri today).". ISBN 0-415-92273-9. ^ a b Cornell, Svante (2001). Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus. Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1162-7. ^ "Azerbaijan" Archived 2008-11-18 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Britannica Online ^ Nafziger, E. Wayne; Stewart, Frances; Väyrynen, Raimo (2000). War, Hunger, and Displacement: The Origins of Humanitarian Emergencies. Oxford University press. p. 406. ISBN 0-19-829739-4. ^ Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh (May 1997). "Fragile Frontiers: The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 29 (2): 210. doi:10.1017/s0020743800064473. In 1795, Ibrahim Khalil Khan, the wali of Qarabagh, warned Sultan Selim III of Aqa Muhammad Khan's ambitions. Fearing for his independence, he informed the Sultan of Aqa Muhammad Khan's ability to subdue Azerbaijan and later Qarabagh, Erivan, and Georgia. ^ a b Mikaberidze 2011, p. 409. ^ a b c d Fisher et al. 1991, p. 328. ^ a b Donald Rayfield. Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia Archived 2022-12-15 at the Wayback Machine Reaktion Books, 15 feb. 2013 ISBN 1-78023-070-2 p 255 ^ a b c Lang, David Marshall (1962), A Modern History of Georgia, p. 38. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ^ a b Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation, p. 59. Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-20915-3 ^ a b Michael Axworthy. Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day Archived 2022-12-15 at the Wayback Machine Penguin UK, 6 nov. 2008 ISBN 0-14-190341-4 ^ Fisher, William Bayne (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–129. Agha Muhammad Khan remained nine days in the vicinity of Tiflis. His victory proclaimed the restoration of Iranian military power in the region formerly under Safavid domination. ^ P.Sykes, A history of Persia, Vol. 2, p.293 ^ a b Fisher et al. 1991, p. 329. ^ Alekseĭ I. Miller. Imperial Rule Archived 2022-12-15 at the Wayback Machine Central European University Press, 2004 ISBN 963-9241-98-9 p 204 ^ Fisher et al. 1991, pp. 329–330. ^ Altstadt, Audrey (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks. Stanford University: Hoover Institution Press. p. 19. ^ a b Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan. A Borderland in Transition. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 ^ Gavin R.G. Hambly, in The Cambridge History of Iran, ed. William Bayne Fisher (Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 145–146 ^ a b c d e Altstadt, Audrey (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity Under Russian Rule. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 18, 21. ISBN 0-8179-9182-4. ^ Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia 2003 Archived 2022-12-15 at the Wayback Machine Taylor and Francis, 2003. ISBN 1-85743-137-5 p 104 ^ Gasimov, Zaur (2022). "Observing Iran from Baku: Iranian Studies in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan". Iranian Studies. 55 (1): 38. doi:10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136. S2CID 233889871. The preoccupation with Iranian culture, literature, and language was widespread among Baku-, Ganja-, and Tiflis-based Shia as well as Sunni intellectuals, and it never ceased throughout the nineteenth century. ^ a b Altstadt, Audrey (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks. Stanford University: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 18–19. ^ King, Charles, The ghost of freedom, Page, Michael,, Tantor Media, ISBN 1-5414-5496-0, OCLC 975362899 ^ Altstadt, Audrey (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks. Stanford University: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 19–20. ^ Altstadt, Audrey (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks. Stanford University: Hoover Institutional press. pp. 20–21. ^ a b c Altstadt, Audrey (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-8179-9181-6. ^ Pourjavady, R. (2023). "Introduction: Iran, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia in the 19th century". In Thomas, David; Chesworth, John A. (eds.). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 20. Iran, Afghanistan and the Caucasus (1800-1914). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 20. ^ Pan-Turkism: From Irredentism to Cooperation by Jacob M. Landau P.55 ^ On the Religious Frontier: Tsarist Russia and Islam in the Caucasus by Firouzeh Mostashari p. 144 ^ "Musavat Party (Azerbaijan)". www.crwflags.com. ^ Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires by Aviel Roshwald, page 100 ^ Disaster and Development: The politics of Humanitarian Aid by Neil Middleton and Phil O'Keefe P. 132 ^ The Armenian-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications by Michael P. Croissant P. 14 ^ "Article about Azerbaijan first Republic in Muslim East". Archived from the original on 2017-04-05. Retrieved 2017-05-27. ^ Hugh Pope, Sons of the conquerors: the rise of the Turkic world, New York: The Overlook Press, 2006, p. 116, ISBN 1-58567-804-X ^ "UNDECLARED WAR". www.zerbaijan.com. ^ Institute of History of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (1998). Azerbaijan Republic (1918-1920) (PDF) (in Azerbaijani). Baku: Elm Publishing House. pp. 295–300. ISBN 5-8066-0925-1. Retrieved 20 June 2021. ^ Закавказская федерация Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine. Большая советская энциклопедия, 3-е изд., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. Москва: Советская энциклопедия, 1972. Т. 9 (A. M. Prokhorov; et al., eds. (1972). "Transcaucasian Federation". Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). Vol. 9. Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia.) ^ Oilpro Staff. ""Coveted by Hitler, Cherished by Stalin": Azerbaijan's Baku Oil Steeped in History". Oilpro. Archived from the original on 2017-08-01. Retrieved 20 June 2021. Baku has a long "crude" history. In fact, together with oil fields throughout the Caucasus, the bountiful Baku oilfields were coveted by Adolf Hitler and the pride of Josef Stalin during the Second World War. ^ C. Peter Chen. "Caucasus Campaign". World War II Database. Lava Development, LLC. Retrieved 20 June 2021. ^ Józef Tischner (2005). Etyka solidarności oraz Homo sovieticus (in Polish). Kraków: Znak. p. 295. ISBN 83-240-0588-9. ^ Christian Schmidt-Häuer. Gorbachev: The Path to Power, I. B. Tauris, 1986, ISBN 1-85043-015-2, p. 205 ^ Thomas De Waal. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War, NYU Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8147-1945-7, p. 134 ^ Harold James Perkin. The Third Revolution: Professional Elites in the Modern World, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-415-14337-3, p. 134 ^ Roger East, Richard J. Thomas. Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders Archived 2022-12-15 at the Wayback Machine, Routledge, 2003, ISBN 1-85743-126-X, p. 32 ^ a b Croissant, Michael P. (1998). The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications. London: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96241-5. ^ "Human Rights Watch. "Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights"". Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2021-06-20. ^ www.meclis.gov.az. "Milli Məclis". Retrieved 2021-06-20. ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p357 ISBN 0-19-924958-X ^ Nohlen et al., p360 ^ de Waal, Thomas (2003). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-1945-9. ^ Benson, Brett V. (2012). Constructing International Security: Alliances, Deterrence, and Moral Hazard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-107-02724-4. Russia was widely viewed as supporting the Armenian position. Much of this perception stemmed from the fact that Russia transferred military support to Armenia during the Nagorno-Karabakh War. ^ Svante E. Cornell. "The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict Archived 31 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine." Report No 46, Department of East European Studies, Uppsala University, 1999. ^ a b Croissant 1998 ^ Brown, Michael E. (1996). The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 125. ISBN 0-262-52209-8. ^ Curtis, Glenn E. (1995). "Azerbaijan: Government and Politics:The Presidential Election of 1992". U.S. Country Studies, Library of Congress. Retrieved June 20, 2021. ^ "Абульфаз Эльчибей: 82 года борцу за свободу Азербайджана". www.aa.com.tr. 24 June 2020. ^ Alaolmolki, Nozar. Life After the Soviet Union. published in 2001 page 50. ^ de Waal, Thomas. (2003). p.286. ^ "Rebel troops push toward Azeri capital Archived 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine." Toronto Star. 21 June 1993, p. A12. ^ "Azerbaijan's Geidar Aliev dies at 80". China Daily. 16 December 2003. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2021. ^ McGuinness, Damien (24 April 2011). "Azerbaijan cracks down hard on protests". BBC News. Retrieved 26 April 2011. ^ Schwirtz, Michael (4 April 2011). "Opposition in Azerbaijan Vows to Step Up Protests". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 24 April 2011. ^ Worship, Patrick (24 October 2011). "Azerbaijan elected to U.N. Security Council". Reuters. Retrieved 24 October 2011. ^ "Azerbaijan on UN council after Slovenia drops bid". Huffington Post. Retrieved 24 October 2011. ^ "The four-day war in Nagorno-Karabakh". OSW Centre for Eastern Studies. 6 April 2016. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche (11 April 2018). "Azerbaijan's strongman Ilham Aliyev re-elected for fourth consecutive term \| DW \| 11.04.2018". DW.COM. ^ "Fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh goes on despite US mediation". Associated Press. 24 October 2020. ^ "Fury and celebrations as Russia brokers peace deal to end Nagorno-Karabakh war". The Independent. 11 November 2020. Works cited Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521200950. Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598843361. Further reading Altstadt, Audrey. The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity Under Russian Rule (Azerbaijan: Hoover Institution Press, 1992). Altstadt, Audrey. Frustrated Democracy in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan (2018) Ashurbeyli, S. "History of Shirvanshahs" Elm 1983, 408 (in Azeri) de Waal, Thomas. Black Garden. NYU (2003). ISBN 0-8147-1945-7 Goltz, Thomas. "Azerbaijan Diary: A Rogue Reporter's Adventures in an Oil-Rich, War-Torn, Post-Soviet Republic".M.E. Sharpe (1998). ISBN 0-7656-0244-X Gasimov, Zaur: The Caucasus, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: November 18, 2011. Kalankatu, Moisey (Movses). The History of Caucasian Albanians. transl by C. Dowsett. London oriental series, vol 8, 1961 (School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London) At Tabari, Ibn al-Asir (trans by Z. Bunyadov), Baku, Elm, 1983? Jamil Hasanli. At the Dawn of the Cold War: The Soviet-American Crisis Over Iranian Azerbaijan, 1941–1946, (Rowman & Littlefield; 409 pages; $75). Discusses the Soviet-backed independence movement in the region and argues that the crisis in 1945–46 was the first event to bring the Soviet Union in conflict with the United States and Britain after the alliance of World War II Momen, M. An Introduction to Shii Islam, 1985, Yale University Press 400 p Shaffer, B. Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002). Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russia and Azerbaijan: Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995). Van der Leew, Ch. Azerbaijan: A Quest for Identity: A Short History (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000). History of Azerbaijan Vol I-III, 1960 Baku (in Russian) External links Timeline starting in 1828 from BBC News History of Azerbaijan: Primary Documents; Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. A Guide to the United States’ foreign relations: Azerbaijan (Includes links to other United States government documents related to Azerbaijan); Office of the Historian, State Department of the United States. vteAzerbaijan articlesHistoryEarly Stone Age Bronze and Iron age Kura–Araxes culture Nakhchivan culture Khojaly–Gadabay culture Shulaveri–Shomu culture Mughan culture Jar-Burial Culture Leyla-Tepe culture Achaemenid Empire Caucasian Albania Parthian Empire Arran (Caucasus) Sasanian Empire Shirvan Middle Ages Sajid dynasty Sallarid dynasty Shaddadids Shirvanshahs Eldiguzids Ilkhanate Kara Koyunlu Aq Qoyunlu Safavid Iran Afsharid Iran Khanates of the Caucasus Zand dynasty Qajar Iran Russo-Persian War (1804–13) Treaty of Gulistan Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Treaty of Turkmenchay Modern Armenian–Tatar massacres March Days Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Soviet Azerbaijan First Nagorno-Karabakh War Black January Independent Azerbaijan Second Nagorno-Karabakh War By topic History of the name Azerbaijan The Land of Fire Geography Bodies of water Caspian Sea Climate Climate change Earthquakes Environment issues Extreme points Fauna Flora Geology Caves Mountains Lakes National parks Orography Protected areas State reserves Wildlife Subdivisions Administrative divisions Borders Cities World Heritage Sites PoliticsGovernment Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Children's rights Law enforcement Military National Assembly Political parties Politics President Prime Minister Migration Economy Agriculture Central Bank Companies Energy Manat (currency) Metallurgy Mineral industry Natural resources Petroleum industry Telecommunications Tourism Transport Culture Animation Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine (wine) Dances Dress Folklore Holidays National identity Language Literature Media Music Mythology Novruz (New Year) Public holidays Religion Rug Sport Tea culture Theatre Wedding Demographics Education Ethnic minorities Gender equality Health Healthcare Languages LGBT rights People list Women Symbols Flag National anthem National emblem OutlineIndexBibliography Category Portal vteHistory of AsiaSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal vteHistory of EuropePrehistory Paleolithic Europe Neolithic Europe Bronze Age Europe Iron Age Europe Classical antiquity Classical Greece Roman Republic Hellenistic period Roman Empire Early Christianity Christianity in late antiquity Crisis of the Third Century Fall of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Christianity in the Middle Ages Christianization Francia Anglo-Saxon England Byzantine Empire Papal States Bulgarian Empire First Second Maritime republics Venice Genoa Pisa Amalfi Viking Age Kievan Rus' Crown of Aragon (Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Majorca) Holy Roman Empire High Middle Ages Republic of Florence Feudalism Crusades Mongol invasion Serbian Empire Late Middle Ages Black Death Hundred Years' War Kalmar Union Early modern Renaissance Christianity in the modern era Reformation Age of Discovery Baroque Grand Duchy of Tuscany Thirty Years' War Absolute monarchy Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Early modern France Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Cossack Hetmanate Swedish Empire Dutch Republic British Empire Habsburg monarchy Russian Empire Age of Enlightenment Late modern Great Divergence Industrial Revolution French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Nationalism Revolutions of 1848 World War I Russian Revolution Interwar period World War II Cold War European integration European debt crisis COVID-19 pandemic Russian invasion of Ukraine See also Art of Europe Bibliography of European history Genetic history of Europe History of Christianity History of the Mediterranean region History of the European Union History of Western civilization Maritime history of Europe Military history of Europe Crusading movement	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Caucasus Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Armenian Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Iranian Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Plateau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swietochowski-1"},{"link_name":"Caucasian Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albania"},{"link_name":"Caucasian Albanian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"Udi language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udi_language"},{"link_name":"Udi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udi_people"},{"link_name":"Medes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swietochowski-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Arab conquest of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swietochowski-1"},{"link_name":"Oghuz Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks"},{"link_name":"Seljuq dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swietochowski-1"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swietochowski-1"},{"link_name":"Shirvanshahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshah"},{"link_name":"Timurid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Golden Horde State.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde"},{"link_name":"Qara Qoyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu"},{"link_name":"Aq Qoyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu"},{"link_name":"1804–1813","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)"},{"link_name":"1826–1828","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)"},{"link_name":"Qajar Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_Iran"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Gulistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan"},{"link_name":"Turkmenchay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay"},{"link_name":"Czarist Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Aras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_(river)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swietochowski_Borderland-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L._Batalden_1997_98-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-E._Ebel,_Robert_2000_181-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andreeva_2010_6-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%87i%C3%A7ek,_Kemal_2000-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ernest_Meyer,_Karl_2006_66-11"},{"link_name":"Erivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erivan_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Nakhchivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Talysh Khanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talysh_Khanate"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Caucasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani national identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_national_identity"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gasimov1-13"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Musavat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musavat"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Routledge-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sochineniya,_vol_II/1-15"},{"link_name":"adjacent region of northwestern Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-I.B.Tauris-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-I.B._Tauris-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amsterdam_University_Press-18"},{"link_name":"was invaded by Soviet forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_SSR"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gasimov1-13"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Nagorno-Karabakh conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict"}],"text":"The history of Azerbaijan is understood as the history of the region now forming the Republic of Azerbaijan. Topographically, the land is contained by the southern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains in the north, the Caspian Sea in the east, and the Armenian Highlands in the west. In the south, its natural boundaries are less distinct, and here the country merges with the Iranian Plateau.[1]The entity of Caucasian Albania was established on its soil in ancient times. The Caucasian Albanian language spoken by the founders of Caucasian Albania was most likely a predecessor of the now endangered Udi language spoken by the Udi people. From the time of the Medes[when?] and the Achaemenid Empire, until the coming of the Russians in the 19th century, the territories of the republic of Azerbaijan and Iran have usually shared the same history.[2][1][3] Azerbaijan retained its Iranian character even after the Arab conquest of Iran and the conversion of the area's inhabitants to Islam.[1] Some four centuries later, Oghuz Turkic tribes under the Seljuq dynasty entered the area, and Azerbaijan gained a large amount of Turkic inhabitants.[1] Over the centuries, as the original population mingled with the immigrant Turkic nomads, the number of native Persian speakers gradually diminished, and a Turkic dialect nowadays known as Azerbaijani (or Azeri Turkic) gained hold.[1]One of the regional dynasties, the Shirvanshahs, after becoming a state under the roof of the Timurid Empire, helped the Timurids in the war against the Golden Horde State. After Timur's death, two Turkic independent and rival states emerged in the region, namely Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu. The Shirvanshahs, on the other hand, became independent again in this process and strengthened their local governments.After the Russo-Persian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828, Qajar Iran was forced to cede its Caucasian territories to the Russian Empire; the treaties of Gulistan in 1813 and Turkmenchay in 1828 defined the border between Czarist Russia and Qajar Iran.[4][5]\nThe region north of the Aras was Iranian until it was occupied by Russia during the 19th century.[6][7][8][9][10][11] According to the Treaty of Turkmenchay, Qajar Iran recognized Russian sovereignty over the Erivan, Nakhchivan and Talysh Khanates (the last parts of Azerbaijan still in Iranian hands).[12]In the ensuing period, in post-Iranian Russian-held East Caucasia, an Azerbaijani national identity emerged at the end of the 19th century.[13] After more than 80 years of being part of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was established in 1918. The name \"Azerbaijan\", adopted by the ruling Musavat Party for political reasons,[14][15] had been used to identify the adjacent region of northwestern Iran.[16][17][18] Azerbaijan was invaded by Soviet forces in 1920, which led to the establishment of the Azerbaijan SSR. In the early Soviet period, the Azerbaijani national identity was finally forged.[13] Azerbaijan remained under Soviet rule until the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union, after which the independent Republic of Azerbaijan was proclaimed. Hostile relations with the neighboring Armenia and the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict have been focal points within Azerbaijani politics since independence.","title":"History of Azerbaijan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petroglyphs_in_Gobustan_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G%C3%B6yt%C9%99p%C9%99(%C9%99sas).JPG"},{"link_name":"Goytepe site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goytepe_archaeological_complex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Painted_vessel_from_Kultepe_I.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Game_of_Hounds_and_Jackals_MET_DP264105.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"Mesolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Chalcolithic era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic_era"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-20"}],"text":"Gobustan rock artGoytepe sitePottery from Kul-Tepe I\"Hounds and Jackals\" gameAzerbaijani prehistory includes Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages with the Stone Age divided into Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic eras and the Chalcolithic era being a transitional period from the Stone age to the Bronze and Iron Ages.[19][20]","title":"Prehistory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paleolithic era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_era"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-20"},{"link_name":"Azykh Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azykh_Cave"},{"link_name":"Khojavend District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khojavend_District"},{"link_name":"archaic-human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_humans"},{"link_name":"Acheulean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheulean"},{"link_name":"Mammadali Huseynov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammadali_Huseynov"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Guruchay culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobustan_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Olduvai Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Mesolithic era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic_era"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"Qazax District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazax_District"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:tb01-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Osmantəpə","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmant%C9%99p%C9%99"},{"link_name":"Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Neolithic era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_era"},{"link_name":"Shulaveri–Shomu culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture"},{"link_name":"Aghstafa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghstafa_District"},{"link_name":"Gobustan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobustan_District"},{"link_name":"Kultepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClt%C9%99p%C9%99"},{"link_name":"Nakhchivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic"},{"link_name":"Neolithic Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Petroglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph"},{"link_name":"Viking ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_ships"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:tb01-25"}],"sub_title":"Early prehistory","text":"The Paleolithic era is divided into three periods: lower, middle, and upper. The era began with the first human habitation in the region and lasted until the 12th millennium BCE.[20] The Azykh Cave in Khojavend District is the site of one of Eurasia's oldest archaic-human habitations. Remnants of pre-Acheulean culture at least 700,000 years old were found in the lowest layers of the cave. In 1968, Mammadali Huseynov discovered a 300,000-year-old partial jawbone from an early human in the Acheulean-age cave layer; it is one of the oldest human remains ever discovered in the territory of the former Soviet Union.[a] Azerbaijan's lower Paleolithic is known for the Guruchay culture, which has features similar to the culture of Tanzania's Olduvai Gorge.[23]The Mesolithic era from approximately 12,000 to 8,000 BCE, is represented by caves in Gobustan National Park (near Baku) and Damjili (in Qazax District).[19] Rock carvings in Gobustan depict scenes of hunting, fishing, work and dancing.[24][25] The newly excavated settlement of Osmantəpə in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic seems to cast light on the intermediate stage between the Mesolithic and Neolithic era.[26]The Neolithic era from the seventh and sixth millennia BCE, is represented by the Shulaveri–Shomu culture in Aghstafa District; finds at Damjili, Gobustan, Kultepe (in Nakhchivan) and Toyretepe, and the Neolithic Revolution in agriculture.[b][31]Petroglyphs dating from 8,000 to 5,000 years ago depict long boats (similar to Viking ships), indicating a connection with Continental Europe and the Mediterranean Sea.[24]","title":"Prehistory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chalcolithic era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic_era"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Caucasus Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains"},{"link_name":"smelting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting"},{"link_name":"Shomu-tepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shomu-tepe"},{"link_name":"Kültepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe"},{"link_name":"Alikomektepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alikomektepe"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Ganja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Mingachevir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingachevir"},{"link_name":"Dashkasan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashkasan_District"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Kura–Araxes culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture"},{"link_name":"Khojali–Gadabay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture"},{"link_name":"Talish–Mughan cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talish%E2%80%93Mughan_culture"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-38"},{"link_name":"Jacques de Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Lankaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankaran"},{"link_name":"Karabakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh"},{"link_name":"Goygol District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goygol_District"},{"link_name":"Karabakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"American Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"hounds and jackals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hounds_and_jackals"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Amenemhat IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenemhat_IV"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Later prehistory","text":"The Chalcolithic era[c] lasted from the sixth to the fourth millennium BCE, was the period of transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age. The Caucasus Mountains are rich in copper ore, facilitating the development of copper smelting in Azerbaijan. A number of Chalcolithic settlements in Shomu-tepe, Toyratepe, Jinnitepe, Kültepe, Alikomektepe and IIanlitepe have been discovered, and carbon-dated artifacts indicate that inhabitants built homes, made copper tools and arrowheads, and were familiar with non-irrigated agriculture.[32][failed verification]The Bronze Age in Azerbaijan began in approximately the second half of the fourth millennium BCE and the Iron Age began in approximately the seven and sixth centuries BCE. The Bronze Age is divided into early, middle and late eras and have been studied in Nakhchivan, Ganja, Mingachevir and Dashkasan District.[d] The early Bronze Age is characterized by the Kura–Araxes culture, and the middle Bronze Age by painted earthenware or pottery culture. The late Bronze Age is demonstrated in Nakhchivan and by the Khojali–Gadabay and Talish–Mughan cultures.[33][34][35]Research in 1890 by Jacques de Morgan in the mountains of Talysh, near Lankaran, revealed over 230 late-Bronze and early-Iron Age burials. E. Rösler discovered late-Bronze Age materials in Karabakh and Ganja between 1894 and 1903. J. Hummel conducted research from 1930 to 1941 in Goygol District and Karabakh at sites known as Barrows I and II and other late-Bronze Age sites.[37][36][38] Archaeologist Walter Crist of the American Museum of Natural History discovered a 4,000-year-old, Bronze Age version of hounds and jackals in Gobustan National Park in 2018. The game, popular in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Anatolia at the time, was identified in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenemhat IV.[e]","title":"Prehistory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Seleucid Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Armenia-49"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strabo_Geography-50"},{"link_name":"Arsacid dynasty of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Parthian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan"},{"link_name":"vassal state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_state"},{"link_name":"Sasanian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-51"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-54"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heyerdahl-55"},{"link_name":"monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaumont-56"},{"link_name":"Rashidun Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquest of Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Scythians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians"},{"link_name":"Alans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans"},{"link_name":"Cimmerians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimmerians"},{"link_name":"Khazars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"Hunnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnic_Empire"},{"link_name":"Khazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazar"},{"link_name":"Derbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus"}],"text":"The Achaemenids were defeated by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE. After the 247 BCE fall of the Seleucid Empires in Persia, the Kingdom of Armenia ruled portions of what is today Azerbaijan from 190 BCE to 428 CE.[44][45] The Arsacid dynasty of Armenia was a branch of the Parthian Empire, and Caucasian Albania (present-day Azerbaijan and Dagestan) was under Parthian rule for the next several centuries. The Caucasian Albanians established a kingdom in the 1st century BCE, primarily remaining a semi-independent vassal state until the Parthians were deposed in 252 and the kingdom became a province of the Sasanian Empire.[46][47][48] Caucasian Albania's King Urnayr adopted Christianity as the state religion during the fourth century, and Albania was a Christian state until the eighth century.[49][50] Although it was subordinate to Sasanid Persia, Caucasian Albania retained its monarchy.[51] Sasanid control ended with its 642 defeat by the Rashidun Caliphate in the Muslim conquest of Persia.[citation needed]The migration and settlement of Eurasian and Central Asian nomads has been a regional pattern in the history of the Caucasus from the Sassanid-Persian era to the 20th-century emergence of the Azerbaijani Turks. Among the Iranian nomads were the Scythians, Alans and Cimmerians, and the Khazars and Huns made incursions during the Hunnic and Khazar eras. Derbent was fortified during the Sasanid era to block nomads from beyond the North Caucasus pass who did not establish permanent settlements.","title":"Antiquity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg"},{"link_name":"Median Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_Empire"},{"link_name":"Cyrus the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Achaemenid and Seleucid rule","text":"The Achaemenid empire at its greatest extentAfter the overthrow of the Median Empire, Azerbaijan was invaded by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BCE and integrated into the Achaemenid empire. This early Persian rule enabled the rise of Zoroastrianism and other Persian cultural influences. Many Caucasian Albanians came to be known as fire worshippers, a Zoroastrian practice.[52]","title":"Antiquity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qobustan_inscription.jpg"},{"link_name":"Qobustan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qobustan,_Absheron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mis_qab,_X%C4%B1n%C4%B1sl%C4%B1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Shamakhi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamakhi_District"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan State Museum of History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Museum_of_History"},{"link_name":"Utians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udi_people"},{"link_name":"Caspians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspians"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-59"},{"link_name":"Kura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Parthian Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Pompey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey"},{"link_name":"Legio XII Fulminata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_XII_Fulminata"},{"link_name":"Domitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian"},{"link_name":"Gobustan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qobustan,_Baku"},{"link_name":"monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy"},{"link_name":"marzban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzban"},{"link_name":"Atropatene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropatene"},{"link_name":"Shapur I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_I"},{"link_name":"Naqsh-e Rostam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-64"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-66"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-67"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-68"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-69"},{"link_name":"Urnayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urnayr"},{"link_name":"Shapur II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_II"},{"link_name":"Ammianus Marcellinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus"},{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"siege of Amida (359)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Amida_(359)"},{"link_name":"Xionites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xionites"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-68"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-54"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-59"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Movses Khorenatsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movses_Khorenatsi"},{"link_name":"Movses Kaghankatvatsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movses_Kaghankatvatsi"},{"link_name":"Gregory the Illuminator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-72"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Mihranids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihranids"},{"link_name":"Gardman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardman"},{"link_name":"Barda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barda,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Varaz Grigor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varaz_Grigor"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-37"},{"link_name":"Javanshir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanshir"},{"link_name":"Yazdegerd III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazdegerd_III"},{"link_name":"sparapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparapet"},{"link_name":"caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Constans II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_II"},{"link_name":"Khazars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Muawiyah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muawiyah_I"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Caucasian Albania, Parthians, and Sasanian conquest","text":"Roman inscription in QobustanSasanid silver plate from Shamakhi District (Azerbaijan State Museum of History)The Albanian kingdom coalesced around a Caucasian identity to forge a state in a region of empire-states. During the second or first century BCE the Armenians curtailed the southern Albanian territories and conquered Karabakh and Utik, inhabited by Albanian tribes who included the Utians, Gargarians and Caspians.[53][54] At this time, the border between Albania and Armenia was the Kura.[55][56]As the region became an arena of wars when the Roman and Parthian Empires began to expand, most of Albania was briefly dominated by Roman legions under Pompey; the south was controlled by the Parthians. A rock carving of what is believed to be the easternmost Roman inscription, by Legio XII Fulminata during the reign of Domitian, survives just south-west of Baku in Gobustan. Caucasian Albania then came fully under Parthian rule.In 252–253, Caucasian Albania was conquered and annexed by the Sasanian Empire. A vassal state, it retained its monarchy; the Albanian king had no real power, however, and most civil, religious, and military authority was held by the Sasanid marzban. After the Sasanid victory over Rome in 260, the victory and the annexation of Albania and Atropatene were described in a trilingual inscription by Shapur I at Naqsh-e Rostam.[57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64]Urnayr (343–371), related by marriage to Shapur II (309–379), held power in Albania. With a somewhat-independent foreign policy, he allied with the Sasanian Shapur. According to Ammianus Marcellinus, the Albanians provided military forces (particularly cavalry) to Shapur's armies in their attacks against Rome. The siege of Amida (359) ended in a Sasanian victory, and some Albanian regions were returned. Marcellinus noted that the Albanian cavalry played a role in the siege similar to that of the Xionites, and the Albanians were commended for their alliance with Shapur:[63][49][61]Close by him [Šapur II] on the left went Grumbates, king of the Chionitae, a man of moderate strength, it is true, and with shriveled limbs, but of certain greatness of mind and distinguished by the glory of many victories. On the right was the king of the Albani, of equal rank, high in honour.[65]After the 387 division of Armenia between Byzantium and Persia, the Albanian kings regained control of the provinces of Uti and Artsakh (south of the Kur) when the Sasanian kings rewarded them for their loyalty to Persia.[54][66]Medieval Armenian historians such as Movses Khorenatsi and Movses Kaghankatvatsi wrote that the Albanians were converted to Christianity during the fourth century by Gregory the Illuminator of Armenia.[67][68] Urnayr accepted Christianity, was baptised by Gregory, and declared Christianity his kingdom's official religion.The Mihranids (630–705) arrived in Albania from Gardman during the early seventh century. Partav (now Barda) was the dynasty's administrative centre. According to M. Kalankatli, the dynasty was founded by Mehran (570–590) and Varaz Grigor (628–642) assumed the title of \"prince of Albania\".[69][34]Partav was Albania's capital city during the reign of Grigor's son, Javanshir (642–681), who demonstrated his allegiance early to Sasanian shah Yazdegerd III (632–651). He led the Albanian army as its sparapet from 636 to 642. Despite the Arab victory in the 637 battle of Kadissia, Javanshir fought as an ally of the Sasanians. After the 651 fall of the Sasanian Empire to an Arab caliphate, he shifted his allegiance to the Byzantine Empire three years later. Constans II protected Javanshir, who defeated the Khazars near the Kura in 662. Three years later the Khazars successfully attacked Albania, which became its tributary in exchange for the return of captives and cattle. Javanshir established diplomatic relations with the caliphate to protect his country from invasion via the Caspian Sea, meeting with Muawiyah I in Damascus in 667 and 670, and Albania's taxes were reduced. Javanshir was assassinated in 681 by rival Byzantine nobles. After his death, the Khazars again attacked Albania; Arab troops entered in 705 and put Javanshir's last heir to death in Damascus, ending the Mihrani dynasty and beginning caliphate rule.[70][71][72][73]","title":"Antiquity"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-79"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-80"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra"},{"link_name":"Kufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufa"},{"link_name":"Transcaucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasia"},{"link_name":"Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jarrah_ibn_Abdallah"},{"link_name":"Derbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent"},{"link_name":"Balanjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanjar"},{"link_name":"Gabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabala"},{"link_name":"Sheki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaki,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Abbasid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Khurramites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurramites"},{"link_name":"Babak Khorramdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin"},{"link_name":"Babak Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babak_Fort"},{"link_name":"Ardabil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil"},{"link_name":"Marand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marand"},{"link_name":"Shamakhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamakhi"},{"link_name":"Shervan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-87"}],"sub_title":"Islamic conquest","text":"Early caliphates: Muhammad, 622–632 Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750Muslim Arabs defeated the Sasanian and Byzantine Empires as they marched into the Caucasus, making Caucasian Albania a vassal state after Javanshir's 667 surrender.[74][full citation needed] Between the ninth and 10th centuries, Arab authors began calling the region between the Kura and Aras \"Arran\".[75][full citation needed] Arabs from Basra and Kufa came to Azerbaijan, seizing abandoned lands.At the beginning of the eighth century, Azerbaijan was the centre of the caliphate–Khazar–Byzantine wars. In 722–723, the Khazars attacked Arab Transcaucasian territory. An Arabian army led by Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah drove the Khazars back across the Caucasus. Al-Jarrah fought his way north along the west Caspian coast, recovering Derbent and advancing with his army to the Khazar capital of Balanjar, captured the capital of the Khazar khanate and placed prisoners around Gabala. Then al-Jarrah returned to Sheki.[76][77][78]During the ninth century, the Abbasid Caliphate dealt with uprisings against Arab rule. The Khurramites, led by Babak Khorramdin, staged a persistent revolt. Babak's victories over Arab generals were associated with his seizure of Babak Fort, according to Arab historians who said that his influence extended to Azerbaijan: \"southward to near Ardabil and Marand, eastward to the Caspian Sea and the Shamakhi district and Shervan, northward to the Muqan (Moḡan) steppe and the Aras riverbank, westward to the districts of Jolfa, Nakjavan, and Marand\".[79][80][81][82]","title":"Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaddadids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddadids"},{"link_name":"Shirvanshahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshah"},{"link_name":"Salarid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sajid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Buyid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"Feudal states in 9th-11th centuries","text":"After the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate, the territory of the contemporary Azerbaijan Republic was ruled by dynasties Shaddadids, Shirvanshahs and the Salarid, Sajid, and Buyid dynasties.[83][84][85]","title":"Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shirvanshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshah"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIB-91"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIB-91"},{"link_name":"Shirvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan"},{"link_name":"Persianized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIB-91"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIB-91"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-67"},{"link_name":"Minorsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorsky"},{"link_name":"Shirvanshahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshah"},{"link_name":"Mazyadids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidids"},{"link_name":"Kasranids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasranids"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-64"},{"link_name":"Alans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Mazyadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidids"},{"link_name":"Kasranid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasranids"},{"link_name":"Shamakhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamakhi"},{"link_name":"Seljuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-64"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIB-91"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-94"},{"link_name":"Manuchehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuchehr"},{"link_name":"Akhsitan I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhsitan_I"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"House of Derbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Derbent"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-94"},{"link_name":"Khalilullah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalilullah_I"},{"link_name":"Farrukh Yassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrukh_Yassar"},{"link_name":"Palace of the Shirvanshahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs"},{"link_name":"Khalwati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalwati_order"},{"link_name":"khanqah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanqah"},{"link_name":"Sunnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"Shia Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam"},{"link_name":"Safavid order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_order"},{"link_name":"Shaykh Junayd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Junayd"}],"sub_title":"The Shirvanshahs","text":"Shirvanshah, Shīrwān Shāh[86] or Sharwān Shāh,[86] was the title of the rulers of Shirvan: a Persianized dynasty[86] of Arab origin.[86] The Shirvanshahs maintained a high degree of autonomy as local rulers and vassals from 861 to 1539, a continuity which lasted longer than any other dynasty in the Islamic world.[62]V.F Minorsky in his book titled \"A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th–11th Centuries\" distinguishes four dynasties of Shirvanshahs; 1. The Shirvanshahs (the Sassanids designated them for the protection of northern frontier); 2. Mazyadids; 3. Kasranids; 4. Derbent Shirvanshahs or Derbent dynasty.[87][59]At the end of the 10th – beginning of the 11th century they began wars with Derbent (this rivalry lasted for centuries), and in the 1030s they had to repel the raids of the Rus, and Alans.[88]The last ruler of the Mazyadid was Yazid ibn Ahmad, and from 1027 to 1382, the Kasranid dynasty began to rule the Shirvanshahs. In 1032 and 1033, the Alans attacked the territory of Shamakhi, but were defeated by the troops of the Shirvanshahs. The Kasranid dynasty ruled the state independently until 1066 when the Seljuk tribes came to their territory, and Shirvanshah I Fariburz accepted dependence on them, preserving internal independence.[59][86][89]Shirvan was reportedly independent during two periods: under the legendary sultan Manuchehr and Akhsitan I (who built Baku),[citation needed] and under the 15th-century House of Derbent. Between the 13th and 14th centuries, the Shirvanshahs were vassals of the Mongol and Timurid empires.[89]The Shirvanshahs Khalilullah I and Farrukh Yassar presided over a stable period during the mid-15th century, and Baku's Palace of the Shirvanshahs (which includes mausoleums) and the Khalwati Sufi khanqah were built during their reign. The Shirvanshahs were Sunnis, and opposed to the Shia Islam of the Safavid order. The Safavid leader Shaykh Junayd was killed in a 1460 skirmish with the Shirvanishah, leading to sectarian animosity.","title":"Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sajid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Maragha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragheh"},{"link_name":"Barda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barda,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Ardabil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-87"},{"link_name":"Abbasgulu aga Bakikhanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasgulu_Bakikhanov"},{"link_name":"Shirvanshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshah"},{"link_name":"Mazyadids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidids"},{"link_name":"Zanjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjan_Province"},{"link_name":"Derbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Marzban ibn Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzuban_ibn_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Sallarid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-69"}],"sub_title":"Sajid dynasty","text":"The Sajid dynasty was an Islamic dynasty that ruled from 879–880 until 941. The Sajids ruled Azerbaijan first from Maragha and Barda and then from Ardabil.[82]According to the Azerbaijani historian Abbasgulu aga Bakikhanov, from 908–909 to 919, the Sajids made the Shirvanshah Mazyadids dependent on them. Thus, at the beginning of the 10th century, the Sajid state included territories from Zanjan in the south to Derbent in the north, the Caspian Sea in the east, to the cities of Ani and Dabil in the west, covering most of the lands of modern Azerbaijan.[90]After the death of Yusuf ibn Abu Saj, the last ruler of the Sajid dynasty Deysam ibn Ibrahim was defeated by the ruler of Daylam (Gilan) Marzban ibn Muhammad who ended the Sajid dynasty and founded the Sallarid dynasty in 941 with its capital in Ardabil.[91][64]","title":"Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-69"},{"link_name":"Barda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barda,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Ganja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-87"},{"link_name":"Sallaryid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Shaddadids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddadids"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-100"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-69"}],"sub_title":"Sallarid dynasty","text":"The Sallarid dynasty was an Islamic dynasty that ruled the territories of Azerbaijan, as well as Iranian Azerbaijan from 941 until 979.[92][64]In 943–944, the Russians organized a campaign to the Caspian region, which was many times more brutal than the 913/14 March. As a result of this campaign, which affected the economic situation in the region, Barda lost its position and essence as a large city and gave this position to Ganja.[93][94][82]The Sallaryid dynasty was forced to recognize the rule of the Shaddadids, which strengthened in Ganja in 971. Then, they were assimilated by the Seljuk Turks at the end of the 11th century.[95][64]","title":"Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaddadids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddadids"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-101"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-101"},{"link_name":"Khodaafarin Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khodaafarin_Bridges"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-101"}],"sub_title":"Shaddadids","text":"The Shaddadids were a Muslim dynasty that ruled the area between the rivers Kura and Araxes from 951 to 1199 AD.[96]Muhammad ibn Shaddad was considered the founder of the Shaddadid dynasty. Taking advantage of the weakening of Sallarids, Muhammad ibn Shaddad took control of the city of Dvin and established his state. The Shaddadids eventually extended their power over the territories of Azerbaijan and ruled major cities such as Barda and Ganja.[96]Fadl ibn Muhammad built the Khodaafarin Bridges along the Aras River to reconnect the territories between the north and south banks of Aras. In 1030, he organized an expedition against the Khazar khaganate.[97]In 1030, a new attack on Shirvanshahs by 38 Russian ships took place. Shirvanshah Manučehr was heavily defeated. At that time, Fadl I's son Askuya rebelled in Beylagan. Fadl I's loyal son Musa paid money to the Russians to save Beylagan. As a result, Askuya's revolt was suppressed, and he was executed.[96]","title":"Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seljuk Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Oghuz Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Ghaznavids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Ms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Ms"},{"link_name":"earthquake struck Ganja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1139_Ganja_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-103"},{"link_name":"Nizam ul-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_ul-Mulk"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Sanjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar"},{"link_name":"Ganja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Abulasvar Shavur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Aswar_Shavur_ibn_Fadl"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberman_2003-104"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-38"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-69"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-87"},{"link_name":"Alp Arslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_Arslan"},{"link_name":"iqta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-69"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-100"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-64"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-101"},{"link_name":"Minorsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Minorsky"},{"link_name":"Sara Ashurbeyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Ashurbeyli"},{"link_name":"Shirvanshahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshah"},{"link_name":"Shamakhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamakhi"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-64"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-38"},{"link_name":"atabegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabeg"},{"link_name":"Eldiguz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldiguz"},{"link_name":"Shirvanshahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshah"},{"link_name":"Nakhchivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Baylagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylagan_District"},{"link_name":"Shamkir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamkir_District"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-108"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Shamsaddin Eldaniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldiguz"},{"link_name":"Nakhchivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Jahan_Pahlavan"},{"link_name":"Nakhchivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)"},{"link_name":"Hamadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadan"},{"link_name":"Qizil Arslan Uthman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizil_Arslan"},{"link_name":"Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-87"},{"link_name":"Qizil Arslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizil_Arslan"},{"link_name":"Seljuq rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Shirvanshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshah"},{"link_name":"Akhsitan I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhsitan_I"},{"link_name":"Qizil Arslans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizil_Arslan"},{"link_name":"Toghrul III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toghrul_III"},{"link_name":"Khalif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-108"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusrat_al-Din_Abu_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Battle of Shamkor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shamkor"},{"link_name":"protégé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentorship"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-110"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-87"},{"link_name":"Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu"},{"link_name":"Khwarazmian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Nizami Ganjavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi"},{"link_name":"Mahsati Ganjavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahsati"},{"link_name":"Khaqani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaqani"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Absheron Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absheron_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Ajami Abubakr oglu Nakhchivani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajami_Nakhchivani"},{"link_name":"Yusif ibn Kuseyir Mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusif_ibn_Kuseyir_Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"Momine Khatun Mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momine_Khatun_Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"Juma Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juma_Mosque,_Nakhchivan"},{"link_name":"List of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"}],"sub_title":"Seljuks","text":"The history of what comprises the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan as part of the Seljuk Empire may have been more pivotal than the Arab conquest since it helped shape the identity of modern Azerbaijani Turks. At the beginning of the 11th century, the region was occupied by waves of Oghuz Turks from Central Asia. The first Turkic rulers were the Ghaznavids from northern Afghanistan, who took over part of Azerbaijan[citation needed] by 1030. They were followed by the Seljuks, a western branch of the Oghuz Turks who conquered Iran and the Caucasus. The Seljuks pressed on to Iraq, where they overthrew the Buyids in Baghdad in 1055.On September 30, 1139, a Ms 7.7 earthquake struck Ganja, causing 200,000 to 300,000 deaths and great devastation.[98]The Seljuks then ruled an empire which included Iran and Azerbaijan until the end of the 12th century. During their rule, the sultan Nizam ul-Mulk (a noted Persian scholar and administrator) helped to introduce a number of educational and bureaucratic reforms. With his death in 1092 began the decline of the Seljuk empire, which hastened after the death of the sultan Ahmad Sanjar in 1153.After Rawwadid Vahsudan, Togrul Bey came to Ganja and Abulasvar Shavur accepted his rule in 1054.[99][100][35][64][82]In 1075, Alp Arslan annexed the last of the Shaddadid territories. According to the anonymous Tariḵ Bab al-Abwab, Alp Arslan appointed al-Bab and Arran as iqta to his slave Sav Tegin who seized these areas by force from Fażlun in 1075 and ended the dynasty's reign. A branch of the Shaddadids continued to rule in the Ani emirate as vassals of the Seljuq Empire, while the others were assimilated by the Seljuqs.[64][95][59][96]Referring to the work of Minorsky, Azerbaijani historian Sara Ashurbeyli states that in 1066–67, during the reign of Shah Fariborz b. Sallār (1063–1096), ruler of Shirvanshahs, Seljuk Turks headed by commander Qarategin made great marches to Shamakhi and Baku, and then Shah I Fariburz accepted to be dependent on the Seljuks by paying 40,000 dinars a year.[59]The absence of the sultan's name on the coins minted during the reign of his son Akhsitan I indicates that the Seljuk state was already weakened and the Shirvanshahs were independent.[101][35]Seljuk possessions were ruled by atabegs, vassals of the Seljuk sultans who were sometimes de facto rulers themselves. The title of atabeg became common during Seljuk rule in the 12th century. From the end of the 12th to the early 13th century, Azerbaijan became a Turkic cultural centre. Palaces of the atabeg Eldiguz and the Shirvanshahs hosted distinguished guests, many of whom were Muslim artisans and scientists.The Atabeks of Azerbaijan's power base was centered around Nakhchivan and would focus on Georgia. It expanded to Arran and took control of from Baylagan to Shamkir. He made himself virtually independent ruler of Azerbaijan by 1146. His marriage to the Mumine Khatun enabled him to intervene in the dynasty dispute between the Seljuk sultans of Iraq, which began after Masud's death in 1152.[102][103][104]After the death of Shamsaddin Eldaniz in Nakhchivan in 1175, his son Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan succeeded him. Pahlavan transferred the capital from Nakhchivan to Hamadan in western Iran and made his younger brother, Qizil Arslan Uthman, the ruler of Azerbaijan. In 1174, Qizil Arslan captured Tabriz, which subsequently became his capital.[82]After Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan's death, his brother Qizil Arslan (1186–1191) ascended the throne. He continued his successful struggle against the Seljuq rulers. At the same time, the central power began to get weaker as mamluks, who had strengthened their dominance in their areas, did not want to obey the Sultan. Even Shirvanshah Akhsitan I who used to be Atabegs' attempted to intervene in the interior affairs of the Eldiguzids and opposed Qizil Arslans aspiration to the throne. In the response to this, Qizil Arslan invaded Shirvan in 1191, reached to Derbent and subordinated the whole Shirvan to his authority. In 1191, Toghrul III, the last Seljuq ruler was overthrown by Qizil Arslan. Then, by Khalif's leave, he proclaimed himself a Sultan, and then he was poisoned by Innach Khatun in September, 1191.[103]The Eldiguzid atabeg Abu Bakr attempted to stem the Georgian advance, but suffered a defeat at the hands of David Soslan at the Battle of Shamkor and lost his capital to a Georgian protégé in 1195. Although Abu Bakr was able to resume his reign a year later, the Eldiguzids were only barely able to contain further Georgian forays. The State's defense capability was stricken. Khorezmshahs' and Georgians' non-stopping forays aggravated the situation in the country and speeded up its decay.[105][82]In 1225, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu of the Khwarazmian dynasty ended Seljuk and atabeg rule and set himself up in the capital of Tabriz on the 25 of July in 1225.[106][107]Under the Seljuks, progress was made in poetry by the Persian poets Nizami Ganjavi (1141–1209), Mahsati Ganjavi (1089–1159) and Khaqani (1120–1199), who lived in this region, and mark the zenith of medieval Persian literature.[108][109][110][111][112] The region experienced a building boom, and the unique Seljuk architecture is exemplified by the 12th-century fortress walls, mosques, schools, mausoleums, and bridges of Baku, Ganja, and the Absheron Peninsula.Ajami Abubakr oglu Nakhchivani is one of the architects who lived and created in Azerbaijan during the Atabegs of Azerbaijan. Ajami, also known as \"Sheikh al-Muhandis\", was the architect of the several famous architectural monumentssuch as Yusif ibn Kuseyir Mausoleum, Momine Khatun Mausoleum and Juma Mosque and the founder of the Nakhichivan School of architecture. The mausoleums of Nakhichivan was nominated for the List of World Heritage Sites, UNESCO in 1998.[113][114][115]","title":"Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongol invasions and conquests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests"},{"link_name":"Hulagu state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberman_2003-104"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica.com-121"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-124"},{"link_name":"Zanjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjan,_Iran"},{"link_name":"Qazvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazvin"},{"link_name":"Maragha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragheh"},{"link_name":"Ardebil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil"},{"link_name":"Bailagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylagan_District"},{"link_name":"Barda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barda,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Ganja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Atabegs of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabegs_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Maragha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragheh"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Kalka River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kalka_River"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-128"},{"link_name":"Genghis Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan"},{"link_name":"Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Shamkir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99mkir"},{"link_name":"Tovuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovuz,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Şabran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eabran"},{"link_name":"Kievan Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Ögedei Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-110"},{"link_name":"Hulagu khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-124"},{"link_name":"Golden Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde"},{"link_name":"Hulagu states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica.com-121"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-124"},{"link_name":"Chobanids dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobanids"},{"link_name":"Malek Ashraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malek_Ashraf"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Shaykh Uways Jalayir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Uways_Jalayir"},{"link_name":"Shaykh Uways Jalayir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Uways_Jalayir"},{"link_name":"Kara Koyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu"},{"link_name":"Bairam Khwaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayram_Khwaja"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Shaikh Hasan Jalayir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaikh_Hasan_Jalayir"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"}],"sub_title":"Mongols and Ilkhanate rule","text":"The Mongol invasions and conquests of Azerbaijan took place during the 13th and 14th centuries and involved large-scale raids. The Mongol invasion of the Middle East and the Caucasus impacted Azerbaijan and most of its neighbors. Invasions resulted in the incorporation of the territories of Azerbaijan into the newly established Hulagu state with the capital of Maragha in 1256 and lasted until 1357.[99][116][117][118][119]During the first invasion of Azerbaijan by the Mongols in 1220–1223, cities such as Zanjan, Qazvin, Maragha, Ardebil, Bailagan, Barda, Ganja, which were the territory of the Atabegs of Azerbaijan, were destroyed.[120][121]The Mongol forces approached Tabriz and got a ransom from the city in 1221. After destroying the city of Maragha, they attacked Diyarbakir and Ardabil and then again returned to Azerbaijan. Thus, the Mongols marched to the north, plundering Shirvanen route. In addition, Beylagan was plundered in the spring of 1221. This took them through the Caucasus into Alania and the South Russian steppes where the Mongols routed the Rus'-Kipchak armies at the Battle of the Kalka River (1223).[122][123]The second invasion of the Mongolians to Azerbaijan is connected with the name of Chormagan Noyon- a military commander of Genghis Khan in the 1230s. This march was organized by the order of the great Khan Ögedei against Jalâl ad-Dîn Khwârazmshâh, who was ruling these areas after putting an end to Atabek's power in Azerbaijanin 1225. Ögedei Khan sent 30,000 men under the command of Chormagan and the Khwarazmians were swept away by the new Mongol army. In 1231, the Mongols occupied most of Azerbaijan[124] Four years later, they destroyed cities of Ganja, Shamkir, Tovuz, and Şabran on their way to Kievan Rus'.[125] By 1236, Transcaucasia was in the hands of Ögedei Khan.[126][105]The third invasion of territories of Azerbaijan by Mongolians is associated with the name of Hulagu khan. After his brother Möngke's accession as Great Khan in 1251. The state established in the areas of modern Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, was an attempt to repair of the damage of the previous Mongol invasions.[119]Thus, the territories of Azerbaijan became a battleground between the Golden Horde and the Hulagu states.[116][127][119]After the death of Abu Sa'id, the Chobanids dynasty ruled over Azerbaijan, Arrān, and parts of Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and west central Persia from 1335 to 1357, until the death of Malek Ashraf.[128][129][130][131]In 1364 Shaykh Uways Jalayir campaigned against the Shirvan Shah Kai-Ka'us, but a revolt begun by the governor of Baghdad, Khwaja Mirjan, forced him to return to reassert his authority. In 1366 Shaykh Uways Jalayir marched against the Kara Koyunlu, defeating their leader, Bairam Khwaja, at the battle of Mush. Later, he defeated the Shirvan Shah.[132][133][134] Then, he was succeeded by his son Shaikh Hasan Jalayir.[135]","title":"Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%B6m%C3%BCn%C9%99xatun_t%C3%BCrb%C9%99si_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Momine Khatun Mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momine_Khatun_Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"Nakhchivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)"},{"link_name":"Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim I of Shirvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_I_of_Shirvan"},{"link_name":"Tokhtamysh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokhtamysh"},{"link_name":"Golden Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Hurufism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurufism"},{"link_name":"Bektashi Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi_Order"},{"link_name":"Shah Rukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh"},{"link_name":"Qara Qoyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu"},{"link_name":"Lake Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Van"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Aq Qoyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Qara Yusuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Yusuf"},{"link_name":"Sultan Ahmed Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mirza"},{"link_name":"Jalayirids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Jahan Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahan_Shah"},{"link_name":"Greater Khorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"Uzun Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzun_Hasan"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Uzun Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzun_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Timurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Persian miniature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_miniature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baku_ShirvanshahsBurialVault_004_1365.jpg"}],"sub_title":"End of Mongol rule and Kara Koyunlu-Aq Qoyunlu rivalry","text":"Momine Khatun Mausoleum in NakhchivanTimur (Tamurlane) invaded Azerbaijan during the 1380s, temporarily incorporating it into his Eurasian domain.[136] Shirvan, under Ibrahim I of Shirvan, was also a vassal state of Timur and assisted him in his war with the Mongol ruler Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde.[137] Azerbaijan experienced social unrest and religious strife during this period due to sectarian conflict initiated by Hurufism, the Bektashi Order, and other movements.After Timur's death in 1405, Shah Rukh (his fourth son) reigned until his death in 1447. Two rival Turkic rulers emerged west of his domain: the Qara Qoyunlu (based around Lake Van)[138] and the Aq Qoyunlu, centred around Diyarbakır.[139] The Kara Koyunlu were ascendant when their chief, Qara Yusuf, overcame Sultan Ahmed Mirza (the last of the Jalayirids), conquered lands south of Azerbaijan in 1410, and established his capital at Tabriz.[140] Under Jahan Shah, they expanded into central Iran and as far east as Greater Khorasan. The Aq Qoyunlu became prominent under Uzun Hasan, overcoming Jahan Shah and the Qara Qoyunlu.[141] Uzun Hasan ruled Iran, Azerbaijan, and Iraq until his death in 1478. The Aq Qoyunlu and Qara Qoyunlu continued the Timurid tradition of literary and artistic patronage, illustrated by Tabriz' Persian miniature paintings.15th-century Shirvanshah mausoleum in Baku","title":"Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early modern history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shah_Abbas_I.jpg"},{"link_name":"Safavid order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_order"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"Safi-ad-din Ardabili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safi-ad-din_Ardabili"},{"link_name":"Twelver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver"},{"link_name":"Qizilbash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilbash"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali"},{"link_name":"Fatimah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam"},{"link_name":"Musa al-Kadhim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_al-Kadhim"},{"link_name":"Aq Qoyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu"},{"link_name":"Ismail I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_I"},{"link_name":"Ardabil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Immortal_pg.43-147"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Safavid_persia.png"},{"link_name":"Tahmasp I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahmasp_I"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"wakils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakil"},{"link_name":"ulama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Shamakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamakha"},{"link_name":"Abbas the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Circassians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians"},{"link_name":"Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Armenians"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Georgians"},{"link_name":"Circassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N8IKR0oqdRkC-148"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"}],"sub_title":"Safavid Empire and the rise of Shia Islam","text":"Shah Abbas I of Safavid at a banquet. Detail from a ceiling fresco, Chehel Sotoun palace, Isfahan.The Safavid order was a Sufi religious order based in Iran and formed during the 1330s by Safi-ad-din Ardabili (1252–1334), for whom it was named. The order converted to Twelver Shia Islam by the end of the 15th century. Some Safavid followers (notably the Qizilbash) believed in the mystical and esoteric nature of their rulers and their relationship to the house of Ali, and were willing to fight for them. The Safavid rulers claimed to be descended from Ali and his wife, Fatimah (the daughter of Muhammad), through the seventh Imam Musa al-Kadhim. Qizilbash numbers increased by the 16th century; their generals waged a successful war against the Aq Qoyunlu, and captured Tabriz.The Safavids, led by Ismail I, expanded their base in Ardabil; they conquered the Caucasus, parts of Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Central Asia, and western portions of South Asia. Ismail sacked Baku in 1501 and persecuted the Sunni Shirvanshahs. Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Dagestan were conquered by the Safavids between 1500 and 1502.[142]Ismail I's empireDuring the reign of Ismail I and his son, Tahmasp I, Shia Islam was imposed upon the Sunni population of Iran and Azerbaijan. The conversion was especially harsh in Shirvan, where many Sunnis were massacred.[citation needed] Safavid Iran became a feudal theocracy during this period, and the shah was held to be the divinely-ordained head of the state and its religion. The Qizilbashi chiefs were designated wakils (provincial administrators), and the position of ulama was created. Wars with the rival Sunni Ottoman Empire continued during the reign of Tahmasp I, and the Safavid cities of Shamakha, Ganja, and Baku were occupied by the Ottomans during the 1580s.Under Abbas the Great (1587–1630), the monarchy assumed a Persian Shiite identity. Abbas' reign was the Safavid zenith, and he repelled the Ottomans and re-captured the Caucasus (including Azerbaijan) between 1603 and 1607. Aware of Qizilbash power, Abbas continued the policy of integrating the Caucasus into Persian society and deported hundreds of thousands of Circassians, Georgians and Armenians to Iran. They served in the army, the royal house and in civil administration, effectively killing the feudal Qizilbash; the converted Caucasians (known as ghulams) were loyal to the shah, not their tribal chiefs. Their Armenian, Georgian, and Circassian descendants still live in Iran. The religious impact of Safavid Iran was significant in Azerbaijan due to its early-16th century conversion to Shia Islam,[143] and the country has the world's second-largest population of Shiites (by percentage, after Iran).[144]","title":"Early modern history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Molla2.jpg"},{"link_name":"mullahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran_1748.jpg"},{"link_name":"As civil conflicts took hold in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran#Decline"},{"link_name":"occupied by the Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah#First_Ottoman_campaign_and_the_reconquest_of_the_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C4%80%C5%A0RAFIRANICA-150"},{"link_name":"Peter the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Derbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent"},{"link_name":"Salyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyan,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Russo-Persian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)"},{"link_name":"Nader Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah"},{"link_name":"Turkoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Tahmasp II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahmasp_II"},{"link_name":"Abbas III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_III"},{"link_name":"Mugan plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugan_plain"},{"link_name":"Mughals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Battle of Karnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal"},{"link_name":"sacked Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Delhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transcaucasia_XIX_01.png"},{"link_name":"Afsharid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"khanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar"},{"link_name":"Karabakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Shusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusha"},{"link_name":"Ganja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Shirvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Shamakhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamakhi"},{"link_name":"Tiflis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiflis"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bertsch297-157"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svante-158"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bertsch297-157"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Zand dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Nakhchivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Erivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erivan_Khanate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Iran_1900-en.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caucasus_after_Treaty_of_Gulistan,_1813.png"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Gulistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_Iran"},{"link_name":"khanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"first Russo-Persian war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011409-162"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328-163"},{"link_name":"Shiraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz"},{"link_name":"Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328-163"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge History of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Fars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_Province"},{"link_name":"Gilan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_Province"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328-163"},{"link_name":"wali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)"},{"link_name":"Heraclius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius_II_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328-163"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Georgievsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Georgievsk"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011409-162"},{"link_name":"Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartli"},{"link_name":"Kakheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakheti"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donald_Rayfield_p_255-164"},{"link_name":"Catherine II of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donald_Rayfield_p_255-164"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lang-165"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suny-166"},{"link_name":"Derbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Talysh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talysh_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Shaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaki_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Igdir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province"},{"link_name":"Battle of Krtsanisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.nl-167"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lang-165"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P.Sykes,_p.293-169"},{"link_name":"shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah"},{"link_name":"Shusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusha"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991329-170"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"absorbed by Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lang-165"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suny-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991329%E2%80%93330-172"},{"link_name":"Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804-1813)"},{"link_name":"1826-1828","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826-1828)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Gulistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Turkmenchay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991329-170"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.nl-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-174"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheki_dvoretc_rospisi_az.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palace of Shaki Khans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Shaki_Khans"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Swietochowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Swietochowski"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-174"},{"link_name":"Svante Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Cornell"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svante-158"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"}],"sub_title":"18th- and early 19th-century khanates and cession to Russia","text":"Qajar-style painting of mullahs with the shah1748 maps of Shirvan, the Caucasus and PersiaAs civil conflicts took hold in Iran, most of Azerbaijan was occupied by the Ottomans from 1722 to 1736.[145] Between 1722 and 1735, during the reign of Peter the Great, the Caspian coast (including Derbent, Baku and Salyan) came under Imperial Russian rule as a result of the Russo-Persian War.After the collapse of Safavid Iran, Nader Shah (an Iranian military man of Turkoman origin) came to power. He seized Iran, banished the Afghans in 1729, and marched as east as Delhi in the hope of founding another Persian empire. Not fortifying his Persian base, however, exhausted Nader's army. He controlled Shah Tahmasp II and was regent of the infant Abbas III until 1736 when he had himself crowned as shah on the Mugan plain. Nader quickly established a new Iranian empire, amassing territory unknown since the Sasanians. He conquered the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, portions of Anatolia, large parts of Central Asia, and defeated the Mughals in the Battle of Karnal. Nader sacked Delhi, the Mughal capital, and brought much wealth back to Persia. Although his empire was short-lived, he is considered Asia's last great conqueror.Transcaucasia in the early 19th centuryNader Shah's Afsharid dynasty disintegrated after his assassination in 1747, and several Turkic khanates with varying degrees of autonomy emerged in the region.[146][147][148][149][150] The eunuch Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar turned to the restoration of the outlying Safavid and Afsharid provinces. Returning to Tehran in the spring of 1795, he assembled a force of about 60,000 cavalry and infantry and set off for Azerbaijan in May. He intended to reconquer all territory lost to the Ottomans and Russians, including the region between the Aras and Kura formerly under Iranian Safavid and Afsharid control. The region contained a number of khanates, of which the most important was Karabakh (with its capital at Shusha); Ganja; Shirvan, across the Kura, with its capital at Shamakhi; and Christian Gurjistan (Georgia), on both banks of the Kura in the north-west with its capital at Tiflis.[151][152][153] All were under nominal Persian suzerainty.[152][154][155][156] The khanates warred constantly among themselves and against external threats. The most powerful northern khan was Fat'h Ali Khan of Quba (died 1783), who united most of the neighbouring khanates and mounted an expedition to seize Tabriz from the Zand dynasty. The Karabakh Khanate subdued neighbouring Nakhchivan and portions of Erivan.Iran around 1900The Caucasus after the Treaty of Gulistan, in which Persia ceded most of its northern khanates to Russia after the first Russo-Persian warAgha Mohammad Khan was victorious in the civil war which began with the death of the last Zand king. His reign is noted for the re-emergence of a united Iran. After the death of Nader Shah and the last of the Zands, most of Iran's Caucasian territories had broken away and formed khanates. Agha Mohammad Khan (like the Safavid kings and Nader Shah before him) viewed the region as no different from Iran, and his first objective after securing Iran was to reincorporate the Caucasus into it.[157] Georgia was seen as an integral territory.[158] For Agha Mohammad Khan, the subjugation and reintegration of Georgia into the Iranian empire was part of the process which brought Shiraz, Isfahan, and Tabriz under his rule.[158] According to The Cambridge History of Iran, Georgia's secession was inconceivable; it had to be resisted like an attempt at separating Fars or Gilan Province.[158] Agha Mohammad Khan did whatever was necessary to subdue and reincorporate the recently-lost regions after Nader Shah's death and the fall of the Zands, including suppressing what was seen as treason by the wali of Georgia: King Heraclius II, who was appointed viceroy of Georgia by Nader Shah.[158]Agha Mohammad Khan demanded that Heraclius II renounce the Treaty of Georgievsk, which had been signed several years earlier, denouncing dependence on Persia and agreeing to Russian protection and assistance in its affairs. He demanded that Heraclius II again accept Persian suzerainty[157] in return for peace and security. The Ottomans, Iran's neighbouring rival, recognized Iranian rights to Kartli and Kakheti for the first time in four centuries.[159] Heraclius appealed to Empress Catherine II of Russia for at least 3,000 Russian troops;[159] although he received no response (leaving Georgia to fend off Persia alone),[160] he rejected Agha Mohammad Khan's ultimatum.[161] Agha Mohammad Khan invaded the Caucasus, crossing the Aras and recapturing Shirvan, the Erivan, Nakhchivan, Derbent, Talysh, Shaki and Karabakh Khanates, and Igdir. The Battle of Krtsanisi resulted in the sack of Tiflis and the reintegration of Georgia into Iran.[162][163] When he returned with 15,000 to 20,000 Georgian captives,[160][164] Agha Mohammad was crowned shah in 1796 on the Mughan plain, as Nader Shah had been sixty years earlier.He was assassinated while preparing a second expedition against Georgia in 1797 in Shusha,[165] and Heraclius II died early the following year. Iranian rule of Georgia was short-lived; in 1799, the Russians marched into Tbilisi.[166] Russia had pursued a policy of expansion with its southern neighbours (the Ottoman Empire and Iran) since the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The two years following Russia's entrance into Tbilisi were a time of confusion, and Georgia was absorbed by Russia in 1801.[160][161] Iran would not allow the cession of Transcaucasia and Dagestan,[167] leading to the Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813 and the 1826-1828. Eastern Georgia, Dagestan, Armenia, and Azerbaijan were ceded to Russia in the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay.[165][162] Although the 1804–1813 Russo-Persian War disrupted trade and agriculture in the Caucasus, the 1826–1828 war was primarily fought in Iran.[168] As a result of the wars, long-standing ties between Iran and the region were severed during the 19th century.[169]Battle-scene miniature in the Palace of Shaki KhansTadeusz Swietochowski wrote,The brief and successful Russian campaign of 1812 was concluded with the Treaty of Gulistan, which was signed on October 12 of the following year. The treaty provided for the incorporation into the Russian Empire of vast tracts of Iranian territory, including Daghestan, Georgia with the Sheragel province, Imeretia, Guria, Mingrelia, and Abkhazia (latter four regions were vassals of Ottomans), as well as the khanates of Karabagh, Ganja, Sheki, Shirvan, Derbent, Kuba, Baku, and Talysh.[169]Svante Cornell wrote,In 1812 Russia ended a war with Turkey and went on the offensive against Iran. This led to the treaty of Gulistan in 1813, which gave Russia control over large territories that hitherto had been at least nominally Iranian, and moreover a say in Iranian succession politics. The whole of Daghestan and Georgia, including Mingrelia and Abkhazia, were formally ceded to Russia, as well as eight Khanates in modern-day Azerbaijan (Karabakh, Ganja, Sheki, Kuba, Shirvan, Talysh, Baku, and Derbent). However, as we have seen the Persians soon challenged Russia's rule in the area, resulting in a military disaster. Iran lost control over the whole of Azerbaijan, and with the Turkemenchai settlement of 1828 Russia threatened to establish its control over Azerbaijan unless Iran paid a war indemnity. The British helped the Iranians with the matter, but the fact remained that Russian troops had marched as far as south of Tabriz. Although certain areas (including Tabriz) were returned to Iran, Russia was in fact at the peak of its territorial expansion.[153]According to The Cambridge History of Iran,Even when rulers on the plateau lacked the means to effect suzerainty beyond the Aras, the neighbouring Khanates were still regarded as Iranian dependencies. Naturally, it was those Khanates located closest to the province of Āzarbāījān which most frequently experienced attempts to re-impose Iranian suzerainty: the Khanates of Erivan, Nakhchivān and Qarābāgh across the Aras, and the cis-Aras Khanate of Ṭālish, with its administrative headquarters located at Lankarān and therefore very vulnerable to pressure, either from the direction of Tabrīz or Rasht. Beyond the Khanate of Qarābāgh, the Khān of Ganja and the Vāli of Gurjistān (ruler of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom of south-east Georgia), although less accessible for purposes of coercion, were also regarded as the Shah's vassals, as were the Khāns of Shakki and Shīrvān, north of the Kura river. The contacts between Iran and the Khanates of Bākū and Qubba, however, were more tenuous and consisted mainly of maritime commercial links with Anzalī and Rasht.\nThe effectiveness of these somewhat haphazard assertions of suzerainty depended on the ability of a particular Shah to make his will felt, and the determination of the local khans to evade obligations they regarded as onerous.[170]","title":"Early modern history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Members_of_the_2nd_State_Duma_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Second Russian State Duma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Duma_(Russian_Empire)#Second_Duma"},{"link_name":"Fatali Khan Khoyski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatali_Khan_Khoyski"},{"link_name":"Khalil Khasmammadov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_Khasmammadov"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-176"},{"link_name":"Lankaran Khanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankaran_Khanate"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-176"},{"link_name":"Shamakhi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamakhi_District"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swietochowski_Borderland-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L._Batalden_1997_98-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-E._Ebel,_Robert_2000_181-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andreeva_2010_6-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%87i%C3%A7ek,_Kemal_2000-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ernest_Meyer,_Karl_2006_66-11"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"an exodus of Caucasian Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty#Migration_of_Caucasian_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Iranian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Caucasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gasimov1-13"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-179"},{"link_name":"mufti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti"},{"link_name":"shaykh al-Islām","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-179"},{"link_name":"oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast"},{"link_name":"Qadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-176"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:102_329_nobel_oilwells.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oil derricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick#Oil_derrick"},{"link_name":"Balaxanı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaxan%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"ruble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruble"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Transcaucasus Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasus_Railway"},{"link_name":"Batum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batumi"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-183"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-183"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-183"},{"link_name":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire_census"},{"link_name":"Ali bey Huseynzade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_bey_Huseynzade"},{"link_name":"Mammed Said Ordubadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammed_Said_Ordubadi"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Ivan Mirzoev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Mirzoev"},{"link_name":"Robert Nobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nobel"},{"link_name":"Branobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branobel"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-176"},{"link_name":"Hasan bey Zardabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_bey_Zardabi"},{"link_name":"Mirza Fatali Akhundov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Fatali_Akhundov"},{"link_name":"Jalil Mammadguluzadeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalil_Mammadguluzadeh"},{"link_name":"Mirza Alakbar Sabir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Alakbar_Sabir"},{"link_name":"Nariman Narimanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nariman_Narimanov"},{"link_name":"Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Zeynalabdin_Taghiyev"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Muslim-Armenian massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Tatar_massacres_of_1905%E2%80%9307"},{"link_name":"1905 Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Musavat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musavat"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Mammed Amin Rasulzade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammed_Amin_Rasulzade"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"}],"sub_title":"Transition from Iranian to Russian rule","text":"Azerbaijani deputies to the 1907 Second Russian State Duma. Seated left is Fatali Khan Khoyski; seated right is Khalil Khasmammadov.According to Audrey L. Altstadt, Russia had been moving militarily towards the Caucasus since 1790. After its defeat by Russia, Qajar Iran ceded Dagestan, Georgia, and most of Azerbaijan to Russia. Local khanates were abolished (Baku and Ganja) or accepted Russian patronage.[171]The 1826–1828 Russo-Persian war resulted in another defeat for Iran. The Qajars ceded their remaining Caucasian territories: the remainder of Azerbaijan (the Nakhchivan and Lankaran Khanates) and Armenia's Erivan Khanate. Tariffs were lowered on Russian goods, and Russia could keep a navy in the Caspian Sea. The Treaty of Turkmenchay defined Russian-Iranian relations until 1917,[171] establishing the present borders of Azerbaijan and Iran as khan rule ended. In the newly-Russian-controlled territories, two provinces were established which became most of present-day Azerbaijan: Elisavetpol (Ganja) in the west and Shamakhi District in the east.[6][7][8][9][10][11] Azerbaijanis are now divided between Azerbaijan and Iran.[172] The Russian conquest sparked an exodus of Caucasian Muslims toward Iran, including many Turkic peoples from north of the Aras.Despite the Russian conquest, throughout the entire 19th century, preoccupation with Iranian culture, literature, and language remained widespread amongst Shia and Sunni intellectuals in the Russian-held cities of Baku, Ganja and Tiflis (Tbilisi, now Georgia).[173] Within the same century, in post-Iranian Russian-held East Caucasia, an Azerbaijani national identity emerged at the end of the 19th century.[13]From the Russian conquests to the 1840s, Azerbaijan was governed by the Tsar's military. Russia reorganized the region's khanates into provinces, each governed by an army officer with a combination of local and Russian law. Due to the officers' unfamiliarity with local customs, however, Russian imperial law was increasingly applied; this led to local discontent.[174] Russian administration was unequal to non-Christian Azerbaijanis; religious authorities were kept under control, disturbing non-Christians. Russia made concerted efforts to control the application of Islamic law, and two ecclesiastical boards were created to oversee Islamic activity; it appointed a mufti for the Sunni board and a shaykh al-Islām for its Shia counterpart. In 1857 Georgian and Armenian religious authorities were permitted to censor their respective communities, but Muslim religious works were approved by a censorship board in Odessa. Azerbaijani Turks were subject to Russian proselytizing.[174]During the late 1830s, plans were made to replace the military rule with a civil administration. When the new legal system became effective in January 1841, Transcaucasia was divided into a Georgian-Imeretian province and a Caspian oblast centered in Shamakhi. New administrative borders ignored historic borders or ethnic composition. By the end of military rule in Azerbaijan, Russian imperial law applied to all criminal and most civil matters; the jurisdiction of traditional religious courts and Qadis was reduced to family law. After an 1859 earthquake, the capital of the eastern province was transferred from Shamakhi to Baku.[171]Oil derricks in Balaxanı around 1890Baku was integrated into the Russian Empire in accordance with the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan, and Azerbaijan experienced significant economic development during the second half of the 19th century.[175] The separate currencies of the former khanates were replaced by the ruble, and their tariffs were abolished; these reforms encouraged further investment in the region. Russia began investing in joint-stock companies, and by the 1840s steamships began sailing on the Caspian. Trade in the port of Baku increased from an average of 400,000 rubles during the 1830s to 500,000 in the 1840s and 700,000 to 900,000 rubles after the Crimean War.[176]Although oil had been discovered and exported from the region centuries before, the 1870s Azerbaijani oil rush led to prosperity and growth in the years leading to World War I and created huge disparities in wealth between the largely-European capitalists and the local Muslim workforce.[171] During the 1870s, Baku experienced rapid industrial growth due to the oil boom. Azerbaijan's first oil refinery was established near Baku in 1859, and the region's first kerosene plant was built in 1863. Oil wells built during the 1870s sparked the boom, and oilfields were auctioned. This system secured investors' holdings, encouraging further investment. Most of the investors were elite Russians and Armenians; of 51 oilfields sold at the first auction, five were bought by Azerbaijani Turks. Two of Baku's 54 notable 1888 oil-extraction firms were owned by Azerbaijanis, who participated in greater numbers in small-scale extraction and refining operations; 73 of 162 oil refineries were Azerbaijani-owned, but all except seven of them employed fewer than 15 people.[177] In the decades after the oil rush (and its foreign investment), other industries grew in Azerbaijan. The banking system was one of the first to react to the oil industry. In 1880, an offshoot of the state bank opened in Baku. In its first year of operation, it issued 438,000 rubles; in 1899, all Baku banks had issued 11.4 million rubles in interest-bearing securities. Transportation and shipping also developed as a result of the expanding oil market, and the number of vessels on the Caspian quadrupled between 1887 and 1899. The Transcaucasus Railway, completed in 1884, connected Baku (on the Caspian Sea) to Batum on the Black Sea via Ganja (Elizavetpol) and Tiflis.[178] In addition to transporting oil, the railroad develop new relationships between rural agricultural regions and industrial areas.[178] The region was further interconnected with new communications infrastructure; telegraph lines connected Baku to Tiflis via Elizavetpol in the 1860s, and a telephone system operated in Baku during the 1880s.[178]Modernisation—compared to the neighboring Armenians and Georgians—was slow to develop amongst the Tatars of the Russian Caucasus. According to the 1897 Russian Empire census, less than five percent of the Tatars were able to read or write. The intellectual and newspaper editor Ali bey Huseynzade (1864–1940) led a campaign to 'Turkify, Islamise, modernise' the Caucasian Tatars, whereas Mammed Said Ordubadi (1872–1950), another journalist and activist, criticized superstition amongst Muslims.[179]The oil rush was spurred by Armenian magnate Ivan Mirzoev and his drilling practices. Oilfields were auctioned primarily to Russians, Armenians, and Europeans, most notably Robert Nobel of Branobel.[171] By 1900, Baku's population increased from 10,000 to about 250,000 as a result of worker migration from the Russian Empire, Iran, and elsewhere. The growth of Baku fostered the emergence of an Azeri nationalist intelligentsia influenced by European and Ottoman ideas. Influential thinkers such as Hasan bey Zardabi, Mirza Fatali Akhundov and (later) Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, Mirza Alakbar Sabir, Nariman Narimanov encouraged nationalist discourse, railed against poverty, ignorance, and extremism, and sought reforms in education and the emancipation of dispossessed classes (including women). The financial support of philanthropic millionaires such as Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev bolstered the rise of an Azeri middle class.An economic and political crisis erupted in Baku after the Russo-Japanese War, beginning with a general strike of oil workers in 1904. The following year, class and ethnic tensions resulted in Muslim-Armenian massacres during the 1905 Russian Revolution.The situation improved between 1906 and 1914 when a limited parliamentary system was introduced in Russia and Muslim MPs from Azerbaijan promoted Azeri interests. The pan-Turkist and pan-Islamist Musavat Party,[180][181][182][183][184][185] inspired by Mammed Amin Rasulzade's left-wing modernist ideology, was formed in 1911. Clandestine at first, the party expanded rapidly in 1917 after Russia's October Revolution. Key components of Musavat ideology were secularism, nationalism and federalism, or autonomy within a broader political structure. The party's right and left wings differed on certain issues, however, most notably land distribution.When Russia became involved in World War I, social and economic tensions spiked. Its 1917 revolution granted self-rule to Azerbaijan, but also renewed ethnic conflicts between Azeris and Armenians.","title":"Early modern history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Modern history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahammad_Amin_Rasulzade_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mammad Amin Rasulzade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammad_Amin_Rasulzade"},{"link_name":"Transcaucasian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Routledge-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sochineniya,_vol_II/1-15"},{"link_name":"adjacent region of northwestern Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-I.B.Tauris-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-I.B._Tauris-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amsterdam_University_Press-18"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"Dashnaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashnaks"},{"link_name":"Mensheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensheviks"},{"link_name":"Nuri Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Baku Commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Commune"},{"link_name":"massacre of local Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Days"},{"link_name":"Centrocaspian Dictatorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrocaspian_Dictatorship"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)"},{"link_name":"Hummet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Social_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Ittihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittihad"},{"link_name":"Fatali Khan Khoyski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatali_Khan_Khoyski"},{"link_name":"Nasib Yusifbeyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasib_Yusifbeyli"},{"link_name":"Alimardan Topchubashov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimardan_Topchubashov"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"Nariman Narimanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nariman_Narimanov"}],"sub_title":"Azerbaijan Democratic Republic","text":"Mammad Amin Rasulzade, a founder and spokesperson of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918, was widely regarded as Azerbaijan's national leader.When the Russian Empire collapsed in 1917, the Transcaucasian Federation was founded by Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian intelligentsia. The federation was short-lived, and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was proclaimed on 28 May 1918 by the Musavat. The name \"Azerbaijan\", adopted by the party for political reasons,[14][15] had been used to identify the adjacent region of northwestern Iran.[16][17][18]It was the Islamic world's first democratic republic. In Baku, however, a coalition of Bolsheviks, Dashnaks and Mensheviks fought against a Turkish Islamic army led by Nuri Pasha. The coalition, known as the Baku Commune, inspired (or tacitly condoned) the massacre of local Muslims by Dashnak-Armenian forces. It collapsed, and was replaced by the British-controlled Centrocaspian Dictatorship in July 1918. After battles in August and September, the joint forces of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Ottoman Empire (led by Nuri Pasha) entered Baku and declared it the Azerbaijani capital on 15 September 1918.[186]Azerbaijan was proclaimed a secular republic, and its first parliament met on 5 December 1918. Although the British administration initially did not recognize the republic, it cooperated with it. The situation in Azerbaijan had more or less stabilized by mid-1919, and British forces left in August of that year. However, advancing Bolshevik forces, victorious in the Russian Civil War, began to threaten the republic (involved in a conflict with Armenia over Karabakh) by early 1920.Azerbaijan was recognised by the Allies as an independent nation in January 1920 at the Paris Peace Conference. The republic was governed by five cabinets, formed by a coalition of the Musavat, the Socialist Bloc, the Independents, the Liberals, the Hummet and the Ittihad parties. The premier of the first three cabinets was Fatali Khan Khoyski, and Nasib Yusifbeyli was premier of the last two. Parliamentary president Alimardan Topchubashov, the recognized head of state, represented Azerbaijan at the peace conference.Aided by dissidents in government, the Red Army invaded Azerbaijan on 28 April 1920. Most of the newly formed Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt which had broken out in Karabakh. The Azerbaijanis did not surrender their brief independence easily; as many as 20,000 died resisting what was essentially a Russian reconquest.[187] The formation of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic was facilitated by popular support of Bolshevik ideology, particularly by workers in Baku.[188] On the day of the invasion, a Soviet government was formed under Nariman Narimanov. The same fate befell Armenia by the end of 1920, and Georgia in March 1921.","title":"Modern history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poster_of_Azerbaijan_1938._Stalin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poster_of_Azerbaijan_1938._Iosif_Stalin.jpg"},{"link_name":"propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"},{"link_name":"Soviet socialist republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Congress of the Peoples of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Peoples_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gasimov1-13"},{"link_name":"purges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge"},{"link_name":"Huseyn Javid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huseyn_Javid"},{"link_name":"Mikail Mushfig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikayil_Mushfig"},{"link_name":"Ruhulla Akhundov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhulla_Akhundov"},{"link_name":"Ayna Sultanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayna_Sultanova"},{"link_name":"gas and oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"Greater Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"sblizheniye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification#Late_1950s_to_1980s"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"structural crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_crisis"},{"link_name":"Heydar Aliyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"perestroika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"Nagorno-Karabakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh"},{"link_name":"Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"pogroms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom"},{"link_name":"Sumgait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumgait"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-203"},{"link_name":"glasnost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost"},{"link_name":"Popular Front of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_Popular_Front_Party"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Soviet troops killed 132 nationalist demonstrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_January"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Independent States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"First Nagorno-Karabakh War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War"},{"link_name":"Republic of Artsakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh"}],"sub_title":"Soviet Azerbaijan","text":"See also: Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan and Azerbaijan in World War IITwo 1938 Azerbaijani propaganda postersAfter the government surrendered to Bolshevik forces, Azerbaijan was proclaimed a Soviet socialist republic on 28 April 1920.[189] The Congress of the Peoples of the East was held in Baku in September of that year. Nominally an independent state, the Azerbaijan SSR was dependent on (and controlled by) the government in Moscow. It was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, with Armenia and Georgia, in March 1922. In accordance with a December 1922 agreement, the TSFSR became one of the Soviet Union's four original republics. The TSFSR was dissolved in 1936, and its three regions became republics of the USSR.[190] In the early Soviet period, the Azerbaijani national identity was finally forged.[13]Like other Union Republics, Azerbaijan was affected by Stalin's purges during the 1930s. Thousands of people were killed during the period, including Huseyn Javid, Mikail Mushfig, Ruhulla Akhundov, and Ayna Sultanova. The Azerbaijan SSR supplied much of the Soviet Union's gas and oil during World War II, and was a strategically important region.[191] Although the June 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union reached the Greater Caucasus in July 1942, the Germans did not invade Azerbaijan.[192] The 1950s were a period of rapid urbanization and industrialization, and a sblizheniye (rapprochement) policy began to merge the peoples of the Soviet Union into a monolithic nation.[193]Azerbaijan's oil industry lost its relative importance to the Soviet economy during the 1960s because of a shift in oil production to other regions of the Soviet Union and the depletion of known terrestrial oil resources; offshore production was not considered cost-effective. Azerbaijan had the second-lowest rate of growth in productivity and economic output of the Soviet republics, ahead of Tajikistan. Although ethnic tensions (particularly between Armenians and Azerbaijanis) began to grow, violence was suppressed.In an attempt to end the structural crisis, the government in Moscow appointed Heydar Aliyev as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan in 1969. Aliyev temporarily improved economic conditions and promoted alternative industries, such as cotton, to supplement the declining oil industry.[194] He consolidated the republic's ruling elite (which now consisted almost entirely of ethnic Azerbaijanis), reversing the previous rapprochement.[195][196] Aliyev was appointed a member of the Communist Party's Politburo in Moscow, the highest position attained by an Azeri in the Soviet Union, in 1982. In 1987, when Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika began, he retired.[197]The Gorbachev era was marked by increasing unrest in the Caucasus, initially over Nagorno-Karabakh. Ethnic conflict, centering on Armenian demands for the unification of Azerbaijan's Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast with Armenia by March 1988, began in February of that year amid pogroms against the Armenian populations of Baku and Sumgait. Although Moscow imposed military rule several times, unrest continued to spread.[198]The ethnic strife revealed the Communist Party's shortcomings as a champion of national interests, and independent publications and political organizations emerged in the spirit of glasnost. By fall 1989, the Popular Front of Azerbaijan (PFA) seemed poised to seize power from the Communist Party before the party split into conservative-Islamic and moderate wings. The split was followed by an outbreak of anti-Armenian violence in Baku and intervention by Soviet troops.[199]Unrest culminated in violent confrontation when Soviet troops killed 132 nationalist demonstrators in Baku on 20 January 1990. Azerbaijan declared independence from the USSR on 30 August 1991[200] and became part of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The First Nagorno-Karabakh War began by the end of the year, resulting in the creation of the self-declared separatist Republic of Artsakh, which persisted until 2023. The refusal by both sides to negotiate resulted in a stalemate, as Armenian troops retained their positions in Karabakh and corridors to Armenia which were seized from Azerbaijan.","title":"Modern history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Contemporary history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Independent Azerbaijan","title":"Contemporary history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayaz Mutallibov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaz_Mutallibov"},{"link_name":"Zviad Gamsakhurdia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia"},{"link_name":"1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"1991 Azerbaijani presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"declaration of independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_independence"},{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Azerbaijan_SSR"},{"link_name":"December 1991 referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_independence_referendum"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Nagorno-Karabakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh"},{"link_name":"Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"Khojaly massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khojaly_massacre"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"Maraga massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraga_massacre"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani Popular Front Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_Popular_Front_Party"},{"link_name":"National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)"},{"link_name":"Shusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusha"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-211"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"television stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Azerbaijan#State-owned"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"Isa Gambar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_Gambar"}],"sub_title":"Mutallibov presidency (1991–1992)","text":"Azerbaijan SSR president Ayaz Mutallibov and Georgian president Zviad Gamsakhurdia were the only Soviet leaders to support the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, and Mütallibov proposed constitutional changes to permit direct nationwide presidential elections.\nThe 1991 Azerbaijani presidential election, in which Mutalibov was the only candidate, was held on 8 September 1991. Although the election was neither free nor fair by international standards, Mutalibov became the country's formal president.[201] The proposed 18 October 1991 declaration of independence by Azerbaijan's Supreme Soviet was followed by the dissolution of its Communist Party, although its former members (including Mutallibov) retained their posts. In a nationwide December 1991 referendum, Azerbaijani voters approved the Supreme Soviet's declaration of independence.[202] The country was first recognized by Turkey, Israel, Romania and Pakistan, and the United States followed suit on 25 December.The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict continued, despite efforts to negotiate a settlement. Early in 1992, Karabakh's Armenian leadership proclaimed an independent republic. Armenia gained the upper hand in what was now a full-scale war, with covert assistance from the Russian Army.[203][204] Atrocities were committed by both sides; the 25 February 1992 Khojaly massacre of Azerbaijani civilians[205] was criticized for the government's inaction, and Azerbaijani troops killed and captured Armenian civilians in the Maraga massacre. Mütallibov, pressured by the Azerbaijani Popular Front Party, submitted his resignation to the National Council on 6 March. His failure to build an adequate army he could control caused the downfall of his government. Shusha, the last Azerbaijani-inhabited town in Nagorno-Karabakh, came under Armenian control on 6 May. Eight days later, the Supreme Council investigated the Khojaly massacre, absolved Mutallibov of responsibility, overturned his resignation and restored him as president.[206] The following day (15 May), armed Azerbaijan Popular Front forces seized the National Council and the state-owned radio and television stations and deposed Mutallibov, who fled to Moscow. The National Council was dissolved, and the National Assembly (composed of Azerbaijan Popular Front members and former communists) was formed. Two days later (as Armenian forces took Lachin),[207] Isa Gambar was elected National Assembly chair and assumed the duties of the president until national elections scheduled for 17 June 1992.","title":"Contemporary history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1992 Azerbaijani presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Azerbaijani_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Abulfaz Elchibey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Independent States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"Heydar Aliyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev"},{"link_name":"Nakhchivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic"},{"link_name":"exclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-203"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-211"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"internally displaced persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_person"},{"link_name":"Surat Huseynov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Huseynov"},{"link_name":"August vote-of-confidence referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_vote_of_confidence_referendum"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"}],"sub_title":"Elchibey presidency (1992–1993)","text":"The former communists failed to present a viable candidate for the 1992 Azerbaijani presidential election and PFA leader, former dissident and political prisoner Abulfaz Elchibey was elected president with over 60 percent of the vote.[208] Elchibey's program included opposition to Azerbaijan's membership in the Commonwealth of Independent States, closer relations with Turkey,[209] and a desire for improved links with the Iranian Azerbaijanis.[210]Heydar Aliyev, who had been prevented from running for president by an age limit of 65, was doing well in Nakhchivan but had to contend with an Armenian blockade of the exclave.[198] Azerbaijan halted rail traffic into and out of Armenia, cutting most of its land links with the outside world.[206] The negative economic effects of the Nagorno-Karabakh war on both countries illustrated Transcaucasian interdependence.Within a year of his election, Elchibey faced the same situation which had led to Mutallibov's downfall. The fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh turned in favour of Armenia, which seized about one-fifth of Azerbaijan's territory[211] and created over one million internally displaced persons. A military rebellion led by Surat Huseynov broke out in early June 1993 in Ganja. The PFA leadership found itself without political support as a result of the war's setbacks, a deteriorating economy, and opposition from groups led by Aliyev. In Baku, he seized power and quickly consolidated his position, and an August vote-of-confidence referendum removed Elchibey from the presidency.[212]","title":"Contemporary history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heydar_Aliyev_1997.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Surat Huseynov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Huseynov"},{"link_name":"were accused of plotting a coup and disbanded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"right-wing Turkish nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party"},{"link_name":"Rəsul Quliyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%99sul_Quliyev"},{"link_name":"absolute ruler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictator"},{"link_name":"Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeri%E2%80%93Chirag%E2%80%93Gunashli"},{"link_name":"re-elected to a second term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Azerbaijani_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"BP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP"},{"link_name":"Shah Deniz gas field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Deniz_gas_field"},{"link_name":"Southern Gas Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Gas_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline"},{"link_name":"South Caucasus gas pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasus_Pipeline"},{"link_name":"Nabucco pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabucco_pipeline"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Munich_Security_Conference_2010_-_Ilham_Aliyev.jpg"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Ilham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"}],"sub_title":"Heydar Aliyev presidency (1993–2003)","text":"Heydar Aliyev during a 1997 Pentagon visitA presidential election was held on 3 October 1993, which Heydar Aliyev won overwhelmingly.\nAliyev had some of his opposition, including Surat Huseynov, arrested by March 1994. In 1995, the military police were accused of plotting a coup and disbanded; the coup plotters were linked to right-wing Turkish nationalists. The following year, Former National Assembly speaker Rəsul Quliyev went into exile, and Aliyev's position as absolute ruler was unquestionable by the end of 1996.As a result of limited reforms and the signing of the October 1994 contract for the Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli offshore oilfield complex, which led to increased oil exports to Western markets, the economy began improving. However, extreme levels of corruption and nepotism in Aliyev's government prevented Azerbaijan from more sustained development, however, especially in non-oil sectors.In October 1998, Aliyev was re-elected to a second term. Although his weakened opposition accused him of voter fraud, there was no widespread international condemnation of the election. Aliyev's second term was characterized by limited reforms, increasing oil production and the dominance of BP as Azerbaijan's main foreign oil company. The Shah Deniz gas field is part of the European Commission's Southern Gas Corridor, and a gas export agreement was signed with Turkey. Work on the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline and the South Caucasus gas pipeline began in 2003; the oil pipeline was completed in 2005, and the gas pipeline in 2006. Azerbaijan was a party to the aborted Nabucco pipeline.Ilham Aliyev in Munich in 2010Aliyev's health began to fail. He collapsed during a televised April 2003 speech, and made his son Ilham the unopposed presidential candidate in October. After several months in the Cleveland Clinic with heart and kidney problems, he died on 12 December 2003.[213]","title":"Contemporary history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"another controversial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Azerbaijani_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"re-elected in 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Azerbaijani_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"2009 constitutional referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Azerbaijani_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"term limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limit"},{"link_name":"freedom of the press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press"},{"link_name":"2010 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Azerbaijani_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"authoritarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism"},{"link_name":"Democracy Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"Demonstrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"Musavat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musavat"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"clashes resumed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Azerbaijani_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"Nagorno-Karabakh conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict"},{"link_name":"Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Line_of_Contact"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement"},{"link_name":"war between Azerbaijan and Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"}],"sub_title":"Ilham Aliyev presidency (2003–present)","text":"In another controversial election, Heydar's son Ilham Aliyev was elected president that year. The election, marred by violence, was criticised by foreign observers. Opposition to the Aliyev administration is widespread, with opponents advocating a more democratic government. Aliyev was re-elected in 2008 with 87 percent of the vote, however, as opposition parties boycotted the election. After a 2009 constitutional referendum, presidential term limits were abolished and freedom of the press was restricted.The 2010 election produced a National Assembly loyal to Aliyev; for the first time in Azerbaijani history, no candidate from the main opposition Azerbaijani Popular Front or Musavat parties was elected.\nThe Economist called Azerbaijan's regime authoritarian, ranking it 135th out of 167 countries in its 2010 Democracy Index.[full citation needed]Demonstrations were held against Aliyev's rule in 2011, calling for democratic reforms and a new government. Aliyev responded with a security crackdown, using force to crush protests in Baku and refusing to make concessions. Over 400 people were arrested during the protests, which began in March.[214] Opposition leaders, including Musavat's Isa Gambar, vowed to continue demonstrating despite police suppression.[215]On 24 October 2011, Azerbaijan was elected a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.[216][217] From 1 to 5 April 2016, clashes resumed between Armenian and Azerbaijani armed forces.[218]In April 2018, President Ilham Aliyev secured his fourth consecutive term in the election that was boycotted by the main opposition parties as fraudulent.[219]On 27 September 2020, new clashes in the unresolved Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resumed along the Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact. Both the armed forces of Azerbaijan and Armenia reported military and civilian casualties.[220] The Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement and the end of the six-week war between Azerbaijan and Armenia was widely celebrated in Azerbaijan, as they made significant territorial gains.[221]","title":"Contemporary history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"de Waal, Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8147-1945-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-1945-7"},{"link_name":"Goltz, Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Goltz"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7656-0244-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0244-X"},{"link_name":"The Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011081894"},{"link_name":"European History Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_History_Online"},{"link_name":"Institute of European History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_European_History"}],"text":"Altstadt, Audrey. The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity Under Russian Rule (Azerbaijan: Hoover Institution Press, 1992).\nAltstadt, Audrey. Frustrated Democracy in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan (2018)\nAshurbeyli, S. \"History of Shirvanshahs\" Elm 1983, 408 (in Azeri)\nde Waal, Thomas. Black Garden. NYU (2003). ISBN 0-8147-1945-7\nGoltz, Thomas. \"Azerbaijan Diary: A Rogue Reporter's Adventures in an Oil-Rich, War-Torn, Post-Soviet Republic\".M.E. Sharpe (1998). ISBN 0-7656-0244-X\nGasimov, Zaur: The Caucasus, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: November 18, 2011.\nKalankatu, Moisey (Movses). The History of Caucasian Albanians. transl by C. Dowsett. London oriental series, vol 8, 1961 (School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London)\nAt Tabari, Ibn al-Asir (trans by Z. Bunyadov), Baku, Elm, 1983?\nJamil Hasanli. At the Dawn of the Cold War: The Soviet-American Crisis Over Iranian Azerbaijan, 1941–1946, (Rowman & Littlefield; 409 pages; $75). Discusses the Soviet-backed independence movement in the region and argues that the crisis in 1945–46 was the first event to bring the Soviet Union in conflict with the United States and Britain after the alliance of World War II\nMomen, M. An Introduction to Shii Islam, 1985, Yale University Press 400 p\nShaffer, B. Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002).\nSwietochowski, Tadeusz. Russia and Azerbaijan: Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).\nVan der Leew, Ch. Azerbaijan: A Quest for Identity: A Short History (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000).\nHistory of Azerbaijan Vol I-III, 1960 Baku (in Russian)","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Gobustan rock art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Petroglyphs_in_Gobustan_01.jpg/200px-Petroglyphs_in_Gobustan_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Goytepe site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/G%C3%B6yt%C9%99p%C9%99%28%C9%99sas%29.JPG/200px-G%C3%B6yt%C9%99p%C9%99%28%C9%99sas%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pottery from Kul-Tepe I","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Painted_vessel_from_Kultepe_I.JPG/200px-Painted_vessel_from_Kultepe_I.JPG"},{"image_text":"\"Hounds and Jackals\" game","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Game_of_Hounds_and_Jackals_MET_DP264105.jpg/200px-Game_of_Hounds_and_Jackals_MET_DP264105.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Achaemenid empire at its greatest extent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/300px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roman inscription in Qobustan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Qobustan_inscription.jpg/220px-Qobustan_inscription.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sasanid silver plate from Shamakhi District (Azerbaijan State Museum of History)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Mis_qab%2C_X%C4%B1n%C4%B1sl%C4%B1.JPG/220px-Mis_qab%2C_X%C4%B1n%C4%B1sl%C4%B1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Early caliphates: Muhammad, 622–632 Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/220px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Momine Khatun Mausoleum in Nakhchivan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/M%C3%B6m%C3%BCn%C9%99xatun_t%C3%BCrb%C9%99si_2018.jpg/180px-M%C3%B6m%C3%BCn%C9%99xatun_t%C3%BCrb%C9%99si_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"15th-century Shirvanshah mausoleum in Baku","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Baku_ShirvanshahsBurialVault_004_1365.jpg/180px-Baku_ShirvanshahsBurialVault_004_1365.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shah Abbas I of Safavid at a banquet. Detail from a ceiling fresco, Chehel Sotoun palace, Isfahan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Shah_Abbas_I.jpg/220px-Shah_Abbas_I.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ismail I's empire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Map_Safavid_persia.png/220px-Map_Safavid_persia.png"},{"image_text":"Qajar-style painting of mullahs with the shah","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Molla2.jpg/220px-Molla2.jpg"},{"image_text":"1748 maps of Shirvan, the Caucasus and Persia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Iran_1748.jpg/220px-Iran_1748.jpg"},{"image_text":"Transcaucasia in the early 19th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Transcaucasia_XIX_01.png/220px-Transcaucasia_XIX_01.png"},{"image_text":"Iran around 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_Iran_1900-en.png/200px-Map_Iran_1900-en.png"},{"image_text":"The Caucasus after the Treaty of Gulistan, in which Persia ceded most of its northern khanates to Russia after the first Russo-Persian war","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Caucasus_after_Treaty_of_Gulistan%2C_1813.png/200px-Caucasus_after_Treaty_of_Gulistan%2C_1813.png"},{"image_text":"Battle-scene miniature in the Palace of Shaki Khans","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sheki_dvoretc_rospisi_az.jpg/220px-Sheki_dvoretc_rospisi_az.jpg"},{"image_text":"Azerbaijani deputies to the 1907 Second Russian State Duma. Seated left is Fatali Khan Khoyski; seated right is Khalil Khasmammadov.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Members_of_the_2nd_State_Duma_2.jpg/220px-Members_of_the_2nd_State_Duma_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oil derricks in Balaxanı around 1890","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/102_329_nobel_oilwells.jpg/220px-102_329_nobel_oilwells.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mammad Amin Rasulzade, a founder and spokesperson of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918, was widely regarded as Azerbaijan's national leader.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mahammad_Amin_Rasulzade_3.jpg/180px-Mahammad_Amin_Rasulzade_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heydar Aliyev during a 1997 Pentagon visit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Heydar_Aliyev_1997.jpg/180px-Heydar_Aliyev_1997.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ilham Aliyev in Munich in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Munich_Security_Conference_2010_-_Ilham_Aliyev.jpg/180px-Munich_Security_Conference_2010_-_Ilham_Aliyev.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Origin of the Azerbaijanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Azerbaijanis"},{"title":"Western Azerbaijan (political concept)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Azerbaijan_(political_concept)"}]	[{"reference":"Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1985). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gasimov, Zaur (2022). \"Observing Iran from Baku: Iranian Studies in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan\". Iranian Studies. 55 (1): 38. doi:10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136. S2CID 233889871.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2020.1865136","url_text":"10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233889871","url_text":"233889871"}]},{"reference":"EI. (1990). \"CAUCASUS AND IRAN\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume V/1: Carpets XV–C̆ehel Sotūn, Isfahan. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-939214-66-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/caucasus-index","url_text":"\"CAUCASUS AND IRAN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater","url_text":"Yarshater, Ehsan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939214-66-2","url_text":"978-0-939214-66-2"}]},{"reference":"Harcave, Sidney (1968). Russia: A History: Sixth Edition. Lippincott. p. 267.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (2007). Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 15 Neighbors in the Middle East by a Number of Renowned Experts in the Field. Universal. p. 372. ISBN 978-1-58112-933-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-933-5","url_text":"978-1-58112-933-5"}]},{"reference":"Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1995). Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press. pp. 69, 133. ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Swietochowski","url_text":"Swietochowski, Tadeusz"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FfRYRwAACAAJ","url_text":"Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press","url_text":"Columbia University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3","url_text":"978-0-231-07068-3"}]},{"reference":"L. Batalden, Sandra (1997). The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former Soviet republics. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-89774-940-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WFjPAxhBEaEC","url_text":"The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former Soviet republics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89774-940-4","url_text":"978-0-89774-940-4"}]},{"reference":"E. Ebel, Robert, Menon, Rajan (2000). Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-7425-0063-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-sCpf26vBZ0C","url_text":"Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0063-1","url_text":"978-0-7425-0063-1"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Elena (2010). Russia and Iran in the great game: travelogues and orientalism (reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-415-78153-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FfRYRwAACAAJ","url_text":"Russia and Iran in the great game: travelogues and orientalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78153-4","url_text":"978-0-415-78153-4"}]},{"reference":"Çiçek, Kemal, Kuran, Ercüment (2000). The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation. University of Michigan. ISBN 978-975-6782-18-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c5VpAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-6782-18-7","url_text":"978-975-6782-18-7"}]},{"reference":"Ernest Meyer, Karl, Blair Brysac, Shareen (2006). Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Basic Books. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-465-04576-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ssv-GONnxTsC","url_text":"Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04576-1","url_text":"978-0-465-04576-1"}]},{"reference":"Gasimov, Zaur (2022). \"Observing Iran from Baku: Iranian Studies in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan\". Iranian Studies. 55 (1): 37. doi:10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136. S2CID 233889871.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2020.1865136","url_text":"10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233889871","url_text":"233889871"}]},{"reference":"Yilmaz, Harun (2015). National Identities in Soviet Historiography: The Rise of Nations Under Stalin. Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-317-59664-6. On May 27, the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (DRA) was declared with Ottoman military support. The rulers of the DRA refused to identify themselves as [Transcaucasian] Tatar, which they rightfully considered to be a Russian colonial definition. (...) Neighboring Iran did not welcome the DRA's adoption of the name of \"Azerbaijan\" for the country because it could also refer to Iranian Azerbaijan and implied a territorial claim.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59664-6","url_text":"978-1-317-59664-6"}]},{"reference":"Barthold, Vasily (1963). Sochineniya, vol II/1. Moscow. p. 706. (...) whenever it is necessary to choose a name that will encompass all regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan, name Arran can be chosen. But the term Azerbaijan was chosen because when the Azerbaijan republic was created, it was assumed that this and the Persian Azerbaijan will be one entity because the population of both has a big similarity. On this basis, the word Azerbaijan was chosen. Of course right now when the word Azerbaijan is used, it has two meanings as Persian Azerbaijan and as a republic, its confusing and a question arises as to which Azerbaijan is talked about.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)","url_text":"Arran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan","url_text":"Persian Azerbaijan"}]},{"reference":"Atabaki, Touraj (2000). Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran. I.B.Tauris. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-86064-554-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-554-9","url_text":"978-1-86064-554-9"}]},{"reference":"Dekmejian, R. Hrair; Simonian, Hovann H. (2003). Troubled Waters: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Region. I.B. Tauris. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-86064-922-6. Until 1918, when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly independent state Azerbaijan, this designation had been used exclusively to identify the Iranian province of Azerbaijan.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4_jdnke35AgC","url_text":"Troubled Waters: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Region"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-922-6","url_text":"978-1-86064-922-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan","url_text":"Iranian province of Azerbaijan"}]},{"reference":"Rezvani, Babak (2014). Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-90-485-1928-6. The region to the north of the river Araxes was not called Azerbaijan prior to 1918, unlike the region in northwestern Iran that has been called since so long ago.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-485-1928-6","url_text":"978-90-485-1928-6"}]},{"reference":"M. N. Ragimova, М. Н Рагимова (2008). Azärbaycan arxeologiyası: Daş dövrü. Şärq-Qärb. ISBN 978-9952-498-08-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tv0rAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Azärbaycan arxeologiyası: Daş dövrü"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9952-498-08-0","url_text":"978-9952-498-08-0"}]},{"reference":"Baxşəliyev, Vəli (2006). Azərbaycan Arxeologiyası (PDF). Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-01-11. Retrieved 2020-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200111025502/http://elibrary.bsu.az/kitablar/898.pdf","url_text":"Azərbaycan Arxeologiyası"},{"url":"http://elibrary.bsu.az/kitablar/898.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Azerbaijan — History and Culture\". www.iexplore.com. Retrieved 2020-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/middle-east/azerbaijan/history-and-culture","url_text":"\"Azerbaijan — History and Culture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jawbones and Dragon Legends: Azerbaijan's Prehistoric Azikh Cave by Dr. Arif Mustafayev\". azer.com. Retrieved 2020-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/42_folder/42_articles/42_azikhcave.html","url_text":"\"Jawbones and Dragon Legends: Azerbaijan's Prehistoric Azikh Cave by Dr. Arif Mustafayev\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visions of Azerbaijan Magazine ::: A History of Azerbaijan: from the Furthest Past to the Present Day\". Visions of Azerbaijan Magazine. 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Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 46 (3): 22–31. doi:10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.022-031. ISSN 1563-0110.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17746%2F1563-0110.2018.46.3.022-031","url_text":"\"TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEOLITHIC POTTERY AT GÖYTEPE (WEST AZERBAIJAN)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology,_Ethnology_%26_Anthropology_of_Eurasia","url_text":"Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17746%2F1563-0110.2018.46.3.022-031","url_text":"10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.022-031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1563-0110","url_text":"1563-0110"}]},{"reference":"Nıshıakı, Yoshıhıro; Guliyev, Farhad (2015). \"Chronological context of the earliest pottery Neolithic in the South Caucasus : Radiocarbon. Dates for Göytepe and Hacı Elemxanlı Tepe, Azerbaijan\" (PDF). American Journal of Archaeology. 119 (3): 279–294. doi:10.3764/aja.119.3.0279. S2CID 192912124.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.num.nagoya-u.ac.jp/outline/staff/kadowaki/laboratory/pdf/2015_aja_193_goytepe_14c.pdf","url_text":"\"Chronological context of the earliest pottery Neolithic in the South Caucasus : Radiocarbon. Dates for Göytepe and Hacı Elemxanlı Tepe, Azerbaijan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3764%2Faja.119.3.0279","url_text":"10.3764/aja.119.3.0279"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192912124","url_text":"192912124"}]},{"reference":"Nishiaki; Kannari; Nagai; Maeda (2019). \"Obsidian provenance analyses at Göytepe, Azerbaijan: Implications for understanding Neolithic socioeconomies in the southern Caucasus: Obsidian provenance analyses at Göytepe, Azerbaijan\". Archaeometry. doi:10.1111/arcm.12457.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Farcm.12457","url_text":"\"Obsidian provenance analyses at Göytepe, Azerbaijan: Implications for understanding Neolithic socioeconomies in the southern Caucasus: Obsidian provenance analyses at Göytepe, Azerbaijan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Farcm.12457","url_text":"10.1111/arcm.12457"}]},{"reference":"Guliyev, Farhad; Yoshihiro, Nishiaki (2012). \"Excavations at the Neolithic settlement of Göytepe, the middle Kura Valley, Azerbaijan, 2008-2009\". ResearchGate. 3: 71–84.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nishiaki Seiji, Yoshihiro; Guliyev, Farhad; Kadowaki, Seiji (2015). \"The origins of food production in the southern Caucasus: excavations at Hacı Elamxanlı Tepe, Azerbaijan\". Antiquity. 89: 348.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sebbane, Michael (1989). \"COPPER METALLURGY, TRADE AND THE URBANIZATION OF. 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Cambridge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"ISMAILOV, DILGAM (2017). HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN (PDF). Baku: Nəşriyyat – Poliqrafiya Mərkəzi.","urls":[{"url":"http://anl.az/el/Kitab/2018/02/cd/i-44365.pdf","url_text":"HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN"}]},{"reference":"\"CTESIPHON – Encyclopaedia Iranica\". 2016-05-17. Archived from the original on 2016-05-17. Retrieved 2020-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160517024048/http:/www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ctesiphon","url_text":"\"CTESIPHON – Encyclopaedia Iranica\""},{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ctesiphon","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brummell, Paul (2005). Turkmenistan. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-144-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-144-9","url_text":"978-1-84162-144-9"}]},{"reference":"\"ḴOSROW II – Encyclopaedia Iranica\". iranicaonline.org. 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ISBN 978-0-8239-4497-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-4497-2","url_text":"978-0-8239-4497-2"}]},{"reference":"\"The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Heart of Asia, by Francis Henry Skrine and Edward Denison Ross\". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2021-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57750/57750-h/57750-h.htm#CHAPTER_XVIII","url_text":"\"The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Heart of Asia, by Francis Henry Skrine and Edward Denison Ross\""}]},{"reference":"Minorsky, Vladimir (1945). \"Khāqānī and Andronicus Comnenus\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 11 (3). University of London: 550–578. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0007227X. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 609336. S2CID 161748303.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/609336","url_text":"\"Khāqānī and Andronicus Comnenus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X0007227X","url_text":"10.1017/S0041977X0007227X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X","url_text":"0041-977X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/609336","url_text":"609336"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161748303","url_text":"161748303"}]},{"reference":"Ibn Ali Ibn Sulayma Ar-Rawandi, Muhammad (2011). The Rahat-Us-Sudur Wa Ayat-Us-Surur: Being a History of the Saljuqs. Cosimo Classics. ISBN 978-1-61640-462-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61640-462-8","url_text":"978-1-61640-462-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Eldegüzid dynasty \| Iranian dynasty\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eldeguzid-dynasty","url_text":"\"Eldegüzid dynasty \| Iranian dynasty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ildegīz\". Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913-1936). 2012-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/-SIM_3156","url_text":"\"Ildegīz\""}]},{"reference":"Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. \"ATĀBAKĀN-E ĀḎARBĀYJĀN\". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/atabakan-e-adarbayjan","url_text":"\"ATĀBAKĀN-E ĀḎARBĀYJĀN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eldegüzid dynasty \| Iranian dynasty\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eldeguzid-dynasty","url_text":"\"Eldegüzid dynasty \| Iranian dynasty\""}]},{"reference":"Bünyadov, Ziya Musa oğlu (2007). Azərbaycan Atabəyləri dövləti: 1136-1225-ci illər. Bakı: Şərq-Qərb. ISBN 978-9952-34-066-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9952-34-066-2","url_text":"978-9952-34-066-2"}]},{"reference":"Ganjavi, Mahsati (2015). The Book of Mahsati Ganjavi. Translated by Smith, Paul. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-5078-7972-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5078-7972-6","url_text":"978-1-5078-7972-6"}]},{"reference":"\"How Nizami Ganjavi became an Azerbaijani National Poet: Knowledge, Power and Persian Poetry in the 1930s Soviet Union\". www.international.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.international.ucla.edu/apc/event/12311","url_text":"\"How Nizami Ganjavi became an Azerbaijani National Poet: Knowledge, Power and Persian Poetry in the 1930s Soviet Union\""}]},{"reference":"Rachdi, Rahma (2014-01-22). \"Nizami Ganjavi – The Greatest Epic Romantic Poet \| Arabian Gazette\". Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://arabiangazette.com/nizami-ganjavi-greatest-epic-romantic-poet/","url_text":"\"Nizami Ganjavi – The Greatest Epic Romantic Poet \| Arabian Gazette\""}]},{"reference":"Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. \"LEYLI O MAJNUN\". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/leyli-o-majnun-narrative-poem","url_text":"\"LEYLI O MAJNUN\""}]},{"reference":"Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. \"HAFT PEYKAR\". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/haft-peykar","url_text":"\"HAFT PEYKAR\""}]},{"reference":"\"The mausoleum of Nakhichevan\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1173/","url_text":"\"The mausoleum of Nakhichevan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inter-Service\". www.interserv.ru. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.interserv.ru/tours/default.asp?action=showcountry&te2=yes&country=az&page=844","url_text":"\"Inter-Service\""}]},{"reference":"Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. \"ʿAJAMĪ\". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ajami-b","url_text":"\"ʿAJAMĪ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iran \| History, Culture, People, Facts, Map, & Nuclear Deal\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran","url_text":"\"Iran \| History, Culture, People, Facts, Map, & Nuclear Deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iran - INVASIONS OF THE MONGOLS AND TAMERLANE\". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://countrystudies.us/iran/10.htm","url_text":"\"Iran - INVASIONS OF THE MONGOLS AND TAMERLANE\""}]},{"reference":"Bayne Fisher, William, ed. (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20093-6","url_text":"978-0-521-20093-6"}]},{"reference":"Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. \"IL-KHANIDS i. DYNASTIC HISTORY\". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/il-khanids-i-dynastic-history","url_text":"\"IL-KHANIDS i. DYNASTIC HISTORY\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Mongol Invasion of Europe\". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1453/the-mongol-invasion-of-europe/","url_text":"\"The Mongol Invasion of Europe\""}]},{"reference":"Rayfield, Donald (2019). Edge of empires : a history of Georgia. Reaktion Books. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78914-059-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-059-0","url_text":"978-1-78914-059-0"}]},{"reference":"ʻIzz al-Dīn Ibn al -Athīr (1871). Ibn-el-Athiri chronicon (in Arabic). Harvard University. E.J. Brill.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ibnelathirichro00athgoog","url_text":"Ibn-el-Athiri chronicon"}]},{"reference":"Shahin, Mustafayev (2018). \"Outlines of the Mongolian supremacy in Azerbaijan and the South Caucasus\". Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences: 145–168.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/38489014","url_text":"\"Outlines of the Mongolian supremacy in Azerbaijan and the South Caucasus\""}]},{"reference":"Seniores, HTML & WordPress by. \"About the key political events in Azerbaijan in history\". In Azerbaijan. Retrieved 2021-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://inazerbaijan.co.uk/historical-politics/","url_text":"\"About the key political events in Azerbaijan in history\""}]},{"reference":"Zardabli, Ismayil bey (2016-03-05). \"Conquest of Azerbaijan by Mongols\". Oval. Retrieved 2021-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://oval.az/conquest-of-azerbaijan-by-mongols/","url_text":"\"Conquest of Azerbaijan by Mongols\""}]},{"reference":"Lane, (1999-09-01), George (1999). \"Arghun Aqa: Mongol bureaucrat\". Iranian Studies. 32 (4): 459–482. doi:10.1080/00210869908701965.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00210869908701965","url_text":"\"Arghun Aqa: Mongol bureaucrat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210869908701965","url_text":"10.1080/00210869908701965"}]},{"reference":"\"Mongol \| History, Lifestyle, & Facts\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mongol","url_text":"\"Mongol \| History, Lifestyle, & Facts\""}]},{"reference":"Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. \"CHOBANIDS\". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chobanids-chupanids-pers","url_text":"\"CHOBANIDS\""}]},{"reference":"\"История Ирана с древнейших времен до конца XVIII века\". farhang-alshia.narod.ru. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://farhang-alshia.narod.ru/karbin/histoir5.html#13","url_text":"\"История Ирана с древнейших времен до конца XVIII века\""}]},{"reference":"Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1","url_text":"978-0-8135-1304-1"}]},{"reference":"Ciocîltan, Virgil (2012). The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-23643-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23643-1","url_text":"978-90-04-23643-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Iran \| History, Culture, People, Facts, Map, & Nuclear Deal\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran","url_text":"\"Iran \| History, Culture, People, Facts, Map, & Nuclear Deal\""}]},{"reference":"Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. \"JALAYERIDS\". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/jalayerids","url_text":"\"JALAYERIDS\""}]},{"reference":"Dizadji, H (2010). Journey from Tehran to Chicago: My Life in Iran and the United States, and a Brief History of Iran. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4269-2918-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4269-2918-2","url_text":"978-1-4269-2918-2"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, David (2015). Medieval Persia 1040-1797. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-41567-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-41567-1","url_text":"978-1-317-41567-1"}]},{"reference":"Minorsky, Vladimir (1958). A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries. University of Michigan. pp. 1–219. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GPMHVEt_wVUC","url_text":"A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-645-3","url_text":"978-1-84511-645-3"}]},{"reference":"Akiner, Shirin (5 July 2004). The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-64167-5 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N8IKR0oqdRkC&pg=PA158","url_text":"The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-64167-5","url_text":"978-0-203-64167-5"}]},{"reference":"Balland, D. \"ĀŠRAF ḠILZAY\". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2011-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/asraf-gilzay-the-afghan-chief-who-ruled-as-shah-over-part-of-iran-from-1137-1725-to-1142-1729","url_text":"\"ĀŠRAF ḠILZAY\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Christopher J. (1980). Armenia, the survival of a nation. Croom Helm. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-7099-0210-2. Tsitsianov next moved against the semi-independent Persian khanates. On the thinnest of pretexts he captured the Muslim town of Ganja, the seat of Islamic learning in the Caucasus (...)","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y85tAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Armenia, the survival of a nation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-0210-2","url_text":"978-0-7099-0210-2"}]},{"reference":"Saparov, Arsène (2014). From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-63783-7. Even though these principalities [the khanates] had not been under Iranian suzerainty since the assassination of Nadir Shah in 1747, they were traditionally considered an inalienable part of Iranian domains. (...) To the semi-independent Caucasian principalities the appearance of the new Great Power (...)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-63783-7","url_text":"978-1-317-63783-7"}]},{"reference":"Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh (May 1997). \"Fragile Frontiers: The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran\". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 29 (2): 210. doi:10.1017/s0020743800064473. In 1795, Ibrahim Khalil Khan, the wali of Qarabagh, warned Sultan Selim III of Aqa Muhammad Khan's ambitions. Fearing for his independence, he informed the Sultan of Aqa Muhammad Khan's ability to subdue Azerbaijan and later Qarabagh, Erivan, and Georgia.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743800064473","url_text":"\"Fragile Frontiers: The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743800064473","url_text":"10.1017/s0020743800064473"}]},{"reference":"Barker, Adele Marie; Grant, Bruce (2010). The Russia Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-8223-4648-7. But they were relatively more accessible given the organization of small, centralized, semi-independent khanates that functioned through the decline of Persian rule after the death of Nadir Shah in the mid-eighteenth century (...)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4648-7","url_text":"978-0-8223-4648-7"}]},{"reference":"Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0. Agha Muhammad Khan could now turn to the restoration of the outlying provinces of the Safavid kingdom. Returning to Tehran in the spring of 1795, he assembled a force of some 60,000 cavalries and infantry and in Shawwal Dhul-Qa'da/May, set off for Azarbaijan, intending to conquer the country between the rivers Aras and Kura, formerly under Safavid control. This region comprised a number of khanates of which the most important was Qarabagh, with its capital at Shusha; Ganja Khanate, with its capital of the same name; Shirvan Khanate across the Kura, with its capital at Shamakhi; and to the north-west, on both banks of the Kura, Christian Georgia (Gurjistan), with its capital at Tiflis.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20095-0","url_text":"978-0-521-20095-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_(river)","url_text":"Aras"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)","url_text":"Kura"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate","url_text":"Qarabagh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusha","url_text":"Shusha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja_Khanate","url_text":"Ganja Khanate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan_Khanate","url_text":"Shirvan Khanate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamakhi","url_text":"Shamakhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiflis","url_text":"Tiflis"}]},{"reference":"Baddeley, John Frederick (1908). The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus. Harvard University: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 71. Potto sums up Tsitsianoff's achievements and character as follows: \"In the short time he passed there (in Transcaucasia) he managed to completely alter the map of the country. He found it composed of minutely divided, independent Muhammadan States leaning upon Persia, namely, the khanates of Baku, Shirvan, Shekeen, Karabagh, Gandja and Erivan (Revan till 1828)...\"","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924028754616","url_text":"The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924028754616/page/n118","url_text":"71"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Potto","url_text":"Potto"}]},{"reference":"Bertsch, Gary Kenneth (2000). Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Routledge. pp. 297: \"Shusha became the capital of an independent \"Azeri\" khanate in 1752 (Azeri in the sense of Muslims who spoke a version of the Turkic language we call Azeri today).\". ISBN 0-415-92273-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92273-9","url_text":"0-415-92273-9"}]},{"reference":"Cornell, Svante (2001). Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus. Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1162-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1162-7","url_text":"0-7007-1162-7"}]},{"reference":"Nafziger, E. Wayne; Stewart, Frances; Väyrynen, Raimo (2000). War, Hunger, and Displacement: The Origins of Humanitarian Emergencies. Oxford University press. p. 406. ISBN 0-19-829739-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829739-4","url_text":"0-19-829739-4"}]},{"reference":"Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh (May 1997). \"Fragile Frontiers: The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran\". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 29 (2): 210. doi:10.1017/s0020743800064473. In 1795, Ibrahim Khalil Khan, the wali of Qarabagh, warned Sultan Selim III of Aqa Muhammad Khan's ambitions. Fearing for his independence, he informed the Sultan of Aqa Muhammad Khan's ability to subdue Azerbaijan and later Qarabagh, Erivan, and Georgia.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743800064473","url_text":"\"Fragile Frontiers: The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743800064473","url_text":"10.1017/s0020743800064473"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, William Bayne (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–129. Agha Muhammad Khan remained nine days in the vicinity of Tiflis. His victory proclaimed the restoration of Iranian military power in the region formerly under Safavid domination.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Altstadt, Audrey (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks. Stanford University: Hoover Institution Press. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/azerbaijaniturks00alts","url_text":"The Azerbaijani Turks"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/azerbaijaniturks00alts/page/n43","url_text":"19"}]},{"reference":"Altstadt, Audrey (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity Under Russian Rule. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 18, 21. ISBN 0-8179-9182-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/azerbaijaniturks00alts","url_text":"The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity Under Russian Rule"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/azerbaijaniturks00alts/page/n42","url_text":"18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9182-4","url_text":"0-8179-9182-4"}]},{"reference":"Gasimov, Zaur (2022). \"Observing Iran from Baku: Iranian Studies in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan\". Iranian Studies. 55 (1): 38. doi:10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136. S2CID 233889871. The preoccupation with Iranian culture, literature, and language was widespread among Baku-, Ganja-, and Tiflis-based Shia as well as Sunni intellectuals, and it never ceased throughout the nineteenth century.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2020.1865136","url_text":"10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233889871","url_text":"233889871"}]},{"reference":"Altstadt, Audrey (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks. Stanford University: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 18–19.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/azerbaijaniturks00alts","url_text":"The Azerbaijani Turks"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/azerbaijaniturks00alts/page/n42","url_text":"18"}]},{"reference":"King, Charles, The ghost of freedom, Page, Michael,, Tantor Media, ISBN 1-5414-5496-0, OCLC 975362899","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5414-5496-0","url_text":"1-5414-5496-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/975362899","url_text":"975362899"}]},{"reference":"Altstadt, Audrey (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks. Stanford University: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 19–20.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/azerbaijaniturks00alts","url_text":"The Azerbaijani Turks"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/azerbaijaniturks00alts/page/n43","url_text":"19"}]},{"reference":"Altstadt, Audrey (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks. Stanford University: Hoover Institutional press. pp. 20–21.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/azerbaijaniturks00alts","url_text":"The Azerbaijani Turks"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/azerbaijaniturks00alts/page/n44","url_text":"20"}]},{"reference":"Altstadt, Audrey (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-8179-9181-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/azerbaijaniturks00alts","url_text":"The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/azerbaijaniturks00alts/page/n47","url_text":"23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9181-6","url_text":"0-8179-9181-6"}]},{"reference":"Pourjavady, R. (2023). \"Introduction: Iran, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia in the 19th century\". In Thomas, David; Chesworth, John A. (eds.). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 20. Iran, Afghanistan and the Caucasus (1800-1914). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip_Colvey	Kip Colvey	["1 Early life","2 Club career","2.1 College and amateur","2.2 Professional","3 International career","4 References","5 External links"]	New Zealand footballer (born 1994) Kip Colvey Colvey with New Zealand in 2017Personal informationFull name Kip Warren Colvey IIDate of birth (1994-03-15) 15 March 1994 (age 30)Place of birth Lihue, Hawaii, United StatesHeight 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) Left-backYouth career2007–2010 Canterbury United2010–2012 Asia-Pacific Football AcademyCollege careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2012–2015 Cal Poly Mustangs 74 (4)Senior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2012 Bay Area Ambassadors 2013–2014 Ventura County Fusion 24 (3)2016–2017 San Jose Earthquakes 4 (0)2016 → Sacramento Republic (loan) 6 (0)2017 → Reno 1868 (loan) 10 (0)2018 Colorado Rapids 3 (0)2018 → Colorado Springs Switchbacks (loan) 3 (0)International career‡ New Zealand U17 2015 New Zealand U23 2 (0)2016–2018 New Zealand 15 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 09:00, 16 October 2018 (UTC)‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 18:03, 27 November 2017 (UTC) Kip Warren Colvey II (born 15 March 1994) is a New Zealand former professional footballer. He last played for Colorado Rapids in Major League Soccer. Early life Colvey was born in Hawaii, but grew up in the Marlborough Sounds in New Zealand. He was educated at Nelson College and played senior football for the Nelson Suburbs club, before moving to Christchurch where he attended the Asia–Pacific Football Academy. Club career College and amateur Colvey spent all four years of his college career at California Polytechnic State University between 2012 and 2015. Colvey also spent the 2013 and 2014 seasons with the Ventura County Fusion of the Premier Development League. In 2013, he scored one goal in twelve league matches while scoring two goals in twelve appearances in 2014. Professional On 19 January 2016, Colvey was drafted 49th overall in the 2016 MLS SuperDraft by San Jose Earthquakes. Kip got his first start of the season on 13 March 2016 against the Portland Timbers and played the full 90 minutes. He signed with the club on 4 March 2016 and earned honors as SBI MLS Rookie of the Week on 14 March 2016. On 2 April 2017, he played the first match for Reno 1868 FC. Colvey was released by San Jose on 27 November 2017. Two weeks later he was selected by the Colorado Rapids in the league's 2017 waiver draft, reuniting him with Anthony Hudson, his former international manager. In July 2018, Colvey was loaned to Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC. Following his release by Colorado at the end of their 2018 season, Colvey announced his decision to retire from playing professional football, choosing to pursue a career as a physician assistant for better financial security and long-term stability. International career On 12 May 2016, Colvey was named in the 23-man squad for the All Whites for the 2016 OFC Nations Cup. Colvey made his debut for the senior New Zealand national football team in a 2016 OFC Nations Cup 3–1 win over Fiji. References ^ Rollo, Phillip. "All Whites defender Kip Colvey announces shock retirement from football". stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 27 November 2018. ^ Rollo, Phillip (5 March 2016). "San Jose Earthquakes Major League Soccer team sign Kiwi Kip Colvey". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 26 March 2016. ^ "Kip Colvey – Cal Poly". Gopoly.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016. ^ "2013 PDL Field Stats". PDL. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2016. ^ "2014 PDL Field Stats". PDL. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2016. ^ "Earthquakes Select Defender Kip Colvey in the Third Round and Midfielder Tyler Thompson in the Fourth Round of the 2016 MLS SuperDraft \| San Jose Earthquakes". Sjearthquakes.com. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016. ^ "By The Numbers: A closer look at the Quakes' jump start into 2016". Sjearthquakes.com. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "Earthquakes Sign 2016 SuperDraft Pick Kip Colvey \| San Jose Earthquakes". Sjearthquakes.com. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016. ^ "SBI MLS Rookie of the Week: Kip Colvey". sbisoccer.com. 14 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016. ^ "NEWS: Earthquakes Loan Defender Kip Colvey to Reno 1868 FC for Two Preseason Matches". Sjearthquakes.com. 28 February 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017. ^ "NEWS: Earthquakes Announce Roster Moves Ahead of 2018 MLS Season \| San Jose Earthquakes". ^ "Rapids select Kip Colvey, Diop goes to Montreal in 2017 MLS Waiver Draft \| MLSSoccer.com". ^ "News \| ColoradoRapids.com". ^ "All Whites defender Kip Colvey announces shock retirement from football". 27 November 2018. ^ "All Whites' best defenders not included in squad for crucial Oceania Nations Cup". Sjearthquakes.com. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016. ^ "FIFA". Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. External links Kip Colvey – FIFA competition record (archived) Kip Colvey at Major League Soccer Cal Poly profile Archived 29 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine vteNew Zealand squad – 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners (5th title) 1 Marinovic 2 Colvey 3 Ridenton 4 Tzimopoulos 5 Boxall 6 Tuiloma 7 Barbarouses 8 McGlinchey 9 Wood (c) 10 Prelevic 11 Rojas 12 Crocombe 13 Patterson 14 Fallon 15 Brockie 16 Fenton 17 Adams 18 Brotherton 19 Doyle 20 Hudson-Wihongi 21 Rogerson 22 Dyer 23 Williams Coach: Hudson vteNew Zealand squad – 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 1 Marinovic 2 Brotherton 3 Wynne 4 Tzimopoulos 5 Boxall 6 Tuiloma 7 Barbarouses 8 McGlinchey 9 Wood (c) 10 Smeltz 11 Rojas 12 Moss 13 Patterson 14 Thomas 15 Lewis 16 Ingham 17 Doyle 18 Colvey 19 Rufer 20 Smith 21 Roux 22 Durante 23 Williams Coach: Hudson This biographical article related to New Zealand association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rapids"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Kip Warren Colvey II (born 15 March 1994) is a New Zealand former professional footballer. He last played for Colorado Rapids in Major League Soccer.[1]","title":"Kip Colvey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marlborough Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_Sounds"},{"link_name":"Nelson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_College"},{"link_name":"Nelson Suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Suburbs_FC"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Colvey was born in Hawaii, but grew up in the Marlborough Sounds in New Zealand. He was educated at Nelson College and played senior football for the Nelson Suburbs club, before moving to Christchurch where he attended the Asia–Pacific Football Academy.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California Polytechnic State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Polytechnic_State_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_PDL_season"},{"link_name":"2014 seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_PDL_season"},{"link_name":"Ventura County Fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County_Fusion"},{"link_name":"Premier Development League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Development_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013_PDL_Field_Stats-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014_PDL_Field_Stats-5"}],"sub_title":"College and amateur","text":"Colvey spent all four years of his college career at California Polytechnic State University between 2012 and 2015.[3] Colvey also spent the 2013 and 2014 seasons with the Ventura County Fusion of the Premier Development League. In 2013, he scored one goal in twelve league matches[4] while scoring two goals in twelve appearances in 2014.[5]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 MLS SuperDraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_MLS_SuperDraft"},{"link_name":"San Jose Earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Reno 1868 FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_1868_FC"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rapids"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hudson_(football_manager)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Switchbacks_FC"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Professional","text":"On 19 January 2016, Colvey was drafted 49th overall in the 2016 MLS SuperDraft by San Jose Earthquakes.[6] Kip got his first start of the season on 13 March 2016 against the Portland Timbers and played the full 90 minutes.[7] He signed with the club on 4 March 2016 and earned honors as SBI MLS Rookie of the Week on 14 March 2016.[8][9]On 2 April 2017, he played the first match for Reno 1868 FC.[10]Colvey was released by San Jose on 27 November 2017.[11] Two weeks later he was selected by the Colorado Rapids in the league's 2017 waiver draft, reuniting him with Anthony Hudson, his former international manager.[12]In July 2018, Colvey was loaned to Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC.[13]Following his release by Colorado at the end of their 2018 season, Colvey announced his decision to retire from playing professional football, choosing to pursue a career as a physician assistant for better financial security and long-term stability.[14]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All Whites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Whites"},{"link_name":"2016 OFC Nations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_OFC_Nations_Cup"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"New Zealand national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2016 OFC Nations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_OFC_Nations_Cup"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"On 12 May 2016, Colvey was named in the 23-man squad for the All Whites for the 2016 OFC Nations Cup.[15] Colvey made his debut for the senior New Zealand national football team in a 2016 OFC Nations Cup 3–1 win over Fiji.[16]","title":"International career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Rollo, Phillip. \"All Whites defender Kip Colvey announces shock retirement from football\". stuff.co.nz. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS355	Eurocopter AS355 Écureuil 2	["1 Design and development","2 Variants","2.1 Twin engine","2.2 Aftermarket conversions","3 Operators","3.1 Military and government operators","3.2 Former operators","4 Accidents and incidents","5 Specifications (AS355F2)","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Citations","7.2 Bibliography","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	AS355 Écureuil 2/Twin Squirrel/TwinStar A AS355 departs Toulouse–Blagnac Airport Role Light utility helicopterType of aircraft National origin France Manufacturer AérospatialeEurocopterAirbus HelicoptersDaimlerChrysler Aerospace First flight 28 September 1979 Status In service Produced 1975–2016 Developed from Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil Developed into Eurocopter AS555 Fennec 2 The Eurocopter (now Airbus Helicopters) AS355 Écureuil 2 (or Twin Squirrel) is a twin-engine light utility helicopter developed and originally manufactured by Aérospatiale in France. The Écureuil 2 was directly derived from the single-engined AS350 Écureuil, performing its maiden flight on 28 September 1979 and introduced to service shortly thereafter. The type was commonly marketed in North America as the TwinStar. During the 1990s, Aérospatiale merged its helicopter interests into the multinational Eurocopter consortium; under this new entity, the Écureuil 2 continued to be manufactured. In 2016, shortly after Eurocopter's rebranding as Airbus Helicopters, the group ended production of the Écureuil 2. Design and development During the early 1970s, Aérospatiale initiated a development programme to produce a replacement for the aging Aérospatiale Alouette II. While the Aérospatiale Gazelle, which had been developed in the 1960s and 1970s, had been met with numerous orders by military customers, commercial sales of the type had been less than anticipated, thus the need for a civil-oriented development was identified. The development of the new rotorcraft, which was headed by Chief Engineer René Mouille, was focused on the production of an economic and cost-effective aerial vehicle. Both Aérospatiale's Production and Procurement departments were heavily involved in the design process. One such measure was the use of a rolled sheet structure, a manufacturing technique adapted from the automotive industry; another innovation was the newly developed Starflex main rotor. It was also decided that both civil and military variants of the emergent helicopter would be developed to conform with established military requirements. Helibras-built AS355 Écureuil 2 On 27 June 1974, the first prototype, an AS350C powered by a Lycoming LTS101 turboshaft engine, conducted its maiden flight at Marignane, France; the second prototype, powered by a Turbomeca Arriel 1A, following on 14 February 1975. On 28 September 1979, a twin-engined version of the rotorcraft made its first flight; it was subsequently released and marketed under the names Écureuil 2, Twin Squirrel and in North America, TwinStar. It was not long before overseas production of the type commenced. The Brazilian helicopter manufacturer Helibras' most numerous product in its lineup has been the Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil. The company had licence-assembled both the AS350 and AS355 from kits shipped from Eurocopter main production line for the family in Marignane, France; Brazilian AS355s contain a level of indigenously-developed content as well. During the 2000s, Eurocopter was reportedly in talks to open up an additional AS355 production line in China. Despite the introduction of the Eurocopter EC130 in 2001, production of both the AS350 and AS355, and of their AS550 and AS555 Fennec militarized counterparts, was continued for some time. During 2007, the more capable AS355 NP variant, was introduced to service. According to aerospace periodical Flight International, the decision to develop the AS355 NP, which Eurocopter stated was aimed at the corporate transport and utility operators, had been the firm's response to American competitor Bell Helicopter's launch of the Bell 417. In addition to Eurocopter's internal efforts to enhance the Écureuil 2, third parties developed their own modifications and upgrades specifically for the type. Conversion programs and addons for the AS350 family have been produced and are offered by numerous 'aftermarket' specialists; many upgrade and refit programmes have involved the increasing use of digital systems, such as the Garmin-built G500H avionics suite. During September 2015, Airbus Helicopters announced that the company had decided to terminate the manufacture of the AS355 as part of an effort to focus on stronger-selling rotorcraft. Production of the AS355 continued through 2016 until the existing order backlog had been fulfilled. Despite the termination of the AS355 programme, production of its AS350 siblings has continued and even been expanded around the same timeframe. Variants Twin engine AS355N Twin Squirrel Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing's Twin Squirrel. AS355 Ecureuil 2 BBC News AS355 G-TVHD AS355 Prototype of the twin-engined Écureuil 2 or Twin Squirrel. AS355 E Initial production version, with single hydraulics, powered by two Allison 250-C20F turboshaft engines. AS355 F Improved version, with dual hydraulics and increased maximum weight of 2,300 kg (5,070 lb). AS355 F1 Powered by two Allison 250-C20F engines, 2,400 kg (5,291 lb) Maximum weight. AS355 F2 Powered by two Allison 250-C20F engines, 2,540 kg (5,600 lb) Maximum weight and a yaw compensation system. AS355 M Initial armed version of AS355 F1. AS355 M2 Armed version of AS355 F2. Superseded by AS555 Fennec. AS355 N Ecureuil 2 Version fitted with two Turbomeca Arrius 1A engines and a Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) system for better M.T.O.W (2,600 kg or 5,732 lb) and better single engine performance, tail rotor strake added along starboard side of tail boom for better yaw authority. AS355 NP Ecureuil 2 Introduced in 2007, this version is fitted with two Turbomeca Arrius 1A1 turboshaft engines and a new AS350 B3-based main gearbox, increasing maximum take-off weight to 2,800 kg (6,173 lb). HB.355F Esquilo Bi Assembled in Brazil by Helibras (part of Eurocopter). HB.355N Esquilo Bi Assembled in Brazil by Helibras. Aftermarket conversions Heli-Lynx 355FX1 Powered by the Allison C20F engine. FAA, TC, and EASA approved. Heli-Lynx 355FX2 Powered by the Allison C20F engine. FAA, TC and EASA approved. Heli-Lynx 355FX2R Powered by the Allison C20R engine. FAA and TC approved. Starflex AS355F1R AS355 F1 powered by the Allison C20R engine. FAA, TC and EASA approved. Starflex AS355F2R AS355 F2 Powered by the Allison C20R engine with optimised tail rotor blades. FAA, TC and EASA approved. Operators The AS355 Écureuil 2 is used by both private individuals and companies, helicopter charter and training organizations as well as law enforcement and government use. Military and government operators Algeria Algerian Air Force Argentina Argentine Naval Prefecture Australia Bernie Wainscott Helicopters Surf Life Saving South Australia Austria Austrian Federal Police Belarus Border Guard Ministry of Emergency Situations Brazil Brazilian Air Force Brazilian Naval Aviation Cambodia Royal Cambodian Air Force Canada International Test Pilots School Ontario Provincial Police Chile Chilean Army Djibouti Djibouti Air Force Jamaica Jamaica Defence Force Malawi Malawi Air Wing Malaysia Royal Malaysia Police West Midlands Police's G-WMPA Russia Ministry of Interior Uruguay National Navy of Uruguay United States Massachusetts State Police Former operators Bophuthatswana Bophuthatswana Air Force Ireland Garda Air Support Unit New Zealand New Zealand Police Accidents and incidents On 8 May 1992, the Western Australian Police Polair One helicopter crashed while attempting to land on a sports oval for a public display in Kelmscott. The helicopter was destroyed after a fire started in the engine bay following ground impact. The Bureau of Air Safety Investigation report determined "The helicopter probably entered a vortex ring state during the final approach". The pilot and crewman received minor injuries, and the two passengers serious injuries, as a result of the accident. On 22 October 1996, an AS355 F1 Squirrel, registration G-CFLT, crashed in bad weather near Middlewich, Cheshire, England, killing all five on board. The people on board included Matthew Harding, a businessman and vice chairman of English football club Chelsea F.C. (the flight was returning to London from a Chelsea match in Bolton). The UK's Air Accidents Investigation Branch found that the pilot had insufficient qualifications and experience to fly in such poor conditions; the agency also recommended a ban on commercial VFR helicopter night flying. In July 1998, the Kent Air Ambulance, an AS355 F1 Squirrel, crashed in good weather after colliding with power cables near Burham whilst returning to Rochester Airport following an aborted call to attend a road accident. All three crew – the pilot, Graham Budden, and two paramedics, Tony Richardson and Mark Darby – were killed on impact. On 2 May 2007, Chelsea Football Club Vice President Philip Carter, founder of training company Carter and Carter, crashed in his part-owned Twin Squirrel registration G-BYPA returning from Liverpool John Lennon Airport after watching Chelsea play Liverpool F.C. VH-NTV in December 2010 On 18 August 2011, an AS-355F-2 (reg No/ VH-NTV) crashed near Lake Eyre in South Australia, resulting in three fatalities. The helicopter was owned by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. On board were Gary Ticehurst (ABC chief helicopter pilot for 25 years), John Bean (cameraman) and Paul Lockyer (journalist). In response to the accident, Australia tightened the rules governing helicopter night flights. On 20 October 2011, a Belarus border patrol Eurocopter twin-engine helicopter crashed close to the village of Vileity near the Lithuanian border and burst into flames, killing all five people on board, including three members of a television crew. On 29 March 2017, a Eurocopter AS-355F-1 Ecureuil 2 was lost over the Snowdonia National Park in Wales whilst en route from Luton to Dublin, carrying five people on board. Specifications (AS355F2) Cockpit of AS355 F1 Ecureuil 2 Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89General characteristics Crew: 1 Capacity: 6 / Length: 12.94 m (42 ft 5 in) inc. main and tail rotors 10.93 m (36 ft) fuselage and tail rotor only Height: 3.14 m (10 ft 4 in) Empty weight: 1,305 kg (2,877 lb) Max takeoff weight: 2,540 kg (5,600 lb) internal load 2,600 kg (5,732 lb) with max. slung load Fuel capacity: 730 L (190 US gal; 160 imp gal) usable, in two tanks Powerplant: 2 × Allison 250-C20F turboshaft engines, 313 kW (420 hp) each Main rotor diameter: 10.69 m (35 ft 1 in) Main rotor area: 89.75 m2 (966.1 sq ft) Blade aerofoil section: ONERA OA211 : root; ONERA OA209/OA207 : tip Performance Cruise speed: 224 km/h (139 mph, 121 kn) (max cruise) Never exceed speed: 278 km/h (173 mph, 150 kn) Range: 703 km (437 mi, 380 nmi) with max fuel no reserve Service ceiling: 3,400 m (11,200 ft) Rate of climb: 6.5 m/s (1,280 ft/min) See also Aviation portalFrance portal Related development Eurocopter AS350 Eurocopter AS555 Fennec Eurocopter EC130 Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Bell 427 MD Helicopters MD Explorer HAL LUH Related lists List of active United Kingdom military aircraft References Citations ^ a b c d e "1974: AS350/355 Ecureuil/AStar- AS550/555 Fennec – EC130." Archived 26 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine Eurocopter, Retrieved: 25 December 2015. ^ Jackson 2003, p. 244. ^ Taylor 1988, p. 61. ^ "Eurocopter Unit Inaugurates Chopper Plant in Brazil.", defensenews, 2 October 2012. ^ "Eurocopter’s Helibras Subsidiary to Modernize 36 AS350 Ecureuil Helicopters Operated by the Brazilian Army Aviation Command. Archived 17 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine", Helicopter Maintenance Magazine, 1 February 2011. ^ "Zentech to support Brazilian aircraft carrier São Paulo’s upgrade programme. Archived 14 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine", naval-technology, 7 May 2015. ^ Wastnage, Justin (19 April 2005). "Buoyed in Brazil". Flight International. ^ Derby, Paul (25 February 2004). "Western firms wrestle for Chinese market". Flight International. ^ a b "Eurocopter Upgrades Its Most Affordable Twin, The AS355 Ecureuil/TwinStar." Eurocopter. Archived 23 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Eurocopter launches heavier Twin Squirrel and EC135 variants". Flight International. 1 March 2006. ^ "Bell launches Honeywell HTS900-powered 417 to rival Eurocopter Squirrel". Flight International. 27 February 2006. ^ "Away from the wires". Flight International. 23 May 2007. ^ Lombardi, Frank. "AStar Evolution. Archived 26 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine", Aviation Today, 12 May 2015. ^ Perry, Dominic. "Airbus Helicopters ditches AS355 light twin." Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 4 September 2015. ^ "First US-made Airbus Helicopters AS350 certified. Archived 6 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine", Aerospace Manufacturing and Design, 3 March 2015. ^ Forrest, Ben. "Airbus aims to ramp up H125 production in Mississippi." Archived 26 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine Vertical Magazine, 22 December 2015. ^ a b c d e f g "World Air Forces 2016". Flightglobal Insight. 2016. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016. ^ "Argentine Coast Guard Receives its First Ecureuil". Air International. Vol. 80, no. 3. March 2011. p. 28. ISSN 0306-5634. ^ "Austrian Federal Ministry of Internal Affairs". bmi.gv.at. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018. ^ "Государственный пограничный комитет вооружается европейскими вертолетами". news.tut.by. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013. ^ "Парк воздушных судов". mchs.gov.by. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018. ^ "Aircraft – ITPS Canada". Retrieved 9 October 2020. ^ "Ontario Provincial Police upgrade from AS355F2 to EC135P2+". helihub.com. 4 February 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013. ^ "Ontario Provincial Police AS-355F". Demand media. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2013. ^ "World Air Forces 2022". Flightglobal. 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022. ^ "JDF AS-355". jdfmil.org. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013. ^ "Royal Malaysian Police wants more helicopters". helihub.com. 23 October 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013. ^ "AS355 NP Overview". eurocopterusa.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2013. ^ "World's Air Forces 1987 pg. 28". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013. ^ "About the Air Support Unit". garda.ie. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2013. ^ "NZ Civil Aircraft". nzcivair .com. 16 November 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2013. ^ "Aerospatiale AS355F1, VH-NJL, Kelmscott WA, 8 May 1992". Australian Transport Safety Bureau: Aviation safety investigations & reports. Australian Transport Safety Bureau. Retrieved 27 January 2021. ^ "Pilot disorientated on impact". BBC News. Retrieved 17 September 2007. ^ "Aircraft Accident Report 4/97" (PDF). Retrieved 7 December 2019. ^ "AAIB advises ban on VFR night flights". Flight International. 3 December 1997. ^ "Bulletin No:2/2000 Aerospatiale AS355 F1 Ecureuil II G-MASK" (PDF). Air Accident Investigation Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2009. ^ "UK Helicopter crash kills three". BBC News. 27 July 1998. Retrieved 4 January 2010. ^ "Wealthy fan and son die in crash". 2 May 2007. ^ "Collision with terrain – Aérospatiale Industries helicopter, VH-NTV, near Lake Eyre, SA, 18 August 2011". Australian Transport Safety Bureau. 19 August 2011. Archived from the original on 21 August 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011. ^ "ABC chopper crash probe could take a year". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 August 2011. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011. ^ Learmount, David (25 November 2013). "Australia tightens rules for helicopter night flying". Flight International. ^ Helicopter crash in Belarus kills 5 ^ "Missing helicopter: Police launch Snowdonia ground search". BBC News. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ Taylor 1988, pp. 60–62. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019. Bibliography Elliott, Bryn (May–June 1999). "On the Beat: The First 60 Years of Britain's Air Police, Part Two". Air Enthusiast (81): 64–69. ISSN 0143-5450. Jackson, Paul, ed. (2003). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, Surry, UK: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0-7106-2537-5. Taylor, John W.R., ed. (1988). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1988–89 (79th ed.). London: Jane's Information Group. pp. 60–62. ISBN 0-7106-0867-5. Further reading "Directory: World Air Forces". Flight International: 52–76. 11 November 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Airbus Helicopters AS355 Ecureuil 2. AS355 page on manufacturer’s website vteSud Aviation/Aérospatiale aircraftFixed-wing aircraft ATR 42 ATR 72 ATSF Caravelle Concorde Corvette Fouga CM.170 Magister Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr GY-80 Horizon N 262 SE-116 Voltigeur SE-117 Voltigeur Super-Caravelle Helicopters SA 313 Alouette II SA 315B Lama SA 316 Alouette III SA 318 Alouette II SA 319 Alouette III SA 321 Super Frelon SA 330 Puma SA 340/341/342 Gazelle AS350 Écureuil AS355 Ecureuil 2 SA 360 Dauphin (1) SA 365/AS365 Dauphin (2) Other productsMissiles: Exocet Space-related: Arabsat Ariane Hermes Huygens probe Meteosat Spacebus Türksat See also: SOCATA aircraft vteAirbus Helicopters aircraftCivil helicopters BK 117 EC120 Colibri EC130 (H130) EC135 (H135) EC145 (H145) EC155 (H155) H160 EC175 (H175) AS332 Super Puma (H215) EC225 Super Puma (H225) AS350 (H125) AS355 SA/AS365 Dauphin Military helicopters AS532 Cougar (H215M) AS550/AS555 Fennec (H125M) AS565 Panther EC635 (H135M) EC645 (H145M) EC665 Tiger EC725 (H225M) HH/MH-65 Dolphin NH90 UH-72 Lakota Experimental helicopters X3 vteBrazilian Air Force aircraft designationsAttack (A) A-1 A-10 A-16 A-29 Cargo (C) C-1 C-2 C-8 C-9 C-10 C-26 C-28 C-35 (I) C-35 (II) C-41 C-42 C-55 C-90 C-91 C-92 C-93 C-95 C-96 C-97 C-98 C-99 C-105 C-115 Electronic (E) E-99 Fighter (F) F-7 F-8 F-33 F-39 F-103 F-2000 Helicopter (H) H-4 H-33 H-34 VH-34 H-50 H-55 Liaison (L) L-3 L-6 L-7 L-8 L-19 A/E L-20 L-42 Maritime (M) M-16 Observation (O) O-3 O-6 Patrol (P) P-15 P-16 P-95 P-99 Reconnaissance (R) R-35 R-95 R-99 Search & rescue (S) S-16 Trainer (T) T-7 T-8 T-17 T-21 T-22 T-23 B T-24 T-25 T-26 T-27 T-29 Utility (U) U-3 U-7 U-8 U-9 U-19 U-35 U-37 U-42 U-45 U-55 U-93 Glider (Z) Z-3 Z-13 Z-15 Z-16 Z-20 Z-23 Designations carried over from American designation systems are not included unless the designations were modified. vteBrazilian Naval Aviation aircraft designationsCurrent systemFighter (F) F-1 Helicopter (H) H-1 (I) H-1 (II) H-2 (I) H-2 (II) H-3 H-5 H-6 H-11 H-12 H-13 H-14 Trainer (I) I-6 Utility (U) U-1 U-3 Old systemFighter (C)Boeing (B) C1B Courier (D)Navy (AvN) D1AvN1 D2AvN Beechcraft (Be) D1Be Consolidated (C) D1C Focke-Wulf (FW) D1FW1 D2FW Luscombe (L) D1L Waco (W) D1W D2W D3W Reconnaissance (E)Fairey (F) E1F Training helicopter (HT)Fairey (F) HTH Utility helicopter (HU)Westland (W) HUW HU2W Trainer (I)Avro (A) I1A I2A Navy (AvN) I1AvN de Havilland (H) I1H I2H I3H Observation (O)Vought (V) O1V O2V Patrol (P)Martin (M) P1M Savoia-Marchetti (S) P1S Advanced trainer (V)North American (NA) V1NA 1 Not assigned Designations carried over from American designation systems are not included unless the designations were modified.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"utility helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_helicopter"},{"link_name":"Aérospatiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale"},{"link_name":"AS350 Écureuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_AS350_%C3%89cureuil"},{"link_name":"maiden flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_flight"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter"},{"link_name":"Airbus Helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_Helicopters"}],"text":"The Eurocopter (now Airbus Helicopters) AS355 Écureuil 2 (or Twin Squirrel) is a twin-engine light utility helicopter developed and originally manufactured by Aérospatiale in France.The Écureuil 2 was directly derived from the single-engined AS350 Écureuil, performing its maiden flight on 28 September 1979 and introduced to service shortly thereafter. The type was commonly marketed in North America as the TwinStar. During the 1990s, Aérospatiale merged its helicopter interests into the multinational Eurocopter consortium; under this new entity, the Écureuil 2 continued to be manufactured. In 2016, shortly after Eurocopter's rebranding as Airbus Helicopters, the group ended production of the Écureuil 2.","title":"Eurocopter AS355 Écureuil 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aérospatiale Alouette II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Alouette_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euro_his-1"},{"link_name":"Aérospatiale Gazelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Gazelle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euro_his-1"},{"link_name":"René Mouille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mouille"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euro_his-1"},{"link_name":"rolled sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)"},{"link_name":"automotive industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euro_his-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:29.10.08_v%C3%B4o_SJC_036.jpg"},{"link_name":"Helibras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helibras"},{"link_name":"Lycoming LTS101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_LTS101"},{"link_name":"turboshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboshaft"},{"link_name":"Marignane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marignane"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Turbomeca Arriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbomeca_Arriel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euro_his-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jawa03_p244-2"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janes_88_p61-3"},{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Helibras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helibras"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_AS350_%C3%89cureuil"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hebr_upgr-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"licence-assembled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensed_production"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter"},{"link_name":"Marignane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marignane"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter EC130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC130"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007_upgrade-9"},{"link_name":"Flight International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International"},{"link_name":"Bell Helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Textron"},{"link_name":"Bell 417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_407"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Garmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lombardi-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-as355_end-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"During the early 1970s, Aérospatiale initiated a development programme to produce a replacement for the aging Aérospatiale Alouette II.[1] While the Aérospatiale Gazelle, which had been developed in the 1960s and 1970s, had been met with numerous orders by military customers, commercial sales of the type had been less than anticipated, thus the need for a civil-oriented development was identified.[1]The development of the new rotorcraft, which was headed by Chief Engineer René Mouille, was focused on the production of an economic and cost-effective aerial vehicle. Both Aérospatiale's Production and Procurement departments were heavily involved in the design process.[1] One such measure was the use of a rolled sheet structure, a manufacturing technique adapted from the automotive industry; another innovation was the newly developed Starflex main rotor. It was also decided that both civil and military variants of the emergent helicopter would be developed to conform with established military requirements.[1]Helibras-built AS355 Écureuil 2On 27 June 1974, the first prototype, an AS350C powered by a Lycoming LTS101 turboshaft engine, conducted its maiden flight at Marignane, France; the second prototype, powered by a Turbomeca Arriel 1A, following on 14 February 1975.[1][2] On 28 September 1979, a twin-engined version of the rotorcraft made its first flight; it was subsequently released and marketed under the names Écureuil 2, Twin Squirrel and in North America, TwinStar.[3]It was not long before overseas production of the type commenced. The Brazilian helicopter manufacturer Helibras' most numerous product in its lineup has been the Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil.[4][5][6] The company had licence-assembled both the AS350 and AS355 from kits shipped from Eurocopter main production line for the family in Marignane, France; Brazilian AS355s contain a level of indigenously-developed content as well.[7] During the 2000s, Eurocopter was reportedly in talks to open up an additional AS355 production line in China.[8]Despite the introduction of the Eurocopter EC130 in 2001, production of both the AS350 and AS355, and of their AS550 and AS555 Fennec militarized counterparts, was continued for some time. During 2007, the more capable AS355 NP variant, was introduced to service.[9] According to aerospace periodical Flight International, the decision to develop the AS355 NP, which Eurocopter stated was aimed at the corporate transport and utility operators, had been the firm's response to American competitor Bell Helicopter's launch of the Bell 417.[10][11]In addition to Eurocopter's internal efforts to enhance the Écureuil 2, third parties developed their own modifications and upgrades specifically for the type.[12] Conversion programs and addons for the AS350 family have been produced and are offered by numerous 'aftermarket' specialists; many upgrade and refit programmes have involved the increasing use of digital systems, such as the Garmin-built G500H avionics suite.[13]During September 2015, Airbus Helicopters announced that the company had decided to terminate the manufacture of the AS355 as part of an effort to focus on stronger-selling rotorcraft. Production of the AS355 continued through 2016 until the existing order backlog had been fulfilled.[14] Despite the termination of the AS355 programme, production of its AS350 siblings has continued and even been expanded around the same timeframe.[15][16]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerospatiale_AS-355N_Twin_Squirrel_front.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rmp-squirrel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Police_Air_Wing_Unit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecureuil_AS_355N_Slovakia_(2).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BBC_News_helicopter.JPG"},{"link_name":"Allison 250-C20F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Model_250"},{"link_name":"Turbomeca Arrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbomeca_Arrius"},{"link_name":"Full Authority Digital Engine Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FADEC"},{"link_name":"turboshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboshaft"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007_upgrade-9"}],"sub_title":"Twin engine","text":"AS355N Twin SquirrelRoyal Malaysian Police Air Wing's Twin Squirrel.AS355 Ecureuil 2BBC News AS355 G-TVHDAS355\nPrototype of the twin-engined Écureuil 2 or Twin Squirrel.\nAS355 E\nInitial production version, with single hydraulics, powered by two Allison 250-C20F turboshaft engines.\nAS355 F\nImproved version, with dual hydraulics and increased maximum weight of 2,300 kg (5,070 lb).\nAS355 F1\nPowered by two Allison 250-C20F engines, 2,400 kg (5,291 lb) Maximum weight.\nAS355 F2\nPowered by two Allison 250-C20F engines, 2,540 kg (5,600 lb) Maximum weight and a yaw compensation system.\nAS355 M\nInitial armed version of AS355 F1.\nAS355 M2\nArmed version of AS355 F2. Superseded by AS555 Fennec.\nAS355 N Ecureuil 2\nVersion fitted with two Turbomeca Arrius 1A engines and a Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) system for better M.T.O.W (2,600 kg or 5,732 lb) and better single engine performance, tail rotor strake added along starboard side of tail boom for better yaw authority.\nAS355 NP Ecureuil 2\nIntroduced in 2007, this version is fitted with two Turbomeca Arrius 1A1 turboshaft engines and a new AS350 B3-based main gearbox, increasing maximum take-off weight to 2,800 kg (6,173 lb).[9]\nHB.355F Esquilo Bi\nAssembled in Brazil by Helibras (part of Eurocopter).\nHB.355N Esquilo Bi\nAssembled in Brazil by Helibras.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Aftermarket conversions","text":"Heli-Lynx 355FX1\nPowered by the Allison C20F engine. FAA, TC, and EASA approved.\nHeli-Lynx 355FX2\nPowered by the Allison C20F engine. FAA, TC and EASA approved.\nHeli-Lynx 355FX2R\nPowered by the Allison C20R engine. FAA and TC approved.\nStarflex AS355F1R\nAS355 F1 powered by the Allison C20R engine. FAA, TC and EASA approved.\nStarflex AS355F2R\nAS355 F2 Powered by the Allison C20R engine with optimised tail rotor blades. FAA, TC and EASA approved.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The AS355 Écureuil 2 is used by both private individuals and companies, helicopter charter and training organizations as well as law enforcement and government use.","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Algerian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_Air_Forces_2016-17"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentine Naval Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Naval_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Bernie Wainscott Helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernie_Wainscott_Helicopters&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Surf Life Saving South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_Life_Saving_Australia"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Austrian Federal Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Federal_Police"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Emergency Situations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Emergency_Situations_(Belarus)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_Air_Forces_2016-17"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Naval Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Naval_Aviation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_Air_Forces_2016-17"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Royal Cambodian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_Air_Forces_2016-17"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"International Test Pilots School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Test_Pilots_School"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ontario Provincial Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Police"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Chilean Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Army"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_Air_Forces_2022-25"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Djibouti Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_Air_Forces_2016-17"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Malawi Air Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Malawi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_Air_Forces_2016-17"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Royal Malaysia Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Malaysia_Police"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Midlands_Police_helicopter_G-WMPA.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Midlands Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_Police"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVD"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"National Navy of Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Navy_of_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_Air_Forces_2016-17"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts State Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_State_Police"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Military and government operators","text":"AlgeriaAlgerian Air Force[17]ArgentinaArgentine Naval Prefecture[18]AustraliaBernie Wainscott Helicopters\nSurf Life Saving South AustraliaAustriaAustrian Federal Police[19]BelarusBorder Guard[20]\nMinistry of Emergency Situations[21]BrazilBrazilian Air Force[17]\nBrazilian Naval Aviation[17]CambodiaRoyal Cambodian Air Force[17]CanadaInternational Test Pilots School[22]\nOntario Provincial Police[23][24]ChileChilean Army[25]DjiboutiDjibouti Air Force[17]JamaicaJamaica Defence Force[26]MalawiMalawi Air Wing[17]MalaysiaRoyal Malaysia Police[27]West Midlands Police's G-WMPARussiaMinistry of Interior[citation needed]UruguayNational Navy of Uruguay[17]United StatesMassachusetts State Police[28]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bophuthatswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bophuthatswana"},{"link_name":"Bophuthatswana Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bophuthatswana_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Garda Air Support Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_Air_Support_Unit"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Police"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Former operators","text":"BophuthatswanaBophuthatswana Air Force[29]IrelandGarda Air Support Unit[30]New ZealandNew Zealand Police[31]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Australian Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Police"},{"link_name":"Kelmscott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelmscott,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATSBVHNJL-32"},{"link_name":"Middlewich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlewich"},{"link_name":"Matthew Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Harding"},{"link_name":"Chelsea F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"Air Accidents Investigation Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Accidents_Investigation_Branch"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Kent Air Ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Air_Ambulance"},{"link_name":"Burham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burham"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaib-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Carter and Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_and_Carter"},{"link_name":"Liverpool John Lennon Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport"},{"link_name":"Liverpool F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ABC_(VH-NTV)_-_Eurocopter_AS355_F2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Eyre"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Paul Lockyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lockyer"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Snowdonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowdonia"},{"link_name":"Luton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"On 8 May 1992, the Western Australian Police Polair One helicopter crashed while attempting to land on a sports oval for a public display in Kelmscott. The helicopter was destroyed after a fire started in the engine bay following ground impact. The Bureau of Air Safety Investigation report determined \"The helicopter probably entered a vortex ring state during the final approach\".[32] The pilot and crewman received minor injuries, and the two passengers serious injuries, as a result of the accident.\nOn 22 October 1996, an AS355 F1 Squirrel, registration G-CFLT, crashed in bad weather near Middlewich, Cheshire, England, killing all five on board. The people on board included Matthew Harding, a businessman and vice chairman of English football club Chelsea F.C. (the flight was returning to London from a Chelsea match in Bolton). The UK's Air Accidents Investigation Branch found that the pilot had insufficient qualifications and experience to fly in such poor conditions;[33][34] the agency also recommended a ban on commercial VFR helicopter night flying.[35]\nIn July 1998, the Kent Air Ambulance, an AS355 F1 Squirrel, crashed in good weather after colliding with power cables near Burham whilst returning to Rochester Airport following an aborted call to attend a road accident.[36] All three crew – the pilot, Graham Budden, and two paramedics, Tony Richardson and Mark Darby – were killed on impact.[37]\nOn 2 May 2007, Chelsea Football Club Vice President Philip Carter, founder of training company Carter and Carter, crashed in his part-owned Twin Squirrel registration G-BYPA returning from Liverpool John Lennon Airport after watching Chelsea play Liverpool F.C.[38]VH-NTV in December 2010On 18 August 2011, an AS-355F-2 (reg No/ VH-NTV) crashed near Lake Eyre in South Australia, resulting in three fatalities.[39] The helicopter was owned by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. On board were Gary Ticehurst (ABC chief helicopter pilot for 25 years), John Bean (cameraman) and Paul Lockyer (journalist).[40] In response to the accident, Australia tightened the rules governing helicopter night flights.[41]\nOn 20 October 2011, a Belarus border patrol Eurocopter twin-engine helicopter crashed close to the village of Vileity near the Lithuanian border and burst into flames, killing all five people on board, including three members of a television crew.[42]\nOn 29 March 2017, a Eurocopter AS-355F-1 Ecureuil 2 was lost over the Snowdonia National Park in Wales whilst en route from Luton to Dublin, carrying five people on board.[43]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:As355cockpit_krj.JPG"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janes_88_p6062-44"},{"link_name":"Allison 250-C20F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_250-C20F"},{"link_name":"turboshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboshaft"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selig-45"},{"link_name":"Never exceed speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds#VNE"}],"text":"Cockpit of AS355 F1 Ecureuil 2Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89[44]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nCapacity: 6 /\nLength: 12.94 m (42 ft 5 in) inc. main and tail rotors10.93 m (36 ft) fuselage and tail rotor onlyHeight: 3.14 m (10 ft 4 in)\nEmpty weight: 1,305 kg (2,877 lb)\nMax takeoff weight: 2,540 kg (5,600 lb) internal load2,600 kg (5,732 lb) with max. slung loadFuel capacity: 730 L (190 US gal; 160 imp gal) usable, in two tanks\nPowerplant: 2 × Allison 250-C20F turboshaft engines, 313 kW (420 hp) each\nMain rotor diameter: 10.69 m (35 ft 1 in)\nMain rotor area: 89.75 m2 (966.1 sq ft) \nBlade aerofoil section: ONERA OA211 : root; ONERA OA209/OA207 : tip[45]PerformanceCruise speed: 224 km/h (139 mph, 121 kn) (max cruise)\nNever exceed speed: 278 km/h (173 mph, 150 kn)\nRange: 703 km (437 mi, 380 nmi) with max fuel no reserve\nService ceiling: 3,400 m (11,200 ft)\nRate of climb: 6.5 m/s (1,280 ft/min)","title":"Specifications (AS355F2)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Directory: World Air Forces\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.flightglobal.com/assets/getasset.aspx?ItemID=26061"},{"link_name":"Flight International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International"}],"text":"\"Directory: World Air Forces\". Flight International: 52–76. 11 November 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2019.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Helibras-built AS355 Écureuil 2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/29.10.08_v%C3%B4o_SJC_036.jpg/220px-29.10.08_v%C3%B4o_SJC_036.jpg"},{"image_text":"AS355N Twin Squirrel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Aerospatiale_AS-355N_Twin_Squirrel_front.jpg/220px-Aerospatiale_AS-355N_Twin_Squirrel_front.jpg"},{"image_text":"Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing's Twin Squirrel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rmp-squirrel.jpg/220px-Rmp-squirrel.jpg"},{"image_text":"AS355 Ecureuil 2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ecureuil_AS_355N_Slovakia_%282%29.JPG/220px-Ecureuil_AS_355N_Slovakia_%282%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"BBC News AS355 G-TVHD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/BBC_News_helicopter.JPG/220px-BBC_News_helicopter.JPG"},{"image_text":"West Midlands Police's G-WMPA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/West_Midlands_Police_helicopter_G-WMPA.jpg/220px-West_Midlands_Police_helicopter_G-WMPA.jpg"},{"image_text":"VH-NTV in December 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/ABC_%28VH-NTV%29_-_Eurocopter_AS355_F2.jpg/220px-ABC_%28VH-NTV%29_-_Eurocopter_AS355_F2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cockpit of AS355 F1 Ecureuil 2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/As355cockpit_krj.JPG/220px-As355cockpit_krj.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"France portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:France"},{"title":"Eurocopter AS350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_AS350"},{"title":"Eurocopter AS555 Fennec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_Fennec"},{"title":"Eurocopter EC130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC130"},{"title":"Bell 427","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_427"},{"title":"MD Helicopters MD Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD_Helicopters_MD_Explorer"},{"title":"HAL LUH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_LUH"},{"title":"List of active United Kingdom military aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_United_Kingdom_military_aircraft"}]	[{"reference":"Wastnage, Justin (19 April 2005). \"Buoyed in Brazil\". Flight International.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/buoyed-in-brazil/59845.article","url_text":"\"Buoyed in Brazil\""}]},{"reference":"Derby, Paul (25 February 2004). \"Western firms wrestle for Chinese market\". Flight International.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/western-firms-wrestle-for-chinese-market/53768.article","url_text":"\"Western firms wrestle for Chinese market\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurocopter launches heavier Twin Squirrel and EC135 variants\". Flight International. 1 March 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/eurocopter-launches-heavier-twin-squirrel-and-ec135-variants/66021.article","url_text":"\"Eurocopter launches heavier Twin Squirrel and EC135 variants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"}]},{"reference":"\"Bell launches Honeywell HTS900-powered 417 to rival Eurocopter Squirrel\". Flight International. 27 February 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/bell-launches-honeywell-hts900-powered-417-to-rival-eurocopter-squirrel/65999.article","url_text":"\"Bell launches Honeywell HTS900-powered 417 to rival Eurocopter Squirrel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Away from the wires\". Flight International. 23 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/away-from-the-wires/73852.article","url_text":"\"Away from the wires\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Air Forces 2016\". Flightglobal Insight. 2016. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://flightglobal.com/asset/6297/waf/","url_text":"\"World Air Forces 2016\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160119005850/https://flightglobal.com/asset/6297/waf/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Argentine Coast Guard Receives its First Ecureuil\". Air International. Vol. 80, no. 3. March 2011. p. 28. ISSN 0306-5634.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_International","url_text":"Air International"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0306-5634","url_text":"0306-5634"}]},{"reference":"\"Austrian Federal Ministry of Internal Affairs\". bmi.gv.at. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bmi.gv.at/202/Flugpolizei/Typenuebersicht.aspx","url_text":"\"Austrian Federal Ministry of Internal Affairs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175601/https://www.bmi.gv.at/202/Flugpolizei/Typenuebersicht.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Государственный пограничный комитет вооружается европейскими вертолетами\". news.tut.by. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix_External_Studios	Eidos Interactive	["1 History","1.1 Founding of publisher Domark (1984–1994)","1.2 Transformation into subsidiary Eidos Interactive (1994–2005)","1.3 Parent Eidos taken over by SCi (2005–2009)","1.4 SCi/Eidos taken over by and absorbed into Square Enix (2009)","2 Games published","3 Legacy","3.1 Square Enix divisions","3.2 Studios and related IPs acquired by Embracer (2022)","3.3 Studios","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	British video game publisher Eidos Interactive LimitedFormerlyDomark Limited (1984–1990)Domark Group Limited (1990–1996)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryVideo gamesFounded1984; 40 years ago (1984) in Putney, London, EnglandFoundersMark StrachanDominic WheatleyDefunct10 November 2009; 14 years ago (2009-11-10)FateMerged with Square Enix in 2009SuccessorSquare Enix LimitedHeadquartersWimbledon, London, EnglandKey peopleIan Livingstone (executive chairman of Eidos plc, 1995-2002)ProductsChampionship Manager seriesTomb Raider seriesHitman seriesParentEidos plc (1995–2005)SCi Entertainment (2005–2009) Eidos Interactive Limited (formerly Domark Limited) was a British video game publisher based in Wimbledon, London. Its games series included Championship Manager (1992), Tomb Raider (1996) and Hitman (2000). Domark was founded by Mark Strachan and Dominic Wheatley in 1984. In 1995, it was acquired by software company Eidos. Ian Livingstone, who held a stake in Domark, became executive chairman of Eidos and held various roles including creative director. Eidos took over U.S. Gold in 1996, which included developer Core Design, and merged its operations including Domark, which created publishing subsidiary Eidos Interactive. The company acquired Crystal Dynamics in 1998, and owned numerous other assets. In 2005, parent Eidos was taken over by games publisher SCi. The combined company, SCi Entertainment Group, which was briefly renamed Eidos, was itself taken over by Square Enix in 2009. Square Enix completed the merger with Eidos Interactive, absorbing it primarily into group company Square Enix Limited in November 2009 (also known as Square Enix Europe). Eidos executive Phil Rogers stayed with the company as Square Enix Europe CEO and became CEO of Americas and Europe in 2013 along with other executives. In August 2022, games holding company Embracer Group completed its acquisition of studios Crystal Dynamics, Eidos-Montréal and Square Enix Montréal and intellectual properties Tomb Raider, Deus Ex and Thief among other assets. Rogers joined Embracer and formed an operative group called CDE Entertainment. History Founding of publisher Domark (1984–1994) Former Domark logo (1984–1996) Domark was founded by Mark Strachan and Dominic Wheatley in 1984. For Christmas 1983, Wheatley (the grandson of the writer Dennis Wheatley) had visited his family, where he saw his brother play The Heroes of Karn on a newly purchased Commodore 64. He was impressed with the game and felt that ordinary people, not just those who worked with computers professionally, would start acquiring computers and games for them. When he returned to his London job as a junior account executive at a small advertising agency, he spoke to Strachan, his colleague, and floated the idea of setting up a company to publish games from third-party developers. Strachan initially declined but later saw that many retailers in the city had sold out of ZX Spectrum models, which he felt signaled great interest in video games. Strachan and Wheatley, then aged 24, subsequently quit their jobs and founded Domark, using a portmanteau of their first names for the company. To design the adventure game Eureka!, they hired the Hungarian developer Andromedia, and brought in Ian Livingstone as its writer. Strachan and Wheatley further devised a competition in which a telephone number would be shown upon completing the game, and the first person to call it would win £25,000. Through friends, family, and other acquaintances, they raised £160,000, more than enough to finance the project. Domark released the game later in 1984, marketing it through Concept Marketing, another firm set up by Strachan and Wheatley. Impressed with the company's operations, Livingstone invested £10,000 in Domark. Eureka! sold 15,000 copies. Domark were unsure what project to pursue next; Strachan and Wheatley had a contact in the estate of Ian Fleming and approached them with the idea of producing a video game based on James Bond. In 1985, Domark obtained a licence to A View to a Kill. Despite delays caused by scope creep, the eponymous game was released later in 1985 and was "actually quite successful", according to Wheatley. Domark found further success with computer conversions of board games: Trivial Pursuit was becoming increasingly popular, so Domark got into contact with games publisher Leisure Genius, which had found success with board game conversions. Leisure Genius was skeptical about a conversion of Trivial Pursuit, and Domark hired Oxford Digital Enterprises to develop it instead. Released in 1986, the Trivial Pursuit sold roughly 2 million copies. The success allowed Domark to move into proper offices and hire more employees. Domark released further Trivial Pursuit and James Bond games in the years following. The company also got into arcade game conversions in 1987 when Wheatley, alone at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, encountered Manlio Allegra, an agent for companies including Atari Games. Allegra wanted Domark to produce conversions for as many games as possible but Wheatley claimed that the company had only £25,000 to spend. Allegra then went through a list of games to be licensed at low prices and Wheatley stopped him when he mentioned the Star Wars trilogy of games. They agreed on a license for Wheatley's claimed budget. To have the games developed, Domark brought a German programmer to England, who had previously developed Star Wars for Amiga. Domark released its versions later in 1987, and they became so successful that the first royalty cheque paid to Atari Games two months later amounted to £280,000. Impressed with this return, Atari Games hired Domark as the exclusive partner for computer conversions of arcade games. With sufficient funds, the company published various games through the rest of the 1980s. It set up an internal development team, The Kremlin, within its Putney headquarters in 1990 and expanded to 20 employees by 1992. In the same year, Livingstone joined Domark's board as an investor, while Wheatley moved with his wife and two children to the US to better manage the company's American contacts. A US subsidiary for Domark was formally established in Silicon Valley in 1993. Transformation into subsidiary Eidos Interactive (1994–2005) In 1994, Strachan and Wheatley encountered Charles Cornwall, chairman of Eidos, a company that developed video compression software for systems like the Acorn Archimedes. Domark was struggling on the business side and Eidos had no sales at that time, so the two companies agreed to a reverse merger takeover. Domark was merged with Eidos, with Domark's operations aligned as a subsidiary of the newer Eidos. The deal was announced in September 1995 as an acquisition of Domark (alongside developers Simis and Big Red Software) by Eidos for £12.9 million. The new company was floated on the London Stock Exchange as Eidos that year. Livingstone became executive chairman and Strachan left Domark in that year. On 31 May 1996, Simis and Big Red Software were merged into Domark. Eidos took over CentreGold in April 1996 for £17.6 million. CentreGold consisted of distributor CentreSoft and publisher U.S. Gold, which included development subsidiaries Core Design and Silicon Dreams Studio. Eidos Interactive's first major title was soon to be released Tomb Raider by Core Design, which CentreGold had itself acquired two years prior. Silicon Dreams Studio was re-acquired by its founder, Geoff Brown, through newly founded Geoff Brown Holdings (later Kaboom Studios), on 16 December that year. In 1997, Wheatley left the company to move back to Britain and focus on other projects. Opticom entered into an agreement with Eidos to develop storage devices, with both companies holding shares in each other. Eidos acquired developer Crystal Dynamics in September 1998. In 1999, Eidos acquired a 51% stake in Ion Storm, in exchange for advances to the developers, and a US$55m stake in web portal company Maximum Holdings. Eidos founder Stephen B. Streater resigned as director in June and went on to found Forbidden Technologies. The following year Eidos CEO Cornwall left the company to focus on technology and mining interests and was succeeded by former COO Michael McGarvey. A publicised takeover bid from Infogrames Entertainment failed to materialize in October 2000. In January 2002, Eidos established label Fresh Games for games localised from Japan, with titles including Mister Mosquito, Mad Maestro! and Legaia 2: Duel Saga. Livingstone stepped down as chairman and became creative director in September 2002. In 2003, Eidos founded Beautiful Game Studios inside their headquarters, which continued its Championship Manager series after splitting with previous developer Sports Interactive. In March 2004, Eidos acquired Danish developer IO Interactive, which was developing published title Hitman: Contracts. Ion Storm was closed in February 2005. On 21 March 2005, Eidos received a takeover bid from Elevation Partners, a private equity firm owned by former Electronic Arts president John Riccitiello. This takeover valued the company at £71 million, and would inject £23 million in order to keep the company from bankruptcy in the short term. Elevation stated it plans to take Eidos private for some years to focus on game creation and release schedules, and its offer was initially recommended by Eidos' board. Parent Eidos taken over by SCi (2005–2009) Main article: SCi Games On 22 March 2005, Eidos plc received a second takeover bid from games publisher SCi. The bid was for £74 million, and tabled a restructuring plan to cut £14 million from annual costs. To fund this takeover, SCi proposed to sell £60 million worth of stock. In late April, Elevation Partners formally withdrew its offer, leaving the way clear for SCi. SCi's takeover was finalized on 16 May 2005, with SCi merging itself into Eidos Interactive's parent SCi Entertainment Group. Livingstone was the only returning board member and became product acquisition director. Core Design pitched a Tomb Raider remake for the game's 10th anniversary to SCi/Eidos in 2005. Former studio manager Gavin Rummery stated in 2015 that SCi loved the project, but Crystal Dynamics had their own demo, which then convinced SCi to cancel Core's project (Tomb Raider: Anniversary). In May 2006, Rebellion Developments acquired Core Designs' assets and staff, while the Core brand and intellectual property, including Tomb Raider, remained with SCi. In December 2006, Warner Bros. licensed classic properties to SCi, while investing for 10.3% of SCi shares. In 2007, SCi acquired a number of new studios for its New Media division: mobile phone developer Rockpool Games, along with its two sister companies Ironstone Partners and SoGoPlay, Morpheme, and gaming portal Bluefish Media. Majesco Entertainment signed a distribution deal for eight games with SCi in April 2007. In November 2007, SCi opened a new studio in Montreal, Quebec, which was later named Eidos-Montréal and developed a new game in the Deus Ex franchise. On 4 September 2007, SCi stated that they had been approached with possible offers for the company. By January 2008, the offer talks had halted. The share price dropped by over 50% and shareholders called for the resignation of key personnel, including CEO Jane Cavanagh, over this issue as well as delays to key titles. On 18 January 2008, Cavanagh and management team left the company. Jürgen Goeldner was as appointed as interim COO that month. In April 2008, newly appointed CEO Phil Rogers, a former Electronic Arts executive, stated they want to be a "leaner and fitter company", as well as "studio-led". They moved "certain functions" from the United Kingdom to Quebec, Canada, partially due to economic advantages offered by Montreal's government. SCi subsidiary Pivotal Games was closed in July. Koch Media acquired Proein, SCi's Spanish distribution division, in July 2008. During SCi 2008 financial report, losses were at £100 million, which Rogers stated were due to the reconstructing plans. On 19 September 2008, SCi opened a Shanghai-based studio, Eidos Shanghai, consisting of a small team to build up relations in Asia. In 2008, SCi set up an entity, which later became Square Enix London Studios headed by Lee Singleton in their Wimbledon headquarters. In December 2008, SCi rebranded as Eidos. Rockpool Games and Eidos Hungary (formerly Mithis Entertainment) were closed in 2009, among other cuts. SCi/Eidos taken over by and absorbed into Square Enix (2009) Main article: Square Enix In February 2009, Square Enix reached an agreement to purchase Eidos plc for £84.3 million, pending shareholder approval, with an initial aim of completing the takeover on 6 May 2009. The offer was backed by majority stakeholder Warner Bros. The date was brought forward, and Square Enix took over Eidos on 22 April 2009. Square Enix initially stated that it would let Eidos remain structured as it was at the time of its takeover. In July 2009, it announced that it would merge Eidos into Square Enix, which created a new entity, tentatively titled Square Enix Europe and described as a business unit representing sales and marketing offices in the United Kingdom, France and Germany. Eidos' US operations were merged with Square Enix Incorporated, headed by John Yamamoto. The merger was completed on 10 November 2009 with the Square Enix Europe identity being retained. Square Enix Europe under Rogers continued to managed its own studios. Livingstone became Life President. Games published Main article: List of Eidos Interactive games Legacy Square Enix divisions Main article: List of Square Enix Europe games Square Enix External Studios, originally Square Enix London Studios and founded by Eidos in 2008. Responsible for working with third-party developers on Batman: Arkham Asylum, Just Cause, Sleeping Dogs, Life Is Strange and Outriders. Square Enix Collective, founded in 2014. Label working with independent developers, originally potentially offering Eidos IPs to developers. Studios and related IPs acquired by Embracer (2022) In May 2022, Square Enix announced it would sell several of Square Enix Limited's assets to Embracer Group for $300 million. These included development studios Crystal Dynamics, Eidos-Montréal, Square Enix Montréal, and intellectual properties such as Tomb Raider, Deus Ex, Thief, Legacy of Kain alongside "50 back-catalogue games", with the deal expected to be completed in the second quarter of Embracer's financial year. Embracer announced that the subsidiaries and IPs would form as their 12th operative group, under the leadership of Phil Rogers, and was later given the name of CDE (Crystal Dynamics - Eidos) Entertainment. Square Enix's activities will continue to include publishing games from third-party studios including Outriders, Life Is Strange and Just Cause. On 20 May 2022, Embracer stated it sees potential in sequels, remakes and remasters. The deal was completed on 26 August 2022. In November 2022, Embracer shut down Square Enix Montréal and transferred Eidos-Shanghai to Gearbox Entertainment as Gearbox Studio Shanghai. Studios Studio Subsidiary Location Founded Acquired Fate Refs. Domark London, England 1984 1995 Transformed into Eidos Interactive in 1996 Simis 1988 Big Red Software Leamington Spa, England 1989 CentreGold U.S. Gold Birmingham, England 1984 1996 Core Design Derby, England 1988 Assets acquired by Rebellion Developments in 2006 Silicon Dreams Studio Adderbury, England 1994 Management buyout in 1996 Crystal Dynamics Redwood City, California 1992 1998 Became Square Enix subsidiary, acquired by Embracer in 2022 Ion Storm Dallas, Texas;Austin, Texas 1996 1999 Closed in 2005 Beautiful Game Studios Eidos' headquarters 2003 Became Square Enix studio IO Interactive Copenhagen, Denmark 1998 2004 Became Square Enix subsidiary, management buyout in 2017 Hapti.co 2012 Pivotal Games Bath, England 2000 SCi subsidiary Closed in 2008 Eidos Hungary Budapest, Hungary 2002 2006 Closed in 2009 Eidos Studios Sweden Helsingborg, Sweden 1987 2006 Closed in 2008 Eidos-Montréal Montreal, Quebec 2007 Became Square Enix subsidiary, acquired by Embracer in 2022 Eidos-Shanghai Shanghai, China 2008 Became part of Eidos-Montréal in 2019, became Gearbox Studio Shanghai in 2022 Morpheme Wireless London, England 1999 2007 Closed in 2009 Gimme5Games 2007 Management buyout in 2009 Rockpool Games Manchester, England 2002 2007 Closed in 2009 Square Enix Montréal Montreal, Quebec 2011 Acquired and closed by Embracer in 2022 Square Enix London Mobile London, England 2021 See also London portalVideo games portal Stephen B. Streater Kuju Notes ^ Square's former British subsidiary was named Square Europe Limited from its incorporation in 1998 to 2003. After the Square and Enix merger, it was renamed to Square Enix Europe Limited and in 2004 to its current legal name, Square Enix Limited. ^ Americas referring to fellow group company Square Enix Incorporated. Square Enix Limited's area of activity are former PAL territories, while Square Enix Incorporated's area of activity are the Americas. ^ Distributor Centresoft conducted a management buyout. References ^ a b "Square Enix Limited - Overview". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk. Companies House. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2020. ^ Fahey, Rob (2 July 2004). "Square Enix announces European reorganisation". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021. ^ a b c d e f Crookes, David (10 November 2011). "From the Archives: Domark". Retro Gamer. No. 96. 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External links Archive of Eidos Interactive's website Domark at MobyGames Eidos Interactive vteSquare EnixVideo game development Square Enix Europe Square Enix Collective Taito Other industries Gangan Comics PlayOnline Image Studio Division Lists of video games List of franchises Square Enix mobile Enix home computer Square Square Enix Europe Crystal Dynamics Eidos Taito Key people Jun Akiyama Kazuhiko Aoki Tomoya Asano Naoki Hamaguchi Hiroyuki Ito Akitoshi Kawazu Yoshinori Kitase Hiroshi Minagawa Tetsuya Nomura Kazuko Shibuya Masayoshi Soken Takashi Tokita Motomu Toriyama Naoki Yoshida Former Kenichiro Fukui Nasir Gebelli Masashi Hamauzu Shinji Hashimoto Yasuyuki Honne Koichi Ishii Masato Kato Yasumi Matsuno Yasunori Mitsuda Yuji Naka Kazushige Nojima Soraya Saga Hironobu Sakaguchi Yoko Shimomura Hajime Tabata Tetsuya Takahashi Hiromichi Tanaka Toshiro Tsuchida Nobuo Uematsu Yoichi Wada Frequent contractors Yoshitaka Amano Yuji Horii Koichi Nakamura Koichi Sugiyama Yoko Taro Akira Toriyama Former assetsDefunct Beautiful Game Studios DigiCube Eidos Hungary Enix The Game Designers Studio Ion Storm Luminous Productions Quest Corporation Tokyo RPG Factory Square Sold Crystal Dynamics Eidos-Montréal IO Interactive Square Enix Montreal Related articles Compilation albums Companion books DS:Style Localization of Square Enix video games Luminous Engine Crystal Tools NESiCAxLive NESYS Taito Type X Zuntata Category vteSquare Enix video game franchisesSquare Enix Bravely Chaos Rings Chocobo Code Age Chrono The Diofield Chronicle Dragon Quest Drakengard Final Fantasy Front Mission Hanjuku Hero Itadaki Street Kingdom Hearts Lord of Vermilion Mana Million Arthur Octopath Traveler Ogre SaGa Schoolgirl Strikers Star Ocean Valkyrie Profile Voice of Cards The World Ends with You Square Enix Europe Championship Manager Gex Just Cause Life Is Strange Taito Arkanoid Battle Gear Bubble Bobble Darius Densha de Go! Groove Coaster Gunslinger Stratos Lufia Sonic Blast Man Space Invaders vteTomb Raider List of media Lara Croft Video gamesFirst series Tomb Raider (1996) Tomb Raider II Tomb Raider III The Last Revelation Chronicles The Angel of Darkness Second series Legend Anniversary Underworld Third series Tomb Raider (2013) Rise of the Tomb Raider Shadow of the Tomb Raider Handheld Tomb Raider (2000) Curse of the Sword The Prophecy Mobile Lara Croft: Relic Run Reloaded Other Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris Lara Croft Go Tomb Raider I–III Remastered Films Lara Croft: Tomb Raider Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life Tomb Raider (2018) Television Revisioned The Legend of Lara Croft Attractions Tomb Raider: The Ride Tomb Raider: Firefall Other media Tomb Raider comic series Tomb Raider Collectible Card Game Category vteDeus Ex List of media Video gamesMain series Deus Ex development Invisible War Human Revolution The Missing Link Mankind Divided Spin-offs The Fall Go The Nameless Mod Universe JC Denton Adam Jensen Liberty Island Development Square Enix Eidos-Montréal Square Enix Montreal Ion Storm Category vteGex series Gex Gex: Enter the Gecko Gex 3: Deep Cover Gecko vteChampionship ManagerGames Championship Manager (1992) 93/94 2 96/97 Season 97/98 3 Season 99/00 Season 00/01 Season 01/02 Quiz Season 02/03 4 Season 03/04 5 2006 2007 2008 2009 Express 2010 2011 Companies Eidos Interactive Square Enix Sports Interactive vteJust Cause seriesGames Just Cause Just Cause 2 Just Cause 3 Just Cause 4 Companies Square Enix Avalanche Studios Group vteLegacy of KainGames Blood Omen Soul Reaver Soul Reaver 2 Blood Omen 2 Defiance Characters Kain Raziel Related Dead Sun Nosgoth vteThiefGames The Dark Project Thief II: The Metal Age Deadly Shadows "Robbing the Cradle" Thief Related Garrett Dark Engine The Dark Mod vteLife Is StrangeVideo games Life Is Strange Before the Storm The Awesome Adventures of Captain Spirit Life Is Strange 2 True Colors Characters Max Caulfield Chloe Price Rachel Amber Alex Chen Companies Deck Nine Don't Nod Square Enix Authority control databases International ISNI Other MusicBrainz label	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video game publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_publisher"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon,_London"},{"link_name":"Championship Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_Manager"},{"link_name":"Tomb Raider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_Raider"},{"link_name":"Hitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitman_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Ian Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Livingstone"},{"link_name":"U.S. Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Gold"},{"link_name":"Core Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_Design"},{"link_name":"Crystal Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"SCi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCi_Games"},{"link_name":"Square Enix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Embracer Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embracer_Group"},{"link_name":"Eidos-Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidos-Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"Square Enix Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix_Montreal"},{"link_name":"Deus Ex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_Ex"},{"link_name":"Thief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thief_(series)"}],"text":"British video game publisherEidos Interactive Limited (formerly Domark Limited) was a British video game publisher based in Wimbledon, London. Its games series included Championship Manager (1992), Tomb Raider (1996) and Hitman (2000). Domark was founded by Mark Strachan and Dominic Wheatley in 1984. In 1995, it was acquired by software company Eidos. Ian Livingstone, who held a stake in Domark, became executive chairman of Eidos and held various roles including creative director. Eidos took over U.S. Gold in 1996, which included developer Core Design, and merged its operations including Domark, which created publishing subsidiary Eidos Interactive. The company acquired Crystal Dynamics in 1998, and owned numerous other assets. In 2005, parent Eidos was taken over by games publisher SCi. The combined company, SCi Entertainment Group, which was briefly renamed Eidos, was itself taken over by Square Enix in 2009.Square Enix completed the merger with Eidos Interactive, absorbing it primarily into group company Square Enix Limited in November 2009 (also known as Square Enix Europe[a]). Eidos executive Phil Rogers stayed with the company as Square Enix Europe CEO and became CEO of Americas and Europe in 2013 along with other executives.[b] In August 2022, games holding company Embracer Group completed its acquisition of studios Crystal Dynamics, Eidos-Montréal and Square Enix Montréal and intellectual properties Tomb Raider, Deus Ex and Thief among other assets. Rogers joined Embracer and formed an operative group called CDE Entertainment.","title":"Eidos Interactive"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domark_logo.png"},{"link_name":"Dennis Wheatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Wheatley"},{"link_name":"The Heroes of Karn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heroes_of_Karn"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"advertising agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_agency"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"adventure game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_game"},{"link_name":"Eureka!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka!_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Ian Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Livingstone"},{"link_name":"Ian Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Fleming"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"A View to a Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_View_to_a_Kill"},{"link_name":"scope creep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scope_creep"},{"link_name":"the eponymous game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_View_to_a_Kill_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retro_Gamer_96-5"},{"link_name":"board games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game"},{"link_name":"Trivial Pursuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial_Pursuit"},{"link_name":"arcade game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"},{"link_name":"Consumer Electronics Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Atari Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_Games"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(1983_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"Putney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putney"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retro_Gamer_96-5"}],"sub_title":"Founding of publisher Domark (1984–1994)","text":"Former Domark logo (1984–1996)Domark was founded by Mark Strachan and Dominic Wheatley in 1984. For Christmas 1983, Wheatley (the grandson of the writer Dennis Wheatley) had visited his family, where he saw his brother play The Heroes of Karn on a newly purchased Commodore 64. He was impressed with the game and felt that ordinary people, not just those who worked with computers professionally, would start acquiring computers and games for them. When he returned to his London job as a junior account executive at a small advertising agency, he spoke to Strachan, his colleague, and floated the idea of setting up a company to publish games from third-party developers. Strachan initially declined but later saw that many retailers in the city had sold out of ZX Spectrum models, which he felt signaled great interest in video games. Strachan and Wheatley, then aged 24, subsequently quit their jobs and founded Domark, using a portmanteau of their first names for the company. To design the adventure game Eureka!, they hired the Hungarian developer Andromedia, and brought in Ian Livingstone as its writer. Strachan and Wheatley further devised a competition in which a telephone number would be shown upon completing the game, and the first person to call it would win £25,000. Through friends, family, and other acquaintances, they raised £160,000, more than enough to finance the project. Domark released the game later in 1984, marketing it through Concept Marketing, another firm set up by Strachan and Wheatley. Impressed with the company's operations, Livingstone invested £10,000 in Domark. Eureka! sold 15,000 copies. Domark were unsure what project to pursue next; Strachan and Wheatley had a contact in the estate of Ian Fleming and approached them with the idea of producing a video game based on James Bond. In 1985, Domark obtained a licence to A View to a Kill. Despite delays caused by scope creep, the eponymous game was released later in 1985 and was \"actually quite successful\", according to Wheatley.[3]Domark found further success with computer conversions of board games: Trivial Pursuit was becoming increasingly popular, so Domark got into contact with games publisher Leisure Genius, which had found success with board game conversions. Leisure Genius was skeptical about a conversion of Trivial Pursuit, and Domark hired Oxford Digital Enterprises to develop it instead. Released in 1986, the Trivial Pursuit sold roughly 2 million copies. The success allowed Domark to move into proper offices and hire more employees. Domark released further Trivial Pursuit and James Bond games in the years following. The company also got into arcade game conversions in 1987 when Wheatley, alone at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, encountered Manlio Allegra, an agent for companies including Atari Games. Allegra wanted Domark to produce conversions for as many games as possible but Wheatley claimed that the company had only £25,000 to spend. Allegra then went through a list of games to be licensed at low prices and Wheatley stopped him when he mentioned the Star Wars trilogy of games. They agreed on a license for Wheatley's claimed budget. To have the games developed, Domark brought a German programmer to England, who had previously developed Star Wars for Amiga. Domark released its versions later in 1987, and they became so successful that the first royalty cheque paid to Atari Games two months later amounted to £280,000. Impressed with this return, Atari Games hired Domark as the exclusive partner for computer conversions of arcade games. With sufficient funds, the company published various games through the rest of the 1980s. It set up an internal development team, The Kremlin, within its Putney headquarters in 1990 and expanded to 20 employees by 1992. In the same year, Livingstone joined Domark's board as an investor, while Wheatley moved with his wife and two children to the US to better manage the company's American contacts. A US subsidiary for Domark was formally established in Silicon Valley in 1993.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_compression"},{"link_name":"Acorn Archimedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_Archimedes"},{"link_name":"reverse merger takeover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_merger_takeover"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retro_Gamer_96-5"},{"link_name":"Big Red Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Red_Software"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-6"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"executive chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_chairman"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retro_Gamer_96-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"U.S. Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Gold"},{"link_name":"Core Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_Design"},{"link_name":"Silicon Dreams Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Dreams_Studio"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-13"},{"link_name":"Tomb Raider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_Raider_(1996_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"Kaboom Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboom_Studios"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retro_Gamer_96-5"},{"link_name":"Opticom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticom_(company)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Crystal Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Birmingham_Post-17"},{"link_name":"Ion Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Storm"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Stephen B. Streater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_B._Streater"},{"link_name":"Forbidden Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_Technologies_plc"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Infogrames Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infogrames_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Mister Mosquito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Mosquito"},{"link_name":"Mad Maestro!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Maestro!"},{"link_name":"Legaia 2: Duel Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legaia_2:_Duel_Saga"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Championship Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_Manager"},{"link_name":"Sports Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Interactive"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"IO Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IO_Interactive"},{"link_name":"Hitman: Contracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitman:_Contracts"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-28"},{"link_name":"Elevation Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation_Partners"},{"link_name":"private equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"John Riccitiello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Riccitiello"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Transformation into subsidiary Eidos Interactive (1994–2005)","text":"In 1994, Strachan and Wheatley encountered Charles Cornwall, chairman of Eidos, a company that developed video compression software for systems like the Acorn Archimedes. Domark was struggling on the business side and Eidos had no sales at that time, so the two companies agreed to a reverse merger takeover. Domark was merged with Eidos, with Domark's operations aligned as a subsidiary of the newer Eidos.[3] The deal was announced in September 1995 as an acquisition of Domark (alongside developers Simis and Big Red Software) by Eidos for £12.9 million.[4] The new company was floated on the London Stock Exchange as Eidos that year.[5] Livingstone became executive chairman and Strachan left Domark in that year.[6][3]On 31 May 1996, Simis and Big Red Software were merged into Domark.[7] Eidos took over CentreGold in April 1996 for £17.6 million. CentreGold consisted of distributor CentreSoft[c] and publisher U.S. Gold, which included development subsidiaries Core Design and Silicon Dreams Studio.[9][10] Eidos Interactive's first major title was soon to be released Tomb Raider by Core Design, which CentreGold had itself acquired two years prior.[11] Silicon Dreams Studio was re-acquired by its founder, Geoff Brown, through newly founded Geoff Brown Holdings (later Kaboom Studios), on 16 December that year.[12] In 1997, Wheatley left the company to move back to Britain and focus on other projects.[3] Opticom entered into an agreement with Eidos to develop storage devices, with both companies holding shares in each other.[13] Eidos acquired developer Crystal Dynamics in September 1998.[14] In 1999, Eidos acquired a 51% stake in Ion Storm, in exchange for advances to the developers,[15] and a US$55m stake in web portal company Maximum Holdings.[16] Eidos founder Stephen B. Streater resigned as director in June and went on to found Forbidden Technologies.[17] The following year Eidos CEO Cornwall left the company to focus on technology and mining interests and was succeeded by former COO Michael McGarvey.[18] A publicised takeover bid from Infogrames Entertainment failed to materialize in October 2000.[19] In January 2002, Eidos established label Fresh Games for games localised from Japan, with titles including Mister Mosquito, Mad Maestro! and Legaia 2: Duel Saga.[20] Livingstone stepped down as chairman and became creative director in September 2002.[21] In 2003, Eidos founded Beautiful Game Studios inside their headquarters, which continued its Championship Manager series after splitting with previous developer Sports Interactive.[22][23] In March 2004, Eidos acquired Danish developer IO Interactive, which was developing published title Hitman: Contracts.[24] Ion Storm was closed in February 2005.[25]On 21 March 2005, Eidos received a takeover bid from Elevation Partners, a private equity firm owned by former Electronic Arts president John Riccitiello. This takeover valued the company at £71 million, and would inject £23 million in order to keep the company from bankruptcy in the short term.[26] Elevation stated it plans to take Eidos private for some years to focus on game creation and release schedules, and its offer was initially recommended by Eidos' board.[27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SCi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCi_Games"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"Crystal Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"Tomb Raider: Anniversary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_Raider:_Anniversary"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Rebellion Developments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_Developments"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-36"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"New Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media"},{"link_name":"gaming portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming_portal"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Majesco Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majesco_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Eidos-Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidos-Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-52"},{"link_name":"Koch Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_Media"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Eidos Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidos_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-60"}],"sub_title":"Parent Eidos taken over by SCi (2005–2009)","text":"On 22 March 2005, Eidos plc received a second takeover bid from games publisher SCi. The bid was for £74 million, and tabled a restructuring plan to cut £14 million from annual costs. To fund this takeover, SCi proposed to sell £60 million worth of stock. In late April, Elevation Partners formally withdrew its offer, leaving the way clear for SCi.[28] SCi's takeover was finalized on 16 May 2005, with SCi merging itself into Eidos Interactive's parent SCi Entertainment Group. Livingstone was the only returning board member and became product acquisition director.[29][30][31]Core Design pitched a Tomb Raider remake for the game's 10th anniversary to SCi/Eidos in 2005.[11] Former studio manager Gavin Rummery stated in 2015 that SCi loved the project, but Crystal Dynamics had their own demo, which then convinced SCi to cancel Core's project (Tomb Raider: Anniversary).[11][32] In May 2006, Rebellion Developments acquired Core Designs' assets and staff, while the Core brand and intellectual property, including Tomb Raider, remained with SCi.[33] In December 2006, Warner Bros. licensed classic properties to SCi, while investing for 10.3% of SCi shares.[34] In 2007, SCi acquired a number of new studios for its New Media division: mobile phone developer Rockpool Games, along with its two sister companies Ironstone Partners and SoGoPlay, Morpheme, and gaming portal Bluefish Media.[35][36] Majesco Entertainment signed a distribution deal for eight games with SCi in April 2007.[37] In November 2007, SCi opened a new studio in Montreal, Quebec, which was later named Eidos-Montréal and developed a new game in the Deus Ex franchise.[38][39]On 4 September 2007, SCi stated that they had been approached with possible offers for the company.[40] By January 2008, the offer talks had halted.[41][42] The share price dropped by over 50% and shareholders called for the resignation of key personnel, including CEO Jane Cavanagh, over this issue as well as delays to key titles.[43] On 18 January 2008, Cavanagh and management team left the company.[44] Jürgen Goeldner was as appointed as interim COO that month.[45][46] In April 2008, newly appointed CEO Phil Rogers, a former Electronic Arts executive, stated they want to be a \"leaner and fitter company\", as well as \"studio-led\".[47][48] They moved \"certain functions\" from the United Kingdom to Quebec, Canada, partially due to economic advantages offered by Montreal's government.[47] SCi subsidiary Pivotal Games was closed in July.[49] Koch Media acquired Proein, SCi's Spanish distribution division, in July 2008.[50] During SCi 2008 financial report, losses were at £100 million, which Rogers stated were due to the reconstructing plans.[51] On 19 September 2008, SCi opened a Shanghai-based studio, Eidos Shanghai, consisting of a small team to build up relations in Asia.[52] In 2008, SCi set up an entity, which later became Square Enix London Studios headed by Lee Singleton in their Wimbledon headquarters.[53][54] In December 2008, SCi rebranded as Eidos.[55] Rockpool Games and Eidos Hungary (formerly Mithis Entertainment) were closed in 2009, among other cuts.[56][57]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Square Enix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-69"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"SCi/Eidos taken over by and absorbed into Square Enix (2009)","text":"In February 2009, Square Enix reached an agreement to purchase Eidos plc for £84.3 million, pending shareholder approval,[58] with an initial aim of completing the takeover on 6 May 2009.[59] The offer was backed by majority stakeholder Warner Bros.[60] The date was brought forward, and Square Enix took over Eidos on 22 April 2009.[61][62] Square Enix initially stated that it would let Eidos remain structured as it was at the time of its takeover.[63] In July 2009, it announced that it would merge Eidos into Square Enix, which created a new entity, tentatively titled Square Enix Europe and described as a business unit representing sales and marketing offices in the United Kingdom, France and Germany.[64][65] Eidos' US operations were merged with Square Enix Incorporated, headed by John Yamamoto.[66] The merger was completed on 10 November 2009 with the Square Enix Europe identity being retained.[67][68] Square Enix Europe under Rogers continued to managed its own studios.[69] Livingstone became Life President.[70]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games published"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-74"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-75"},{"link_name":"Batman: Arkham Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_Arkham_Asylum"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Dogs_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-56"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-74"},{"link_name":"Square Enix Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix_Collective"},{"link_name":"independent developers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_developers"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"Square Enix divisions","text":"Square Enix External Studios, originally Square Enix London Studios and founded by Eidos in 2008.[71][72] Responsible for working with third-party developers on Batman: Arkham Asylum, Just Cause, Sleeping Dogs, Life Is Strange and Outriders.[53][71]\nSquare Enix Collective, founded in 2014. Label working with independent developers, originally potentially offering Eidos IPs to developers.[73]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Embracer Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embracer_Group"},{"link_name":"Crystal Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"Eidos-Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidos-Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"Square Enix Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"intellectual properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-77"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-77"},{"link_name":"Outriders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outriders_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Life Is Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Is_Strange"},{"link_name":"Just Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Cause_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Gearbox Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearbox_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-80"}],"sub_title":"Studios and related IPs acquired by Embracer (2022)","text":"In May 2022, Square Enix announced it would sell several of Square Enix Limited's assets to Embracer Group for $300 million. These included development studios Crystal Dynamics, Eidos-Montréal, Square Enix Montréal, and intellectual properties such as Tomb Raider, Deus Ex, Thief, Legacy of Kain alongside \"50 back-catalogue games\", with the deal expected to be completed in the second quarter of Embracer's financial year.[74] Embracer announced that the subsidiaries and IPs would form as their 12th operative group, under the leadership of Phil Rogers, and was later given the name of CDE (Crystal Dynamics - Eidos) Entertainment.[74] Square Enix's activities will continue to include publishing games from third-party studios including Outriders, Life Is Strange and Just Cause. On 20 May 2022, Embracer stated it sees potential in sequels, remakes and remasters.[75] The deal was completed on 26 August 2022.[76] In November 2022, Embracer shut down Square Enix Montréal and transferred Eidos-Shanghai to Gearbox Entertainment as Gearbox Studio Shanghai.[77]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studios","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEEltd-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"PAL territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL_territories"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"^ Square's former British subsidiary was named Square Europe Limited from its incorporation in 1998 to 2003. After the Square and Enix merger, it was renamed to Square Enix Europe Limited and in 2004 to its current legal name, Square Enix Limited.[2]\n\n^ Americas referring to fellow group company Square Enix Incorporated. Square Enix Limited's area of activity are former PAL territories, while Square Enix Incorporated's area of activity are the Americas.\n\n^ Distributor Centresoft conducted a management buyout.[8]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Eidos – A success story after initial hiccups\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//techmonitor.ai/technology/eidos_a_success_story_after_initial_hiccups"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210728210808/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/eidos_a_success_story_after_initial_hiccups"},{"link_name":"\"It's still a hero or zero game for Eidos chief\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/it-s-still-a-hero-or-zero-game-for-eidos-chief-172081.html"},{"link_name":"\"What went wrong at SCi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210922160750/https://www.mcvuk.com/business-news/publishing/what-went-wrong-at-sci/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mcvuk.com/business-news/publishing/what-went-wrong-at-sci/"},{"link_name":"\"The Square Enix reboot\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mcvuk.com/business-news/the-square-enix-reboot/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210417173936/https://www.mcvuk.com/business-news/the-square-enix-reboot/"}],"text":"\"Eidos – A success story after initial hiccups\". Tech Monitor. 18 July 1996. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021.\nCope, Nigel (4 August 2002). \"It's still a hero or zero game for Eidos chief\". The Independent. Retrieved 10 December 2023.\n\"What went wrong at SCi\". MCV/Develop. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021.\n\"The Square Enix reboot\". MCV/Develop. 22 January 2014. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2020.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Former Domark logo (1984–1996)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Domark_logo.png/220px-Domark_logo.png"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007_icon.png"},{"title":"London portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:London"},{"title":"Video games portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Video_games"},{"title":"Stephen B. Streater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_B._Streater"},{"title":"Kuju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuju_(company)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Square Enix Limited - Overview\". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk. Companies House. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/01804186","url_text":"\"Square Enix Limited - Overview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191117094536/https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/01804186","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fahey, Rob (2 July 2004). \"Square Enix announces European reorganisation\". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/square-enix-announces-european-reorganisation","url_text":"\"Square Enix announces European reorganisation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203350/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/square-enix-announces-european-reorganisation","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Crookes, David (10 November 2011). \"From the Archives: Domark\". Retro Gamer. No. 96. Imagine Publishing. pp. 36–41.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Gamer","url_text":"Retro Gamer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Publishing","url_text":"Imagine Publishing"}]},{"reference":"\"Eidos Acquires Three Companies, Unveils Placing\". Telecompaper. 25 September 1995. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telecompaper.com/news/eidos-acquires-three-companies-unveils-placing--65391","url_text":"\"Eidos Acquires Three Companies, Unveils Placing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171029012442/https://www.telecompaper.com/news/eidos-acquires-three-companies-unveils-placing--65391","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ashton, James (24 August 2015). \"Tomb Raider creator on the claim that video games harm children\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/ian-livingstone-interview-tomb-raider-creator-on-lara-croft-20-years-on-and-claims-that-video-games-harm-children-10468405.html","url_text":"\"Tomb Raider creator on the claim that video games harm children\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230315130805/https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/ian-livingstone-interview-tomb-raider-creator-on-lara-croft-20-years-on-and-claims-that-video-games-harm-children-10468405.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Corriea, Alexa Ray (30 September 2013). \"Eidos President and CEO Ian Livingstone departs after 20 years\". Polygon. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2013/9/30/4787344/eidos-president-and-ceo-ian-livingstone-departs-after-20-years","url_text":"\"Eidos President and CEO Ian Livingstone departs after 20 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171029012943/https://www.polygon.com/2013/9/30/4787344/eidos-president-and-ceo-ian-livingstone-departs-after-20-years","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sherman, Christopher (April 1996). \"Four Way Merger Between Domark, Big Red, Simis, and Eidos\". Next Generation. No. 16. Imagine Media. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"Next Generation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Media","url_text":"Imagine Media"}]},{"reference":"\"GameSpy: Eidos Interactive\". Gamespy.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespy.com/company/025/025024.html","url_text":"\"GameSpy: Eidos Interactive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deals that shook the industry: 5/10\". MCV. 25 July 2008. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mcvuk.com/articles/publishing/deals-that-shook-the-industry-5-10","url_text":"\"Deals that shook the industry: 5/10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCV_(magazine)","url_text":"MCV"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113215337/https://www.mcvuk.com/business-news/publishing/deals-that-shook-the-industry-5-10/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Core Founder Steps Down\". IGN. 15 July 2003. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. 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Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2015/03/it-felt-like-robbery-tomb-raider-and-the-fall-of-core-design/","url_text":"\"\"It felt like robbery\": Tomb Raider and the fall of Core Design\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica","url_text":"Ars Technica"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161126210720/http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2015/03/it-felt-like-robbery-tomb-raider-and-the-fall-of-core-design/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Silicon Dreams To Be 75% Acquired By New Firm\". Telecompaper. 16 December 1996. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telecompaper.com/news/silicon-dreams-to-be-75-acquired-by-new-firm--97350","url_text":"\"Silicon Dreams To Be 75% Acquired By New Firm\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170928055915/https://www.telecompaper.com/news/silicon-dreams-to-be-75-acquired-by-new-firm--97350","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Flaa, Eirik (20 January 1998). \"Opticom under juletreet i 99\". Digi.no. Retrieved 10 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digi.no/artikler/opticom-under-juletreet-i-99/339572","url_text":"\"Opticom under juletreet i 99\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digi.no","url_text":"Digi.no"}]},{"reference":"Dresser, Guy (8 September 1998). \"Eidos's £28.4m deal for Crystal is virtual reality\". The Birmingham Post. p. 22. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109591405/eidoss-284m-deal-for-crystal-is/","url_text":"\"Eidos's £28.4m deal for Crystal is virtual reality\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birmingham_Post","url_text":"The Birmingham Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220915152107/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109591405/eidoss-284m-deal-for-crystal-is/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Biederman, Christine (29 April 1999). \"Vapor war\". Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/vapor-war-6401046","url_text":"\"Vapor war\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171029174108/http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/vapor-war-6401046","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Eidos Takes $55m Stake in Portal Player Maximum\". Tech Monitor. 15 November 1999. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://techmonitor.ai/technology/eidos_takes_55m_stake_in_portal_player_maximum","url_text":"\"Eidos Takes $55m Stake in Portal Player Maximum\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230811053808/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/eidos_takes_55m_stake_in_portal_player_maximum","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Eidos founder Stephen Streater resigns directorship\". Telecompaper. 11 June 1999. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telecompaper.com/news/eidos-founder-stephen-streater-resigns-directorship--175605","url_text":"\"Eidos founder Stephen Streater resigns directorship\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230604225508/https://www.telecompaper.com/news/eidos-founder-stephen-streater-resigns-directorship--175605","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cowell, Alan (2 November 2000). \"Technology Briefing: Deals; Eidos Executive Resigns\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/02/business/technology-briefing-deals-eidos-executive-resigns.html","url_text":"\"Technology Briefing: Deals; Eidos Executive Resigns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230315132928/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/02/business/technology-briefing-deals-eidos-executive-resigns.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Milmo, Dan (31 May 2001). \"£50m share offer to save Eidos\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/may/31/newmedia.citynews1","url_text":"\"£50m share offer to save Eidos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Eidos Establishes Fresh Games\". IGN. 25 January 2002. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/01/25/eidos-establishes-fresh-games","url_text":"\"Eidos Establishes Fresh Games\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230514211452/https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/01/25/eidos-establishes-fresh-games","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carless, Simon (29 September 2005). \"Livingstone Presumes Reappearance At Eidos\". Game Developer. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamedeveloper.com/pc/livingstone-presumes-reappearance-at-eidos","url_text":"\"Livingstone Presumes Reappearance At Eidos\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230518202948/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/pc/livingstone-presumes-reappearance-at-eidos","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Square Enix Restructures Beautiful Game Studios, Cuts Positions\". Game Developer. 26 November 2009. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. 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Archived from the original on 28 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120628120626/http://www.edge-online.com/news/miles-jacobson-comments-eidos-split","url_text":"\"Sports Interactive details split from Eidos after nine years of silence\""},{"url":"http://www.edge-online.com/news/miles-jacobson-comments-eidos-split","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Calvert, Justin (4 March 2004). \"Eidos announces results and acquisition of Io Interactive\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/eidos-announces-results-and-acquisition-of-io-interactive/1100-6090628/","url_text":"\"Eidos announces results and acquisition of Io Interactive\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142605/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/eidos-announces-results-and-acquisition-of-io-interactive/1100-6090628/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bramwell, Tom (11 February 2005). \"Eidos closes Ion Storm Austin\". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/eidos-closes-ion-storm-austin","url_text":"\"Eidos closes Ion Storm Austin\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230720230357/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/eidos-closes-ion-storm-austin","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Maragos, Nich; Carless, Simon (21 March 2005). \"Elevation Partners Purchases Eidos\". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/96120/Elevation_Partners_Purchases_Eidos.php","url_text":"\"Elevation Partners Purchases Eidos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra","url_text":"Gamasutra"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171029013530/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/96120/Elevation_Partners_Purchases_Eidos.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Szalai, George (29 March 2005). \"Eidos Accepts Elevation Buyout; SCi Makes Play\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applause_(toy_company)	Applause (toy company)	["1 History","1.1 R. Dakin & Co.","1.2 Dakin merger","1.3 Bankruptcy, suicide, and auction","1.4 Sources","2 References","3 External links"]	American Toy Company Applause Inc.Company typePrivateIndustryStuffed toyFounded1966 as The Wallace Berrie CompanyDefunct2004Headquarters6101 Variel Avenue, P.O. Box 4183, Woodland Hills, California 91365-4183, U.S.A.OwnerRuss BerrieNumber of employees600 Applause Inc. was a company that produced stuffed toys and collectible figurines. Its principal subsidiaries included Dakin Inc. and International Tropic-Cal Inc. The Applause brand survives as part of Kid Brands. History The company was founded as The Wallace Berrie Company in 1966 by Wallace Berrie. In 1979, the company acquired the Applause division from Knickerbocker Toys. In 1986, the company changed its name to Applause Inc after a purchase by Jerrald A. Plebiew. In 1992, Applause released the Magic Trolls Babies toy line. R. Dakin & Co. On April 1, 1955, Richard Dakin, a San Francisco entrepreneur, started a business importing shotguns from Europe. In 1957, his son, Roger, joined and imported battery-operated trains, and the manufacturer also sent samples of small, sawdust-filled cotton-velveteen-covered toys. Roger quickly booked an order for three hundred pieces from a nearby department store. On 20 December 1966, Richard Dakin, Richard Dakin's wife, Roger Dakin, Roger Dakin's wife, and Roger Dakin's four children died in a plane crash. Dakin merger From 1991 to 1995, the company built a retail business by focusing on entertainment licensed brands with in-store merchandising displays. In late 1995, the company acquired Dakin Inc., a stuffed animals company. This acquisition strengthened Applause's generic stuffed animal business to balance out its entertainment license portfolio. Applause created a Strategic Alliances Group to oversee products for food-related and premium-based programs. In 1998, the company produced fast food toys for children's franchises. Bankruptcy, suicide, and auction In 2004. CEO Bob Solomon committed suicide once it became apparent the company was not going to survive. The company filed for bankruptcy shortly after his death. The Applause name was acquired by Russ Berrie in a bankruptcy auction. Sources "Applause, a Novelty Maker, Sold to Management Group," The New York Times, September 26, 1997, p. C4(N)/D4(L). "Custom Warehousing, Distributor Services Pay; Dakin, Stafford Make a Winning Combination," Playthings, May 31, 1989, p. 10. "Applause to Sell Name; Bankrupt Toy Company's Label to be Shed for $4 Million," Los Angeles Daily News, September 30, 2004. References ^ a b c d "Excerpt from: 'The Great Beanie Baby Bubble'". Penguin Random House Canada. Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ "Henry Dakin Obituary". Legacy.com. Ukiah, CA: San Francisco Chronicle. 2010. ^ Walsh, Margaret (1992). "Plush Endeavors: An Analysis of the Modern American Soft-Toy Industry". Business History Review. 66 (4): 637–670. doi:10.2307/3116843. JSTOR 3116843. S2CID 155455358. Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ Said, Carolyn (July 27, 2012). "Counterfeit goods plague toymakers". sfgate.com. Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ "Plush Beginnings: Dakin Turns 45". Gifts & Decorative Accessories. 1 December 2000. Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ Woman of California biodiversitylibrary.org ^ The Landmark landmarkssociety.com Fall 2013 ^ Bancroftiana berkeley.edu May 1967 ^ "Anatomy of a Meltdown - November 1, 2004". money.cnn.com. Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ Brent Hopkins (September 30, 2004). "APPLAUSE TO SELL NAME - Bankrupt Toy Company's Label to be Shed for $4 Million". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved July 30, 2017. External links Applause Inc Fundinguniverse.com vteTeddy bearsManufacturers Applause (defunct) Build-A-Bear Workshop Chad Valley Dakin (defunct) J. K. Farnell (defunct) Gund Ideal Toy Company Margarete Steiff GmbH Merrythought Teddy Atelier Stursberg Teddy-Hermann Ty Inc. Vermont Teddy Bear Company Types AG Bear Beanie Babies Boyds Bears Care Bears Coffee Bean Bears Forever Friends Furskin Bears Gund Snuffles Holiday Beanie Babies Me to You Bears Punkinhead WereBears Museums Dorset Teddy Bear Museum Teddy bear museum Teddy Bear Museum of Naples Fictionalteddies Aloysius Archibald Ormsby-Gore Baloo Bamse Banjo Benjamin Bear Berlino Big Ted & Little Ted Bobo (The Simpsons) Boog Corduroy Costco bear Duffy the Disney Bear Fozzie Bear Freddy Fazbear Grizzly Teddy Gummibär Harrods Christmas Bears Humphrey the Bear Hyde Lotso Microsoft Bear Misha Uszatek Monokuma Mr Whoppit Nassur Nev Norm Paddington Bear Pink teddy bear (Breaking Bad) Po Pooky Pudsey Bear Rasmus Roger (Guilty Gear) Rilakkuma Rupert Rupert (Family Guy) Sebastian Star Bear Smokey Snuggle Bear Sooty SuperTed Teddy (The Forgotten Toys) Teddy (Mr. Bean) Teddy Ruxpin Winnie-the-Pooh Disney version Film andtelevision A.I. Artificial Intelligence The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin Adventures of the Gummi Bears Bananas in Pyjamas Bear Behaving Badly Becky and Barnaby Bear Boonie Bears C Bear and Jamal Charley and Mimmo Corduroy Colargol Gooby Hey Mister, Let's Play! Imaginary Issi Noho Kissyfur Kooky Little Bear movie Misery Bear Old Bear Stories Paddington (TV series) Paddington (Paddington 2 and Paddington in Peru) The Pit Rilakkuma and Kaoru "Rosebud" (The Simpsons) The Secret World of Benjamin Bear Special Agent Oso SuperTed The Tangerine Bear Ted (Ted 2 and Ted (TV series)) Teddy Teddy Bear Teddybears The Teddy Bear Master The 'Teddy' Bears Teddy Edward Teddy Trucks Unicorn Wars The Upstairs Downstairs Bears The Yogi Bear Show Books A Pocket for Corduroy Corduroy Hyde & Closer Little Bear Old Bear and Friends The Berenstain Bears Polar the Titanic Bear The Sharpie of the Culebra Cut Supertoys Last All Summer Long The Toyminator Undertown Uppo-Nalle Winkie Winnie-the-Pooh Music "(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear" "Psycho Teddy" "Teddy Bears' Picnic" "The Teddy Bear Song" "Itsumademo... Teddy Bear" Video games Ah Diddums Among the Sleep Bear with Me Big Huggin' Build-A-Bear Workshop Fatty Bear's Birthday Surprise Hubert the Teddy Bear: Winter Games Opération Teddy Bear Teddy Together Naughty Bear Snacks Gummy bears Teddy Grahams Tiny Teddy Related Billy Possum Peter Bull Round and Round the Garden Richard Steiff Stuffed toys Sudanese blasphemy case Teddybear Airdrop Minsk 2012 Teddy bear hospital Teddy bear parachuting Teddy Bear Review Teddy bear toss Teddy bears of the Gobelins Theodore Roosevelt	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stuffed toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuffed_toy"},{"link_name":"Kid Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Brands"}],"text":"Applause Inc. was a company that produced stuffed toys and collectible figurines. Its principal subsidiaries included Dakin Inc. and International Tropic-Cal Inc. The Applause brand survives as part of Kid Brands.","title":"Applause (toy company)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The company was founded as The Wallace Berrie Company in 1966 by Wallace Berrie. In 1979, the company acquired the Applause division from Knickerbocker Toys. In 1986, the company changed its name to Applause Inc after a purchase by Jerrald A. Plebiew. In 1992, Applause released the Magic Trolls Babies toy line.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penguinrandomhouse/313121-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penguinrandomhouse/313121-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penguinrandomhouse/313121-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penguinrandomhouse/313121-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy/21266007-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doi=10.2307/3116843-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfgate/3738762-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giftsanddec/dakin-45-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"R. Dakin & Co.","text":"On April 1, 1955, Richard Dakin, a San Francisco entrepreneur, started a business importing shotguns from Europe.[1] In 1957, his son, Roger, joined and imported battery-operated trains, and the manufacturer also sent samples of small, sawdust-filled cotton-velveteen-covered toys.[1] Roger quickly booked an order for three hundred pieces from a nearby department store.[1] On 20 December 1966, Richard Dakin, Richard Dakin's wife, Roger Dakin, Roger Dakin's wife, and Roger Dakin's four children died in a plane crash.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dakin merger","text":"From 1991 to 1995, the company built a retail business by focusing on entertainment licensed brands with in-store merchandising displays.In late 1995, the company acquired Dakin Inc., a stuffed animals company. This acquisition strengthened Applause's generic stuffed animal business to balance out its entertainment license portfolio.Applause created a Strategic Alliances Group to oversee products for food-related and premium-based programs. In 1998, the company produced fast food toys for children's franchises.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn/8190956-9"},{"link_name":"Russ Berrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Brands"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Bankruptcy, suicide, and auction","text":"In 2004. CEO Bob Solomon committed suicide once it became apparent the company was not going to survive.[9] The company filed for bankruptcy shortly after his death. The Applause name was acquired by Russ Berrie in a bankruptcy auction.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"}],"sub_title":"Sources","text":"\"Applause, a Novelty Maker, Sold to Management Group,\" The New York Times, September 26, 1997, p. C4(N)/D4(L).\n\"Custom Warehousing, Distributor Services Pay; Dakin, Stafford Make a Winning Combination,\" Playthings, May 31, 1989, p. 10.\n\"Applause to Sell Name; Bankrupt Toy Company's Label to be Shed for $4 Million,\" Los Angeles Daily News, September 30, 2004.","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Excerpt from: 'The Great Beanie Baby Bubble'\". Penguin Random House Canada. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/313121/the-great-beanie-baby-bubble-by-zac-bissonnette/9781591848004/excerpt","url_text":"\"Excerpt from: 'The Great Beanie Baby Bubble'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Dakin Obituary\". Legacy.com. Ukiah, CA: San Francisco Chronicle. 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/sfgate/name/henry-dakin-obituary?id=21266007","url_text":"\"Henry Dakin Obituary\""}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Margaret (1992). \"Plush Endeavors: An Analysis of the Modern American Soft-Toy Industry\". Business History Review. 66 (4): 637–670. doi:10.2307/3116843. JSTOR 3116843. S2CID 155455358. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3116843","url_text":"\"Plush Endeavors: An Analysis of the Modern American Soft-Toy Industry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3116843","url_text":"10.2307/3116843"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3116843","url_text":"3116843"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155455358","url_text":"155455358"}]},{"reference":"Said, Carolyn (July 27, 2012). \"Counterfeit goods plague toymakers\". sfgate.com. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Counterfeit-goods-plague-toymakers-3738762.php","url_text":"\"Counterfeit goods plague toymakers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plush Beginnings: Dakin Turns 45\". Gifts & Decorative Accessories. 1 December 2000. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.giftsanddec.com/business-news/plush-beginnings-dakin-turns-45/","url_text":"\"Plush Beginnings: Dakin Turns 45\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anatomy of a Meltdown - November 1, 2004\". money.cnn.com. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2004/11/01/8190956/index.htm","url_text":"\"Anatomy of a Meltdown - November 1, 2004\""}]},{"reference":"Brent Hopkins (September 30, 2004). \"APPLAUSE TO SELL NAME - Bankrupt Toy Company's Label to be Shed for $4 Million\". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved July 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/APPLAUSE+TO+SELL+NAME+BANKRUPT+TOY+COMPANY%27S+LABEL+TO+BE+SHED+FOR+$4...-a0122676910","url_text":"\"APPLAUSE TO SELL NAME - Bankrupt Toy Company's Label to be Shed for $4 Million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News","url_text":"Los Angeles Daily News"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/313121/the-great-beanie-baby-bubble-by-zac-bissonnette/9781591848004/excerpt","external_links_name":"\"Excerpt from: 'The Great Beanie Baby Bubble'\""},{"Link":"https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/sfgate/name/henry-dakin-obituary?id=21266007","external_links_name":"\"Henry Dakin Obituary\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3116843","external_links_name":"\"Plush Endeavors: An Analysis of the Modern American Soft-Toy Industry\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3116843","external_links_name":"10.2307/3116843"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3116843","external_links_name":"3116843"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155455358","external_links_name":"155455358"},{"Link":"https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Counterfeit-goods-plague-toymakers-3738762.php","external_links_name":"\"Counterfeit goods plague toymakers\""},{"Link":"https://www.giftsanddec.com/business-news/plush-beginnings-dakin-turns-45/","external_links_name":"\"Plush Beginnings: Dakin Turns 45\""},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/146822","external_links_name":"Woman of California"},{"Link":"https://landmarkssociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/LMS-Newsletter-FALL-2013.pdf","external_links_name":"The Landmark"},{"Link":"https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/bancroftiana/ucb/text/bancroftiana_040.pdf","external_links_name":"Bancroftiana"},{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2004/11/01/8190956/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Anatomy of a Meltdown - November 1, 2004\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/APPLAUSE+TO+SELL+NAME+BANKRUPT+TOY+COMPANY%27S+LABEL+TO+BE+SHED+FOR+$4...-a0122676910","external_links_name":"\"APPLAUSE TO SELL NAME - Bankrupt Toy Company's Label to be Shed for $4 Million\""},{"Link":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Applause-Inc-Company-History.html","external_links_name":"Applause Inc"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Zero1328	User talk:Zero1328	["1 More pics on propaganda in Vietnam","2 Review","3 Orphaned non-free image File:Citadel destroyed.jpg","4 RFAR Racepacket","5 Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Racepacket closed","6 Brisbane meetup invitation","7 Wikimedians to the Games","8 Dispute resolution survey","9 Brisbane workshop and meetup invitation","10 Brisbane meetup invitation","11 Brisbane meetup with Sue Gardner invitation","12 Brisbane Meetup","13 ArbCom elections are now open!","14 ArbCom elections are now open!","15 Brisbane Meetup in January 2016","16 Fair Use in Australia discussion","17 Brisbane meetup - Sunday 10 December 2017 at The Edge, State Library of Queensland","18 Brisbane meetup: Saturday 13 January 2018 at The Edge, State Library of Queensland","19 Proposed deletion of File:Treasure Quest-Soundtrack.png"]	This user may have left Wikipedia. Zero1328 has not edited Wikipedia since January 2014. As a result, any requests made here may not receive a response. If you are seeking assistance, you may need to approach someone else. Archives 1 Aug 2005 - End 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 More pics on propaganda in Vietnam Hi, im going to create a page named Propaganda in Vietnam and looking for some pictures. Could you please tell me where to get them on wiki? Thanks--Trananh1980 (talk) 22:23, 31 March 2011 (UTC) Review There is a dispute as to whether when a group of people are working on a GA review, the nominator can unilaterally withdraw the nomination or all active editors should be consulted to see if any of them want to take over. In this case, I discussed it with the nominator, and then canvassed the other active editors to see whether they wanted to continue. I then closed the review after the canvass and believe the review should reflect that was what occurred. We can not change what happened or whether misunderstandings occurred, but we should not try to hide what happened. Some people believed that I was correct in consulting the other editors before failing the review, other people believe that a nominator has the absolute and instantaneous right to close a review. But the exchange as to which is the correct approach should be discussed fully on the article talk page, rather than a slow-paced editor war on the transcluded review page without any discussion. Thanks, Racepacket (talk) 04:41, 9 April 2011 (UTC) It's not hidden. It's still there in the history, and you still need to look at the history and edit summaries to get the whole story, anyway. While the time of when the GAN was closed could be debated, the more important point is that you edited a page involved in your RFC. You should not have touched it at all, for any reason. Thus, I reverted it to geometry guy's decision. - Zero1328 Talk? 05:39, 9 April 2011 (UTC) (ec) With all due respect, I did not initiate an edit, I merely restored a deletion. Please refer me to the source of your statement, "You should not have touched at all, for any reason." I don't see where the source to which you are referring. Thanks, Racepacket (talk) 05:43, 9 April 2011 (UTC) WP:TPNO provides: "Do not misrepresent other people: The record should accurately show significant exchanges that took place, and in the right context. This usually means: Be precise in quoting others. When describing other people's contributions or edits, use diffs. The advantage of diffs in referring to a comment is that it will always remain the same, even when a talk page gets archived or a comment gets changed. Generally, do not alter others' comments, including signatures. Exceptions are described in the next section." Thanks, Racepacket (talk) 05:46, 9 April 2011 (UTC) Look at your RFC. I've stated that you should not be touching anything until the RFC is finished. Yes, you restored some things, but the history and diffs are still there, regardless. Just leave it alone for now. Take care of your RFC first. - Zero1328 Talk? 06:02, 9 April 2011 (UTC) I appreciate your advice. However, I am also asking the basis or source to which you were referring. Thanks, Racepacket (talk) 06:05, 9 April 2011 (UTC) I don't understand what you mean by source. If you mean "a page involved in your RFC", just look at your RFC. Your behaviour on Netball is involved. - Zero1328 Talk? 06:19, 9 April 2011 (UTC) I meant that it appeared that you were invoking some rule or policy regarding RFC/Us. Is there any source for your belief that editors cannot conduct reviews while an RFC/U is pending? I have voluntarily agreed to refrain from reviewing articles nominated by Dough, Rschen and Mitch while the RFC/U is pending, but that is based on conflict of interest principles. I am open minded and want to understand the basis for your position. Thanks, Racepacket (talk) 06:36, 9 April 2011 (UTC) It's more of a logical conclusion or common sense thing, rather than a rule. The RFC has evolved to the point where your overall behaviour towards reviews is under question. It's not just about specific articles now; it's about your behaviour. This is the period where you should be stepping back to reflect upon and improve it. It's just like a disputed article; you need to stop working, and sort it out. Behaviour is the same. By continuing your reviews during the scrutiny, you're seriously damaging your credibility as a GA reviewer, since it looks like you're not paying attention to the discussion. Even if it's as minor as not respecting the closure of a GAN. Also, depending on the results, all the reviews you made during this RFC will have to be re-evaluated for better or worse. You're making your own mess. - Zero1328Talk? 07:15, 9 April 2011 (UTC) I think that the opposite is true. I am being falsely accused of being prejudiced against articles covering very short highways and of somehow refusing to review them. What better way to demonstrate that the accusation is false that to pleasantly review articles about very short highways without fuss or complaint about their length? In effect, you are proposing to ask me to adopt the conduct that would confirm their false accusation. Racepacket (talk) 11:41, 9 April 2011 (UTC) It's not confirming it. It's not, not confirming it, either. It's about respecting the discussion. Think of an edit war or any dispute on an article. You don't continue editing it; both sides temporarily stop the work, and start talking, no matter who is actually right. Maybe you're right. Maybe you're wrong. I don't know. It's this "maybe" that should be making you stop and re-evaluate what you're doing, not the accusation. - Zero1328 Talk? 19:55, 9 April 2011 (UTC) (ec) Zero1328, I question whether an "edit war" is the best analogy for what is happening here. I take the view that Wikipedia does not have "walled gardens" that that GA and FA are two of many things that all subject areas share in common, and can bring the community together for interplay between subject matter experts from different backgrounds. There are a few people who may be advocating a "walled garden" approach, asserting WP:OWNership over article that they did not even research or write. Suddenly, when these articles are brought nominated for GA, they say "How dare you! I have rules over what can be nominated for GA and what an article like History of Maryland Route 200 can contain." The problem is that the GA criteria are set by community-wide consensus, not USRD consensus. So, by advocating that we build a walled garden during the duration of the RFC/U, you are taking sides in that dispute. On the other hand, I can understand that we want to keep people productive and happy and seek to minimize wikidrama. That is why I voluntarily agreed not to review any articles nominated by the three editors during the RFC/U and offered to make that a permanent arrangement. Certainly, if you can broker a deal where everyone involved in either netball or USRD stops all work in those areas for a few weeks, I would be willing to join your détente. But I am not sure it would be attainable. Racepacket (talk) 20:11, 9 April 2011 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Citadel destroyed.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Citadel destroyed.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude2 (talk) 04:24, 24 April 2011 (UTC) RFAR Racepacket An Arbitration case in which you commented has been opened, and is located here. Please add any evidence you may wish the Arbitrators to consider to the evidence sub-page, Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Racepacket/Evidence. Please submit your evidence within one week, if possible. You may also contribute to the case on the workshop sub-page, Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Racepacket/Workshop. On behalf of the Arbitration Committee, Alexandr Dmitri (talk) 07:09, 30 April 2011 (UTC) Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Racepacket closed An arbitration case regarding Racepacket has closed and the final decision is now viewable at the link above. The following remedies have been enacted: Racepacket (talk · contribs) is banned from Wikipedia for one year Hawkeye7 (talk · contribs) is admonished for blocking editors with whom he has had recent editorial disputes LauraHale (talk · contribs) and Racepacket are prohibited from interacting with one another Hawkeye7 is prohibited from taking administrative action "with regards to, or at the behest of LauraHale". For the Arbitration Committee, AGK 21:43, 19 June 2011 (UTC) Brisbane meetup invitation Brisbane Meetup vte Next: To be decided (watch) Last: Saturday 13 January 2018 See also: Australian events listed at Wikimedia.org.au (or on Facebook) Hi there! You are cordially invited to a barbeque and meetup at Southbank this Sunday (26 June). Details and an attendee list are at Wikipedia:Meetup/Brisbane. Hope to see you there! Lankiveil (speak to me) 11:05, 23 June 2011 (UTC) (this automated message was delivered using Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser to all users in Category:Wikipedians in Brisbane) Wikimedians to the Games I'd like to invite you to participate Wikimedians to the Games :) It is a great opportunity to help improve Australian related content, and potentially to travel to attend the second biggest sporting event of the year. As you're an existing Wikipedian editor, you should have some advantage because you should know how to contribute and improve articles already. :) If you get to a certain point threshold, there is also a possiblity to travel to Canberra to attend a workshop at the Australian Institute of Sport. --LauraHale (talk) 10:03, 16 January 2012 (UTC) Dispute resolution survey Dispute Resolution – Survey Invite Hello Zero1328. I am currently conducting a study on the dispute resolution processes on the English Wikipedia, in the hope that the results will help improve these processes in the future. Whether you have used dispute resolution a little or a lot, now we need to know about your experience. The survey takes around five minutes, and the information you provide will not be shared with third parties other than to assist in analyzing the results of the survey. No personally identifiable information will be released. Please click HERE to participate. Many thanks in advance for your comments and thoughts. You are receiving this invitation because you have had some activity in dispute resolution over the past year. For more information, please see the associated research page. Steven Zhang DR goes to Wikimania! 23:44, 5 April 2012 (UTC) Brisbane workshop and meetup invitation Brisbane Meetup vte Next: To be decided (watch) Last: Saturday 13 January 2018 See also: Australian events listed at Wikimedia.org.au (or on Facebook) Hi there! You are cordially invited to a series of Paralympic History workshops and a meetup next Saturday (26 May) and Sunday. In attendance will be University of Queensland faculty and Australian Paralympic Committee staff. Details and an attendee list are at Wikipedia:Meetup/Brisbane/5. Hope to see you there! John Vandenberg 06:45, 16 May 2012 (UTC) (this automated message was delivered using replace.py to all users in Category:Wikipedians in Brisbane) Brisbane meetup invitation Brisbane MeetupNext: 3 August 2012 - DinnerLast: 26 May 2012 - Dinner @ Southbank This box: viewtalkedit Hi there! You are cordially invited to a meetup this Friday evening (3 August). Details and an attendee list are at Wikipedia:Meetup/Brisbane/6. Hope to see you there! John Vandenberg 01:24, 1 August 2012 (UTC) (this automated message was delivered using replace.py to all users in Brisbane) Brisbane meetup with Sue Gardner invitation Brisbane MeetupNext: 11 February 2013 5-8PM - Drinks and light dinner at SLQ with Sue GardnerLast: 3 August 2012 This box: viewtalkedit Hi there! You are cordially invited to a meetup on 11 Febrary 2013 with Sue Gardner. Details at Wikipedia:Meetup/Brisbane/7. Hope to see you there! John Vandenberg 10:47, 30 January 2013 (UTC) (this automated message was delivered using replace.py to all users in SEQ) Brisbane Meetup Hi there! I'm dropping you this notice as you've indicated on your userpage that you're a Wikipedian in the Brisbane area. Assuming significant interest, I'm organising an event for August 22 at the SLQ Café in South Brisbane, and we'd love for you to come along. A list of people interested in coming, and a discussion space has been created at Wikipedia:Meetup/Brisbane/8. Hope to see you there! MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 10:39, 7 August 2015 (UTC) This message has been automatically sent to all users in Category:Wikipedians in Brisbane. If you do not wish to receive further messages like this, please either remove your user page from this category, or add yourself to Category:Opted-out of message delivery ArbCom elections are now open! Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:07, 23 November 2015 (UTC) ArbCom elections are now open! Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC) Brisbane Meetup in January 2016 Hi there! I'm dropping you this notice as you've indicated on your userpage that you're a Wikipedian in the Brisbane area. To celebrate fifteen years of Wikipedia, we are holding a celebration in Brisbane on the 16th of January and you are invited! For further information, and to register your interest, please see our meetup page. Hope to see you there! This message has been automatically sent to all users in Category:Wikipedians in Brisbane. If you do not wish to receive further messages like this, please either remove your user page from this category, or add yourself to Category:Opted-out of message delivery. Fair Use in Australia discussion As an Australian Wikipedian, your opinion is sought on a proposal to advocate for the introduction of Fair Use into Australian copyright law. The discussion is taking place at the Australian Wikipedians' notice board, please read the proposal and comment there. MediaWiki message delivery MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 11:08, 2 March 2017 (UTC) This message has been automatically sent to all users in Category:Australian Wikipedians. If you do not wish to receive further messages like this, please either remove your user page from this category, or add yourself to Category:Opted-out of message delivery Brisbane meetup - Sunday 10 December 2017 at The Edge, State Library of Queensland If you are in or near Brisbane, please join us on Sunday 10 December 2017 any time from noon to 4pm at The Edge at the State Library of Queensland. For more details and to sign up, please go to the meetup page. See you there! Kerry (talk) 22:41, 27 November 2017 (UTC) Brisbane meetup: Saturday 13 January 2018 at The Edge, State Library of Queensland Brisbane Meetup vte Next: To be decided (watch) Last: Saturday 13 January 2018 See also: Australian events listed at Wikimedia.org.au (or on Facebook) If you are in or near Brisbane, please join us on Saturday 13 January 2018 any time from noon to 4pm at The Edge at the State Library of Queensland. For more details and to sign up, please go to the meetup page. See you there! Proposed deletion of File:Treasure Quest-Soundtrack.png The file File:Treasure Quest-Soundtrack.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: Non-free album cover being used in a decorative manner in Treasure Quest (game). Non-free album cover art is generally allowed to be used for primary identification purposes in stand-alone articles about albums, but its use in other articles is generally only allowed when the cover art itself is the subject of sourced critical commentary as explained in WP:NFC#cite_note-3 and the context for non-free use required by WP:NFCC#8 is evident. There is no such commentary for this particular album cover anywhere in the article, and the use of soundtrack album cover art in articles in such a manner doesn't comply with relevant policy. While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons. You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated files}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page. Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated files}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. -- Marchjuly (talk) 07:33, 15 December 2021 (UTC)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Zero1328&action=edit&section=1"},{"link_name":"Propaganda in 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deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion"},{"link_name":"File:Treasure Quest-Soundtrack.png","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Treasure_Quest-Soundtrack.png&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Zero1328&action=edit&section=19"},{"link_name":"File:Treasure Quest-Soundtrack.png","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Treasure_Quest-Soundtrack.png&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"proposed for deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion"},{"link_name":"Treasure Quest (game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Quest_(game)"},{"link_name":"WP:NFC#cite_note-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NFC#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"context for non-free use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NFC#CS"},{"link_name":"WP:NFCC#8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NFCC#8"},{"link_name":"deleted for any of several reasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:DEL#REASON"},{"link_name":"edit summary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_summary"},{"link_name":"the file's talk page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File_talk:Treasure_Quest-Soundtrack.png&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"proposed deletion process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion"},{"link_name":"deletion processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_process"},{"link_name":"speedy deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion"},{"link_name":"files for discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Files_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"consensus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus"},{"link_name":"Marchjuly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Marchjuly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Marchjuly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"More pics on propaganda in Vietnam[edit]Hi, im going to create a page named Propaganda in Vietnam and looking for some pictures. Could you please tell me where to get them on wiki? Thanks--Trananh1980 (talk) 22:23, 31 March 2011 (UTC)[reply]Review[edit]There is a dispute as to whether when a group of people are working on a GA review, the nominator can unilaterally withdraw the nomination or all active editors should be consulted to see if any of them want to take over. In this case, I discussed it with the nominator, and then canvassed the other active editors to see whether they wanted to continue. I then closed the review after the canvass and believe the review should reflect that was what occurred. We can not change what happened or whether misunderstandings occurred, but we should not try to hide what happened. Some people believed that I was correct in consulting the other editors before failing the review, other people believe that a nominator has the absolute and instantaneous right to close a review. But the exchange as to which is the correct approach should be discussed fully on the article talk page, rather than a slow-paced editor war on the transcluded review page without any discussion. Thanks, Racepacket (talk) 04:41, 9 April 2011 (UTC)[reply]It's not hidden. It's still there in the history, and you still need to look at the history and edit summaries to get the whole story, anyway. While the time of when the GAN was closed could be debated, the more important point is that you edited a page involved in your RFC. You should not have touched it at all, for any reason. Thus, I reverted it to geometry guy's decision. - Zero1328 Talk? 05:39, 9 April 2011 (UTC)[reply](ec) With all due respect, I did not initiate an edit, I merely restored a deletion. Please refer me to the source of your statement, \"You should not have touched [a page involved in your RFC] at all, for any reason.\" I don't see where the source to which you are referring. Thanks, Racepacket (talk) 05:43, 9 April 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nWP:TPNO provides:\n\"Do not misrepresent other people: The record should accurately show significant exchanges that took place, and in the right context. This usually means:\nBe precise in quoting others.\nWhen describing other people's contributions or edits, use diffs. The advantage of diffs in referring to a comment is that it will always remain the same, even when a talk page gets archived or a comment gets changed.\nGenerally, do not alter others' comments, including signatures. Exceptions are described in the next section.\" Thanks, Racepacket (talk) 05:46, 9 April 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nLook at your RFC. I've stated that you should not be touching anything until the RFC is finished. Yes, you restored some things, but the history and diffs are still there, regardless. Just leave it alone for now. Take care of your RFC first. - Zero1328 Talk? 06:02, 9 April 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nI appreciate your advice. However, I am also asking the basis or source to which you were referring. Thanks, Racepacket (talk) 06:05, 9 April 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nI don't understand what you mean by source. If you mean \"a page involved in your RFC\", just look at your RFC. Your behaviour on Netball is involved. - Zero1328 Talk? 06:19, 9 April 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nI meant that it appeared that you were invoking some rule or policy regarding RFC/Us. Is there any source for your belief that editors cannot conduct reviews while an RFC/U is pending? I have voluntarily agreed to refrain from reviewing articles nominated by Dough, Rschen and Mitch while the RFC/U is pending, but that is based on conflict of interest principles. I am open minded and want to understand the basis for your position. Thanks, Racepacket (talk) 06:36, 9 April 2011 (UTC)[reply]It's more of a logical conclusion or common sense thing, rather than a rule. The RFC has evolved to the point where your overall behaviour towards reviews is under question. It's not just about specific articles now; it's about your behaviour. This is the period where you should be stepping back to reflect upon and improve it. It's just like a disputed article; you need to stop working, and sort it out. Behaviour is the same.By continuing your reviews during the scrutiny, you're seriously damaging your credibility as a GA reviewer, since it looks like you're not paying attention to the discussion. Even if it's as minor as not respecting the closure of a GAN. Also, depending on the results, all the reviews you made during this RFC will have to be re-evaluated for better or worse. You're making your own mess. - Zero1328Talk? 07:15, 9 April 2011 (UTC)[reply]I think that the opposite is true. I am being falsely accused of being prejudiced against articles covering very short highways and of somehow refusing to review them. What better way to demonstrate that the accusation is false that to pleasantly review articles about very short highways without fuss or complaint about their length? In effect, you are proposing to ask me to adopt the conduct that would confirm their false accusation. Racepacket (talk) 11:41, 9 April 2011 (UTC)[reply]\nIt's not confirming it. It's not, not confirming it, either. It's about respecting the discussion. Think of an edit war or any dispute on an article. You don't continue editing it; both sides temporarily stop the work, and start talking, no matter who is actually right. Maybe you're right. Maybe you're wrong. I don't know. It's this \"maybe\" that should be making you stop and re-evaluate what you're doing, not the accusation. - Zero1328 Talk? 19:55, 9 April 2011 (UTC)[reply]\n(ec) Zero1328, I question whether an \"edit war\" is the best analogy for what is happening here. I take the view that Wikipedia does not have \"walled gardens\" that that GA and FA are two of many things that all subject areas share in common, and can bring the community together for interplay between subject matter experts from different backgrounds. There are a few people who may be advocating a \"walled garden\" approach, asserting WP:OWNership over article that they did not even research or write. Suddenly, when these articles are brought nominated for GA, they say \"How dare you! I have rules over what can be nominated for GA and what an article like History of Maryland Route 200 can contain.\" The problem is that the GA criteria are set by community-wide consensus, not USRD consensus. So, by advocating that we build a walled garden during the duration of the RFC/U, you are taking sides in that dispute. On the other hand, I can understand that we want to keep people productive and happy and seek to minimize wikidrama. That is why I voluntarily agreed not to review any articles nominated by the three editors during the RFC/U and offered to make that a permanent arrangement. Certainly, if you can broker a deal where everyone involved in either netball or USRD stops all work in those areas for a few weeks, I would be willing to join your détente. But I am not sure it would be attainable. Racepacket (talk) 20:11, 9 April 2011 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Citadel destroyed.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Citadel destroyed.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of \"file\" pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude2 (talk) 04:24, 24 April 2011 (UTC)[reply]RFAR Racepacket[edit]An Arbitration case in which you commented has been opened, and is located here. Please add any evidence you may wish the Arbitrators to consider to the evidence sub-page, Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Racepacket/Evidence. Please submit your evidence within one week, if possible. You may also contribute to the case on the workshop sub-page, Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Racepacket/Workshop.On behalf of the Arbitration Committee, Alexandr Dmitri (talk) 07:09, 30 April 2011 (UTC)[reply]Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Racepacket closed[edit]An arbitration case regarding Racepacket has closed and the final decision is now viewable at the link above. The following remedies have been enacted:Racepacket (talk · contribs) is banned from Wikipedia for one year\nHawkeye7 (talk · contribs) is admonished for blocking editors with whom he has had recent editorial disputes\nLauraHale (talk · contribs) and Racepacket are prohibited from interacting with one another\nHawkeye7 is prohibited from taking administrative action \"with regards to, or at the behest of LauraHale\".For the Arbitration Committee, AGK [•] 21:43, 19 June 2011 (UTC)[reply]Brisbane meetup invitation[edit]Hi there! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_Magnitude	Stanisław Lem's fictitious criticism of nonexistent books	["1 A Perfect Vacuum","2 Imaginary Magnitude","3 Provocation and One Human Minute","3.1 Publications","3.2 Provocation","3.3 One Human Minute","4 Stupidity as the Driving Force of History","5 See also","6 References"]	Stanisław Lem pictured at a typewriter in 1966 Stanisław Lem's fictitious criticism of nonexistent books may be found in his following works: in three collections of faux reviews of fictional books: A Perfect Vacuum (Doskonała próżnia, 1971), Provocation (Prowokacja, 1984), and Library of 21st Century (Biblioteka XXI wieku, 1986) translated as One Human Minute, and in Imaginary Magnitude (Wielkość Urojona, 1973), a collection of introductions to nonexistent books. While reviewing nonexistent books, a modern form of pseudepigraphy, Stanisław Lem attempted to create different fictional reviewers and authors for each of the books. In his own words: "I tried to imitate various styles – that of a book review, a lecture, a presentation, a speech (of a Nobel Prize laureate) and so on". Some of the reviews are lighthearted, concentrating mostly on the story; others, however, read more like serious, academic reviews. Some of the reviews are parodies, or the books being reviewed are parodies or complete impossibilities, others are quite serious and can be seen almost as drafts for novels that Lem never got around to write. Lem wrote: "With years passing a great impatience grew in me. It would be a hard work to convert ideas into narration, and that was one of the main reasons I went for such cruel abridgements of the books". Lem was not alone in passing through this kind of crisis: examples abound of works planned by literary celebrities, but never completed. Lem also remarked that he was eventually convinced that writing summaries and introductions enabled him to save time on producing things of importance, namely, his modeling experiments, compared to full-blown literary efforts, most of which would have constituted mundane craftsmanship. A Perfect Vacuum Main article: A Perfect Vacuum A Perfect Vacuum (Polish: Doskonała próżnia) is a 1971 book by Polish author Stanisław Lem, the largest and best known collection of Stanislaw Lem's fictitious criticism of nonexistent books. It was translated into English by Michael Kandel. Some of the reviews remind the reader of drafts of his science-fiction novels, some read like philosophical pieces across scientific topics, from cosmology to the pervasiveness of computers, finally others satirise and parody everything from the nouveau roman to pornography, Ulysses, "authorless writing", and Dostoevsky. The 2008 edition of the book printed by Agora SA contained a supplement by Jacek Dukaj titled Who Wrote Stanisław Lem?, nominated for the 2009 Janusz A. Zajdel Award. It is a faux review of a book published in 2071, the book being a discussion of the activities of artificial intelligences which simulated Stanisław Lem. In fact, Dukaj maintained a column of faux reviews, Alternative Bookstore ("Księgarnia alternatywna") in Polish magazine Science Fiction (from #14 (04/2002) to #33 (12/2003)). In an interview he claimed that it was not an intended continuation of Lem's work; rather he had a number of ideas he didn't have time to develop in full. Some critics asserted that the latter reason was behind Lem's pseudepigraphy as well. When this opinion was brought to Lem's attention, he denied that. The Agora SA edition also contained the "Glossary of Lem's Terminology" ("Słownik terminów Lemowskich") based on the book Co to są sepulki? Wszystko o Lemie (2007) by Wojciech Orliński. Imaginary Magnitude In 1973 Lem published a book Wielkość urojona , a collection of introductions to books supposedly to be written in the future, in the 21st century. One of those Lem eventually developed into a book by itself: Golem XIV is a lengthy essay on the nature of intelligence, delivered by the eponymous US military computer. In 1985 Wielkość Urojona was published in English by Harvest Books under the title Imaginary Magnitude, a literal mistranslation of the Polish term which actually means "delusion of grandeur", to which Lem himself did not object. The translation book included the complete Golem XIV. Imaginary Magnitude differed from the previous book, A Perfect Vacuum, by a more serious tone, and probably therefore it did not enjoy the same kind of enthusiasm from the readers. Provocation and One Human Minute Publications Provocation (Prowokacja, 1984) contains two faux reviews: "Provocation", for a faux two-volume work by Horst Aspernicus: Der Völkermord. I. Die Endlösung als Erlösung. ("The Final Solution as Salvation") II. Fremdkörper Tod , Göttingen, 1980. "One Minute", for a faux book by J. Johnson and S. Johnson: One human minute, Moon Publishers, London - Mare Imbrium - New York 1985. The review "Provocation" was first published in magazine Odra in 1980 issue 7/8, pp. 12-27. Both reviews were first published as a book in 1981 (ISBN 3518017403), in German language, by Suhrkamp Verlag as Provokation in its Suhrkamp Library series. Biblioteka XXI wieku, , 1986 contains three faux reviews, "Das kreative Vernichtungsprinzip. The World as Holocaust" ("The Creative Extermination Principle. The World as Holocaust") "Weapon Systems of The Twenty First Century or The Upside-down Evolution" It elaborates the idea of the "necroevolution" described in the novel The Invincible. In Chapter 2 of Lem's Peace on Earth, Ijon Tichy reads this book, and the corresponding piece is a nearly verbatim copy of a part of its faux review here. "One Minute", the same as in Provocation Biblioteka.. was translated as One Human Minute by Catherine S. Leach ( Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986 ISBN 978-0-15-169550-8; Mariner Books, 1986, ISBN 015668795X) Provocation The (faux) work of Aspernicus is the presentation of a certain historiographical hypothesis about the roots of genocide and the role of death, especially mass murder in human culture. Lem wrote that some historians took the quite voluminous review of Aspernicus for real and tried to order the non-existing book, and one person even claimed he had the Aspernicus' book at home, despite the fact that Lem dropped a hint by dating the review by a year ahead of the book publication date. Grzegorz Niziołek in The Polish Theatre of the Holocaust commented on Provocation as follows: "Stanislaw Lem described the threatricity of the Holocaust in shocking terms, including its connections with eschatological forms of Christian pageant - drawing attention to the libidinal aspect of the Holocaust and to the excess of the spectacle written into it. The killing of people on an industrial scale devoid of precedent produced, according to Lem, a void in the experience of those who took part in it. This void was taken over by tacky notions of eschatological spectacle. Theatre turned out to be the phenomenon of European culture that enabled loss of experience to be made up for; it became a remedy for the inability to outlive the events in which one had taken part. Theatrical kitsch, so Lem explains, had crept into the 'dramaturgy of conveyor-belt murder, although no one had intended this'" One Human Minute The reviewed faux book is alleged to be a collection of statistical tables, a compilation that includes everything that happens to human life on the planet within any given 60 second period. Reviewing it, Lem expresses his fascination with this project and points out its inherent flaw. He notes that these tables show "far more statistical evidence of human evil (murders, rapes, starving children) than of human decency". At the same time he remarks that it is impossible to measure "filial or maternal love", or to "gauge the heat of lovers' passions", or to register "those acts of kindness whose authors wished to remain anonymous." In 2009 the Hungarian film director Pater Sparrow released film 1, based on One Human Minute. Lem's One Human Minute and Harry Mathews’s The Chronogram for 1998 inspired Nick Montfort, associate professor of digital media in Comparative Media Studies/Writing at MIT, to create a novel World Clock which was generated using 165 lines of Python code (http://nickm.com/code/world_clock.py). "It celebrates the industrial concept of time and certain types of vigorous banality which are shared by all people throughout the world.". Stupidity as the Driving Force of History In a 1991 interview Lem mentioned a possible title of a nonexistent book, Stupidity as the Driving Force of History. The idea is that stupidity in an ordinary man is basically harmless for humankind. However stupidity of a major historical person has a tragic effect on the course of human history. And this, in Lem's view, can be observed at the roots of many tragic events of the past. See also Jorge Luis Borges "Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote" "An Examination of the Work of Herbert Quain" Nazi Literature in the Americas, reviews of fictional books, by Roberto Bolaño References ^ a b c Aporkyfy at the official website of Stanislaw Lem ^ a b Stanisław Lem @ Culture.pl, section "Apokryfy" ^ a b c Książki -> apokryfy -> Biblioteka XXI wieku -> Komentarz Lema at Lem's official website ^ a b "APOKRYFY LEMA" , an afterword of Jerzy Jarzębski ^ "Stanislaw Lem - A Perfect Vacuum". ^ Stanisław Lem, A Perfect Vacuum, Northwestern University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8101-1733-9 ^ "Kto dostanie nagrodę Zajdla". Wyborcza.pl. 26 June 2009. ^ "Nominacje do Nagrody Zajdla 2000−2009". Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2012-04-12. ^ "Kiedy temat bierze pisarza za gardło" Archived 2012-01-12 at the Wayback Machine, an interview with Jacek Dukaj originally appeared in magazine Lampa, no. 25, 04/2006 ^ Peter Swirski, Stanislaw Lem: Philosopher of the Future, p.45 ^ Peter Swirski, Stanislaw Lem: Philosopher of the Future, p.46 ^ BIBLIOTEKA XXI WIEKU at Lem's official website ^ "CAŁY TEN ZŁOM" (in Polish) an afterword by prof. Jerzy Jarzębski ^ Stanisław Lem, Mein Leben ("My Life"), Berlin, 1983 ^ Peter Swirski, Stanislaw Lem: Philosopher of the Future, p. 47 ^ Grzegorz Niziołek, The Polish Theatre of the Holocaust, p. 6, at Google Books ^ "FICTION : ONE HUMAN MINUTE by Stanislaw Lem, translated by Catherine S. Leach", LA Times, July 6, 1986 ^ a review of One Human Minute, NY Times digital archive for February 9, 1986, Section 7, Page 39 ^ "Nick Montfort discusses his work at Harvard Book Store, with book signing" ^ "EKSPERYMENTALNA LITERATURA NICKA MONTFORTA", (in Polish) Dariusz Jaroń, October 8, 2014 ^ "„Zegar Światowy”: Jedna minuta ludzkości – recenzja", by Dawid Rydzek, October 24, 2014, NaEkranie.pl - a review of Nick Montfort's World Clock inspired by Lem's "One Minute". ^ Victor Shutkevich (February 26, 1991). "СТАНИСЛАВ ЛЕМ: ГЛУПОСТЬ КАК ДВИЖУЩАЯ СИЛА ИСТОРИИ" . Komsomolskaya Pravda (in Russian). Peter Swirski, ed. (2006). The art and science of Stanislaw Lem. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 0773530460. vteWorks by Stanisław LemNovels The Man from Mars (1946) Time Not Lost Hospital of the Transfiguration (1948) The Astronauts (1951) The Magellanic Cloud (1955) The Investigation (1959) Eden (1959) Return from the Stars (1961) Solaris (1961) Memoirs Found in a Bathtub (1961) The Invincible (1964) Highcastle (1966) His Master's Voice (1968) The Futurological Congress (1971) Professor A. Dońda (1973) The Chain of Chance (1975) Golem XIV (1981) Observation on the Spot (1982) Fiasco (1986) Peace on Earth (1987) Short stories "End of the World at Eight O'Clock" (1947) The Star Diaries (1957) "The Hunt " (1950s) "Terminus" (1961) "Lymphater's Formula" (1961) Fables for Robots (1964) The Cyberiad (1965) Tales of Pirx the Pilot (1966) "The Mask" (1974) Major essays Dialogs (1957) Summa Technologiae (1964) The Philosophy of Chance (1968) Science Fiction and Futurology (1970) Microworlds (1984) Pseudepigraphy A Perfect Vacuum (1971) Imaginary Magnitude (1973) One Human Minute (1986) Plays Korzenie (1940s) Do You Exist, Mr. Jones? (1955) Faithful Robot (1961) AdaptationsFilms The Silent Star (1960) Voyage to the End of the Universe (1963) Solaris (1968) Roly Poly (1968) Solaris (1972) Hospital of the Transfiguration (1978) Inquest of Pilot Pirx (1979) Victim of the Brain (1988) Solaris (2002) 1 (2009) Maska (2010) The Congress (2013) His Master's Voice (2018) TV The Adventures of Pirx (1973) Ijon Tichy: Space Pilot (2007) Fear of a Bot Planet (1999) End of the World at Eight O'Clock (2015) Other Cyberiada (opera) Solaris (2019 play) The Invincible (video game) (2023) Characters Ijon Tichy Pilot Pirx Professor Tarantoga Mad scientists A. Dońda, A. Lymphater Lem's robots Trurl and Klapaucius, Terminus LemologyPeople Stanisław Bereś Konstantin Dushenko Michael Kandel Daniel Mróz Wojciech Orliński Franz Rottensteiner Peter Swirski Works A Stanislaw Lem Reader Correspondence of Lem Rozmowy ze Stanisławem Lemem Other Honors bestowed on Lem Neologisms of Stanisław Lem Sepulka Lem's Law Works about Lem Year of Lem	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fictional books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_book"},{"link_name":"A Perfect Vacuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Perfect_Vacuum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpl-2"},{"link_name":"pseudepigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigraphy"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Lem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apoc-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpl-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apoc-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jaap-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apoc-3"}],"text":"Stanisław Lem's fictitious criticism of nonexistent books may be found in his following works: in three collections of faux reviews of fictional books: A Perfect Vacuum (Doskonała próżnia, 1971), Provocation (Prowokacja, 1984), and Library of 21st Century (Biblioteka XXI wieku, 1986) translated as One Human Minute, and in Imaginary Magnitude (Wielkość Urojona, 1973), a collection of introductions to nonexistent books.[1][2]While reviewing nonexistent books, a modern form of pseudepigraphy, Stanisław Lem attempted to create different fictional reviewers and authors for each of the books. In his own words: \"I tried to imitate various styles – that of a book review, a lecture, a presentation, a speech (of a Nobel Prize laureate) and so on\".[3] Some of the reviews are lighthearted, concentrating mostly on the story; others, however, read more like serious, academic reviews. Some of the reviews are parodies, or the books being reviewed are parodies or complete impossibilities, others are quite serious and can be seen almost as drafts for novels that Lem never got around to write.[1] Lem wrote: \"With years passing a great impatience grew in me. It would be a hard work to convert ideas into narration, and that was one of the main reasons I went for such cruel abridgements of the books\".[2][3] Lem was not alone in passing through this kind of crisis: examples abound of works planned by literary celebrities, but never completed.[4] Lem also remarked that he was eventually convinced that writing summaries and introductions enabled him to save time on producing things of importance, namely, his modeling experiments, compared to full-blown literary efforts, most of which would have constituted mundane craftsmanship.[3]","title":"Stanisław Lem's fictitious criticism of nonexistent books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanisław Lem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Michael Kandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kandel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology"},{"link_name":"computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"nouveau roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_roman"},{"link_name":"pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography"},{"link_name":"Ulysses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Dostoevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoevsky"},{"link_name":"Agora SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agora_SA"},{"link_name":"Jacek Dukaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_Dukaj"},{"link_name":"Janusz A. Zajdel Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_(Polish_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"sepulki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepulki"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Orliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Orli%C5%84ski"}],"text":"A Perfect Vacuum (Polish: Doskonała próżnia) is a 1971 book by Polish author Stanisław Lem, the largest and best known collection of Stanislaw Lem's fictitious criticism of nonexistent books.[5] It was translated into English by Michael Kandel.[6] Some of the reviews remind the reader of drafts of his science-fiction novels, some read like philosophical pieces across scientific topics, from cosmology to the pervasiveness of computers, finally others satirise and parody everything from the nouveau roman to pornography, Ulysses, \"authorless writing\", and Dostoevsky.The 2008 edition of the book printed by Agora SA contained a supplement by Jacek Dukaj titled Who Wrote Stanisław Lem?, nominated for the 2009 Janusz A. Zajdel Award.[7][8] It is a faux review of a book published in 2071, the book being a discussion of the activities of artificial intelligences which simulated Stanisław Lem. In fact, Dukaj maintained a column of faux reviews, Alternative Bookstore (\"Księgarnia alternatywna\") in Polish magazine Science Fiction (from #14 (04/2002) to #33 (12/2003)). In an interview he claimed that it was not an intended continuation of Lem's work; rather he had a number of ideas he didn't have time to develop in full.[9] Some critics asserted that the latter reason was behind Lem's pseudepigraphy as well. When this opinion was brought to Lem's attention, he denied that.[10]The Agora SA edition also contained the \"Glossary of Lem's Terminology\" (\"Słownik terminów Lemowskich\") based on the book Co to są sepulki? Wszystko o Lemie (2007) by Wojciech Orliński.","title":"A Perfect Vacuum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wielkość urojona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wielko%C5%9B%C4%87_urojona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielko%C5%9B%C4%87_urojona"},{"link_name":"Golem XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem_XIV"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jaap-4"},{"link_name":"Harvest Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_Books"},{"link_name":"delusion of grandeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusion_of_grandeur"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apo-1"}],"text":"In 1973 Lem published a book Wielkość urojona [pl], a collection of introductions to books supposedly to be written in the future, in the 21st century. One of those Lem eventually developed into a book by itself: Golem XIV is a lengthy essay on the nature of intelligence, delivered by the eponymous US military computer.[4]In 1985 Wielkość Urojona was published in English by Harvest Books under the title Imaginary Magnitude, a literal mistranslation of the Polish term which actually means \"delusion of grandeur\", to which Lem himself did not object. The translation book included the complete Golem XIV.[11]Imaginary Magnitude differed from the previous book, A Perfect Vacuum, by a more serious tone, and probably therefore it did not enjoy the same kind of enthusiasm from the readers.[1]","title":"Imaginary Magnitude"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Provocation and One Human Minute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide"},{"link_name":"Final Solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solution"},{"link_name":"Salvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation"},{"link_name":"Fremdkörper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Fremdk%C3%B6rper"},{"link_name":"Tod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tod"},{"link_name":"Foreign Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Body"},{"link_name":"Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Odra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odra_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3518017403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3518017403"},{"link_name":"Suhrkamp Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhrkamp_Verlag"},{"link_name":"Suhrkamp Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suhrkamp_Library&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliothek_Suhrkamp"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"necroevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necroevolution"},{"link_name":"The Invincible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invincible"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jarz-13"},{"link_name":"Peace on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_on_Earth_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Ijon Tichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijon_Tichy"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-15-169550-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-169550-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"015668795X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/015668795X"}],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"Provocation (Prowokacja, 1984) contains two faux reviews:\"Provocation\", for a faux two-volume work by Horst Aspernicus: Der Völkermord. [\"Genocide\"] I. Die Endlösung als Erlösung. (\"The Final Solution as Salvation\") II. Fremdkörper Tod [\"Foreign Body Death\"], Göttingen, 1980.\n\"One Minute\", for a faux book by J. Johnson and S. Johnson: One human minute, Moon Publishers, London - Mare Imbrium - New York 1985.The review \"Provocation\" was first published in magazine Odra in 1980 issue 7/8, pp. 12-27. Both reviews were first published as a book in 1981 (ISBN 3518017403), in German language, by Suhrkamp Verlag as Provokation in its Suhrkamp Library [de] series.Biblioteka XXI wieku, [ Library of 21st Century], 1986 [12] contains three faux reviews,\"Das kreative Vernichtungsprinzip. The World as Holocaust\" (\"The Creative Extermination Principle. The World as Holocaust\")\n\"Weapon Systems of The Twenty First Century or The Upside-down Evolution\"\nIt elaborates the idea of the \"necroevolution\" described in the novel The Invincible.[13]\nIn Chapter 2 of Lem's Peace on Earth, Ijon Tichy reads this book, and the corresponding piece is a nearly verbatim copy of a part of its faux review here.\n\"One Minute\", the same as in ProvocationBiblioteka.. was translated as One Human Minute by Catherine S. Leach ( Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986 ISBN 978-0-15-169550-8; Mariner Books, 1986, ISBN 015668795X)","title":"Provocation and One Human Minute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historiographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographical"},{"link_name":"genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide"},{"link_name":"mass murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_murder"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Grzegorz Niziołek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grzegorz_Nizio%C5%82ek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_Nizio%C5%82ek"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Provocation","text":"The (faux) work of Aspernicus is the presentation of a certain historiographical hypothesis about the roots of genocide and the role of death, especially mass murder in human culture. Lem wrote that some historians took the quite voluminous review of Aspernicus for real and tried to order the non-existing book,[14] and one person even claimed he had the Aspernicus' book at home, despite the fact that Lem dropped a hint by dating the review by a year ahead of the book publication date.[15]\nGrzegorz Niziołek [pl] in The Polish Theatre of the Holocaust commented on Provocation as follows:[16]\"Stanislaw Lem described the threatricity of the Holocaust in shocking terms, including its connections with eschatological forms of Christian pageant - drawing attention to the libidinal aspect of the Holocaust and to the excess of the spectacle written into it. [...] The killing of people on an industrial scale devoid of precedent produced, according to Lem, a void in the experience of those who took part in it. This void was taken over by tacky notions of eschatological spectacle. Theatre turned out to be the phenomenon of European culture that enabled loss of experience to be made up for; it became a remedy for the inability to outlive the events in which one had taken part. Theatrical kitsch, so Lem explains, had crept into the 'dramaturgy of conveyor-belt murder, although no one had intended this'\"","title":"Provocation and One Human Minute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Harry Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Mathews"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"http://nickm.com/code/world_clock.py","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nickm.com/code/world_clock.py"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rydz-21"}],"sub_title":"One Human Minute","text":"The reviewed faux book is alleged to be a collection of statistical tables, a compilation that includes everything that happens to human life on the planet within any given 60 second period.[17] Reviewing it, Lem expresses his fascination with this project and points out its inherent flaw. He notes that these tables show \"far more statistical evidence of human evil (murders, rapes, starving children) than of human decency\". At the same time he remarks that it is impossible to measure \"filial or maternal love\", or to \"gauge the heat of lovers' passions\", or to register \"those acts of kindness whose authors wished to remain anonymous.\"[18]In 2009 the Hungarian film director Pater Sparrow released film 1, based on One Human Minute.Lem's One Human Minute and Harry Mathews’s The Chronogram for 1998 inspired Nick Montfort, associate professor of digital media in Comparative Media Studies/Writing at MIT, to create a novel World Clock which was generated using 165 lines of Python code (http://nickm.com/code/world_clock.py). \"It celebrates the industrial concept of time and certain types of vigorous banality which are shared by all people throughout the world.\".[19][20][21]","title":"Provocation and One Human Minute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stupidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupidity"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In a 1991 interview Lem mentioned a possible title of a nonexistent book, Stupidity as the Driving Force of History. The idea is that stupidity in an ordinary man is basically harmless for humankind. However stupidity of a major historical person has a tragic effect on the course of human history. And this, in Lem's view, can be observed at the roots of many tragic events of the past.[22]","title":"Stupidity as the Driving Force of History"}]	[{"image_text":"Stanisław Lem pictured at a typewriter in 1966","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem.jpg/220px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Jorge Luis Borges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges"},{"title":"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Menard,_Author_of_the_Quixote"},{"title":"An Examination of the Work of Herbert Quain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Examination_of_the_Work_of_Herbert_Quain"},{"title":"Nazi Literature in the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Literature_in_the_Americas"},{"title":"Roberto Bolaño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Bola%C3%B1o"}]	[{"reference":"\"Stanislaw Lem - A Perfect Vacuum\".","urls":[{"url":"http://english.lem.pl/index.php/works/apocryphs/a-perfect-vacuum","url_text":"\"Stanislaw Lem - A Perfect Vacuum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kto dostanie nagrodę Zajdla\". Wyborcza.pl. 26 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://wyborcza.pl/1,75475,6762798,Kto_dostanie_nagrode_Zajdla.html","url_text":"\"Kto dostanie nagrodę Zajdla\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominacje do Nagrody Zajdla 2000−2009\". Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2012-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807183513/http://zajdel.fandom.art.pl/nominacje_200x.html","url_text":"\"Nominacje do Nagrody Zajdla 2000−2009\""},{"url":"http://zajdel.fandom.art.pl/nominacje_200x.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Victor Shutkevich [Виктор Шуткевич] (February 26, 1991). \"СТАНИСЛАВ ЛЕМ: ГЛУПОСТЬ КАК ДВИЖУЩАЯ СИЛА ИСТОРИИ\" [Stanislaw Lem: Stupidity as the Driving Force of History (an interview)]. Komsomolskaya Pravda (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fandom.ru/inter/lem_6.htm","url_text":"\"СТАНИСЛАВ ЛЕМ: ГЛУПОСТЬ КАК ДВИЖУЩАЯ СИЛА ИСТОРИИ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komsomolskaya_Pravda","url_text":"Komsomolskaya Pravda"}]},{"reference":"Peter Swirski, ed. (2006). The art and science of Stanislaw Lem. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 0773530460.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0773530460","url_text":"0773530460"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://nickm.com/code/world_clock.py","external_links_name":"http://nickm.com/code/world_clock.py"},{"Link":"https://solaris.lem.pl/ksiazki/apokryfy","external_links_name":"Aporkyfy"},{"Link":"https://culture.pl/pl/tworca/stanislaw-lem","external_links_name":"Stanisław Lem"},{"Link":"https://solaris.lem.pl/ksiazki/apokryfy/biblioteka21wieku/151-komentarz-apokryfy","external_links_name":"Książki -> apokryfy -> Biblioteka XXI wieku -> Komentarz Lema"},{"Link":"https://solaris.lem.pl/ksiazki/apokryfy/biblioteka21wieku/153-poslowie-apokryfy","external_links_name":"\"APOKRYFY LEMA\""},{"Link":"http://english.lem.pl/index.php/works/apocryphs/a-perfect-vacuum","external_links_name":"\"Stanislaw Lem - A Perfect Vacuum\""},{"Link":"http://wyborcza.pl/1,75475,6762798,Kto_dostanie_nagrode_Zajdla.html","external_links_name":"\"Kto dostanie nagrodę Zajdla\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807183513/http://zajdel.fandom.art.pl/nominacje_200x.html","external_links_name":"\"Nominacje do Nagrody Zajdla 2000−2009\""},{"Link":"http://zajdel.fandom.art.pl/nominacje_200x.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dukaj.pl/JacekDukaj/KiedyTematBierzePisarzaZaGardlo","external_links_name":"\"Kiedy temat bierze pisarza za gardło\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120112030653/http://dukaj.pl/JacekDukaj/KiedyTematBierzePisarzaZaGardlo","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KDvjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45","external_links_name":"p.45"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KDvjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","external_links_name":"p.46"},{"Link":"https://solaris.lem.pl/ksiazki/apokryfy/biblioteka21wieku","external_links_name":"BIBLIOTEKA XXI WIEKU"},{"Link":"https://solaris.lem.pl/ksiazki/beletrystyka/niezwyciezony/96-poslowie-niezwyciezony,","external_links_name":"\"CAŁY TEN ZŁOM\""},{"Link":"http://german.lem.pl/home/biographie/mein-leben","external_links_name":"Mein Leben"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KDvjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47","external_links_name":"p. 47"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bGCWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6","external_links_name":"The Polish Theatre of the Holocaust"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-06-bk-22958-story.html","external_links_name":"\"FICTION : ONE HUMAN MINUTE by Stanislaw Lem, translated by Catherine S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_the_Old	Mieszko III of Poland	["1 Early life","2 First conflict with Władysław II","3 Second conflict with Władysław II","4 Third conflict and exile of Władysław II","5 Recognition of the junior duke's authority","6 Expedition of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa","7 Death of Henry of Sandomierz and revolt of Casimir II the Just","8 Inheritance dispute in Silesia","9 High Duke of Poland","10 Exile and return to Greater Poland","11 Brief restoration","12 Final settlement","13 Marriages and issue","14 See also","15 References","16 Sources"]	High Duke of Poland Mieszko IIIMieszko's seal from 1145High Duke of PolandTenure1173–11771191 1198–11991201Duke of Greater PolandTenure1138–11771182–1202Bornc. 1122/1125Died13 March 1202 (aged 80)KaliszBurialCathedral of Saint Paul the Apostle, KaliszSpouseElisabeth of HungaryEudoxia of KievIssuemore...Odon of Poznań Stephen of Greater Poland Elisabeth Wierzchoslawa LudmillaBolesław of Kuyavia Mieszko the Younger Władysław III Spindleshanks AnastasiaHousePiast dynastyFatherBolesław III WrymouthMotherSalomea of Berg Mieszko III (c. 1122/25 – 13 March 1202), sometimes called the Old, was Duke of Greater Poland from 1138 and High Duke of Poland, with interruptions, from 1173 until his death. He was the fourth and second surviving son of Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland, by his second wife Salomea, daughter of the German count Henry of Berg-Schelklingen. Early life Poland under the sons of Bolesław Wrymouth: Seniorate Province of Władysław II, composed of Eastern Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Western Kuyavia, Wieluń Land Silesian Province of Władysław II Masovian Province of Bolesław IV composed of Masovia and Eastern Kuyavia Greater Poland Province of Mieszko III composed of Western Great Poland Sandomierz Province of Henry Łęczyca Province of Salomea (Łęczyca Land, Sieradz Land) Pomeranian vassals According to the 1138 Testament of Bolesław III, Mieszko received the newly established Duchy of Greater Poland, comprising the western part of the short-lived Greater Poland. He had previously been duke of Poznań where he had his main residence. His older half-brother, Władysław II, the eldest son of the late duke with his first wife Zbyslava of Kiev, was proclaimed high duke and overlord of the Seniorate Province at Kraków, including the Greater Polish lands of Gniezno and Kalisz, as well as duke of Silesia. First conflict with Władysław II The first major conflict with the high duke took place during 1140–1141, when his younger half-brothers Bolesław IV the Curly and Mieszko III together with their mother but without Władysław's knowledge divided between them the lands of Łęczyca, which were held only as a wittum by Bolesław's widow Salomea for life and should revert to Władysław's Seniorate Province upon her death. In 1141 Salomea of Berg organized a meeting at Łęczyca, where she and her sons decided to marry their younger sister Agnes to one of the sons of Grand Prince Vsevolod II of Kiev in order to gain an ally against High Duke Władysław II. Only by Władysław's rapid intervention did the independent plans of the junior dukes fail. Grand Prince Vsevolod II, facing the choice between an alliance with the strong high duke or the weak junior dukes and their mother, chose the former, which was sealed with the betrothal of Władysław's eldest son, Bolesław I the Tall, to Vsevolod's daughter, Zvenislava in 1142. Władysław II had not been invited to the Łęczyca meeting, despite the fact that as the high duke, he had the final voice on Agnes' engagement. In retaliation for this omission, he supported Kievan military actions against Salomea and her sons in the winter of 1142–1143. The first clash between the brothers was a complete success for the high duke. Second conflict with Władysław II On 27 July 1144, the Dowager Duchess Salomea died and High Duke Władysław II incorporated the Łęczyca Land into the Seniorate Province as intended by his father's testament. This was again opposed by Bolesław IV and Mieszko III, who wished to give this land to their minor brother, Henry. Fighting took place in 1145. After an unexpected defeat, the high duke was finally able to obtain the victory (Battle of Pilicy), thanks to his Kievan allies. An agreement was made under which Władysław retained Łęczyca. However, the high duke continued with his intention of reuniting all of Poland under his rule. This provoked the strong opposition from his Silesian voivode Piotr Włostowic, who support the interests of the junior dukes in order to maintain his own power and position. Władysław, instigated by his wife Agnes of Babenberg, decided to eliminate Włostowic for good. The voivode was captured in an ambush. Agnes demanded Włostowic's death for treason, but the high duke instead chose a terrible punishment: Włostowic was blinded, muted, and expelled from the country. However, the voivode had numerous supporters, who were disgusted by this cruel act. Włostowic fled to the Kievan court, where he began to intrigue against the high duke, thus beginning Władysław's downfall. Third conflict and exile of Władysław II The war erupted again in early 1146. This time, Władysław could not count on his Kievan allies, because they were busy with their own issues; in fact the high duke had sent some of his forces, led by his eldest son Bolesław, to support Great Prince Vsevolod. Władysław's plight had made him swear allegiance to King Conrad III of Germany, half-brother of his wife Agnes. Nevertheless, Władysław was confident of his victory and it initially seemed that success was on his side, as Bolesław IV and Mieszko III, fearing clashes in an open field, escaped to Poznań. At this time the disaster to the high duke began. Władysław's cause lost support when he was excommunicated by Archbishop Jacob of Gniezno for his behavior against Piotr Włostowic. He also faced rebellion by his own subjects, who were against his tyrannical rule. The defeat of Władysław was total; by May 1146 all Poland was in the hands of the junior dukes. The former high duke and his family were forced to escape to save their lives, first to Bohemia and later to the Kaiserpfalz of Altenburg in Germany, under the protection of King Conrad III. Once they had consolidated their rule over Poland, Bolesław IV and Mieszko III made new decisions. Bolesław, as the elder brother, succeeded Władysław as high duke and ruler over Silesia. Mieszko, on the other hand, retained his Duchy of Greater Poland and was satisfied with his role his brother's ally. Henry, the next-born, finally received his Duchy of Sandomierz. Only the youngest brother, Casimir II, remained without lands. Urged by his brother-in-law Władysław, King Conrad III of Germany attempted to restore the former high duke to the Polish throne. Eventually an agreement was reached under which King Conrad accepted the rule of Bolesław IV, and in return the new high duke had to pay a tribute to the German king. The dispute between Władysław and the junior dukes remained unresolved as King Conrad III was busy with the preparations for the Second Crusade to the Holy Land. Recognition of the junior duke's authority Meanwhile, the junior dukes had no intention to just wait passively for an arrangement to consolidate their power. In May 1147 they received from Pope Eugene III the confirmation of a foundation for a monastery in Trzemeszno, which was a clear recognition of their sovereignty. In addition, they also sought to improve their relations with the German rulers. In 1147, simultaneously with the arrival of King Conrad III to the Holy Land, Duke Mieszko III joined the Wendish Crusade against the pagan Polabian Slavs in the former Northern March, which was organized by the Ascanian count Albert the Bear and the Wettin margrave Conrad of Meissen. However, during this trip Mieszko III politically and militarily supported some Slavic tribes in an effort to protect Polish interests in the Sprevane lands against claims raised by the ambitious Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony. This assistance to pagans infuriated Albert the Bear, who arrived in Kruszwica in early 1148 to improve their alliance. Finally, they made an agreement, which was confirmed by the marriage of the junior dukes' sister Judith with Albert's eldest son Otto. Expedition of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa To settle the dispute with Władysław II regarding the Polish throne, Bolesław IV, through the agency of Albert the Bear and Margrave Conrad, agreed to appear at the Imperial Diet in Merseburg in 1152 and pay homage to the newly elected king of Germany, King Conrad's nephew Frederick Barbarossa. However, the high duke broke his promise and remained absent. Meanwhile, Frederick had to secure his rule in the Kingdom of Italy and his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor, wherefore he forged an alliance with Margrave Henry II of Austria, a scion of the House of Babenberg and brother of Władysław's wife Agnes. This coalition brought the Polish affair back on the table. The Polish campaign of Emperor Frederick began in 1157. For unknown reasons, Bolesław IV and Mieszko III did not try to defend the traditional frontier on the Oder River, but instead burned the castles of Głogów and Bytom and began their retreat into the depths of Greater Poland, where Bolesław's forces finally surrendered to the Imperial troops at Krzyszkowo, near Poznań. After his defeat, the high duke had to ask for forgiveness from the Emperor and the junior dukes had to pay him a large tribute. On Christmas Day in Magdeburg, they promised to send food to the Emperor's Italian expedition and to return the Silesia Province (at least). As a guarantee of the fulfillment, the junior dukes' younger brother, Casimir II, was sent to Germany as a hostage. Frederick Barbarossa regarded the conflict as resolved and marched against Milan the next year. However, while the Emperor was engaged in the Italian affairs, Bolesław IV did nothing to fulfill the agreement. On 30 May 1159, Władysław II died in exile without having ever seen Poland again. Only renewed Imperial pressure enabled Władysław's sons Bolesław the Tall and Mieszko IV Tanglefoot to come into their inheritance four years later, when the junior dukes finally returned Silesia to their nephews in 1163. The province thereby became the ancestral homeland of the Silesian Piasts. Death of Henry of Sandomierz and revolt of Casimir II the Just In 1166 Mieszko III and his brothers started another Prussian crusade, whereby Duke Henry of Sandomierz was killed in battle in October of that year. Before his departure, and in case of his death, he had left his duchy to his youngest brother Casimir II the Just, who by their father's testament had remained without lands. However, High Duke Bolesław IV, against his late brother's will, occupied Sandomierz and annexed it to his Seniorate Province. This decision sparked the rebellion of Casimir II, which was supported by his brother Mieszko III; the magnate Jaksa of Miechów; Sviatoslav, son of Piotr Włostowic; Archbishop Jan I of Gniezno; and Bishop Gedko of Kraków. In February 1168 the rebels gathered at Jędrzejów, were Mieszko III was elected high duke and vested Casimir II with Sandomierz. The final defeat of Bolesław IV did not occur, however, because the high duke accepted the demands of the rebels and divided Henry's duchy into three parts: Wiślica was given to Casimir, Bolesław took Sandomierz proper, and the rest was left to Mieszko. Inheritance dispute in Silesia In 1172 another conflict arose among the Silesian Piasts, when Duke Bolesław the Tall chose to ignore the claims of his first-born son, Jaroslaw, by designating his son from his second marriage, Henry I the Bearded, as his sole heir. When Jarosław, forced to become a priest, returned from his German exile, he claimed a share of the Silesian lands. Mieszko III supported his grandnephew in his demands, and a civil war was initiated. In order to prevent another Imperial intervention, High Duke Bolesław IV sent Mieszko III to Magdeburg, with the sum of 8,000 pieces of silver as a tribute to the Emperor and the promise to resolve this conflict soon. This time, the terms of the 1173 agreement were to be strictly realized. Bolesław the Tall retained his power over Wrocław; however, he had to cede the Silesian Duchy of Opole to his son Jarosław for life and furthermore had to agree on the division of the remaining Silesian lands with his younger brother Mieszko Tanglefoot, who assumed the rule in the new Duchy of Racibórz. High Duke of Poland Casimir's acquisitions (in green) After his brother Bolesław IV died on 3 April 1173, Mieszko III became the new high duke of Poland (dux Totius Poloniae) according to the principle of agnatic seniority. His policy focused on maintaining full power for himself, as the oldest surviving member of the dynasty. Despite his succession to the throne at Kraków, the new high duke remained in Greater Poland, while Lesser Poland was ruled by Henryk Kietlicz as a governor appointed by Mieszko. Harsh tax measures were introduced, which incurred the displeasure of the Lesser Polish magnates. On the other hand, Mieszko had several foreign policy successes through his daughter's marriages: Elisabeth married Duke Soběslav II of Bohemia circa 1173, and through the dynastic arrangement between his daughter Anastasia and the Griffin duke Bogislaw I of Pomerania, Mieszko reinforced Polish sovereignty over the Pomeranian duchy. In 1177 Mieszko III's first-born son, Odon, fearing for his inheritance, rebelled against his father. He was supported by Bishop Gedko of Kraków, his cousin Bolesław the Tall, and his uncle Casimir II the Just. For Odon, the main reason for his rebellion was the favoritism of Mieszko to the offspring of his second marriage and the attempts of the high duke to force him to become a priest so as to eliminate him from succession. To the other rebels, the reason was the harsh and dictatorial government of the high duke. The rebellion was a complete surprise to Mieszko; during Easter of 1177 he was totally convinced of the loyalty of his relatives, especially when the junior dukes organized a meeting at Gniezno, were the high duke was received by the crowds with cheers. At first Greater Poland remained strongly in Mieszko's hands, thanks to his governor Henryk Kietlicz, his most important follower. At the same time, Casimir II the Just, the clear head of the rebellion, made a divisionary treaty with his allies: all of Silesia was granted to Duke Bolesław the Tall and Greater Poland was given to Odon. This was a significant complication, because since 1173 Bolesław had ruled Silesia alongside his brother Mieszko Tanglefoot and his own son Jarosław of Opole. After they learned of this agreement, both Mieszko Tanglefoot and Jarosław sided with the high duke and rebelled against Bolesław the Tall, who now, busy fighting with his brother and son, lost the opportunity to gain Kraków and obtain the Seniorate Province for himself. In his place, it was Casimir II the Just who took control over the Seniorate Province, and, with this, was proclaimed the new high duke of Poland. After not seeing any possibility of continuing the resistance, Mieszko escaped to Racibórz, under the protection of his nephew and namesake Duke Mieszko Tanglefoot. However, shortly afterwards the deposed high duke decided to leave Poland and seek foreign support. Odon finally occupied all Greater Poland and was declared duke. Exile and return to Greater Poland Greater Poland under Mieszko III: Poznań, held by Odon 1177–82 Poznań, held by Odon 1177–1194, by Władysław III 1194–1202 Kalisz, conquered in 1181, held by Mieszko the Younger 1191–93, by Odon 1193–94 Gniezno, conquered in 1181 Kuyavia, held by Bolesław 1186–95 By 1179, Mieszko went to Bohemia, ruled by his son-in-law Soběslav II, who nevertheless refused to help him. Mieszko then turned to Germany and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who offered help in his restoration on the Polish throne upon a payment of 10,000 pieces of silver, a sum that Mieszko couldn't amass. Finally in Pomerania, his other son-in-law Duke Bogislaw I agreed to help him. By the agency of his Pomeranian allies, Mieszko forged links with their Polish followers, grouped around Zdzisław, Archbishop of Gniezno, and in 1181 he was able to conquer the eastern Greater Polish lands of Gniezno and Kalisz, which at that time were part of the Seniorate Province. Soon after, Mieszko also managed to recover western Greater Poland, and Odon was pushed to the lands south of the Obra River. In 1182 a formal reconciliation between father and son was achieved. During these events, and for unknown reasons, High Duke Casimir II the Just remained in total passivity; thanks to this, Mieszko had the opportunity to recover all Greater Poland. Mieszko still had the intention to recover the lordship over all Poland. In 1184 he tried to forge an alliance with Frederick Barbarossa's son, King Henry VI of Germany, offering him a large sum of silver. Casimir II the Just, however, knew his intentions and had simply sent Henry more money than Mieszko. After his failure with the German king, Mieszko decided to take control over Masovia and Kuyavia, then ruled by his nephew Leszek, the only surviving son of Bolesław IV. Mieszko convinced Leszek to name him as his successor if he died without issue. However in 1185, one year before his death, Leszek changed his testament and appointed his younger uncle High Duke Casimir II the Just as his successor, possibly as a result of the harsh proceedings of the Duke of Greater Poland. This time Mieszko acted quickly, and upon Leszek's death in 1186 he took the Kuyavia region and annexed it to his Duchy. Shortly thereafter he ceded this land to his son Bolesław. Brief restoration In 1191 the foreign policy of High Duke Casimir II the Just triggered dissatisfaction in the Lesser Poland nobility, led by Mieszko's former governor Henry Kietlicz. With the help of this opposition, Mieszko could finally reconquer Kraków and resume the High Ducal title. He decided to entrust the government of Kraków to one of his sons, either Bolesław or Mieszko the Younger. Casimir, however, quickly regained Kraków and the overlordship and the Prince-Governor was captured; however, he was soon released to be with his father. Probably after the failed expedition over Kraków, Mieszko gave to his son and namesake Mieszko the Younger the Greater Polish lands of Kalisz as his own duchy. When on 2 August 1193 Mieszko the Younger died, his Duchy of Kalisz reverted to the lands of Greater Poland. Shortly thereafter, Mieszko III granted Kalisz to his elder son Odon, who then died eight months later on 20 April 1194. These two early deaths forced Mieszko to make a new divisionary treaty: the duke retained Kalisz for himself, while southern Greater Poland was given to his youngest son Władysław III Spindleshanks, who also assumed the guardianship of the minor son of Odon, Władysław Odonic. High Duke Casimir II the Just died on 5 May 1194, and Mieszko's pretensions over Lesser Poland were reborn. Unfortunately, this time the local nobility preferred to see on the throne the minor sons of Casimir, Leszek the White and Konrad. Mieszko's attempts to retake the power ended at the bloody Battle of Mozgawa on 13 September 1195, where Mieszko himself was seriously injured and his son Bolesław of Kuyavia died. After the battle Mieszko withdrew to Kalisz without waiting for the Silesian troops of his allies, Mieszko Tanglefoot and Jarosław of Opole. Final settlement The Battle of Mozgawa convinced Mieszko that to gain the throne through battle was extremely difficult, so he began to negotiate with the high duke's widow, Helen of Znojmo. In 1198 he finally was allowed to return to Lesser Poland, but was compelled to cede Kuyavia to Casimir's sons. In 1199, the voivode Mikołaj Gryfita and Bishop Fulko of Kraków again deposed Mieszko and restored Leszek the White as high duke; however, three years later a new settlement was made and Mieszko was able to return. He retained the title of high duke, but was forced to give up part of his powers. He died shortly afterwards; at that time, he had survived all his siblings and his sons except for Władysław III Spindleshanks, who succeeded him as Polish high duke and duke of Greater Poland. Marriages and issue Around 1136, Mieszko married firstly with Elisabeth (b. ca. 1128 – d. ca. 1154), daughter of King Béla II of Hungary. They had: Odon (b. ca. 1149 – d. 20 April 1194) Stephen (b. ca. 1150 – d. 18 October 1166/77?). Elisabeth (b. 1152 – d. 2 April 1209), married firstly ca. 1173 to Duke Soběslav II of Bohemia and secondly c. January 1180 to Conrad II of Landsberg, Margrave of Lusatia Wierzchoslawa Ludmilla (b. bef. 1153 – d. bef. 1223), married ca. 1167 to Frederick of Bitsch, later duke of Lorraine Judith (b. bef. 1154 – d. af. 12 December 1201), married ca. 1173 to Bernhard of Anhalt, later duke of Saxony By 1154, Mieszko married secondly with Eudoxia of Kiev (b. ca. 1131 – d. aft. 1187), possibly a daughter of Grand Prince Iziaslav II of Kiev. They had: Bolesław (b. 1159 – killed in the Battle of Mozgawą, 13 September 1195) Mieszko the Younger (b. ca. 1160/65 – d. 2 August 1193) Władysław III Spindleshanks (b. ca. 1161/67 – d. 3 November 1231) Salomea (b. ca. 1162/64 – d. 11 May ca. 1183), married bef. 1177 to Prince Ratibor (II) of Pomerania. Anastasia (b. ca. 1164 – d. aft. 31 May 1240), married on 26 April 1177 to Duke Bogislaw I of Pomerania. See also History of Poland (966–1385) References ^ "Mieszko III \| Polish prince". ^ Davies 2005, p. 64-65. ^ von Güttner-Sporzyński, Darius. "Mieszko III Stary". Academia.edu. ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica", 1815 edition ^ Raffensperger 2018, p. 114. ^ a b c d e f g h Davies 2005, p. 64. Sources Davies, Norman (2005). God's Playground A History of Poland. Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795. Oxford University Press. Raffensperger, Christian (2018). Conflict, Bargaining, and Kinship Networks in Medieval Eastern Europe. Lexington Books. Mieszko III of Poland Piast DynastyBorn: ca. 1127 Died: 13 March 1202 New title Duke of Greater Poland 1138–1177 Succeeded byOdon Preceded byBolesław IV the Curly High Duke of Poland 1173–1177 Succeeded byCasimir II the Just Preceded byCasimir II the Just Duke of Kalisz 1182–1191 Succeeded byMieszko the Younger Preceded byOdon Duke of Greater Poland 1182–1202 Succeeded byWładysław III Spindleshanks Duke of Poznań 1182–1202 Preceded byCasimir II the Just Duke of Gniezno 1182–1202 High Duke of Poland 1191 Succeeded byCasimir II the Just Preceded byOdon Duke of Kalisz 1194–1202 Succeeded byWładysław III Spindleshanks Preceded byBolesław Duke of Kuyavia 1195–1198 Succeeded byLeszek the WhiteKonrad Preceded byLeszek the White High Duke of Poland 1198–1199 Succeeded byLeszek the White High Duke of Poland 1202 Succeeded byWładysław III Spindleshanks vteMonarchs of PolandLegendary Lech I Krakus I Krakus II Lech II Wanda Leszko I Leszko II Leszko III Popiel I Popiel II Chościsko Piast the Wheelwright Proto-historic Siemowit Lestek Siemomysł Piast dynasty Mieszko I Bolesław I the Brave Bezprym Mieszko II Lambert Bolesław the Forgotten Casimir I the Restorer Bolesław II the Bold Władysław I Herman Zbigniew Bolesław III Wrymouth FragmentationperiodSenior or Supreme Princes Władysław II the Exile Bolesław IV the Curly Mieszko III the Old Casimir II the Just Leszek the White Władysław III Spindleshanks Władysław Odonic Mieszko IV Tanglefoot Konrad I Henry the Bearded Henry II the Pious Bolesław the Horned Bolesław V the Chaste Leszek II the Black Henryk IV Probus Przemysł II See also: Dukes of Silesia Dukes of Greater Poland Dukes of Little Poland Dukes of Masovia Dukes of Kuyavia Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania Dukes of PomeraniaPřemyslid dynasty Wenceslaus II Wenceslaus III Restored Piast dynasty Władysław I Łokietek Casimir III the Great Capet-Anjou dynasty Louis I the Hungarian Jadwiga Jagiellonian dynasty Władysław II Jagiełło Władysław III of Varna Casimir IV John I Albert Alexander Sigismund I the Old Sigismund II Augustus Elective monarchy Henry of Valois Anna Jagiellon Stephen Báthory Sigismund III Vasa Władysław IV Vasa John II Casimir Vasa Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki John III Sobieski Augustus II the Strong Stanisław I Augustus III Stanisław August Poniatowski Italics indicates monarch of questioned historicity Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Poland People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duke of Greater Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"High Duke of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Duke_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Bolesław III Wrymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth"},{"link_name":"Salomea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomea_of_Berg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Schelklingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schelklingen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200564-65-2"}],"text":"Mieszko III (c. 1122/25 – 13 March 1202), sometimes called the Old, was Duke of Greater Poland from 1138 and High Duke of Poland, with interruptions, from 1173 until his death.He was the fourth and second surviving son of Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland, by his second wife Salomea, daughter of the German count Henry of Berg-Schelklingen.[2]","title":"Mieszko III of Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ustawa_sukcesyjna_Boles%C5%82awa_Krzywoustego.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland"},{"link_name":"Kuyavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyavia"},{"link_name":"Wieluń Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielu%C5%84_Land"},{"link_name":"Masovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovia"},{"link_name":"Kuyavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyavia"},{"link_name":"Łęczyca Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca_Land"},{"link_name":"Sieradz Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieradz_Land"},{"link_name":"Testament of Bolesław III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_of_Boles%C5%82aw_III_Krzywousty"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Greater Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academia.edu-3"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Władysław II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_the_Exile"},{"link_name":"Zbyslava of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbyslava_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"Seniorate Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniorate_Province"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Gniezno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gniezno"},{"link_name":"Kalisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisz"},{"link_name":"duke of Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Silesia"}],"text":"Poland under the sons of Bolesław Wrymouth: Seniorate Province of Władysław II, composed of Eastern Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Western Kuyavia, Wieluń Land Silesian Province of Władysław II Masovian Province of Bolesław IV composed of Masovia and Eastern Kuyavia Greater Poland Province of Mieszko III composed of Western Great Poland Sandomierz Province of Henry Łęczyca Province of Salomea (Łęczyca Land, Sieradz Land) Pomeranian vassalsAccording to the 1138 Testament of Bolesław III, Mieszko received the newly established Duchy of Greater Poland, comprising the western part of the short-lived Greater Poland.[3] He had previously been duke of Poznań[4] where he had his main residence. His older half-brother, Władysław II, the eldest son of the late duke with his first wife Zbyslava of Kiev, was proclaimed high duke and overlord of the Seniorate Province at Kraków, including the Greater Polish lands of Gniezno and Kalisz, as well as duke of Silesia.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolesław IV the Curly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_IV_the_Curly"},{"link_name":"Łęczyca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca"},{"link_name":"wittum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittum"},{"link_name":"Agnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Vsevolod II of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_II_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"Bolesław I the Tall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Tall"},{"link_name":"Zvenislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zvenislava_of_Kiev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kievan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27"}],"text":"The first major conflict with the high duke took place during 1140–1141, when his younger half-brothers Bolesław IV the Curly and Mieszko III together with their mother but without Władysław's knowledge divided between them the lands of Łęczyca, which were held only as a wittum by Bolesław's widow Salomea for life and should revert to Władysław's Seniorate Province upon her death.In 1141 Salomea of Berg organized a meeting at Łęczyca, where she and her sons decided to marry their younger sister Agnes to one of the sons of Grand Prince Vsevolod II of Kiev in order to gain an ally against High Duke Władysław II. Only by Władysław's rapid intervention did the independent plans of the junior dukes fail. Grand Prince Vsevolod II, facing the choice between an alliance with the strong high duke or the weak junior dukes and their mother, chose the former, which was sealed with the betrothal of Władysław's eldest son, Bolesław I the Tall, to Vsevolod's daughter, Zvenislava in 1142. Władysław II had not been invited to the Łęczyca meeting, despite the fact that as the high duke, he had the final voice on Agnes' engagement. In retaliation for this omission, he supported Kievan military actions against Salomea and her sons in the winter of 1142–1143. The first clash between the brothers was a complete success for the high duke.","title":"First conflict with Władysław II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Sandomierz"},{"link_name":"voivode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode"},{"link_name":"Piotr Włostowic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_W%C5%82ostowic"},{"link_name":"Agnes of Babenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_Babenberg"},{"link_name":"Kievan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"}],"text":"On 27 July 1144, the Dowager Duchess Salomea died and High Duke Władysław II incorporated the Łęczyca Land into the Seniorate Province as intended by his father's testament. This was again opposed by Bolesław IV and Mieszko III, who wished to give this land to their minor brother, Henry. Fighting took place in 1145. After an unexpected defeat, the high duke was finally able to obtain the victory (Battle of Pilicy), thanks to his Kievan allies.An agreement was made under which Władysław retained Łęczyca. However, the high duke continued with his intention of reuniting all of Poland under his rule. This provoked the strong opposition from his Silesian voivode Piotr Włostowic, who support the interests of the junior dukes in order to maintain his own power and position. Władysław, instigated by his wife Agnes of Babenberg, decided to eliminate Włostowic for good. The voivode was captured in an ambush. Agnes demanded Włostowic's death for treason, but the high duke instead chose a terrible punishment: Włostowic was blinded, muted, and expelled from the country. However, the voivode had numerous supporters, who were disgusted by this cruel act. Włostowic fled to the Kievan court, where he began to intrigue against the high duke, thus beginning Władysław's downfall.","title":"Second conflict with Władysław II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conrad III of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"excommunicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunicated"},{"link_name":"Gniezno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gniezno"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Kaiserpfalz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserpfalz"},{"link_name":"Altenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenburg"},{"link_name":"Sandomierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandomierz"},{"link_name":"Casimir II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_II_the_Just"},{"link_name":"tribute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute"},{"link_name":"Second Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Crusade"}],"text":"The war erupted again in early 1146. This time, Władysław could not count on his Kievan allies, because they were busy with their own issues; in fact the high duke had sent some of his forces, led by his eldest son Bolesław, to support Great Prince Vsevolod. Władysław's plight had made him swear allegiance to King Conrad III of Germany, half-brother of his wife Agnes. Nevertheless, Władysław was confident of his victory and it initially seemed that success was on his side, as Bolesław IV and Mieszko III, fearing clashes in an open field, escaped to Poznań. At this time the disaster to the high duke began.Władysław's cause lost support when he was excommunicated by Archbishop Jacob of Gniezno for his behavior against Piotr Włostowic. He also faced rebellion by his own subjects, who were against his tyrannical rule. The defeat of Władysław was total; by May 1146 all Poland was in the hands of the junior dukes. The former high duke and his family were forced to escape to save their lives, first to Bohemia and later to the Kaiserpfalz of Altenburg in Germany, under the protection of King Conrad III.Once they had consolidated their rule over Poland, Bolesław IV and Mieszko III made new decisions. Bolesław, as the elder brother, succeeded Władysław as high duke and ruler over Silesia. Mieszko, on the other hand, retained his Duchy of Greater Poland and was satisfied with his role his brother's ally. Henry, the next-born, finally received his Duchy of Sandomierz. Only the youngest brother, Casimir II, remained without lands.Urged by his brother-in-law Władysław, King Conrad III of Germany attempted to restore the former high duke to the Polish throne. Eventually an agreement was reached under which King Conrad accepted the rule of Bolesław IV, and in return the new high duke had to pay a tribute to the German king. The dispute between Władysław and the junior dukes remained unresolved as King Conrad III was busy with the preparations for the Second Crusade to the Holy Land.","title":"Third conflict and exile of Władysław II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Eugene III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III"},{"link_name":"Trzemeszno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzemeszno"},{"link_name":"Wendish Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendish_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Polabian Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabian_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Northern March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_March"},{"link_name":"Ascanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ascania"},{"link_name":"Albert the Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_the_Bear"},{"link_name":"Wettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wettin"},{"link_name":"Conrad of Meissen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad,_Margrave_of_Meissen"},{"link_name":"Sprevane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprevane"},{"link_name":"Henry the Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Lion"},{"link_name":"Kruszwica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruszwica"},{"link_name":"Judith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judyta"},{"link_name":"Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg"}],"text":"Meanwhile, the junior dukes had no intention to just wait passively for an arrangement to consolidate their power. In May 1147 they received from Pope Eugene III the confirmation of a foundation for a monastery in Trzemeszno, which was a clear recognition of their sovereignty. In addition, they also sought to improve their relations with the German rulers.In 1147, simultaneously with the arrival of King Conrad III to the Holy Land, Duke Mieszko III joined the Wendish Crusade against the pagan Polabian Slavs in the former Northern March, which was organized by the Ascanian count Albert the Bear and the Wettin margrave Conrad of Meissen. However, during this trip Mieszko III politically and militarily supported some Slavic tribes in an effort to protect Polish interests in the Sprevane lands against claims raised by the ambitious Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony. This assistance to pagans infuriated Albert the Bear, who arrived in Kruszwica in early 1148 to improve their alliance. Finally, they made an agreement, which was confirmed by the marriage of the junior dukes' sister Judith with Albert's eldest son Otto.","title":"Recognition of the junior duke's authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Merseburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseburg"},{"link_name":"king of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Frederick Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Henry II of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"House of Babenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Babenberg"},{"link_name":"Głogów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Bytom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom_Odrza%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"Krzyszkowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzyszkowo"},{"link_name":"Christmas Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Day"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Mieszko IV Tanglefoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_IV_Tanglefoot"},{"link_name":"Silesian Piasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Piasts"}],"text":"To settle the dispute with Władysław II regarding the Polish throne, Bolesław IV, through the agency of Albert the Bear and Margrave Conrad, agreed to appear at the Imperial Diet in Merseburg in 1152 and pay homage to the newly elected king of Germany, King Conrad's nephew Frederick Barbarossa. However, the high duke broke his promise and remained absent. Meanwhile, Frederick had to secure his rule in the Kingdom of Italy and his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor, wherefore he forged an alliance with Margrave Henry II of Austria, a scion of the House of Babenberg and brother of Władysław's wife Agnes. This coalition brought the Polish affair back on the table.The Polish campaign of Emperor Frederick began in 1157. For unknown reasons, Bolesław IV and Mieszko III did not try to defend the traditional frontier on the Oder River, but instead burned the castles of Głogów and Bytom and began their retreat into the depths of Greater Poland, where Bolesław's forces finally surrendered to the Imperial troops at Krzyszkowo, near Poznań. After his defeat, the high duke had to ask for forgiveness from the Emperor and the junior dukes had to pay him a large tribute. On Christmas Day in Magdeburg, they promised to send food to the Emperor's Italian expedition and to return the Silesia Province (at least). As a guarantee of the fulfillment, the junior dukes' younger brother, Casimir II, was sent to Germany as a hostage.Frederick Barbarossa regarded the conflict as resolved and marched against Milan the next year. However, while the Emperor was engaged in the Italian affairs, Bolesław IV did nothing to fulfill the agreement. On 30 May 1159, Władysław II died in exile without having ever seen Poland again. Only renewed Imperial pressure enabled Władysław's sons Bolesław the Tall and Mieszko IV Tanglefoot to come into their inheritance four years later, when the junior dukes finally returned Silesia to their nephews in 1163. The province thereby became the ancestral homeland of the Silesian Piasts.","title":"Expedition of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prussian crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_crusade"},{"link_name":"Jaksa of Miechów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaksa_of_Miech%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Piotr Włostowic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_W%C5%82ostowic"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Jędrzejów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99drzej%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Wiślica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi%C5%9Blica"}],"text":"In 1166 Mieszko III and his brothers started another Prussian crusade, whereby Duke Henry of Sandomierz was killed in battle in October of that year. Before his departure, and in case of his death, he had left his duchy to his youngest brother Casimir II the Just, who by their father's testament had remained without lands. However, High Duke Bolesław IV, against his late brother's will, occupied Sandomierz and annexed it to his Seniorate Province.This decision sparked the rebellion of Casimir II, which was supported by his brother Mieszko III; the magnate Jaksa of Miechów; Sviatoslav, son of Piotr Włostowic; Archbishop Jan I of Gniezno; and Bishop Gedko of Kraków. In February 1168 the rebels gathered at Jędrzejów, were Mieszko III was elected high duke and vested Casimir II with Sandomierz. The final defeat of Bolesław IV did not occur, however, because the high duke accepted the demands of the rebels and divided Henry's duchy into three parts: Wiślica was given to Casimir, Bolesław took Sandomierz proper, and the rest was left to Mieszko.","title":"Death of Henry of Sandomierz and revolt of Casimir II the Just"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaroslaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw,_Duke_of_Opole"},{"link_name":"Henry I the Bearded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_the_Bearded"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Opole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Opole"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Racibórz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Racib%C3%B3rz"}],"text":"In 1172 another conflict arose among the Silesian Piasts, when Duke Bolesław the Tall chose to ignore the claims of his first-born son, Jaroslaw, by designating his son from his second marriage, Henry I the Bearded, as his sole heir. When Jarosław, forced to become a priest, returned from his German exile, he claimed a share of the Silesian lands. Mieszko III supported his grandnephew in his demands, and a civil war was initiated.In order to prevent another Imperial intervention, High Duke Bolesław IV sent Mieszko III to Magdeburg, with the sum of 8,000 pieces of silver as a tribute to the Emperor and the promise to resolve this conflict soon. This time, the terms of the 1173 agreement were to be strictly realized. Bolesław the Tall retained his power over Wrocław; however, he had to cede the Silesian Duchy of Opole to his son Jarosław for life and furthermore had to agree on the division of the remaining Silesian lands with his younger brother Mieszko Tanglefoot, who assumed the rule in the new Duchy of Racibórz.","title":"Inheritance dispute in Silesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polska_1177-1194.PNG"},{"link_name":"agnatic seniority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatic_seniority"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland"},{"link_name":"Henryk Kietlicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Kietlicz"},{"link_name":"magnates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnate"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Greater_Poland,_Duchess_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Soběslav II of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sob%C4%9Bslav_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_of_Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Griffins"},{"link_name":"Bogislaw I of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogislaw_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian duchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Odon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odon_of_Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Gniezno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gniezno"},{"link_name":"Racibórz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz"}],"text":"Casimir's acquisitions (in green)After his brother Bolesław IV died on 3 April 1173, Mieszko III became the new high duke of Poland (dux Totius Poloniae) according to the principle of agnatic seniority. His policy focused on maintaining full power for himself, as the oldest surviving member of the dynasty. Despite his succession to the throne at Kraków, the new high duke remained in Greater Poland, while Lesser Poland was ruled by Henryk Kietlicz as a governor appointed by Mieszko. Harsh tax measures were introduced, which incurred the displeasure of the Lesser Polish magnates. On the other hand, Mieszko had several foreign policy successes through his daughter's marriages: Elisabeth married Duke Soběslav II of Bohemia circa 1173, and through the dynastic arrangement between his daughter Anastasia and the Griffin duke Bogislaw I of Pomerania, Mieszko reinforced Polish sovereignty over the Pomeranian duchy.In 1177 Mieszko III's first-born son, Odon, fearing for his inheritance, rebelled against his father. He was supported by Bishop Gedko of Kraków, his cousin Bolesław the Tall, and his uncle Casimir II the Just. For Odon, the main reason for his rebellion was the favoritism of Mieszko to the offspring of his second marriage and the attempts of the high duke to force him to become a priest so as to eliminate him from succession. To the other rebels, the reason was the harsh and dictatorial government of the high duke. The rebellion was a complete surprise to Mieszko; during Easter of 1177 he was totally convinced of the loyalty of his relatives, especially when the junior dukes organized a meeting at Gniezno, were the high duke was received by the crowds with cheers.At first Greater Poland remained strongly in Mieszko's hands, thanks to his governor Henryk Kietlicz, his most important follower. At the same time, Casimir II the Just, the clear head of the rebellion, made a divisionary treaty with his allies: all of Silesia was granted to Duke Bolesław the Tall and Greater Poland was given to Odon. This was a significant complication, because since 1173 Bolesław had ruled Silesia alongside his brother Mieszko Tanglefoot and his own son Jarosław of Opole. After they learned of this agreement, both Mieszko Tanglefoot and Jarosław sided with the high duke and rebelled against Bolesław the Tall, who now, busy fighting with his brother and son, lost the opportunity to gain Kraków and obtain the Seniorate Province for himself. In his place, it was Casimir II the Just who took control over the Seniorate Province, and, with this, was proclaimed the new high duke of Poland. After not seeing any possibility of continuing the resistance, Mieszko escaped to Racibórz, under the protection of his nephew and namesake Duke Mieszko Tanglefoot. However, shortly afterwards the deposed high duke decided to leave Poland and seek foreign support. Odon finally occupied all Greater Poland and was declared duke.","title":"High Duke of Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wielkopolska_za_czas%C3%B3w_Mieszka_III_Starego_(1138-1202).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Gniezno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Gniezno"},{"link_name":"Gniezno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gniezno"},{"link_name":"Kalisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisz"},{"link_name":"Obra River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obra_River"},{"link_name":"Henry VI of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Masovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Masovia"},{"link_name":"Kuyavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyavia"},{"link_name":"Leszek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leszek,_Duke_of_Masovia"},{"link_name":"Bolesław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_of_Kuyavia"}],"text":"Greater Poland under Mieszko III: Poznań, held by Odon 1177–82 Poznań, held by Odon 1177–1194, by Władysław III 1194–1202 Kalisz, conquered in 1181, held by Mieszko the Younger 1191–93, by Odon 1193–94 Gniezno, conquered in 1181 Kuyavia, held by Bolesław 1186–95By 1179, Mieszko went to Bohemia, ruled by his son-in-law Soběslav II, who nevertheless refused to help him. Mieszko then turned to Germany and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who offered help in his restoration on the Polish throne upon a payment of 10,000 pieces of silver, a sum that Mieszko couldn't amass. Finally in Pomerania, his other son-in-law Duke Bogislaw I agreed to help him. By the agency of his Pomeranian allies, Mieszko forged links with their Polish followers, grouped around Zdzisław, Archbishop of Gniezno, and in 1181 he was able to conquer the eastern Greater Polish lands of Gniezno and Kalisz, which at that time were part of the Seniorate Province. Soon after, Mieszko also managed to recover western Greater Poland, and Odon was pushed to the lands south of the Obra River. In 1182 a formal reconciliation between father and son was achieved. During these events, and for unknown reasons, High Duke Casimir II the Just remained in total passivity; thanks to this, Mieszko had the opportunity to recover all Greater Poland.Mieszko still had the intention to recover the lordship over all Poland. In 1184 he tried to forge an alliance with Frederick Barbarossa's son, King Henry VI of Germany, offering him a large sum of silver. Casimir II the Just, however, knew his intentions and had simply sent Henry more money than Mieszko.After his failure with the German king, Mieszko decided to take control over Masovia and Kuyavia, then ruled by his nephew Leszek, the only surviving son of Bolesław IV. Mieszko convinced Leszek to name him as his successor if he died without issue. However in 1185, one year before his death, Leszek changed his testament and appointed his younger uncle High Duke Casimir II the Just as his successor, possibly as a result of the harsh proceedings of the Duke of Greater Poland. This time Mieszko acted quickly, and upon Leszek's death in 1186 he took the Kuyavia region and annexed it to his Duchy. Shortly thereafter he ceded this land to his son Bolesław.","title":"Exile and return to Greater Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mieszko the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Kalisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisz"},{"link_name":"Władysław III Spindleshanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_Spindleshanks"},{"link_name":"Władysław Odonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Odonic"},{"link_name":"Leszek the White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leszek_I_the_White"},{"link_name":"Konrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_I_of_Masovia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mozgawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mozgawa"}],"text":"In 1191 the foreign policy of High Duke Casimir II the Just triggered dissatisfaction in the Lesser Poland nobility, led by Mieszko's former governor Henry Kietlicz. With the help of this opposition, Mieszko could finally reconquer Kraków and resume the High Ducal title. He decided to entrust the government of Kraków to one of his sons, either Bolesław or Mieszko the Younger. Casimir, however, quickly regained Kraków and the overlordship and the Prince-Governor was captured; however, he was soon released to be with his father. Probably after the failed expedition over Kraków, Mieszko gave to his son and namesake Mieszko the Younger the Greater Polish lands of Kalisz as his own duchy.When on 2 August 1193 Mieszko the Younger died, his Duchy of Kalisz reverted to the lands of Greater Poland. Shortly thereafter, Mieszko III granted Kalisz to his elder son Odon, who then died eight months later on 20 April 1194. These two early deaths forced Mieszko to make a new divisionary treaty: the duke retained Kalisz for himself, while southern Greater Poland was given to his youngest son Władysław III Spindleshanks, who also assumed the guardianship of the minor son of Odon, Władysław Odonic.High Duke Casimir II the Just died on 5 May 1194, and Mieszko's pretensions over Lesser Poland were reborn. Unfortunately, this time the local nobility preferred to see on the throne the minor sons of Casimir, Leszek the White and Konrad. Mieszko's attempts to retake the power ended at the bloody Battle of Mozgawa on 13 September 1195, where Mieszko himself was seriously injured and his son Bolesław of Kuyavia died. After the battle Mieszko withdrew to Kalisz without waiting for the Silesian troops of his allies, Mieszko Tanglefoot and Jarosław of Opole.","title":"Brief restoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helen of Znojmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_of_Znojmo"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Gryfita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miko%C5%82aj_Gryfita&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Battle of Mozgawa convinced Mieszko that to gain the throne through battle was extremely difficult, so he began to negotiate with the high duke's widow, Helen of Znojmo. In 1198 he finally was allowed to return to Lesser Poland, but was compelled to cede Kuyavia to Casimir's sons.In 1199, the voivode Mikołaj Gryfita and Bishop Fulko of Kraków again deposed Mieszko and restored Leszek the White as high duke; however, three years later a new settlement was made and Mieszko was able to return. He retained the title of high duke, but was forced to give up part of his powers. He died shortly afterwards; at that time, he had survived all his siblings and his sons except for Władysław III Spindleshanks, who succeeded him as Polish high duke and duke of Greater Poland.","title":"Final settlement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Hungary_(1128%E2%80%931154)"},{"link_name":"Béla II of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaffensperger2018114-5"},{"link_name":"Odon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odon_of_Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200564-6"},{"link_name":"Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_of_Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Greater_Poland_(1152%E2%80%931209)"},{"link_name":"Soběslav II of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sob%C4%9Bslav_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Conrad II of Landsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_II,_Margrave_of_Lusatia"},{"link_name":"Margrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrave"},{"link_name":"Lusatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200564-6"},{"link_name":"Wierzchoslawa Ludmilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wierzchoslawa_Ludmilla_of_Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"Frederick of Bitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"duke of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200564-6"},{"link_name":"Bernhard of Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard,_Count_of_Anhalt"},{"link_name":"duke of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200564-6"},{"link_name":"Eudoxia of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudoxia_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200564-6"},{"link_name":"Iziaslav II of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iziaslav_II_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"Bolesław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_of_Kuyavia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200564-6"},{"link_name":"Mieszko the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200564-6"},{"link_name":"Władysław III Spindleshanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_Spindleshanks"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200564-6"},{"link_name":"Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_of_Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"Bogislaw I of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogislaw_I_of_Pomerania"}],"text":"Around 1136, Mieszko married firstly with Elisabeth (b. ca. 1128 – d. ca. 1154), daughter of King Béla II of Hungary.[5] They had:Odon (b. ca. 1149 – d. 20 April 1194)[6]\nStephen (b. ca. 1150 – d. 18 October 1166/77?).\nElisabeth (b. 1152 – d. 2 April 1209), married firstly ca. 1173 to Duke Soběslav II of Bohemia and secondly c. January 1180 to Conrad II of Landsberg, Margrave of Lusatia[6]\nWierzchoslawa Ludmilla (b. bef. 1153 – d. bef. 1223), married ca. 1167 to Frederick of Bitsch, later duke of Lorraine[6]\nJudith (b. bef. 1154 – d. af. 12 December 1201), married ca. 1173 to Bernhard of Anhalt, later duke of Saxony[6]By 1154, Mieszko married secondly with Eudoxia of Kiev (b. ca. 1131 – d. aft. 1187),[6] possibly a daughter of Grand Prince Iziaslav II of Kiev. They had:Bolesław (b. 1159 – killed in the Battle of Mozgawą, 13 September 1195)[6]\nMieszko the Younger (b. ca. 1160/65 – d. 2 August 1193)[6]\nWładysław III Spindleshanks (b. ca. 1161/67 – d. 3 November 1231)[6]\nSalomea (b. ca. 1162/64 – d. 11 May ca. 1183), married bef. 1177 to Prince Ratibor (II) of Pomerania.\nAnastasia (b. ca. 1164 – d. aft. 31 May 1240), married on 26 April 1177 to Duke Bogislaw I of Pomerania.","title":"Marriages and issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Monarchs of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Legendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Legendary_rulers"},{"link_name":"Lech I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"Krakus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakus"},{"link_name":"Krakus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakus_II"},{"link_name":"Lech II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_II"},{"link_name":"Wanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Wanda"},{"link_name":"Leszko I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leszko_I"},{"link_name":"Leszko II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leszko_II"},{"link_name":"Leszko III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leszko_III"},{"link_name":"Popiel I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popiel_I"},{"link_name":"Popiel II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popiel"},{"link_name":"Chościsko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%C5%9Bcisko"},{"link_name":"Piast the Wheelwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_the_Wheelwright"},{"link_name":"Proto-historic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Semi-legendary_dukes_of_the_Polans_in_Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"Siemowit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemowit"},{"link_name":"Lestek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lestek"},{"link_name":"Siemomysł","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemomys%C5%82"},{"link_name":"Piast dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mieszko I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I"},{"link_name":"Bolesław I the Brave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave"},{"link_name":"Bezprym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezprym"},{"link_name":"Mieszko II Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_II_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Bolesław the Forgotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_the_Forgotten"},{"link_name":"Casimir I the Restorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_I_the_Restorer"},{"link_name":"Bolesław II the Bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Bold"},{"link_name":"Władysław I Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_Herman"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Bolesław III Wrymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth"},{"link_name":"Fragmentationperiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty#Fragmentation_of_the_realm_(1138%E2%80%931320)"},{"link_name":"Senior or Supreme Princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniorate_Province"},{"link_name":"Władysław II the Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_the_Exile"},{"link_name":"Bolesław IV the Curly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_IV_the_Curly"},{"link_name":"Mieszko III the Old","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Casimir II the Just","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_II_the_Just"},{"link_name":"Leszek the White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leszek_the_White"},{"link_name":"Władysław III Spindleshanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_Spindleshanks"},{"link_name":"Władysław Odonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Odonic"},{"link_name":"Mieszko IV Tanglefoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_IV_Tanglefoot"},{"link_name":"Konrad I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_I_of_Masovia"},{"link_name":"Henry the Bearded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Bearded"},{"link_name":"Henry II the Pious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious"},{"link_name":"Bolesław the Horned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Horned"},{"link_name":"Bolesław V the Chaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_V_the_Chaste"},{"link_name":"Leszek II the Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leszek_II_the_Black"},{"link_name":"Henryk IV Probus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_IV_Probus"},{"link_name":"Przemysł II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Greater Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland#Dukes_of_Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Little Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_sandomierscy"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Masovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Masovia"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Kuyavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adcy_Kujaw"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_%C5%82%C4%99czyccy"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerelia"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Přemyslid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Wenceslaus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Wenceslaus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Piast dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Władysław I Łokietek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_%C5%81okietek"},{"link_name":"Casimir III the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Capet-Anjou dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Louis I the Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Jadwiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Jagiellonian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Władysław II Jagiełło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o"},{"link_name":"Władysław III of Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Casimir IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon"},{"link_name":"John I Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_Albert"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon"},{"link_name":"Sigismund I the Old","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old"},{"link_name":"Sigismund II Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus"},{"link_name":"Elective monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Henry of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Anna Jagiellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon"},{"link_name":"Stephen Báthory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory"},{"link_name":"Sigismund III Vasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa"},{"link_name":"Władysław IV Vasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa"},{"link_name":"John II Casimir Vasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa"},{"link_name":"Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"link_name":"John III Sobieski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_Sobieski"},{"link_name":"Augustus II the Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong"},{"link_name":"Stanisław I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Augustus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Stanisław August Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"Authority control 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Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js2018979751&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810653423705606"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd128774398.html?language=en"}],"text":"Davies, Norman (2005). God's Playground A History of Poland. Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795. Oxford University Press.\nRaffensperger, Christian (2018). Conflict, Bargaining, and Kinship Networks in Medieval Eastern Europe. Lexington Books.vteMonarchs of PolandLegendary\nLech I\nKrakus I\nKrakus II\nLech II\nWanda\nLeszko I\nLeszko II\nLeszko III\nPopiel I\nPopiel II\nChościsko\nPiast the Wheelwright\nProto-historic\nSiemowit\nLestek\nSiemomysł\nPiast dynasty\nMieszko I\nBolesław I the Brave\nBezprym\nMieszko II Lambert\nBolesław the Forgotten\nCasimir I the Restorer\nBolesław II the Bold\nWładysław I Herman\nZbigniew\nBolesław III Wrymouth\nFragmentationperiodSenior or Supreme Princes\nWładysław II the Exile\nBolesław IV the Curly\nMieszko III the Old\nCasimir II the Just\nLeszek the White\nWładysław III Spindleshanks\nWładysław Odonic\nMieszko IV Tanglefoot\nKonrad I\nHenry the Bearded\nHenry II the Pious\nBolesław the Horned\nBolesław V the Chaste\nLeszek II the Black\nHenryk IV Probus\nPrzemysł II\n\nSee also: Dukes of Silesia\nDukes of Greater Poland\nDukes of Little Poland\nDukes of Masovia\nDukes of Kuyavia\nDukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca\nDukes of Gdańsk Pomerania\nDukes of PomeraniaPřemyslid dynasty\nWenceslaus II\nWenceslaus III\nRestored Piast dynasty\nWładysław I Łokietek\nCasimir III the Great\nCapet-Anjou dynasty\nLouis I the Hungarian\nJadwiga\nJagiellonian dynasty\nWładysław II Jagiełło\nWładysław III of Varna\nCasimir IV\nJohn I Albert\nAlexander\nSigismund I the Old\nSigismund II Augustus\nElective monarchy\nHenry of Valois\nAnna Jagiellon\nStephen Báthory\nSigismund III Vasa\nWładysław IV Vasa\nJohn II Casimir Vasa\nMichał Korybut Wiśniowiecki\nJohn III Sobieski\nAugustus II the Strong\nStanisław I\nAugustus III\nStanisław August Poniatowski\n\nItalics indicates monarch of questioned historicityAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nPoland\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Poland under the sons of Bolesław Wrymouth: Seniorate Province of Władysław II, composed of Eastern Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Western Kuyavia, Wieluń Land Silesian Province of Władysław II Masovian Province of Bolesław IV composed of Masovia and Eastern Kuyavia Greater Poland Province of Mieszko III composed of Western Great Poland Sandomierz Province of Henry Łęczyca Province of Salomea (Łęczyca Land, Sieradz Land) Pomeranian vassals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ustawa_sukcesyjna_Boles%C5%82awa_Krzywoustego.jpg/220px-Ustawa_sukcesyjna_Boles%C5%82awa_Krzywoustego.jpg"},{"image_text":"Casimir's acquisitions (in green)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Polska_1177-1194.PNG/220px-Polska_1177-1194.PNG"},{"image_text":"Greater Poland under Mieszko III: Poznań, held by Odon 1177–82 Poznań, held by Odon 1177–1194, by Władysław III 1194–1202 Kalisz, conquered in 1181, held by Mieszko the Younger 1191–93, by Odon 1193–94 Gniezno, conquered in 1181 Kuyavia, held by Bolesław 1186–95","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wielkopolska_za_czas%C3%B3w_Mieszka_III_Starego_%281138-1202%29.jpg/220px-Wielkopolska_za_czas%C3%B3w_Mieszka_III_Starego_%281138-1202%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"History of Poland (966–1385)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(966%E2%80%931385)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Mieszko III \| Polish prince\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381769/Mieszko-III","url_text":"\"Mieszko III \| Polish prince\""}]},{"reference":"von Güttner-Sporzyński, Darius. \"Mieszko III Stary\". Academia.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/399582","url_text":"\"Mieszko III Stary\""}]},{"reference":"Davies, Norman (2005). God's Playground A History of Poland. Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795. Oxford University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Raffensperger, Christian (2018). Conflict, Bargaining, and Kinship Networks in Medieval Eastern Europe. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyde_Browne_(antiquary)	Lyde Browne (antiquary)	["1 Life","2 Personal life","3 Notes","4 References and Further reading"]	British antiquarian Roman head of so-called Nieborów Niobe from Browne's collection, Nieborów Palace (division of National Museum in Warsaw). Lyde Browne FSA (died 10 September 1787, Foster Lane, Cheapside, London) was an 18th-century English antiquary and banker, who owned one of the largest antiquities collections of the time. This now forms the nucleus of the classical sculpture collections of the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg and the Pavlovsk Palace in the city's suburbs. The Hermitage Museum website calls him John Lyde-Brown, as does The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome. Life Browne was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1752 (though he resigned in 1772). He travelled to Florence and Rome between 1753 and 1754. In Rome in 1758, he met the sculptor Simon Vierpyl, the archaeologist William Wilkins, and the buyer and collector Thomas Jenkins. Jenkins became his buying agent, sending him drawings of the statues he had purchased. These drawings were often given by Browne to the Society of Antiquaries in London. By 1762, Browne moved the museum he had established in Rome back to his country house, Warren House in Wimbledon. In 1768, he published Catalogus veteris aevi varii generis monumentorum quae cimeliarchio Lyde Browne … asservantur (Catalogue of the various ancient monuments in the museum of Lyde Browne), a Latin catalogue of 130 of its objects with 80 detailed entries. That year, he also became a director of the Bank of England, a post he held until his death. He then took a second journey to Italy between 1776 and 1778, during which Pompeo Batoni painted his eldest daughter Frances's portrait. In 1779, he published Catologo dei piu scelti e preziosi marmi, che si conservano nella galleria del Sigr Lyde Browne (Catalogue of the choicest and most precious marbles in the gallery of Mr Lyde Browne), another (Italian) catalogue of 260 objects. Both this and the earlier catalogue provided provenance for marbles and other objects from well known Italian collections and excavations near Rome; a third seems to have been planned, judging by the survival of drawings of more objects from the collection by Giovanni Battista Cipriani prepared for engraving. His collection was in constant flux, with the buying and selling of many objects. He sold most of it to Catherine the Great for £22,000 in 1784, though his agent in St Petersburg went bankrupt and Browne only got £10,000 of this sum. Browne died soon afterwards, in 1787. Personal life Portrait of his daughter, Frances Lyde Browne, by Pompeo Batoni, c. 1776-1778 He married Margaret Barwell after 15 November 1751. He and his wife Margaret had a son also named Lyde Browne and five other children. Browne died of a stroke on 10 September 1787 at Foster Lane, Cheapside, London. On 30 May the following year, Christie's auctioned what remained of the collection (including paintings, terracotta models, prints, and drawings). Browne's estate at his death was still worth over £12,000 (divided equally into three bequests to his sons), along with many small gifts. Notes ^ "The Acquisition of the John Lyde Browne Collection 1787". www.hermitagemuseum.org/. Retrieved 22 November 2022. ^ Gagarin, Michael; Fantham, Elaine (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517072-6. ^ The European Magazine: And London Review 1786 - Google Books. 1786. ^ "London and Surrey, England, Marriage Bonds and Allegations, 1597-1921 for Margaret Barwell". www.ancestry.co.uk. ^ His home since 1752. References and Further reading I. Bignamini, C. Hornsby, Digging and Dealing in Eighteenth-Century Rome (2010), p. 244-246 J. Ingamells, ed., A Dictionary of British and Irish travellers in Italy, 1701–1800 (1997) will, Family Records Centre, London, PROB. 11/1156.398 GM, 1st ser., 57 (1787), 840 O. Neverov, ‘The Lyde Browne collection and the history of ancient sculpture at the Hermitage Museum’, American Journal of Archaeology, 88 (1984), 33–42 (available at JSTOR here) A. M. Clark, Pompeo Batoni: a complete catalogue of his works with an introductory text, ed. E. P. Bowron (1985) X. Gorbunova, ‘Classical sculpture from the Lyde Browne collection’, Apollo, 100 (1974), 460–467 Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rome_Niebor%C3%B3w_Niobe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nieborów Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niebor%C3%B3w_Palace"},{"link_name":"National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"FSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London"},{"link_name":"Foster Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_Lane"},{"link_name":"Cheapside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheapside"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"antiquary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquary"},{"link_name":"sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"Hermitage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_Museum"},{"link_name":"Pavlovsk Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovsk_Palace"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hermitagemuseum-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Roman head of so-called Nieborów Niobe from Browne's collection, Nieborów Palace (division of National Museum in Warsaw).Lyde Browne FSA (died 10 September 1787, Foster Lane, Cheapside, London) was an 18th-century English antiquary and banker, who owned one of the largest antiquities collections of the time. This now forms the nucleus of the classical sculpture collections of the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg and the Pavlovsk Palace in the city's suburbs. The Hermitage Museum website calls him John Lyde-Brown,[1] as does The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome.[2]","title":"Lyde Browne (antiquary)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Society of Antiquaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Simon Vierpyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_Vierpyl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilkins_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jenkins_(antiquary)"},{"link_name":"country house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_country_house"},{"link_name":"Warren House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannizaro_Park"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon,_London"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_directors_of_the_Bank_of_England"},{"link_name":"Bank of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pompeo Batoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeo_Batoni"},{"link_name":"provenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provenance"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Cipriani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Cipriani"},{"link_name":"Catherine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Browne was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1752 (though he resigned in 1772). He travelled to Florence and Rome between 1753 and 1754. In Rome in 1758, he met the sculptor Simon Vierpyl, the archaeologist William Wilkins, and the buyer and collector Thomas Jenkins. Jenkins became his buying agent, sending him drawings of the statues he had purchased. These drawings were often given by Browne to the Society of Antiquaries in London.By 1762, Browne moved the museum he had established in Rome back to his country house, Warren House in Wimbledon. In 1768, he published Catalogus veteris aevi varii generis monumentorum quae cimeliarchio Lyde Browne … asservantur (Catalogue of the various ancient monuments in the museum of Lyde Browne), a Latin catalogue of 130 of its objects with 80 detailed entries. That year,[citation needed] he also became a director of the Bank of England,[3] a post he held until his death.He then took a second journey to Italy between 1776 and 1778, during which Pompeo Batoni painted his eldest daughter Frances's portrait. In 1779, he published Catologo [sic] dei piu scelti e preziosi marmi, che si conservano nella galleria del Sigr Lyde Browne (Catalogue of the choicest and most precious marbles in the gallery of Mr Lyde Browne), another (Italian) catalogue of 260 objects. Both this and the earlier catalogue provided provenance for marbles and other objects from well known Italian collections and excavations near Rome; a third seems to have been planned, judging by the survival of drawings of more objects from the collection by Giovanni Battista Cipriani prepared for engraving.His collection was in constant flux, with the buying and selling of many objects. He sold most of it to Catherine the Great for £22,000 in 1784,[citation needed] though his agent in St Petersburg went bankrupt and Browne only got £10,000 of this sum. Browne died soon afterwards, in 1787.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pompeo_Batoni_(1708-1787)_-_Miss_Frances_Browne_Holding_Music_and_a_Wreath_-_267081_-_National_Trust.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pompeo Batoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeo_Batoni"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"son also named Lyde Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyde_Browne_(officer)"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"Foster Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_Lane"},{"link_name":"Cheapside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheapside"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Christie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s"}],"text":"Portrait of his daughter, Frances Lyde Browne, by Pompeo Batoni, c. 1776-1778He married Margaret Barwell after 15 November 1751.[4] He and his wife Margaret had a son also named Lyde Browne and five other children.Browne died of a stroke on 10 September 1787 at Foster Lane, Cheapside, London.[5] On 30 May the following year, Christie's auctioned what remained of the collection (including paintings, terracotta models, prints, and drawings). Browne's estate at his death was still worth over £12,000 (divided equally into three bequests to his sons), along with many small gifts.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hermitagemuseum_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Acquisition of the John Lyde Browne Collection 1787\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/explore/history/historical-article/!ut/p/z1/pZJRb4MgFIX_Svvgo4FGiu7RGTPj2i2t66q8GERmWQCtI7r9--Ge15qtPEG4l-9yzgEE5IBoOoiGGtFqKu25ILh8DkO88iKYPmRPEIbRZne_38TJY4DAKyCASN2Agutp2zFRg-KuxhV6q7Fb-Yy7iGPkBgGrXYxpHSAPU1ahqZpp05kTKE68V8LQhi-4diBrteHaOJD2RjDJPxxohOJSaO7Alb-GDpSSftWLqm9HDY5zMxJ7DS-sENp-MldSWIR_ERHZNwbBR3DQba-satkflUhmCfg3wjHalrtDvLe9_3PgOjRDN34r_ZH1ijE2XeL9fCahTcLk-acB-U1R6JQKPOXm0C3SYRxfElVuY28tm3C5_AboEk-U/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?lng=en"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&q=lyde-brown&pg=RA4-PA11"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-517072-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"The European Magazine: And London Review 1786 - Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=g1U3AAAAMAAJ&q=Lyde-Brown+bank+of+england+gentlemen%27s+magazine&pg=PA299"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"London and Surrey, England, Marriage Bonds and Allegations, 1597-1921 for Margaret Barwell\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ancestry.co.uk/search/collections/2056/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ \"The Acquisition of the John Lyde Browne Collection 1787\". www.hermitagemuseum.org/. Retrieved 22 November 2022.\n\n^ Gagarin, Michael; Fantham, Elaine (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517072-6.\n\n^ The European Magazine: And London Review 1786 - Google Books. 1786.\n\n^ \"London and Surrey, England, Marriage Bonds and Allegations, 1597-1921 for Margaret Barwell\". www.ancestry.co.uk.\n\n^ His home since 1752.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Family Records Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Records_Centre"},{"link_name":"American Journal of Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/504596"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6707544#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/305190789"}],"text":"I. Bignamini, C. Hornsby, Digging and Dealing in Eighteenth-Century Rome (2010), p. 244-246\nJ. Ingamells, ed., A Dictionary of British and Irish travellers in Italy, 1701–1800 (1997)\nwill, Family Records Centre, London, PROB. 11/1156.398\nGM, 1st ser., 57 (1787), 840\nO. Neverov, ‘The Lyde Browne collection and the history of ancient sculpture at the Hermitage Museum’, American Journal of Archaeology, 88 (1984), 33–42 (available at JSTOR here)\nA. M. Clark, Pompeo Batoni: a complete catalogue of his works with an introductory text, ed. E. P. Bowron (1985)\nX. Gorbunova, ‘Classical sculpture from the Lyde Browne collection’, Apollo, 100 (1974), 460–467Authority control databases \nVIAF","title":"References and Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Roman head of so-called Nieborów Niobe from Browne's collection, Nieborów Palace (division of National Museum in Warsaw).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rome_Niebor%C3%B3w_Niobe.jpg/220px-Rome_Niebor%C3%B3w_Niobe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of his daughter, Frances Lyde Browne, by Pompeo Batoni, c. 1776-1778","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pompeo_Batoni_%281708-1787%29_-_Miss_Frances_Browne_Holding_Music_and_a_Wreath_-_267081_-_National_Trust.jpg/220px-Pompeo_Batoni_%281708-1787%29_-_Miss_Frances_Browne_Holding_Music_and_a_Wreath_-_267081_-_National_Trust.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Acquisition of the John Lyde Browne Collection 1787\". www.hermitagemuseum.org/. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM-0902	AM-0902	["1 References"]	Chemical compound AM-0902Identifiers IUPAC name 1-({3--1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl}methyl)-7-methylpurin-6-one CAS Number1883711-97-4 YPubChem CID73297271ChemSpider58864849UNII3E4SQ96PCJChEMBLChEMBL3785736Chemical and physical dataFormulaC17H15ClN6O2Molar mass370.80 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES CN1C=NC2=C1C(=O)N(C=N2)CC3=NC(=NO3)CCC4=CC=C(C=C4)Cl InChI InChI=1S/C17H15ClN6O2/c1-23-9-19-16-15(23)17(25)24(10-20-16)8-14-21-13(22-26-14)7-4-11-2-5-12(18)6-3-11/h2-3,5-6,9-10H,4,7-8H2,1H3Key:AWJBWNUUODWOKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N AM-0902 is a drug which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for the TRPA1 receptor, and has analgesic and antiinflammatory effects. References ^ Schenkel LB, Olivieri PR, Boezio AA, Deak HL, Emkey R, Graceffa RF, et al. (March 2016). "Optimization of a Novel Quinazolinone-Based Series of Transient Receptor Potential A1 (TRPA1) Antagonists Demonstrating Potent in Vivo Activity". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 59 (6): 2794–809. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00039. PMID 26942860. ^ Huang Y, Chen SR, Chen H, Pan HL (May 2019). "Endogenous transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 and vanilloid 1 activity potentiates glutamatergic input to spinal lamina I neurons in inflammatory pain". Journal of Neurochemistry. 149 (3): 381–398. doi:10.1111/jnc.14677. PMC 6483867. PMID 30716174. vteTRP channel modulatorsTRPAActivators 4-Hydroxynonenal 4-Oxo-2-nonenal 4,5-EET 12S-HpETE 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) Acrolein Allicin (garlic) Allyl isothiocyanate (mustard, radish, horseradish, wasabi) AM404 ASP-7663 Bradykinin Cannabichromene (cannabis) Cannabidiol (cannabis) Cannabigerol (cannabis) Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon) CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO) CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile) Cuminaldehyde (cumin) Curcumin (turmeric) Dehydroligustilide (celery) Diallyl disulfide Dicentrine (Lindera spp.) Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid Formalin Gingerols (ginger) Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Hydrogen peroxide Icilin Isothiocyanate JT-010 Ligustilide (celery, Angelica acutiloba) Linalool (Sichuan pepper, thyme) Methylglyoxal Methyl salicylate (wintergreen) N-Methylmaleimide Nicotine (tobacco) Oleocanthal (olive oil) Paclitaxel (Pacific yew) Paracetamol (acetaminophen) PF-4840154 Phenacyl chloride Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper) Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) Tear gases Tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis) Tetrahydrocannabiorcol Thiopropanal S-oxide (onion) Umbellulone (Umbellularia californica) WIN 55,212-2 Blockers A-967079 AM-0902 Dehydroligustilide (celery) HC-030031 Nicotine (tobacco) PF-04745637 Ruthenium red TRPCActivators Adhyperforin (St John's wort) Diacyl glycerol GSK1702934A Hyperforin (St John's wort) Substance P Blockers DCDPC DHEA-S Flufenamic acid GSK417651A GSK2293017A Meclofenamic acid N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate Progesterone Pyr3 Tolfenamic acid TRPMActivators ADP-ribose BCTC Calcium (intracellular) CIM-0216 Cold Coolact P Cooling Agent 10 Eucalyptol (eucalyptus) Frescolat MGA Frescolat ML Geraniol Hydroxycitronellal Icilin Linalool Menthol (mint) PMD 38 Pregnenolone sulfate Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens) Steviol glycosides (e.g., stevioside) (Stevia rebaudiana) Sweet tastants (e.g., glucose, fructose, sucrose; indirectly) Thio-BCTC WS-12 Blockers AMG-333 Capsazepine Clotrimazole DCDPC Elismetrep Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid Nicotine (tobacco) Niflumic acid Ononetin PF-05105679 RQ-00203078 Ruthenium red Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens) Tolfenamic acid TPPO TRPM4-IN-5 TRPMLActivators EVP21 MK6-83 ML-SA1 ML2-SA1 PI(3,5)P2 SF-22 SN-2 Blockers ML-SI3 PI(4,5)P2 TRPPActivators Triptolide (Tripterygium wilfordii) Blockers Ruthenium red TRPVActivators 2-APB 5',6'-EET 9-HODE 9-oxoODE 12S-HETE 12S-HpETE 13-HODE 13-oxoODE 20-HETE α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) Allicin (garlic) AM404 Anandamide Bisandrographolide (Andrographis paniculata) Camphor (camphor laurel, rosemary, camphorweed, African blue basil, camphor basil) Cannabidiol (cannabis) Cannabidivarin (cannabis) Capsaicin (chili pepper) Carvacrol (oregano, thyme, pepperwort, wild bergamot, others) DHEA Diacyl glycerol Dihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper) Estradiol Eugenol (basil, clove) Evodiamine (Euodia ruticarpa) Gingerols (ginger) GSK1016790A Heat Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Homocapsaicin (chili pepper) Homodihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper) Incensole (incense) Lysophosphatidic acid Low pH (acidic conditions) Menthol (mint) N-Arachidonoyl dopamine N-Oleoyldopamine N-Oleoylethanolamide Nonivamide (PAVA) (PAVA spray) Nordihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper) Paclitaxel (Pacific yew) Paracetamol (acetaminophen) Phenylacetylrinvanil Phorbol esters (e.g., 4α-PDD) Piperine (black pepper, long pepper) Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper) Probenecid Protons RhTx Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens) Resiniferatoxin (RTX) (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii) Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) Tetrahydrocannabivarin (cannabis) Thymol (thyme, oregano) Tinyatoxin (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii) Tramadol Vanillin (vanilla) Zucapsaicin Blockers α-Spinasterol (Vernonia tweediana) AMG-517 AMG-9810 Asivatrep BCTC Cannabigerol (cannabis) Cannabigerolic acid (cannabis) Cannabigerovarin (cannabis) Cannabinol (cannabis) Capsazepine DCDPC DHEA DHEA-S Flufenamic acid GRC-6211 HC-067047 Lanthanum Mavatrep Meclofenamic acid N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid NGD-8243 Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate RN-1734 RN-9893 Ruthenium red SB-366791 SB-705498 Tivanisiran Tolfenamic acid TRPV3-74a See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Ion channel modulators This pharmacology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"TRPA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPA1"},{"link_name":"analgesic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic"},{"link_name":"antiinflammatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiinflammatory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"AM-0902 is a drug which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for the TRPA1 receptor, and has analgesic and antiinflammatory effects.[1][2]","title":"AM-0902"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Schenkel LB, Olivieri PR, Boezio AA, Deak HL, Emkey R, Graceffa RF, et al. (March 2016). \"Optimization of a Novel Quinazolinone-Based Series of Transient Receptor Potential A1 (TRPA1) Antagonists Demonstrating Potent in Vivo Activity\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Zawiyah_Governorate	Az Zawiyah Governorate	["1 Notes"]	Coordinates: 32°34′00″N 12°10′30″E / 32.56667°N 12.17500°E / 32.56667; 12.17500Governorate of Libya Location of Az Zawiyah Governorate (1963-1973) within Libya Az Zawiyah Governorate was one of the governorates (muhafazah) of Libya from 1963 to 1983. Its capital was Zawiya. It was created out of the northwestern part of Tripolitania province. The governorate's population was 190,708 in 1964 and had risen to 231,242 by 1972. Notes ^ Metz, Helen Chapin (editor) (1988) Libya: a country study (Area handbook series) Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., pages 185, 190, OCLC 229421743; available electronically here ^ Fisher, Morris (1985) Provinces and provincial capitals of the world (second edition) Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New jersey, page 88, ISBN 0-8108-1758-6 ^ United States, Department of the Army (1973) "Table 1. Distribution of the Population of Libya, by Governorates 1964 and 1972" Libya (Department of the Army pamphlet 550) Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. page 60 32°34′00″N 12°10′30″E / 32.56667°N 12.17500°E / 32.56667; 12.17500 This Libya location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Governatorato_di_Zauia.png"},{"link_name":"governorates (muhafazah)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Zawiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiya,_Libya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tripolitania province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolitania_(province_of_Libya)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Governorate of LibyaLocation of Az Zawiyah Governorate (1963-1973) within LibyaAz Zawiyah Governorate was one of the governorates (muhafazah) of Libya from 1963 to 1983.[1] Its capital was Zawiya.[2] It was created out of the northwestern part of Tripolitania province.The governorate's population was 190,708 in 1964 and had risen to 231,242 by 1972.[3]","title":"Az Zawiyah Governorate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Metz, Helen Chapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"229421743","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/229421743"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/lytoc.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8108-1758-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-1758-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"page 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6xo8ZEE4TCIC&q=Gharyan+180%2C883"},{"link_name":"32°34′00″N 12°10′30″E / 32.56667°N 12.17500°E / 32.56667; 12.17500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Az_Zawiyah_Governorate&params=32_34_00_N_12_10_30_E_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_map_of_Libya.svg"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Az_Zawiyah_Governorate&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Libya-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Libya-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libya-geo-stub"}],"text":"^ Metz, Helen Chapin (editor) (1988) Libya: a country study (Area handbook series) Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., pages 185, 190, OCLC 229421743; available electronically here\n\n^ Fisher, Morris (1985) Provinces and provincial capitals of the world (second edition) Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New jersey, page 88, ISBN 0-8108-1758-6\n\n^ United States, Department of the Army (1973) \"Table 1. Distribution of the Population of Libya, by Governorates 1964 and 1972\" Libya (Department of the Army pamphlet 550) Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. page 6032°34′00″N 12°10′30″E / 32.56667°N 12.17500°E / 32.56667; 12.17500This Libya location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Location of Az Zawiyah Governorate (1963-1973) within Libya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Governatorato_di_Zauia.png/250px-Governatorato_di_Zauia.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Az_Zawiyah_Governorate&params=32_34_00_N_12_10_30_E_","external_links_name":"32°34′00″N 12°10′30″E / 32.56667°N 12.17500°E / 32.56667; 12.17500"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/229421743","external_links_name":"229421743"},{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/lytoc.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6xo8ZEE4TCIC&q=Gharyan+180%2C883","external_links_name":"page 60"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Az_Zawiyah_Governorate&params=32_34_00_N_12_10_30_E_","external_links_name":"32°34′00″N 12°10′30″E / 32.56667°N 12.17500°E / 32.56667; 12.17500"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Az_Zawiyah_Governorate&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slatina,_Suceava	Slatina, Suceava	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 47°28′N 26°0′E / 47.467°N 26.000°E / 47.467; 26.000Commune in Suceava, RomaniaSlatinaCommuneRural landscape in Slatina, Suceava county Coat of armsLocation in Suceava CountySlatinaLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 47°28′N 26°0′E / 47.467°N 26.000°E / 47.467; 26.000CountryRomaniaCountySuceavaPopulation (2021-12-01)4,837Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Vehicle reg.SV Slatina is a commune located in Suceava County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Găinești, Herla and Slatina. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slatina commune, Suceava. vteSuceava County, RomaniaCities Suceava (county seat) Câmpulung Moldovenesc Fălticeni Rădăuți Vatra Dornei Towns Broșteni Cajvana Dolhasca Frasin Gura Humorului Liteni Milișăuți Salcea Siret Solca Vicovu de Sus Communes Adâncata Arbore Baia Bălăceana Bălcăuți Berchișești Bilca Bogdănești Boroaia Bosanci Botoșana Breaza Brodina Bunești Burla Cacica Calafindești Capu Câmpului Cârlibaba Ciocănești Ciprian Porumbescu Comănești Cornu Luncii Coșna Crucea Dărmănești Dolhești Dorna-Arini Dorna Candrenilor Dornești Drăgoiești Drăgușeni Dumbrăveni Fântâna Mare Fântânele Forăști Frătăuții Noi Frătăuții Vechi Frumosu Fundu Moldovei Gălănești Grămești Grănicești Hănțești Hârtop Horodnic de Jos Horodnic de Sus Horodniceni Iacobeni Iaslovăț Ilișești Ipotești Izvoarele Sucevei Mălini Mănăstirea Humorului Marginea Mitocu Dragomirnei Moara Moldova-Sulița Moldovița Mușenița Ostra Păltinoasa Panaci Pârteștii de Jos Pătrăuți Poiana Stampei Poieni-Solca Pojorâta Preutești Putna Rădășeni Râșca Sadova Șaru Dornei Satu Mare Șcheia Șerbăuți Siminicea Slatina Straja Stroiești Stulpicani Sucevița Todirești Udești Ulma Vadu Moldovei Valea Moldovei Vama Vatra Moldoviței Verești Vicovu de Jos Voitinel Volovăț Vulturești Zamostea Zvoriștea References ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics. This Suceava County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Suceava County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suceava_County"},{"link_name":"Western Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Slatina commune, Suceava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Slatina_commune,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Suceava_County"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Suceava_County"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suceava_County"},{"link_name":"Suceava County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suceava_County"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipiu"},{"link_name":"Suceava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suceava"},{"link_name":"Câmpulung Moldovenesc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2mpulung_Moldovenesc"},{"link_name":"Fălticeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%83lticeni"},{"link_name":"Rădăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Vatra Dornei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatra_Dornei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Actual_Suceava_county_CoA.png"},{"link_name":"Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Broșteni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro%C8%99teni,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Cajvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajvana"},{"link_name":"Dolhasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolhasca"},{"link_name":"Frasin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasin"},{"link_name":"Gura Humorului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gura_Humorului"},{"link_name":"Liteni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liteni"},{"link_name":"Milișăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mili%C8%99%C4%83u%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Salcea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salcea"},{"link_name":"Siret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siret"},{"link_name":"Solca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solca"},{"link_name":"Vicovu de Sus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicovu_de_Sus"},{"link_name":"Communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Adâncata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A2ncata,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Arbore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbore"},{"link_name":"Baia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baia"},{"link_name":"Bălăceana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83l%C4%83ceana"},{"link_name":"Bălcăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83lc%C4%83u%C8%9Bi,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Berchișești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchi%C8%99e%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Bilca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilca"},{"link_name":"Bogdănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogd%C4%83ne%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Boroaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroaia"},{"link_name":"Bosanci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosanci,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Botoșana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boto%C8%99ana"},{"link_name":"Breaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaza,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Brodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodina"},{"link_name":"Bunești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bune%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Burla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burla,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Cacica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacica"},{"link_name":"Calafindești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calafinde%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Capu Câmpului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capu_C%C3%A2mpului"},{"link_name":"Cârlibaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2rlibaba"},{"link_name":"Ciocănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cioc%C4%83ne%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Ciprian Porumbescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprian_Porumbescu,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Comănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C4%83ne%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Cornu Luncii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornu_Luncii"},{"link_name":"Coșna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C8%99na"},{"link_name":"Crucea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucea,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Dărmănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%83rm%C4%83ne%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Dolhești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolhe%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Dorna-Arini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorna-Arini"},{"link_name":"Dorna Candrenilor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorna_Candrenilor"},{"link_name":"Dornești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorne%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Drăgoiești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C4%83goie%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Drăgușeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C4%83gu%C8%99eni,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Dumbrăveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbr%C4%83veni,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Fântâna Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A2nt%C3%A2na_Mare"},{"link_name":"Fântânele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A2nt%C3%A2nele,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Forăști","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C4%83%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Frătăuții Noi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%83t%C4%83u%C8%9Bii_Noi"},{"link_name":"Frătăuții Vechi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%83t%C4%83u%C8%9Bii_Vechi"},{"link_name":"Frumosu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumosu"},{"link_name":"Fundu Moldovei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundu_Moldovei"},{"link_name":"Gălănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%83l%C4%83ne%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Grămești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%83me%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Grănicești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%83nice%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Hănțești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%83n%C8%9Be%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Hârtop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2rtop,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Horodnic de Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horodnic_de_Jos"},{"link_name":"Horodnic de Sus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horodnic_de_Sus"},{"link_name":"Horodniceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horodniceni"},{"link_name":"Iacobeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobeni,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Iaslovăț","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaslov%C4%83%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Ilișești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ili%C8%99e%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Ipotești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipote%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Izvoarele Sucevei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvoarele_Sucevei"},{"link_name":"Mălini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83lini"},{"link_name":"Mănăstirea Humorului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Humorului"},{"link_name":"Marginea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginea"},{"link_name":"Mitocu Dragomirnei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitocu_Dragomirnei"},{"link_name":"Moara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moara,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Moldova-Sulița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova-Suli%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Moldovița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovi%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Mușenița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C8%99eni%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Ostra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostra,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Păltinoasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83ltinoasa"},{"link_name":"Panaci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaci"},{"link_name":"Pârteștii de Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2rte%C8%99tii_de_Jos"},{"link_name":"Pătrăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83tr%C4%83u%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Poiana Stampei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poiana_Stampei"},{"link_name":"Poieni-Solca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poieni-Solca"},{"link_name":"Pojorâta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pojor%C3%A2ta"},{"link_name":"Preutești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preute%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Putna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putna,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Rădășeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83d%C4%83%C8%99eni"},{"link_name":"Râșca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A2%C8%99ca,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Sadova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadova,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Șaru Dornei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98aru_Dornei"},{"link_name":"Satu Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satu_Mare,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Șcheia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98cheia,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Șerbăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98erb%C4%83u%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Siminicea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siminicea"},{"link_name":"Slatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Straja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straja,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Stroiești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroie%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Stulpicani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stulpicani"},{"link_name":"Sucevița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucevi%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Todirești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todire%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Udești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ude%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Ulma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulma,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Vadu Moldovei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadu_Moldovei"},{"link_name":"Valea Moldovei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valea_Moldovei"},{"link_name":"Vama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vama,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Vatra Moldoviței","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatra_Moldovi%C8%9Bei"},{"link_name":"Verești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vere%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Vicovu de Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicovu_de_Jos"},{"link_name":"Voitinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voitinel"},{"link_name":"Volovăț","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volov%C4%83%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Vulturești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture%C8%99ti,_Suceava"},{"link_name":"Zamostea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamostea"},{"link_name":"Zvoriștea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvori%C8%99tea"}],"text":"Commune in Suceava, RomaniaSlatina is a commune located in Suceava County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Găinești, Herla and Slatina.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slatina commune, Suceava.vteSuceava County, RomaniaCities\nSuceava (county seat)\nCâmpulung Moldovenesc\nFălticeni\nRădăuți\nVatra Dornei\nTowns\nBroșteni\nCajvana\nDolhasca\nFrasin\nGura Humorului\nLiteni\nMilișăuți\nSalcea\nSiret\nSolca\nVicovu de Sus\nCommunes\nAdâncata\nArbore\nBaia\nBălăceana\nBălcăuți\nBerchișești\nBilca\nBogdănești\nBoroaia\nBosanci\nBotoșana\nBreaza\nBrodina\nBunești\nBurla\nCacica\nCalafindești\nCapu Câmpului\nCârlibaba\nCiocănești\nCiprian Porumbescu\nComănești\nCornu Luncii\nCoșna\nCrucea\nDărmănești\nDolhești\nDorna-Arini\nDorna Candrenilor\nDornești\nDrăgoiești\nDrăgușeni\nDumbrăveni\nFântâna Mare\nFântânele\nForăști\nFrătăuții Noi\nFrătăuții Vechi\nFrumosu\nFundu Moldovei\nGălănești\nGrămești\nGrănicești\nHănțești\nHârtop\nHorodnic de Jos\nHorodnic de Sus\nHorodniceni\nIacobeni\nIaslovăț\nIlișești\nIpotești\nIzvoarele Sucevei\nMălini\nMănăstirea Humorului\nMarginea\nMitocu Dragomirnei\nMoara\nMoldova-Sulița\nMoldovița\nMușenița\nOstra\nPăltinoasa\nPanaci\nPârteștii de Jos\nPătrăuți\nPoiana Stampei\nPoieni-Solca\nPojorâta\nPreutești\nPutna\nRădășeni\nRâșca\nSadova\nȘaru Dornei\nSatu Mare\nȘcheia\nȘerbăuți\nSiminicea\nSlatina\nStraja\nStroiești\nStulpicani\nSucevița\nTodirești\nUdești\nUlma\nVadu Moldovei\nValea Moldovei\nVama\nVatra Moldoviței\nVerești\nVicovu de Jos\nVoitinel\nVolovăț\nVulturești\nZamostea\nZvoriștea","title":"Slatina, Suceava"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killara,_New_South_Wales	Killara	["1 History","2 Heritage listings","3 Transport","4 Development","4.1 Schools","4.2 Churches","4.3 Clubs","4.4 Commercial","5 Residential style","6 Politics","7 Demographics","8 Notable residents","9 References","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 33°46′07″S 151°09′48″E / 33.76864°S 151.16347°E / -33.76864; 151.16347For the river in Victoria known as Killara, see Darlot Creek. Suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaKillaraSydney, New South WalesResidential home, Springdale Road, KillaraKillaraPopulation10,620 (2021 census) • Density2,181/km2 (5,648/sq mi)Established1821Postcode(s)2071Elevation120 m (394 ft)Area4.87 km2 (1.9 sq mi)Location14 km (9 mi) north-west of Sydney CBDLGA(s)Ku-ring-gai CouncilState electorate(s)DavidsonFederal division(s)Bradfield Suburbs around Killara: Gordon Gordon East Killara West Pymble Killara East Lindfield Macquarie Park Lindfield Lindfield Killara (/kɪlɑːrə/) is a suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) north-west of the Sydney Central Business District in the local government area of Ku-ring-gai Council. East Killara is a separate suburb and West Killara is a locality within Killara. History This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Has Marian Street Theatre been reopened?. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2024) Killara is an Aboriginal word meaning permanent or always there. The name of the suburb was chosen when the railway line opened in 1899. James George Edwards was a representative of the people who requested a station be built here. The suburb was established as a 'Gentlemen's suburb', designed so that there would be no commercial ventures in the area. For this reason, the suburb has very few shops in the original development. Killara Post Office opened on 7 November 1904. Killara later became the home of the famous architect Harry Seidler, whose home—designed by him and his wife Penelope in the 1960s—can still be seen in Kalang Avenue. It is sometimes known as Killara House and sometimes as Harry and Penelope Seidler House. The couple moved into the house on Harry Seidler's birthday in 1967. The garden contains a sculpture by the Los Angeles sculptor Eric Orr. The house is heritage-listed. Marian Street Theatre played a significant role in the cultural life of the North Shore. The Theatre is temporarily closed for renovation works. Heritage listings Killara has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: 13 Kalang Avenue: Harry and Penelope Seidler House 1 Werona Avenue: Woodlands, Killara Transport Killara is home to a train station that connects to the T1 and T9 lines for routes to Berowra via Gordon, City via Gordon on the T1 or routes through North Shore via City on the T9. The Pacific Highway is the main road thoroughfare through Killara. CDC NSW operates two bus routes through Killara: 556: Lindfield to East Killara. 565: Chatswood to Macquarie University via Roseville, Lindfield and Macquarie Park. Development The Swain Gardens were donated to Ku-ring-gai Council by Mr Swain, a Sydney bookseller, in the 1920s, and are today maintained by the council and volunteers. The gardens have been listed by the National Trust of Australia. Schools Killara is served by two public primary schools, Killara Public School and Beaumont Road Public School. The suburb is also home to Killara High School, one of the highest performing non-selective government secondary school in New South Wales. A short-lived private school in Killara, Abbotsholme College, counted two future prime ministers among its pupils. Greengate Hotel, Pacific Highway Killara Uniting Church designed by Carlyle Greenwell St Martin's Anglican Church Killara is also home to some child care centres, including Handprints Pre School and Child Care Churches Churches in the suburb include St Martin's Anglican Church and Killara Uniting Church (formerly Killara Congregational Church) on Karranga Avenue. Clubs Killara has recreational sport centres like Killara lawn tennis club and Killara golf club, which is ranked in the Top 100 golf courses in Australia and picturesque views to the Blue Mountains has attracted Golfers. Commercial Commercial developments are located along the Pacific Highway, including the Greengate Hotel, Beacon lighting, Poolwerx, and Killara hotel. Residents usually travel to nearby suburbs of Gordon, Macquarie Park and Chatswood for regular shopping. Residential style The majority of residential properties are built in the Federation and Californian Bungalow styles, although the suburb includes many other styles. The Harry and Penelope Seidler House at 13 Kalang Avenue was designed by Harry and Penelope Seidler. The 1960s-era modern-design home, constructed with reinforced masonry walls, concrete floors and roof, rubble-stone retaining walls and fireplace, won the Wilkinson Award in 1967. Federation house, Arnold Street Federation bungalow, Northcote Avenue Arts and crafts house, Arnold Street Tudor revival house, Arnold Street Tudor revival house, Stanhope Road Neoclassical (post-war) house, Stanhope Road Federation revival house, Springdale Road Contemporary home, Kylie Avenue Modern house (c. 2005), Arnold Street Old English house common within the area The home of architect Harry Seidler in Kalang Avenue Politics For federal elections, Killara lies in the electorate of Bradfield, currently represented by Paul Fletcher. For state elections, Killara falls under the state electoral district of Davidson. The member for Davidson is Matt Cross. In terms of local government, Killara is part of the Ku-ring-gai municipal council. Demographics Rosetta Avenue In the 2021 Australian census, the total population of Killara was 10,620 people; 48.1 percent were male and 51.9 percent were female. 50.6% of people were born in Australia. The most common other countries of birth were China 13.8%, England 4.3%, Hong Kong 4.0%, South Korea 2.7% and India 2.2%. 56.1% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 17.3%, Cantonese 7.8%, Korean 3.4%, Hindi 1.1%, and Japanese 1.0%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 43.4%, Catholic 15.4% and Anglican 12.5%, Of persons aged 15 years and over, 57.4% were married, 29.0% never married, 5.5% widowed, 6.2% divorced, and 1.8% separated. The median weekly personal income was $1,117, compared with $805 nationally. The median weekly household income was $2,802, compared with $1,746 nationally. The median weekly family income was $3,294, compared with $2,120 nationally. At the 2021 census, 54.7% of occupied private dwellings were separate houses and 42.6% were flat or apartments. The average household size was 2.8 people. Notable residents John Alexander OAM MP- Tennis champion and former Federal Member for Bennelong Robert Alan Crook – electrical engineer, owner of Alan Crook Electrical manufacturers Kim Gamble – children's book illustrator and artist Carlyle Greenwell – Architect, philanthropist and designer of Killara Uniting Church and many, now heritage listed, houses. Peter Jackson – boxer, British Commonwealth and Heavyweight champion. David Koch, an Australian financial analyst, television presenter and host of Sunrise on the Seven Network. Elle Macpherson – grew up in Killara and also attended the local high school, Killara High School. Harry Messel – head of the School of Physics at Sydney University, Australian Atomic Energy Commission (1975-1981), Chancellor of Bond University (1992-1997). Charles Scrivener – surveyor Penelope Seidler – architect Ethel Turner – author of Seven Little Australians lived on a large property now known as Kiamala Crescent. Jim Waley – a former presenter and newsreader for National Nine News. References ^ a b c d Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Killara (NSW)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 30 January 2024. ^ a b The Book of Sydney Suburbs, Compiled by Frances Pollon, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990, Published in Australia ISBN 0-207-14495-8, page 136 ^ Phoenix Auctions History. "Post Office List". Phoenix Auctions. Retrieved 27 January 2021. ^ "Heritage". NSW Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 9 June 2023. ^ "Marian Street Theatre ". Dictionary of Sydney. Retrieved 16 November 2019. ^ "Harry and Penelope Seidler House". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01793. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ "Woodlands". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01762. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ "Killara Station". transportnsw.info. Culworth Ave, Killara. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024. ^ "Lindfield to East Killara (Loop Service)". moovitapp.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024. ^ "Chatswood to Macquarie University". moovitapp.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024. ^ "You live and learn". Archived from the original on 18 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011. ^ "Outstanding HSC Results for Killara High School Students". ^ "Literacy push sends results through roof". The Sydney Morning Herald. 16 December 2010. ^ Tom Frame (2005). The Life and Death of Harold Holt. Allen & Unwin. p. 4. ^ Don Whitington (1972). Twelfth Man?. The Jacaranda Press. p. 144. ^ "Childcare & Preschool in Killara 2071". Handprints Early Learning Centres & Preschool. Retrieved 9 June 2023. ^ "Killara Lawn Tennis Club \| Tennis North Shore Sydney". Retrieved 9 June 2023. ^ "Home". ^ "Greengate Hotel – Heart of the North Shore". Greengate Hotel. Retrieved 9 June 2023. ^ 21 Lorne Avenue, Killara State Heritage Register ^ 5 Locksley Avenue, Killara State Heritage Register ^ 8 Nyora Street, Killara State Heritage Register ^ 7.4 Woodlands 1 Werona Avenue Killara Heritage Council of NSW Meeting 7 June 2006 page 6 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Killara, New South Wales. Zeny Edwards and Joan Rowland (2008). "Killara". Dictionary of Sydney. Retrieved 27 September 2015. Ailsa McPherson (2012). "Marian Street Theatre, Community Theatre and Northside Theatre". Dictionary of Sydney. Dictionary of Sydney Trust. Retrieved 10 October 2015. 33°46′07″S 151°09′48″E / 33.76864°S 151.16347°E / -33.76864; 151.16347 vteSuburbs and localities of Ku-ring-gai Council, North Shore, SydneySuburbs East Killara East Lindfield Gordon Killara Lindfield North Turramurra North Wahroonga Pymble Roseville Roseville Chase South Turramurra St Ives St Ives Chase Turramurra Wahroonga Warrawee West Pymble Bradfield (former) Localities East Gordon East Turramurra West Killara List of Sydney suburbs	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darlot Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlot_Creek"},{"link_name":"/kɪlɑːrə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"Upper North Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Sydney)"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Sydney Central Business District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Central_Business_District"},{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Ku-ring-gai Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku-ring-gai_Council"},{"link_name":"East Killara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Killara,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"West Killara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Killara,_New_South_Wales"}],"text":"For the river in Victoria known as Killara, see Darlot Creek.Suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaKillara (/kɪlɑːrə/) is a suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) north-west of the Sydney Central Business District in the local government area of Ku-ring-gai Council. East Killara is a separate suburb and West Killara is a locality within Killara.","title":"Killara"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aborigine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Book_of_Sydney_Suburbs-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Book_of_Sydney_Suburbs-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post_Office-3"},{"link_name":"Harry Seidler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Seidler"},{"link_name":"Harry and Penelope Seidler House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_and_Penelope_Seidler_House"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Eric Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Orr"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Marian Street Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Street_Theatre"},{"link_name":"North Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Sydney)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dictionary-5"}],"text":"Killara is an Aboriginal word meaning permanent or always there.[2] The name of the suburb was chosen when the railway line opened in 1899. James George Edwards was a representative of the people who requested a station be built here. The suburb was established as a 'Gentlemen's suburb', designed so that there would be no commercial ventures in the area. For this reason, the suburb has very few shops in the original development.[2]Killara Post Office opened on 7 November 1904.[3]Killara later became the home of the famous architect Harry Seidler, whose home—designed by him and his wife Penelope in the 1960s—can still be seen in Kalang Avenue. It is sometimes known as Killara House and sometimes as Harry and Penelope Seidler House. The couple moved into the house on Harry Seidler's birthday in 1967. The garden contains a sculpture by the Los Angeles sculptor Eric Orr. The house is heritage-listed.[4]Marian Street Theatre played a significant role in the cultural life of the North Shore. The Theatre is temporarily closed for renovation works.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry and Penelope Seidler House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_and_Penelope_Seidler_House"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1793-6"},{"link_name":"Woodlands, Killara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlands,_Killara"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1762-7"}],"text":"Killara has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:13 Kalang Avenue: Harry and Penelope Seidler House[6]\n1 Werona Avenue: Woodlands, Killara[7]","title":"Heritage listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Killara is home to a train station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killara_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pacific Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Highway_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"CDC NSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_NSW"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Killara is home to a train station that connects to the T1 and T9 lines for routes to Berowra via Gordon, City via Gordon on the T1 or routes through North Shore via City on the T9.[8]The Pacific Highway is the main road thoroughfare through Killara.CDC NSW operates two bus routes through Killara:556: Lindfield to East Killara.[9]565: Chatswood to Macquarie University via Roseville, Lindfield and Macquarie Park.[10]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Trust of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Swain Gardens were donated to Ku-ring-gai Council by Mr Swain, a Sydney bookseller, in the 1920s, and are today maintained by the council and volunteers. The gardens have been listed by the National Trust of Australia.[citation needed]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Killara Public School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killara_Public_School"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Killara High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killara_High_School"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Abbotsholme College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbotsholme_College"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Killara_Greengate_Hotel_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Killara_Uniting_Church,_9_Karranga_Avenue,_Killara,_New_South_Wales,_Australia_(2010-12-04)_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carlyle Greenwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlyle_Greenwell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Martin%27s_Anglican_Church,_Killara,_New_South_Wales_(2010-12-04)_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Schools","text":"Killara is served by two public primary schools, Killara Public School and Beaumont Road Public School.[11] The suburb is also home to Killara High School, one of the highest performing non-selective government secondary school in New South Wales.[12][13] A short-lived private school in Killara, Abbotsholme College, counted two future prime ministers among its pupils.[14][15]Greengate Hotel, Pacific Highway\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKillara Uniting Church designed by Carlyle Greenwell\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt Martin's Anglican ChurchKillara is also home to some child care centres, including Handprints Pre School and Child Care[16]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Churches","text":"Churches in the suburb include St Martin's Anglican Church and Killara Uniting Church (formerly Killara Congregational Church) on Karranga Avenue.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Blue Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(New_South_Wales)"}],"sub_title":"Clubs","text":"Killara has recreational sport centres like Killara lawn tennis club[17] and Killara golf club,[18] which is ranked in the Top 100 golf courses in Australia and picturesque views to the Blue Mountains has attracted Golfers.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Commercial","text":"Commercial developments are located along the Pacific Highway, including the Greengate Hotel,[19] Beacon lighting, Poolwerx, and Killara hotel. Residents usually travel to nearby suburbs of Gordon, Macquarie Park and Chatswood for regular shopping.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_architecture"},{"link_name":"Californian Bungalow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californian_Bungalow"},{"link_name":"Harry and Penelope Seidler House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_and_Penelope_Seidler_House"},{"link_name":"Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Seidler"},{"link_name":"Wilkinson Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkinson_Award"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:11_Arnold_Street,_Killara,_New_South_Wales_(2010-12-04).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:15_Northcote_Avenue,_Killara,_New_South_Wales_(2011-06-15).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:40_Arnold_Street,_Killara,_New_South_Wales_(2010-12-04)_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:46_Arnold_Street,_Killara,_New_South_Wales_(2010-12-04)_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:70_Stanhope_Road,_Killara,_New_South_Wales_(2010-12-04).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:75_Stanhope_Road,_Killara,_New_South_Wales_(2010-12-04).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:73_Springdale_Road,_Killara,_New_South_Wales_(2010-12-04).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5_Kylie_Avenue,_Killara,_New_South_Wales_(2011-06-15)_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:71_Arnold_Street,_Killara,_New_South_Wales_(2010-12-04).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(1)Old_English_style_house_Killara-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudorbethan_architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(1)Seidler_house_Kalang_Avenue-3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harry Seidler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Seidler"}],"text":"The majority of residential properties are built in the Federation and Californian Bungalow styles, although the suburb includes many other styles.The Harry and Penelope Seidler House at 13 Kalang Avenue was designed by Harry and Penelope Seidler. The 1960s-era modern-design home, constructed with reinforced masonry walls, concrete floors and roof, rubble-stone retaining walls and fireplace, won the Wilkinson Award in 1967.Federation house, Arnold Street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFederation bungalow, Northcote Avenue\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArts and crafts house, Arnold Street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTudor revival house, Arnold Street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTudor revival house, Stanhope Road\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNeoclassical (post-war) house, Stanhope Road\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFederation revival house, Springdale Road\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tContemporary home, Kylie Avenue\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tModern house (c. 2005), Arnold Street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld English house common within the area\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe home of architect Harry Seidler in Kalang Avenue","title":"Residential style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"federal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"electorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Bradfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Bradfield"},{"link_name":"Paul Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Fletcher_(politician)"},{"link_name":"state elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_systems_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories"},{"link_name":"state electoral district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly_electoral_districts"},{"link_name":"Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Matt Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cross_(politician)"}],"text":"For federal elections, Killara lies in the electorate of Bradfield, currently represented by Paul Fletcher. For state elections, Killara falls under the state electoral district of Davidson. The member for Davidson is Matt Cross. In terms of local government, Killara is part of the Ku-ring-gai municipal council.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosetta_Avenue,_Killara,_New_South_Wales_(2011-04-02).jpg"},{"link_name":"Australian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABS-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABS-1"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABS-1"}],"text":"Rosetta AvenueIn the 2021 Australian census, the total population of Killara was 10,620 people; 48.1 percent were male and 51.9 percent were female. 50.6% of people were born in Australia. The most common other countries of birth were China 13.8%, England 4.3%, Hong Kong 4.0%, South Korea 2.7% and India 2.2%. 56.1% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 17.3%, Cantonese 7.8%, Korean 3.4%, Hindi 1.1%, and Japanese 1.0%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 43.4%, Catholic 15.4% and Anglican 12.5%, Of persons aged 15 years and over, 57.4% were married, 29.0% never married, 5.5% widowed, 6.2% divorced, and 1.8% separated.[1]The median weekly personal income was $1,117, compared with $805 nationally. The median weekly household income was $2,802, compared with $1,746 nationally. The median weekly family income was $3,294, compared with $2,120 nationally.[1]At the 2021 census, 54.7% of occupied private dwellings were separate houses and 42.6% were flat or apartments. The average household size was 2.8 people.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"OAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"Bennelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennelong"},{"link_name":"Robert Alan Crook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Crook"},{"link_name":"Kim Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Gamble"},{"link_name":"Carlyle Greenwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlyle_Greenwell"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Peter Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"David Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Koch_(analyst)"},{"link_name":"Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_(Australian_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Seven Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Network"},{"link_name":"Elle Macpherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_Macpherson"},{"link_name":"Killara High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killara_High_School"},{"link_name":"Harry Messel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Messel"},{"link_name":"Sydney University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_University"},{"link_name":"Australian Atomic Energy Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Atomic_Energy_Commission"},{"link_name":"Bond University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_University"},{"link_name":"Charles Scrivener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scrivener"},{"link_name":"Penelope Seidler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope_Seidler"},{"link_name":"Ethel Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Turner"},{"link_name":"Seven Little Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Little_Australians"},{"link_name":"Jim Waley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Waley"},{"link_name":"National Nine News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Nine_News"}],"text":"John Alexander OAM MP- Tennis champion and former Federal Member for Bennelong\nRobert Alan Crook – electrical engineer, owner of Alan Crook Electrical manufacturers\nKim Gamble – children's book illustrator and artist\nCarlyle Greenwell – Architect, philanthropist and designer of Killara Uniting Church and many, now heritage listed, houses.[20][21][22][23]\nPeter Jackson – boxer, British Commonwealth and Heavyweight champion.\nDavid Koch, an Australian financial analyst, television presenter and host of Sunrise on the Seven Network.\nElle Macpherson – grew up in Killara and also attended the local high school, Killara High School.\nHarry Messel – head of the School of Physics at Sydney University, Australian Atomic Energy Commission (1975-1981), Chancellor of Bond University (1992-1997).\nCharles Scrivener – surveyor\nPenelope Seidler – architect\nEthel Turner – author of Seven Little Australians lived on a large property now known as Kiamala Crescent.\nJim Waley – a former presenter and newsreader for National Nine News.","title":"Notable residents"}]	[{"image_text":"Rosetta Avenue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rosetta_Avenue%2C_Killara%2C_New_South_Wales_%282011-04-02%29.jpg/250px-Rosetta_Avenue%2C_Killara%2C_New_South_Wales_%282011-04-02%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Killara (NSW)\". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 30 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL12137","url_text":"\"Killara (NSW)\""}]},{"reference":"Phoenix Auctions History. \"Post Office List\". Phoenix Auctions. Retrieved 27 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=NSW&filter=Killara","url_text":"\"Post Office List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heritage\". NSW Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 9 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/heritage","url_text":"\"Heritage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marian Street Theatre \". Dictionary of Sydney. Retrieved 16 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/marian_street_theatre_community_theatre_and_northside_theatre","url_text":"\"Marian Street Theatre \""}]},{"reference":"\"Harry and Penelope Seidler House\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01793. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5049861","url_text":"\"Harry and Penelope Seidler House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Woodlands\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01762. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5049940","url_text":"\"Woodlands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Killara Station\". transportnsw.info. Culworth Ave, Killara. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101120#/","url_text":"\"Killara Station\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240130045349/https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101120%23/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lindfield to East Killara (Loop Service)\". moovitapp.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://moovitapp.com/index/en-gb/public_transportation-line-556-Sydney-442-3751524-133979806-2","url_text":"\"Lindfield to East Killara (Loop Service)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240130050138/https://moovitapp.com/index/en-gb/public_transportation-line-556-Sydney-442-3751524-133979806-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chatswood to Macquarie University\". moovitapp.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://moovitapp.com/index/en-gb/public_transportation-line-565-Sydney-442-3751524-133979810-0","url_text":"\"Chatswood to Macquarie University\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240130050720/https://moovitapp.com/index/en-gb/public_transportation-line-565-Sydney-442-3751524-133979810-0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"You live and learn\". Archived from the original on 18 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111218233618/http://smh.domain.com.au/real-estate-news/you-live-and-learn-20111111-1na0l.html","url_text":"\"You live and learn\""},{"url":"http://smh.domain.com.au/real-estate-news/you-live-and-learn-20111111-1na0l.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Outstanding HSC Results for Killara High School Students\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.killara-h.schools.nsw.edu.au/news/outstanding-hsc-results-for-killara-high-school-students-in-2011","url_text":"\"Outstanding HSC Results for Killara High School Students\""}]},{"reference":"\"Literacy push sends results through roof\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 16 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/literacy-push-sends-results-through-roof-20101215-18yae.html","url_text":"\"Literacy push sends results through roof\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Frame (2005). The Life and Death of Harold Holt. Allen & Unwin. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Frame_(bishop)","url_text":"Tom Frame"}]},{"reference":"Don Whitington (1972). Twelfth Man?. The Jacaranda Press. p. 144.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Whitington","url_text":"Don Whitington"}]},{"reference":"\"Childcare & Preschool in Killara 2071\". Handprints Early Learning Centres & Preschool. Retrieved 9 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.handprints.nsw.edu.au/killara-early-learning-centre","url_text":"\"Childcare & Preschool in Killara 2071\""}]},{"reference":"\"Killara Lawn Tennis Club \| Tennis North Shore Sydney\". Retrieved 9 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://killaralawntennisclub.com.au/","url_text":"\"Killara Lawn Tennis Club \| Tennis North Shore Sydney\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kgc.com.au/cms/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greengate Hotel – Heart of the North Shore\". Greengate Hotel. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_McDonald_(footballer,_born_1925)	Norm McDonald (footballer, born 1925)	["1 War Service","2 Football","2.1 Essendon (VFL)","2.2 Golden Square (BFL)","3 Other sports","4 Death","5 Posthumous Honours","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]	Australian rules footballer (1925-2002) For the Footscray player, see Norm McDonald (footballer, born 1898). Australian rules footballer Norm McDonaldPersonal informationFull name Norman David McDonaldDate of birth 10 December 1925Place of birth Richmond, Victoria, AustraliaDate of death 28 November 2002(2002-11-28) (aged 76)Place of death Footscray, Victoria, AustraliaOriginal team(s) Belmont/Geelong RAAFHeight 180 cm (5 ft 11 in)Weight 74 kg (163 lb)Playing career1Years Club Games (Goals)1947–1953 Essendon 128 (3) 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1953.Career highlights 2× VFL Premiership player: (1949, 1950) W.S. Crichton Medal: (1951) Indigenous Team of the Century - half-back flank Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com Norman David McDonald (10 December 1925 – 28 November 2002) was an indigenous Australian sportsman best known as an Australian rules footballer who played for the Essendon Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Hailing from the Gunditjmara tribe, McDonald was the first indigenous player to represent Essendon. He was also an accomplished sprinter and boxer. War Service Lying about his age, McDonald enlisted in the Australian Army during World War II as a sixteen year old. He served for two years in the Northern Territory before transferring to the Australian Parachuting Training Centre in December 1944, qualifying after two months, and then returning to active duties. He was discharged in October 1946. Football Essendon (VFL) After finishing his war service, McDonald played in the Essendon premiership teams in 1949 and 1950 and won the Essendon Best and Fairest award in 1951. Although his attacking style of play sometimes resulted in goals to the opposition, captain-coach Dick Reynolds encouraged McDonald to continue to play his natural game. He played his 100th game in 1952. Golden Square (BFL) In 1954, McDonald was cleared from Essendon, and was appointed captain-coach of the Golden Square Football Club in the Bendigo Football League, in place of ex-North Melbourne footballer Harry Green. McDonald left the club before the end of the 1954 season, and his position was filled for the remainder of the season by the team's full-back, Vin Lapsley. Footscray's (1954) premiership half-back flanker Alan Martin took over as Golden Square's captain-coach in 1955. Other sports A noted sprinter, McDonald ran second in the (Monday, 14 April 1952) final of the 1952 Stawell Gift to his Essendon Football Club teammate, Lance Mann; and, two days later (Wednesday, 14 April 1952) he, once again, ran second to Mann — in the final of the Bendigo Easter Gift. The Easter Gift was an entirely different race from the Bendigo Thousand that had been conducted earlier that year from 8—10 March 1952: "McDonald suffered a financial setback when he backed himself heavily to win the Bendigo Thousand and was beaten by 1ft. in his semi-final in time equal to 6yds., 2ft. inside evens — his best run of the season." McDonald also ran second to Mann in the 1952 Lilydale Backmarkers Handicap on 22 March 1952. Besides running, McDonald was also a featherweight boxer who fought in 23 professional bouts, winning 5 and losing 18. Most of them at the former West Melbourne Stadium. Death McDonald died peacefully on 28 November 2002 at the Footscray Hospital. Essendon's then chief executive Peter Jackson released the following statement on hearing of his passing: Norm McDonald contributed in a number of ways both on and off the field. He was a passionate Essendon man and followed the team with interest even after his playing days. Being honoured as a Champion of Essendon earlier this year is a testament to the quality player he was. McDonald is buried at Altona Memorial Park. Posthumous Honours In 2005, McDonald was named on the half-back flank of the Indigenous Team of the Century. In 2018, he was inducted into the Victorian Aboriginal Honour Roll in recognition of his pioneering efforts for greater inclusion of Indigenous people in Australian Rules, especially in Victoria, as well as his contribution to his community for his fight against oppression and racism. References ^ a b c O'Connor, Callum (15 October 2018). "Norm McDonald honoured". essendonfc.com.au. ^ Cullen, Barbara (2015). Harder than football : league players at war. Richmond, Victoria: Slattery Media Group. p. 389. ISBN 978-0-992379-14-8. ^ Main (2006), p.138 ^ Kerville, Ben (31 May 1952). "Lissom-limbed Norm McDonald, who played his 100th game with Essendon today, was . . . a Gift from the Gods". Sporting Globe. No. 3128. Victoria, Australia. p. 7. Retrieved 25 May 2021 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Clearances for Five Players, The Age, (Thursday, 1 April 1954), p.10. ^ McDonald for Golden Square, The (Melbourne) Herald, (Monday, 14 December 1953), p.18; Andrew, George, "Country Coaches", The Sporting Globe, (Wednesday, 14 April 1954), p.3. ^ Club Legends: Vin Lapsley, Golden Square Football Netball Club; over his entire career, Lapsley played in 227 Matches for Golden Square, as well as 4 representative games for the BFL (BFL 200 game players). ^ Coaching Job for A. Martin, The Age, (Thursday, 4 November 1954), p.11. ^ "Reports from Golden Square state that it is unlikely that Norm McDonald will lead the side next year as the Club has been unable to secure any intimation of his intentions for next season. Square are stated to be negotiating with Footseray half-back flanker, Alan Martin, a prominent member of the Bulldogs 1954 pennant side. Martin who previously played in the Ballarat and Wimmera Leagues is a school teacher and conducts physical education classes.": Spotlight on Sport, The Riverine Herald, (Monday, 1 November 1954), p.2. ^ McDonald, "7 In", Wins at Maryborough, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 1 January 1949), p.4; Champion in Three Months, The Sporting Globe, (Wednesday, 2 February 1949), p.9. ^ Hayward, Steve, "Mann, Favourite, Wins the Gift: N. McDonald Close Second, The (Melbourne) Herald, (Monday, 14 April 1952), p.13; Welch, Bruce, "Mann Beats Team Mate in Stawell Gift Final", (Tuesday, 15 April 1952), p.14; Kerville, B., "Essendon Pair Dons of Track: Great Fight in Stawell Gift", The Sporting Globe, (Wednesday, 16 April 1952), p.11; Magnificent in Failure, The Sporting Globe, (Wednesday, 16 April 1952), p.11. ^ Gift Chance for McDonald, The Age, (Wednesday, 16 April 1952), p.10; Mann Completes Treble, The Mercury, (Thursday, 17 April 1952), p.20. ^ New Mission for Star Runner, The West Australian, (Tuesday, 29 April 1952), p.11. ^ Welch, Bruce, "Dowling Surprises in Lilydale Gift", The Age, (Monday, 24 March 1952), p.14; Silver City Favourite, The West Australian, (Saturday, 26 April 1952), p.17. ^ "• Norm McDonald boxer •". ^ "Club Champion Passes Away". essendonfc.com.au. 29 November 2002. ^ "Indigenous team of the century named". abc.net.au. 1 August 2005. Bibliography Main, Jim (2006). When it matters most : the Norm Smith Medallist and best on ground in every Grand Final. Bas Publishing. ISBN 1920910689. Maplestone, M., Flying Higher: History of the Essendon Football Club 1872–1996, Essendon Football Club, (Melbourne), 1996. ISBN 0-9591740-2-8 Ross, J. (ed), 100 Years of Australian Football 1897–1996: The Complete Story of the AFL, All the Big Stories, All the Great Pictures, All the Champions, Every AFL Season Reported, Viking, (Ringwood), 1996. ISBN 0-670-86814-0 External links Norm McDonald's playing statistics from AFL Tables Norm McDonald at AustralianFootball.com Norm McDonald, Boyles Football Photos. Profile at Aboriginal Victoria vteEssendon Football Club 1949/50 VFL premiers1949: Essendon 18.17 (125) defeated Carlton 6.16 (52), at the Melbourne Cricket Ground1950: Essendon 13.14 (92) defeated North Melbourne 7.12 (54), at the Melbourne Cricket Ground 3. Reynolds (c) 4. McDonald 7. Hutchison 9. Leehane 10. Coleman 11. McEwin 12. May 17. Lambert 18. Gardiner 23. Brittingham 24. Jones 25. McConnell 26. Syme 31. McClure Coach: Reynolds vteCrichton Medal · Essendon Football Club best and fairest winners 1901: Thurgood 1902: Gavin 1903: N/A 1904: N/A 1905: N/A 1906: J. McKenzie 1907: N/A 1908: Busbridge 1909: Busbridge 1910: N/A 1911: Cameron 1912: Cameron 1913: Baring 1914: N/A 1915: N/A 1916: N/A 1917: N/A 1918: N/A 1919: N/A 1920: Garden 1921: N/A 1922: Fitzmaurice 1923: Fitzmaurice 1924: Fitzmaurice 1925: Stockdale 1926: Harrison 1927: Maher 1928: Beckton 1929: Okey 1930: Forbes 1931: T. Clarke 1932: Carman 1933: Walsh 1934: Reynolds 1935: Forbes 1936: Reynolds 1937: Reynolds 1938: Reynolds 1939: Reynolds 1940: Torney 1941: Buttsworth 1942: Reynolds 1943: Reynolds 1944: Bushby 1945: Buttsworth 1946: Buttsworth 1947: Hutchison 1948: Hutchison 1949: Coleman 1950: Hutchison 1951: McDonald 1952: Hutchison 1953: Hutchison 1954: Gill 1955: Hutchison 1956: Hutchison 1957: Burgess 1958: J. Clarke 1959: Mitchell 1960: Burgess 1961: Birt 1962: J. Clarke 1963: Fraser 1964: Fraser 1965: Birt 1966: D. McKenzie 1967: Birt 1968: Davis 1969: Davis 1970: Gerlach 1971: Davis 1972: Fields 1973: Wilson 1974: Moss 1975: Moss 1976: Moss 1977: Madden 1978: K. Fletcher 1979: Madden 1980: T. Watson 1981: N. Daniher 1982: T. Daniher 1983: Madden 1984: Madden 1985: T. Watson 1986: Hawker 1987: Thompson 1988: T. Watson 1989: T. Watson 1990: Thompson 1991: Ezard 1992: Harvey 1993: O'Donnell 1994: Hird 1995: Hird 1996: Hird 1997: Denham 1998: Hardwick 1999: Mercuri 2000: D. Fletcher 2001: J. Johnson 2002: M. Johnson 2003: Hird/Lucas 2004: McPhee 2005: J. Johnson 2006: Lucas 2007: Hird 2008: Hille 2009: J. Watson 2010: J. Watson 2011: Zaharakis 2012: J. Watson 2013: Goddard 2014: Heppell 2015: Hooker 2016: Merrett 2017: J. Daniher 2018: Smith 2019: Merrett 2020: Ridley 2021: Merrett 2022: Wright vteAustralian Football League • Indigenous Team of the CenturyFull-back Chris Johnson (Fitzroy/Brisbane Lions) Darryl White (Brisbane Lions) Bill Dempsey (West Perth) Half-back Gavin Wanganeen (Essendon/Port Adelaide) Adam Goodes (Sydney) Norm McDonald (Essendon) Centre Peter Matera (South Fremantle/West Coast) Maurice Rioli (South Fremantle/Richmond) Michael Long (Essendon) Half-forward Nicky Winmar (South Fremantle/St Kilda/Western Bulldogs) Stephen Michael (South Fremantle) Syd Jackson (East Perth/Carlton) Full-forward Chris Lewis (Claremont/West Coast) Michael O'Loughlin (Sydney) Jim Krakouer (Claremont/North Melbourne/St Kilda) Ruck Polly Farmer (c) (East Perth/Geelong/West Perth) Andrew McLeod (Adelaide) Barry Cable (Perth/East Perth/North Melbourne) Interchange Michael McLean (Footscray/Brisbane Lions) Byron Pickett (North Melbourne/Port Adelaide/Melbourne) Michael Graham (Sturt) David Kantilla (South Adelaide) Ted Kilmurray (East Perth) Peter Burgoyne (Port Adelaide) Coach Barry Cable (North Melbourne) Umpire Glenn James Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norm McDonald (footballer, born 1898)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_McDonald_(footballer,_born_1898)"},{"link_name":"indigenous Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Australian rules footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Essendon Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League#VFL_era_(1897%E2%80%931989)"},{"link_name":"Gunditjmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunditjmara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honour-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honour-1"}],"text":"For the Footscray player, see Norm McDonald (footballer, born 1898).Australian rules footballerNorman David McDonald (10 December 1925 – 28 November 2002) was an indigenous Australian sportsman best known as an Australian rules footballer who played for the Essendon Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Hailing from the Gunditjmara tribe, McDonald was the first indigenous player to represent Essendon.[1] He was also an accomplished sprinter and boxer.[1]","title":"Norm McDonald (footballer, born 1925)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lying about his age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_fabrication#Conscription"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lying about his age, McDonald enlisted in the Australian Army during World War II as a sixteen year old. He served for two years in the Northern Territory before transferring to the Australian Parachuting Training Centre in December 1944, qualifying after two months, and then returning to active duties. He was discharged in October 1946.[2]","title":"War Service"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Essendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_VFL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_VFL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Best and Fairest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._S._Crichton_Medal"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_VFL_season"},{"link_name":"Dick Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Essendon (VFL)","text":"After finishing his war service, McDonald played in the Essendon premiership teams in 1949 and 1950 and won the Essendon Best and Fairest award in 1951.\nAlthough his attacking style of play sometimes resulted in goals to the opposition, captain-coach Dick Reynolds encouraged McDonald to continue to play his natural game.[3] He played his 100th game in 1952.[4]","title":"Football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Golden Square Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Square_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Bendigo Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendigo_Football_League"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Harry Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Green_(Australian_footballer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Footscray's (1954) premiership half-back flanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_VFL_Grand_Final#Teams"},{"link_name":"Alan Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Martin_(Australian_rules_footballer)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Golden Square (BFL)","text":"In 1954, McDonald was cleared from Essendon,[5] and was appointed captain-coach of the Golden Square Football Club in the Bendigo Football League, in place of ex-North Melbourne footballer Harry Green.[6] McDonald left the club before the end of the 1954 season, and his position was filled for the remainder of the season by the team's full-back, Vin Lapsley.[7] Footscray's (1954) premiership half-back flanker Alan Martin took over as Golden Square's captain-coach in 1955.[8][9]","title":"Football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Stawell Gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stawell_Gift"},{"link_name":"Lance Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Mann"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"West Melbourne Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_Hall_(Melbourne)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"A noted sprinter,[10] McDonald ran second in the (Monday, 14 April 1952) final of the 1952 Stawell Gift to his Essendon Football Club teammate, Lance Mann;[11] and, two days later (Wednesday, 14 April 1952) he, once again, ran second to Mann — in the final of the Bendigo Easter Gift.[12]The Easter Gift was an entirely different race from the Bendigo Thousand that had been conducted earlier that year from 8—10 March 1952: \"McDonald suffered a financial setback when he backed himself heavily to win the Bendigo Thousand and was beaten by 1ft. in his semi-final in time equal to 6yds., 2ft. inside evens — his best run of the season.\"[13]McDonald also ran second to Mann in the 1952 Lilydale Backmarkers Handicap on 22 March 1952.[14]Besides running, McDonald was also a featherweight boxer who fought in 23 professional bouts, winning 5 and losing 18. Most of them at the former West Melbourne Stadium.[15]","title":"Other sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"McDonald died peacefully on 28 November 2002 at the Footscray Hospital. Essendon's then chief executive Peter Jackson released the following statement on hearing of his passing:Norm McDonald contributed in a number of ways both on and off the field. He was a passionate Essendon man and followed the team with interest even after his playing days. Being honoured as a Champion of Essendon earlier this year is a testament to the quality player he was.[16]McDonald is buried at Altona Memorial Park.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indigenous Team of the Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Team_of_the_Century"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honour-1"}],"text":"In 2005, McDonald was named on the half-back flank of the Indigenous Team of the Century.[17]In 2018, he was inducted into the Victorian Aboriginal Honour Roll in recognition of his pioneering efforts for greater inclusion of Indigenous people in Australian Rules, especially in Victoria, as well as his contribution to his community for his fight against oppression and racism.[1]","title":"Posthumous Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1920910689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1920910689"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9591740-2-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9591740-2-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-670-86814-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-86814-0"}],"text":"Main, Jim (2006). When it matters most : the Norm Smith Medallist and best on ground in every Grand Final. Bas Publishing. ISBN 1920910689.\nMaplestone, M., Flying Higher: History of the Essendon Football Club 1872–1996, Essendon Football Club, (Melbourne), 1996. ISBN 0-9591740-2-8\nRoss, J. (ed), 100 Years of Australian Football 1897–1996: The Complete Story of the AFL, All the Big Stories, All the Great Pictures, All the Champions, Every AFL Season Reported, Viking, (Ringwood), 1996. ISBN 0-670-86814-0","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"O'Connor, Callum (15 October 2018). \"Norm McDonald honoured\". essendonfc.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.essendonfc.com.au/news/11324/norm-mcdonald-honoured","url_text":"\"Norm McDonald honoured\""}]},{"reference":"Cullen, Barbara (2015). Harder than football : league players at war. Richmond, Victoria: Slattery Media Group. p. 389. ISBN 978-0-992379-14-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-992379-14-8","url_text":"978-0-992379-14-8"}]},{"reference":"Kerville, Ben (31 May 1952). \"Lissom-limbed Norm McDonald, who played his 100th game with Essendon today, was . . . a Gift from the Gods\". Sporting Globe. No. 3128. Victoria, Australia. p. 7. Retrieved 25 May 2021 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page20752220","url_text":"\"Lissom-limbed Norm McDonald, who played his 100th game with Essendon today, was . . . a Gift from the Gods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Globe","url_text":"Sporting Globe"}]},{"reference":"\"• Norm McDonald boxer •\".","urls":[{"url":"https://boxerlist.com/boxer/norm-mcdonald/89524/","url_text":"\"• Norm McDonald boxer •\""}]},{"reference":"\"Club Champion Passes Away\". essendonfc.com.au. 29 November 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.essendonfc.com.au/news/2002-11-29/club-champion-passes-away","url_text":"\"Club Champion Passes Away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indigenous team of the century named\". abc.net.au. 1 August 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2005-08-01/indigenous-team-of-the-century-named/2071712","url_text":"\"Indigenous team of the century named\""}]},{"reference":"Main, Jim (2006). When it matters most : the Norm Smith Medallist and best on ground in every Grand Final. Bas Publishing. ISBN 1920910689.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1920910689","url_text":"1920910689"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/N/Norm_McDonald0.html","external_links_name":"AFL Tables"},{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/Norm+McDonald/7533","external_links_name":"AustralianFootball.com"},{"Link":"https://www.essendonfc.com.au/news/11324/norm-mcdonald-honoured","external_links_name":"\"Norm McDonald honoured\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page20752220","external_links_name":"\"Lissom-limbed Norm McDonald, who played his 100th game with Essendon today, was . . . a Gift from the Gods\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/205704712","external_links_name":"Clearances for Five Players, The Age, (Thursday, 1 April 1954), p.10."},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/245029017","external_links_name":"McDonald for Golden Square, The (Melbourne) Herald, (Monday, 14 December 1953), p.18"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/176555804","external_links_name":"Andrew, George, \"Country Coaches\", The Sporting Globe, (Wednesday, 14 April 1954), p.3."},{"Link":"http://www.gsfnclub.com.au/club-legends","external_links_name":"Club Legends: Vin Lapsley, Golden Square Football Netball Club"},{"Link":"http://www.bendigofnl.com.au/images/downloads/history/20110128-200-game-players-records.pdf","external_links_name":"BFL 200 game players"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/205439115","external_links_name":"Coaching Job for A. Martin, The Age, (Thursday, 4 November 1954), p.11."},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/116848950","external_links_name":"Spotlight on Sport, The Riverine Herald, (Monday, 1 November 1954), p.2."},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/178154890","external_links_name":"McDonald, \"7 In\", Wins at Maryborough, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 1 January 1949), p.4"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/178155773","external_links_name":"Champion in Three Months, The Sporting Globe, (Wednesday, 2 February 1949), p.9."},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/26797352","external_links_name":"Hayward, Steve, \"Mann, Favourite, Wins the Gift: N. McDonald Close Second, The (Melbourne) Herald, (Monday, 14 April 1952), p.13"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/19719826","external_links_name":"Welch, Bruce, \"Mann Beats Team Mate in Stawell Gift Final\", (Tuesday, 15 April 1952), p.14"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/178172936","external_links_name":"Kerville, B., \"Essendon Pair Dons of Track: Great Fight in Stawell Gift\", The Sporting Globe, (Wednesday, 16 April 1952), p.11"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/178172979","external_links_name":"Magnificent in Failure, The Sporting Globe, (Wednesday, 16 April 1952), p.11."},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/206207286","external_links_name":"Gift Chance for McDonald, The Age, (Wednesday, 16 April 1952), p.10"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/27066850","external_links_name":"Mann Completes Treble, The Mercury, (Thursday, 17 April 1952), p.20."},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/49028907","external_links_name":"New Mission for Star Runner, The West Australian, (Tuesday, 29 April 1952), p.11."},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/206207204","external_links_name":"Welch, Bruce, \"Dowling Surprises in Lilydale Gift\", The Age, (Monday, 24 March 1952), p.14"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/49028604","external_links_name":"Silver City Favourite, The West Australian, (Saturday, 26 April 1952), p.17."},{"Link":"https://boxerlist.com/boxer/norm-mcdonald/89524/","external_links_name":"\"• Norm McDonald boxer •\""},{"Link":"http://www.essendonfc.com.au/news/2002-11-29/club-champion-passes-away","external_links_name":"\"Club Champion Passes Away\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2005-08-01/indigenous-team-of-the-century-named/2071712","external_links_name":"\"Indigenous team of the century named\""},{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/N/Norm_McDonald0.html","external_links_name":"Norm McDonald's playing statistics"},{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/norm+mcdonald/7533","external_links_name":"Norm McDonald"},{"Link":"http://www.boylesfootballphotos.net.au/Norm+McDonald","external_links_name":"Norm McDonald, Boyles Football Photos."},{"Link":"https://www.aboriginalvictoria.vic.gov.au/norman-mcdonald","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/17148390818310830002","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmeh,_Isfahan	Garmeh, Isfahan	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 33°31′33″N 55°02′23″E / 33.52583°N 55.03972°E / 33.52583; 55.03972Village in Isfahan, IranGarmeh گرمهvillageGarmehCoordinates: 33°31′33″N 55°02′23″E / 33.52583°N 55.03972°E / 33.52583; 55.03972Country IranProvinceIsfahanCountyKhur and BiabanakBakhshCentralRural DistrictNakhlestanPopulation (2006) • Total244Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Garmeh (Persian: گرمه; also known as Garmāb) is a village in Nakhlestan Rural District, in the Central District of Khur and Biabanak County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 244, in 69 families. The native language of Garmeh is Garmei. Together with Khuri, Farvi, and Iraji, it is classified as a variety of Baiabanaki, which is a distinct subgroup of Western Iranian languages. References ^ Garmeh can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3063619" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. ^ Habib Borjian, "FARVI DIALECT," Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, 2013, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/farvi-dialect (accessed on 26 June 2013). vte Khur and Biabanak CountyCapital Khur DistrictsCentralCities Farrokhi Jandaq Khur Rural Districts and villagesBiabanak Abadan Chah Malek Ebrahimabad Jafarabad Jegarg Nasrabad Qaderabad Jandaq Mesr Nakhlestan Arusan-e Golestan Bayazeh Baziab Garmeh Haftuman Haftuman Integrated Marble Quarry Hoseynabad Iraj Khanj Mehrjan Neyshabur Ordib Iran portal This Khur and Biabanak County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nakhlestan Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhlestan_Rural_District_(Isfahan_Province)"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Khur_and_Biabanak_County)"},{"link_name":"Khur and Biabanak County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khur_and_Biabanak_County"},{"link_name":"Isfahan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Garmei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmei_language"},{"link_name":"Western Iranian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Village in Isfahan, IranGarmeh (Persian: گرمه; also known as Garmāb)[1] is a village in Nakhlestan Rural District, in the Central District of Khur and Biabanak County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 244, in 69 families.[2]The native language of Garmeh is Garmei. Together with Khuri, Farvi, and Iraji, it is classified as a variety of Baiabanaki, which is a distinct subgroup of Western Iranian languages.[3]","title":"Garmeh, Isfahan"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/10.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Garmeh,_Isfahan&params=33_31_33_N_55_02_23_E_region:IR_type:city(244)","external_links_name":"33°31′33″N 55°02′23″E / 33.52583°N 55.03972°E / 33.52583; 55.03972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Garmeh,_Isfahan&params=33_31_33_N_55_02_23_E_region:IR_type:city(244)","external_links_name":"33°31′33″N 55°02′23″E / 33.52583°N 55.03972°E / 33.52583; 55.03972"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/10.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/farvi-dialect","external_links_name":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/farvi-dialect"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garmeh,_Isfahan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Braye,_Baroness_Cobham	Anne Braye, Baroness Cobham	["1 Marriage and issue","2 Anne Boleyn's coronation","3 Later years and death","4 References"]	Anne BrayeBaroness CobhamEffigies of Anne Braye and her husband, George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham on their tomb in St Mary Magdalene parish church, Cobham, KentBorn21 March 1501Eaton Bray, Bedfordshire, EnglandDied1 November 1558 (aged 57 years)Cobham Hall, KentBuriedSt Mary Magdalene parish church, Cobham, KentSpouse(s)George Brooke, 9th Baron CobhamIssueDorothy BrookeAnne BrookeElizabeth BrookeWilliam Brooke, 10th Baron CobhamCatherine BrookeGeorge BrookeThomas BrookeJohn BrookeHenry BrookeFatherSir Edmund Braye, 1st Baron BrayeMotherJane Halliwell Anne Brooke, Baroness Cobham (née Braye; 21 March 1501 – 1 November 1558) was the wife of Sir George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham. She was the attendant horsewoman at Anne Boleyn's coronation as Queen Consort on 1 June 1533, and she was allegedly one of the first accusers of Queen Anne in 1536. Anne Braye was Baroness Cobham from 1529 until her death in 1558. Marriage and issue Anne Braye was born on 21 March 1501 in Eaton Bray, Bedfordshire, England, the eldest daughter of Sir Edmund Braye (circa 1480 – 18 October 1539), who would be created 1st Baron Braye on 4 December 1529 by King Henry VIII of England, and Jane Halliwell (circa 1480 – 24 October 1558). She had a brother, John Braye, 2nd Baron Braye, of whom she was one of his co-heirs, along with her younger sisters, Elizabeth, Frideswide, Mary, Frances, and Dorothy Bray, Baroness Chandos. The last was 23 years Anne's junior. In 1517 or before 1526, she married George Brooke (1497 – 29 September 1558), the brother-in-law of poet Sir Thomas Wyatt. He was knighted in July 1523 by the Earl of Surrey after the taking of Morlaix, and he would succeed his father as 9th Baron Cobham on 19 July 1529; henceforth, Anne was styled as Baroness Cobham. They lived at Cobham Hall in Kent and Cowling Castle. Together George and Anne had 10 sons and five daughters. These included: Dorothy Brooke (b.1518) Anne Brooke, 1523 - 1548, who married Sir Anthony Weldon, 1518 - 1573, in Swanscombe, Kent, England. Together they had two sons: Sir Thomas Weldon, 1535, Weldon, Northumberland, England and died 1594 in Kildare, Ireland. Sir Ralph Weldon, 1545 in Swanscombe, Kent, England and died 12 NOV 1609 in England. Elizabeth Brooke (25 June 1526 – 2 April 1565), married bigamously William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton, while he was still wed to Anne Bourchier, 7th Baroness Bourchier. Sir William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham (1 November 1527 – 6 March 1597), married firstly, Dorothy Neville, by whom he had one daughter; and secondly in 1560, Frances Newton, one of Queen Elizabeth I's Ladies of the Bedchamber by whom he had seven children. Catherine Brooke (b.c.1527), married John Jerningham, by whom she had issue. George Brooke (27 January 1533–70), married Christiana Duke, by whom he had issue. Thomas Brooke (1533–78), married and had issue. John Brooke (1535–94) Sir Henry Brooke (5 February 1537 or 1538 – circa 1591 or January 1592), married Anne Sutton (died January 1611 or 1612), daughter of Sir Henry Sutton, from Nottinghamshire, by whom he had issue John Brooke, 1st Baron Cobham and Philippa Brooke (died circa September 1613, buried at Stockeston, Leicestershire, 28 September 1613), wife of Walter Calverley and Sir Thomas Burton, 1st Baronet Anne Boleyn's coronation In April 1533, Anne received a letter of summons from the King to attend the coronation of his second wife, Anne Boleyn. She was allocated the role of Queen Anne's attendant horsewoman for the royal procession from the Tower of London to the Queen's coronation at Westminster Abbey, and as such was required to find white palfreys for herself and her ladies. Although her own robes and long cloth of gold trapper for her horse were provided for, Anne was expected to equip her attendants herself. Her husband was a distant cousin of Anne Boleyn, through his mother, Dorothy Heydon whose own mother, Anne was an aunt of Sir Thomas Boleyn. Barbara J. Harris, in her book, Women and Politics in Early Tudor England, states that according to John Hussey in a letter to Lord Lisle, Anne was one of Queen Anne Boleyn's first accusers in 1536 and was a source of information against the Queen. Her husband was one of the 27 peers who presided at Anne Boleyn's trial in May of that year. Later years and death In 1554, her husband and two of her sons were sent to the Tower of London under suspicion of having conspired in the rebellion of Thomas Wyatt, to depose Mary I of England, and replace her with her half-sister, Elizabeth. After paying a large fine, they were eventually released. Her eldest daughter, Elizabeth, who had bigamously married William Parr, Marquess of Northampton, while his wife, Anne Bourchier, still lived, was allegedly behind the earlier, failed plot in 1553 to place Lady Jane Grey upon the English throne. Lady Cobham wrote her last will on 7 October 1558; she died on 1 November. She was buried in the chancel of St Mary Magdalene Church, in Cobham, Kent, beside her husband, who had died the previous September. A magnificent tomb, with an effigy, was erected in 1561 and the Latin inscription was placed there by her eldest son, William, Baron Cobham. The English translation reads in part: "Here Anna lies, a lady chaste and fair, Blest with her children's love and husband's care. 'Twas in the last sad year of Mary's reign That first the husband, then the wife, was ta'en". References ^ Eric W. Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy, p.172, Google Books. Retrieved 18 November 2009. ^ Kathy Lynn Emerson, A Who's Who of Tudor Women. Accessed 18 November 2009. ^ "Notes to the diary: 1558 Pages 362-369 The Diary of Henry Machyn, Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London, 1550-1563". British History Online. Camden Society, 1848. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ Sir Henry Ellis, Original Letters, Illustrative of English History: to 1586, p.32, Google Books, retrieved 9 November 18 ^ Ives, p. 172 ^ Emerson, A Who's Who of Tudor Women	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brooke,_9th_Baron_Cobham"},{"link_name":"horsewoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"Anne Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"coronation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"Queen Consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Anne Brooke, Baroness Cobham (née Braye; 21 March 1501 – 1 November 1558) was the wife of Sir George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham. She was the attendant horsewoman at Anne Boleyn's coronation as Queen Consort on 1 June 1533,[1] and she was allegedly one of the first accusers of Queen Anne in 1536.[2] Anne Braye was Baroness Cobham from 1529 until her death in 1558.[3]","title":"Anne Braye, Baroness Cobham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eaton Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Bray"},{"link_name":"Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedfordshire"},{"link_name":"Sir Edmund Braye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Braye,_1st_Baron_Braye"},{"link_name":"Baron Braye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Braye"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"John Braye, 2nd Baron Braye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Braye,_2nd_Baron_Braye"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Bray, Baroness Chandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Bray,_Baroness_Chandos"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wyatt_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Earl of Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Cobham Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobham_Hall"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Brooke,_Marchioness_of_Northampton"},{"link_name":"William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parr,_1st_Marquess_of_Northampton"},{"link_name":"Anne Bourchier, 7th Baroness Bourchier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Bourchier,_7th_Baroness_Bourchier"},{"link_name":"William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brooke,_10th_Baron_Cobham"},{"link_name":"Frances Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Newton,_Baroness_Cobham"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Ladies of the Bedchamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_of_the_Bedchamber"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"John Brooke, 1st Baron Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brooke,_1st_Baron_Cobham"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Burton, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Thomas_Burton,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Anne Braye was born on 21 March 1501 in Eaton Bray, Bedfordshire, England, the eldest daughter of Sir Edmund Braye (circa 1480 – 18 October 1539), who would be created 1st Baron Braye on 4 December 1529 by King Henry VIII of England, and Jane Halliwell (circa 1480 – 24 October 1558). She had a brother, John Braye, 2nd Baron Braye, of whom she was one of his co-heirs, along with her younger sisters, Elizabeth, Frideswide, Mary, Frances, and Dorothy Bray, Baroness Chandos. The last was 23 years Anne's junior.In 1517 or before 1526, she married George Brooke (1497 – 29 September 1558), the brother-in-law of poet Sir Thomas Wyatt. He was knighted in July 1523 by the Earl of Surrey after the taking of Morlaix, and he would succeed his father as 9th Baron Cobham on 19 July 1529; henceforth, Anne was styled as Baroness Cobham. They lived at Cobham Hall in Kent and Cowling Castle.Together George and Anne had 10 sons and five daughters. These included:Dorothy Brooke (b.1518)\nAnne Brooke, 1523 - 1548, who married Sir Anthony Weldon, 1518 - 1573, in Swanscombe, Kent, England. Together they had two sons:\nSir Thomas Weldon, 1535, Weldon, Northumberland, England and died 1594 in Kildare, Ireland.\nSir Ralph Weldon, 1545 in Swanscombe, Kent, England and died 12 NOV 1609 in England.\nElizabeth Brooke (25 June 1526 – 2 April 1565), married bigamously William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton, while he was still wed to Anne Bourchier, 7th Baroness Bourchier.\nSir William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham (1 November 1527 – 6 March 1597), married firstly, Dorothy Neville, by whom he had one daughter; and secondly in 1560, Frances Newton, one of Queen Elizabeth I's Ladies of the Bedchamber by whom he had seven children.\nCatherine Brooke (b.c.1527), married John Jerningham, by whom she had issue.\nGeorge Brooke (27 January 1533–70), married Christiana Duke, by whom he had issue.\nThomas Brooke (1533–78), married and had issue.\nJohn Brooke (1535–94)\nSir Henry Brooke (5 February 1537 or 1538 – circa 1591 or January 1592), married Anne Sutton (died January 1611 or 1612), daughter of Sir Henry Sutton, from Nottinghamshire, by whom he had issue John Brooke, 1st Baron Cobham and Philippa Brooke (died circa September 1613, buried at Stockeston, Leicestershire, 28 September 1613), wife of Walter Calverley and Sir Thomas Burton, 1st Baronet","title":"Marriage and issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anne Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Thomas Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Boleyn,_1st_Earl_of_Wiltshire"}],"text":"In April 1533, Anne received a letter of summons from the King to attend the coronation of his second wife, Anne Boleyn.[4] She was allocated the role of Queen Anne's attendant horsewoman for the royal procession from the Tower of London to the Queen's coronation at Westminster Abbey, and as such was required to find white palfreys for herself and her ladies. Although her own robes and long cloth of gold trapper for her horse were provided for, Anne was expected to equip her attendants herself.[5]Her husband was a distant cousin of Anne Boleyn, through his mother, Dorothy Heydon whose own mother, Anne was an aunt of Sir Thomas Boleyn.Barbara J. Harris, in her book, Women and Politics in Early Tudor England, states that according to John Hussey in a letter to Lord Lisle, Anne was one of Queen Anne Boleyn's first accusers in 1536 and was a source of information against the Queen. Her husband was one of the 27 peers who presided at Anne Boleyn's trial in May of that year.","title":"Anne Boleyn's coronation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyatt%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Mary I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Lady Jane Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey"},{"link_name":"will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(law)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1554, her husband and two of her sons were sent to the Tower of London under suspicion of having conspired in the rebellion of Thomas Wyatt, to depose Mary I of England, and replace her with her half-sister, Elizabeth. After paying a large fine, they were eventually released.Her eldest daughter, Elizabeth, who had bigamously married William Parr, Marquess of Northampton, while his wife, Anne Bourchier, still lived, was allegedly behind the earlier, failed plot in 1553 to place Lady Jane Grey upon the English throne.Lady Cobham wrote her last will on 7 October 1558; she died on 1 November. She was buried in the chancel of St Mary Magdalene Church, in Cobham, Kent, beside her husband, who had died the previous September.A magnificent tomb, with an effigy, was erected in 1561 and the Latin inscription was placed there by her eldest son, William, Baron Cobham. The English translation reads in part: \"Here Anna lies, a lady chaste and fair, Blest with her children's love and husband's care. 'Twas in the last sad year of Mary's reign That first the husband, then the wife, was ta'en\".[6]","title":"Later years and death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Notes to the diary: 1558 Pages 362-369 The Diary of Henry Machyn, Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London, 1550-1563\". British History Online. Camden Society, 1848. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/camden-record-soc/vol42/pp362-369","url_text":"\"Notes to the diary: 1558 Pages 362-369 The Diary of Henry Machyn, Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London, 1550-1563\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/camden-record-soc/vol42/pp362-369","external_links_name":"\"Notes to the diary: 1558 Pages 362-369 The Diary of Henry Machyn, Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London, 1550-1563\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Montagu,_11th_Duke_of_Manchester	Sidney Montagu, 11th Duke of Manchester	["1 Personal life","2 Gallery","3 References"]	British hereditary peer His GraceThe Duke of ManchesterThe Duke of Manchester, by Allan Warren.Duke of ManchesterIn office23 November 1977 – 3 June 1985Preceded byAlexander MontaguSucceeded byAngus Montagu Personal detailsBornSidney Arthur Robin George Drogo Montagu, Lord Kimbolton5 February 1929Kimbolton Castle, Huntingdonshire, EnglandDied3 June 1985(1985-06-03) (aged 56)Robin Hood Ranch, Tennessee, U.S.Resting placeKimbolton Parish Church, Kimbolton, CambridgeshireSpouse(s)Adrienne Christie (m. 1955; div. 1977/78) Andrea Joss (m. 1978)Parents Alexander Montagu, 10th Duke of Manchester Nell Vere Stead Sidney Arthur Robin George Drogo "Kim" Montagu, 11th Duke of Manchester (5 February 1929 in Kimbolton Castle, Huntingdonshire – 3 June 1985), was a British hereditary peer, the son of the 10th Duke of Manchester and the elder brother of the 12th Duke. Personal life He married firstly on 5 February 1955 (div. 1977/1978) Adrienne Valerie Christie (d. 1988), daughter of Commander John Kenneth Christie, Ambassador of South Africa in Kenya; later Karawater farmer, near Ruigtevlei, Cape Town, South Africa. He married secondly on 25 August 1978 Andrea Joss, daughter of Cecil Alexander Joss of Johannesburg, South Africa (d. 21 January 1996), who had previously been married twice, to Major S. Whitehead and to G. J. W. Kent. He had no children from either marriage. In 1983, the Duke sued his stepmother, Elizabeth, who he believed had possession of several family heirlooms that he felt were rightfully his. The Duke died suddenly at Robin Hood Ranch, Tennessee, on 3 June 1985. His funeral took place on 13 June and he is buried at Kimbolton Parish Church. Gallery The Duke in 1981, by Allan Warren His second wife Andrea in 1982, by Allan Warren References ^ "Duke sues stepmother over family heirlooms". The Times. London. 5 October 1983. p. 3. Retrieved 21 September 2016. ^ "Deaths". The Times. London. 5 June 1985. p. 32. Retrieved 21 September 2016. ^ "Deaths". The Times. 7 June 1985. p. 32. Retrieved 21 September 2016. Peerage of Great Britain Preceded byAlexander Montagu Duke of Manchester 1977–1985 Succeeded byAngus Montagu vteDukes of Manchester Charles Montagu, 1st Duke William Montagu, 2nd Duke Robert Montagu, 3rd Duke George Montagu, 4th Duke William Montagu, 5th Duke George Montagu, 6th Duke William Montagu, 7th Duke George Montagu, 8th Duke William Montagu, 9th Duke Alexander Montagu, 10th Duke Sidney Montagu, 11th Duke Angus Montagu, 12th Duke Alexander Montagu, 13th Duke1 1Not listed in the Roll of the Peerage per November 2019.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kimbolton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbolton_Castle"},{"link_name":"Huntingdonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdonshire"},{"link_name":"hereditary peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_peer"},{"link_name":"the 10th Duke of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Montagu,_10th_Duke_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"12th Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Montagu,_12th_Duke_of_Manchester"}],"text":"Sidney Arthur Robin George Drogo \"Kim\" Montagu, 11th Duke of Manchester (5 February 1929 in Kimbolton Castle, Huntingdonshire – 3 June 1985), was a British hereditary peer, the son of the 10th Duke of Manchester and the elder brother of the 12th Duke.","title":"Sidney Montagu, 11th Duke of Manchester"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"He married firstly on 5 February 1955 (div. 1977/1978) Adrienne Valerie Christie (d. 1988), daughter of Commander John Kenneth Christie, Ambassador of South Africa in Kenya; later Karawater farmer, near Ruigtevlei, Cape Town, South Africa. He married secondly on 25 August 1978 Andrea Joss, daughter of Cecil Alexander Joss of Johannesburg, South Africa (d. 21 January 1996), who had previously been married twice, to Major S. Whitehead and to G. J. W. Kent. He had no children from either marriage.[citation needed]In 1983, the Duke sued his stepmother, Elizabeth, who he believed had possession of several family heirlooms that he felt were rightfully his.[1]The Duke died suddenly at Robin Hood Ranch, Tennessee, on 3 June 1985.[2] His funeral took place on 13 June and he is buried at Kimbolton Parish Church.[3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:11th_Duke_of_Manchester_Allan_Warren.jpg"},{"link_name":"Allan Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Warren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrea_Duchess_of_Manchester_Allan_Warren.tif"},{"link_name":"Allan Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Warren"}],"text":"The Duke in 1981, by Allan Warren\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHis second wife Andrea in 1982, by Allan Warren","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Duke sues stepmother over family heirlooms\". The Times. London. 5 October 1983. p. 3. Retrieved 21 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS51481925&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0","url_text":"\"Duke sues stepmother over family heirlooms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deaths\". The Times. London. 5 June 1985. p. 32. Retrieved 21 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS537235653&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0","url_text":"\"Deaths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Deaths\". The Times. 7 June 1985. p. 32. Retrieved 21 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS537497799&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0","url_text":"\"Deaths\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS51481925&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0","external_links_name":"\"Duke sues stepmother over family heirlooms\""},{"Link":"http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS537235653&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0","external_links_name":"\"Deaths\""},{"Link":"http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS537497799&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0","external_links_name":"\"Deaths\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie,_Manitoba_tornado	2007 Elie tornado	["1 Meteorological synopsis","2 Storm track and damage","3 Aftermath","3.1 F4 vs F5 rating","4 Significance","5 Other tornadoes","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 49°54′04″N 97°45′29″W / 49.901°N 97.758°W / 49.901; -97.758Canada's only F5 tornado 2007 Elie, Manitoba tornado The tornado approaching the town of Elie, Manitoba around 6:50 p.m. CDT.Meteorological historyDuration35 minutesFormedJune 22, 2007 6:25 p.m. CDT (23:25 UTC)DissipatedJune 22, 2007 7:00 p.m. CDT (00:00 UTC) F5 tornadoon the Fujita scaleHighest winds420 to 510 km/h (260 to 320 mph)Overall effectsCasualtiesNoneDamage$39 million($49.5 million in 2021 dollars)Areas affectedElie, Manitoba, CanadaPart of the tornado outbreaks of 2007 During the evening of June 22, 2007, a powerful F5 tornado struck the town of Elie, in the Canadian province of Manitoba (40 km (25 mi) west of Winnipeg). It was part of a small two-day tornado outbreak that occurred in the area and reached a maximum width of 150 yards (140 m). The tornado was unusual because it caused the extreme damage during its roping out stage at a mere 35 yards (32 m) in width and moved extremely slowly and unpredictably. The tornado tracked primarily southeast, as opposed to the usual northeast, and made multiple loops and sharp turns. Because Environment Canada adopted the Enhanced Fujita scale in 2013, there will be no more tornadoes with an F5 rating, making this tornado the first and last confirmed F5 tornado in Canada. While several houses were leveled, no one was injured or killed by the tornado. A home in the town was swept clean off of its foundation, justifying the F5 classification. One of the strongest twisters on record since 1999, it is one of only ten to be rated F5/EF5 since 1999 in North America. The tornado caused damage of an estimated $39 million. Meteorological synopsis Radar image of the group of storms that produced the tornado. The synoptic situation on June 22 was conducive to a major severe weather event in southern Manitoba. A low pressure system came in from Saskatchewan through the day, and then moved over southern Manitoba throughout the evening. A warm front was positioned north of Elie for much of the day with a trailing cold front residing west of Elie near the Lake Manitoba basin southwest through southeast Saskatchewan. A lake breeze boundary was also present south of Lake Manitoba. Very warm air was situated over Southern Manitoba that day as temperatures climbed into the high 20s °C (low 80s °F). The humidity was also uncomfortably high, with dewpoints ranging from 18–22 °C (64–72 °F). Strong wind shear was present, reflected in high helicity values. These conditions were favorable for supercells, which are thunderstorms with rotating updrafts, and they developed within the warm sector located in the Red River Valley and areas farther west. The situation was exacerbated by the presence of the lake breeze boundary because the atmosphere was capped through much of the day with little in the way of a trigger. This boundary provided the focus for storms to develop rapidly and become severe, given the high instability present. Storm track and damage Funnel cloud that would produce the Elie tornado. The tornado initially touched down north of the Trans-Canada Highway around 6:25 p.m. CDT (23:25 UTC) and slowly moved southeast where it picked up and overturned a semi trailer and a tractor trailer. The tornado slowly turned east, took a sharp turn south, and then took another sharp turn east all within roughly 1 mile (1.6 km). The tornado made another turn south and made an extremely slow loop over the town's flour mill at F2 intensity, causing over $1 million in damage. Multiple semi trucks were overturned and damaged and building walls buckled inward. At this point, the tornado was producing F1 to F2 level damage and had grown to a width of 50 m. From there, it headed south, parallel to Janzen Road, at F0 intensity. It also continued to grow, and reached its peak width of about 140 m. After reaching the intersection of Jansen Road and Road 61 North, the tornado turned east directly towards the southwest edge of Elie. It quickly intensified to F4 strength while it made a loop over Elie Street. Here, it damaged a dozen homes and destroyed four houses, including one which was described as well-built and bolted to its foundation, being lifted completely off its foundation and thrown into the air where it then broke apart, justifying F5 intensity. The tornado was even strong enough to rip some sill plates and snap off bolts that supported them. Trees were debarked as well. The two other houses sustained F4 level damage, with both of them being almost completely lifted off of their foundations. One other house also sustained F2 or F3 level damage, with the entire roof torn off and multiple exterior walls collapsed. The tornado also flipped and threw multiple cars, including a car that was tossed over 100 meters, and even tossed one homeowner's Chrysler Fifth Avenue onto a neighbor's roof. The tornado lingered over this area of Elie for approximately four minutes before it exited Elie to the southwest and rapidly dissipated. Path of the tornado, showing sporadic loops and turns. The tornado traveled about 6 km (3.7 mi) and was 150 yards (140 m) wide at its widest during its 35-minute lifespan. The tornado repeatedly struck essentially the same area of town, destroying most of the structures and vehicles in the area. A video of the tornado shows an entire two-story home swiped off its foundation and tossed 75 feet (23 m) in the air before rotating around the tornado and then being obliterated. Also seen on the video was a three-quarters-of-a-ton GM van filled with drywall picked up and tossed hundreds of feet. At least three houses are seen being destroyed on the video, with many more being damaged as well as vehicles, and the mill is seen being damaged, with bins and roofs being destroyed there. Aftermath Since the people in Elie were prepared and took the necessary precautions during the event, no one was injured or killed during the storm. The following day, Environment Canada sent out a storm damage survey team from the Prairie and Arctic Storm Prediction Centre to assess the damage caused by the tornado. On September 18, 2007, the tornado was upgraded to F5 on the Fujita scale from the original F4 based on video analysis of the tornado and reassessment of the damage. This was the first tornado in Canada to be officially rated as such, making it the strongest confirmed tornado in Canadian history. It was one of only two F5/EF5 tornadoes that year (the other being in Greensburg, Kansas on May 4, 2007), and there have only been ten confirmed since 1999. At the time, Canada had not adopted the Enhanced Fujita scale. F4 vs F5 rating In 2008 at the American Meteorological Society's 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Patrick J. McCarthy, along with D. Carlsen and J. Slipec, submitted a paper for and hosted a presentation on the Elie tornado. At the conference, it was presented that some of the damage did point to an F5 rating, however, the survey team was concerned the tornado was weaker than F5 strength, and only caused the extreme damage due to moving slowly, where it could have "relentlessly pounded the houses into a higher level of destruction". After further investigation using video evidence captured by people watching the tornado, the surveyors determined that "the structural failures were quick. The structural assessments indicated that the homes were well-built and generally well-secured. In particular, one of the destroyed homes met all of the requirements for the highest damage rating." The team also noted that the damage would have qualified for an EF5 rating on the Enhanced Fujita scale, which was in use in the United States at the time. Significance At the same time as the Elie tornado, another tornado was occurring close to nearby Oakville. That tornado was rated as an F3 with winds of 295 km/h (183 mph) after it destroyed several outbuildings, a couple of grain storage bins, and many trees. The Elie tornado was also significant because of how it looked while at F5 intensity. The tornado was reaching the end of its life span and was in its roping out/decaying stage. Some meteorologists suggest the intensity was due to the rapid implosion of the tornado's wind field, which caused it to quickly accelerate for a brief period of time. Other tornadoes In addition to the Elie F5 tornado, four more tornadoes also affected Canada on June 22–23. Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 4 List of confirmed tornadoes – Friday, June 22, 2007, to Saturday, June 23, 2007 F# Location County / Parish Province Start Coord. Date Time (UTC) Path length Max width Summary F3 Oakville area Central Plains MB 49°21′15″N 99°19′51″W / 49.3541°N 99.3309°W / 49.3541; -99.3309 (Oakville (June 22, F3)) June 22 23:51 12 km (7.5 mi) Unknown After the Elie tornado dissipated, a new destructive tornado developed about 10 miles (16 km) west of there. The tornado tracked through the country damaging trees, outbuildings, and a couple of grain storage bins. F1 ESE of Lampman Saskatchewan SK 49°20′06″N 102°37′00″W / 49.3349°N 102.6166°W / 49.3349; -102.6166 (Lampman (June 23, F1)) June 23 18:04 6 km (3.7 mi) 40 m (44 yd) This small tornado caused C$100,000 in damage along its path and injured one person. F0 NE of Carnduff Saskatchewan SK 49°19′06″N 101°40′02″W / 49.3182°N 101.6672°W / 49.3182; -101.6672 (Carnduff (June 23, F0)) June 23 18:38 Unknown Unknown Brief tornado with no known damage. F3 NW of Pipestone to near Glenora Pipestone MB 49°35′37″N 100°59′07″W / 49.5937°N 100.9852°W / 49.5937; -100.9852 (Pipestone (June 23, F3)) June 23 18:58 40 km (25 mi) 1,800 m (2,000 yd) This large wedge tornado completely destroyed two homes and damaged many trees and several wheat fields. Damage amounted to C$2 million. This tornado was captured on camera, with dramatic footage of the formation, intensification, and even when the tornado displayed multiple vortices, available online. See also Tornadoes of 2007 List of Canadian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes Tornado outbreak of May 4–6, 2007 – Produced the Greensburg, Kansas EF5 tornado Notes References ^ a b c "Canada's Top Ten Weather Stories for 2007". Environment Canada Archived. Environment Canada. 30 December 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2015. ^ 1688 to 1923: Geloso, Vincent, A Price Index for Canada, 1688 to 1850 (December 6, 2016). Afterwards, Canadian inflation numbers based on Statistics Canada tables 18-10-0005-01 (formerly CANSIM 326-0021) "Consumer Price Index, annual average, not seasonally adjusted". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 17, 2021. and table 18-10-0004-13 "Consumer Price Index by product group, monthly, percentage change, not seasonally adjusted, Canada, provinces, Whitehorse, Yellowknife and Iqaluit". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 17, 2021. ^ a b "Elie tornado upgraded to highest level on damage scale - Canada's first official F5 tornado". CNW Archive. Environment Canada. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015. ^ a b c d "P9.10 Elie, Manitoba, Canada, June 22, 2007: Canada's first F5 tornado (2008 - 24SLS_24sls)". ams.confex.com. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ Assessing tornado damage: EF-scale vs. F-scale Archived April 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Hobson, Justin (4 January 2012). Meteorological analysis of the 22 June 2007 F5 tornado in Elie, Manitoba (Thesis). hdl:1993/5022. S2CID 133938913. ^ Government of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada (2009-12-30). "Environment and Climate Change Canada - Weather and Meteorology - Canada's Top Ten Weather Stories for 2007 - Canada's First F5 Tornado". ec.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-03-28. ^ Reported on page B1 in the Windsor Star, Windsor, Ontario, June 23, 2007 ^ "Tornado cleanup begins in southern Manitoba". The Globe and Mail. 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ F5 Tornado in Elie, MB From Different Vantage Point, retrieved 2022-03-31 ^ Elie Mb Tornado, retrieved 2022-03-31 ^ "10 years later, Canada's only F5 tornado remains in a class of its own". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ a b c McCarthy, Patrick J.; Carlsen, D.; Slipec, J. (29 October 2008). "Elie, Manitoba, Canada, June 22, 2007: Canada's first F5 tornado". The American Meteorological Society's 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms. Prairie and Arctic Storm Prediction Centre (PASPC), Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment Canada (EC). 24 (P9.10): 1–7. ^ Staff of the American Meteorological Society and Environment Canada (29 October 2008). "Elie, Manitoba, Canada, June 22, 2007: Canada's first F5 tornado" (Academic conference). 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms. Savannah, Georgia: American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024. The preliminary damage assessment pointed to F5 (EF5) damage. ^ "Canada Tornado Database: Tornado F3, Manitoba 2007-6-22". Record Meteo. 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2013. ^ "Canada Tornado Database: Tornado F1, Saskatchewan 2007-6-23". Record Meteo. 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved June 14, 2013. ^ "Canada Tornado Database: Tornado F1, Saskatchewan 2007-6-23". Record Meteo. 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved June 14, 2013. ^ "Canada Tornado Database: Tornado F3, Manitoba 2007-6-23". Record Meteo. 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013. ^ "HIGH DEFINITION HUGE MANITOBA TORNADO! June 23, 2007 -". YouTube. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2007 Elie Manitoba tornado. Video of tornado Popular Manitoba tornado video The Elie, Manitoba F5 Tornado 49°54′04″N 97°45′29″W / 49.901°N 97.758°W / 49.901; -97.758 vteF5 and EF5 tornadoes Woldegk 1764 Hainichen 1800 Montville 1845 Bowen 1876 Treviso 1930 Waco 1953 Fort Rice 1953 Flint 1953 Anita 1953 Vicksburg 1953 Blackwell 1955 Udall 1955 Hudsonville 1956 Ruskin Heights 1957 Fargo 1957 Sunfield 1957 Colfax 1958 Prague 1960 Wichita Falls 1964 Bradshaw 1964 Gregory 1965 Jackson 1966 Topeka 1966 Belmond 1966 Palluel 1967 Wheelersburg 1968 Charles City 1968 Oelwein 1968 Tracy 1968 Lubbock 1970 Waverly 1971 San Justo 1973 Valley Mills 1973 Depauw 1974 Xenia 1974 Brandenburg 1974 Sayler Park 1974 Tanner 1974 (1st, 2nd) Guin 1974 Spiro 1976 Brownwood 1976 Jordan 1976 Birmingham 1977 Messer 1982 Barneveld 1984 Niles 1985 Hesston 1990 Goessel 1990 Plainfield 1990 Andover 1991 Chandler 1992 Oakfield 1996 Jarrell 1997 Oak Grove 1998 Bridge Creek 1999 Greensburg 2007 Elie 2007 Parkersburg 2008 Philadelphia 2011 Hackleburg–Phil Campbell 2011 Smithville 2011 Rainsville 2011 Joplin 2011 El Reno 2011 Moore 2013 vteTornado outbreaks of 2007 February 2 February 13 February 23–24 February 28–March 2 March 28–31 April 13–15 April 20–27 April 23–25 May 4–6 June 6–8 June 9–19 June 22–23 (Canada) August 8 August 23–24 October 17–19 December 15	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujita_scale"},{"link_name":"Elie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada's_Top_Ten_Weather_Stories_for_2007-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elie_now_F5-3"},{"link_name":"tornado outbreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Enhanced Fujita scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_scale"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada's_Top_Ten_Weather_Stories_for_2007-1"}],"text":"Canada's only F5 tornadoDuring the evening of June 22, 2007, a powerful F5 tornado struck the town of Elie, in the Canadian province of Manitoba (40 km (25 mi) west of Winnipeg).[1][3] It was part of a small two-day tornado outbreak that occurred in the area and reached a maximum width of 150 yards (140 m). The tornado was unusual because it caused the extreme damage during its roping out stage at a mere 35 yards (32 m) in width and moved extremely slowly and unpredictably. The tornado tracked primarily southeast, as opposed to the usual northeast, and made multiple loops and sharp turns.[4] Because Environment Canada adopted the Enhanced Fujita scale in 2013, there will be no more tornadoes with an F5 rating, making this tornado the first and last confirmed F5 tornado in Canada.[5]While several houses were leveled, no one was injured or killed by the tornado.[1] A home in the town was swept clean off of its foundation, justifying the F5 classification. One of the strongest twisters on record since 1999, it is one of only ten to be rated F5/EF5 since 1999 in North America. The tornado caused damage of an estimated $39 million.","title":"2007 Elie tornado"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radar_image_of_the_storms_that_produced_the_tornado.png"},{"link_name":"synoptic situation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoptic_scale_meteorology"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"supercells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercell"},{"link_name":"capped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capping_inversion"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"text":"Radar image of the group of storms that produced the tornado.The synoptic situation on June 22 was conducive to a major severe weather event in southern Manitoba. A low pressure system came in from Saskatchewan through the day, and then moved over southern Manitoba throughout the evening. A warm front was positioned north of Elie for much of the day with a trailing cold front residing west of Elie near the Lake Manitoba basin southwest through southeast Saskatchewan. A lake breeze boundary was also present south of Lake Manitoba.[6]Very warm air was situated over Southern Manitoba that day as temperatures climbed into the high 20s °C (low 80s °F). The humidity was also uncomfortably high, with dewpoints ranging from 18–22 °C (64–72 °F). Strong wind shear was present, reflected in high helicity values. These conditions were favorable for supercells, which are thunderstorms with rotating updrafts, and they developed within the warm sector located in the Red River Valley and areas farther west. The situation was exacerbated by the presence of the lake breeze boundary because the atmosphere was capped through much of the day with little in the way of a trigger. This boundary provided the focus for storms to develop rapidly and become severe, given the high instability present.[6]","title":"Meteorological synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F5_tornado_funnel_cloud_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_1"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"semi trailer and a tractor trailer.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck"},{"link_name":"flour mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour_mill"},{"link_name":"sill plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sill_plate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Chrysler Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Fifth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Updated_tornado_track_of_Elie,_Manitoba_2007_F5.png"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Funnel cloud that would produce the Elie tornado.The tornado initially touched down north of the Trans-Canada Highway around 6:25 p.m. CDT (23:25 UTC)[7] and slowly moved southeast where it picked up and overturned a semi trailer and a tractor trailer. The tornado slowly turned east, took a sharp turn south, and then took another sharp turn east all within roughly 1 mile (1.6 km). The tornado made another turn south and made an extremely slow loop over the town's flour mill at F2 intensity, causing over $1 million in damage. Multiple semi trucks were overturned and damaged and building walls buckled inward. At this point, the tornado was producing F1 to F2 level damage and had grown to a width of 50 m. From there, it headed south, parallel to Janzen Road, at F0 intensity. It also continued to grow, and reached its peak width of about 140 m. After reaching the intersection of Jansen Road and Road 61 North, the tornado turned east directly towards the southwest edge of Elie. It quickly intensified to F4 strength while it made a loop over Elie Street. Here, it damaged a dozen homes and destroyed four houses, including one which was described as well-built and bolted to its foundation, being lifted completely off its foundation and thrown into the air where it then broke apart, justifying F5 intensity. The tornado was even strong enough to rip some sill plates and snap off bolts that supported them.[4] Trees were debarked as well. The two other houses sustained F4 level damage, with both of them being almost completely lifted off of their foundations. One other house also sustained F2 or F3 level damage, with the entire roof torn off and multiple exterior walls collapsed. The tornado also flipped and threw multiple cars, including a car that was tossed over 100 meters, and even tossed one homeowner's Chrysler Fifth Avenue onto a neighbor's roof.[8][9] The tornado lingered over this area of Elie for approximately four minutes before it exited Elie to the southwest and rapidly dissipated.[4]Path of the tornado, showing sporadic loops and turns.The tornado traveled about 6 km (3.7 mi) and was 150 yards (140 m) wide at its widest during its 35-minute lifespan. The tornado repeatedly struck essentially the same area of town, destroying most of the structures and vehicles in the area. A video of the tornado shows an entire two-story home swiped off its foundation and tossed 75 feet (23 m) in the air before rotating around the tornado and then being obliterated. Also seen on the video was a three-quarters-of-a-ton GM van filled with drywall picked up and tossed hundreds of feet. At least three houses are seen being destroyed on the video, with many more being damaged as well as vehicles, and the mill is seen being damaged, with bins and roofs being destroyed there.[10][11]","title":"Storm track and damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Environment Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_and_Climate_Change_Canada"},{"link_name":"Prairie and Arctic Storm Prediction Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_and_Arctic_Storm_Prediction_Centre"},{"link_name":"Fujita scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujita_scale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elie_now_F5-3"},{"link_name":"the other being in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_4%E2%80%936,_2007"},{"link_name":"Greensburg, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensburg,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Enhanced Fujita scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_scale"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Since the people in Elie were prepared and took the necessary precautions during the event, no one was injured or killed during the storm. The following day, Environment Canada sent out a storm damage survey team from the Prairie and Arctic Storm Prediction Centre to assess the damage caused by the tornado. On September 18, 2007, the tornado was upgraded to F5 on the Fujita scale from the original F4 based on video analysis of the tornado and reassessment of the damage.[3] This was the first tornado in Canada to be officially rated as such, making it the strongest confirmed tornado in Canadian history. It was one of only two F5/EF5 tornadoes that year (the other being in Greensburg, Kansas on May 4, 2007), and there have only been ten confirmed since 1999. At the time, Canada had not adopted the Enhanced Fujita scale.[12]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Meteorological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMS_Paper-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMS_Paper-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMS_Paper-13"},{"link_name":"Enhanced Fujita scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_scale"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMS_Conference-14"}],"sub_title":"F4 vs F5 rating","text":"In 2008 at the American Meteorological Society's 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Patrick J. McCarthy, along with D. Carlsen and J. Slipec, submitted a paper for and hosted a presentation on the Elie tornado.[13] At the conference, it was presented that some of the damage did point to an F5 rating, however, the survey team was concerned the tornado was weaker than F5 strength, and only caused the extreme damage due to moving slowly, where it could have \"relentlessly pounded the houses into a higher level of destruction\".[13] After further investigation using video evidence captured by people watching the tornado, the surveyors determined that \"the structural failures were quick. The structural assessments indicated that the homes were well-built and generally well-secured. In particular, one of the destroyed homes met all of the requirements for the highest damage rating.\"[13] The team also noted that the damage would have qualified for an EF5 rating on the Enhanced Fujita scale, which was in use in the United States at the time.[14]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oakville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakville,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"F3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujita_scale"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"At the same time as the Elie tornado, another tornado was occurring close to nearby Oakville. That tornado was rated as an F3 with winds of 295 km/h (183 mph) after it destroyed several outbuildings, a couple of grain storage bins, and many trees. The Elie tornado was also significant because of how it looked while at F5 intensity. The tornado was reaching the end of its life span and was in its roping out/decaying stage. Some meteorologists suggest the intensity was due to the rapid implosion of the tornado's wind field, which caused it to quickly accelerate for a brief period of time.[4]","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In addition to the Elie F5 tornado, four more tornadoes also affected Canada on June 22–23.","title":"Other tornadoes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Radar image of the group of storms that produced the tornado.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Radar_image_of_the_storms_that_produced_the_tornado.png/213px-Radar_image_of_the_storms_that_produced_the_tornado.png"},{"image_text":"Funnel cloud that would produce the Elie tornado.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/F5_tornado_funnel_cloud_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg/220px-F5_tornado_funnel_cloud_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Path of the tornado, showing sporadic loops and turns.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Updated_tornado_track_of_Elie%2C_Manitoba_2007_F5.png/225px-Updated_tornado_track_of_Elie%2C_Manitoba_2007_F5.png"}]	[{"title":"Tornadoes of 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes_of_2007"},{"title":"List of Canadian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_tornadoes_and_tornado_outbreaks"},{"title":"List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_F5_and_EF5_tornadoes"},{"title":"Tornado outbreak of May 4–6, 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_4%E2%80%936,_2007"}]	[{"reference":"\"Canada's Top Ten Weather Stories for 2007\". Environment Canada Archived. Environment Canada. 30 December 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=07580648-1","url_text":"\"Canada's Top Ten Weather Stories for 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"Consumer Price Index, annual average, not seasonally adjusted\". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=1810000501#timeframe","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index, annual average, not seasonally adjusted\""}]},{"reference":"\"Consumer Price Index by product group, monthly, percentage change, not seasonally adjusted, Canada, provinces, Whitehorse, Yellowknife and Iqaluit\". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=1810000413#timeframe","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index by product group, monthly, percentage change, not seasonally adjusted, Canada, provinces, Whitehorse, Yellowknife and Iqaluit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elie tornado upgraded to highest level on damage scale - Canada's first official F5 tornado\". CNW Archive. Environment Canada. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021045/http://archive.newswire.ca/en/story/99261/elie-tornado-upgraded-to-highest-level-on-damage-scale-canada-s-first-official-f5-tornado","url_text":"\"Elie tornado upgraded to highest level on damage scale - Canada's first official F5 tornado\""},{"url":"http://archive.newswire.ca/en/story/99261/elie-tornado-upgraded-to-highest-level-on-damage-scale-canada-s-first-official-f5-tornado","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"P9.10 Elie, Manitoba, Canada, June 22, 2007: Canada's first F5 tornado (2008 - 24SLS_24sls)\". ams.confex.com. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://ams.confex.com/ams/24SLS/techprogram/paper_141718.htm","url_text":"\"P9.10 Elie, Manitoba, Canada, June 22, 2007: Canada's first F5 tornado (2008 - 24SLS_24sls)\""}]},{"reference":"Hobson, Justin (4 January 2012). Meteorological analysis of the 22 June 2007 F5 tornado in Elie, Manitoba (Thesis). hdl:1993/5022. S2CID 133938913.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1993%2F5022","url_text":"1993/5022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133938913","url_text":"133938913"}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada (2009-12-30). \"Environment and Climate Change Canada - Weather and Meteorology - Canada's Top Ten Weather Stories for 2007 - Canada's First F5 Tornado\". ec.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=07580648-1","url_text":"\"Environment and Climate Change Canada - Weather and Meteorology - Canada's Top Ten Weather Stories for 2007 - Canada's First F5 Tornado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tornado cleanup begins in southern Manitoba\". The Globe and Mail. 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/tornado-cleanup-begins-in-southern-manitoba/article1088041/","url_text":"\"Tornado cleanup begins in southern Manitoba\""}]},{"reference":"F5 Tornado in Elie, MB From Different Vantage Point, retrieved 2022-03-31","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ScKKYV8u6E","url_text":"F5 Tornado in Elie, MB From Different Vantage Point"}]},{"reference":"Elie Mb Tornado, retrieved 2022-03-31","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMTjrnUfvmE","url_text":"Elie Mb Tornado"}]},{"reference":"\"10 years later, Canada's only F5 tornado remains in a class of its own\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/06/22/10-years-later-canadas-only-f5-tornado-remains-in-a-class-of-its-own/","url_text":"\"10 years later, Canada's only F5 tornado remains in a class of its own\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Patrick J.; Carlsen, D.; Slipec, J. (29 October 2008). \"Elie, Manitoba, Canada, June 22, 2007: Canada's first F5 tornado\". The American Meteorological Society's 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms. Prairie and Arctic Storm Prediction Centre (PASPC), Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment Canada (EC). 24 (P9.10): 1–7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society","url_text":"American Meteorological Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_and_Arctic_Storm_Prediction_Centre","url_text":"Prairie and Arctic Storm Prediction Centre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorological_Service_of_Canada","url_text":"Meteorological Service of Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_and_Climate_Change_Canada","url_text":"Environment Canada"}]},{"reference":"Staff of the American Meteorological Society and Environment Canada (29 October 2008). \"Elie, Manitoba, Canada, June 22, 2007: Canada's first F5 tornado\" (Academic conference). 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms. Savannah, Georgia: American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024. The preliminary damage assessment pointed to F5 (EF5) damage.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society","url_text":"American Meteorological Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_and_Climate_Change_Canada","url_text":"Environment Canada"},{"url":"https://ams.confex.com/ams/24SLS/techprogram/paper_141718.htma","url_text":"\"Elie, Manitoba, Canada, June 22, 2007: Canada's first F5 tornado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_conference","url_text":"Academic conference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia","url_text":"Savannah, Georgia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society","url_text":"American Meteorological Society"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240109023508/https://ams.confex.com/ams/24SLS/techprogram/paper_141718.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Tornado Database: Tornado F3, Manitoba 2007-6-22\". Record Meteo. 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212951/http://www.recordmeteo.com/tornado-canada/Tornado-Manitoba-2007-6-22-en-293.html","url_text":"\"Canada Tornado Database: Tornado F3, Manitoba 2007-6-22\""},{"url":"http://www.recordmeteo.com/tornado-canada/Tornado-Manitoba-2007-6-22-en-293.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Tornado Database: Tornado F1, Saskatchewan 2007-6-23\". Record Meteo. 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved June 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307165245/http://recordmeteo.com/tornado-canada/tornado-saskatchewan-2007-6-23-en-297.html","url_text":"\"Canada Tornado Database: Tornado F1, Saskatchewan 2007-6-23\""},{"url":"http://www.recordmeteo.com/tornado-canada/Tornado-Saskatchewan-2007-6-23-en-297.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Tornado Database: Tornado F1, Saskatchewan 2007-6-23\". Record Meteo. 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved June 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002827/http://www.recordmeteo.com/tornado-canada/Tornado-Saskatchewan-2007-6-23-en-298.html","url_text":"\"Canada Tornado Database: Tornado F1, Saskatchewan 2007-6-23\""},{"url":"http://www.recordmeteo.com/tornado-canada/Tornado-Saskatchewan-2007-6-23-en-298.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Tornado Database: Tornado F3, Manitoba 2007-6-23\". Record Meteo. 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.recordmeteo.com/tornado-canada/Tornado-Manitoba-2007-6-23-en-294.html","url_text":"\"Canada Tornado Database: Tornado F3, Manitoba 2007-6-23\""}]},{"reference":"\"HIGH DEFINITION HUGE MANITOBA TORNADO! June 23, 2007 -\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDK-EJPM_e4","url_text":"\"HIGH DEFINITION HUGE MANITOBA TORNADO! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Audley,_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester	Hugh de Audley, 1st Earl of Gloucester	["1 Origins","2 Marriage","3 Career","4 See also","5 External links","6 References","7 External links"]	Hugh de Audley1st Earl of GloucesterArms of Audley: Gules, a fret orOther titlesLord of the Manor of ChiltonLord of the Manor of GrattonBornc. 1291Stratton Audley, Oxfordshire, EnglandDied10 November 1347Kent, EnglandBuriedTonbridge Priory, Kent, EnglandNoble familyde AudleySpouse(s)Margaret de ClareIssueMargaret de AudleyFatherHugh de Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Stratton AudleyMotherIsolt Mortimer Hugh de Audley, 1st Earl of Gloucester, 1st Baron Audley (c. 1291 – 10 November 1347) of Stratton Audley in Oxfordshire, and of Gratton in Staffordshire, served as Sheriff of Rutland and was the English Ambassador to France in 1341. He was buried in Tonbridge Priory. Origins He was born at Stratton Audley, the second son of Hugh de Audley (c. 1267 – c. 1326) of Stratton Audley by his wife Isolde (Iseult) le Rous (c. 1260 – 1338), daughter of Sir Roger le Rous and Eleanor de Avenbury and the widow of Sir Walter de Balun. The 1st Earl had siblings including John de Audley (born c. 1293) and Alice de Audley (born c. 1304) who married firstly Ralph de Greystoke, 1st Baron Greystoke and later Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby. Marriage He married Margaret de Clare, widow of Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall, who was the favourite (and possibly lover) of King Edward II of England. As Margaret was a sister of Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester, who was killed at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, she brought the Gloucester estates to her husband. By Margaret he had a daughter, Margaret de Audley (born c. 1318 in Stafford), who was abducted as his wife by Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford. Career Following his marriage, he was created Earl of Gloucester by King Edward III. He served as Sheriff of Rutland from 1316 to 1322 and again from 1327 to 1347. See also Audley-Stanley family External links Inquisition Post Mortem References ^ Page, W. (1927) Parishes: Chilton. A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 4. Ed. London, England: Victoria County History. ^ a b Harrison, B.H. (2009). The Family Forest Descendants of Milesius of Spain for 84 Generations. The Family Forest National Treasure Edition. Kamuela, HI: Millicent Publishing Company, Inc. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hammond, P. W. (1998). The Complete Peerage or a History of the House of Lords and All its Members From the Earliest Times, Volume XIV: Addenda & Corrigenda. ^ a b c d e f Weis, F. L., Sheppard, W. L., & Beall, W. R. (1999). The Magna Charta Sureties, 1215: The Barons Named in the Magna Charta, 1215, and Some of Their Descendants who Settled in America During the Early Colonial Years. Genealogical Publishing Com. ^ a b c d J. R. Maddicott, 'Audley, Hugh, earl of Gloucester (c. 1291–1347)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. ^ a b Fuller, T. (2013). The history of the worthies of England, Volume 3. Hardpress. ISBN 9781313240130. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gloucester, Earls and Dukes of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ^ Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem - Edward III External links de Audley family genealogy de Audley family genealogy at OurFolkGen.com Heighley Castle, Madeley Staffordshire - home of the Audley family Madeley village website with history of Audley family	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stratton Audley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratton_Audley"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Sheriff of Rutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_of_Rutland"},{"link_name":"Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-HAudley-5"},{"link_name":"Tonbridge Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbridge_Priory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammond-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weis-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuller-6"}],"text":"Hugh de Audley, 1st Earl of Gloucester, 1st Baron Audley (c. 1291 – 10 November 1347) of Stratton Audley in Oxfordshire, and of Gratton in Staffordshire, served as Sheriff of Rutland and was the English Ambassador to France in 1341.[2][5] He was buried in Tonbridge Priory.[3][4][6]","title":"Hugh de Audley, 1st Earl of Gloucester"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stratton Audley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratton_Audley"},{"link_name":"Hugh de Audley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Audley,_1st_Baron_Audley_of_Stratton_Audley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-HAudley-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammond-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-HAudley-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammond-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-HAudley-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammond-3"},{"link_name":"Ralph de Greystoke, 1st Baron Greystoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_de_Greystoke,_1st_Baron_Greystoke"},{"link_name":"Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Neville,_2nd_Baron_Neville_de_Raby"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammond-3"}],"text":"He was born at Stratton Audley, the second son of Hugh de Audley (c. 1267 – c. 1326) of Stratton Audley[5][3] by his wife Isolde (Iseult) le Rous (c. 1260 – 1338[5]), daughter of Sir Roger le Rous and Eleanor de Avenbury[3] and the widow of Sir Walter de Balun.[5][3] The 1st Earl had siblings including John de Audley (born c. 1293) and Alice de Audley (born c. 1304) who married firstly Ralph de Greystoke, 1st Baron Greystoke and later Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby.[3]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Margaret de Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_de_Clare"},{"link_name":"Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Gaveston,_1st_Earl_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"favourite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favourite"},{"link_name":"Edward II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammond-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weis-4"},{"link_name":"Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_8th_Earl_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bannockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Margaret de Audley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_de_Audley"},{"link_name":"Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford"},{"link_name":"Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Stafford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammond-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weis-4"}],"text":"He married Margaret de Clare, widow of Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall, who was the favourite (and possibly lover) of King Edward II of England.[3][4] As Margaret was a sister of Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester, who was killed at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, she brought the Gloucester estates to her husband.[7] By Margaret he had a daughter, Margaret de Audley (born c. 1318 in Stafford), who was abducted as his wife by Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford.[3][4]","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earl of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III"},{"link_name":"Sheriff of Rutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_of_Rutland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuller-6"}],"text":"Following his marriage, he was created Earl of Gloucester by King Edward III. He served as Sheriff of Rutland from 1316 to 1322 and again from 1327 to 1347.[6]","title":"Career"}]	[]	[{"title":"Audley-Stanley family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audley-Stanley_family"}]	[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Gloucester, Earls and Dukes of\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak-Beshim,_Ch%C3%BCy	Ak-Beshim, Chüy	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 42°48′48″N 75°14′30″E / 42.81333°N 75.24167°E / 42.81333; 75.24167Place in Chüy Region, KyrgyzstanAk-Beshim Ак-БешимAk-BeshimCoordinates: 42°48′48″N 75°14′30″E / 42.81333°N 75.24167°E / 42.81333; 75.24167CountryKyrgyzstanRegionChüy RegionDistrictChüy DistrictElevation814 m (2,671 ft)Population (2021) • Total3,391 Not to be confused with acheological site Ak-Beshim (Suyab). Ak-Beshim (Kyrgyz: Ак-Бешим) is a village in the Chüy District, Chüy Region, Kyrgyzstan. The population of the village was 3,391 in 2021. It is the center of Ak-Beshim rural community (ayyl aymagy). References ^ "Population of regions, districts, towns, urban-type settlements, rural communities and villages of Kyrgyz Republic" (XLS) (in Russian). National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. 2021. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. ^ "Classification system of territorial units of the Kyrgyz Republic" (in Kyrgyz). National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. May 2021. pp. 80–81. ^ Чүй облусу:Энциклопедия (in Kyrgyz and Russian). Bishkek: Chief Editorial Board of Kyrgyz Encyclopedia. 1994. p. 718. ISBN 5-89750-083-5. vtePopulated places in Chüy District, Chüy RegionSeat: TokmokVillages Ak-Beshim Akmatbek Alga Arpa-Tektir Burana Chapaev Chong-Jar Chüy Döng-Aryk Iskra Jangy-Chek Kara-Döbö Karagul Kayyrma Kegeti Kosh-Kashat Kosh-Korgon Koshoy Kyzyl-Asker Madaniyat Onbir-Jylga Progress Saylyk Shamshy Taldy-Bulak This Chüy Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ak-Beshim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak-Beshim"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_language"},{"link_name":"Chüy District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BCy_District"},{"link_name":"Chüy Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BCy_Region"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop21-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-class-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Place in Chüy Region, KyrgyzstanNot to be confused with acheological site Ak-Beshim (Suyab).Ak-Beshim (Kyrgyz: Ак-Бешим) is a village in the Chüy District, Chüy Region, Kyrgyzstan. The population of the village was 3,391 in 2021.[1] It is the center of Ak-Beshim rural community (ayyl aymagy).[2][3]","title":"Ak-Beshim, Chüy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Population of regions, districts, towns, urban-type settlements, rural communities and villages of Kyrgyz Republic\" (XLS) (in Russian). National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. 2021. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.kg/ru/statistics/download/operational/825/","url_text":"\"Population of regions, districts, towns, urban-type settlements, rural communities and villages of Kyrgyz Republic\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211110033419/http://www.stat.kg/ru/statistics/download/operational/825/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Classification system of territorial units of the Kyrgyz Republic\" (in Kyrgyz). National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. May 2021. pp. 80–81.","urls":[{"url":"http://stat.kg/media/files/21f93e4d-9418-433e-aed9-ecb28d70ef5a.doc","url_text":"\"Classification system of territorial units of the Kyrgyz Republic\""}]},{"reference":"Чүй облусу:Энциклопедия [Encyclopedia of Chuy Oblast] (in Kyrgyz and Russian). Bishkek: Chief Editorial Board of Kyrgyz Encyclopedia. 1994. p. 718. ISBN 5-89750-083-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89750-083-5","url_text":"5-89750-083-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ak-Beshim,_Ch%C3%BCy&params=42_48_48_N_75_14_30_E_region:KG_type:city(3391)","external_links_name":"42°48′48″N 75°14′30″E / 42.81333°N 75.24167°E / 42.81333; 75.24167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ak-Beshim,_Ch%C3%BCy&params=42_48_48_N_75_14_30_E_region:KG_type:city(3391)","external_links_name":"42°48′48″N 75°14′30″E / 42.81333°N 75.24167°E / 42.81333; 75.24167"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.kg/ru/statistics/download/operational/825/","external_links_name":"\"Population of regions, districts, towns, urban-type settlements, rural communities and villages of Kyrgyz Republic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211110033419/http://www.stat.kg/ru/statistics/download/operational/825/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://stat.kg/media/files/21f93e4d-9418-433e-aed9-ecb28d70ef5a.doc","external_links_name":"\"Classification system of territorial units of the Kyrgyz Republic\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ak-Beshim,_Ch%C3%BCy&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham,_Wisconsin	Brigham, Wisconsin	["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References"]	Coordinates: 43°0′31″N 89°54′4″W / 43.00861°N 89.90111°W / 43.00861; -89.90111 Town in Wisconsin, United StatesTown of BrighamTownLocation of the Town of BrighamCoordinates: 43°0′31″N 89°54′4″W / 43.00861°N 89.90111°W / 43.00861; -89.90111Country United StatesState WisconsinCountyIowaArea • Total64.1 sq mi (166.0 km2) • Land64.1 sq mi (165.9 km2) • Water0.0 sq mi (0.1 km2)Elevation1,132 ft (345 m)Population (2000) • Total908 • Density14.2/sq mi (5.5/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code608FIPS code55-09600GNIS feature ID1582857Websitehttp://www.town.brigham.iowa.wi.us the Town of Brigham is a town located in Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 908 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Middlebury is located in the town. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 64.1 square miles (166.0 km2), of which, 64.1 square miles (165.9 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2) of it (0.03%) is water. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 908 people, 335 households, and 262 families residing in the town. The population density was 14.2 people per square mile (5.5/km2). There were 375 housing units at an average density of 5.9 per square mile (2.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.01% White, 0.22% African American, 0.22% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.44% of the population. There were 335 households, out of which 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.8% were married couples living together, 3.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.5% were non-families. 17.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.05. In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 9.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.7 males. The median income for a household in the town was $57,500, and the median income for a family was $65,208. Males had a median income of $35,104 versus $27,143 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,469. About 4.8% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.6% of those under age 18 and 13.3% of those age 65 or over. References ^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Towns" in Wisconsin perform most of the same functions as townships in many other states. see 'Wisconsin Blue Book 2022,' Town, pp 354-355 vteMunicipalities and communities of Iowa County, Wisconsin, United StatesCounty seat: DodgevilleCities Dodgeville Mineral Point Villages Arena Avoca Barneveld Blanchardville‡ Cobb Highland Hollandale Linden Livingston‡ Montfort‡ Muscoda‡ Rewey Ridgeway Towns Arena Brigham Clyde Dodgeville Eden Highland Linden Mifflin Mineral Point Moscow Pulaski Ridgeway Waldwick Wyoming CDP Edmund Unincorporatedcommunities Clyde Coon Rock Helena Hyde Jonesdale Middlebury Mifflin Moscow Pleasant Ridge Waldwick Wyoming Ghost towns Adamsville Dirty Hollow Minersville Pendarvis Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Wisconsin portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Iowa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"}],"text":"Town in Wisconsin, United Statesthe Town[3] of Brigham is a town located in Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 908 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Middlebury is located in the town.","title":"Brigham, Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 64.1 square miles (166.0 km2), of which, 64.1 square miles (165.9 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2) of it (0.03%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 908 people, 335 households, and 262 families residing in the town. The population density was 14.2 people per square mile (5.5/km2). There were 375 housing units at an average density of 5.9 per square mile (2.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.01% White, 0.22% African American, 0.22% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.44% of the population.There were 335 households, out of which 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.8% were married couples living together, 3.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.5% were non-families. 17.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.05.In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 9.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.7 males.The median income for a household in the town was $57,500, and the median income for a family was $65,208. Males had a median income of $35,104 versus $27,143 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,469. About 4.8% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.6% of those under age 18 and 13.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Iowa_County.svg/70px-Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Iowa_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brigham,_Wisconsin&params=43_0_31_N_89_54_4_W_region:US-WI_type:city(908)","external_links_name":"43°0′31″N 89°54′4″W / 43.00861°N 89.90111°W / 43.00861; -89.90111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brigham,_Wisconsin&params=43_0_31_N_89_54_4_W_region:US-WI_type:city(908)","external_links_name":"43°0′31″N 89°54′4″W / 43.00861°N 89.90111°W / 43.00861; -89.90111"},{"Link":"http://www.town.brigham.iowa.wi.us/","external_links_name":"http://www.town.brigham.iowa.wi.us"},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Spencer,_2nd_Baron_Churchill	Francis Spencer, 2nd Baron Churchill	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]	British peer and diplomat The Right HonourableThe Lord ChurchillDCL DLPersonal detailsBornFrancis George Spencer(1802-10-06)6 October 1802Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, OxfordshireDied24 November 1886(1886-11-24) (aged 84)Mayfair, LondonSpouse Lady Jane Conyngham (m. 1849)ChildrenVictor Spencer, 1st Viscount ChurchillParent(s)Francis Spencer, 1st Baron ChurchillLady Frances FitzRoyEducationHarrow SchoolAlma materChrist Church, Oxford Francis George Spencer, 2nd Baron Churchill, DCL, DL (6 October 1802 – 24 November 1886), was a British peer and diplomat from the Spencer family. Early life Spencer was born on 6 October 1802 at Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire. He was the eldest son of Francis Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill, and Lady Frances FitzRoy. His younger sister, Hon. Caroline Elizabeth Spencer, married Robert Dillon, 3rd Baron Clonbrock, and his brother, Sir Augustus Spencer, married Helen Maria Campbell (daughter of Lt.-Gen. Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet). His father served as MP for Oxfordshire from 1801 to 1815. His paternal grandparents were George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough, and the former Lady Caroline Russell (a daughter of John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, the British Ambassador to France). His maternal grandparents were the former Elizabeth Wrottesley (daughter of Rev. Sir Richard Wrottesley, 7th Baronet, Dean of Worcester) and Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, who served as Prime Minister from October 1768 to January 1770. He was educated at Harrow School before matriculating at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1821. Career From 1823 and 1828, he served as the British attaché in Austria before becoming the attaché at Lisbon in 1828. He returned to Oxford, where he graduated with a Doctor of Civil Law in 1834. Upon the death of his father, he succeeded as the 2nd Baron Churchill of Whichwood, on 10 March 1845. He served as Deputy Lieutenant for Oxfordshire and was Lieut.-Col. Commandant of the Oxfordshire Yeomanry since 1857. Personal life Photograph of his wife, Jane Spencer, Baroness Churchill, 1862. On 19 May 1849, he married Lady Jane Conyngham at Bifrons, Kent. She was the eldest daughter of Gen. Sir Francis Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham, and Lady Jane Paget (a daughter of Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey). His wife served as a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Victoria between 1854 and 1900. Together, Francis and Jane were the parents of one son: Victor Albert Francis Charles (1864–1934), who succeeded his father in the barony in 1886, and was further created Viscount Churchill in 1902. He married Lady Verena Maud Lowther, daughter of Henry Lowther, 3rd Earl of Lonsdale, in 1887. They divorced in 1927, and he married Christine McRae Sinclair, daughter of William Sinclair, in 1927. He died on 24 November 1886, at age 84, at 32 Albemarle Street in Mayfair, London. References ^ Lodge, Edmund; et al. (1856). The peerage of the British empire as at present existing; arranged and printed from the personal communications of the nobility. Great Britain: London, Saunders and Otley. pp. 123–124. ^ Thorne, R. G. "SPENCER, Lord Francis Almeric (1779-1845), of Wychwood and Cornbury Park, Oxon". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 11 January 2023. ^ a b c d e f g Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage. Kelly's Directories. 1920. p. 605. Retrieved 11 January 2023. ^ a b Debrett's Illustrated Peerage and Titles of Courtesy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Dean & Son. 1869. p. 94. Retrieved 11 January 2023. ^ Drawings, British Museum Department of Prints and (1908). Catalogue of Engraved British Portraits: Preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum. Order of the Trustees. p. 431. Retrieved 11 January 2023. ^ Cokayne, George Edward (1913). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom: Canonteign to Cutts. St. Catherine Press, Limited. p. 208. Retrieved 11 January 2023. External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Francis George Spencer, 2nd Baron Churchill Francis George Spencer, 2nd Baron Churchill (1802-1886), Diplomat at the National Portrait Gallery Francis George Spencer, 2nd Baron Churchill (1802-86) c.1859 at the Royal Collection Trust Peerage of the United Kingdom Preceded byFrancis Spencer Baron Churchill 1845–1886 Succeeded byVictor Spencer	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law"},{"link_name":"DL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"British peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_peer"},{"link_name":"Spencer family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_family"}],"text":"Francis George Spencer, 2nd Baron Churchill, DCL, DL (6 October 1802 – 24 November 1886), was a British peer and diplomat from the Spencer family.","title":"Francis Spencer, 2nd Baron Churchill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blenheim Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim_Palace"},{"link_name":"Woodstock, Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Francis Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Spencer,_1st_Baron_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Robert Dillon, 3rd Baron Clonbrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dillon,_3rd_Baron_Clonbrock"},{"link_name":"Augustus Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Archibald_Campbell,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peerage_Book-1"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LFAShop-2"},{"link_name":"George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Spencer,_4th_Duke_of_Marlborough"},{"link_name":"Lady Caroline Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Spencer,_Duchess_of_Marlborough"},{"link_name":"John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_4th_Duke_of_Bedford"},{"link_name":"British Ambassador to France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ambassador_to_France"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Wrottesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wrottesley"},{"link_name":"Rev. Sir Richard Wrottesley, 7th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Wrottesley,_7th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Dean of Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett's1920-3"},{"link_name":"Harrow School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett's1869-4"}],"text":"Spencer was born on 6 October 1802 at Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire. He was the eldest son of Francis Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill, and Lady Frances FitzRoy. His younger sister, Hon. Caroline Elizabeth Spencer, married Robert Dillon, 3rd Baron Clonbrock, and his brother, Sir Augustus Spencer, married Helen Maria Campbell (daughter of Lt.-Gen. Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet).[1] His father served as MP for Oxfordshire from 1801 to 1815.[2]His paternal grandparents were George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough, and the former Lady Caroline Russell (a daughter of John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, the British Ambassador to France). His maternal grandparents were the former Elizabeth Wrottesley (daughter of Rev. Sir Richard Wrottesley, 7th Baronet, Dean of Worcester) and Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, who served as Prime Minister from October 1768 to January 1770.[3]He was educated at Harrow School before matriculating at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1821.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"attaché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Civil Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett's1920-3"},{"link_name":"Baron Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Churchill_(1815_creation)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett's1920-3"},{"link_name":"Deputy Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire Yeomanry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire_Yeomanry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett's1869-4"}],"text":"From 1823 and 1828, he served as the British attaché in Austria before becoming the attaché at Lisbon in 1828. He returned to Oxford, where he graduated with a Doctor of Civil Law in 1834.[3]Upon the death of his father, he succeeded as the 2nd Baron Churchill of Whichwood, on 10 March 1845.[3] He served as Deputy Lieutenant for Oxfordshire and was Lieut.-Col. Commandant of the Oxfordshire Yeomanry since 1857.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jane,_Baroness_Churchill_(1826-1900),_Darmstadt_1862.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jane Spencer, Baroness Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Spencer,_Baroness_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BM1908-5"},{"link_name":"Lady Jane Conyngham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Spencer,_Baroness_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Bifrons, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifrons,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Francis Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Conyngham,_2nd_Marquess_Conyngham"},{"link_name":"Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Paget,_1st_Marquess_of_Anglesey"},{"link_name":"Lady of the Bedchamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_of_the_Bedchamber"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cokayne1913-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett's1920-3"},{"link_name":"Victor Albert Francis Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Albert_Francis_Charles_Spencer,_1st_Viscount_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Viscount Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett's1920-3"},{"link_name":"Henry Lowther, 3rd Earl of Lonsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lowther,_3rd_Earl_of_Lonsdale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett's1920-3"},{"link_name":"Albemarle Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albemarle_Street"},{"link_name":"Mayfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett's1920-3"}],"text":"Photograph of his wife, Jane Spencer, Baroness Churchill, 1862.[5]On 19 May 1849, he married Lady Jane Conyngham at Bifrons, Kent. She was the eldest daughter of Gen. Sir Francis Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham, and Lady Jane Paget (a daughter of Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey). His wife served as a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Victoria between 1854 and 1900.[6] Together, Francis and Jane were the parents of one son:[3]Victor Albert Francis Charles (1864–1934), who succeeded his father in the barony in 1886, and was further created Viscount Churchill in 1902.[3] He married Lady Verena Maud Lowther, daughter of Henry Lowther, 3rd Earl of Lonsdale, in 1887. They divorced in 1927, and he married Christine McRae Sinclair, daughter of William Sinclair, in 1927.[3]He died on 24 November 1886, at age 84, at 32 Albemarle Street in Mayfair, London.[3]","title":"Personal life"}]	[{"image_text":"Photograph of his wife, Jane Spencer, Baroness Churchill, 1862.[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jane%2C_Baroness_Churchill_%281826-1900%29%2C_Darmstadt_1862.jpg/220px-Jane%2C_Baroness_Churchill_%281826-1900%29%2C_Darmstadt_1862.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Lodge, Edmund; et al. (1856). The peerage of the British empire as at present existing; arranged and printed from the personal communications of the nobility. Great Britain: London, Saunders and Otley. pp. 123–124.","urls":[{"url":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081834529;view=image;seq=205;q1=archibald%20campbell;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=123","url_text":"The peerage of the British empire as at present existing; arranged and printed from the personal communications of the nobility"}]},{"reference":"Thorne, R. G. \"SPENCER, Lord Francis Almeric (1779-1845), of Wychwood and Cornbury Park, Oxon\". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 11 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/spencer-francis-almeric-1779-1845","url_text":"\"SPENCER, Lord Francis Almeric (1779-1845), of Wychwood and Cornbury Park, Oxon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Parliament_Online","url_text":"History of Parliament Online"}]},{"reference":"Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage. Kelly's Directories. 1920. p. 605. Retrieved 11 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PNc7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA605","url_text":"Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage"}]},{"reference":"Debrett's Illustrated Peerage and Titles of Courtesy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Dean & Son. 1869. p. 94. Retrieved 11 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9oNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA94","url_text":"Debrett's Illustrated Peerage and Titles of Courtesy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"}]},{"reference":"Drawings, British Museum Department of Prints and (1908). Catalogue of Engraved British Portraits: Preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum. Order of the Trustees. p. 431. Retrieved 11 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6TQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA431","url_text":"Catalogue of Engraved British Portraits: Preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum"}]},{"reference":"Cokayne, George Edward (1913). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom: Canonteign to Cutts. St. Catherine Press, Limited. p. 208. Retrieved 11 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KTlOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA208","url_text":"The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom: Canonteign to Cutts"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081834529;view=image;seq=205;q1=archibald%20campbell;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=123","external_links_name":"The peerage of the British empire as at present existing; arranged and printed from the personal communications of the nobility"},{"Link":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/spencer-francis-almeric-1779-1845","external_links_name":"\"SPENCER, Lord Francis Almeric (1779-1845), of Wychwood and Cornbury Park, Oxon\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PNc7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA605","external_links_name":"Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9oNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA94","external_links_name":"Debrett's Illustrated Peerage and Titles of Courtesy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6TQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA431","external_links_name":"Catalogue of Engraved British Portraits: Preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KTlOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA208","external_links_name":"The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom: Canonteign to Cutts"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-francis-spencer","external_links_name":"contributions in Parliament by Francis George Spencer, 2nd Baron Churchill"},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp05157/francis-george-spencer-2nd-baron-churchill","external_links_name":"Francis George Spencer, 2nd Baron Churchill (1802-1886), Diplomat"},{"Link":"https://www.rct.uk/collection/2910638/francis-george-spencer-2nd-baron-churchill-1802-86nbspnbsp","external_links_name":"Francis George Spencer, 2nd Baron Churchill (1802-86) c.1859"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musannah_Sports_City,_Muscat	Al-Musannah Sports City	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 23°48′19″N 57°34′08″E / 23.805165°N 57.568788°E / 23.805165; 57.568788This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Al-Musannah Sports City" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Al-Musannah Sports CityLocationAl-Musannah, OmanCoordinates23°48′19″N 57°34′08″E / 23.805165°N 57.568788°E / 23.805165; 57.568788OwnerGovernment of OmanCapacity5,000 athletesAcreage1,000,000 m2 (11,000,000 sq ft)SurfaceSoilScoreboardYesConstructionBuilt2008–2010 (900 Days)Opened8 December 2010Construction cost70 million Omani Rial (estimated)Tenants2010 Asian Beach GamesGovernment of Oman (2011–present) Al-Musannah Sports City, also known as Millennium Resort Mussanah, is a large hotel belonging to Millennium & Copthorne Hotels, in Al-Musannah, Oman. The 2010 Asian Beach Games were held there. References ^ Official website This article about an Omani sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Millennium & Copthorne Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_%26_Copthorne_Hotels"},{"link_name":"Al-Musannah, Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musannah,_Oman"},{"link_name":"2010 Asian Beach Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Asian_Beach_Games"}],"text":"Al-Musannah Sports City, also known as Millennium Resort Mussanah, is a large hotel[1] belonging to Millennium & Copthorne Hotels, in Al-Musannah, Oman. The 2010 Asian Beach Games were held there.","title":"Al-Musannah Sports City"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al-Musannah_Sports_City&params=23.805165_N_57.568788_E_","external_links_name":"23°48′19″N 57°34′08″E / 23.805165°N 57.568788°E / 23.805165; 57.568788"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Al-Musannah+Sports+City%22","external_links_name":"\"Al-Musannah Sports City\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Al-Musannah+Sports+City%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Al-Musannah+Sports+City%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Al-Musannah+Sports+City%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Al-Musannah+Sports+City%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Al-Musannah+Sports+City%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al-Musannah_Sports_City&params=23.805165_N_57.568788_E_","external_links_name":"23°48′19″N 57°34′08″E / 23.805165°N 57.568788°E / 23.805165; 57.568788"},{"Link":"https://www.millenniumhotels.com/en/mussanah/millennium-resort-mussanah/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Musannah_Sports_City&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlefield,_TX	Littlefield, Texas	["1 History","2 Geography and climate","3 Economy","4 Tourism","5 Unsolved murder case","6 1973 train accident","7 Demographics","7.1 2020 census","7.2 2000 census","8 Transportation","8.1 By air","8.2 By car","9 Education","10 Notable events","11 Notable people","12 See also","13 References","14 External links"]	Coordinates: 33°55′02″N 102°19′30″W / 33.91722°N 102.32500°W / 33.91722; -102.32500 City in Texas, United StatesLittlefield, TexasCityCity Hall in Littlefield (built 1930)Motto: Where BIG things happen!LittlefieldCoordinates: 33°55′02″N 102°19′30″W / 33.91722°N 102.32500°W / 33.91722; -102.32500Country United StatesState TexasCountyLambRegionLlano EstacadoEstablished1912Area • Total6.28 sq mi (16.27 km2) • Land6.28 sq mi (16.27 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation3,560 ft (1,090 m)Population (2010) • Total6,372 • Estimate (2019)5,843 • Density929.97/sq mi (359.07/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)ZIP code79339Area code806FIPS code48-43024Websitewww.littlefieldtexas.org Municipal building annex in Littlefield Partial view of downtown Littlefield Littlefield water tower advertises home-town celebrity Waylon Jennings. Littlefield Lands/Duggan House Museum is located on Waylon Jennings Boulevard. G's Drive-In in Littlefield First Baptist Church in downtown Littlefield Littlefield is a city in and the county seat of Lamb County, Texas, United States. Its population was 6,372 at the 2010 census. It is located in a significant cotton-growing region, northwest of Lubbock on the Llano Estacado just south of the Texas Panhandle. Littlefield had a large denim-manufacturing plant operated by American Cotton Growers. History Littlefield is named for George Washington Littlefield. In July 1901, Littlefield purchased the southern, or Yellow Houses, division of the XIT Ranch, forming the Yellow House Ranch. At that time, the ranch covered 312,175 acres (126,333 ha) in Lamb, Hockley, Bailey, and Cochran Counties. In 1912, when surveys showed that a new rail line from Coleman, Texas, to Texico, New Mexico, would pass through his property, Littlefield formed the Littlefield Lands Company to sell the northeastern corner of the Yellow House Ranch, a total of 79,040 acres (31,990 ha), to settlers and to establish the town of Littlefield in Lamb County. Littlefield became a stop on the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway in 1913. Geography and climate Littlefield is located at 33°55′02″N 102°19′30″W / 33.91722°N 102.32500°W / 33.91722; -102.32500 (33.9173148, –102.3249022). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.3 square miles (16.4 km2), all land. Much like nearby Lubbock, Littlefield has a mild, semiarid climate. On average, Littlefield receives 18 inches (460 mm) of precipitation per year. Summers in Littlefield are hot, with high temperatures in the 90s °F (32–37 °C) and dropping into the 60s °F (15–20 °C) at nights. The highest recorded temperature was 112 °F (44 °C) in 1994. Winter days in Littlefield are typically sunny and relatively mild in the mid 50s °F (13 °C), but nights are cold with temperatures dipping to the mid 20s °F (–4 °C). The lowest recorded temperature was –6 °F (–21 °C) in 1979. Climate data for Littlefield, Texas (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1966–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 83(28) 96(36) 94(34) 102(39) 109(43) 112(44) 110(43) 108(42) 103(39) 102(39) 89(32) 82(28) 112(44) Mean maximum °F (°C) 74.7(23.7) 79.0(26.1) 86.2(30.1) 91.4(33.0) 97.9(36.6) 102.4(39.1) 101.9(38.8) 99.1(37.3) 97.0(36.1) 91.2(32.9) 82.1(27.8) 74.0(23.3) 104.9(40.5) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 53.9(12.2) 58.4(14.7) 66.6(19.2) 74.7(23.7) 83.1(28.4) 91.0(32.8) 92.5(33.6) 90.7(32.6) 84.0(28.9) 74.9(23.8) 63.1(17.3) 54.3(12.4) 73.9(23.3) Daily mean °F (°C) 38.4(3.6) 42.1(5.6) 49.7(9.8) 57.6(14.2) 67.4(19.7) 76.0(24.4) 78.5(25.8) 76.9(24.9) 69.6(20.9) 59.0(15.0) 47.3(8.5) 39.3(4.1) 58.5(14.7) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 22.9(−5.1) 25.8(−3.4) 32.8(0.4) 40.6(4.8) 51.6(10.9) 61.1(16.2) 64.4(18.0) 63.1(17.3) 55.3(12.9) 43.1(6.2) 31.5(−0.3) 24.3(−4.3) 43.0(6.1) Mean minimum °F (°C) 11.4(−11.4) 13.7(−10.2) 19.1(−7.2) 28.2(−2.1) 38.9(3.8) 52.8(11.6) 59.5(15.3) 56.7(13.7) 44.7(7.1) 29.4(−1.4) 17.9(−7.8) 11.8(−11.2) 7.0(−13.9) Record low °F (°C) −6(−21) −4(−20) 6(−14) 19(−7) 28(−2) 43(6) 54(12) 46(8) 32(0) 13(−11) 2(−17) −4(−20) −6(−21) Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.65(17) 0.61(15) 1.15(29) 1.05(27) 2.01(51) 2.87(73) 2.22(56) 2.35(60) 2.28(58) 1.31(33) 0.74(19) 0.77(20) 18.01(457) Average snowfall inches (cm) 1.2(3.0) 1.5(3.8) 0.6(1.5) 0.1(0.25) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 1.1(2.8) 2.3(5.8) 6.8(17) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 2.7 3.1 3.7 3.4 6.2 6.9 5.7 6.5 5.7 4.2 2.6 3.5 54.2 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 3.6 Source: NOAA Economy The economy of Littlefield is diverse, but traditionally depends on cotton. American Cotton Growers Denim Textile Plant of Littlefield is the largest employer in Littlefield and Lamb County. Plains Cotton Cooperative Association of Lubbock, a farmer-owned, cotton-marketing cooperative purchased the denim plant from ACG in 1987. American Cotton Growers announced the closure of their Littlefield denim mill on Friday Nov 07, 2014. The plant closed in 2015, and was purchased by a dairy co-operative, Select Milk Producers. The city is headquarters to Lowe's Market, a grocery store chain in the American Southwest. In August 2008, Littlefield was selected as the new location for a biodiesel plant. Tourism Littlefield is the hometown of singer/songwriter Waylon Jennings; Waylon Jennings Boulevard is named in his honor. Bull Lake is located about 5 miles (8.0 km) west of town. A municipal campground is located on Highway 385. The world's tallest windmill was said to be below Yellow Houses Bluff at nearby Yellow House Ranch from the early 1900s until 1926, when the 128-foot (39 m)-high structure was blown over. Littlefield is also home to the historic Lamb County Library. This library was established in 1913 by "The Afternoon Club." Laurel Anne (1957-2022), a voracious reader was an ardent donor of books and magazines to the library, helping establish the collection of works the library houses today. Unsolved murder case Clovis Road – The Dr. Roy Hunt Murder – Littlefield, Texas 1942–1943 was written in 2009 by a Littlefield native, Dana Middlebrooks Samuelson and Robert Samuelson, M.D. Jerry Scott Hughes wrote the foreword, and the book was based on their research and the files of Judge Harold LaFont. That book was dedicated to Judge LaFont and his son, Bill LaFont. Additional information in the Hunt murder story has come to light since it was originally published in 2009, and resulted in a revised and expanded second edition published in March 2013. The second edition is dedicated to former Texas Supreme Court Justice Ted Z. Robertson. 1973 train accident On February 6, 1973, seven students were killed and 16 students were hospitalized when a school bus was struck by a moving Santa Fe freight train. The bus was struck on the railroad street intersection on what is now N Eastside Ave. The accident occurred a little after 4:00 pm, with death certificates noting the time of death at 4:05 pm. Police investigation determined that the train was travelling eastbound at 58 mph when it struck the rear half of the northbound bus, causing injuries or death to all 23 students in the bus and injuring the driver, 68-year-old Artis Ray Johnson. Jean Patterson, driver of the bus behind Johnson's, as well as three students who were in Johnson's bus, claimed that the bus had stopped at a warning crossing that had functioning lights and bells before moving over the tracks and being struck. Artis Ray Johnson, the bus driver, was cited by Littlefield police the next day for failure to possess a chauffeur's license, which at the time had the penalty of a $200 fine. DPS records indicated that Johnson obtained a commercial driving license on June 8, 1959, after four failed attempts. Despite lacking a proper license, Johnson was hired by Claude Oliver, foreman of Littlefield's school buses. Oliver later explained that he had known Johnson while Johnson worked as a custodian at an elementary school, and that Johnson had driven school buses occasionally when needed. Oliver claimed that he did not check Johnson's record because he knew Johnson was a good driver. The majority of the students were from Fieldton, Texas. The victims were Edward Ortiz, 17, his sister Aurora Ortiz, 9, David Frausto, 18, his sister Diana Frausto, 9, Mary Medina, 10, Anita Martinez, 18, and Julie Davis, 9. The accident caused a major impact in the community. Joe Frausto, father of David and Diana Frausto, was driving through town when he came upon the scene of the accident and saw the bodies of his children. Members of the community volunteered to stay with the Frausto, Ortiz, Medina, Martinez, and Davis families, ensuring that the families would not be left alone. Teachers reported leading their students in prayer and some discussion, but for the most part, contemporary reports reflected a quiet response from elementary-school students, even as the wrecked bus was temporarily moved into a field within sight of the school. The bus route was continued within days, with Claude Oliver serving as bus driver. Two memorial services were held on February 8, 1973, for the students. The first was held at the Littlefield Junior High School auditorium in the morning before classes started, and was for junior-high and high-school students. The second service was held in the same auditorium later in the day for kindergarten through sixth-grade students. The police probe into the accident did not lead to any criminal charges. A suit was filed on March 3, 1973, by the Ortiz family against the Santa Fe railroad company and Artis Ray Johnson for the deaths of Edward and Aurora Ortiz and for the injuries of Betty Ortiz. The Foley family also filed a suit for the injuries received by their son, Terry. An earlier suit was also filed by three families of victims. The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Co. filed a third-party suit against Johnson for lacking the qualification to drive the bus and against Littlefield ISD for negligence in hiring Johnson. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 19303,218—19403,81718.6%19506,54071.3%19607,23610.6%19706,738−6.9%19807,40910.0%19906,489−12.4%20006,5070.3%20106,372−2.1%2019 (est.)5,843−8.3%U.S. Decennial Census 2020 census Littlefield racial composition (NH = Non-Hispanic) Race Number Percentage White (NH) 2,020 33.99% Black or African American (NH) 293 4.93% Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 5 0.08% Asian (NH) 3 0.05% Pacific Islander (NH) 2 0.03% Some other race (NH) 11 0.19% Mixed/multiracial (NH) 80 1.35% Hispanic or Latino 3,529 59.38% Total 5,943 As of the 2020 United States census, 5,943 people, 2,134 households, and 1,401 families were residing in the city. 2000 census As of the 2000 United States Census, 6,507 people, 2,390 households, and 1,699 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,085.4 inhabitants per square mile (419.1/km2). The 2,784 housing units averaged 464.4 per square mile (179.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 77.10% White, 5.38% African American, 0.69% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 14.62% from other races, and 2.00% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 45.83% of the population. Of the 2,390 households, 34.2% had children under 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.9% were not families; 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.22. In the city, the population was distributed as 29.3% under 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 17.8% who were 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $26,271, and for a family was $29,842. Males had a median income of $25,978 versus $20,160 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,018. About 18.8% of families and 20.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.5% of those under age 18 and 15.6% of those age 65 or over. Transportation By air Littlefield is served by Lubbock International Airport and Littlefield Municipal Airport, a general-aviation airport that can accommodate small jets, located roughly 2 miles (3 km) outside of the Littlefield city limits. Lubbock International Airport is served by: American Airlines operated by American Eagle Southwest Airlines United Airlines operated by United Express By car U.S. Highway 385 U.S. Highway 84 U.S. Highway 70 Littlefield sits at the crossroads of US Hwy, 84 which runs from Midway, Georgia, to Pagosa Springs, Colorado, and US Highway 385, which runs from Deadwood, South Dakota, to Big Bend National Park in Texas. Both highways are corridors for tourists and main shipping routes used by trucks. Education The City of Littlefield is served by the Littlefield Independent School District and by a branch of South Plains College. Notable events The most westerly piece of debris (a thermal protection system tile) from the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster was found in a field in Littlefield.: 1.12 Notable people Billy Howton (born 1930), NFL player for the Green Bay Packers, the Cleveland Browns, and the Dallas Cowboys Waylon Jennings (1937–2002), country singer Tom Jones (1928-2023), Broadway playwright Gene Mayfield (1928–2009), a high-school and college football coach, began his career in Littlefield. Lisa Whelchel (born 1963), was a Mouseketeer on New Mickey Mouse Club, an actress on The Facts of Life, and a contestant on Survivor: Philippines See also Yellow House Draw References ^ a b c "Littlefield". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Littlefield city, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2012. ^ "Our Denim Plains Cotton Cooperative Association". Retrieved November 21, 2012. ^ Gracy II, David B. "Littlefield, George Washington". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved April 27, 2013. ^ Duke, Cordia S.; Joe B. Frantz (1961). 6000 Miles of Fence, Life on the XIT Ranch of Texas. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 0-292-77564-4. ^ a b Gracy II, David B. "Yellow House Ranch". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved April 27, 2013. ^ a b Hunt, William R. "Littlefield, TX". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved April 27, 2013. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Littlefield city, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2012. ^ a b c "Monthly Averages for Littlefield, TX". The Weather Channel. ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 27, 2023. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 27, 2023. ^ "American Cotton Growers (ACG) page". American Cotton Grower's. ^ "Littlefield denim mill to close Jan. 6 article". WSMV News. ^ MUSICO, JOSIE. "Dairy company purchases former Littlefield denim mill". lubbockonline.com. Retrieved April 10, 2018. ^ "Lowe's Market about page". Lowe's Market. Archived from the original on April 8, 2009. Retrieved August 3, 2009. ^ "Barn dance to support Littlefield house museum and celebrate Waylon's birthday". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, June 11, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010. ^ Pollack, Jack Harrison (September 1973). "Grade Crossings take a deadly toll". Popular Mechanics: 141. ^ a b "Bus-Train Crash Kills 7: Wreck Rips West Texas School Vehicle". The Dallas Morning News. February 7, 1973. ^ Death Certificate, Texas Department of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics. Aurora Ortiz, 13458. February 6, 1973. Rec'd March 23, 1973. ^ a b c "Police Finish Probe into School Bus Crash". The Dallas Morning News. February 16, 1973. ^ "7 CHILDREN KILLED IN BUS HIT BY TRAIN". The New York Times. February 7, 1973. ^ a b "Bus Driver Didn't Have Correct License". The Dallas Morning News. February 8, 1973. ^ a b Schwartz, Maryln (February 8, 1973). "Littlefield Binds Wounds: Shocked Town Comforts Bus Wreck Victims' Families". The Dallas Morning News. ^ "Now Toughest Job is Driving the Bus". The Dallas Morning News. February 8, 1973. ^ "Littlefield Holds Two Services". The Dallas Morning News. February 9, 1973. ^ "Suit Filed in Bus-Train Tragedy". The Dallas Morning News. March 4, 1973. ^ "Railroad Files 3rd-Party Suit". The Dallas Morning News. April 22, 1973. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 20, 2022. ^ https://www.census.gov/ ^ "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Shuttle developments". Orlando Sentinel. February 23, 2003. p. A18. Retrieved November 1, 2020 – via newspapers.com. ^ "Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report" (PDF). NASA. 2008. SP-2008-565. Retrieved February 11, 2022. ^ Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Littlefield, Texas. 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Concho Valley Cross Timbers East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans-Pecos West Texas Metropolitanareas Abilene Amarillo Austin–Round Rock (Greater Austin) Beaumont–Port Arthur Brownsville–Harlingen College Station–Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington (DFW) El Paso Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land (Greater Houston) Killeen–Temple Laredo Longview Lubbock McAllen–Edinburg–Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio–New Braunfels Sherman–Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls CountiesSee: List of counties in Texas Texas portal vteCounty seats of TexasA Abilene Albany Alice Alpine Amarillo Anahuac Anderson Andrews Angleton Anson Archer City Aspermont Athens Austin B Baird Ballinger Bandera Bastrop Bay City Beaumont Beeville Bellville Belton Benjamin Big Lake Big Spring Boerne Bonham Boston Brackettville Brady Breckenridge Brenham Brownfield Brownsville Brownwood Bryan Burnet C Caldwell Cameron Canadian Canton Canyon Carrizo Springs Carthage Center Centerville Channing Childress Clarendon Clarksville Claude Cleburne Coldspring Coleman Colorado City Columbus Comanche Conroe Cooper Corpus Christi Corsicana Cotulla Crane Crockett Crosbyton Crowell Crystal City Cuero D Daingerfield Dalhart Dallas Decatur Del Rio Denton Dickens Dimmitt Dumas E Eagle Pass Eastland Edinburg Edna El Paso Eldorado Emory F Fairfield Falfurrias Farwell Floresville Floydada Fort Davis Fort Stockton Fort Worth Franklin Fredericksburg G Gail Gainesville Galveston Garden City Gatesville George West Georgetown Giddings Gilmer Glen Rose Goldthwaite Goliad Gonzales Graham Granbury Greenville Groesbeck Groveton Guthrie H Hallettsville Hamilton Haskell Hebbronville Hemphill Hempstead Henderson Henrietta Hereford Hillsboro Hondo Houston Huntsville J Jacksboro Jasper Jayton Jefferson Johnson City Jourdanton Junction K Karnes City Kaufman Kermit Kerrville Kingsville Kountze L La Grange Lamesa Lampasas Laredo Leakey Levelland Liberty Linden Lipscomb Littlefield Livingston Llano Lockhart Longview Lubbock Lufkin M Madisonville Marfa Marlin Marshall Mason Matador McKinney Memphis Menard Mentone Meridian Mertzon Miami Midland Monahans Montague Morton Mount Pleasant Mount Vernon Muleshoe N Nacogdoches New Braunfels Newton O Odessa Orange Ozona P Paducah Paint Rock Palestine Palo Pinto Pampa Panhandle Paris Pearsall Pecos Perryton Pittsburg Plains Plainview Port Lavaca Post Q Quanah Quitman R Rankin Raymondville Refugio Richmond Rio Grande City Robert Lee Roby Rockport Rocksprings Rockwall Rusk S San Angelo San Antonio San Augustine San Diego San Marcos San Saba Sanderson Sarita Seguin Seminole Seymour Sherman Sierra Blanca Silverton Sinton Snyder Sonora Spearman Stanton Stephenville Sterling City Stinnett Stratford Sulphur Springs Sweetwater T Tahoka Throckmorton Tilden Tulia Tyler U Uvalde V Van Horn Vega Vernon Victoria W Waco Waxahachie Weatherford Wellington Wharton Wheeler Wichita Falls Woodville Z Zapata Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Littlefield,_TX,_City_Hall_IMG_4767.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Revised_photo_of_downtown_Littlefield,_TX_IMG_4778.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Littlefield,_TX_Water_Tower_IMG_4780.JPG"},{"link_name":"Waylon Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_Jennings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Littlefield_Lands-Duggan_House_Museum,_Littlefield,_TX_IMG_4790.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G%27s_Drive-In_Restaurant_in_Littlefield,_TX_IMG_4782.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Baptist_Church,_Littlefield,_TX_IMG_4770.JPG"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Lamb County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-5"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-6"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Llano Estacado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llano_Estacado"},{"link_name":"Texas Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"denim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denim"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"City in Texas, United StatesMunicipal building annex in LittlefieldPartial view of downtown LittlefieldLittlefield water tower advertises home-town celebrity Waylon Jennings.Littlefield Lands/Duggan House Museum is located on Waylon Jennings Boulevard.G's Drive-In in LittlefieldFirst Baptist Church in downtown LittlefieldLittlefield is a city in and the county seat of Lamb County, Texas, United States.[5] Its population was 6,372 at the 2010 census.[6] It is located in a significant cotton-growing region, northwest of Lubbock on the Llano Estacado just south of the Texas Panhandle. Littlefield had a large denim-manufacturing plant operated by American Cotton Growers.[7]","title":"Littlefield, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Washington Littlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Littlefield"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"XIT Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIT_Ranch"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YHR-10"},{"link_name":"Coleman, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texico, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texico,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-11"},{"link_name":"Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhandle_and_Santa_Fe_Railway"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-11"}],"text":"Littlefield is named for George Washington Littlefield.[8] In July 1901, Littlefield purchased the southern, or Yellow Houses, division of the XIT Ranch, forming the Yellow House Ranch.[9] At that time, the ranch covered 312,175 acres (126,333 ha) in Lamb, Hockley, Bailey, and Cochran Counties.[10] In 1912, when surveys showed that a new rail line from Coleman, Texas, to Texico, New Mexico, would pass through his property, Littlefield formed the Littlefield Lands Company to sell the northeastern corner of the Yellow House Ranch, a total of 79,040 acres (31,990 ha), to settlers and to establish the town of Littlefield in Lamb County.[11] Littlefield became a stop on the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway in 1913.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"33°55′02″N 102°19′30″W / 33.91722°N 102.32500°W / 33.91722; -102.32500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Littlefield,_Texas&params=33_55_02_N_102_19_30_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"semiarid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiarid_climate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Averages-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Averages-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Averages-13"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-15"}],"text":"Littlefield is located at 33°55′02″N 102°19′30″W / 33.91722°N 102.32500°W / 33.91722; -102.32500 (33.9173148, –102.3249022).[1]According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.3 square miles (16.4 km2), all land.[12]Much like nearby Lubbock, Littlefield has a mild, semiarid climate. On average, Littlefield receives 18 inches (460 mm) of precipitation per year.[13] Summers in Littlefield are hot, with high temperatures in the 90s °F (32–37 °C) and dropping into the 60s °F (15–20 °C) at nights. The highest recorded temperature was 112 °F (44 °C) in 1994.[13] Winter days in Littlefield are typically sunny and relatively mild in the mid 50s °F (13 °C), but nights are cold with temperatures dipping to the mid 20s °F (–4 °C). The lowest recorded temperature was –6 °F (–21 °C) in 1979.[13]Climate data for Littlefield, Texas (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1966–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n83(28)\n\n96(36)\n\n94(34)\n\n102(39)\n\n109(43)\n\n112(44)\n\n110(43)\n\n108(42)\n\n103(39)\n\n102(39)\n\n89(32)\n\n82(28)\n\n112(44)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n74.7(23.7)\n\n79.0(26.1)\n\n86.2(30.1)\n\n91.4(33.0)\n\n97.9(36.6)\n\n102.4(39.1)\n\n101.9(38.8)\n\n99.1(37.3)\n\n97.0(36.1)\n\n91.2(32.9)\n\n82.1(27.8)\n\n74.0(23.3)\n\n104.9(40.5)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n53.9(12.2)\n\n58.4(14.7)\n\n66.6(19.2)\n\n74.7(23.7)\n\n83.1(28.4)\n\n91.0(32.8)\n\n92.5(33.6)\n\n90.7(32.6)\n\n84.0(28.9)\n\n74.9(23.8)\n\n63.1(17.3)\n\n54.3(12.4)\n\n73.9(23.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n38.4(3.6)\n\n42.1(5.6)\n\n49.7(9.8)\n\n57.6(14.2)\n\n67.4(19.7)\n\n76.0(24.4)\n\n78.5(25.8)\n\n76.9(24.9)\n\n69.6(20.9)\n\n59.0(15.0)\n\n47.3(8.5)\n\n39.3(4.1)\n\n58.5(14.7)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n22.9(−5.1)\n\n25.8(−3.4)\n\n32.8(0.4)\n\n40.6(4.8)\n\n51.6(10.9)\n\n61.1(16.2)\n\n64.4(18.0)\n\n63.1(17.3)\n\n55.3(12.9)\n\n43.1(6.2)\n\n31.5(−0.3)\n\n24.3(−4.3)\n\n43.0(6.1)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n11.4(−11.4)\n\n13.7(−10.2)\n\n19.1(−7.2)\n\n28.2(−2.1)\n\n38.9(3.8)\n\n52.8(11.6)\n\n59.5(15.3)\n\n56.7(13.7)\n\n44.7(7.1)\n\n29.4(−1.4)\n\n17.9(−7.8)\n\n11.8(−11.2)\n\n7.0(−13.9)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−6(−21)\n\n−4(−20)\n\n6(−14)\n\n19(−7)\n\n28(−2)\n\n43(6)\n\n54(12)\n\n46(8)\n\n32(0)\n\n13(−11)\n\n2(−17)\n\n−4(−20)\n\n−6(−21)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n0.65(17)\n\n0.61(15)\n\n1.15(29)\n\n1.05(27)\n\n2.01(51)\n\n2.87(73)\n\n2.22(56)\n\n2.35(60)\n\n2.28(58)\n\n1.31(33)\n\n0.74(19)\n\n0.77(20)\n\n18.01(457)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n1.2(3.0)\n\n1.5(3.8)\n\n0.6(1.5)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n1.1(2.8)\n\n2.3(5.8)\n\n6.8(17)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n2.7\n\n3.1\n\n3.7\n\n3.4\n\n6.2\n\n6.9\n\n5.7\n\n6.5\n\n5.7\n\n4.2\n\n2.6\n\n3.5\n\n54.2\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n0.8\n\n0.8\n\n0.4\n\n0.1\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.5\n\n1.0\n\n3.6\n\n\nSource: NOAA[14][15]","title":"Geography and climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American_Cotton_Growers's-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Littlefield_denim_mill_to_close_Jan._6-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Lowe's Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowe%27s_Market"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowe's-19"},{"link_name":"biodiesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel"}],"text":"The economy of Littlefield is diverse, but traditionally depends on cotton. American Cotton Growers Denim Textile Plant of Littlefield is the largest employer in Littlefield and Lamb County.[16] Plains Cotton Cooperative Association of Lubbock, a farmer-owned, cotton-marketing cooperative purchased the denim plant from ACG in 1987. American Cotton Growers announced the closure of their Littlefield denim mill[17] on Friday Nov 07, 2014. The plant closed in 2015, and was purchased by a dairy co-operative, Select Milk Producers.[18] The city is headquarters to Lowe's Market,[19] a grocery store chain in the American Southwest. In August 2008, Littlefield was selected as the new location for a biodiesel plant.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waylon Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_Jennings"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"windmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YHR-10"}],"text":"Littlefield is the hometown of singer/songwriter Waylon Jennings; Waylon Jennings Boulevard is named in his honor.[20]Bull Lake is located about 5 miles (8.0 km) west of town. A municipal campground is located on Highway 385.The world's tallest windmill was said to be below Yellow Houses Bluff at nearby Yellow House Ranch from the early 1900s until 1926, when the 128-foot (39 m)-high structure was blown over.[10]Littlefield is also home to the historic Lamb County Library. This library was established in 1913 by \"The Afternoon Club.\" Laurel Anne (1957-2022), a voracious reader was an ardent donor of books and magazines to the library, helping establish the collection of works the library houses today.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Clovis Road – The Dr. Roy Hunt Murder – Littlefield, Texas 1942–1943 was written in 2009 by a Littlefield native, Dana Middlebrooks Samuelson and Robert Samuelson, M.D. Jerry Scott Hughes wrote the foreword, and the book was based on their research and the files of Judge Harold LaFont. That book was dedicated to Judge LaFont and his son, Bill LaFont. Additional information in the Hunt murder story has come to light since it was originally published in 2009, and resulted in a revised and expanded second edition published in March 2013. The second edition is dedicated to former Texas Supreme Court Justice Ted Z. Robertson.","title":"Unsolved murder case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-26"},{"link_name":"Fieldton, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"On February 6, 1973, seven students were killed and 16 students were hospitalized[21] when a school bus was struck by a moving Santa Fe freight train.[22] The bus was struck on the railroad street intersection on what is now N Eastside Ave. The accident occurred a little after 4:00 pm, with death certificates noting the time of death at 4:05 pm.[23] Police investigation determined that the train was travelling eastbound[22] at 58 mph when it struck the rear half of the northbound bus, causing injuries or death to all 23 students in the bus and injuring the driver, 68-year-old Artis Ray Johnson.[24] Jean Patterson, driver of the bus behind Johnson's, as well as three students who were in Johnson's bus, claimed that the bus had stopped at a warning crossing that had functioning lights and bells[25] before moving over the tracks and being struck.[24] Artis Ray Johnson, the bus driver, was cited by Littlefield police the next day for failure to possess a chauffeur's license, which at the time had the penalty of a $200 fine. DPS records indicated that Johnson obtained a commercial driving license on June 8, 1959, after four failed attempts. Despite lacking a proper license, Johnson was hired by Claude Oliver, foreman of Littlefield's school buses. Oliver later explained that he had known Johnson while Johnson worked as a custodian at an elementary school, and that Johnson had driven school buses occasionally when needed. Oliver claimed that he did not check Johnson's record because he knew Johnson was a good driver.[26]The majority of the students were from Fieldton, Texas. The victims were Edward Ortiz, 17, his sister Aurora Ortiz, 9, David Frausto, 18, his sister Diana Frausto, 9, Mary Medina, 10, Anita Martinez, 18, and Julie Davis, 9.[26]The accident caused a major impact in the community. Joe Frausto, father of David and Diana Frausto, was driving through town when he came upon the scene of the accident and saw the bodies of his children. Members of the community volunteered to stay with the Frausto, Ortiz, Medina, Martinez, and Davis families, ensuring that the families would not be left alone.[27] Teachers reported leading their students in prayer and some discussion, but for the most part, contemporary reports reflected a quiet response from elementary-school students, even as the wrecked bus was temporarily moved into a field within sight of the school.[27] The bus route was continued within days, with Claude Oliver serving as bus driver.[28] Two memorial services were held on February 8, 1973, for the students. The first was held at the Littlefield Junior High School auditorium in the morning before classes started, and was for junior-high and high-school students. The second service was held in the same auditorium later in the day for kindergarten through sixth-grade students.[29]The police probe into the accident did not lead to any criminal charges.[24] A suit was filed on March 3, 1973, by the Ortiz family against the Santa Fe railroad company and Artis Ray Johnson for the deaths of Edward and Aurora Ortiz and for the injuries of Betty Ortiz. The Foley family also filed a suit for the injuries received by their son, Terry. An earlier suit was also filed by three families of victims.[30] The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Co. filed a third-party suit against Johnson for lacking the qualification to drive the bus and against Littlefield ISD for negligence in hiring Johnson.[31]","title":"1973 train accident"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the 2020 United States census, 5,943 people, 2,134 households, and 1,401 families were residing in the city.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-37"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the 2000 United States Census,[36] 6,507 people, 2,390 households, and 1,699 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,085.4 inhabitants per square mile (419.1/km2). The 2,784 housing units averaged 464.4 per square mile (179.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 77.10% White, 5.38% African American, 0.69% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 14.62% from other races, and 2.00% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 45.83% of the population.Of the 2,390 households, 34.2% had children under 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.9% were not families; 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.22.In the city, the population was distributed as 29.3% under 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 17.8% who were 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males.The median income for a household in the city was $26,271, and for a family was $29,842. Males had a median income of $25,978 versus $20,160 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,018. About 18.8% of families and 20.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.5% of those under age 18 and 15.6% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lubbock International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Littlefield Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlefield_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Southwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"}],"sub_title":"By air","text":"Littlefield is served by Lubbock International Airport and Littlefield Municipal Airport, a general-aviation airport that can accommodate small jets, located roughly 2 miles (3 km) outside of the Littlefield city limits.Lubbock International Airport is served by:American Airlines operated by American Eagle\nSouthwest Airlines\nUnited Airlines operated by United Express","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_385.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385_(Texas)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_84.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_(Texas)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_70.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70_in_Texas"}],"sub_title":"By car","text":"U.S. Highway 385\n U.S. Highway 84\n U.S. Highway 70Littlefield sits at the crossroads of US Hwy, 84 which runs from Midway, Georgia, to Pagosa Springs, Colorado, and US Highway 385, which runs from Deadwood, South Dakota, to Big Bend National Park in Texas. Both highways are corridors for tourists and main shipping routes used by trucks.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Littlefield Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlefield_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"South Plains College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Plains_College"}],"text":"The City of Littlefield is served by the Littlefield Independent School District and by a branch of South Plains College.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thermal protection system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle Columbia disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-survival_report-39"}],"text":"The most westerly piece of debris (a thermal protection system tile) from the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster was found in a field in Littlefield.[37][38]: 1.12","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy Howton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Howton"},{"link_name":"Waylon Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Tom Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Jones_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Gene Mayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Mayfield"},{"link_name":"Lisa Whelchel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Whelchel"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_Club"},{"link_name":"The Facts of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Facts_of_Life_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Survivor: Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor:_Philippines"}],"text":"Billy Howton (born 1930), NFL player for the Green Bay Packers, the Cleveland Browns, and the Dallas Cowboys\nWaylon Jennings (1937–2002), country singer\nTom Jones (1928-2023), Broadway playwright\nGene Mayfield (1928–2009), a high-school and college football coach, began his career in Littlefield.\nLisa Whelchel (born 1963), was a Mouseketeer on New Mickey Mouse Club, an actress on The Facts of Life, and a contestant on Survivor: Philippines","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Municipal building annex in Littlefield","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Littlefield%2C_TX%2C_City_Hall_IMG_4767.JPG/220px-Littlefield%2C_TX%2C_City_Hall_IMG_4767.JPG"},{"image_text":"Partial view of downtown Littlefield","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Revised_photo_of_downtown_Littlefield%2C_TX_IMG_4778.JPG/220px-Revised_photo_of_downtown_Littlefield%2C_TX_IMG_4778.JPG"},{"image_text":"Littlefield water tower advertises home-town celebrity Waylon Jennings.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Littlefield%2C_TX_Water_Tower_IMG_4780.JPG/220px-Littlefield%2C_TX_Water_Tower_IMG_4780.JPG"},{"image_text":"Littlefield Lands/Duggan House Museum is located on Waylon Jennings Boulevard.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Littlefield_Lands-Duggan_House_Museum%2C_Littlefield%2C_TX_IMG_4790.JPG/220px-Littlefield_Lands-Duggan_House_Museum%2C_Littlefield%2C_TX_IMG_4790.JPG"},{"image_text":"G's Drive-In in Littlefield","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/G%27s_Drive-In_Restaurant_in_Littlefield%2C_TX_IMG_4782.JPG/220px-G%27s_Drive-In_Restaurant_in_Littlefield%2C_TX_IMG_4782.JPG"},{"image_text":"First Baptist Church in downtown Littlefield","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/First_Baptist_Church%2C_Littlefield%2C_TX_IMG_4770.JPG/220px-First_Baptist_Church%2C_Littlefield%2C_TX_IMG_4770.JPG"},{"image_text":"Lamb County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Lamb_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Lamb_County.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Yellow House Draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_House_Draw"}]	[{"reference":"\"Littlefield\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1361517","url_text":"\"Littlefield\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_48.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Littlefield city, Texas\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Littlefield city, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Denim Plains Cotton Cooperative Association\". Retrieved November 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcca.com/Services/Denim/","url_text":"\"Our Denim Plains Cotton Cooperative Association\""}]},{"reference":"Gracy II, David B. \"Littlefield, George Washington\". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved April 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fli18","url_text":"\"Littlefield, George Washington\""}]},{"reference":"Duke, Cordia S.; Joe B. Frantz (1961). 6000 Miles of Fence, Life on the XIT Ranch of Texas. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 0-292-77564-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-77564-4","url_text":"0-292-77564-4"}]},{"reference":"Gracy II, David B. \"Yellow House Ranch\". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved April 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/apy01","url_text":"\"Yellow House Ranch\""}]},{"reference":"Hunt, William R. \"Littlefield, TX\". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved April 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hfl05","url_text":"\"Littlefield, TX\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Littlefield city, Texas\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Littlefield city, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly Averages for Littlefield, TX\". The Weather Channel.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/USTX0777","url_text":"\"Monthly Averages for Littlefield, TX\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_Channel_(United_States)","url_text":"The Weather Channel"}]},{"reference":"\"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=lub","url_text":"\"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00415265&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Cotton Growers (ACG) page\". American Cotton Grower's.","urls":[{"url":"http://littlefieldtexas.net/index.php/doing-business/american-cotton-growers","url_text":"\"American Cotton Growers (ACG) page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Littlefield denim mill to close Jan. 6 article\". WSMV News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wsmv.com/story/27329646/littlefield-denim-mill-to-close-jan-6","url_text":"\"Littlefield denim mill to close Jan. 6 article\""}]},{"reference":"MUSICO, JOSIE. \"Dairy company purchases former Littlefield denim mill\". lubbockonline.com. Retrieved April 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://lubbockonline.com/local-news/2015-10-27/dairy-company-purchases-former-littlefield-denim-mill","url_text":"\"Dairy company purchases former Littlefield denim mill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lowe's Market about page\". Lowe's Market. Archived from the original on April 8, 2009. Retrieved August 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090408065315/http://www.lowesmarket.com/aboutus.php","url_text":"\"Lowe's Market about page\""},{"url":"http://www.lowesmarket.com/aboutus.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Barn dance to support Littlefield house museum and celebrate Waylon's birthday\". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, June 11, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://lubbockonline.com/local-news/2010-06-11/fundraisers-be-held-museum","url_text":"\"Barn dance to support Littlefield house museum and celebrate Waylon's birthday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_Avalanche-Journal","url_text":"Lubbock Avalanche-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Pollack, Jack Harrison (September 1973). \"Grade Crossings take a deadly toll\". Popular Mechanics: 141.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bus-Train Crash Kills 7: Wreck Rips West Texas School Vehicle\". The Dallas Morning News. February 7, 1973.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Police Finish Probe into School Bus Crash\". The Dallas Morning News. February 16, 1973.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"7 CHILDREN KILLED IN BUS HIT BY TRAIN\". The New York Times. February 7, 1973.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bus Driver Didn't Have Correct License\". The Dallas Morning News. February 8, 1973.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Maryln (February 8, 1973). \"Littlefield Binds Wounds: Shocked Town Comforts Bus Wreck Victims' Families\". The Dallas Morning News.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Now Toughest Job is Driving the Bus\". The Dallas Morning News. February 8, 1973.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Littlefield Holds Two Services\". The Dallas Morning News. February 9, 1973.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Suit Filed in Bus-Train Tragedy\". The Dallas Morning News. March 4, 1973.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Railroad Files 3rd-Party Suit\". The Dallas Morning News. April 22, 1973.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4843024&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Hispanic Population and its Origin\". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic-origin/about.html","url_text":"\"About the Hispanic Population and its Origin\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Shuttle developments\". Orlando Sentinel. February 23, 2003. p. A18. Retrieved November 1, 2020 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/62378435/shuttle-developments/","url_text":"\"Shuttle developments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"\"Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report\" (PDF). NASA. 2008. SP-2008-565. Retrieved February 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/298870main_SP-2008-565.pdf","url_text":"\"Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Littlefield,_Texas&params=33_55_02_N_102_19_30_W_type:city(6372)","external_links_name":"33°55′02″N 102°19′30″W / 33.91722°N 102.32500°W / 33.91722; -102.32500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Littlefield,_Texas&params=33_55_02_N_102_19_30_W_type:city(6372)","external_links_name":"33°55′02″N 102°19′30″W / 33.91722°N 102.32500°W / 33.91722; -102.32500"},{"Link":"http://www.littlefieldtexas.org/","external_links_name":"www.littlefieldtexas.org"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Littlefield,_Texas&params=33_55_02_N_102_19_30_W_type:city","external_links_name":"33°55′02″N 102°19′30″W / 33.91722°N 102.32500°W / 33.91722; -102.32500"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1361517","external_links_name":"\"Littlefield\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_48.txt","external_links_name":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Find a County\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Littlefield city, Texas\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcca.com/Services/Denim/","external_links_name":"\"Our Denim Plains Cotton Cooperative Association\""},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fli18","external_links_name":"\"Littlefield, George Washington\""},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/apy01","external_links_name":"\"Yellow House Ranch\""},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hfl05","external_links_name":"\"Littlefield, TX\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Littlefield city, Texas\""},{"Link":"http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/USTX0777","external_links_name":"\"Monthly Averages for Littlefield, TX\""},{"Link":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=lub","external_links_name":"\"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00415265&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","external_links_name":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\""},{"Link":"http://littlefieldtexas.net/index.php/doing-business/american-cotton-growers","external_links_name":"\"American Cotton Growers (ACG) page\""},{"Link":"http://www.wsmv.com/story/27329646/littlefield-denim-mill-to-close-jan-6","external_links_name":"\"Littlefield denim mill to close Jan. 6 article\""},{"Link":"http://lubbockonline.com/local-news/2015-10-27/dairy-company-purchases-former-littlefield-denim-mill","external_links_name":"\"Dairy company purchases former Littlefield denim mill\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090408065315/http://www.lowesmarket.com/aboutus.php","external_links_name":"\"Lowe's Market about page\""},{"Link":"http://www.lowesmarket.com/aboutus.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://lubbockonline.com/local-news/2010-06-11/fundraisers-be-held-museum","external_links_name":"\"Barn dance to support Littlefield house museum and celebrate Waylon's birthday\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4843024&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"https://www.census.gov/"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic-origin/about.html","external_links_name":"\"About the Hispanic Population and its Origin\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/62378435/shuttle-developments/","external_links_name":"\"Shuttle developments\""},{"Link":"https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/298870main_SP-2008-565.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.littlefieldtexas.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hfl05","external_links_name":"Littlefield, TX"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1361517","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Littlefield"},{"Link":"https://curlie.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Texas/Localities/L/Littlefield","external_links_name":"Littlefield"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160629184704/http://www.lbk.ars.usda.gov/WEWC/llano/estacado.htm","external_links_name":"Photos of the Llano Estacado"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/159473227","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564426305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82136914","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/b0021b48-c300-467f-a4e6-4afc9d4b56f2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kybunga,_South_Australia	Kybunga, South Australia	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 33°55′18″S 138°30′18″E / 33.921710°S 138.505030°E / -33.921710; 138.505030 Town in South AustraliaKybungaSouth AustraliaWheat stacks at Kybunga, ca. 1920KybungaCoordinates33°55′18″S 138°30′18″E / 33.921710°S 138.505030°E / -33.921710; 138.505030Population69 (SAL 2021)Postcode(s)5453Elevation192 m (630 ft)Location 11 km (7 mi) south of Blyth 17 km (11 mi) southwest of Clare 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Balaklava 126 km (78 mi) north of Adelaide LGA(s)Wakefield Regional CouncilState electorate(s)FromeFederal division(s)Grey Localities around Kybunga: Blyth Boconnoc Park Bowillia Kybunga Spring Gully Stow Hoyleton Watervale Footnotes Cemetery Kybunga is a locality in the Mid North of South Australia. It was on the Gladstone railway line 87+1⁄2 miles (140.8 km) north of Adelaide on the plains to the west of the Clare Valley. Kybunga school opened in 1881 and closed in 1988. The former Methodist and Uniting church opened in 1886 and is now a private residence. References ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Kybunga (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ a b "Placename Details: Kybunga Railway Station". Property Location Browser. Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure. 13 November 2008. SA0042051. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2015. ^ "Placename Details: Kybunga". Property Location Browser. Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure. 13 November 2008. SA0038065. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2015. ^ Kybunga Primary School. Centenary Committee (1981). Kybunga Primary School, 1881-1981. Kybunga Primary School Centenary Committee. ISBN 978-0-9594061-0-8. ^ "Kybunga". Place Names of South Australia. State Library of South Australia. Retrieved 5 December 2015. ^ Kybunga Uniting Church (Kybunga, S.A.) (1987), Kybunga Uniting Church, 1896-1987, Kybunga Uniting Church, retrieved 5 December 2015 ^ "GOLDEN JUBILEE OF KYBUNGA METHODIST CHURCH". The Producer (Balaklava, SA : 1940 - 1950). Balaklava, SA: National Library of Australia. 8 August 1946. p. 3. Retrieved 5 December 2015. ^ "1 Alexander Street Kybunga Kybunga SA 5453". Realestate.com.au. REA Group Ltd. 10 February 2014. 107273776. Retrieved 5 December 2015.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kybunga-cemetery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mid North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_North"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Gladstone railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-station-2"},{"link_name":"Clare Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Valley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Uniting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Town in South AustraliaCemeteryKybunga is a locality in the Mid North of South Australia. It was on the Gladstone railway line 87+1⁄2 miles (140.8 km) north of Adelaide[2] on the plains to the west of the Clare Valley. Kybunga school opened in 1881[4] and closed in 1988.[5] The former Methodist and Uniting church opened in 1886[6][7] and is now a private residence.[8]","title":"Kybunga, South Australia"}]	[{"image_text":"Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kybunga-cemetery.jpg/220px-Kybunga-cemetery.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Kybunga (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL40730","url_text":"\"Kybunga (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Placename Details: Kybunga Railway Station\". Property Location Browser. Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure. 13 November 2008. SA0042051. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012010923/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Placename Details: Kybunga Railway Station\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Placename Details: Kybunga\". Property Location Browser. Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure. 13 November 2008. SA0038065. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012010923/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Placename Details: Kybunga\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kybunga Primary School. Centenary Committee (1981). Kybunga Primary School, 1881-1981. Kybunga Primary School Centenary Committee. ISBN 978-0-9594061-0-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9594061-0-8","url_text":"978-0-9594061-0-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Kybunga\". Place Names of South Australia. State Library of South Australia. Retrieved 5 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/pn/k/k7.htm#kybunga","url_text":"\"Kybunga\""}]},{"reference":"Kybunga Uniting Church (Kybunga, S.A.) (1987), Kybunga Uniting Church, 1896-1987, Kybunga Uniting Church, retrieved 5 December 2015","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/12159874","url_text":"Kybunga Uniting Church, 1896-1987"}]},{"reference":"\"GOLDEN JUBILEE OF KYBUNGA METHODIST CHURCH\". The Producer (Balaklava, SA : 1940 - 1950). Balaklava, SA: National Library of Australia. 8 August 1946. p. 3. Retrieved 5 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207053655","url_text":"\"GOLDEN JUBILEE OF KYBUNGA METHODIST CHURCH\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Producer","url_text":"The Producer (Balaklava, SA : 1940 - 1950)"}]},{"reference":"\"1 Alexander Street Kybunga Kybunga SA 5453\". Realestate.com.au. REA Group Ltd. 10 February 2014. 107273776. Retrieved 5 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.realestate.com.au/property-house-sa-kybunga-107273776","url_text":"\"1 Alexander Street Kybunga Kybunga SA 5453\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kybunga,_South_Australia&params=33.921710_S_138.505030_E_type:city_region:AU-SA","external_links_name":"33°55′18″S 138°30′18″E / 33.921710°S 138.505030°E / -33.921710; 138.505030"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kybunga,_South_Australia&params=33.921710_S_138.505030_E_type:city_region:AU-SA","external_links_name":"33°55′18″S 138°30′18″E / 33.921710°S 138.505030°E / -33.921710; 138.505030"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL40730","external_links_name":"\"Kybunga (suburb and locality)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012010923/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","external_links_name":"\"Placename Details: Kybunga Railway Station\""},{"Link":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/#","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012010923/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","external_links_name":"\"Placename Details: Kybunga\""},{"Link":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/#","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/pn/k/k7.htm#kybunga","external_links_name":"\"Kybunga\""},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/12159874","external_links_name":"Kybunga Uniting Church, 1896-1987"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207053655","external_links_name":"\"GOLDEN JUBILEE OF KYBUNGA METHODIST CHURCH\""},{"Link":"http://www.realestate.com.au/property-house-sa-kybunga-107273776","external_links_name":"\"1 Alexander Street Kybunga Kybunga SA 5453\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maxwell,_9th_Lord_Maxwell	John Maxwell, 9th Lord Maxwell	["1 Biography","2 References"]	Scottish nobleman John Maxwell, 9th Lord Maxwell (c. 1583 – 21 May 1613) was a Scottish Catholic nobleman. He escaped from Edinburgh Castle in 1607, and in 1608 shot the Laird of Johnstone. For these crimes, he was executed and his titles were forfeit. Biography The noble house of Maxwell had held the castle of Caerlaverock near Dumfries since the 13th century, and by the mid-16th century were the most powerful family in south-west Scotland. John Maxwell was the first son of John Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell (died 1593) and his wife Elizabeth Douglas (d.1637), daughter of the 7th Earl of Angus. His father was killed in a fight with the Johnstones of Annandale. He continued the feud – killing several Johnstones at Dalfeble in 1602 – until 1605 when he made peace with the Laird of Johnstone. His father had also been created Earl of Morton in 1581, and continued to be so styled, despite Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus (1555–1588), being confirmed as 5th Earl of Morton in 1586. John Maxwell subsequently quarrelled with the 7th Earl of Morton, and he was barred by the Privy Council from attending Parliament in 1607. Despite this, he appeared in Parliament and challenged the Earl of Morton, for which he was imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle. He escaped in October and fled to Dumfriesshire, where he arranged to meet the Laird of Johnstone in April 1608. During the meeting, at which both parties had given their word of truce, Johnstone was shot in the back and killed by Maxwell. He fled to France, but was convicted in his absence of treason, as well as of other killings and the escape from Edinburgh Castle. He was sentenced to death and his titles forfeit. On his return to Scotland in 1612 he was arrested, and attempted to make peace with the Johnstones by proposing a marriage between the two families. This was unsuccessful and he was beheaded at Edinburgh on 21 May 1613. The traditional ballad "Lord Maxwell's Last Goodnight" is based on his actions. In 1597 he married Margaret Hamilton, daughter of John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Hamilton and Margaret Lyon. The couple quarrelled and had no surviving children. His brother Robert was restored as 10th Lord Maxwell in 1617, and was created Earl of Nithsdale in 1620. References ^ a b c d e Balfour Paul, James (1904), "Maxwell, Earl of Nithsdale", The Scots Peerage, Edinburgh: D. Douglas, vol. VI, pp. 482–485 ^ "Maxwell, Lord (S, 1445 - forfeited 1716)". Cracroft's Peerage. Heraldic Media Limited. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012. ^ Aytoun, William Edmondstoune. The Ballads of Scotland. Vol. 2. pp. 261–263. Peerage of Scotland Preceded byJohn Maxwell Lord Maxwell 1593–1609 ForfeitTitle next held byRobert Maxwell	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forfeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forfeiture_(law)"}],"text":"John Maxwell, 9th Lord Maxwell (c. 1583 – 21 May 1613) was a Scottish Catholic nobleman. He escaped from Edinburgh Castle in 1607, and in 1608 shot the Laird of Johnstone. For these crimes, he was executed and his titles were forfeit.","title":"John Maxwell, 9th Lord Maxwell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Caerlaverock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerlaverock_Castle"},{"link_name":"Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries"},{"link_name":"John Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maxwell,_8th_Lord_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"7th Earl of Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Douglas,_7th_Earl_of_Angus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paul-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paul-1"},{"link_name":"Earl of Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Morton"},{"link_name":"Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_8th_Earl_of_Angus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paul-1"},{"link_name":"7th Earl of Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Douglas,_7th_Earl_of_Morton"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cracroft-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paul-1"},{"link_name":"Lord Maxwell's Last Goodnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Maxwell%27s_Last_Goodnight"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hamilton,_1st_Marquess_of_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Margaret Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Lyon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paul-1"},{"link_name":"Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Maxwell,_1st_Earl_of_Nithsdale"},{"link_name":"Earl of Nithsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Nithsdale"}],"text":"The noble house of Maxwell had held the castle of Caerlaverock near Dumfries since the 13th century, and by the mid-16th century were the most powerful family in south-west Scotland. John Maxwell was the first son of John Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell (died 1593) and his wife Elizabeth Douglas (d.1637), daughter of the 7th Earl of Angus.[1]His father was killed in a fight with the Johnstones of Annandale. He continued the feud – killing several Johnstones at Dalfeble in 1602 – until 1605 when he made peace with the Laird of Johnstone.[1] His father had also been created Earl of Morton in 1581, and continued to be so styled, despite Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus (1555–1588), being confirmed as 5th Earl of Morton in 1586.[1] John Maxwell subsequently quarrelled with the 7th Earl of Morton, and he was barred by the Privy Council from attending Parliament in 1607. Despite this, he appeared in Parliament and challenged the Earl of Morton, for which he was imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle.[2] He escaped in October and fled to Dumfriesshire, where he arranged to meet the Laird of Johnstone in April 1608. During the meeting, at which both parties had given their word of truce, Johnstone was shot in the back and killed by Maxwell. He fled to France, but was convicted in his absence of treason, as well as of other killings and the escape from Edinburgh Castle. He was sentenced to death and his titles forfeit. On his return to Scotland in 1612 he was arrested, and attempted to make peace with the Johnstones by proposing a marriage between the two families. This was unsuccessful and he was beheaded at Edinburgh on 21 May 1613.[1] The traditional ballad \"Lord Maxwell's Last Goodnight\" is based on his actions.[3]In 1597 he married Margaret Hamilton, daughter of John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Hamilton and Margaret Lyon. The couple quarrelled and had no surviving children.[1] His brother Robert was restored as 10th Lord Maxwell in 1617, and was created Earl of Nithsdale in 1620.","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Balfour Paul, James (1904), \"Maxwell, Earl of Nithsdale\", The Scots Peerage, Edinburgh: D. Douglas, vol. VI, pp. 482–485","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Balfour_Paul","url_text":"Balfour Paul, James"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun06pauluoft#page/485/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Maxwell, Earl of Nithsdale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scots_Peerage","url_text":"The Scots Peerage"}]},{"reference":"\"Maxwell, Lord (S, 1445 - forfeited 1716)\". Cracroft's Peerage. Heraldic Media Limited. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120703055244/http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/index1705.htm","url_text":"\"Maxwell, Lord (S, 1445 - forfeited 1716)\""},{"url":"http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/index1705.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aytoun, William Edmondstoune. The Ballads of Scotland. Vol. 2. pp. 261–263.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun06pauluoft#page/485/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Maxwell, Earl of Nithsdale\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120703055244/http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/index1705.htm","external_links_name":"\"Maxwell, Lord (S, 1445 - forfeited 1716)\""},{"Link":"http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/index1705.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalininsky_District,_Saratov_Oblast	Kalininsky District, Saratov Oblast	["1 References","1.1 Notes","1.2 Sources"]	Coordinates: 51°30′N 44°27′E / 51.500°N 44.450°E / 51.500; 44.450For other places with the same name, see Kalininsky District. District in Saratov Oblast, RussiaKalininsky District Калининский районDistrictLandscape in Kalininsky District FlagCoat of armsLocation of Kalininsky District in Saratov OblastCoordinates: 51°30′N 44°27′E / 51.500°N 44.450°E / 51.500; 44.450CountryRussiaFederal subjectSaratov OblastEstablished23 July 1928Administrative centerKalininskArea • Total3,200 km2 (1,200 sq mi)Population (2010 Census) • Total33,302 • Estimate (2018)30,502 (−8.4%) • Density10/km2 (27/sq mi) • Urban49.4% • Rural50.6%Administrative structure • Inhabited localities1 cities/towns, 62 rural localitiesMunicipal structure • Municipally incorporated asKalininsky Municipal District • Municipal divisions1 urban settlements, 10 rural settlementsTime zoneUTC+4 (MSK+1 )OKTMO ID63621000Websitehttp://kalininsk.sarmo.ru/ Kalininsky District (Russian: Кали́нинский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-eight in Saratov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,000 square kilometers (770 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kalininsk. Population: 33,302 (2010 Census); 39,732 (2002 Census); 39,739 (1989 Census). The population of Kalininsk accounts for 49.4% of the district's total population. References Notes ^ a b Charter of Saratov Oblast ^ a b c Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 63 221», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 63 221, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ). ^ a b "General Information" (in Russian). Kalininsky District. Retrieved January 20, 2017. ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019. ^ a b Law #78-ZSO ^ Law #94-ZSO ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian). ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly. Sources Саратовская областная Дума. Закон №46-ЗСО от 2 июня 2005 г. «Устав (Основной Закон) Саратовской области», в ред. Закона №54-ЗСО от 28 апреля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав (Основной Закон) Саратовской области». Вступил в силу после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Неделя области", Спецвыпуск, №38 (156), 4 июня 2005 г. (Saratov Oblast Duma. Law #46-ZSO of June 2, 2005 Charter (Basic Law) of Saratov Oblast, as amended by the Law #54-ZSO of April 28, 2015 On Amending the Charter (Basic Law) of Saratov Oblast. Effective as of after the official publication.). Саратовская областная Дума. Закон №78-ЗСО от 23 декабря 2004 г «О муниципальных районах». Вступил в силу с 1 января 2005 г. Опубликован: "Саратов — столица Поволжья", №267–268 (1218–1219), 29 декабря 2004 г. (Saratov Oblast Duma. Law #78-ZSO of December 23, 2004 On the Municipal Districts. Effective as of January 1, 2005.). Саратовская областная Дума. Закон №94-ЗСО от 27 декабря 2004 г «О муниципальных образованиях, входящих в состав Калининского муниципального района», в ред. Закона №84-ЗСО от 16 мая 2013 г. «О преобразовании Александровского и Ахтубинского муниципальных образований Калининского муниципального района Саратовской области и о внесении изменений в Закон Саратовской области "О муниципальных образованиях, входящих в состав Калининского муниципального района"». Вступил в силу с 1 января 2005 г. Опубликован: "Саратов — столица Поволжья", №4–5 (1227–1228), 14 января 2005 г. (Saratov Oblast Duma. Law #94-ZSO of December 27, 2004 On the Municipal Formations Constituting Kalininsky Municipal District, as amended by the Law #84-ZSO of May 16, 2013 On the Transformation of Alexandrovskoye and Akhtubinskoye Municipal Formations in Kalininsky Municipal District of Saratov Oblast and on Amending the Law of Saratov Oblast "On the Municipal Formations Constituting Kalininsky Municipal District". Effective as of January 1, 2005.). vteAdministrative divisions of Saratov OblastAdministrative center: Saratov • Rural localitiesDistricts Alexandrovo-Gaysky Arkadaksky Atkarsky Balakovsky Balashovsky Baltaysky Bazarno-Karabulaksky Dergachyovsky Dukhovnitsky Engelssky Fyodorovsky Ivanteyevsky Kalininsky Khvalynsky Krasnoarmeysky Krasnokutsky Krasnopartizansky Lysogorsky Marksovsky Novoburassky Novouzensky Ozinsky Perelyubsky Petrovsky Pitersky Pugachyovsky Romanovsky Rovensky Rtishchevsky Samoylovsky Saratovsky Sovetsky Tatishchevsky Turkovsky Volsky Voskresensky Yekaterinovsky Yershovsky Closed administrative-territorial formations Mikhaylovsky Shikhany Svetly Cities and towns Arkadak Atkarsk Balakovo Balashov Engels Kalininsk Khvalynsk Krasnoarmeysk Krasny Kut Marks Novouzensk Petrovsk Pugachyov Rtishchevo Saratov Shikhany Volsk Yershov Urban-type settlements Bazarny Karabulak Dergachi Dukhovnitskoye Gorny Kamensky Krasny Oktyabr Lysye Gory Mokrous Novye Burasy Ozinki Pinerovka Privolzhsky Pushkino Romanovka Rovnoye Samoylovka Sennoy Sokolovy Sovetskoye Stepnoye Svobodny Tatishchevo Turki Yekaterinovka	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalininsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalininsky_District_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SaratovO_charter-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SaratovO_munmd-6"},{"link_name":"raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raion"},{"link_name":"thirty-eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Saratov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Saratov Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-3"},{"link_name":"administrative center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_center"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Kalininsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalininsk,_Saratov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OKATO-2"},{"link_name":"2010 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-4"},{"link_name":"2002 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2002)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopCensus-9"},{"link_name":"1989 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1989)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1989-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-4"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Kalininsky District.District in Saratov Oblast, RussiaKalininsky District (Russian: Кали́нинский райо́н) is an administrative[1] and municipal[6] district (raion), one of the thirty-eight in Saratov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,000 square kilometers (770 sq mi).[3] Its administrative center is the town of Kalininsk.[2] Population: 33,302 (2010 Census);[4] 39,732 (2002 Census);[9] 39,739 (1989 Census).[10] The population of Kalininsk accounts for 49.4% of the district's total population.[4]","title":"Kalininsky District, Saratov Oblast"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"General Information\" (in Russian). Kalininsky District. Retrieved January 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://kalininsk.sarmo.ru/informatsiya-o-munitsipalnom-rayone/istoriya/","url_text":"\"General Information\""}]},{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","url_text":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""}]},{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service","url_text":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service"},{"url":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","url_text":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalininsky_District,_Saratov_Oblast&params=51_30_N_44_27_E_type:adm2nd_region:RU","external_links_name":"51°30′N 44°27′E / 51.500°N 44.450°E / 51.500; 44.450"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalininsky_District,_Saratov_Oblast&params=51_30_N_44_27_E_type:adm2nd_region:RU","external_links_name":"51°30′N 44°27′E / 51.500°N 44.450°E / 51.500; 44.450"},{"Link":"http://kalininsk.sarmo.ru/","external_links_name":"http://kalininsk.sarmo.ru/"},{"Link":"http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=107426","external_links_name":"Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 63 221"},{"Link":"http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=107426","external_links_name":"Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 63 221"},{"Link":"http://kalininsk.sarmo.ru/informatsiya-o-munitsipalnom-rayone/istoriya/","external_links_name":"\"General Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","external_links_name":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","external_links_name":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""},{"Link":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","external_links_name":"\"Об исчислении времени\""},{"Link":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","external_links_name":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"},{"Link":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","external_links_name":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerfield_Township,_Warren_County,_Ohio	Deerfield Township, Warren County, Ohio	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Government","3.1 Education","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 39°18′52″N 84°17′34″W / 39.31444°N 84.29278°W / 39.31444; -84.29278 Township in Ohio, United StatesDeerfield Township, Warren County, OhioTownshipAhimaaz King HouseMotto: "Choose Deerfield"Map of Deerfield Township in Warren CountyCoordinates: 39°18′52″N 84°17′34″W / 39.31444°N 84.29278°W / 39.31444; -84.29278CountryUnited StatesStateOhioCountyWarrenGovernment • TypeBoard of Trustees • PresidentLelle Lutz HeddingArea • Total16.8 sq mi (43.6 km2) • Land16.6 sq mi (43.1 km2) • Water0.2 sq mi (0.5 km2)Elevation840 ft (256 m)Population (2020) • Total40,525Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Area code513FIPS code39-21238GNIS feature ID1087112WebsiteChoose Deerfield Township Deerfield Township is one of the eleven townships of Warren County, Ohio, United States. The township is located in the southwest corner of the county and is part of the Cincinnati metropolitan area. The population was 40,525 as of the 2020 census. History One of the original four townships of Warren County, Deerfield Township was organized on May 10, 1803. The township was named for mineral licks within its borders which attract deer. Geography Located in the southwestern corner of the county, it borders the following townships: Turtlecreek Township - north Union Township - northeast Hamilton Township - east Symmes Township, Hamilton County - south Sycamore Township, Hamilton County - southwest West Chester Township, Butler County - west Liberty Township, Butler County - northwest Communities within the township include Kings Mills, Snidercrest, Fosters, Socialville, Twenty Mile Stand, Loveland Park, Landen Government The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees. Education Most of the township is in the Mason City and Kings Local school districts, but the extreme southwest corner of the township is in the Princeton City School District. References ^ "Deerfield township, Warren County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 18, 2023. ^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ The History of Warren County, Ohio: Containing a History of the County; Its Townships, Towns. W.H. Beers & Company. 1882. p. 633. ^ "Warren County, Ohio Place Names". Warren County Genealogical Society. Archived from the original on March 13, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018. External links Township website County website vteMunicipalities and communities of Warren County, Ohio, United StatesCounty seat: LebanonCities Carlisle‡ Franklin Lebanon South Lebanon Loveland‡ Mason Middletown‡ Monroe‡ Springboro‡ Map of Ohio highlighting Warren CountyVillages Blanchester‡ Butlerville Corwin Harveysburg Maineville Morrow Pleasant Plain Waynesville Townships Clearcreek Deerfield Franklin Hamilton Harlan Massie Salem Turtlecreek Union Washington Wayne CDPs Five Points Hunter Kings Mills Landen Loveland Park‡ Roachester Unincorporatedcommunities Blackhawk Chautauqua‡ Cozaddale Crosswick Dallasburg Dodds Edwardsville Fosters Genntown Greentree Corners Gum Grove Hagemans Crossing Hickoryville Hicks Hillcrest Hopkinsville Kenricksville Level Mathers Mill Merrittstown Middleboro Mount Holly Murdoch Oregonia Osceola Pekin Red Lion Ridgeville Rossburg San Mar Gale Socialville Twenty Mile Stand Wellman Zoar Ghost towns Beedles Station Browns Store Butterworth Hammel and Millgrove Venable Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Ohio portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Warren County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"text":"Township in Ohio, United StatesDeerfield Township is one of the eleven townships of Warren County, Ohio, United States. The township is located in the southwest corner of the county and is part of the Cincinnati metropolitan area. The population was 40,525 as of the 2020 census.","title":"Deerfield Township, Warren County, Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"mineral licks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_lick"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"One of the original four townships of Warren County, Deerfield Township was organized on May 10, 1803.[4] The township was named for mineral licks within its borders which attract deer.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turtlecreek Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtlecreek_Township,_Warren_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Union Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Township,_Warren_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Township,_Warren_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Symmes Township, Hamilton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmes_Township,_Hamilton_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Sycamore Township, Hamilton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycamore_Township,_Hamilton_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"West Chester Township, Butler County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Chester_Township,_Butler_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Liberty Township, Butler County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Township,_Butler_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Kings Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Mills,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Snidercrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snidercrest,_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fosters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosters,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Socialville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialville,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Twenty Mile Stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_Mile_Stand,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Loveland Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loveland_Park,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Landen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landen,_Ohio"}],"text":"Located in the southwestern corner of the county, it borders the following townships:Turtlecreek Township - north\nUnion Township - northeast\nHamilton Township - east\nSymmes Township, Hamilton County - south\nSycamore Township, Hamilton County - southwest\nWest Chester Township, Butler County - west\nLiberty Township, Butler County - northwestCommunities within the township include Kings Mills, Snidercrest, Fosters, Socialville, Twenty Mile Stand, Loveland Park, Landen","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.[citation needed]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mason City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_City_Schools_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Kings Local","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kings_Local_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Princeton City School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_City_School_District"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Most of the township is in the Mason City and Kings Local school districts, but the extreme southwest corner of the township is in the Princeton City School District.","title":"Government"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Ohio highlighting Warren County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Warren_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Warren_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Deerfield township, Warren County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Deerfield_township,_Warren_County,_Ohio?g=060XX00US3916521238","url_text":"\"Deerfield township, Warren County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"The History of Warren County, Ohio: Containing a History of the County; Its Townships, Towns. W.H. Beers & Company. 1882. p. 633.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tyJEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA633","url_text":"The History of Warren County, Ohio: Containing a History of the County; Its Townships, Towns"}]},{"reference":"\"Warren County, Ohio Place Names\". Warren County Genealogical Society. Archived from the original on March 13, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180313042457/http://www.co.warren.oh.us/genealogy/genealogy/placenames.htm","url_text":"\"Warren County, Ohio Place Names\""},{"url":"http://www.co.warren.oh.us/genealogy/genealogy/placenames.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Deerfield_Township,_Warren_County,_Ohio&params=39_18_52_N_84_17_34_W_region:US-OH_type:city","external_links_name":"39°18′52″N 84°17′34″W / 39.31444°N 84.29278°W / 39.31444; -84.29278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Deerfield_Township,_Warren_County,_Ohio&params=39_18_52_N_84_17_34_W_region:US-OH_type:city","external_links_name":"39°18′52″N 84°17′34″W / 39.31444°N 84.29278°W / 39.31444; -84.29278"},{"Link":"http://www.deerfieldtwp.com/","external_links_name":"Choose Deerfield Township"},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Deerfield_township,_Warren_County,_Ohio?g=060XX00US3916521238","external_links_name":"\"Deerfield township, Warren County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tyJEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA633","external_links_name":"The History of Warren County, Ohio: Containing a History of the County; Its Townships, Towns"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180313042457/http://www.co.warren.oh.us/genealogy/genealogy/placenames.htm","external_links_name":"\"Warren County, Ohio Place Names\""},{"Link":"http://www.co.warren.oh.us/genealogy/genealogy/placenames.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.choosedeerfield.com/","external_links_name":"Township website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19971010224639/http://www.co.warren.oh.us/","external_links_name":"County website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/123538185","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007154585","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Township,_Grundy_County,_Iowa	Clay Township, Grundy County, Iowa	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 42°15′N 92°50′W / 42.250°N 92.833°W / 42.250; -92.833Township in Iowa, USA Clay Township is a township in Grundy County, Iowa, United States. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Clay Township, Grundy County, Iowa vteMunicipalities and communities of Grundy County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: Grundy CenterCities Beaman Conrad Dike Grundy Center Holland Morrison Reinbeck Stout Wellsburg Map of Iowa highlighting Grundy CountyTownships Beaver Black Hawk Clay Colfax Fairfield Felix German Grant Lincoln Melrose Palermo Pleasant Valley Shiloh Washington Unincorporatedcommunities Fern Fredsville Ivester Zaneta Iowa portal United States portal 42°15′N 92°50′W / 42.250°N 92.833°W / 42.250; -92.833 This article about the geography of Grundy County, Iowa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Grundy County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundy_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Township in Iowa, USAClay Township is a township in \nGrundy County, Iowa, United States.[1]","title":"Clay Township, Grundy County, Iowa"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Grundy County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Grundy_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Grundy_County.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clay_Township,_Grundy_County,_Iowa&params=42_15_N_92_50_W_region:US-IA_type:adm3rd","external_links_name":"42°15′N 92°50′W / 42.250°N 92.833°W / 42.250; -92.833"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/467603","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Clay Township, Grundy County, Iowa"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clay_Township,_Grundy_County,_Iowa&params=42_15_N_92_50_W_region:US-IA_type:adm3rd","external_links_name":"42°15′N 92°50′W / 42.250°N 92.833°W / 42.250; -92.833"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clay_Township,_Grundy_County,_Iowa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_(Whitehall,_New_York)	United States Post Office (Whitehall, New York)	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°33′12″N 73°24′16″W / 43.55333°N 73.40444°W / 43.55333; -73.40444United States historic placeUS Post Office-WhitehallU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesLocation88 Broadway, Whitehall, New YorkCoordinates43°33′12″N 73°24′16″W / 43.55333°N 73.40444°W / 43.55333; -73.40444Arealess than one acreBuilt1937ArchitectSimon, Louis A.; Horn, AxelArchitectural styleColonial RevivalMPSUS Post Offices in New York State, 1858-1943, TRNRHP reference No.88002447Added to NRHPMay 11, 1989 US Post Office-Whitehall is a historic post office building located at Whitehall in Washington County, New York. It was designed and built 1937–1938, and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department under Louis A. Simon. The building is in the Colonial Revival style and is a modest one story building, three bays wide and clad in red brick. The interior features a 1939 mural by Axel Horn titled "Settlement of Skenesborough." It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Corner view of the post office References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ Larry E. Gobrecht (July 1986). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Whitehall Post Office". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2010-06-12. See also: "Accompanying four photos". External links Media related to United States Post Office (Whitehall, New York) at Wikimedia Commons vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Listsby city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal This article about a historic property or district in Washington County, New York, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Washington County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Office of the Supervising Architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Supervising_Architect"},{"link_name":"Louis A. Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_A._Simon"},{"link_name":"Colonial Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Axel Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Horn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv_ny-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corner_view_of_Whitehall,_NY_Post_Office.JPG"}],"text":"United States historic placeUS Post Office-Whitehall is a historic post office building located at Whitehall in Washington County, New York. It was designed and built 1937–1938, and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department under Louis A. Simon. The building is in the Colonial Revival style and is a modest one story building, three bays wide and clad in red brick. The interior features a 1939 mural by Axel Horn titled \"Settlement of Skenesborough.\"[2]It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.[1]Corner view of the post office","title":"United States Post Office (Whitehall, New York)"}]	[{"image_text":"Corner view of the post office","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Corner_view_of_Whitehall%2C_NY_Post_Office.JPG/220px-Corner_view_of_Whitehall%2C_NY_Post_Office.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Larry E. Gobrecht (July 1986). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Whitehall Post Office\". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2010-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=10073","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Whitehall Post Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation","url_text":"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation"}]},{"reference":"\"Accompanying four photos\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=10048","url_text":"\"Accompanying four photos\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Post_Office_(Whitehall,_New_York)&params=43_33_12_N_73_24_16_W_type:landmark_region:US-NY","external_links_name":"43°33′12″N 73°24′16″W / 43.55333°N 73.40444°W / 43.55333; -73.40444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Post_Office_(Whitehall,_New_York)&params=43_33_12_N_73_24_16_W_type:landmark_region:US-NY","external_links_name":"43°33′12″N 73°24′16″W / 43.55333°N 73.40444°W / 43.55333; -73.40444"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/64000597_text","external_links_name":"US Post Offices in New York State, 1858-1943, TR"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/88002447","external_links_name":"88002447"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=10073","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Whitehall Post Office\""},{"Link":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=10048","external_links_name":"\"Accompanying four photos\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Post_Office_(Whitehall,_New_York)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn,_Indiana	Lynn, Indiana	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Education","5 Notable person","6 References"]	Coordinates: 40°02′55″N 84°56′33″W / 40.04861°N 84.94250°W / 40.04861; -84.94250 Town in Indiana, United StatesLynnTownTown of LynnLocation of Lynn in Randolph County, Indiana.Coordinates: 40°02′55″N 84°56′33″W / 40.04861°N 84.94250°W / 40.04861; -84.94250CountryUnited StatesStateIndianaCountyRandolphTownshipWashingtonArea • Total0.56 sq mi (1.46 km2) • Land0.56 sq mi (1.46 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,168 ft (356 m)Population (2020) • Total954 • Density1,688.50/sq mi (652.14/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code47355Area code765FIPS code18-45468GNIS feature ID2396729 Lynn is a town in Washington Township, Randolph County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 1,097 at the 2010 census. History A post office was established at Lynn in 1838. The town plat was recorded in 1850. Geography Lynn is located at 40°2′51″N 84°56′32″W / 40.04750°N 84.94222°W / 40.04750; -84.94222 (40.047590, -84.942173). According to the 2010 census, Lynn has a total area of 0.56 square miles (1.45 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1880239—1890518116.7%190070536.1%191091730.1%1920808−11.9%193093615.8%19401,0148.3%19501,14913.3%19601,2609.7%19701,3607.9%19801,250−8.1%19901,183−5.4%20001,143−3.4%20101,097−4.0%2020954−13.0%U.S. Decennial Census 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 1,097 people, 439 households, and 302 families living in the town. The population density was 1,958.9 inhabitants per square mile (756.3/km2). There were 498 housing units at an average density of 889.3 per square mile (343.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.7% White, 0.5% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population. There were 439 households, of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.0% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.2% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.97. The median age in the town was 37.9 years. 25.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.6% were from 25 to 44; 23% were from 45 to 64; and 17.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.3% male and 51.7% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 1,143 people, 468 households, and 313 families living in the town. The population density was 2,027.3 inhabitants per square mile (782.7/km2). There were 508 housing units at an average density of 901.0 per square mile (347.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.50% White, 0.35% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.44% Asian, 0.35% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, and 1.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.44% of the population. There were 468 households, out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.99. In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males. The median income for a household in the town was $32,368, and the median income for a family was $38,636. Males had a median income of $27,917 versus $20,438 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,148. About 7.9% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.1% of those under age 18 and 12.3% of those age 65 or over. Education The town has a lending library, the Lynn-Washington Township Public Library. Notable person Jim Jones grew up in the area. He would later lead the Peoples Temple cult murder at Jonestown. References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022. ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lynn, Indiana ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Randolph County". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved November 1, 2015. ^ Tucker, E. (1882). History of Randolph County, Indiana: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers : to which are Appended Maps of Its Several Townships. A.L. Klingman. p. 377. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2015. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2012. ^ "Indiana public library directory" (PDF). Indiana State Library. Retrieved March 14, 2018. vteMunicipalities and communities of Randolph County, Indiana, United StatesCounty seat: WinchesterCities Union City Winchester Map of Indiana highlighting Randolph CountyTowns Albany‡ Farmland Losantville Lynn Modoc Parker City Ridgeville Saratoga Townships Franklin Green Greensfork Jackson Monroe Stoney Creek Union Ward Washington Wayne White River CDPs Fairview Spartanburg Windsor‡ Othercommunities Arba Bartonia Bloomingport Buena Vista Carlos Crete Deerfield Georgetown Harrisville Haysville Corner Huntsville Maxville Mull New Lisbon New Pittsburg Pinch Randolph Rural Scott Corner Shedville Snow Hill South Salem Stone Unionport Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Indiana portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Township,_Randolph_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Randolph County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-2"}],"text":"Town in Indiana, United StatesLynn is a town in Washington Township, Randolph County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.[2] The population was 1,097 at the 2010 census.","title":"Lynn, Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"plat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A post office was established at Lynn in 1838.[4] The town plat was recorded in 1850.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"40°2′51″N 84°56′32″W / 40.04750°N 84.94222°W / 40.04750; -84.94222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lynn,_Indiana&params=40_2_51_N_84_56_32_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-g001-7"}],"text":"Lynn is located at 40°2′51″N 84°56′32″W / 40.04750°N 84.94222°W / 40.04750; -84.94222 (40.047590, -84.942173).[6]According to the 2010 census, Lynn has a total area of 0.56 square miles (1.45 km2), all land.[7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-9"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[9] of 2010, there were 1,097 people, 439 households, and 302 families living in the town. The population density was 1,958.9 inhabitants per square mile (756.3/km2). There were 498 housing units at an average density of 889.3 per square mile (343.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.7% White, 0.5% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.There were 439 households, of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.0% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.2% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.97.The median age in the town was 37.9 years. 25.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.6% were from 25 to 44; 23% were from 45 to 64; and 17.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 1,143 people, 468 households, and 313 families living in the town. The population density was 2,027.3 inhabitants per square mile (782.7/km2). There were 508 housing units at an average density of 901.0 per square mile (347.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.50% White, 0.35% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.44% Asian, 0.35% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, and 1.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.44% of the population.There were 468 households, out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.99.In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.The median income for a household in the town was $32,368, and the median income for a family was $38,636. Males had a median income of $27,917 versus $20,438 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,148. About 7.9% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.1% of those under age 18 and 12.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The town has a lending library, the Lynn-Washington Township Public Library.[10]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jones"},{"link_name":"Peoples Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_Temple"},{"link_name":"Jonestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonestown"}],"text":"Jim Jones grew up in the area. He would later lead the Peoples Temple cult murder at Jonestown.","title":"Notable person"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Indiana highlighting Randolph County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Randolph_County.svg/49px-Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Randolph_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_18.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Randolph County\". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved November 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=IN&county=Randolph&searchtext=&pagenum=2","url_text":"\"Randolph County\""}]},{"reference":"Tucker, E. (1882). History of Randolph County, Indiana: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers : to which are Appended Maps of Its Several Townships. A.L. Klingman. p. 377.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofrandolp00tuck","url_text":"History of Randolph County, Indiana: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers : to which are Appended Maps of Its Several Townships"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofrandolp00tuck/page/n462","url_text":"377"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213084355/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1845468","url_text":"\"G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1845468","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Indiana public library directory\" (PDF). Indiana State Library. Retrieved March 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.in.gov/library/files/countyindex13.pdf","url_text":"\"Indiana public library directory\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lynn,_Indiana&params=40_02_55_N_84_56_33_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"40°02′55″N 84°56′33″W / 40.04861°N 84.94250°W / 40.04861; -84.94250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lynn,_Indiana&params=40_02_55_N_84_56_33_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"40°02′55″N 84°56′33″W / 40.04861°N 84.94250°W / 40.04861; -84.94250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lynn,_Indiana&params=40_2_51_N_84_56_32_W_type:city","external_links_name":"40°2′51″N 84°56′32″W / 40.04750°N 84.94222°W / 40.04750; -84.94222"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_18.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2396729","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lynn, Indiana"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=IN&county=Randolph&searchtext=&pagenum=2","external_links_name":"\"Randolph County\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofrandolp00tuck","external_links_name":"History of Randolph County, Indiana: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers : to which are Appended Maps of Its Several Townships"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofrandolp00tuck/page/n462","external_links_name":"377"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200213084355/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1845468","external_links_name":"\"G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1845468","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.in.gov/library/files/countyindex13.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Indiana public library directory\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/150237049","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567626605171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania	Monroe County, Pennsylvania	["1 Geography","1.1 Adjacent counties","1.2 National protected areas","2 Demographics","2.1 2020 census","3 Metropolitan Statistical Area","4 Politics","4.1 Other county offices","4.2 State Representatives[17]","4.3 State senator","4.4 United States Representatives","4.5 United States Senators","4.6 Governor","5 Transportation","5.1 Public transportation","5.2 Major highways","6 Education","6.1 Colleges and universities","6.2 Public school districts","6.3 Charter schools","6.4 Technology schools","6.5 Private schools","7 Industry","8 Parks and trails","9 Resorts","10 Communities","10.1 Boroughs","10.2 Townships","10.3 Census-designated places","10.4 Unincorporated communities","10.5 Population ranking","11 Watersheds","12 Climate","12.1 Pocono Plateau Region","12.2 Ridge and Valley Region","13 Ecology","13.1 Long Pond","13.2 Pocono Plateau Region","13.3 Ridge and Valley Region","13.4 Glacial Till Barrens","14 See also","15 References"]	Coordinates: 41°04′N 75°20′W / 41.06°N 75.34°W / 41.06; -75.34County in Pennsylvania, United States Not to be confused with Monroe, Bradford County, Pennsylvania. County in PennsylvaniaMonroe CountyCountyMonroe County Courthouse in Stroudsburg in November 2009 SealLocation within the U.S. state of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 41°04′N 75°20′W / 41.06°N 75.34°W / 41.06; -75.34Country United StatesState PennsylvaniaFoundedApril 1, 1836Named forJames MonroeSeatStroudsburgLargest townshipCoolbaugh TownshipArea • Total617 sq mi (1,600 km2) • Land608 sq mi (1,570 km2) • Water9.0 sq mi (23 km2) 1.5%Population (2020) • Total168,327 • Density277/sq mi (107/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)Congressional districts7th, 8thWebsitehttp://www.monroecountypa.gov Monroe County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is located in Northeastern Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 168,327. Its county seat is Stroudsburg. The county was formed from sections of Northampton and Pike counties on April 1, 1836. Named in honor of James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States, the county is located in Northeastern Pennsylvania, along its border with New Jersey. Monroe County is coterminous with the East Stroudsburg Metropolitan Statistical Area. It also borders the Wyoming Valley and the Lehigh Valley, as well as having connections to the Delaware Valley and the Tri-State Area, as part of New York City's Designated Media Market, but also receiving media from the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre and Philadelphia areas. The county is home to East Stroudsburg University. For many recent decades, Monroe County was one of the fastest-growing counties in the state of Pennsylvania, partially due to tourism, and partially due to transplants from the New York City Area desiring a lower cost of living while still being close enough to commute to work in the city. The population increased by over 70% from 1990 to 2010, and the commercial and retail sectors expanded significantly, although population growth has since slowed. The Lehigh River, a 109-mile-long (175 km) tributary of the Delaware River, flows southward through Monroe County and then into the Lehigh Valley, where it joins the Delaware River in Easton, Pennsylvania. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 617 square miles (1,600 km2), of which 608 square miles (1,570 km2) is land and 9.0 square miles (23 km2) (1.5%) is water. It has a humid continental climate (Dfb except for some Dfa in the southern and SE tiers) and the hardiness zone ranges from 5a to 6b. The area code is 570, except in the southwest where the Kunkletown exchange uses 610. Adjacent counties Wayne County (north) Pike County (northeast) Sussex County, New Jersey (northeast) Warren County, New Jersey (east) Northampton County (south) Carbon County (west) Luzerne County (northwest) Lackawanna County (northwest) National protected areas Cherry Valley National Wildlife Refuge Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (part) Middle Delaware National Scenic River (part) Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18409,879—185013,27034.3%186016,75826.3%187018,3629.6%188020,1759.9%189020,111−0.3%190021,1615.2%191022,9418.4%192024,2955.9%193028,28616.4%194029,8025.4%195033,77313.3%196039,56717.2%197045,42214.8%198069,40952.8%199095,70937.9%2000138,68744.9%2010169,84222.5%2020168,327−0.9%U.S. Decennial Census1790–1960 1900–19901990–2000 2010–2019 As of the census of 2010, there were 169,842 people, 49,454 households, and 36,447 families residing in the county. The population density was 228 inhabitants per square mile (88/km2). There were 67,581 housing units at an average density of 111 units per square mile (43/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 70.5% White Non-Hispanic, 13.2% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.1% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 4.3% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. 13.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.9% were of German, 16.8% Irish, 14.5% Italian, 8.8% Pennsylvania German, 5.4% Polish, 5.1% American and 5.1% English ancestry. There were 49,454 households, out of which 36.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.70% were married couples living together, 8.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.30% were non-families. 20.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.16. As of the end of 2021, the median value of all homes in Monroe County was $210,972, an increase of 13% since the prior year. In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.80% under the age of 18, 8.60% from 18 to 24, 28.80% from 25 to 44, 23.50% from 45 to 64, and 12.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 97.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.40 males. 2020 census Monroe County Racial Composition Race Num. Perc. White (NH) 104,716 62.2% Black or African American (NH) 22,823 13.6% Native American (NH) 289 0.17% Asian (NH) 3,947 2.34% Pacific Islander (NH) 56 0.03% Other/Mixed (NH) 7,938 4.72% Hispanic or Latino 28,558 17% Metropolitan Statistical Area See also: List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas and List of Combined Statistical Areas The U.S. Office of Management and Budget has designated Monroe County as the East Stroudsburg, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census the Metro area had a population of 169,842. The area ranks 12th most populous in the state of Pennsylvania and ranks 244th most populous in the United States. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget has also designated Monroe County as part of the larger New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA Combined Statistical Area. The larger combined area once consisted of the Pennsylvania Counties in the Lehigh Valley, which are Carbon, Lehigh and Northampton, but as of 2018, only Monroe County and Pike County are the only two counties in Pennsylvania grouped with New York's CSA. As of the 2010 US Census, the population of the CSA was 23,076,664, making it the most populous Combined Statistical Area in the United States. Politics This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) For much of the second half of the 20th century, Monroe County was a Republican stronghold. However, in recent years, party registration has leaned toward the Democratic Party, a result of continued migration to the county by former New York City residents, many of whom are Democrats. While in the 2004 U.S. presidential election the county was carried by Republican George W. Bush by a margin of four votes, beginning with the first campaign (2008) of Barack Obama, Democratic candidates carried Monroe County. In that election Obama carried the county by a 17-point margin, 58% to 41%–the first Democrat to win the county since 1964, and only the second since 1940. The other three 2008 statewide Democratic candidates also carried the county handily. Additionally, the Democratic presidential candidates carried the county in 2012 (Obama), 2016 (Hillary Clinton), and 2020 (Joe Biden). United States presidential election results for Monroe County, Pennsylvania Year Republican Democratic Third party No.  % No.  % No.  % 2020 38,726 46.08% 44,060 52.43% 1,248 1.49% 2016 33,386 47.69% 33,918 48.45% 2,704 3.86% 2012 26,867 42.63% 35,221 55.89% 935 1.48% 2008 28,293 41.23% 39,453 57.50% 872 1.27% 2004 27,971 49.65% 27,967 49.64% 404 0.72% 2000 23,265 49.63% 21,939 46.80% 1,674 3.57% 1996 17,326 44.35% 16,547 42.36% 5,192 13.29% 1992 14,557 38.82% 13,468 35.91% 9,475 25.27% 1988 17,185 62.79% 9,859 36.02% 327 1.19% 1984 16,109 65.82% 8,193 33.48% 172 0.70% 1980 12,357 55.44% 7,551 33.88% 2,381 10.68% 1976 10,228 50.72% 9,544 47.33% 393 1.95% 1972 12,701 67.51% 5,619 29.87% 494 2.63% 1968 9,465 53.33% 6,946 39.14% 1,336 7.53% 1964 6,281 36.91% 10,622 62.41% 116 0.68% 1960 11,299 63.74% 6,312 35.61% 115 0.65% 1956 10,081 64.30% 5,506 35.12% 92 0.59% 1952 9,502 62.09% 5,760 37.64% 42 0.27% 1948 6,674 53.02% 5,913 46.98% 0 0.00% 1944 6,202 52.88% 5,490 46.81% 37 0.32% 1940 6,001 47.30% 6,670 52.57% 16 0.13% 1936 5,778 41.04% 8,212 58.33% 89 0.63% 1932 4,659 41.60% 6,357 56.76% 183 1.63% 1928 7,469 69.40% 3,266 30.35% 27 0.25% 1924 3,462 44.28% 3,901 49.89% 456 5.83% 1920 3,278 48.01% 3,396 49.74% 154 2.26% 1916 1,456 29.80% 3,348 68.52% 82 1.68% 1912 536 11.64% 3,107 67.48% 961 20.87% 1908 1,454 31.62% 3,004 65.32% 141 3.07% 1904 1,446 34.46% 2,587 61.65% 163 3.88% 1900 1,264 27.99% 3,054 67.63% 198 4.38% 1896 1,447 31.80% 2,887 63.44% 217 4.77% 1892 1,020 24.53% 3,078 74.01% 61 1.47% 1888 1,107 24.95% 3,274 73.79% 56 1.26% 1884 1,009 23.59% 3,242 75.78% 27 0.63% 1880 962 22.30% 3,334 77.28% 18 0.42% As of January 8, 2024, there are 112,243 registered voters in Monroe County. Democratic: 49,691 (44.27%) Republican: 39,827 (35.48%) Independent: 16,897 (15.05%) Minor Party: 5,828 (5.19%) Other county offices Controller, Eric Diemer, Democratic Coroner, Thomas Yanac, Democratic District Attorney, Mike Mancuso, Democratic Prothonotary, George Warden, Republican Recorder of Deeds and Register of Wills, Kate Best, Democratic Sheriff, Nick Cirranello, Democratic Treasurer, Theresa Johnson, Republican State Representatives Maureen Madden, Democratic, 115th district Jack Rader, Jr., Republican, 176th district Tarah Probst, Democrat, 189th district State senator Rosemary Brown, Republican, 40th district United States Representatives Susan Wild, Democratic, Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district Matthew Cartwright, Democratic, Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district United States Senators Robert P. Casey, Jr., Democratic John Fetterman, Democratic Governor Josh Shapiro, Democratic Transportation Public transportation Public transportation throughout the county is provided by the Monroe County Transit Authority (MCTA), known as the "Pocono Pony". MCTA operates a fixed route bus system and a paratransit curb to curb service for eligible populations. New Jersey Transit is restoring train tracks in northwestern New Jersey along the Lackawanna Cut-off. This would, potentially, also involve the train to go to Scranton from Hoboken, which would go through the Poconos, marking the first time since the early 1970s when the Erie Lackawanna Railroad stopped running daily trains through the area. Major highways I-80 eastbound in Monroe County I-80 I-380 US 209 US 209 Bus. PA 33 PA 115 PA 191 PA 196 PA 314 PA 390 PA 402 PA 423 PA 435 PA 447 PA 507 PA 534 PA 611 PA 715 PA 903 PA 940 Education This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Colleges and universities East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania (in East Stroudsburg) Northampton Community College Monroe Campus (in Tannersville) Public school districts Map of Monroe County public school districts East Stroudsburg Area School District Pleasant Valley School District Pocono Mountain School District Stroudsburg Area School District Charter schools Evergreen Community Charter School, Cresco Technology schools Monroe Career and Technical Institute, Bartonsville Private schools Art Learning Center, East Stroudsburg Character Builders Christian Academy, Pocono Pines Monsignor McHugh School, Cresco closed in 2020 Notre Dame Elementary School, East Stroudsburg Notre Dame High School, East Stroudsburg St Pauls Lutheran Pre-School, East Stroudsburg Stroudsburg 7th Day Adventists School, Stroudsburg Triumphant & Excellence Academy 1, East Stroudsburg Triumphant & Excellence Academy 2 TEA Institute, Tobyhanna Triumphant Living Heritage, Marshalls Creek Victory Baptist Christian School, Brodheadsville The Growing Concern Elementary School, Stroudsburg Private schools are as reported in EdNA school database maintained and published by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2011 Industry The Tobyhanna Army Depot, the U.S. Department of Defense's largest center for the repair and fabrication of electronic systems, is located in Monroe County. It was identified in 2004 as the largest employer in northeastern Pennsylvania. Parks and trails The view from Big Pocono State Park at Camelback Mountain The Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, which "includes nearly 70,000 acres (280 km2) of mountains, valleys and floodplains," is partially located in Monroe County. The county also has Pennsylvania state parks, such as Big Pocono State Park and parts of the Delaware State Forest, Gouldsboro State Park, and Tobyhanna State Park. The Appalachian Trail passes through Monroe County. David Pierce wrote in the Pocono Record, "The 2,184-mile public footpath—from Georgia to Maine—has a particularly scenic but rugged section that straddles Monroe County’s southern border..." He stated that "trail hiking has long been an integral part of Monroe County's identity..." During the Revolutionary War in 1779, General John Sullivan marched his troops through Monroe County on their expedition to fight the Iroquois tribe in New York State. There are many historical markers identifying the Sullivan Trail. Sergeant Moses Fellows of the Third New Hampshire Regiment described the area as "...very poor & Barren and I think as never will Be Settled.” The Long Pond Conservation Easement has over 10,000 acres (40 km2) of public access land with numerous trail systems. It's one of the most extensive public access trail systems in Monroe County. Dixon Miller State Forest – this is an extensive trail system in Long Pond, PA. Jonas Mountain Nature Preserve is over 300 acres (120 ha) of Trail system that encompasses an old mountain ridge, and Jonas Creek. Cherry Valley National Wildlife Refuge has elaborate Trail systems, and public access. Mount Wismer is a scenic hike in Monroe County. Nothstein Preserve is an elaborate wooded trail system in the Poconos Chestnut mountain nature preserve is a many acre preserve atop the Plateau. Resorts Inn At Pocono Manor, May 2015 The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort Two of the earliest Pocono resorts, founded by rival factions of the Philadelphia Quaker community, were located in Monroe County: Inn at Buck Hill Falls (1901) and Pocono Manor (1902). These resorts did not allow liquor or dancing, and evening dress was discouraged. The Quakers "brought a quiet, unostentatious style to the region," but their hotels later developed from religious retreats into "luxurious mountain resorts." Buck Hill's stone facade became a model for close to 300 stately stone-and-shingle homes in the region. Pocono Manor offers sweeping vistas of the eastern and western Pocono region and has been referred to as the "Grand Lady of the Mountains." Buck Hill closed in 1990 and the Inn at Pocono Manor was mostly destroyed by fire in 2019. Skytop Lodge, built in 1928, is also located in Monroe County and has been described as a "Dutch Colonial-style manor house." Designed in reaction to the Quaker resorts, it had a dance floor and served liquor in a basement bar. Skytop offers thirty miles of hiking trails, and the main building "is surrounded by 5,000 acres (20 km2) of wood, glacial bogs, hemlock gorges, beaver marshes, and cascading waterfalls." The Buckwood Inn opened in Monroe County in 1911 and included the first golf course to be designed by renowned golf architect A. W. Tillinghast. Bandleader Fred Waring purchased the resort in 1943, renamed it the Shawnee Inn, and broadcast his radio shows from there. The Shawnee Inn is a Spanish colonial revival building with white-Moorish architecture and Spanish tiled roofs, and it was identified in the 1990s as the only resort on the banks of the Delaware River. Mount Airy Lodge, which expanded from an eight-room inn into the largest Pocono resort, was located in Monroe County. It heavily advertised in the New York media market with the catchy jingle, "Beautiful Mount Airy Lodge." Headliners, such as Bob Hope, Milton Berle, and Connie Francis, performed in the Crystal Room, Mount Airy's 2,000-seat theater. Comedian Mickey Freeman said, "The food was lousy, but it was a legalized orgy." The 1,200 acres (490 ha) resort's heyday was in the 1960s and 1970s before closing in 2001. In October 2007 the Mount Airy Casino Resort opened on the site. As of July 2015, there were three resorts in Monroe County with indoor water parks: Great Wolf Lodge, Aquatopia at Camelback Resort, and Kalahari Resort. Communities Map of Monroe County, Pennsylvania with Municipal Labels showing Boroughs (red), Townships (white), and Census-designated places (blue). Under Pennsylvania law, there are four types of incorporated municipalities: cities, boroughs, townships, and, in at most two cases, towns. The following cities, boroughs and townships are located in Monroe County: Boroughs Delaware Water Gap East Stroudsburg Mount Pocono Stroudsburg (county seat) Townships Barrett Chestnuthill Coolbaugh Eldred Hamilton Jackson Middle Smithfield Paradise Pocono Polk Price Ross Smithfield Stroud Tobyhanna Tunkhannock Census-designated places Census-designated places are geographical areas designated by the U.S. Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data. They are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law. Arlington Heights Brodheadsville Effort Emerald Lakes Gouldsboro Indian Mountain Lake (partially in Carbon County) Mountainhome Penn Estates Pocono Pines Saw Creek (mostly in Pike County) Saylorsburg Sierra View Sun Valley Unincorporated communities Analomink Appenzell Bartonsville Blakeslee Bossardsville Canadensis Cherry Valley Cresco Hamilton Square Henryville Jonas Kellersville Kemmertown Kresgeville Kunkletown Long Pond Marshalls Creek McIlhaney McMichaels Meistertown Neola Paradise Valley Pocono Manor Pocono Summit Reeders Sciota Scotrun Shawnee on Delaware Skytop Snydersvillle South Stroudsburg Swiftwater Tannersville Tobyhanna Population ranking The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Monroe County. † county seat Rank City/Town/etc. Municipal type Population (2010 Census) 1 East Stroudsburg Borough 9,840 2 Arlington Heights CDP 6,333 3 † Stroudsburg Borough 5,567 4 Sierra View CDP 4,813 5 Penn Estates CDP 4,493 6 Indian Mountain Lake (partially in Carbon County) CDP 4,372 7 Saw Creek (mostly in Pike County) CDP 4,016 8 Mount Pocono Borough 3,170 9 Emerald Lakes CDP 2,886 10 Sun Valley CDP 2,399 11 Effort CDP 2,269 12 Brodheadsville CDP 1,800 13 Pocono Pines CDP 1,409 14 Mountainhome CDP 1,182 15 Saylorsburg CDP 1,126 16 Gouldsboro (mostly in Wayne County) CDP 890 17 Delaware Water Gap Borough 746 Watersheds Monroe County has three major watersheds, all of which are part of the Delaware River Watershed. The Brodhead Watershed, the Aquashicola Pohopoco Watershed, and the Tobyhanna Tunkhannock Watershed. Climate Pocono Plateau Region According to the Trewartha climate classification system, the higher elevation Pocono Plateau Region of Monroe County has a Temperate Continental climate (Dc) with warm summers (b), cold winters (o) and year-around precipitation (Dcbo). Dcbo climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (0.0 °C), four to seven months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (10.0 °C), all months with an average mean temperature < 72.0 °F (22.2 °C) and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although most summer days are comfortably humid on the Pocono Plateau, episodes of heat and high humidity can occur with heat index values > 92 °F (33 °C). Since 1981, the highest air temperature was 93.0 °F (33.9 °C) on 07/15/1995, and the highest daily average mean dew point was 70.8 °F (21.6 °C) on 08/01/2006. July is the peak month for thunderstorm activity which correlates with the average warmest month of the year. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was 6.43 inches (163 mm) on 09/30/2010. During the winter months, the plant hardiness zone is 5b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −11.2 °F (−24.0 °C). Since 1981, the coldest air temperature was −22.9 °F (−30.5 °C) on 01/21/1994. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur with wind chill values < −24 °F (−31 °C). The average snowiest month is January which correlates with the average coldest month of the year. Ice storms and large snowstorms depositing ≥ 12 inches (30 cm) of snow occur nearly every year, particularly during nor’easters from December through March. Climate data for 4 NE Tobyhanna, Elevation 2,087 ft (636 m), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1981–2018 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 60.9(16.1) 71.1(21.7) 80.3(26.8) 86.4(30.2) 88.9(31.6) 88.5(31.4) 93.0(33.9) 91.5(33.1) 89.1(31.7) 81.4(27.4) 74.8(23.8) 65.2(18.4) 93.0(33.9) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 29.9(−1.2) 33.3(0.7) 41.6(5.3) 54.3(12.4) 65.4(18.6) 73.2(22.9) 77.5(25.3) 76.0(24.4) 68.9(20.5) 57.3(14.1) 46.1(7.8) 34.3(1.3) 54.9(12.7) Daily mean °F (°C) 21.9(−5.6) 25.0(−3.9) 32.3(0.2) 44.6(7.0) 55.2(12.9) 63.5(17.5) 68.1(20.1) 66.8(19.3) 59.8(15.4) 48.4(9.1) 38.5(3.6) 27.3(−2.6) 46.0(7.8) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 13.9(−10.1) 16.6(−8.6) 23.0(−5.0) 34.8(1.6) 45.0(7.2) 53.8(12.1) 58.7(14.8) 57.6(14.2) 50.7(10.4) 39.5(4.2) 30.9(−0.6) 20.3(−6.5) 37.2(2.9) Record low °F (°C) −22.9(−30.5) −14.1(−25.6) −9.0(−22.8) 10.7(−11.8) 27.5(−2.5) 33.2(0.7) 38.1(3.4) 34.3(1.3) 28.2(−2.1) 17.9(−7.8) −0.7(−18.2) −16.2(−26.8) −22.9(−30.5) Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.66(93) 3.31(84) 4.27(108) 4.54(115) 4.67(119) 5.13(130) 4.78(121) 4.32(110) 5.14(131) 5.31(135) 4.44(113) 4.25(108) 53.82(1,367) Average snowfall inches (cm) 20.9(53) 15.0(38) 15.6(40) 3.7(9.4) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.1(0.25) 3.9(9.9) 12.5(32) 71.7(182) Average relative humidity (%) 76.0 70.3 66.5 62.3 64.9 74.1 74.0 77.1 78.5 75.2 74.2 77.8 72.6 Average dew point °F (°C) 15.5(−9.2) 16.7(−8.5) 22.4(−5.3) 32.5(0.3) 43.6(6.4) 55.1(12.8) 59.5(15.3) 59.4(15.2) 53.1(11.7) 40.9(4.9) 31.0(−0.6) 21.3(−5.9) 37.7(3.2) Source: PRISM Ridge and Valley Region According to the Trewartha climate classification system, the lower elevation Ridge and Valley section of Monroe County has a Temperate Continental climate (Dc) with hot summers (a), cold winters (o) and year-around precipitation (Dcao). Dcao climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (0.0 °C), four to seven months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (10.0 °C), at least one month with an average mean temperature ≥ 72.0 °F (22.2 °C) and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although most summer days are slightly humid in the Ridge and Valley, episodes of heat and high humidity can occur with heat index values > 102 °F (39 °C). Since 1981, the highest air temperature was 100.3 °F (37.9 °C) on 07/22/2011, and the highest daily average mean dew point was 72.7 °F (22.6 °C) on 08/01/2006. July is the peak month for thunderstorm activity which correlates with the average warmest month of the year. The average wettest month is September which correlates with tropical storm remnants during the peak of the Atlantic hurricane season. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was 6.36 inches (162 mm) on 10/08/2005. During the winter months, the plant hardiness zone is 6a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −5.4 °F (−20.8 °C). Since 1981, the coldest air temperature was −18.0 °F (−27.8 °C) on 01/21/1994. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur with wind chill values < −17 °F (−27 °C). The average snowiest month is January which correlates with the average coldest month of the year. Ice storms and large snowstorms depositing ≥ 12 inches (30 cm) of snow occur once every couple of years, particularly during nor’easters from December through March. Climate data for East Stroudsburg, Elevation 531 ft (162 m), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1981–2018 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 68.6(20.3) 77.0(25.0) 86.3(30.2) 94.4(34.7) 94.5(34.7) 95.3(35.2) 100.3(37.9) 98.7(37.1) 96.3(35.7) 87.9(31.1) 79.5(26.4) 71.1(21.7) 100.3(37.9) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 36.1(2.3) 39.8(4.3) 48.8(9.3) 61.6(16.4) 71.9(22.2) 79.9(26.6) 83.9(28.8) 82.3(27.9) 75.1(23.9) 63.6(17.6) 52.3(11.3) 40.4(4.7) 61.4(16.3) Daily mean °F (°C) 27.0(−2.8) 29.9(−1.2) 37.9(3.3) 49.2(9.6) 59.3(15.2) 68.0(20.0) 72.4(22.4) 70.9(21.6) 63.5(17.5) 51.9(11.1) 42.3(5.7) 31.9(−0.1) 50.4(10.2) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 17.9(−7.8) 20.1(−6.6) 27.0(−2.8) 36.9(2.7) 46.7(8.2) 56.1(13.4) 60.9(16.1) 59.5(15.3) 51.9(11.1) 40.3(4.6) 32.3(0.2) 23.4(−4.8) 39.5(4.2) Record low °F (°C) −18.0(−27.8) −8.6(−22.6) −0.5(−18.1) 14.3(−9.8) 27.1(−2.7) 36.4(2.4) 42.6(5.9) 38.0(3.3) 29.8(−1.2) 19.8(−6.8) 6.1(−14.4) −7.1(−21.7) −18.0(−27.8) Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.40(86) 2.97(75) 3.64(92) 4.11(104) 4.43(113) 4.48(114) 4.52(115) 4.41(112) 4.97(126) 4.77(121) 4.02(102) 4.09(104) 49.81(1,265) Average snowfall inches (cm) 11.8(30) 8.5(22) 8.8(22) 2.1(5.3) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.1(0.25) 2.2(5.6) 7.1(18) 40.6(103) Average relative humidity (%) 69.1 64.3 59.6 57.4 61.8 68.9 68.9 71.7 72.8 71.0 69.4 70.5 67.1 Average dew point °F (°C) 18.2(−7.7) 19.3(−7.1) 25.1(−3.8) 34.8(1.6) 46.2(7.9) 57.4(14.1) 61.6(16.4) 61.3(16.3) 54.6(12.6) 42.8(6.0) 33.0(0.6) 23.4(−4.8) 39.9(4.4) Source: PRISM Ecology Long Pond Long Pond is an inland freshwater wetland. The Nature Conservancy's Hauser Nature Center is a destination for hiking and ecological tourism in Long Pond. Pocono Plateau Region According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, the higher elevation Pocono Plateau Region of Monroe County would have a dominant vegetation type of Northern Hardwood (106) with a dominant vegetation form of Northern hardwood forest (26). The peak spring bloom typically occurs in early-May and peak fall color usually occurs in early-October. The plant hardiness zone is 5b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −11.2 °F (−24.0 °C). Ridge and Valley Region According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, the lower elevation Ridge and Valley section of Monroe County would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian Oak (104) with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern Hardwood Forest (25). The peak spring bloom typically occurs in late-April and peak fall color usually occurs in mid-October. The plant hardiness zone is 6a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −5.4 °F (−20.8 °C). Glacial Till Barrens Located in the vicinity of Big Pocono State Park, Blakeslee, and Long pond. The Glacial Till Barrens are best exeplified by the Long Pond Conservation Easement. Which has public access trail systems. Glacial Till Barrens are found in Dixon Miller State Forest, and within the Bethlehem Authority property. One of the only such ecosystems in the entire state of Pennsylvania. The Glacial till barrens are mesic (meaning moist), and yet have species that are more typical of far northern climates. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Monroe County, Pennsylvania References ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 212. ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Monroe County, Pennsylvania". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2022. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ "Monroe County, Pennsylvania" (PDF). monroecountypa.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2018. ^ "This town has America's lousiest commute". www.cbsnews.com. April 12, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2021. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2015. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 9, 2015. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2015. ^ Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 24, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 9, 2015. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2015. ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2013. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "County Median Home Price". National Association of Realtors. January 4, 2019. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Monroe County, Pennsylvania". ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2016 – via National Archives.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved November 27, 2018. ^ Center, Legislativate Data Processing. "Find Your Legislator". The official website for the Pennsylvania General Assembly. Retrieved April 25, 2017. ^ Center, Legislativate Data Processing. "Find Your Legislator". The official website for the Pennsylvania General Assembly. Retrieved November 27, 2018. ^ Monroe County Transit Authority. Gomcta.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-09. ^ Pocono Pony Bus Routes. Gomcta.com (2013-06-08). Retrieved on 2013-08-09. ^ Monroe County Transportation Authority, The Pocono Pony's Shared Ride Service. Gomcta.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-09. ^ "The Growing Concern – Montessori Inspired Education". Retrieved September 2, 2023. ^ Soper, Spencer (October 20, 2010). "Tobyhanna Army Depot to cut 189 jobs". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. Retrieved December 21, 2020. ^ Slade, David (July 9, 2004). "Bittersweet victory for depot staff". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. Retrieved December 21, 2020. ^ Kohler, Aimee (March 31, 2016). "Pocono Photo Tour: Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area". Pocono Mountains Visitors Bureau. Retrieved October 4, 2018. ^ "State & National Parks & Forests in Pocono Mountains PA". VisitPA.com. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development. Retrieved October 4, 2018. ^ Pierce, David (September 17, 2015). "31 Things That Play in the Poconos: Appalachian Trail beckons local and through hikers". Pocono Record. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Retrieved October 5, 2018. ^ Heffelfinger, Bill (January 14, 1968). "'Sullivan's Trail' Truly Historic". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. Retrieved December 21, 2020. ^ Amaral, Brian. "CDs lead cars along truly historic Sullivan Trail". Monroe County Historical Association. Retrieved October 5, 2018. ^ Mintz, Max (1999). Seeds of Empire. New York: New York University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-8147-5622-0. ^ "The Nature Conservancy's Hauser Nature Center - Long Pond, PA \| Scenic Wild Delaware River". ^ a b "Dixon Miller Recreation Area". Trails.dcnr.pa.gov. Retrieved February 27, 2022. ^ "Pocono Heritage Land Trust". ^ "Home – Cherry Valley – U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service". December 7, 2020. ^ "Mount Wismer "from the top" – Brodhead Watershed Association". December 16, 2019. ^ "Nothstein Preserve – Brodhead Watershed Association". December 16, 2019. ^ "Chestnut Mountain Nature Preserve – Brodhead Watershed Association". December 17, 2019. ^ Squeri, Lawrence (2002). Better in the Poconos: The Story of Pennsylvania's Vacationland. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 71–73. ISBN 0271021578. ^ "Corvelle named assistant GM at Pocono Manor". Pocono Record. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. October 11, 2009. Retrieved September 18, 2015. ^ a b "Nearly Million Surgical Dressings Made by Units Soon to Stop Work". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. July 31, 1945. Retrieved December 21, 2020. ^ a b c d e f Fleeson, Lucinda (September 2, 1994). "Fading Memories In The Poconos". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved December 21, 2020. ^ Uguccioni, Marilyn (May 29, 1976). "Resort industry old-timer in the Pocono Mountains". The Pocono Record. Retrieved December 21, 2020. ^ a b Sulon, Bill (February 6, 2003). "Cold comfort: a trio of Pennsylvania inns". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 21, 2020. ^ Scott, Andrew; Sigafoos, Stephanie (November 1, 2019). "'This is heartbreaking': Wind-whipped fire destroys 117-year-old Pocono Manor resort in Monroe County". The Morning Call. Allentown, PA. Retrieved January 14, 2019. ^ "Skytop Lodge". Historic Hotels of America. National Trust For Historic Preservation. Retrieved October 3, 2015. ^ Goodwin, Stephen; Wolffe, Rick. "The Creator of Golf Courses". The Tillinghast Association. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018. ^ Jesky, Mike (October 26, 1997). "Shawnee Inn: It's stately, yet inviting". Standard Speaker. Hazleton, PA. Retrieved December 21, 2020. ^ Edelson, Stephen (September 2, 1999). "A Guide To The Best In Fall Golfing". Asbury Park Press. Asbury Park, New Jersey. Retrieved December 21, 2020. ^ Squeri (2002), p. 182 ^ Fodor's national parks and seashores of the east (1 ed.). New York: Fodor's Travel Publications. 1994. p. 164. ^ Shea, Barbara (September 11, 1994). "Let the current set the pace at the Delaware Water Gap". The Courier-News. Somerville, NJ. Retrieved December 21, 2020. ^ a b McKinley, Jesse; Bagli, Charles (November 6, 2014). "In Faded Vacationland, Gambling's Promise Falls Short". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2015. ^ a b Jacobs, Andrew (November 2, 2001). "The Thrills Are Over At Mount Airy Lodge". The New York Times. ^ Rubinkam, Michael (February 27, 2005). "For sale at Poconos lodge: The heart-shaped tub, and lots more". The Star-Democrat. Easton, Maryland. Retrieved December 21, 2020. ^ Lauer-Williams, Kathy (July 19, 2015). "Water Park windfall". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. Retrieved December 21, 2020. ^ US Census Bureau. "Decennial Census of Population and Housing—by Decade". www.census.gov. Retrieved November 27, 2018. ^ "Coalition for the Delaware River Watershed — Our Members". ^ "home". Brodhead Watershed Association. Retrieved February 27, 2022. ^ "Home". Archived from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2021. ^ "Tobyhanna Tunkhannock Watershe". www.tctcwa.org. February 7, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2022. ^ a b c d "USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2019. ^ a b "PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University". Retrieved September 9, 2019. ^ "Error" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 29, 2020. ^ "A Natural Areas Inventory of Monroe County, Pennsylvania" (PDF). www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us. Retrieved September 1, 2023. ^ a b "Long Pond Preserve and Hauser Nature Center". ^ a b "U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)". Retrieved September 9, 2019. ^ "Barrens Habitat" (PDF). www.pgc.pa.gov. Retrieved September 1, 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Places adjacent to Monroe County, Pennsylvania Luzerne County, Lackawanna County Wayne County Pike County, Sussex County, New Jersey Carbon County Monroe County, Pennsylvania Warren County, New Jersey Northampton County vteMunicipalities and communities of Monroe County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: StroudsburgBoroughs Delaware Water Gap East Stroudsburg Mount Pocono Stroudsburg Townships Barrett Chestnuthill Coolbaugh Eldred Hamilton Jackson Middle Smithfield Paradise Pocono Polk Price Ross Smithfield Stroud Tobyhanna Tunkhannock CDPs Arlington Heights Brodheadsville Effort Emerald Lakes Gouldsboro‡ Indian Mountain Lake‡ Mountainhome Penn Estates Pocono Pines Saw Creek‡ Saylorsburg Sierra View Sun Valley Tobyhanna Unincorporatedcommunities Analomink Bartonsville Blakeslee Canadensis Cresco Gilbert Hamilton Square Henryville Jonas Kresgeville Kunkletown Long Pond Marshalls Creek McMichaels Meisertown Minisink Hills Neola Paradise Valley Pocono Lake Pocono Lake Preserve Pocono Summit Reeders Sciota Scotrun Shawnee on Delaware Skytop Snydersville Swiftwater Tannersville Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county Pennsylvania portal United States portal vteNew York metropolitan areaCounties Bergen Bronx Dutchess Essex Fairfield Hudson Hunterdon Kings Litchfield Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Monroe Morris Nassau New Haven New York Ocean Orange Passaic Pike Putnam Queens Richmond Rockland Somerset Suffolk Sussex Ulster Union Westchester Major cities New York City The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Cities and townsover 100,000 Babylon Bridgeport Brookhaven Edison Elizabeth Hempstead Huntington Islip Jersey City Lakewood New Haven Newark North Hempstead Oyster Bay Paterson Smithtown Stamford Waterbury Woodbridge Yonkers Cities and townsover 25,000 Bayonne Bergenfield Bernards Branford Brick Bridgewater Carmel Cheshire Clifton Cortlandt Danbury Eastchester East Brunswick East Haven East Orange East Windsor Englewood Ewing Fairfield Fair Lawn Fort Lee Franklin Township Freehold Township Garfield Greenburgh Greenwich Hackensack Hamden Hamilton Hillsborough Hoboken Howell Jackson Kearny Lawrence Livingston Long Beach Long Branch Mahwah Mamaroneck Manalapan Maplewood Marlboro Meriden Middletown, NJ Middletown, NY Milford Monroe, NJ Monroe, NY Montclair Mount Vernon Naugatuck New Brunswick New Milford New Rochelle Newburgh Newtown North Brunswick Norwalk Old Bridge Orange, NJ Ossining Paramus Passaic Pelham Perth Amboy Plainfield Poughkeepsie Princeton Rahway Riverhead Rye (town) Shelton South Brunswick Stratford Teaneck Toms River Torrington Trenton Trumbull Union City Union Township Wall Township Wallingford Wayne West Haven West Orange West Windsor Westfield Westport White Plains Yorktown Regions Catskills Central Jersey Greater Danbury Greater Newark Greater New Haven Greater Torrington Greater Waterbury Housatonic Valley Hudson Valley Jersey Shore Litchfield Hills Long Island North Jersey Poconos Raritan Valley Skylands Region Watchung Mountains Western Connecticut See also Northeast megalopolis vteCommonwealth of PennsylvaniaHarrisburg (capital)Topics Outline Delegations Government History Geography Geology Law Notable Pennsylvanians State parks Symbols Tourist attractions Society Agriculture Climate change Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling LGBT rights Politics Sports Metro areas Altoona Erie Harrisburg–Carlisle Harrisburg–York–Lebanon Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon Lehigh Valley New York Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading Scranton‑Wilkes-Barre State College Washington-Baltimore Williamsport York-Hanover Largest cities Allentown Altoona Bethlehem Butler Chester DuBois Easton Erie Greensburg Harrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon McKeesport New Castle Philadelphia Pittsburgh Pottsville Reading Scranton Sunbury Wilkes-Barre Williamsport York Largestmunicipalities Abington Township Bensalem Township Bethel Park Bristol Township Cheltenham Township Cranberry Township Darby Falls Township Hampden Township Haverford Township Hempfield Township Lower Macungie Township Lower Makefield Township Lower Merion Township Lower Paxton Township Manheim Township McCandless Middletown Township Millcreek Township Monroeville Mt. Lebanon Norristown Northampton Township North Huntingdon Township Penn Hills Radnor Township Ridley Township Ross Township Shaler Township Spring Township State College Tredyffrin Township Upper Darby Township Upper Merion Township Warminster Township West Chester Whitehall Township York Township Regions Allegheny Mountains Allegheny National Forest Allegheny Plateau Bald Eagle Valley Blue Ridge Coal Region Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Dutch Country Endless Mountains Great Valley Happy Valley Laurel Highlands Lebanon Valley Lehigh Valley Mahoning Valley Main Line Nittany Valley Northeastern Northern Tier North Central North Penn Valley Ohio Valley Oil Region Oley Valley Pennsylvania Highlands Pennsylvania Wilds Penns Valley Piedmont Pocono Mountains Ridge and Valley South Central Susquehanna Valley Western Wyoming Valley Counties Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York Pennsylvania portal Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other NARA 41°04′N 75°20′W / 41.06°N 75.34°W / 41.06; -75.34	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monroe, Bradford County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe,_Bradford_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Northeastern Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Stroudsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroudsburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-3"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"James Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"president of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Northeastern Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"East Stroudsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Stroudsburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"Wyoming Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Valley"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Valley"},{"link_name":"Delaware Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Valley"},{"link_name":"Tri-State Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"New York City's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Scranton/Wilkes-Barre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Valley"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"East Stroudsburg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Stroudsburg_University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"New York City Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lehigh River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_River"},{"link_name":"Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Valley"},{"link_name":"Easton, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"County in Pennsylvania, United StatesNot to be confused with Monroe, Bradford County, Pennsylvania.County in PennsylvaniaMonroe County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is located in Northeastern Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 168,327.[2] Its county seat is Stroudsburg.[3] The county was formed from sections of Northampton and Pike counties on April 1, 1836.[4]Named in honor of James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States, the county is located in Northeastern Pennsylvania, along its border with New Jersey. Monroe County is coterminous with the East Stroudsburg Metropolitan Statistical Area. It also borders the Wyoming Valley and the Lehigh Valley, as well as having connections to the Delaware Valley and the Tri-State Area, as part of New York City's Designated Media Market, but also receiving media from the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre and Philadelphia areas.The county is home to East Stroudsburg University. For many recent decades, Monroe County was one of the fastest-growing counties in the state of Pennsylvania, partially due to tourism, and partially due to transplants from the New York City Area desiring a lower cost of living while still being close enough to commute to work in the city.[5] The population increased by over 70% from 1990 to 2010, and the commercial and retail sectors expanded significantly, although population growth has since slowed.The Lehigh River, a 109-mile-long (175 km) tributary of the Delaware River, flows southward through Monroe County and then into the Lehigh Valley, where it joins the Delaware River in Easton, Pennsylvania.","title":"Monroe County, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"hardiness zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_zone"},{"link_name":"570","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_codes_272_and_570"},{"link_name":"610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_codes_610_and_484"}],"text":"According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 617 square miles (1,600 km2), of which 608 square miles (1,570 km2) is land and 9.0 square miles (23 km2) (1.5%) is water.[6] It has a humid continental climate (Dfb except for some Dfa in the southern and SE tiers) and the hardiness zone ranges from 5a to 6b. The area code is 570, except in the southwest where the Kunkletown exchange uses 610.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wayne County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pike County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Sussex County, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Warren County, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Northampton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Carbon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Luzerne County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lackawanna County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackawanna_County,_Pennsylvania"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent counties","text":"Wayne County (north)\nPike County (northeast)\nSussex County, New Jersey (northeast)\nWarren County, New Jersey (east)\nNorthampton County (south)\nCarbon County (west)\nLuzerne County (northwest)\nLackawanna County (northwest)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cherry Valley National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Valley_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Water_Gap_National_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"Middle Delaware National Scenic River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Delaware_National_Scenic_River"}],"sub_title":"National protected areas","text":"Cherry Valley National Wildlife Refuge\nDelaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (part)\nMiddle Delaware National Scenic River (part)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-12"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_people"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_people"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"As of the census[12] of 2010, there were 169,842 people, 49,454 households, and 36,447 families residing in the county. The population density was 228 inhabitants per square mile (88/km2). There were 67,581 housing units at an average density of 111 units per square mile (43/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 70.5% White Non-Hispanic, 13.2% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.1% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 4.3% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. 13.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.9% were of German, 16.8% Irish, 14.5% Italian, 8.8% Pennsylvania German, 5.4% Polish, 5.1% American and 5.1% English ancestry.There were 49,454 households, out of which 36.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.70% were married couples living together, 8.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.30% were non-families. 20.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.16.As of the end of 2021, the median value of all homes in Monroe County was $210,972, an increase of 13% since the prior year.[13]In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.80% under the age of 18, 8.60% from 18 to 24, 28.80% from 25 to 44, 23.50% from 45 to 64, and 12.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 97.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.40 males.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020 census","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas"},{"link_name":"List of Combined Statistical Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Combined_Statistical_Areas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Office of Management and Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Management_and_Budget"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitehouse.gov-15"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"244th most populous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas"},{"link_name":"New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA Combined Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitehouse.gov-15"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Valley"},{"link_name":"Carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lehigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pike County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Combined Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Combined_Statistical_Areas"}],"text":"See also: List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas and List of Combined Statistical AreasThe U.S. Office of Management and Budget has designated Monroe County as the East Stroudsburg, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area.[15] As of the 2010 census the Metro area had a population of 169,842. The area ranks 12th most populous in the state of Pennsylvania and ranks 244th most populous in the United States.The U.S. Office of Management and Budget has also designated Monroe County as part of the larger New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA Combined Statistical Area.[15] The larger combined area once consisted of the Pennsylvania Counties in the Lehigh Valley, which are Carbon, Lehigh and Northampton, but as of 2018, only Monroe County and Pike County are the only two counties in Pennsylvania grouped with New York's CSA. As of the 2010 US Census, the population of the CSA was 23,076,664, making it the most populous Combined Statistical Area in the United States.","title":"Metropolitan Statistical Area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"2004 U.S. presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"first campaign (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"registered voters in Monroe County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dos.pa.gov/VotingElections/OtherServicesEvents/VotingElectionStatistics/Documents/currentvotestats.xls"}],"text":"For much of the second half of the 20th century, Monroe County was a Republican stronghold. However, in recent years, party registration has leaned toward the Democratic Party, a result of continued migration to the county by former New York City residents, many of whom are Democrats. While in the 2004 U.S. presidential election the county was carried by Republican George W. Bush by a margin of four votes, beginning with the first campaign (2008) of Barack Obama, Democratic candidates carried Monroe County. In that election Obama carried the county by a 17-point margin, 58% to 41%–the first Democrat to win the county since 1964, and only the second since 1940. The other three 2008 statewide Democratic candidates also carried the county handily. Additionally, the Democratic presidential candidates carried the county in 2012 (Obama), 2016 (Hillary Clinton), and 2020 (Joe Biden).As of January 8, 2024, there are 112,243 registered voters in Monroe County.Democratic: 49,691 (44.27%)\nRepublican: 39,827 (35.48%)\nIndependent: 16,897 (15.05%)\nMinor Party: 5,828 (5.19%)","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other county offices","text":"Controller, Eric Diemer, Democratic\nCoroner, Thomas Yanac, Democratic\nDistrict Attorney, Mike Mancuso, Democratic\nProthonotary, George Warden, Republican\nRecorder of Deeds and Register of Wills, Kate Best, Democratic\nSheriff, Nick Cirranello, Democratic\nTreasurer, Theresa Johnson, Republican","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maureen Madden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Madden"},{"link_name":"115th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives,_District_115"},{"link_name":"Jack Rader, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Rader"},{"link_name":"176th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives,_District_176"},{"link_name":"Tarah Probst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarah_Probst"},{"link_name":"189th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives,_District_189"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"State Representatives[17]","text":"Maureen Madden, Democratic, 115th district\nJack Rader, Jr., Republican, 176th district\nTarah Probst, Democrat, 189th district[18]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosemary Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(U.S._politician)"},{"link_name":"40th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Senate,_District_40"}],"sub_title":"State senator","text":"Rosemary Brown, Republican, 40th district","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Susan Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Wild"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Matthew Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Cartwright"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_8th_congressional_district"}],"sub_title":"United States Representatives","text":"Susan Wild, Democratic, Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district\nMatthew Cartwright, Democratic, Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert P. Casey, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._Casey,_Jr."},{"link_name":"John Fetterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fetterman"}],"sub_title":"United States Senators","text":"Robert P. Casey, Jr., Democratic\nJohn Fetterman, Democratic","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josh Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Shapiro"}],"sub_title":"Governor","text":"Josh Shapiro, Democratic","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monroe County Transit Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County_Transit_Authority"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit"},{"link_name":"restoring train tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackawanna_Cut-Off_Restoration_Project"},{"link_name":"Lackawanna Cut-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackawanna_Cut-off"},{"link_name":"Scranton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Hoboken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Poconos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocono_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Erie Lackawanna Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Lackawanna_Railroad"}],"sub_title":"Public transportation","text":"Public transportation throughout the county is provided by the Monroe County Transit Authority (MCTA), known as the \"Pocono Pony\".[19] MCTA operates a fixed route bus system[20] and a paratransit curb to curb service for eligible populations.[21]New Jersey Transit is restoring train tracks in northwestern New Jersey along the Lackawanna Cut-off. This would, potentially, also involve the train to go to Scranton from Hoboken, which would go through the Poconos, marking the first time since the early 1970s when the Erie Lackawanna Railroad stopped running daily trains through the area.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022-08-15_14_07_36_View_east_along_Interstate_80_(Keystone_Shortway)_from_the_overpass_for_the_ramp_from_Pennsylvania_State_Route_611_in_Smithfield_Township,_Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania.jpg"},{"link_name":"I-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"I-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"I-380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_380_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"US 209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_209_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"US 209 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_209_Business_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"PA 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_33"},{"link_name":"PA 115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_115"},{"link_name":"PA 191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_191"},{"link_name":"PA 196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_196"},{"link_name":"PA 314","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_314"},{"link_name":"PA 390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_390"},{"link_name":"PA 402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_402"},{"link_name":"PA 423","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_423"},{"link_name":"PA 435","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_435"},{"link_name":"PA 447","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_447"},{"link_name":"PA 507","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_507"},{"link_name":"PA 534","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_534"},{"link_name":"PA 611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_611"},{"link_name":"PA 715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_715"},{"link_name":"PA 903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_903"},{"link_name":"PA 940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_940"}],"sub_title":"Major highways","text":"I-80 eastbound in Monroe CountyI-80\n I-380\n US 209\n US 209 Bus.\n PA 33\n PA 115\n PA 191\n PA 196\n PA 314\n PA 390\n PA 402\n PA 423\n PA 435\n PA 447\n PA 507\n PA 534\n PA 611\n PA 715\n PA 903\n PA 940","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Stroudsburg_University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"East Stroudsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Stroudsburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Northampton Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Tannersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannersville,_Pennsylvania"}],"sub_title":"Colleges and universities","text":"East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania (in East Stroudsburg)\nNorthampton Community College Monroe Campus (in Tannersville)","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Monroe_County_Pennsylvania_School_Districts.png"},{"link_name":"East Stroudsburg Area School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Stroudsburg_Area_School_District"},{"link_name":"Pleasant Valley School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Valley_School_District_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Pocono Mountain School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocono_Mountain_School_District"},{"link_name":"Stroudsburg Area School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroudsburg_Area_School_District"}],"sub_title":"Public school districts","text":"Map of Monroe County public school districtsEast Stroudsburg Area School District\nPleasant Valley School District\nPocono Mountain School District\nStroudsburg Area School District","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charter schools","text":"Evergreen Community Charter School, Cresco","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Technology schools","text":"Monroe Career and Technical Institute, Bartonsville","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Education"}],"sub_title":"Private schools","text":"Art Learning Center, East Stroudsburg\nCharacter Builders Christian Academy, Pocono Pines\nMonsignor McHugh School, Cresco closed in 2020\nNotre Dame Elementary School, East Stroudsburg\nNotre Dame High School, East Stroudsburg\nSt Pauls Lutheran Pre-School, East Stroudsburg\nStroudsburg 7th Day Adventists School, Stroudsburg\nTriumphant & Excellence Academy 1, East Stroudsburg\nTriumphant & Excellence Academy 2 TEA Institute, Tobyhanna\nTriumphant Living Heritage, Marshalls Creek\nVictory Baptist Christian School, Brodheadsville\nThe Growing Concern Elementary School, Stroudsburg [22]Private schools are as reported in EdNA school database maintained and published by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2011","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tobyhanna Army Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobyhanna_Army_Depot"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The Tobyhanna Army Depot, the U.S. Department of Defense's largest center for the repair and fabrication of electronic systems, is located in Monroe County.[23] It was identified in 2004 as the largest employer in northeastern Pennsylvania.[24]","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Pocono_State_Park_view_south_from_Camelback_Mountain.jpg"},{"link_name":"Big Pocono State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Pocono_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Camelback Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelback_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Water_Gap_National_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Big Pocono State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Pocono_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Delaware State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"Gouldsboro State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouldsboro_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Tobyhanna State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobyhanna_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VisitPA-26"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"General John Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)"},{"link_name":"expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois"},{"link_name":"New York State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan2-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan1-29"},{"link_name":"Third New Hampshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_New_Hampshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trails.dcnr.pa.gov-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"The view from Big Pocono State Park at Camelback MountainThe Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, which \"includes nearly 70,000 acres (280 km2) of mountains, valleys and floodplains,\" is partially located in Monroe County.[25] The county also has Pennsylvania state parks, such as Big Pocono State Park and parts of the Delaware State Forest, Gouldsboro State Park, and Tobyhanna State Park.[26]The Appalachian Trail passes through Monroe County. David Pierce wrote in the Pocono Record, \"The 2,184-mile [3,515 km] public footpath—from Georgia to Maine—has a particularly scenic but rugged section that straddles Monroe County’s southern border...\" He stated that \"trail hiking has long been an integral part of Monroe County's identity...\"[27]During the Revolutionary War in 1779, General John Sullivan marched his troops through Monroe County on their expedition to fight the Iroquois tribe in New York State.[28] There are many historical markers identifying the Sullivan Trail.[29] Sergeant Moses Fellows of the Third New Hampshire Regiment described the area as \"...very poor & Barren and I think as never will Be Settled.”[30]The Long Pond Conservation Easement has over 10,000 acres (40 km2) of public access land with numerous trail systems. It's one of the most extensive public access trail systems in Monroe County.[31]Dixon Miller State Forest – this is an extensive trail system in Long Pond, PA.[32]Jonas Mountain Nature Preserve is over 300 acres (120 ha) of Trail system that encompasses an old mountain ridge, and Jonas Creek.[33]Cherry Valley National Wildlife Refuge has elaborate Trail systems, and public access.[34]Mount Wismer is a scenic hike in Monroe County.[35]Nothstein Preserve is an elaborate wooded trail system in the Poconos [36]Chestnut mountain nature preserve is a many acre preserve atop the Plateau.[37]","title":"Parks and trails"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inn_At_Pocono_Manor_Pool_%26_Front_of_Main_Building.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Shawnee_Inn.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shawnee_Inn_%26_Golf_Resort"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoconosBook-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoconoManorArticle1-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorningCall1-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InquirerArticle1-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InquirerArticle1-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoconoManorArticle2-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InquirerArticle1-41"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaltimoreSun1-43"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InquirerArticle1-41"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Dutch Colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Colonial"},{"link_name":"manor house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_house"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorningCall1-40"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoricHotels-45"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InquirerArticle1-41"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaltimoreSun1-43"},{"link_name":"A. W. Tillinghast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._W._Tillinghast"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tillinghast1-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StandardSpeaker-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Fred Waring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Waring"},{"link_name":"Shawnee Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shawnee_Inn_%26_Golf_Resort"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Squeri_p._182-49"},{"link_name":"Spanish colonial revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InquirerArticle1-41"},{"link_name":"Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CourierNews-51"},{"link_name":"Mount Airy Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Airy_Lodge"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MountAiry1-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MountAiry3-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MountAiry4-54"},{"link_name":"Bob Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hope"},{"link_name":"Milton Berle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Berle"},{"link_name":"Connie Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Francis"},{"link_name":"Mickey Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Freeman"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MountAiry3-53"},{"link_name":"Mount Airy Casino Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Airy_Casino_Resort"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MountAiry1-52"},{"link_name":"Great Wolf Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wolf_Resorts"},{"link_name":"Camelback Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelback_Mountain_Resort"},{"link_name":"Kalahari Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_Resorts"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaterparkArticle-55"}],"text":"Inn At Pocono Manor, May 2015The Shawnee Inn & Golf ResortTwo of the earliest Pocono resorts, founded by rival factions of the Philadelphia Quaker community, were located in Monroe County: Inn at Buck Hill Falls (1901) and Pocono Manor (1902).[38][39][40] These resorts did not allow liquor or dancing, and evening dress was discouraged.[41] The Quakers \"brought a quiet, unostentatious style to the region,\"[41] but their hotels later developed from religious retreats into \"luxurious mountain resorts.\"[42] Buck Hill's stone facade became a model for close to 300 stately stone-and-shingle homes in the region.[41] Pocono Manor offers sweeping vistas of the eastern and western Pocono region and has been referred to as the \"Grand Lady of the Mountains.\"[43] Buck Hill closed in 1990 and the Inn at Pocono Manor was mostly destroyed by fire in 2019.[41][44]Skytop Lodge, built in 1928, is also located in Monroe County and has been described as a \"Dutch Colonial-style manor house.\"[40][45] Designed in reaction to the Quaker resorts, it had a dance floor and served liquor in a basement bar.[41] Skytop offers thirty miles of hiking trails, and the main building \"is surrounded by 5,000 acres (20 km2) of wood, glacial bogs, hemlock gorges, beaver marshes, and cascading waterfalls.\"[43]The Buckwood Inn opened in Monroe County in 1911 and included the first golf course to be designed by renowned golf architect A. W. Tillinghast.[46][47][48] Bandleader Fred Waring purchased the resort in 1943, renamed it the Shawnee Inn, and broadcast his radio shows from there.[49] The Shawnee Inn is a Spanish colonial revival building with white-Moorish architecture and Spanish tiled roofs,[41] and it was identified in the 1990s as the only resort on the banks of the Delaware River.[50][51]Mount Airy Lodge, which expanded from an eight-room inn into the largest Pocono resort, was located in Monroe County.[52][53] It heavily advertised in the New York media market with the catchy jingle, \"Beautiful Mount Airy Lodge.\"[54] Headliners, such as Bob Hope, Milton Berle, and Connie Francis, performed in the Crystal Room, Mount Airy's 2,000-seat theater. Comedian Mickey Freeman said, \"The food was lousy, but it was a legalized orgy.\" The 1,200 acres (490 ha) resort's heyday was in the 1960s and 1970s before closing in 2001.[53] In October 2007 the Mount Airy Casino Resort opened on the site.[52]As of July 2015, there were three resorts in Monroe County with indoor water parks: Great Wolf Lodge, Aquatopia at Camelback Resort, and Kalahari Resort.[55]","title":"Resorts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Monroe_County_Pennsylvania_With_Municipal_and_Township_Labels.png"},{"link_name":"cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_boroughs_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_townships_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_boroughs_in_Pennsylvania#Towns"}],"text":"Map of Monroe County, Pennsylvania with Municipal Labels showing Boroughs (red), Townships (white), and Census-designated places (blue).Under Pennsylvania law, there are four types of incorporated municipalities: cities, boroughs, townships, and, in at most two cases, towns. The following cities, boroughs and townships are located in Monroe County:","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delaware Water Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Water_Gap,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"East Stroudsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Stroudsburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Mount Pocono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pocono,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Stroudsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroudsburg,_Pennsylvania"}],"sub_title":"Boroughs","text":"Delaware Water Gap\nEast Stroudsburg\nMount Pocono\nStroudsburg (county seat)","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Chestnuthill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnuthill_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Coolbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolbaugh_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Eldred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldred_Township,_Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Township,_Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Township,_Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Middle Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Smithfield_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Township,_Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pocono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocono_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polk_Township,_Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Township,_Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield_Township,_Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Stroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroud_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Tobyhanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobyhanna_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Tunkhannock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunkhannock_Township,_Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania"}],"sub_title":"Townships","text":"Barrett\nChestnuthill\nCoolbaugh\nEldred\nHamilton\nJackson\nMiddle Smithfield\nParadise\nPocono\nPolk\nPrice\nRoss\nSmithfield\nStroud\nTobyhanna\nTunkhannock","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Census-designated places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Arlington Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Heights,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Brodheadsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodheadsville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Effort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effort,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Emerald Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Lakes,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Gouldsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouldsboro,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Indian Mountain Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Mountain_Lake,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Carbon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Mountainhome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainhome,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Penn Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Estates,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pocono Pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocono_Pines,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Saw Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_Creek,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pike County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Saylorsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saylorsburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Sierra View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_View,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Sun Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Valley,_Pennsylvania"}],"sub_title":"Census-designated places","text":"Census-designated places are geographical areas designated by the U.S. Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data. They are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law.Arlington Heights\nBrodheadsville\nEffort\nEmerald Lakes\nGouldsboro\nIndian Mountain Lake (partially in Carbon County)\nMountainhome\nPenn Estates\nPocono Pines\nSaw Creek (mostly in Pike County)\nSaylorsburg\nSierra View\nSun Valley","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Analomink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analomink,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bartonsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartonsville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Blakeslee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blakeslee,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Canadensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadensis,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Cresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresco,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Square,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Henryville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Jonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Kresgeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresgeville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Kunkletown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunkletown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Long Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Pond,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Marshalls Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalls_Creek,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"McMichaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMichael,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Meistertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meisertown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Neola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neola,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Paradise Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Valley,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pocono Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocono_Manor,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pocono Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocono_Summit,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Reeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeders,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Sciota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciota,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Scotrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotrun,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Shawnee on Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnee_on_Delaware,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Skytop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skytop,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Snydersvillle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snydersville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Swiftwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiftwater,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Tannersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannersville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Tobyhanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobyhanna,_Pennsylvania"}],"sub_title":"Unincorporated communities","text":"Analomink\nAppenzell\nBartonsville\nBlakeslee\nBossardsville\nCanadensis\nCherry Valley\nCresco\nHamilton Square\nHenryville\nJonas\nKellersville\nKemmertown\nKresgeville\nKunkletown\nLong Pond\nMarshalls Creek\nMcIlhaney\nMcMichaels\nMeistertown\nNeola\nParadise Valley\nPocono Manor\nPocono Summit\nReeders\nSciota\nScotrun\nShawnee on Delaware\nSkytop\nSnydersvillle\nSouth Stroudsburg\nSwiftwater\nTannersville\nTobyhanna","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Population ranking","text":"The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Monroe County.[56]† county seat","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Monroe County has three major watersheds, all of which are part of the Delaware River Watershed.[57]The Brodhead Watershed,[58] the Aquashicola Pohopoco Watershed,[59] and the Tobyhanna Tunkhannock Watershed.[60]","title":"Watersheds"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trewartha climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Pocono Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocono_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate"},{"link_name":"heat index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_index"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"thunderstorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstorm"},{"link_name":"plant hardiness zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_hardiness_zone"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-61"},{"link_name":"wind chill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_chill"},{"link_name":"Ice storms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_storm"},{"link_name":"nor’easters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%E2%80%99easter"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prism-62"}],"sub_title":"Pocono Plateau Region","text":"According to the Trewartha climate classification system, the higher elevation Pocono Plateau Region of Monroe County has a Temperate Continental climate (Dc) with warm summers (b), cold winters (o) and year-around precipitation (Dcbo). Dcbo climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (0.0 °C), four to seven months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (10.0 °C), all months with an average mean temperature < 72.0 °F (22.2 °C) and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although most summer days are comfortably humid on the Pocono Plateau, episodes of heat and high humidity can occur with heat index values > 92 °F (33 °C). Since 1981, the highest air temperature was 93.0 °F (33.9 °C) on 07/15/1995, and the highest daily average mean dew point was 70.8 °F (21.6 °C) on 08/01/2006. July is the peak month for thunderstorm activity which correlates with the average warmest month of the year. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was 6.43 inches (163 mm) on 09/30/2010. During the winter months, the plant hardiness zone is 5b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −11.2 °F (−24.0 °C).[61] Since 1981, the coldest air temperature was −22.9 °F (−30.5 °C) on 01/21/1994. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur with wind chill values < −24 °F (−31 °C). The average snowiest month is January which correlates with the average coldest month of the year. Ice storms and large snowstorms depositing ≥ 12 inches (30 cm) of snow occur nearly every year, particularly during nor’easters from December through March.Climate data for 4 NE Tobyhanna, Elevation 2,087 ft (636 m), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1981–2018\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n60.9(16.1)\n\n71.1(21.7)\n\n80.3(26.8)\n\n86.4(30.2)\n\n88.9(31.6)\n\n88.5(31.4)\n\n93.0(33.9)\n\n91.5(33.1)\n\n89.1(31.7)\n\n81.4(27.4)\n\n74.8(23.8)\n\n65.2(18.4)\n\n93.0(33.9)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n29.9(−1.2)\n\n33.3(0.7)\n\n41.6(5.3)\n\n54.3(12.4)\n\n65.4(18.6)\n\n73.2(22.9)\n\n77.5(25.3)\n\n76.0(24.4)\n\n68.9(20.5)\n\n57.3(14.1)\n\n46.1(7.8)\n\n34.3(1.3)\n\n54.9(12.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n21.9(−5.6)\n\n25.0(−3.9)\n\n32.3(0.2)\n\n44.6(7.0)\n\n55.2(12.9)\n\n63.5(17.5)\n\n68.1(20.1)\n\n66.8(19.3)\n\n59.8(15.4)\n\n48.4(9.1)\n\n38.5(3.6)\n\n27.3(−2.6)\n\n46.0(7.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n13.9(−10.1)\n\n16.6(−8.6)\n\n23.0(−5.0)\n\n34.8(1.6)\n\n45.0(7.2)\n\n53.8(12.1)\n\n58.7(14.8)\n\n57.6(14.2)\n\n50.7(10.4)\n\n39.5(4.2)\n\n30.9(−0.6)\n\n20.3(−6.5)\n\n37.2(2.9)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−22.9(−30.5)\n\n−14.1(−25.6)\n\n−9.0(−22.8)\n\n10.7(−11.8)\n\n27.5(−2.5)\n\n33.2(0.7)\n\n38.1(3.4)\n\n34.3(1.3)\n\n28.2(−2.1)\n\n17.9(−7.8)\n\n−0.7(−18.2)\n\n−16.2(−26.8)\n\n−22.9(−30.5)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n3.66(93)\n\n3.31(84)\n\n4.27(108)\n\n4.54(115)\n\n4.67(119)\n\n5.13(130)\n\n4.78(121)\n\n4.32(110)\n\n5.14(131)\n\n5.31(135)\n\n4.44(113)\n\n4.25(108)\n\n53.82(1,367)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n20.9(53)\n\n15.0(38)\n\n15.6(40)\n\n3.7(9.4)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n3.9(9.9)\n\n12.5(32)\n\n71.7(182)\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n76.0\n\n70.3\n\n66.5\n\n62.3\n\n64.9\n\n74.1\n\n74.0\n\n77.1\n\n78.5\n\n75.2\n\n74.2\n\n77.8\n\n72.6\n\n\nAverage dew point °F (°C)\n\n15.5(−9.2)\n\n16.7(−8.5)\n\n22.4(−5.3)\n\n32.5(0.3)\n\n43.6(6.4)\n\n55.1(12.8)\n\n59.5(15.3)\n\n59.4(15.2)\n\n53.1(11.7)\n\n40.9(4.9)\n\n31.0(−0.6)\n\n21.3(−5.9)\n\n37.7(3.2)\n\n\nSource: PRISM[62]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trewartha climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Ridge and Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_and_Valley"},{"link_name":"Continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate"},{"link_name":"heat index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_index"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"thunderstorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstorm"},{"link_name":"Atlantic hurricane season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_season"},{"link_name":"plant hardiness zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_hardiness_zone"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-61"},{"link_name":"wind chill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_chill"},{"link_name":"Ice storms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_storm"},{"link_name":"nor’easters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%E2%80%99easter"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prism-62"}],"sub_title":"Ridge and Valley Region","text":"According to the Trewartha climate classification system, the lower elevation Ridge and Valley section of Monroe County has a Temperate Continental climate (Dc) with hot summers (a), cold winters (o) and year-around precipitation (Dcao). Dcao climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (0.0 °C), four to seven months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (10.0 °C), at least one month with an average mean temperature ≥ 72.0 °F (22.2 °C) and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although most summer days are slightly humid in the Ridge and Valley, episodes of heat and high humidity can occur with heat index values > 102 °F (39 °C). Since 1981, the highest air temperature was 100.3 °F (37.9 °C) on 07/22/2011, and the highest daily average mean dew point was 72.7 °F (22.6 °C) on 08/01/2006. July is the peak month for thunderstorm activity which correlates with the average warmest month of the year. The average wettest month is September which correlates with tropical storm remnants during the peak of the Atlantic hurricane season. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was 6.36 inches (162 mm) on 10/08/2005. During the winter months, the plant hardiness zone is 6a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −5.4 °F (−20.8 °C).[61] Since 1981, the coldest air temperature was −18.0 °F (−27.8 °C) on 01/21/1994. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur with wind chill values < −17 °F (−27 °C). The average snowiest month is January which correlates with the average coldest month of the year. Ice storms and large snowstorms depositing ≥ 12 inches (30 cm) of snow occur once every couple of years, particularly during nor’easters from December through March.Climate data for East Stroudsburg, Elevation 531 ft (162 m), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1981–2018\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n68.6(20.3)\n\n77.0(25.0)\n\n86.3(30.2)\n\n94.4(34.7)\n\n94.5(34.7)\n\n95.3(35.2)\n\n100.3(37.9)\n\n98.7(37.1)\n\n96.3(35.7)\n\n87.9(31.1)\n\n79.5(26.4)\n\n71.1(21.7)\n\n100.3(37.9)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n36.1(2.3)\n\n39.8(4.3)\n\n48.8(9.3)\n\n61.6(16.4)\n\n71.9(22.2)\n\n79.9(26.6)\n\n83.9(28.8)\n\n82.3(27.9)\n\n75.1(23.9)\n\n63.6(17.6)\n\n52.3(11.3)\n\n40.4(4.7)\n\n61.4(16.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n27.0(−2.8)\n\n29.9(−1.2)\n\n37.9(3.3)\n\n49.2(9.6)\n\n59.3(15.2)\n\n68.0(20.0)\n\n72.4(22.4)\n\n70.9(21.6)\n\n63.5(17.5)\n\n51.9(11.1)\n\n42.3(5.7)\n\n31.9(−0.1)\n\n50.4(10.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n17.9(−7.8)\n\n20.1(−6.6)\n\n27.0(−2.8)\n\n36.9(2.7)\n\n46.7(8.2)\n\n56.1(13.4)\n\n60.9(16.1)\n\n59.5(15.3)\n\n51.9(11.1)\n\n40.3(4.6)\n\n32.3(0.2)\n\n23.4(−4.8)\n\n39.5(4.2)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−18.0(−27.8)\n\n−8.6(−22.6)\n\n−0.5(−18.1)\n\n14.3(−9.8)\n\n27.1(−2.7)\n\n36.4(2.4)\n\n42.6(5.9)\n\n38.0(3.3)\n\n29.8(−1.2)\n\n19.8(−6.8)\n\n6.1(−14.4)\n\n−7.1(−21.7)\n\n−18.0(−27.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n3.40(86)\n\n2.97(75)\n\n3.64(92)\n\n4.11(104)\n\n4.43(113)\n\n4.48(114)\n\n4.52(115)\n\n4.41(112)\n\n4.97(126)\n\n4.77(121)\n\n4.02(102)\n\n4.09(104)\n\n49.81(1,265)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n11.8(30)\n\n8.5(22)\n\n8.8(22)\n\n2.1(5.3)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n2.2(5.6)\n\n7.1(18)\n\n40.6(103)\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n69.1\n\n64.3\n\n59.6\n\n57.4\n\n61.8\n\n68.9\n\n68.9\n\n71.7\n\n72.8\n\n71.0\n\n69.4\n\n70.5\n\n67.1\n\n\nAverage dew point °F (°C)\n\n18.2(−7.7)\n\n19.3(−7.1)\n\n25.1(−3.8)\n\n34.8(1.6)\n\n46.2(7.9)\n\n57.4(14.1)\n\n61.6(16.4)\n\n61.3(16.3)\n\n54.6(12.6)\n\n42.8(6.0)\n\n33.0(0.6)\n\n23.4(−4.8)\n\n39.9(4.4)\n\n\nSource: PRISM[62]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Pond,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature.org-65"}],"sub_title":"Long Pond","text":"Long Pond is an inland freshwater wetland.[63][64]The Nature Conservancy's Hauser Nature Center is a destination for hiking and ecological tourism in Long Pond.[65]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. W. Kuchler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._W._Kuchler"},{"link_name":"potential natural vegetation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_natural_vegetation"},{"link_name":"Pocono Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocono_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Hardwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwood"},{"link_name":"Northern hardwood forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hardwood_forest"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conservation_Biology_Institute-66"},{"link_name":"plant hardiness zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_hardiness_zone"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-61"}],"sub_title":"Pocono Plateau Region","text":"According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, the higher elevation Pocono Plateau Region of Monroe County would have a dominant vegetation type of Northern Hardwood (106) with a dominant vegetation form of Northern hardwood forest (26).[66] The peak spring bloom typically occurs in early-May and peak fall color usually occurs in early-October. The plant hardiness zone is 5b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −11.2 °F (−24.0 °C).[61]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. W. Kuchler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._W._Kuchler"},{"link_name":"potential natural vegetation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_natural_vegetation"},{"link_name":"Ridge and Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_and_Valley"},{"link_name":"Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"Hardwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwood"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conservation_Biology_Institute-66"},{"link_name":"plant hardiness zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_hardiness_zone"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-61"}],"sub_title":"Ridge and Valley Region","text":"According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, the lower elevation Ridge and Valley section of Monroe County would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian Oak (104) with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern Hardwood Forest (25).[66] The peak spring bloom typically occurs in late-April and peak fall color usually occurs in mid-October. The plant hardiness zone is 6a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −5.4 °F (−20.8 °C).[61]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trails.dcnr.pa.gov-32"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature.org-65"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Glacial Till Barrens","text":"Located in the vicinity of Big Pocono State Park, Blakeslee, and Long pond. The Glacial Till Barrens are best exeplified by the Long Pond Conservation Easement. Which has public access trail systems. Glacial Till Barrens are found in Dixon Miller State Forest,[32] and within the Bethlehem Authority property. One of the only such ecosystems in the entire state of Pennsylvania. The Glacial till barrens are mesic (meaning moist), and yet have species that are more typical of far northern climates.[65][67]","title":"Ecology"}]	[{"image_text":"I-80 eastbound in Monroe County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/2022-08-15_14_07_36_View_east_along_Interstate_80_%28Keystone_Shortway%29_from_the_overpass_for_the_ramp_from_Pennsylvania_State_Route_611_in_Smithfield_Township%2C_Monroe_County%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Monroe County public school districts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Map_of_Monroe_County_Pennsylvania_School_Districts.png/220px-Map_of_Monroe_County_Pennsylvania_School_Districts.png"},{"image_text":"The view from Big Pocono State Park at Camelback Mountain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Big_Pocono_State_Park_view_south_from_Camelback_Mountain.jpg/220px-Big_Pocono_State_Park_view_south_from_Camelback_Mountain.jpg"},{"image_text":"Inn At Pocono Manor, May 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Inn_At_Pocono_Manor_Pool_%26_Front_of_Main_Building.jpg/220px-Inn_At_Pocono_Manor_Pool_%26_Front_of_Main_Building.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Shawnee_Inn.jpg/220px-The_Shawnee_Inn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Monroe County, Pennsylvania with Municipal Labels showing Boroughs (red), Townships (white), and Census-designated places (blue).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Map_of_Monroe_County_Pennsylvania_With_Municipal_and_Township_Labels.png/275px-Map_of_Monroe_County_Pennsylvania_With_Municipal_and_Township_Labels.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Monroe_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Monroe_County.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Monroe County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania"}]	[{"reference":"Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 212.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA212","url_text":"The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States"}]},{"reference":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Monroe County, Pennsylvania\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania?g=0500000US42089","url_text":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Monroe County, Pennsylvania\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monroe County, Pennsylvania\" (PDF). monroecountypa.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.monroecountypa.gov/SiteCollectionDocuments/NewAboutUs.pdf","url_text":"\"Monroe County, Pennsylvania\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.monroecountypa.gov/SiteCollectionDocuments/NewAboutUs.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"This town has America's lousiest commute\". www.cbsnews.com. April 12, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/this-town-has-americas-lousiest-commute/","url_text":"\"This town has America's lousiest commute\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_42.txt","url_text":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Census Browser\". University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131226073904/http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/","url_text":"\"Historical Census Browser\""},{"url":"http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 24, 1995). \"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/pa190090.txt","url_text":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","url_text":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"State & County QuickFacts\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606195024/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42/42089.html","url_text":"\"State & County QuickFacts\""},{"url":"http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42/42089.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"County Median Home Price\". National Association of Realtors. January 4, 2019. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220420122337/https://www.nar.realtor/research-and-statistics/housing-statistics/county-median-home-prices-and-monthly-mortgage-payment","url_text":"\"County Median Home Price\""}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Monroe County, Pennsylvania\".","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Monroe%20County,%20Pennsylvania&t=Race%20and%20Ethnicity&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Monroe County, Pennsylvania\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakano,_Tokyo	Nakano, Tokyo	["1 History","2 Districts and neighborhoods","3 Geography","4 Places","5 Education","5.1 Public schools","5.2 Private schools","5.3 Colleges and universities","6 Transportation","6.1 Rail","6.2 Bus","6.3 Roads","7 Business and entertainment","7.1 Benza series","8 Notable people","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]	Coordinates: 35°42′26.63″N 139°39′49.81″E / 35.7073972°N 139.6638361°E / 35.7073972; 139.6638361This article is a special ward of Tokyo. For the city in Nagano Prefecture. See Nakano, Nagano. Special ward in Kantō, JapanNakano 中野Special wardNakano CitySkyline around Nakano station FlagSealLocation of Nakano in Tokyo MetropolisNakanoLocation in JapanCoordinates: 35°42′26.63″N 139°39′49.81″E / 35.7073972°N 139.6638361°E / 35.7073972; 139.6638361CountryJapanRegionKantōPrefectureTokyo MetropolisFirst official recordedearly 15th centuryAs Tokyo CityOctober 1, 1932As Special ward of TokyoJuly 1, 1943Government • MayorNaoto SakaiArea • Total15.59 km2 (6.02 sq mi)Population (October 1, 2020) • Total344,880 • Density22,121/km2 (57,290/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+09:00 (JST)City hall address4-8-1 Nakano, Nakano, Tokyo164-8501Websitewww.city.tokyo-nakano.lg.jpSymbolsFlowerAzaleaTreeCastanopsis Sunset over Nakano, with Nakano Broadway in the distance One of the oldest temples in Nakano: Jougan-ji Nakano (Japanese: 中野, Nakano) is a special ward in the Tokyo Metropolis in Japan. The English translation of its Japanese self-designation is Nakano City (中野区, Nakano-ku). As of May 1, 2015, the ward has an estimated population of 322,731, and a population density of 20,701 persons per km2. The total area is 15.59 km2. Nakano is the most densely populated city in Japan. History The ward was founded on October 1, 1932, when the towns of Nogata and Nakano were absorbed into the former Tokyo City as Nakano Ward. The present administration dates from March 15, 1947, when the Allied occupation reformed the administration of Tokyo-to. 1447: Ōta Dōkan defeated Toshima Yasutsune in a battle here. 1606: The Naruki Kaidō, predecessor of today's Ōme Kaidō (a road to Ōme) was established. 1695: In connection with the Shorui Awaremi no Rei (a law for the protection of animals), a facility for keeping wild dogs opened. 1871: The twelve villages that comprise present-day Nakano became part of Tokyo Prefecture. 1889: The Kofu Railway opens. The forerunner of today's Chūō Main Line included a station at Nakano en route from Shinjuku to Hachioji. 1897: Nakano becomes a village. 1932: Tokyo City expands to encompass the district that included Nakano. 1943: With the abolition of Tokyo City, Nakano becomes part of Tokyo-to. 1947: Nakano becomes one of the special wards under the new system. 1961: The Tokyo subway system extends to Nakano. 1973: Construction of Nakano Sun Plaza near Nakano Station reaches completion. 2016: Murder of Jiang Ge Districts and neighborhoods Nakano Area Chūō Higashinakano Honchō Minamidai Nakano Yayoimachi Nogata Area Arai Eharachō Ekoda Kamisaginomiya Kamitakada Maruyama Matsugaoka Nogata Numabukuro Saginomiya Shirasagi Wakamiya Yamatochō Geography Five special wards surround Nakano: Shinjuku, Suginami, Nerima, Shibuya, and Toshima. It lies just west of the bustling Shinjuku area. Rivers include the Kanda, Myosho-ji and Zenpuku-ji Rivers, and the Aratama Waterway. Places Nakano Sun Plaza: concert hall, hotel facilities Arai Yakushi Shingon Buddhist temple Nakano Broadway: otaku building (several floors of arcades, manga, anime, idol, music, toy and subculture specialty shops, as well as a well-regarded Namco arcade) GRIPS International House, apartment for foreign students studying at the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies Education Public schools Metropolitan senior high and combined junior-senior high schools are operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education. Fuji High School and Junior High School Minorigaoka High School Musashigaoka High School Nakano Technical High School Saginomiya High School Yotsuya Commercial High School Municipal kindergartens, elementary schools, and junior high schools are operated by the Nakano City Board of Education. Municipal junior high schools: No. 2 Junior High School (第二中学校) No. 5 Junior High School (第五中学校) No. 7 Junior High School (第七中学校) Kita Nakano Junior High School (北中野中学校) Meiwa Junior High School (明和中学校) Merger of No. 4 Junior High School (第四中学校) and No. 8 Junior High School (第八中学校). Midorino Junior High School (緑野中学校) Minami Nakano Junior High School (南中野中学校) Nakano Junior High School (中野中学校) Nakano Higashi Junior High School (中野東中学校) Merger of No. 3 Junior High School (第三中学校) and No. 10 Junior High School (第十中学校). Municipal elementary schools: Egota Elementary School (江古田小学校) Ehara Elementary School (江原小学校) Hakuo Elementary School (白桜小学校) Heiwa no Mori Elementary School (平和の森小学校) Kami Saginomiya Elementary School (上鷺宮小学校) Keimei Elementary School (啓明小学校) Kitahara Elementary School (北原小学校) Midorino Elementary School (緑野小学校) Mihato Elementary School (美鳩小学校) Formed by the merger of Wakamiya Elementary (若宮小学校) and Yamato Elementary (大和小学校) Minamidai Elementary School (南台小学校) Formed by the merger of Niiyama Elementary (新山小学校) and Tada Elementary (多田小学校) Minamino Elementary School (みなみの小学校) Formed by the merger of Nakano Shinmei Elementary (中野神明小学校) and Niiyama Elementary (新山小学校) Momozono No. 2 Elementary School (桃園第二小学校) Musashidai Elementary School (武蔵台小学校) Nakano No. 1 Elementary School (中野第一小学校) Merger of Monozono Elementary School (桃園小学校) and Mukodai Elementary School (向台小学校) Nakano Hongo Elementary School (中野本郷小学校) Nishi Nakano Elementary School (西中野小学校) Reiwa Elementary School (令和小学校) Merger of Arai Elementary School (新井小学校) and Kamitakada Elementary School (上高田小学校) Saginomiya Elementary School (鷺宮小学校) Toka Elementary School (桃花小学校) Tonoyama Elementary School (塔山小学校) Yato Elementary School (谷戸小学校) Kindergartens: Higashi Nakano Kindergarten (ひがしなかの幼稚園) Kamisagi Kindergarten (かみさぎ幼稚園) Private schools Horikoshi Gakuen High School Hosen Gakuen Junior and Senior High School - Has coeducational and girls' only sections Jissen Gakuen Junior and Senior High School Meiji Nakano Junior and Senior High School Meisei High School Nippon Wellness High School Nitobe Bunka Gakuen Junior and Senior High School Otsuma Nakano Junior and Senior High School - Girls' school Toa Gakuen High School Colleges and universities Teikyo Heisei University Nakano Campus Tokyo Polytechnic University Meiji University Nakano Campus University of Tokyo Nakano campus Kokusai Junior College Transportation Rail Nakano Ward is served by the JR East Chūō and Sobu lines, the Seibu Shinjuku Line, the Tokyo Metro Tozai Line and Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line, and the Toei Oedo Line. JR East Chūō Line (Rapid), Chūō-Sōbu Line: Higashi-Nakano and Nakano Stations Seibu Railway Seibu Shinjuku Line: Arai Yakushi-mae, Numabukuro, Nogata, Toritsu-Kasei, Saginomiya Stations Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line: Shin-Nakano, Nakano-Sakaue Stations Honancho Branch Line: Nakano-Fujimicho, Nakano-Shimbashi, Nakano-Sakaue Stations Tozai Line: Nakano, Ochiai (although the station is in Shinjuku, some entrances are in Nakano) Stations Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation: Toei Oedo Line: Nakano-Sakaue, Higashi-Nakano, Shin-egota Stations Bus A complicated bus network is constructed throughout Nakano Ward because most train lines only run east and west. Kanto bus Toei bus Kokusai Kogyo bus Keio bus Roads Shuto Expressway: C2 Central Circular Route (Nakano-chōjabashi exit) Prefectural road: Tokyo Metropolitan Route 8 (Mejiro-dōri Ave., Shin-Mejiro-dōri Ave.) Tokyo Metropolitan Route 439 (Senkawa-dōri Ave.) Tokyo Metropolitan Route 440 (Shin-Ōme-kaidō Ave.) Tokyo Metropolitan Route 25 (Waseda-dōri Ave.) Tokyo Metropolitan Route 433 (Ōkubo-dōri Ave.) Tokyo Metropolitan Route 4 (Ōme-kaidō Ave.) Tokyo Metropolitan Route 14 (Hōnan-dōri Ave.) Tokyo Metropolitan Route 317 (Yamate-dōri St.; 6th Beltway) Tokyo Metropolitan Route 420 (Nakano-dōri St.) Tokyo Metropolitan Route 318 (Kannana-dōri St.; 7th Beltway) Tokyo Metropolitan Route 427 (Nakasugi-dōri St.) Business and entertainment Nakano-minamiguchi ekimae shōtengai – an outdoor arcade Soft On Demand – a Japanese adult video group of companies has its headquarters in Nakano Benza series Promotional art for Benza English, a television show that takes place in Higashi Nakano The Benza is a 2019 Amazon Prime Video series about two foreigners (Christopher McCombs and Kyle Card) who are trying to fix their broken toilet seat (便座, benza) and are suddenly tasked with saving the world. The series takes place entirely in Higashi Nakano. Benza English is a 2020 spin-off series that also takes place in Higashi Nakano. The Benza RPG is a 2020 video game adaption available on iOS, Android, and Steam. Notable people Ryuichi Sakamoto, composer and musician Kanako Yanagihara, comedian Mayumi Kojima, singer and songwriter Marika Matsumoto, voice actress, actress Shoko Sawada, singer and songwriter Yuji Tanaka, comedian El Lindaman, Japanese professional wrestler Yuhi Sekiguchi, Japanese racing driver Daigo, Japanese singer-songwriter, actor, talent, and voice actor Akiyoshi Nakao, Japanese actor Eiji Iijima, Japanese professional shogi player, ranked 7-dan Wataru Kamimura, Japanese professional shogi player, ranked 5-dan Tsunemi Kubodera, Japanese zoologist (National Museum of Nature and Science) Rieko Miura, Japanese actress, voice actress, singer and former member of the J-pop girlgroup Coco Masaru Nashimoto, Japanese show-business and gossips reporter Makoto Sasaki, Japanese professional shogi player, ranked 7-dan Takahiro Sonoda, Japanese classical pianist Michiko Yamamoto, Japanese writer and poet (Real Name: Michiko Furuya, Nihongo: 古屋道子, Furuya Michiko) Michiyo Yasuda, Japanese animator and colour designer Yoko Yamamoto, Japanese actress Hideo Kachi, Japanese musician (Real Name: Kachi Hidenori, Nihongo: カチヒデノリ, Hidenori Kachi) Kazushi Hagiwara, Japanese mangaka and the creator of Bastard!! Kenji Ohtsuki, Japanese rock musician and Seiun Award-winning writer Mayumi Kojima, Japanese Shibuya-kei musician Shoko Nakagawa, Japanese tarento (media personality), actress, voice actress, illustrator, MC and singer Kanako Yanagihara, Japanese actress, comedian, and tarento Masao Kobayashi, Japanese politician, member of the Democratic Party of Japan and member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature) Kentaro Shigematsu, Japanese football player (Kamatamare Sanuki, J3 League) Mitsuya Kurokawa, Japanese guitarist Mayumi Itsuwa, Japanese vocalist, composer, lyricist, and keyboardist Masatō Ibu, Japanese actor and voice actor Kiyoshiro Imawano, Japanese rock musician, lyricist, composer, musical producer, and actor (Real Name: Kiyoshi Kurihara, Nihongo: 栗原清志, Kurihara Kiyoshi) Ray Fujita, Japanese actor and musician Shoko Sawada, Japanese singer-songwriter, reporter, and radio personality Tochisakae Atsushi, former sumo wrestler Takahiro Yamaguchi, Japanese former soccer player Christopher McCombs, American actor and tarento See also Tokyo portal References ^ "Population by District". Tokyo Statistical Yearbook. Retrieved July 15, 2022. ^ a b "About Nakano City." Retrieved March 10, 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h i "区立小・中学校、幼稚園一覧". Nakano. Retrieved November 25, 2022. ^ "SOD Company Data" (in Japanese). SOD. Archived from the original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved December 9, 2008. ^ "The Benza Transformed Into A Free-to-Play Retro RPG". Tokyo Weekender. February 18, 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nakano, Tokyo. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tokyo/Nakano. Nakano City Official Website (in Japanese) vte Nakano, TokyoDistrictsNakano Area Chūō Higashinakano Honchō Minamidai Nakano Yayoimachi Nogata Area Arai Daiwachō Eharachō Ekoda Kamisaginomiya Kamitakada Maruyama Matsugaoka Nogata Numabukuro Saginomiya Shirasagi Wakamiya Major stations Higashi-Nakano (JR, Toei) Nakano (JR, Metro) Nakano-sakaue (Metro, Toei) Education Horikoshi High School vteTokyo Metropolis Architecture Education Festivals History Neighborhoods Politics Sports Symbols Tourism Transportation Special Wardsof Tokyo Adachi Arakawa Bunkyō Chiyoda Chūō Edogawa Itabashi Katsushika Kita Kōtō Meguro Minato Nakano Nerima Ōta Setagaya Shibuya Shinagawa Shinjuku Suginami Sumida Taitō Toshima Western(Tama area)Core city Hachiōji Cities Akiruno Akishima Chōfu Fuchū Fussa Hamura Higashikurume Higashimurayama Higashiyamato Hino Inagi Kiyose Kodaira Koganei Kokubunji Komae Kunitachi Machida Mitaka Musashimurayama Musashino Nishitokyo Ōme Tachikawa Tama Nishitama District Hinode Mizuho Okutama Hinohara Insular Area Ōshima Subprefecture Ōshima To-shima Niijima Kōzushima Miyake Subprefecture Miyake Mikurajima Hachijō Subprefecture Hachijō Aogashima Ogasawara Subprefecture Ogasawara List of mergers in Tokyo Metropolis Portal Category vteMetropolitan cities of JapanTokyo Metropolis Special wards of Tokyo※ Adachi Arakawa Bunkyō Chiyoda Chūō Edogawa Itabashi Katsushika Kita Kōtō Meguro Minato Nakano Nerima Ōta Setagaya Shibuya Shinagawa Shinjuku Suginami Sumida Toshima Taitō Designated cities Chiba※ Fukuoka※ Hamamatsu Hiroshima※ Kawasaki Kitakyushu Kobe※ Kumamoto※ Kyoto※ Nagoya※ Niigata※ Okayama※ Osaka※ Sagamihara Saitama※ Sakai Sapporo※ Sendai※ Shizuoka※ Yokohama※ Core cities Akashi Akita※ Amagasaki Aomori※ Asahikawa Fukui※ Fukushima※ Fukuyama Funabashi Gifu※ Hachinohe Hachiōji Hakodate Higashiōsaka Himeji Hirakata Ichinomiya Iwaki Kagoshima※ Kanazawa※ Kashiwa Kawagoe Kawaguchi Kōchi※ Kōfu※ Kōriyama Koshigaya Kurashiki Kure Kurume Maebashi※ Matsue※ Matsumoto Matsuyama※ Miyazaki※ Mito※ Morioka※ Naha※ Nagano※ Nagasaki※ Nara※ Neyagawa Nishinomiya Ōita※ Okazaki Ōtsu※ Sasebo Shimonoseki Suita Takamatsu※ Takasaki Takatsuki Tottori※ Toyama※ Toyohashi Toyonaka Toyota Utsunomiya※ Wakayama※ Yao Yamagata※ Yokosuka Special cities Atsugi Chigasaki☆ Fuji☆ Hiratsuka Ibaraki Isesaki Jōetsu Kakogawa Kasugai Kasukabe Kishiwada☆ Kumagaya Nagaoka Numazu Odawara☆ Ōta Saga※ Sōka Takarazuka Tokorozawa☆ Tsukuba☆ Yamato Yokkaichi☆ Prefectural capitals without designation Tsu Tokushima Yamaguchi ※ also a prefectural capital; † eligible for core city status but not yet nominated; ☆ to become core cities vte Cities in Japan with a population of 200,000+2,000,000 and more Tokyo (capital) Yokohama Osaka Nagoya 1,000,000–1,999,999 Sapporo Fukuoka Kobe Kyoto Kawasaki Saitama Hiroshima Sendai 500,000–999,999 Kitakyushu Chiba Setagaya Sakai Niigata Hamamatsu Shizuoka Sagamihara Nerima Okayama Ōta Kumamoto Edogawa Adachi Kagoshima Funabashi Hachiōji Kawaguchi Himeji Suginami Itabashi Matsuyama Higashiōsaka Utsunomiya 200,000–499,999 Matsudo Nishinomiya Kurashiki Ichikawa, Chiba Oita Fukuyama Amagasaki Kanazawa Nagasaki Kōtō Katsushika Yokosuka Toyama Toyota Takamatsu Machida Gifu Hirakata Fujisawa Kashiwa Toyonaka Nagano Toyohashi Ichinomiya Wakayama Okazaki Miyazaki Nara Suita Takatsuki Shinagawa Asahikawa Iwaki Kochi Takasaki Kōriyama Tokorozawa Kawagoe Kita Akita Ōtsu Koshigaya Maebashi Naha Nakano, Tokyo Shinjuku Yokkaichi Aomori Kurume Kasugai Morioka Akashi Fukushima Tsu Shimonoseki Nagaoka Ichihara Hakodate Yao Ibaraki, Osaka Fukui Meguro Kakogawa Tokushima Mito Hiratsuka Toshima Yamagata Sasebo Fuchū, Tokyo Kure, Hiroshima Hachinohe Saga Neyagawa Sōka Sumida Fuji Kasukabe Chigasaki Matsumoto Atsugi Yamato Ageo Takarazuka Chōfu Ōta, Gunma Tsukuba Numazu Joetsu Shibuya Minato Kumagaya Isesaki Nishitokyo Kishiwada Tottori Authority control databases International FAST VIAF 2 National Israel United States Japan Geographic MusicBrainz area Academics CiNii	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nagano Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Nakano, Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakano,_Nagano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakano_Sunset_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nakano Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakano_Broadway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tah%C5%8Dzan_J%C5%8Dganji_Temple,_Nakano_City,_Tokyo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"special ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Nakano_City-2"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nakano,_Tokyo&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Nakano_City-2"}],"text":"This article is a special ward of Tokyo. For the city in Nagano Prefecture. See Nakano, Nagano.Special ward in Kantō, JapanSunset over Nakano, with Nakano Broadway in the distanceOne of the oldest temples in Nakano: Jougan-jiNakano (Japanese: 中野, Nakano) is a special ward in the Tokyo Metropolis in Japan. The English translation of its Japanese self-designation is Nakano City (中野区, Nakano-ku).[2]As of May 1, 2015[update], the ward has an estimated population of 322,731, and a population density of 20,701 persons per km2. The total area is 15.59 km2.[2] Nakano is the most densely populated city in Japan.","title":"Nakano, Tokyo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_City"},{"link_name":"Ōta Dōkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cta_D%C5%8Dkan"},{"link_name":"Ōme Kaidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cme_Kaid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Ōme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cme,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Kofu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofu,_Yamanashi"},{"link_name":"Chūō Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"station at Nakano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakano_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Shinjuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Station"},{"link_name":"Hachioji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachioji_Station"},{"link_name":"Tokyo City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_City"},{"link_name":"Nakano Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakano_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Murder of Jiang Ge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Jiang_Ge"}],"text":"The ward was founded on October 1, 1932, when the towns of Nogata and Nakano were absorbed into the former Tokyo City as Nakano Ward. The present administration dates from March 15, 1947, when the Allied occupation reformed the administration of Tokyo-to.1447: Ōta Dōkan defeated Toshima Yasutsune in a battle here.\n1606: The Naruki Kaidō, predecessor of today's Ōme Kaidō (a road to Ōme) was established.\n1695: In connection with the Shorui Awaremi no Rei (a law for the protection of animals), a facility for keeping wild dogs opened.\n1871: The twelve villages that comprise present-day Nakano became part of Tokyo Prefecture.\n1889: The Kofu Railway opens. The forerunner of today's Chūō Main Line included a station at Nakano en route from Shinjuku to Hachioji.\n1897: Nakano becomes a village.\n1932: Tokyo City expands to encompass the district that included Nakano.\n1943: With the abolition of Tokyo City, Nakano becomes part of Tokyo-to.\n1947: Nakano becomes one of the special wards under the new system.\n1961: The Tokyo subway system extends to Nakano.\n1973: Construction of Nakano Sun Plaza near Nakano Station reaches completion.\n2016: Murder of Jiang Ge","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chūō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D,_Nakano,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Honchō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honch%C5%8D,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Minamidai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamidai"},{"link_name":"Nakano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakano,_Nakano,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Arai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arai,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Nogata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogata,_Tokyo"}],"text":"Nakano Area\nChūō\nHigashinakano\nHonchō\nMinamidai\nNakano\nYayoimachi\n\n\nNogata Area\nArai\nEharachō\nEkoda\nKamisaginomiya\nKamitakada\nMaruyama\nMatsugaoka\nNogata\nNumabukuro\nSaginomiya\nShirasagi\nWakamiya\nYamatochō","title":"Districts and neighborhoods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shinjuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Suginami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suginami,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Nerima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerima,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Shibuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Toshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshima,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Shinjuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku"},{"link_name":"Kanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanda_River"}],"text":"Five special wards surround Nakano: Shinjuku, Suginami, Nerima, Shibuya, and Toshima. It lies just west of the bustling Shinjuku area.Rivers include the Kanda, Myosho-ji and Zenpuku-ji Rivers, and the Aratama Waterway.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nakano Sun Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakano_Sun_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Yakushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru"},{"link_name":"Shingon Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Nakano Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakano_Broadway"},{"link_name":"otaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku"},{"link_name":"arcades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_arcade"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_idol"},{"link_name":"subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture"},{"link_name":"Namco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namco"},{"link_name":"National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Graduate_Institute_for_Policy_Studies"}],"text":"Nakano Sun Plaza: concert hall, hotel facilities\nArai Yakushi Shingon Buddhist temple\nNakano Broadway: otaku building (several floors of arcades, manga, anime, idol, music, toy and subculture specialty shops, as well as a well-regarded Namco arcade)\nGRIPS International House, apartment for foreign students studying at the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government_Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Fuji High School and Junior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuji_High_School_and_Junior_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%AF%8C%E5%A3%AB%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E3%83%BB%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"Minorigaoka High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minorigaoka_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E7%AB%8B%E7%A8%94%E3%83%B6%E4%B8%98%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"Musashigaoka High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musashigaoka_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E7%AB%8B%E6%AD%A6%E8%94%B5%E4%B8%98%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"Nakano Technical High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nakano_Technical_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"Saginomiya High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saginomiya_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E7%AB%8B%E9%B7%BA%E5%AE%AE%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakanomunischoollist-3"},{"link_name":"第七中学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"北中野中学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E5%8C%97%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"第八中学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakanomunischoollist-3"},{"link_name":"南中野中学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"中野中学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"中野東中学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"第三中学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakanomunischoollist-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakanomunischoollist-3"},{"link_name":"江古田小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E6%B1%9F%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%B0%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"江原小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E6%B1%9F%E5%8E%9F%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"白桜小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E7%99%BD%E6%A1%9C%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"平和の森小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E5%B9%B3%E5%92%8C%E3%81%AE%E6%A3%AE%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"上鷺宮小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%8A%E9%B7%BA%E5%AE%AE%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"緑野小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E7%B7%91%E9%87%8E%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"若宮小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E8%8B%A5%E5%AE%AE%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakanomunischoollist-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakanomunischoollist-3"},{"link_name":"みなみの小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%BF%E3%81%AA%E3%81%BF%E3%81%AE%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakanomunischoollist-3"},{"link_name":"桃園第二小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E6%A1%83%E5%9C%92%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"武蔵台小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E6%AD%A6%E8%94%B5%E5%8F%B0%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"中野第一小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"桃園小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E6%A1%83%E5%9C%92%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"向台小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E5%90%91%E5%8F%B0%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakanomunischoollist-3"},{"link_name":"西中野小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"令和小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"桃花小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E6%A1%83%E8%8A%B1%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"谷戸小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%AB%8B%E8%B0%B7%E6%88%B8%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakanomunischoollist-3"}],"sub_title":"Public schools","text":"Metropolitan senior high and combined junior-senior high schools are operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education.Fuji High School and Junior High School [ja]\nMinorigaoka High School [ja]\nMusashigaoka High School [ja]\nNakano Technical High School [ja]\nSaginomiya High School [ja]\nYotsuya Commercial High SchoolMunicipal kindergartens, elementary schools, and junior high schools are operated by the Nakano City Board of Education.Municipal junior high schools:[3]No. 2 Junior High School (第二中学校)\nNo. 5 Junior High School (第五中学校)\nNo. 7 Junior High School (第七中学校)\nKita Nakano Junior High School (北中野中学校)\nMeiwa Junior High School (明和中学校)\nMerger of No. 4 Junior High School (第四中学校) and No. 8 Junior High School (第八中学校).[3]\nMidorino Junior High School (緑野中学校)\nMinami Nakano Junior High School (南中野中学校)\nNakano Junior High School (中野中学校)\nNakano Higashi Junior High School (中野東中学校)\nMerger of No. 3 Junior High School (第三中学校) and No. 10 Junior High School (第十中学校).[3]Municipal elementary schools:[3]Egota Elementary School (江古田小学校)\nEhara Elementary School (江原小学校)\nHakuo Elementary School (白桜小学校)\nHeiwa no Mori Elementary School (平和の森小学校)\nKami Saginomiya Elementary School (上鷺宮小学校)\nKeimei Elementary School (啓明小学校)\nKitahara Elementary School (北原小学校)\nMidorino Elementary School (緑野小学校)\nMihato Elementary School (美鳩小学校)\nFormed by the merger of Wakamiya Elementary (若宮小学校) and Yamato Elementary (大和小学校)[3]\nMinamidai Elementary School (南台小学校)\nFormed by the merger of Niiyama Elementary (新山小学校) and Tada Elementary (多田小学校)[3]\nMinamino Elementary School (みなみの小学校)\nFormed by the merger of Nakano Shinmei Elementary (中野神明小学校) and Niiyama Elementary (新山小学校)[3]\nMomozono No. 2 Elementary School (桃園第二小学校)\nMusashidai Elementary School (武蔵台小学校)\nNakano No. 1 Elementary School (中野第一小学校)\nMerger of Monozono Elementary School (桃園小学校) and Mukodai Elementary School (向台小学校)[3]\nNakano Hongo Elementary School (中野本郷小学校)\nNishi Nakano Elementary School (西中野小学校)\nReiwa Elementary School (令和小学校)\nMerger of Arai Elementary School (新井小学校) and Kamitakada Elementary School (上高田小学校)\nSaginomiya Elementary School (鷺宮小学校)\nToka Elementary School (桃花小学校)\nTonoyama Elementary School (塔山小学校)\nYato Elementary School (谷戸小学校)Kindergartens:[3]Higashi Nakano Kindergarten (ひがしなかの幼稚園)\nKamisagi Kindergarten (かみさぎ幼稚園)","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horikoshi Gakuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horikoshi_Gakuen"},{"link_name":"Hosen Gakuen Junior and Senior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hosen_Gakuen_Junior_and_Senior_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9D%E4%BB%99%E5%AD%A6%E5%9C%92%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E3%83%BB%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"Jissen Gakuen Junior and Senior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jissen_Gakuen_Junior_and_Senior_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9F%E8%B7%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%9C%92%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%BB%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"Meiji Nakano Junior and Senior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meiji_Nakano_Junior_and_Senior_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E4%BB%98%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E3%83%BB%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"Meisei High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meisei_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E8%81%96%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"Nippon Wellness High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Wellness_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"Nitobe Bunka Gakuen Junior and Senior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitobe_Bunka_Gakuen_Junior_and_Senior_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B8%A1%E6%88%B8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E3%83%BB%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"Otsuma Nakano Junior and Senior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otsuma_Nakano_Junior_and_Senior_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A6%BB%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E3%83%BB%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"Toa Gakuen High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toa_Gakuen_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9C%E5%AD%A6%E5%9C%92%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"}],"sub_title":"Private schools","text":"Horikoshi Gakuen High School\nHosen Gakuen Junior and Senior High School [ja] - Has coeducational and girls' only sections\nJissen Gakuen Junior and Senior High School [ja]\nMeiji Nakano Junior and Senior High School [ja]\nMeisei High School [ja]\nNippon Wellness High School [ja]\nNitobe Bunka Gakuen Junior and Senior High School [ja]\nOtsuma Nakano Junior and Senior High School [ja] - Girls' school\nToa Gakuen High School [ja]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teikyo Heisei University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teikyo_Heisei_University"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Polytechnic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Polytechnic_University"},{"link_name":"Meiji University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_University"},{"link_name":"University of Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Kokusai Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokusai_Junior_College"}],"sub_title":"Colleges and universities","text":"Teikyo Heisei University Nakano Campus\nTokyo Polytechnic University\nMeiji University Nakano Campus\nUniversity of Tokyo Nakano campus\nKokusai Junior College","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JR East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_East"},{"link_name":"Chūō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Sobu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobu_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Seibu Shinjuku Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seibu_Shinjuku_Line"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro Tozai Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Tozai_Line"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Marunouchi_Line"},{"link_name":"Toei Oedo Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Oedo_Line"},{"link_name":"Chūō Line (Rapid)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Line_(Rapid)"},{"link_name":"Chūō-Sōbu Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D-S%C5%8Dbu_Line"},{"link_name":"Higashi-Nakano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashi-Nakano_Station"},{"link_name":"Nakano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakano_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Seibu Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seibu_Railway"},{"link_name":"Arai Yakushi-mae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araiyakushimae_Station"},{"link_name":"Numabukuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numabukuro_Station"},{"link_name":"Nogata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogata_Station"},{"link_name":"Toritsu-Kasei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toritsukasei_Station"},{"link_name":"Saginomiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginomiya_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro"},{"link_name":"Shin-Nakano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-Nakano_Station"},{"link_name":"Nakano-Sakaue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakano-Sakaue_Station"},{"link_name":"Nakano-Fujimicho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakano-Fujimicho_Station"},{"link_name":"Nakano-Shimbashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakano-Shimbashi_Station"},{"link_name":"Ochiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochiai_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Bureau_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Shin-egota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-egota_Station"}],"sub_title":"Rail","text":"Nakano Ward is served by the JR East Chūō and Sobu lines, the Seibu Shinjuku Line, the Tokyo Metro Tozai Line and Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line, and the Toei Oedo Line.JR East\nChūō Line (Rapid), Chūō-Sōbu Line: Higashi-Nakano and Nakano Stations\nSeibu Railway\nSeibu Shinjuku Line: Arai Yakushi-mae, Numabukuro, Nogata, Toritsu-Kasei, Saginomiya Stations\nTokyo Metro\nMarunouchi Line: Shin-Nakano, Nakano-Sakaue Stations\nHonancho Branch Line: Nakano-Fujimicho, Nakano-Shimbashi, Nakano-Sakaue Stations\nTozai Line: Nakano, Ochiai (although the station is in Shinjuku, some entrances are in Nakano) Stations\nTokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation:\nToei Oedo Line: Nakano-Sakaue, Higashi-Nakano, Shin-egota Stations","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bus","text":"A complicated bus network is constructed throughout Nakano Ward because most train lines only run east and west.Kanto bus\nToei bus\nKokusai Kogyo bus\nKeio bus","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shuto Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuto_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Central Circular Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Circular_Route_(Shuto_Expressway)"},{"link_name":"Prefectural road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectural_road"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metropolitan Route 420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Road_Route_420"}],"sub_title":"Roads","text":"Shuto Expressway:C2 Central Circular Route (Nakano-chōjabashi exit)Prefectural road:Tokyo Metropolitan Route 8 (Mejiro-dōri Ave., Shin-Mejiro-dōri Ave.)\nTokyo Metropolitan Route 439 (Senkawa-dōri Ave.)\nTokyo Metropolitan Route 440 (Shin-Ōme-kaidō Ave.)\nTokyo Metropolitan Route 25 (Waseda-dōri Ave.)\nTokyo Metropolitan Route 433 (Ōkubo-dōri Ave.)\nTokyo Metropolitan Route 4 (Ōme-kaidō Ave.)\nTokyo Metropolitan Route 14 (Hōnan-dōri Ave.)\nTokyo Metropolitan Route 317 (Yamate-dōri St.; 6th Beltway)\nTokyo Metropolitan Route 420 (Nakano-dōri St.)\nTokyo Metropolitan Route 318 (Kannana-dōri St.; 7th Beltway)\nTokyo Metropolitan Route 427 (Nakasugi-dōri St.)","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soft On Demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_On_Demand"},{"link_name":"adult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography"},{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sodcorp-4"}],"text":"Nakano-minamiguchi ekimae shōtengai – an outdoor arcade\nSoft On Demand – a Japanese adult video group of companies has its headquarters in Nakano[4]","title":"Business and entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benza_English_%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Benza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Benza"},{"link_name":"Amazon Prime Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video"},{"link_name":"Christopher McCombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_McCombs"},{"link_name":"Kyle Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Card"},{"link_name":"toilet seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet_seat"},{"link_name":"Benza English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benza_English"},{"link_name":"The Benza RPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Benza_RPG"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Benza series","text":"Promotional art for Benza English, a television show that takes place in Higashi NakanoThe Benza is a 2019 Amazon Prime Video series about two foreigners (Christopher McCombs and Kyle Card) who are trying to fix their broken toilet seat (便座, benza) and are suddenly tasked with saving the world. The series takes place entirely in Higashi Nakano. Benza English is a 2020 spin-off series that also takes place in Higashi Nakano. The Benza RPG is a 2020 video game adaption available on iOS, Android, and Steam.[5]","title":"Business and entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryuichi Sakamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto"},{"link_name":"Kanako Yanagihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanako_Yanagihara"},{"link_name":"Mayumi Kojima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayumi_Kojima"},{"link_name":"Marika Matsumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marika_Matsumoto"},{"link_name":"Shoko Sawada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoko_Sawada"},{"link_name":"Yuji Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuji_Tanaka"},{"link_name":"El Lindaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Lindaman"},{"link_name":"Japanese professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puroresu"},{"link_name":"Yuhi Sekiguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuhi_Sekiguchi"},{"link_name":"racing driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_driver"},{"link_name":"Daigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigo_(musician)"},{"link_name":"voice actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_voice_actor"},{"link_name":"Akiyoshi Nakao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiyoshi_Nakao"},{"link_name":"Eiji Iijima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiji_Iijima"},{"link_name":"professional shogi player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_shogi_player"},{"link_name":"dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_(rank)#Modern_usage_in_shogi"},{"link_name":"Wataru Kamimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wataru_Kamimura"},{"link_name":"professional shogi player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_shogi_player"},{"link_name":"dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_(rank)#Modern_usage_in_shogi"},{"link_name":"Tsunemi Kubodera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunemi_Kubodera"},{"link_name":"zoologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologist"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Nature and Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science"},{"link_name":"Rieko Miura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieko_Miura"},{"link_name":"J-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-pop"},{"link_name":"girlgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girlgroup"},{"link_name":"Coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoCo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Masaru Nashimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaru_Nashimoto"},{"link_name":"Makoto Sasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto_Sasaki_(shogi)"},{"link_name":"professional shogi player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_shogi_player"},{"link_name":"dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_(rank)#Modern_usage_in_shogi"},{"link_name":"Takahiro Sonoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takahiro_Sonoda"},{"link_name":"classical pianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_pianist"},{"link_name":"Michiko Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiko_Yamamoto"},{"link_name":"Japanese writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_women_writers"},{"link_name":"Nihongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihongo"},{"link_name":"Michiyo Yasuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiyo_Yasuda"},{"link_name":"Japanese animator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Yoko Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Yamamoto"},{"link_name":"Hideo Kachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Kachi"},{"link_name":"Nihongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihongo"},{"link_name":"Kazushi Hagiwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazushi_Hagiwara"},{"link_name":"mangaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaka"},{"link_name":"Bastard!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastard!!"},{"link_name":"Kenji Ohtsuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Ohtsuki"},{"link_name":"Japanese rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_rock"},{"link_name":"Seiun Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiun_Award"},{"link_name":"Mayumi Kojima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayumi_Kojima"},{"link_name":"Shibuya-kei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya-kei"},{"link_name":"Shoko Nakagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoko_Nakagawa"},{"link_name":"tarento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarento"},{"link_name":"voice actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_acting_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC"},{"link_name":"Kanako Yanagihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanako_Yanagihara"},{"link_name":"tarento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarento"},{"link_name":"Masao Kobayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masao_Kobayashi"},{"link_name":"Japanese politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_politician"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"House of Councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Councillors"},{"link_name":"Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Kentaro Shigematsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentaro_Shigematsu"},{"link_name":"football player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Kamatamare Sanuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamatamare_Sanuki"},{"link_name":"J3 League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J3_League"},{"link_name":"Mitsuya Kurokawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuya_Kurokawa"},{"link_name":"Mayumi Itsuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayumi_Itsuwa"},{"link_name":"Masatō Ibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masat%C5%8D_Ibu"},{"link_name":"Kiyoshiro Imawano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoshiro_Imawano"},{"link_name":"Japanese rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_rock"},{"link_name":"Nihongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihongo"},{"link_name":"Ray Fujita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Fujita"},{"link_name":"Shoko Sawada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoko_Sawada"},{"link_name":"Tochisakae Atsushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochisakae_Atsushi"},{"link_name":"sumo wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo_wrestler"},{"link_name":"Takahiro Yamaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takahiro_Yamaguchi"},{"link_name":"soccer player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_player"},{"link_name":"Christopher McCombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_McCombs"},{"link_name":"tarento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarento"}],"text":"Ryuichi Sakamoto, composer and musician\nKanako Yanagihara, comedian\nMayumi Kojima, singer and songwriter\nMarika Matsumoto, voice actress, actress\nShoko Sawada, singer and songwriter\nYuji Tanaka, comedian\nEl Lindaman, Japanese professional wrestler\nYuhi Sekiguchi, Japanese racing driver\nDaigo, Japanese singer-songwriter, actor, talent, and voice actor\nAkiyoshi Nakao, Japanese actor\nEiji Iijima, Japanese professional shogi player, ranked 7-dan\nWataru Kamimura, Japanese professional shogi player, ranked 5-dan\nTsunemi Kubodera, Japanese zoologist (National Museum of Nature and Science)\nRieko Miura, Japanese actress, voice actress, singer and former member of the J-pop girlgroup Coco\nMasaru Nashimoto, Japanese show-business and gossips reporter\nMakoto Sasaki, Japanese professional shogi player, ranked 7-dan\nTakahiro Sonoda, Japanese classical pianist\nMichiko Yamamoto, Japanese writer and poet (Real Name: Michiko Furuya, Nihongo: 古屋道子, Furuya Michiko)\nMichiyo Yasuda, Japanese animator and colour designer\nYoko Yamamoto, Japanese actress\nHideo Kachi, Japanese musician (Real Name: Kachi Hidenori, Nihongo: カチヒデノリ, Hidenori Kachi)\nKazushi Hagiwara, Japanese mangaka and the creator of Bastard!!\nKenji Ohtsuki, Japanese rock musician and Seiun Award-winning writer\nMayumi Kojima, Japanese Shibuya-kei musician\nShoko Nakagawa, Japanese tarento (media personality), actress, voice actress, illustrator, MC and singer\nKanako Yanagihara, Japanese actress, comedian, and tarento\nMasao Kobayashi, Japanese politician, member of the Democratic Party of Japan and member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature)\nKentaro Shigematsu, Japanese football player (Kamatamare Sanuki, J3 League)\nMitsuya Kurokawa, Japanese guitarist\nMayumi Itsuwa, Japanese vocalist, composer, lyricist, and keyboardist\nMasatō Ibu, Japanese actor and voice actor\nKiyoshiro Imawano, Japanese rock musician, lyricist, composer, musical producer, and actor (Real Name: Kiyoshi Kurihara, Nihongo: 栗原清志, Kurihara Kiyoshi)\nRay Fujita, Japanese actor and musician\nShoko Sawada, Japanese singer-songwriter, reporter, and radio personality\nTochisakae Atsushi, former sumo wrestler\nTakahiro Yamaguchi, Japanese former soccer player\nChristopher McCombs, American actor and tarento","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Sunset over Nakano, with Nakano Broadway in the distance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Nakano_Sunset_2006.jpg/220px-Nakano_Sunset_2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the oldest temples in Nakano: Jougan-ji","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tah%C5%8Dzan_J%C5%8Dganji_Temple%2C_Nakano_City%2C_Tokyo.jpg/220px-Tah%C5%8Dzan_J%C5%8Dganji_Temple%2C_Nakano_City%2C_Tokyo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Promotional art for Benza English, a television show that takes place in Higashi Nakano","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Benza_English_%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC.jpg/220px-Benza_English_%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Tokyo portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tokyo"}]	[{"reference":"\"Population by District\". Tokyo Statistical Yearbook. Retrieved July 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tnenkan/2020/tn20q3e002.htm","url_text":"\"Population by District\""}]},{"reference":"\"区立小・中学校、幼稚園一覧\". Nakano. Retrieved November 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.city.tokyo-nakano.lg.jp/dept/651500/d005747.html","url_text":"\"区立小・中学校、幼稚園一覧\""}]},{"reference":"\"SOD Company Data\" (in Japanese). SOD. Archived from the original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved December 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081217045257/http://softondemand.jp/corporate/company/data.html","url_text":"\"SOD Company Data\""},{"url":"http://softondemand.jp/corporate/company/data.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Benza Transformed Into A Free-to-Play Retro RPG\". Tokyo Weekender. February 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2020/10/the-benza-transformed-into-a-free-to-play-retro-rpg/","url_text":"\"The Benza Transformed Into A Free-to-Play Retro RPG\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nakano,_Tokyo&params=35_42_26.63_N_139_39_49.81_E_region:JPN-13_type:city(344880)","external_links_name":"35°42′26.63″N 139°39′49.81″E / 35.7073972°N 139.6638361°E / 35.7073972; 139.6638361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nakano,_Tokyo&params=35_42_26.63_N_139_39_49.81_E_region:JPN-13_type:city(344880)","external_links_name":"35°42′26.63″N 139°39′49.81″E / 35.7073972°N 139.6638361°E / 35.7073972; 139.6638361"},{"Link":"http://www.city.tokyo-nakano.lg.jp/","external_links_name":"www.city.tokyo-nakano.lg.jp"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nakano,_Tokyo&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tnenkan/2020/tn20q3e002.htm","external_links_name":"\"Population by District\""},{"Link":"http://www.city.tokyo-nakano.lg.jp/dept/102500/d010001.html","external_links_name":"About Nakano City"},{"Link":"https://www.city.tokyo-nakano.lg.jp/dept/651500/d005747.html","external_links_name":"\"区立小・中学校、幼稚園一覧\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081217045257/http://softondemand.jp/corporate/company/data.html","external_links_name":"\"SOD Company Data\""},{"Link":"http://softondemand.jp/corporate/company/data.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2020/10/the-benza-transformed-into-a-free-to-play-retro-rpg/","external_links_name":"\"The Benza Transformed Into A Free-to-Play Retro RPG\""},{"Link":"http://www.city.tokyo-nakano.lg.jp/","external_links_name":"Nakano City Official Website"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1714953/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/255440987","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/157098680","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557247705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79151467","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00261462","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/9ec79162-fa1a-4eff-b3cf-34f0dca0dcdc","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0114501X?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kenworthy,_10th_Baron_Strabolgi	Joseph Kenworthy, 10th Baron Strabolgi	["1 Education and naval service","2 Politician","3 Personal life","4 Writer","4.1 Books by Lord Strabolgi","5 Appointments","6 Sources","7 References","8 External links"]	Joseph Kenworthy Joseph Montague Kenworthy, 10th Baron Strabolgi (7 March 1886 – 8 October 1953), was a Liberal and then a Labour Party Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom. Education and naval service Strabolgi was born at Leamington in Warwickshire and educated at the Eastman's Royal Naval Academy at Northward Park in Winchester and as a cadet on H.M.S. Britannia, joining the Royal Navy in 1901 and served for seventeen years. His first posting as a naval cadet was in January 1903 to the battleship HMS Goliath, serving on the China Station. During the First World War, he was for a short period in the Plans Division of the Admiralty War Staff. He left for an appointment in the Mediterranean which enabled him to see the latest developments of war on seaborne commerce at close quarters. He returned to the Grand Fleet in time to be present at the final surrender of German sea power. He retired from the Navy in 1920 after entering Parliament. That Kenworthy stayed for only five months was probably the result of factors beyond the need to employ invalid staff. A reading of his service record and his memoirs suggest that he was a man who was neither easy to work with nor necessarily very competent. His memoirs are particularly unreliable. Of the 244 executive officers for whom it has been possible to find their Sub-Lieutenant examination results, twenty-three failed an exam (9 per cent), and Kenworthy was one of these. From his service record it is possible to see that: in 1907 he was refused permission to qualify for a navigation course; in 1911 he failed the signals course for command of a Torpedo boat; in 1912 HMS Bullfinch, of which he was in command, struck HMS Leopard, and Kenworthy was 'cautioned to be more careful'; in 1914 he was sacked from HMS Bullfinch 'on account of unsatisfactory conduct'. The Admiral Commanding Orkneys and Shetlands concluded that Kenworthy was 'not a fit person to be in command of a destroyer'. (ADM 196/50, p. 286.) It should be added in mitigation that collision between ships was not that uncommon. In any case, it is not any of these events that is telling, but the combination. Kenworthy's memoirs make no reference to his departure from HMS Bullfinch. (Kenworthy, Sailors) He merely wrote that when he left the ship the crew cheered. His entry in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography has also failed to address these inconsistencies. (Grove, E., 'Kenworthy, Joseph Montague', in ODNB, Oxford 2004, vol. 31, 337–8.)— Nicholas Black, The British Naval Staff in the First World War, p. 34 Politician Kenworthy first tried to enter Parliament at the 1918 general election contesting Rotherham as a Liberal but finished in third place. He was soon given another chance though when he was selected to contest Central Hull at a by-election in 1919. Anti-Coalition government sentiment was riding high and he was duly elected Member of Parliament for the Liberals. Kenworthy was one of the more energetic supporters of H. H. Asquith in Parliament and never lost his hostility to Lloyd George. During the 1924-29 parliament which was dominated by a Conservative majority, he worked closely with a group of radical Liberal MPs that included: William Wedgwood Benn, Percy Harris, Frank Briant and Horace Crawfurd to provide opposition to the government. When Lloyd George became Leader of the Liberal Party in 1926, despite the party taking on a more radical hue, Kenworthy resigned from the party and joined Labour. He also resigned his seat in the House of Commons and fought and won a by-election in Central Hull, standing for Labour. He retained the seat until 1931. He was an active supporter of the movement for the independence of India. In 1934, he succeeded his father as Lord Strabolgi and was the opposition chief whip in the House of Lords from 1938 to 1942. He was disappointed not to be given a position in the postwar Labour government (1945–51). Personal life Lord Strabolgi married twice. Firstly, in 1913, he married Doris Whitley, daughter of his fellow Liberal MP, Frederick Whitley-Thomson. They had four children, and divorced in 1941. Later that year, he married Geraldine Francis. When he died in 1953 aged 67, he was succeeded by his eldest son, David Montague de Burgh Kenworthy, 11th Baron Strabolgi, another left-wing politician and member of the Labour Party. Writer During the Second World War, he wrote numerous articles on the war, especially the war at sea. These include Secret Weapons in Modern World (27 April 1940) and What's Wrong with the British Army? in Colliers magazine (22 August 1942). Books by Lord Strabolgi His books include – Peace or war? (with a foreword by H.G. Wells, Boni & Liveright, New York, 1927) India, A Warning (E. Mathews & Marrot, London, 1931) The Campaign in the Low Countries: the first full-length account of the epic struggle in Holland and Belgium (London 1940) The Battle of the River Plate (Hutchinson & Co., London, 1940) Freedom of the Seas (jointly with Sir George Young) Our Daily Pay: the Economics of Plenty Sailors, Statesmen and Others: an Autobiography The Real Navy Narvik and After From Gibraltar to Suez: a study of the Italian Campaign Singapore and After Sea Power in the Second World War Appointments Chairman of the English-Speaking Union Vice-President of The Air League of The British Empire Sources Strabolgi at thepeerage.com Obituary in The Hindu – 10 October 1953 Speech at the Empire Club of Canada, 1947 Black, Nicholas (2009). The British Naval Staff in the First World War. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843834427. Entry by Eric J Grove in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, OUP 2004–08 References ^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36967. London. 2 January 1903. p. 8. ^ Forty Years in and out of Parliament by Sir Percy Harris External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Lord Strabolgi Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byMark Sykes Member of Parliament for Kingston upon Hull Central 1919 – 1931 Succeeded byBasil Kelsey Barton Peerage of England Preceded byCuthbert Matthias Kenworthy Baron Strabolgi 1934–1953 Succeeded byDavid Montague de Burgh Kenworthy Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel Czech Republic Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1920_Joseph_Kenworthy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"text":"Joseph KenworthyJoseph Montague Kenworthy, 10th Baron Strabolgi (7 March 1886 – 8 October 1953), was a Liberal and then a Labour Party Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom.","title":"Joseph Kenworthy, 10th Baron Strabolgi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leamington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Leamington_Spa"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Eastman's Royal Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman%27s_Royal_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"naval cadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_cadet"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"HMS Goliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Goliath_(1898)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"China Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Station"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Plans Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plans_Division_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Admiralty War Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_War_Staff"}],"text":"Strabolgi was born at Leamington in Warwickshire and educated at the Eastman's Royal Naval Academy at Northward Park in Winchester and as a cadet on H.M.S. Britannia, joining the Royal Navy in 1901 and served for seventeen years. His first posting as a naval cadet was in January 1903 to the battleship HMS Goliath,[1] serving on the China Station. During the First World War, he was for a short period in the Plans Division of the Admiralty War Staff. He left for an appointment in the Mediterranean which enabled him to see the latest developments of war on seaborne commerce at close quarters. He returned to the Grand Fleet in time to be present at the final surrender of German sea power. He retired from the Navy in 1920 after entering Parliament.That Kenworthy stayed [at the Naval Staff] for only five months was probably the result of factors beyond the need to employ invalid staff. A reading of his service record and his memoirs suggest that he was a man who was neither easy to work with nor necessarily very competent. His memoirs are particularly unreliable. Of the 244 executive officers for whom it has been possible to find their Sub-Lieutenant examination results, twenty-three failed an exam (9 per cent), and Kenworthy was one of these. From his service record it is possible to see that: in 1907 he was refused permission to qualify for a navigation course; in 1911 he failed the signals course for command of a Torpedo boat; in 1912 HMS Bullfinch, of which he was in command, struck HMS Leopard, and Kenworthy was 'cautioned to be more careful'; in 1914 he was sacked from HMS Bullfinch 'on account of unsatisfactory conduct'. The Admiral Commanding Orkneys and Shetlands concluded that Kenworthy was 'not a fit person to be in command of a destroyer'. (ADM 196/50, p. 286.) It should be added in mitigation that collision between ships was not that uncommon. In any case, it is not any of these events that is telling, but the combination. Kenworthy's memoirs make no reference to his departure from HMS Bullfinch. (Kenworthy, Sailors) He merely wrote that when he left the ship the crew cheered. His entry in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography has also failed to address these inconsistencies. (Grove, E., 'Kenworthy, Joseph Montague', in ODNB, Oxford 2004, vol. 31, 337–8.)— Nicholas Black, The British Naval Staff in the First World War, p. 34","title":"Education and naval service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1918 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Rotherham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Central Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"a by-election in 1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Kingston_upon_Hull_Central_by-election"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"H. H. Asquith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Asquith"},{"link_name":"Lloyd George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George"},{"link_name":"William Wedgwood Benn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wedgwood_Benn"},{"link_name":"Percy Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Harris_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Frank Briant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Briant"},{"link_name":"Horace Crawfurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Crawfurd"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Lord Strabolgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Strabolgi"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"postwar Labour government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attlee_ministry"}],"text":"Kenworthy first tried to enter Parliament at the 1918 general election contesting Rotherham as a Liberal but finished in third place. He was soon given another chance though when he was selected to contest Central Hull at a by-election in 1919. Anti-Coalition government sentiment was riding high and he was duly elected Member of Parliament for the Liberals. Kenworthy was one of the more energetic supporters of H. H. Asquith in Parliament and never lost his hostility to Lloyd George. During the 1924-29 parliament which was dominated by a Conservative majority, he worked closely with a group of radical Liberal MPs that included: William Wedgwood Benn, Percy Harris, Frank Briant and Horace Crawfurd to provide opposition to the government.[2] \nWhen Lloyd George became Leader of the Liberal Party in 1926, despite the party taking on a more radical hue, Kenworthy resigned from the party and joined Labour. He also resigned his seat in the House of Commons and fought and won a by-election in Central Hull, standing for Labour. He retained the seat until 1931.He was an active supporter of the movement for the independence of India. In 1934, he succeeded his father as Lord Strabolgi and was the opposition chief whip in the House of Lords from 1938 to 1942. He was disappointed not to be given a position in the postwar Labour government (1945–51).","title":"Politician"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Whitley-Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Whitley-Thomson"},{"link_name":"David Montague de Burgh Kenworthy, 11th Baron Strabolgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Montague_de_Burgh_Kenworthy,_11th_Baron_Strabolgi"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"}],"text":"Lord Strabolgi married twice. Firstly, in 1913, he married Doris Whitley, daughter of his fellow Liberal MP, Frederick Whitley-Thomson. They had four children, and divorced in 1941. Later that year, he married Geraldine Francis.When he died in 1953 aged 67, he was succeeded by his eldest son, David Montague de Burgh Kenworthy, 11th Baron Strabolgi, another left-wing politician and member of the Labour Party.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"}],"text":"During the Second World War, he wrote numerous articles on the war, especially the war at sea. These include Secret Weapons in Modern World (27 April 1940) and What's Wrong with the British Army? in Colliers magazine (22 August 1942).","title":"Writer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.G._Wells"}],"sub_title":"Books by Lord Strabolgi","text":"His books include –Peace or war? (with a foreword by H.G. Wells, Boni & Liveright, New York, 1927)\nIndia, A Warning (E. Mathews & Marrot, London, 1931)\nThe Campaign in the Low Countries: the first full-length account of the epic struggle in Holland and Belgium (London 1940)\nThe Battle of the River Plate (Hutchinson & Co., London, 1940)\nFreedom of the Seas (jointly with Sir George Young)\nOur Daily Pay: the Economics of Plenty\nSailors, Statesmen and Others: an Autobiography\nThe Real Navy\nNarvik and After\nFrom Gibraltar to Suez: a study of the Italian Campaign\nSingapore and After\nSea Power in the Second World War","title":"Writer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English-Speaking Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-Speaking_Union"}],"text":"Chairman of the English-Speaking Union\nVice-President of The Air League of The British Empire","title":"Appointments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strabolgi at thepeerage.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thepeerage.com/p16121.htm#i161209"},{"link_name":"Obituary in The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040928042258/http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/10/stories/2003101000320800.htm"},{"link_name":"Speech at the Empire Club of Canada, 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061113055752/http://www.empireclubfoundation.com/details.asp?SpeechID=902&FT=yes"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781843834427","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843834427"}],"text":"Strabolgi at thepeerage.com\nObituary in The Hindu – 10 October 1953\nSpeech at the Empire Club of Canada, 1947\nBlack, Nicholas (2009). The British Naval Staff in the First World War. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843834427.Entry by Eric J Grove in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, OUP 2004–08","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Joseph Kenworthy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/68/1920_Joseph_Kenworthy.jpg/220px-1920_Joseph_Kenworthy.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Black, Nicholas (2009). The British Naval Staff in the First World War. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843834427.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843834427","url_text":"9781843834427"}]},{"reference":"\"Naval & Military intelligence\". The Times. No. 36967. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doroban%C8%9Bu,_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i	Dorobanțu, Călărași	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 44°13′N 26°57′E / 44.217°N 26.950°E / 44.217; 26.950Commune in Călărași, RomaniaDorobanțuCommuneTrinity Church in VărăștiLocation in Călărași CountyDorobanțuLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 44°13′N 26°57′E / 44.217°N 26.950°E / 44.217; 26.950CountryRomaniaCountyCălărașiGovernment • Mayor (2020–2024) Vasile Stoica (PNL)Area102.89 km2 (39.73 sq mi)Elevation16 m (52 ft)Population (2021-12-01)2,749 • Density27/km2 (69/sq mi)Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Postal code917065Area code+40 x42Vehicle reg.CL Dorobanțu is a commune in Călărași County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Boșneagu, Dorobanțu and Vărăști. As of 2011, the population of Dorobanțu is 3,065. References ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics. vteCălărași County, RomaniaCities Călărași (county seat) Oltenița Towns Budești Fundulea Lehliu Gară Communes Alexandru Odobescu Belciugatele Borcea Căscioarele Chirnogi Chiselet Ciocănești Crivăț Curcani Cuza Vodă Dichiseni Dor Mărunt Dorobanțu Dragalina Dragoș Vodă Frăsinet Frumușani Fundeni Gălbinași Grădiștea Gurbănești Ileana Independența Jegălia Lehliu Luica Lupșanu Mânăstirea Mitreni Modelu Nana Nicolae Bălcescu Perișoru Plătărești Radovanu Roseți Sărulești Sohatu Șoldanu Spanțov Ștefan cel Mare Ștefan Vodă Tămădău Mare Ulmeni Ulmu Unirea Vâlcelele Valea Argovei Vasilați Vlad Țepeș This Călărași County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Călărași County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i_County"},{"link_name":"Muntenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntenia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"}],"text":"Commune in Călărași, RomaniaDorobanțu is a commune in Călărași County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Boșneagu, Dorobanțu and Vărăști.As of 2011, the population of Dorobanțu is 3,065.","title":"Dorobanțu, Călărași"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","url_text":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)","url_text":"National Institute of Statistics"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Doroban%C8%9Bu,_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i&params=44_13_N_26_57_E_source:itwiki_region:RO_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"44°13′N 26°57′E / 44.217°N 26.950°E / 44.217; 26.950"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Doroban%C8%9Bu,_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i&params=44_13_N_26_57_E_source:itwiki_region:RO_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"44°13′N 26°57′E / 44.217°N 26.950°E / 44.217; 26.950"},{"Link":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","external_links_name":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doroban%C8%9Bu,_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yester-Me,_Yester-You,_Yesterday	Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday	["1 Background","2 Personnel","3 Chart performance","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","4 References","5 External links"]	For the 1993 film, see Yesteryou, Yesterme, Yesterday. 1969 single by Stevie Wonder"Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday"Single by Stevie Wonderfrom the album My Cherie Amour B-side"I'd Be a Fool Right Now"ReleasedSeptember 30, 1969Recorded1967GenrePop, R&B, soulLength3:06LabelMotownSongwriter(s)Ron Miller, Bryan WellsProducer(s)Harvey Fuqua, Johnny BristolStevie Wonder singles chronology "My Cherie Amour" (1969) "Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday" (1969) "Never Had a Dream Come True" (1970) Official audio"Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday" on YouTube "Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday" is a 1969 soul song written by Ron Miller and Bryan Wells, released by American Motown singer-songwriter-musician Stevie Wonder on the album My Cherie Amour (1969). The song continued Wonder's success on the pop charts. It reached number 7 on the pop singles chart and become Wonder's ninth Top 10 single of the 1960s. The single fared even better on the UK singles chart where it reached number 2 in November 1969, and at that time, it was Wonder's biggest UK hit. Stevie recorded also an Italian version with the title "Solo te, solo me, solo noi" (Only you, only me, only us), translated by Peter Ricci. The song was later reworked into an unusual, electronic version by Jennifer Rush on her 1985 Movin' album. Background The song had been first recorded, in 1966, by blue-eyed Motown soul singer Chris Clark. At the time the song was released, Wonder was going through some vocal problems and was required to wait before recording a song. Due to this, instead of making Wonder record new ones, they decided to release songs that he had recorded years earlier, and this song was one of them (it was recorded two years earlier). The song's main theme is nostalgia for a loved one. Cash Box called it a "sparkling easy-blues-beat ballad" with "interesting lyric, performance and production." Personnel Lead vocals by Stevie Wonder Background vocals by The Originals (Freddie Gorman, Walter Gaines, Hank Dixon, C.P. Spencer) and The Andantes (Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow, and Louvain Demps) Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers Chart performance Weekly charts Chart (1969–70) Peakposition Australia 11 Belgium 7 Canada RPM Top Singles 10 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 15 Ireland (IRMA) 3 Netherlands 2 New Zealand (Listener) 10 South Africa (Springbok) 14 Spain (AFE) 18 UK 2 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 7 U.S. R&B (Billboard) 5 U.S. Billboard Easy Listening 10 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 9 Year-end charts Chart (1969) Rank Canada 47 U.S. (Joel Whitburn's Pop Annual) 75 U.S. R&B (Billboard) 53 References ^ "Solo Te Solo Me Solo Noi (Yester Me, Yester You, Yesterday)". Retrieved 20 May 2023 – via www.youtube.com. ^ "Jennifer Rush - Movin' Album Reviews, Songs & More \| AllMusic". Retrieved 20 May 2023 – via www.allmusic.com. ^ "Stevie Wonder Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday". whosampled.com. 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2013. ^ Browne, Ray Broadus; Ambrosetti, Ronald J. (20 May 1993). Continuities in Popular Culture: The Present in the Past & the Past in the Present and Future. Popular Press. ISBN 9780879725938. Retrieved 20 May 2023 – via Google Books. ^ "CashBox Singles Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. October 18, 1969. p. 34. Retrieved 2023-05-04. ^ "Wonder, Stevie / Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday \| Tamla T-54188 \| Single, 7" Vinyl \| September 1969". Yoursongscollectibles.ecwid.com. Retrieved 2023-05-04. ^ Steffen Hung. "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016. ^ RPM Adult Contemporary, January 10, 1970. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 22, 2017. ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". www.flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 20 May 2023. ^ "SA Charts 1965–March 1989". Retrieved September 5, 2018. ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2. ^ "Stevie Wonder". officialcharts.com. Retrieved January 20, 2022. ^ a b "1969: The Top 100 Soul/R&B Singles". Rate Your Music. Retrieved October 2, 2016. ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 261. ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved October 2, 2016. ^ Whitburn, Joel (1999). Pop Annual. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. ISBN 0-89820-142-X. External links List of cover versions of "Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday" at SecondHandSongs.com vteStevie WonderDiscographyStudio albums The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie Tribute to Uncle Ray With a Song in My Heart Stevie at the Beach Up-Tight Down to Earth I Was Made to Love Her Someday at Christmas Eivets Rednow For Once in My Life My Cherie Amour Signed, Sealed & Delivered Where I'm Coming From Music of My Mind Talking Book Innervisions Fulfillingness' First Finale Songs in the Key of Life Hotter than July In Square Circle Characters Conversation Peace A Time to Love Live albums Recorded Live: The 12 Year Old Genius Stevie Wonder Live Live at the Talk of the Town Natural Wonder Soundtracks Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants" The Woman in Red The Last Dragon Jungle Fever Compilations Looking Back Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I Song Review: A Greatest Hits Collection At the Close of a Century The Definitive Collection The Complete Stevie Wonder Singles "Fingertips" "Hey Harmonica Man" "Uptight (Everything's Alright)" "With a Child's Heart" "Blowin' in the Wind" "A Place in the Sun" "Someday at Christmas" "Hey Love" "I Was Made to Love Her" "I'm Wondering" "Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day" "You Met Your Match" "Alfie" "For Once in My Life" "I Don't Know Why" "My Cherie Amour" "Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday" "Never Had a Dream Come True" "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours" "Heaven Help Us All" "We Can Work It Out" "Never Dreamed You'd Leave in Summer" "If You Really Love Me" "What Christmas Means to Me" "Superwoman (Where Were You When I Needed You)" "Superstition" "You Are the Sunshine of My Life" "Higher Ground" "Living for the City" "Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing" "He's Misstra Know-It-All" "You Haven't Done Nothin'" "Boogie On Reggae Woman" "I Wish" "Sir Duke" "Another Star" "As" "Pops, We Love You (A Tribute to Father)" "Send One Your Love" "Master Blaster (Jammin')" "I Ain't Gonna Stand for It" "Lately" "Happy Birthday" "That Girl" "Ebony and Ivory" "Do I Do" "Ribbon in the Sky" "Front Line" "I Just Called to Say I Love You" "Love Light in Flight" "Part-Time Lover" "That's What Friends Are For" "Go Home" "Overjoyed" "Stranger on the Shore of Love" "Skeletons" "You Will Know" "Get It" "Gotta Have You" "For Your Love" "So What the Fuss" "From the Bottom of My Heart" "All About the Love Again" "Faith" "Can't Put It in the Hands of Fate" Featured singles "My Love" "How Come, How Long" "California Roll" Other songs "You and I (We Can Conquer the World)" "I Believe (When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever)" "Golden Lady" "All in Love Is Fair" "They Won't Go When I Go" "Love's in Need of Love Today" "Knocks Me Off My Feet" "Pastime Paradise" "Isn't She Lovely" "Black Man" "We Are the World" "Just Good Friends" "Seasons of Love" "True to Your Heart" "Stop Trying to Be God" Songwriting credits "It's a Shame" "Tears of a Clown" "Tell Me Something Good" "Uptown Festival" "Let's Get Serious" "You're Supposed to Keep Your Love for Me" Tours Songs in the Key of Life Tour Related articles Lula Mae Hardaway Syreeta Wright KJLH SuperEgo Wonderin' "Wonder-ful" Super Bowl XXXIII halftime show Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz work This 1960s single-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yesteryou, Yesterme, Yesterday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesteryou,_Yesterme,_Yesterday"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"Ron Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Miller_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Motown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"My Cherie Amour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Cherie_Amour_(album)"},{"link_name":"Top 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Rush"},{"link_name":"Movin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movin%27_(Jennifer_Rush_album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the 1993 film, see Yesteryou, Yesterme, Yesterday.1969 single by Stevie Wonder\"Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday\" is a 1969 soul song written by Ron Miller and Bryan Wells, released by American Motown singer-songwriter-musician Stevie Wonder on the album My Cherie Amour (1969). The song continued Wonder's success on the pop charts. It reached number 7 on the pop singles chart and become Wonder's ninth Top 10 single of the 1960s. The single fared even better on the UK singles chart where it reached number 2 in November 1969, and at that time, it was Wonder's biggest UK hit.Stevie recorded also an Italian version with the title \"Solo te, solo me, solo noi\" (Only you, only me, only us), translated by Peter Ricci.[1] The song was later reworked into an unusual, electronic version by Jennifer Rush on her 1985 Movin' album.[2]","title":"Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Clark_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"nostalgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The song had been first recorded, in 1966, by blue-eyed Motown soul singer Chris Clark.[3]At the time the song was released, Wonder was going through some vocal problems and was required to wait before recording a song. Due to this, instead of making Wonder record new ones, they decided to release songs that he had recorded years earlier, and this song was one of them (it was recorded two years earlier). The song's main theme is nostalgia[4] for a loved one.Cash Box called it a \"sparkling easy-blues-beat ballad\" with \"interesting lyric, performance and production.\"[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"The Originals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Originals_(band)"},{"link_name":"Freddie Gorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Gorman"},{"link_name":"The Andantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Andantes"},{"link_name":"The Funk Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Funk_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Lead vocals by Stevie Wonder\nBackground vocals by The Originals (Freddie Gorman, Walter Gaines, Hank Dixon, C.P. Spencer) and The Andantes (Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow, and Louvain Demps)\nInstrumentation by The Funk Brothers[6]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yester-Me,_Yester-You,_Yesterday&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-australian-charts1-7"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-9"},{"link_name":"Listener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Listener"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Springbok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springbok_Radio"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"AFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rateyourmusic1-14"},{"link_name":"Easy Listening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yester-Me,_Yester-You,_Yesterday&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Joel Whitburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rateyourmusic1-14"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1969–70)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia[7]\n\n11\n\n\nBelgium\n\n7\n\n\nCanada RPM Top Singles\n\n10\n\n\nCanada RPM Adult Contemporary [8]\n\n15\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[9]\n\n3\n\n\nNetherlands\n\n2\n\n\nNew Zealand (Listener) [10]\n\n10\n\n\nSouth Africa (Springbok) [11]\n\n14\n\n\nSpain (AFE)[12]\n\n18\n\n\nUK[13]\n\n2\n\n\nU.S. Billboard Hot 100\n\n7\n\n\nU.S. R&B (Billboard) [14]\n\n5\n\n\nU.S. Billboard Easy Listening[15]\n\n10\n\n\nU.S. Cash Box Top 100\n\n9\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1969)\n\nRank\n\n\nCanada [16]\n\n47\n\n\nU.S. (Joel Whitburn's Pop Annual) [17]\n\n75\n\n\nU.S. R&B (Billboard) [14]\n\n53","title":"Chart performance"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Solo Te Solo Me Solo Noi (Yester Me, Yester You, Yesterday)\". 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ISBN 9780879725938. Retrieved 20 May 2023 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3y4d-kAcP80C&dq=last+night+when+we+were+young+song+nostalgic&pg=PA102","url_text":"Continuities in Popular Culture: The Present in the Past & the Past in the Present and Future"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879725938","url_text":"9780879725938"}]},{"reference":"\"CashBox Singles Reviews\" (PDF). Cash Box. October 18, 1969. p. 34. Retrieved 2023-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/60s/1969/CB-1969-10-18.pdf","url_text":"\"CashBox Singles Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wonder, Stevie / Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday \| Tamla T-54188 \| Single, 7\" Vinyl \| September 1969\". Yoursongscollectibles.ecwid.com. Retrieved 2023-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://yoursongscollectibles.ecwid.com/Wonder-Stevie-Yester-Me-Yester-You-Yesterday-Tamla-T-54188-Single-7-Vinyl-September-1969-p126336283","url_text":"\"Wonder, Stevie / Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday \| Tamla T-54188 \| Single, 7\" Vinyl \| September 1969\""}]},{"reference":"Steffen Hung. \"Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)\". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160602084720/http://australian-charts.com/forum.asp?todo=viewthread&id=35092","url_text":"\"Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)\""},{"url":"http://australian-charts.com/forum.asp?todo=viewthread&id=35092","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"flavour of new zealand - search listener\". www.flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 20 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=search+listener&qartistid=650#n_view_location","url_text":"\"flavour of new zealand - search listener\""}]},{"reference":"\"SA Charts 1965–March 1989\". Retrieved September 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rock.co.za/files/springbok_top_20_(W).html","url_text":"\"SA Charts 1965–March 1989\""}]},{"reference":"Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8048-639-2","url_text":"84-8048-639-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Stevie Wonder\". officialcharts.com. Retrieved January 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/5543/stevie-wonder/","url_text":"\"Stevie Wonder\""}]},{"reference":"\"1969: The Top 100 Soul/R&B Singles\". Rate Your Music. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Bath,_Woman_drying_herself	After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself	["1 Artwork","1.1 Materials","2 Background","3 Influences","4 Critical reception","5 Notes","6 References"]	Pastel by Edgar Degas Edgar Degas, After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself, 1890–95, National Gallery, London After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself is a pastel drawing by Edgar Degas, made between 1890 and 1895. Since 1959, it has been in the collection of the National Gallery, London. This work is one in a series of pastels and oils that Degas created depicting female nudes. Originally, Degas exhibited his works at Impressionist exhibitions in Paris, where he gained a loyal following. Degas's nude works, including After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself, continue to spark controversy among art critics. Artwork Edgar Degas often used photographs and sketches as a preliminary step, studying the light and the composition for his paintings. His use of light may be attributable to his deteriorating eyesight. Degas applied numerous pastel layers in After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself, making the woman appear somewhat translucent. The heavily worked pastel creates deep textures and blurred contours, emphasizing the figure's movement. The work depicts a woman sitting on white towels spread over a wicker chair, with her back to the viewer. Her body is arched and slightly twisted, creating a tension in her back, accentuated by the deep line of her backbone. One hand dries her neck with a towel, presumably after the woman exited the tin bath in the corner of the room. The other arm holds onto the chair for support. The space is defined by the vertical and diagonal lines where the floor and walls meet. Materials The materials in the painting have been the subject of extensive technical analysis. Degas used a multitude of commercially available pastel crayons many of which consisted of several individual pigments. Predominant pigments in this painting are Prussian blue, cadmium yellow and ochres. These beautiful, light colours perfectly embody the Impressionist ideals of the era. The drawing was made on several pieces of paper mounted on cardboard. Degas may have started with a smaller composition which he extended as he worked, requiring more paper. The artwork measures 103.5 × 98.5 centimetres (40.7 × 38.8 in). Background The work is part of a series of photographs, preliminary sketches and completed works in pastels and oils by Degas from this period. The series depicts women dancing or bathing, some showing women in awkward or unnatural positions. The art historian Carol Armstrong argues that the series differs from the work of other artists depicting female nudity in the sense that Degas contorts women's bodies in unusual positions to make viewers uncomfortable. This discomfort causes viewers to avert their gaze to respect the privacy of the subject depicted in this highly vulnerable, exposing moment. Degas, speaking about these works, said, he intended to create a feeling in the viewer: "as if you looked through a keyhole." Degas is believed to have frequently documented the lives of Parisian women in brothels; therefore, he works to preserve their anonymity with the extensive use of shadows. This notion of "privacy and exclusion" of the subject parallels Degas's own desire to live a life in the shadows, hiding from the public and valuing his privacy. The woman's face is hidden, so the emphasis of the piece rests on the woman's nude body. Degas included many works of female nudes bathing in the last Impressionist exhibition in 1886. Nine of Degas's pastel drawings of women at their bath were exhibited by Theo Van Gogh at Galerie Boussod et Valadon in 1888. The work was shown at the Lefevre Gallery in 1950 and was bought for the collection of the National Gallery, London in 1959. A less highly worked example of a similar subject is in the Courtauld Gallery, and other works in the series are in many public museums. Other similar postures After The Bath, woman drying her neck (1895–1898) (Musée d'Orsay, Paris) Woman Washing After The Bath, pastel and charcoal on paper. Influences The work had a considerable influence on Francis Bacon, most noticeably on his triptychs Three Figures in a Room (1964, Centre Pompidou, Paris) and Three Studies of the Male Back (1970, Kunsthaus Zürich). The Tate Gallery says "For Bacon was indeed something of a talisman. It epitomised Degas's approach to a larger obsession the two artists shared with the plasticity of the body, its potential for the most varied forms of articulation, in movement and repose." The work was one of three central nudes chosen by Bacon in his "The Artist's Choice" exhibition at the National Gallery in 1985, shown between Velázquez's Rokeby Venus and Michelangelo's Entombment. Art historian and curator Michael Peppiatt quoted Bacon thus: "I love Degas. I think his pastels are among the greatest things ever made. I think they're far greater than his paintings." Critical reception Degas's candid portrayal of women in vulnerable states caused controversy among art critics. Some critics believed that works from Degas's Impressionist series, including After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself, were tactless in their depiction of the female nude. These female nudes lacked any kind of idealisation, which deviated from the standard academic convention of portraying nude bodies in the most favourable light. Other critics, namely Octave Mirbeau, commended Degas for his bold break from the conventional artistic style of works at the Salon (Paris). He praised Degas for rejecting the temptation to portray these women in an unrealistically idealised light; in which case, his works would have been widely commercially successful in their unchallenging state of capitalising on the beauty of the female nude body. Others critiqued Degas for his objectivity in portraying subjects, making his job scientific in nature rather than artistic. Degas captured extremely intimate moments with great precision and accuracy, choosing to not over-sexualise his subjects. Curator Richard Kendall believed that Degas's works were particularly special because they were so non-erotic in nature. This fuelled Carol Armstrong's point that the nude bodies were meant to exist "in a world of their own" and were not meant to be sexualised by the viewer. Degas's work, After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself, served as a prime example of Degas's controversial style of depicting female nudity. Notes ^ a b Armstrong, Carol (2003). Odd Man Out: Readings of the Work and Reputation of Edgar Degas. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Research Institute. pp. 21–25. ^ a b c d e Dawkins, Heather (2002). The Nude in French Art and Culture: 1870-1910. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–85. ^ a b Meller, Marikálmán (September 1996). "Late Degas. London and Chicago" (PDF). The Burlington Magazine. 138 (1122): 615–617. JSTOR 887263. ^ a b c d Jones, Jonathan (30 October 2004). "How did the sexless Degas create such sexy images?". The Guardian. ^ Bomford D, Herring S, Kirby J, Riopelle C, Roy A. Art in the Making: Degas. London: National Gallery Company, 2004, pp. 124-29 ^ Edgar Degas, After the Bath, Woman drying herself, illustrated pigment analysis at ColourLex ^ Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas \| After the Bath, Woman drying herself \| NG6295 \| The National Gallery, London ^ "Key facts: After the Bath, Woman drying herself". The National Gallery, London. Archived from the original on 4 March 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2018. ^ After the Bath, Woman Drying Her Back (Getty Museum) ^ a b c d e Armstrong, Carol. Readings in Nineteenth Century Art. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 170–175. ^ Juzefovič, Agnieška (2016). "Creative Transformations in Visual Arts of Early French Modernism: Treatment of Nude Body". Creativity Studies. 9 (1): 25–41. doi:10.3846/23450479.2015.1112854. ^ a b "Museum of Fine Arts Boston, with Comprehensive Exhibit of Edgar Degas Nudes \| ARTES MAGAZINE". Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014. ^ a b c "Francis Bacon: Back to Degas \| Tate". Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2014. ^ A&A \| After the bath – woman drying herself ^ a b c Kendall, Richard (1996). Degas: Beyond Impressionism. London, UK: National Gallery Publications. pp. 230–232. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pastels of bathers by Edgar Degas. After the Bath, Woman drying herself, about 1890–5, Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas, National Gallery After the Bath, Woman Drying Her Back, photograph, The J. Paul Getty Museum After the bath – woman drying herself, Courtauld Gallery Armstrong, Carol M. "Edgar Degas and the Representation of the Female Body." In Readings in Nineteenth-Century Art, 170–75. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Armstrong, Carol M. "Degas, the Odd Man Out: The Impressionist Exhibitions." In Odd Man Out: Readings of the Work and Reputation of Edgar Degas, 21–25. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Research Institute, 2003 Dawkins, Heather. “Decency in Dispute: Viewing the Nude.” Essay. In The Nude in French Art and Culture: 1870-1910, 65–85. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002 Juzefovič, Agnieška. “Creative Transformations in Visual Arts of Early French Modernism: Treatment of Nude Body.” Creativity Studies 9, no. 1 (2016) Kendall, Richard. “Women Bathing.” Essay. In Degas: Beyond Impressionism, 230–32. London: National Gallery Publications, 1996. Through a keyhole, The Guardian, 30 October 2004 Francis Bacon: Back to Degas Archived 4 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Rothenstein Lecture 2011, Martin Hammer, 11 May 2012, Tate Papers Issue 17 Meller, Marikálmán M. “Late Degas. London and Chicago.” The Burlington Magazine 138, no. 1122 (September 1996): 615–17 Museum of Fine Arts Boston, with Comprehensive Exhibit of Edgar Degas Nudes, Artes Magazine, 12 December 2011 vteEdgar DegasPaintings The Bellelli Family (1858–1867) Young Spartans Exercising (1860) The Collector of Prints (1866) Scene from the Steeplechase: The Fallen Jockey (1866) Interior (1868–69) At the Races in the Countryside (1869) The Dancing Class (1870) The Orchestra at the Opera (c. 1870) Ludovic Lepic and His Daughters (1871) A Cotton Office in New Orleans (1873) The Dance Class (1874) The Ballet Class (1874) Ballerina Posing for a Photographer (1875) Place de la Concorde (1875) L'Absinthe (1876) The Dance Lesson (1879) Miss La La at the Cirque Fernando (1879) Portraits at the Stock Exchange (1879) The Millinery Shop (1879–1886) Before the Race (1882–1884) Dancers Onstage (1889) Pastels Café-Concert at Les Ambassadeurs (1877) Les Choristes (1877) Singer with a Glove (1878) Waiting (1880–1882) Young Woman in Blue (1884) The Tub (1886) Woman in a Tub (1886) After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself (1890–1895) Blue Dancers (1897) Ukrainian Dancers (1890s series) Sculptures Little Dancer of Fourteen Years (1881) Models Marie van Goethem Related The Impressionists (2006 series) The Line (2009 play) Little Dancer (2014 musical) Degas (crater)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:After_the_Bath,_Woman_drying_herself_-_Edgar_Degas_-_National_Gallery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"link_name":"National Gallery, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery,_London"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"link_name":"National Gallery, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery,_London"},{"link_name":"Impressionist exhibitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawkins-2"}],"text":"Edgar Degas, After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself, 1890–95, National Gallery, LondonAfter the Bath, Woman Drying Herself is a pastel drawing by Edgar Degas, made between 1890 and 1895. Since 1959, it has been in the collection of the National Gallery, London. This work is one in a series of pastels and oils that Degas created depicting female nudes. Originally, Degas exhibited his works at Impressionist exhibitions in Paris, where he gained a loyal following.[1]Degas's nude works, including After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself, continue to spark controversy among art critics.[2]","title":"After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meller-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meller-3"},{"link_name":"wicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicker"},{"link_name":"tin bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathtub"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G-4"}],"text":"Edgar Degas often used photographs and sketches as a preliminary step, studying the light and the composition for his paintings. His use of light may be attributable to his deteriorating eyesight.[3] Degas applied numerous pastel layers in After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself, making the woman appear somewhat translucent.[3] The heavily worked pastel creates deep textures and blurred contours, emphasizing the figure's movement.The work depicts a woman sitting on white towels spread over a wicker chair, with her back to the viewer. Her body is arched and slightly twisted, creating a tension in her back, accentuated by the deep line of her backbone. One hand dries her neck with a towel, presumably after the woman exited the tin bath in the corner of the room. The other arm holds onto the chair for support. The space is defined by the vertical and diagonal lines where the floor and walls meet.[4]","title":"Artwork"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Prussian blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_blue"},{"link_name":"cadmium yellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_yellow"},{"link_name":"ochres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochres"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NG2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NG-8"}],"sub_title":"Materials","text":"The materials in the painting have been the subject of extensive technical analysis.[5] Degas used a multitude of commercially available pastel crayons many of which consisted of several individual pigments. Predominant pigments in this painting are Prussian blue, cadmium yellow and ochres.[6] These beautiful, light colours perfectly embody the Impressionist ideals of the era. The drawing was made on several pieces of paper mounted on cardboard. Degas may have started with a smaller composition which he extended as he worked, requiring more paper.[7] The artwork measures 103.5 × 98.5 centimetres (40.7 × 38.8 in).[8]","title":"Artwork"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Getty-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong1-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Juzefovi%C4%8D-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong1-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong1-10"},{"link_name":"Impressionist exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impressionist_exhibition&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artes-12"},{"link_name":"Theo Van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(art_dealer)"},{"link_name":"Galerie Boussod et Valadon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Boussod_et_Valadon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G-4"},{"link_name":"Lefevre Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefevre_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tate-13"},{"link_name":"Courtauld Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtauld_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artes-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apr%C3%A8s_le_bain_dEdgar_Degas_(Mus%C3%A9e_dOrsay)_(3210104411).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgar_Degas_-_Woman_Washing,_c._1906.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgar_Degas_-_Mujer_en_el_ba%C3%B1o.jpg"}],"text":"The work is part of a series of photographs, preliminary sketches and completed works in pastels and oils by Degas from this period. The series depicts women dancing or bathing,[4] some showing women in awkward or unnatural positions.[9] The art historian Carol Armstrong argues that the series differs from the work of other artists depicting female nudity in the sense that Degas contorts women's bodies in unusual positions to make viewers uncomfortable.[10] This discomfort causes viewers to avert their gaze to respect the privacy of the subject depicted in this highly vulnerable, exposing moment.[10] Degas, speaking about these works, said, he intended to create a feeling in the viewer: \"as if you looked through a keyhole.\"[4] Degas is believed to have frequently documented the lives of Parisian women in brothels; therefore, he works to preserve their anonymity with the extensive use of shadows.[11] This notion of \"privacy and exclusion\"[10] of the subject parallels Degas's own desire to live a life in the shadows, hiding from the public and valuing his privacy.[1] The woman's face is hidden, so the emphasis of the piece rests on the woman's nude body. [10]Degas included many works of female nudes bathing in the last Impressionist exhibition in 1886.[12] Nine of Degas's pastel drawings of women at their bath were exhibited by Theo Van Gogh at Galerie Boussod et Valadon in 1888.[4] The work was shown at the Lefevre Gallery in 1950 and was bought for the collection of the National Gallery, London in 1959.[13] A less highly worked example of a similar subject is in the Courtauld Gallery,[14] and other works in the series are in many public museums.[12]Other similar postures\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAfter The Bath, woman drying her neck (1895–1898) (Musée d'Orsay, Paris)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWoman Washing\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAfter The Bath, pastel and charcoal on paper.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Three Figures in a Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Figures_in_a_Room"},{"link_name":"Three Studies of the Male Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Studies_of_the_Male_Back"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tate-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Velázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"Rokeby Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokeby_Venus"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo"},{"link_name":"Entombment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Entombment_(Michelangelo)"},{"link_name":"Michael Peppiatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Peppiatt"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tate-13"}],"text":"The work had a considerable influence on Francis Bacon, most noticeably on his triptychs Three Figures in a Room (1964, Centre Pompidou, Paris) and Three Studies of the Male Back (1970, Kunsthaus Zürich).[13] The Tate Gallery says \"For Bacon [it] was indeed something of a talisman. It epitomised Degas's approach to a larger obsession the two artists shared with the plasticity of the body, its potential for the most varied forms of articulation, in movement and repose.\"[citation needed] The work was one of three central nudes chosen by Bacon in his \"The Artist's Choice\" exhibition at the National Gallery in 1985, shown between Velázquez's Rokeby Venus and Michelangelo's Entombment. Art historian and curator Michael Peppiatt quoted Bacon thus: \"I love Degas. I think his pastels are among the greatest things ever made. I think they're far greater than his paintings.\"[13]","title":"Influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawkins-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawkins-2"},{"link_name":"Octave Mirbeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_Mirbeau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawkins-2"},{"link_name":"Salon (Paris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawkins-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kendall-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kendall-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kendall-15"},{"link_name":"Carol Armstrong's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carol_Armstrong%27s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong1-10"}],"text":"Degas's candid portrayal of women in vulnerable states caused controversy among art critics. Some critics believed that works from Degas's Impressionist series, including After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself, were tactless in their depiction of the female nude.[2] These female nudes lacked any kind of idealisation, which deviated from the standard academic convention of portraying nude bodies in the most favourable light.[2] Other critics, namely Octave Mirbeau,[2] commended Degas for his bold break from the conventional artistic style of works at the Salon (Paris). He praised Degas for rejecting the temptation to portray these women in an unrealistically idealised light; in which case, his works would have been widely commercially successful in their unchallenging state of capitalising on the beauty of the female nude body.[2]Others critiqued Degas for his objectivity in portraying subjects, making his job scientific in nature rather than artistic.[15] Degas captured extremely intimate moments with great precision and accuracy, choosing to not over-sexualise his subjects.[15] Curator Richard Kendall believed that Degas's works were particularly special because they were so non-erotic in nature.[15] This fuelled Carol Armstrong's point that the nude bodies were meant to exist \"in a world of their own\" and were not meant to be sexualised by the viewer.[10] Degas's work, After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself, served as a prime example of Degas's controversial style of depicting female nudity.","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Armstrong_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Armstrong_1-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dawkins_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dawkins_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dawkins_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dawkins_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dawkins_2-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Meller_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Meller_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Late Degas. London and Chicago\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/887263.pdf"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"887263","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/887263"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-G_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-G_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-G_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-G_4-3"},{"link_name":"\"How did the sexless Degas create such sexy images?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/culture/2004/oct/30/1"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas, After the Bath, Woman drying herself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//colourlex.com/project/degas-after-the-bath/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NG2_7-0"},{"link_name":"Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas \| After the Bath, Woman drying herself \| NG6295 \| The National Gallery, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/hilaire-germain-edgar-degas-after-the-bath-woman-drying-herself"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NG_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"Key facts: After the Bath, Woman drying herself\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150304100237/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/hilaire-germain-edgar-degas-after-the-bath-woman-drying-herself//key-facts"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/hilaire-germain-edgar-degas-after-the-bath-woman-drying-herself//key-facts"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Getty_9-0"},{"link_name":"After the Bath, Woman Drying Her Back (Getty Museum)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=47047"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Armstrong1_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Armstrong1_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Armstrong1_10-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Armstrong1_10-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Armstrong1_10-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Juzefovi%C4%8D_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"Creative Transformations in Visual Arts of Early French Modernism: Treatment of Nude Body\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3846/23450479.2015.1112854."},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3846/23450479.2015.1112854","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3846%2F23450479.2015.1112854"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-artes_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-artes_12-1"},{"link_name":"\"Museum of Fine Arts Boston, with Comprehensive Exhibit of Edgar Degas Nudes \| ARTES MAGAZINE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141106211740/http://www.artesmagazine.com/2011/12/museum-of-fine-arts-boston-with-comprehensive-exhibit-of-edgar-degas-nudes/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artesmagazine.com/2011/12/museum-of-fine-arts-boston-with-comprehensive-exhibit-of-edgar-degas-nudes/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tate_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tate_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tate_13-2"},{"link_name":"\"Francis Bacon: Back to Degas \| Tate\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150404002435/http://www.tate.org.uk/research/publications/tate-papers/francis-bacon-back-degas"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tate.org.uk/research/publications/tate-papers/francis-bacon-back-degas"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-C_14-0"},{"link_name":"A&A \| After the bath – woman drying herself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/gallery/d705ff8f.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kendall_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kendall_15-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kendall_15-2"}],"text":"^ a b Armstrong, Carol (2003). Odd Man Out: Readings of the Work and Reputation of Edgar Degas. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Research Institute. pp. 21–25.\n\n^ a b c d e Dawkins, Heather (2002). The Nude in French Art and Culture: 1870-1910. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–85.\n\n^ a b Meller, Marikálmán (September 1996). \"Late Degas. London and Chicago\" (PDF). The Burlington Magazine. 138 (1122): 615–617. JSTOR 887263.\n\n^ a b c d Jones, Jonathan (30 October 2004). \"How did the sexless Degas create such sexy images?\". The Guardian.\n\n^ Bomford D, Herring S, Kirby J, Riopelle C, Roy A. Art in the Making: Degas. London: National Gallery Company, 2004, pp. 124-29\n\n^ Edgar Degas, After the Bath, Woman drying herself, illustrated pigment analysis at ColourLex\n\n^ Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas \| After the Bath, Woman drying herself \| NG6295 \| The National Gallery, London\n\n^ \"Key facts: After the Bath, Woman drying herself\". The National Gallery, London. Archived from the original on 4 March 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2018.\n\n^ After the Bath, Woman Drying Her Back (Getty Museum)\n\n^ a b c d e Armstrong, Carol. Readings in Nineteenth Century Art. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 170–175.\n\n^ Juzefovič, Agnieška (2016). \"Creative Transformations in Visual Arts of Early French Modernism: Treatment of Nude Body\". Creativity Studies. 9 (1): 25–41. doi:10.3846/23450479.2015.1112854.\n\n^ a b \"Museum of Fine Arts Boston, with Comprehensive Exhibit of Edgar Degas Nudes \| ARTES MAGAZINE\". Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.\n\n^ a b c \"Francis Bacon: Back to Degas \| Tate\". Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2014.\n\n^ A&A \| After the bath – woman drying herself\n\n^ a b c Kendall, Richard (1996). Degas: Beyond Impressionism. London, UK: National Gallery Publications. pp. 230–232.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Edgar Degas, After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself, 1890–95, National Gallery, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/After_the_Bath%2C_Woman_drying_herself_-_Edgar_Degas_-_National_Gallery.jpg/300px-After_the_Bath%2C_Woman_drying_herself_-_Edgar_Degas_-_National_Gallery.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Armstrong, Carol (2003). Odd Man Out: Readings of the Work and Reputation of Edgar Degas. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Research Institute. pp. 21–25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dawkins, Heather (2002). The Nude in French Art and Culture: 1870-1910. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–85.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Meller, Marikálmán (September 1996). \"Late Degas. London and Chicago\" (PDF). The Burlington Magazine. 138 (1122): 615–617. JSTOR 887263.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/887263.pdf","url_text":"\"Late Degas. 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Retrieved 19 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150304100237/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/hilaire-germain-edgar-degas-after-the-bath-woman-drying-herself//key-facts","url_text":"\"Key facts: After the Bath, Woman drying herself\""},{"url":"http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/hilaire-germain-edgar-degas-after-the-bath-woman-drying-herself//key-facts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Carol. Readings in Nineteenth Century Art. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 170–175.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Juzefovič, Agnieška (2016). \"Creative Transformations in Visual Arts of Early French Modernism: Treatment of Nude Body\". 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Retrieved 24 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141106211740/http://www.artesmagazine.com/2011/12/museum-of-fine-arts-boston-with-comprehensive-exhibit-of-edgar-degas-nudes/","url_text":"\"Museum of Fine Arts Boston, with Comprehensive Exhibit of Edgar Degas Nudes \| ARTES MAGAZINE\""},{"url":"http://www.artesmagazine.com/2011/12/museum-of-fine-arts-boston-with-comprehensive-exhibit-of-edgar-degas-nudes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Francis Bacon: Back to Degas \| Tate\". Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150404002435/http://www.tate.org.uk/research/publications/tate-papers/francis-bacon-back-degas","url_text":"\"Francis Bacon: Back to Degas \| Tate\""},{"url":"http://www.tate.org.uk/research/publications/tate-papers/francis-bacon-back-degas","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kendall, Richard (1996). Degas: Beyond Impressionism. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okutama,_Tokyo	Okutama, Tokyo	["1 Geography","1.1 Mountains","1.2 Rivers","1.3 Lakes","1.4 Surrounding municipalities","1.5 Climate","2 Demographics","3 History","3.1 Prehistory","3.2 Premodern period","3.3 Modern period","4 Government","5 Economy","6 Education","7 Transportation","7.1 Railway","7.2 Bus","7.3 Highway","8 Sister city relations","9 Local attractions","10 References","11 External links"]	Coordinates: 35°48′34.4″N 139°5′46.3″E / 35.809556°N 139.096194°E / 35.809556; 139.096194Town in Kantō, JapanOkutama 奥多摩町TownOkutama Town Hall FlagSealLocation of Okutama in TokyoOkutama Coordinates: 35°48′34.4″N 139°5′46.3″E / 35.809556°N 139.096194°E / 35.809556; 139.096194CountryJapanRegionKantōPrefectureTokyoDistrictNishitamaFirst official recorded1st century AD (official)Hikawa town settledFebruary 11, 1940Current name was changedApril 1, 1955Government • MayorNobumasa Morooka (from May 2020)Area • Total225.53 km2 (87.08 sq mi)Population (April 2021) • Total4,949 • Density22/km2 (57/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)Phone number042-557-0501Address215-6 Hikawa, Okutama-machi, Nishitama-gun, Tokyo 198-0212ClimateCfaWebsiteOfficial websiteSymbolsBirdCopper pheasantFlowerAzaleaTreeCryptomeria Fishing is popular in Okutama. Okutama (奥多摩町, Oku-Tama-machi) is a town located in the western portion of Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, at a distance of roughly 60 kilometres (37 mi) west-northwest of Tokyo Imperial Palace. As of 1 April 2021, the town had an estimated population of 4,949, and a population density of 22 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 225.53 square kilometres (87.08 sq mi). Geography Okutama is located in the Okutama Mountains of far western Tokyo. It is geographically the largest municipality in Tokyo. Mount Kumotori, Tokyo's highest peak at 2017 m, divides Okutama from the Okuchichibu region of the neighboring Saitama and Yamanashi Prefectures. Tokyo's northernmost and westernmost points lie in Okutama, as does Lake Okutama, an important source of water for Tokyo, situated above the Ogōchi Dam in the town. Mountains Mount Kumotori Mount Kumotori, at 2017 m is the highest mountain in Tokyo and the westernmost place of Tokyo. Many plants grow here during the summer, most notably the tsuga. From the summit, there is a clear view of Mount Fuji and the Okuchichibu Mountains. Mount Mitō Because it was forbidden to enter Mount Mitō during the Edo period, there are still many forests of enormous beech trees. Mount Fuji and Mount Kumotori can be seen from the summit, and it attracts many visitors especially during autumn. It is one of the Three Mountains of Okutama. Mount Odake (Tokyo) Mount Ōdake is one of the Three Mountains of Okutama. From the summit at 1266 m, Mount Fuji can be seen to the south and Mount Gozen to the west. Mount Kawanori From Mount Kawanori, all mountains in Okutama can be seen. Also, the Hyakuhiro Waterfall is located here. Mount Gozen Mount Gozen is well known for its oddly perfectly triangular shape. Like Mount Mitō, it attracts visitors in the fall. Rivers Tama River The Tama River, with a length of 138 km, is the longest river in the prefecture. It flows through the entire prefecture, and the upstream of the river is located in Okutama. Hinohara River The Hinohara River is a rather short and small river located in the western portion of Tokyo. Lakes Lake Okutama Lake Shiromaru Lake Shiromaru is a rather infamous dam on the Tama River. It has a height of 30.3 m, a length of 61 m, and a volume of 14,161 m3. Surrounding municipalities Tokyo Metropolis Akiruno Ōme Hinohara Saitama Prefecture Chichibu Hannō Yamanashi Prefecture Uenohara Kosuge Tabayama Climate Okutama has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Okutama is 10.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2091 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 22.1 °C, and lowest in January, at around minus 1.1 °C. Climate data for Lake Okutama (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1976−present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 17.8(64.0) 20.9(69.6) 22.9(73.2) 30.6(87.1) 33.0(91.4) 34.3(93.7) 36.3(97.3) 36.4(97.5) 35.0(95.0) 30.2(86.4) 24.0(75.2) 22.8(73.0) 36.4(97.5) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.8(44.2) 7.6(45.7) 10.9(51.6) 16.5(61.7) 21.1(70.0) 23.4(74.1) 27.4(81.3) 28.5(83.3) 24.3(75.7) 18.8(65.8) 14.0(57.2) 9.3(48.7) 17.4(63.3) Daily mean °C (°F) 1.5(34.7) 2.2(36.0) 5.5(41.9) 10.8(51.4) 15.6(60.1) 18.9(66.0) 22.6(72.7) 23.5(74.3) 19.8(67.6) 14.3(57.7) 8.8(47.8) 3.9(39.0) 12.3(54.1) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.4(27.7) −1.9(28.6) 1.0(33.8) 5.8(42.4) 10.9(51.6) 15.3(59.5) 19.3(66.7) 20.1(68.2) 16.6(61.9) 10.9(51.6) 5.0(41.0) 0.1(32.2) 8.4(47.1) Record low °C (°F) −9.3(15.3) −11.6(11.1) −8.1(17.4) −3.8(25.2) 0.7(33.3) 7.5(45.5) 12.4(54.3) 13.2(55.8) 6.2(43.2) 1.0(33.8) −2.1(28.2) −6.9(19.6) −11.6(11.1) Average precipitation mm (inches) 49.5(1.95) 45.9(1.81) 88.5(3.48) 106.3(4.19) 118.7(4.67) 163.2(6.43) 205.6(8.09) 217.4(8.56) 270.2(10.64) 215.4(8.48) 68.9(2.71) 43.7(1.72) 1,608(63.31) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.8 5.3 9.7 9.5 10.5 13.4 14.7 12.8 12.5 10.7 6.9 4.5 115.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 206.5 187.7 173.0 178.4 172.2 104.2 124.8 144.6 104.5 128.7 164.5 186.5 1,874.6 Source: JMA Demographics Per Japanese census data, the population of Okutama peaked around the year 1950 and has declined by more than two-thirds since then. Historical populationYearPop.±% 1920 9,514— 1930 10,896+14.5% 1940 12,543+15.1% 1950 16,287+29.8% 1960 13,785−15.4% 1970 11,733−14.9% 1980 9,808−16.4% 1990 8,752−10.8% 2000 7,575−13.4% 2010 6,045−20.2% 2020 4,750−21.4% History Prehistory People began settling in Okutama from before the Jōmon Period and many archaeological sites have been found with ancient pottery. During the Yayoi period, rice cultivation began in the flatter lands of present-day Okutama, but most of the area remained covered by forests and only small flat lands existed. Premodern period During the Edo period, the area included in present-day Okutama was divided into 16 villages within Musashi Province. In each village, there was one person who served as the mayor, another who served as the leader of a particular group, and another who served as a representative for the farmers. Also, entering Mount Takanosu was forbidden for people of low rank during this time. This was because the people of high rank (government officials and such) hunted with hawks at the mountain, and the officials wanted to keep the hunting grounds for themselves. Modern period With the start of the Meiji period, the area of Okutama became part of Nirayama Prefecture except for Kotaba village, which was merged into Maebashi Domain, which then became part of Gunma Prefecture. While Kotaba village was turned into part of Maebashi city, the Okutama area was divided into three villages of Hikawa, Kori, and Ogouchi with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. In 1940, Hikawa was elevated to town status. In 1955, Hikawa town, Ogouchi village and Kori village were united, forming the town of Okutama. Government Okutama has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 12 members. Okutama, collectively with the municipalities of Akiruno, Fussa, Hamura, Hinode, Hinohara and Mizuho, contributes two members to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Tokyo 25th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan. Economy Seasonal tourism, forestry and charcoal production are mainstays of the local economy. Education Okutama has two public elementary and one public junior high school operated by the town government. Okutama Junior High School (奥多摩中学校) Hikawa Elementary School (氷川小学校) Kori Elementary School (古里小学校) Okutama JHS was formed by the merger of Hikawa JHS (氷川中学校) and Kori JHS (古里中学校) in 2015. The town does not have a high school. Transportation Oku-Tama Station Railway The East Japan Railway Company serves the town. The Ōme line, which connects the town with Tachikawa, terminates at Oku-Tama Station. JR East – - Ōme Line Kawai - Kori - Hatonosu - Shiromaru - Oku-Tama Bus The Nishi Tokyo Bus Co. carries passengers to Lake Okutama, the Nippara Limestone Cave, Tabayama village and Kosuge village (both in Yamanashi Prefecture) from Oku-Tama Station. Highway National Highways National Route 139 National Route 411 Prefectural Roads Tokyo Prefectural Road 184 Okutama-Akiruno Tokyo Prefectural Road 204 Nippara Limestone Cave Tokyo Prefectural Road 205 Tokyo Prefectural Road 206 Kawano-Kamikawa Sister city relations Chun'an, Zhejiang, China Local attractions A forest in the Okuchichibu Mountains All of the town is located in Chichibu-Tama-Kai National Park. Lake Okutama Lake Okutama plays a major role in providing drinking water for the people of Tokyo. The largest lake in Tokyo, it also has a large dam. Mount Takanosu During the Edo Period, the people of low rank were forbidden to enter Mount Takanosu, because it was a hawk hunting ground for the government and military officials. Now, it is open to hikers, and has an elevation of 1736.6 m. Tsurunoyu Onsen Until the construction of Ogouchi Dam, there was a spa town for Tsurunoyu Onsen. (It is now in the depths of the dam.) Now, there are a few inns that use the hot water from the hot spring for their spas. The hot spring is located about 20 minutes by bus from Oku-Tama Station. Hyakuhiro Waterfall View of Mount Kumotori from Mount Nanatsuishi Hyakuhiro Waterfall, with a height of 40 m, is a famous waterfall in the Okutama area. Located in Mount Kawanori, it is part of the Nippara River. Nippara Cave Nippara Cave is the second largest limestone cave in the Kantō region after the Fujido Cave in Gunma Prefecture, and attracts many visitors from around Japan. Okuchichibu Mountains The Okuchichibu Mountains stretch from Nagano's Nobeyama region to Okutama and a portion of Saitama Prefecture and Yamanashi Prefecture. The highest mountain is Mount Kurogane (Yamanashi Prefecture), at 2232 m, and the lowest is Mount Azumaya (Saitama Prefecture), at 772 m. Okutama Onsen Okutama Onsen is a hot spring located in the town. References ^ "Okutama town official statistics" (in Japanese). Japan. ^ 考える社会科地図 Kangaeru Shakaika Chizu. 四谷大塚出版 Yotsuya-Ōtsuka Shuppan. 2005. p. 113. ^ 奥多摩町観光案内-奥多摩トレッキングコース-雲取山 ^ 奥多摩町観光案内-奥多摩トレッキングコース-御前山・三頭山 Archived 2007-11-15 at the Wayback Machine ^ 奥多摩町観光案内-奥多摩トレッキングコース-大岳山・御岳山 ^ 奥多摩町観光案内-奥多摩トレッキングコース-川苔山 ^ Okutama climate data ^ 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）. JMA. Retrieved February 23, 2022. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. JMA. Retrieved February 23, 2022. ^ Okutama population statistics ^ a b c Introduction to Okutama Archived 2007-08-24 at the Wayback Machine ^ "小・中学校一覧". Okutama. Retrieved 2022-11-06. ^ "奥多摩町学校施設長寿命化計画" (PDF). Okutama Town. Retrieved 2022-11-06. 町内の中学校は、校となっています。 ^ 楽しく学ぶ小学生の地図帳 Tanoshiku Manabu Shogakusei no Chizucho. 帝国書院 Teikoku-Shoin. 2004. p. 37. ^ "10 Lesser Known Places to Visit near Tokyo". 4 January 2015. External links Tokyo portal Media related to Okutama, Tokyo at Wikimedia Commons Okutama Town Official Website (in Japanese) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Okutama. vteTokyo Metropolis Architecture Education Festivals History Neighborhoods Politics Sports Symbols Tourism Transportation Special Wardsof Tokyo Adachi Arakawa Bunkyō Chiyoda Chūō Edogawa Itabashi Katsushika Kita Kōtō Meguro Minato Nakano Nerima Ōta Setagaya Shibuya Shinagawa Shinjuku Suginami Sumida Taitō Toshima Western(Tama area)Core city Hachiōji Cities Akiruno Akishima Chōfu Fuchū Fussa Hamura Higashikurume Higashimurayama Higashiyamato Hino Inagi Kiyose Kodaira Koganei Kokubunji Komae Kunitachi Machida Mitaka Musashimurayama Musashino Nishitokyo Ōme Tachikawa Tama Nishitama District Hinode Mizuho Okutama Hinohara Insular Area Ōshima Subprefecture Ōshima To-shima Niijima Kōzushima Miyake Subprefecture Miyake Mikurajima Hachijō Subprefecture Hachijō Aogashima Ogasawara Subprefecture Ogasawara List of mergers in Tokyo Metropolis Portal Category Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Japan Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TamagawaKori8895.jpg"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolis"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"west-northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-northwest"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Imperial Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okutama,_Tokyo&action=edit"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Okutama-hp-1"}],"text":"Town in Kantō, JapanFishing is popular in Okutama.Okutama (奥多摩町, Oku-Tama-machi) is a town located in the western portion of Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, at a distance of roughly 60 kilometres (37 mi) west-northwest of Tokyo Imperial Palace. As of 1 April 2021[update], the town had an estimated population of 4,949, and a population density of 22 persons per km2.[1] The total area of the town is 225.53 square kilometres (87.08 sq mi).","title":"Okutama, Tokyo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Kumotori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kumotori"},{"link_name":"Okuchichibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okuchichibu_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Saitama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Yamanashi Prefectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Lake Okutama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Okutama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yotsuya-2"}],"text":"Okutama is located in the Okutama Mountains of far western Tokyo. It is geographically the largest municipality in Tokyo. Mount Kumotori, Tokyo's highest peak at 2017 m, divides Okutama from the Okuchichibu region of the neighboring Saitama and Yamanashi Prefectures. Tokyo's northernmost and westernmost points lie in Okutama, as does Lake Okutama, an important source of water for Tokyo, situated above the Ogōchi Dam in the town.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Kumotori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kumotori"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"tsuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga"},{"link_name":"Mount Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji"},{"link_name":"Okuchichibu Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okuchichibu_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech"},{"link_name":"Mount Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mount Odake (Tokyo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Odake_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Mount Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Mountains","text":"Mount Kumotori\nMount Kumotori, at 2017 m is the highest mountain in Tokyo and the westernmost place of Tokyo. Many plants grow here during the summer, most notably the tsuga. From the summit, there is a clear view of Mount Fuji and the Okuchichibu Mountains.[3]\nMount Mitō\nBecause it was forbidden to enter Mount Mitō during the Edo period, there are still many forests of enormous beech trees. Mount Fuji and Mount Kumotori can be seen from the summit, and it attracts many visitors especially during autumn. It is one of the Three Mountains of Okutama.[4]\nMount Odake (Tokyo)\nMount Ōdake is one of the Three Mountains of Okutama. From the summit at 1266 m, Mount Fuji can be seen to the south and Mount Gozen to the west.[5]\nMount Kawanori\nFrom Mount Kawanori, all mountains in Okutama can be seen. Also, the Hyakuhiro Waterfall is located here.[6]\nMount Gozen\nMount Gozen is well known for its oddly perfectly triangular shape. Like Mount Mitō, it attracts visitors in the fall.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tama River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tama_River"}],"sub_title":"Rivers","text":"Tama River\nThe Tama River, with a length of 138 km, is the longest river in the prefecture. It flows through the entire prefecture, and the upstream of the river is located in Okutama.\nHinohara River\nThe Hinohara River is a rather short and small river located in the western portion of Tokyo.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Okutama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Okutama"},{"link_name":"m3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume"}],"sub_title":"Lakes","text":"Lake Okutama\nLake Shiromaru\nLake Shiromaru is a rather infamous dam on the Tama River. It has a height of 30.3 m, a length of 61 m, and a volume of 14,161 m3.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolis"},{"link_name":"Akiruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiruno,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Ōme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cme,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Hinohara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinohara,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Saitama Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Chichibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichibu,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Hannō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hann%C5%8D,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Yamanashi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Uenohara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uenohara,_Yamanashi"},{"link_name":"Kosuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosuge,_Yamanashi"},{"link_name":"Tabayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabayama,_Yamanashi"}],"sub_title":"Surrounding municipalities","text":"Tokyo MetropolisAkiruno\nŌme\nHinoharaSaitama PrefectureChichibu\nHannōYamanashi PrefectureUenohara\nKosuge\nTabayama","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"JMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Okutama has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Okutama is 10.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2091 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 22.1 °C, and lowest in January, at around minus 1.1 °C.[7]Climate data for Lake Okutama (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1976−present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n34.3(93.7)\n\n36.3(97.3)\n\n36.4(97.5)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n30.2(86.4)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n36.4(97.5)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n6.8(44.2)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n27.4(81.3)\n\n28.5(83.3)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n17.4(63.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n1.5(34.7)\n\n2.2(36.0)\n\n5.5(41.9)\n\n10.8(51.4)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n14.3(57.7)\n\n8.8(47.8)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−2.4(27.7)\n\n−1.9(28.6)\n\n1.0(33.8)\n\n5.8(42.4)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n15.3(59.5)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n16.6(61.9)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n0.1(32.2)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−9.3(15.3)\n\n−11.6(11.1)\n\n−8.1(17.4)\n\n−3.8(25.2)\n\n0.7(33.3)\n\n7.5(45.5)\n\n12.4(54.3)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n1.0(33.8)\n\n−2.1(28.2)\n\n−6.9(19.6)\n\n−11.6(11.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n49.5(1.95)\n\n45.9(1.81)\n\n88.5(3.48)\n\n106.3(4.19)\n\n118.7(4.67)\n\n163.2(6.43)\n\n205.6(8.09)\n\n217.4(8.56)\n\n270.2(10.64)\n\n215.4(8.48)\n\n68.9(2.71)\n\n43.7(1.72)\n\n1,608(63.31)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n4.8\n\n5.3\n\n9.7\n\n9.5\n\n10.5\n\n13.4\n\n14.7\n\n12.8\n\n12.5\n\n10.7\n\n6.9\n\n4.5\n\n115.3\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n206.5\n\n187.7\n\n173.0\n\n178.4\n\n172.2\n\n104.2\n\n124.8\n\n144.6\n\n104.5\n\n128.7\n\n164.5\n\n186.5\n\n1,874.6\n\n\nSource: JMA[8][9]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Per Japanese census data,[10] the population of Okutama peaked around the year 1950 and has declined by more than two-thirds since then.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jōmon Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period"},{"link_name":"Yayoi period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayoi_period"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-11"}],"sub_title":"Prehistory","text":"People began settling in Okutama from before the Jōmon Period and many archaeological sites have been found with ancient pottery. During the Yayoi period, rice cultivation began in the flatter lands of present-day Okutama, but most of the area remained covered by forests and only small flat lands existed.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Musashi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musashi_Province"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-11"}],"sub_title":"Premodern period","text":"During the Edo period, the area included in present-day Okutama was divided into 16 villages within Musashi Province. In each village, there was one person who served as the mayor, another who served as the leader of a particular group, and another who served as a representative for the farmers. Also, entering Mount Takanosu was forbidden for people of low rank during this time. This was because the people of high rank (government officials and such) hunted with hawks at the mountain, and the officials wanted to keep the hunting grounds for themselves.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meiji period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period"},{"link_name":"Maebashi Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maebashi_Domain"},{"link_name":"Gunma Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Maebashi city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maebashi,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-11"}],"sub_title":"Modern period","text":"With the start of the Meiji period, the area of Okutama became part of Nirayama Prefecture except for Kotaba village, which was merged into Maebashi Domain, which then became part of Gunma Prefecture. While Kotaba village was turned into part of Maebashi city, the Okutama area was divided into three villages of Hikawa, Kori, and Ogouchi with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. In 1940, Hikawa was elevated to town status. In 1955, Hikawa town, Ogouchi village and Kori village were united, forming the town of Okutama.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor-council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor-council"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"Tokyo 25th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_25th_district"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Diet of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"}],"text":"Okutama has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 12 members. Okutama, collectively with the municipalities of Akiruno, Fussa, Hamura, Hinode, Hinohara and Mizuho, contributes two members to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Tokyo 25th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Seasonal tourism, forestry and charcoal production are mainstays of the local economy.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"氷川小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E7%94%BA%E7%AB%8B%E6%B0%B7%E5%B7%9D%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"古里小学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E7%94%BA%E7%AB%8B%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"古里中学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E7%94%BA%E7%AB%8B%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Okutama has two public elementary and one public junior high school operated by the town government.[12]Okutama Junior High School (奥多摩中学校)\nHikawa Elementary School (氷川小学校)\nKori Elementary School (古里小学校)Okutama JHS was formed by the merger of Hikawa JHS (氷川中学校) and Kori JHS (古里中学校) in 2015.[13]The town does not have a high school.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JRE-okutama-station.jpg"}],"text":"Oku-Tama Station","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tachikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachikawa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_logo_(east).svg"},{"link_name":"JR East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_East"},{"link_name":"Ōme Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cme_Line"},{"link_name":"Kawai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawai_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Kori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kori_Station"},{"link_name":"Hatonosu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatonosu_Station"},{"link_name":"Shiromaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiromaru_Station"},{"link_name":"Oku-Tama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oku-Tama_Station"}],"sub_title":"Railway","text":"The East Japan Railway Company serves the town. The Ōme line, which connects the town with Tachikawa, terminates at Oku-Tama Station.JR East – - Ōme LineKawai - Kori - Hatonosu - Shiromaru - Oku-Tama","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nishi Tokyo Bus Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishi_Tokyo_Bus"}],"sub_title":"Bus","text":"The Nishi Tokyo Bus Co. carries passengers to Lake Okutama, the Nippara Limestone Cave, Tabayama village and Kosuge village (both in Yamanashi Prefecture) from Oku-Tama Station.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_highways_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"National Route 139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_139"},{"link_name":"National Route 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_411"},{"link_name":"Prefectural Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectural_road"}],"sub_title":"Highway","text":"National Highways\n National Route 139\n National Route 411\nPrefectural Roads\nTokyo Prefectural Road 184 Okutama-Akiruno\nTokyo Prefectural Road 204 Nippara Limestone Cave\nTokyo Prefectural Road 205\nTokyo Prefectural Road 206 Kawano-Kamikawa","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Chun'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chun%27an"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"}],"text":"Chun'an, Zhejiang, China","title":"Sister city relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okuchichibu-Forest_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chichibu-Tama-Kai National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichibu-Tama-Kai_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shogakusei-14"},{"link_name":"spa town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_town"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kumotori-nanatsuishi2.JPG"},{"link_name":"limestone cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_cave"},{"link_name":"Kantō region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Mount Kurogane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kurogane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mount Azumaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Azumaya"}],"text":"A forest in the Okuchichibu MountainsAll of the town is located in Chichibu-Tama-Kai National Park.Lake Okutama\nLake Okutama plays a major role in providing drinking water for the people of Tokyo. The largest lake in Tokyo, it also has a large dam.[14]\nMount Takanosu\nDuring the Edo Period, the people of low rank were forbidden to enter Mount Takanosu, because it was a hawk hunting ground for the government and military officials. Now, it is open to hikers, and has an elevation of 1736.6 m.\nTsurunoyu Onsen\nUntil the construction of Ogouchi Dam, there was a spa town for Tsurunoyu Onsen. (It is now in the depths of the dam.) Now, there are a few inns that use the hot water from the hot spring for their spas. The hot spring is located about 20 minutes by bus from Oku-Tama Station.\nHyakuhiro WaterfallView of Mount Kumotori from Mount NanatsuishiHyakuhiro Waterfall, with a height of 40 m, is a famous waterfall in the Okutama area. Located in Mount Kawanori, it is part of the Nippara River.\nNippara Cave\nNippara Cave is the second largest limestone cave in the Kantō region after the Fujido Cave in Gunma Prefecture, and attracts many visitors from around Japan.[15]\nOkuchichibu Mountains\nThe Okuchichibu Mountains stretch from Nagano's Nobeyama region to Okutama and a portion of Saitama Prefecture and Yamanashi Prefecture. The highest mountain is Mount Kurogane (Yamanashi Prefecture), at 2232 m, and the lowest is Mount Azumaya (Saitama Prefecture), at 772 m.\nOkutama Onsen\nOkutama Onsen is a hot spring located in the town.","title":"Local attractions"}]	[{"image_text":"Fishing is popular in Okutama.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/TamagawaKori8895.jpg/220px-TamagawaKori8895.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oku-Tama Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/JRE-okutama-station.jpg/200px-JRE-okutama-station.jpg"},{"image_text":"A forest in the Okuchichibu Mountains","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Okuchichibu-Forest_01.jpg/200px-Okuchichibu-Forest_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Mount Kumotori from Mount Nanatsuishi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kumotori-nanatsuishi2.JPG/200px-Kumotori-nanatsuishi2.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Okutama town official statistics\" (in Japanese). Japan.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/shokai/gaiyo/jinko.html","url_text":"\"Okutama town official statistics\""}]},{"reference":"考える社会科地図 Kangaeru Shakaika Chizu. 四谷大塚出版 Yotsuya-Ōtsuka Shuppan. 2005. p. 113.","urls":[]},{"reference":"観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）. JMA. Retrieved February 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_a.php?prec_no=44&block_no=0365&year=&month=&day=&view=h0","url_text":"観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency","url_text":"JMA"}]},{"reference":"気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. JMA. Retrieved February 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_amd_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=0365&year=&month=&day=&view=h0","url_text":"気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency","url_text":"JMA"}]},{"reference":"\"小・中学校一覧\". Okutama. Retrieved 2022-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/1/kyoikuka/kyoiku/4/657.html","url_text":"\"小・中学校一覧\""}]},{"reference":"\"奥多摩町学校施設長寿命化計画\" (PDF). Okutama Town. Retrieved 2022-11-06. 町内の中学校は、[...]校となっています。","urls":[{"url":"https://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/material/files/group/12/tyouzyumyou.pdf","url_text":"\"奥多摩町学校施設長寿命化計画\""}]},{"reference":"楽しく学ぶ小学生の地図帳 Tanoshiku Manabu Shogakusei no Chizucho. 帝国書院 Teikoku-Shoin. 2004. p. 37.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"10 Lesser Known Places to Visit near Tokyo\". 4 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ridgelineimages.com/sightseeing/10-lesser-known-places-visit-near-tokyo/","url_text":"\"10 Lesser Known Places to Visit near Tokyo\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Okutama,_Tokyo&params=35_48_34.4_N_139_5_46.3_E_region:JP_type:city(4949)","external_links_name":"35°48′34.4″N 139°5′46.3″E / 35.809556°N 139.096194°E / 35.809556; 139.096194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Okutama,_Tokyo&params=35_48_34.4_N_139_5_46.3_E_region:JP_type:city(4949)","external_links_name":"35°48′34.4″N 139°5′46.3″E / 35.809556°N 139.096194°E / 35.809556; 139.096194"},{"Link":"http://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okutama,_Tokyo&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/shokai/gaiyo/jinko.html","external_links_name":"\"Okutama town official statistics\""},{"Link":"http://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/kankou/tozan/kumotorhi/01.html","external_links_name":"奥多摩町観光案内-奥多摩トレッキングコース-雲取山"},{"Link":"http://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/kankou/tozan/mitou/01.html","external_links_name":"奥多摩町観光案内-奥多摩トレッキングコース-御前山・三頭山"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071115214103/http://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/kankou/tozan/mitou/01.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/kankou/tozan/ootake/01.html","external_links_name":"奥多摩町観光案内-奥多摩トレッキングコース-大岳山・御岳山"},{"Link":"http://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/kankou/tozan/kawanori/01.html","external_links_name":"奥多摩町観光案内-奥多摩トレッキングコース-川苔山"},{"Link":"https://en.climate-data.org/asia/japan/tokyo/okutama-57506/","external_links_name":"Okutama climate data"},{"Link":"https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_a.php?prec_no=44&block_no=0365&year=&month=&day=&view=h0","external_links_name":"観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）"},{"Link":"https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_amd_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=0365&year=&month=&day=&view=h0","external_links_name":"気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）"},{"Link":"https://www.citypopulation.de/php/japan-tokyo.php","external_links_name":"Okutama population statistics"},{"Link":"http://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/syoukai/gaiyou/gaiyou01.html","external_links_name":"Introduction to Okutama"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070824105802/http://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/syoukai/gaiyou/gaiyou01.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/1/kyoikuka/kyoiku/4/657.html","external_links_name":"\"小・中学校一覧\""},{"Link":"https://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/material/files/group/12/tyouzyumyou.pdf","external_links_name":"\"奥多摩町学校施設長寿命化計画\""},{"Link":"http://ridgelineimages.com/sightseeing/10-lesser-known-places-visit-near-tokyo/","external_links_name":"\"10 Lesser Known Places to Visit near Tokyo\""},{"Link":"http://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/","external_links_name":"Okutama Town Official Website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/254136189","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564863705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85384805","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00394246","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/ed028c8d-2ee9-438b-bffd-b17afc5696a4","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_June_1963,_demonstrations_in_Iran	1963 demonstrations in Iran	["1 Background","2 Events","2.1 Khomeini's sermon and arrest","2.2 Uprising","2.3 Release of Khomeini","3 After the revolution","4 References","5 External links"]	1963 public backlash in Pahlavi-dynasty Iran following the arrest of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 15 Khordad incidentPart of the Iranian RevolutionPeople of Tehran in the demonstrations with pictures of Ruhollah Khomeini in their hands.Date5 June 1963LocationTehran and Qom, IranResulted inProtests suppressedParties Islamic CoalitionFreedom Movement Imperial State of Iran • Shahrbani • SAVAK • Imperial Iranian Army The demonstrations of June 5 and 6, also called the events of June 1963 or (using the Iranian calendar) the 15 Khordad uprising (Persian: تظاهرات پانزده خرداد), were protests in Iran against the arrest of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini after his denouncement of Iranian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Israel. The Shah's regime was taken by surprise by the massive public demonstrations of support, and although these were crushed within days by the police and military, the events established the importance and power of (Shia) religious opposition to the Shah, and Khomeini as a major political and religious leader. Fifteen years later, Khomeini was to lead the Iranian Revolution which overthrew the Shah and the Pahlavi dynasty and established the Islamic Republic of Iran. Background Khomeini speaking in Qom and criticizing the Shah's government In 1963, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iran's Shah started several modernizing reforms in Iran which was known as "The Revolution of the Shah and the People" or the White Revolution, it was referred to as white due to it being a bloodless revolution. These plans were to make social and economic changes in Iran. Therefore, on January 26, 1963, the Shah held a national referendum for 19 rules of White Revolution. The rules of this revolution were land reforms, nationalization of the forests and pastureland, privatization of the government owned enterprises, profit sharing, extending the right to vote to women, formation of the literacy corps, formation of the health corps, formation of the reconstruction and development corps, formation of the houses of equity, nationalization of all water resources, urban and rural modernization and reconstruction, didactic reforms, workers' right to own shares in the industrial complexes, price stabilization, free and compulsory education, free food for needy mothers, introduction of social security and national insurance, stable and reasonable cost of renting or buying of residential properties, and introduction of measures to fight against corruption. The Shah announced this revolution as a way towards Modernization. Also, other sources believe that the Shah could give legitimacy to Pahlavi dynasty with his White Revolution. The revolution caused a deep rift between Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Iranian Shia religious scholars, Ulama. They claimed these changes were a serious threat to Islam. Ruhollah Khomeini was one of the objectors who held a meeting with other Maraji and scholars in Qom and boycotted the referendum of the revolution. On January 22, 1963, Khomeini issued a worded declaration denouncing the Shah and his plans. Khomeini continued his denunciation of the Shah's programs, issuing a manifesto that also bore the signatures of eight other senior religious scholars. In it he listed the various ways in which the Shah had violated the constitution, condemned the spread of moral corruption in the country, and accused the Shah of submission to the U.S. and Israel. He also decreed that the Norooz celebrations for the Iranian year 1342 (which fell on March 21, 1963) be canceled as a sign of protest against government policies. Events Khomeini's sermon and arrest Picture believed to be of Khomeini's arrest in 1963 On the afternoon of June 3, 1963, Ashoura, Khomeini delivered a speech at the Feyziyeh School in which he drew parallels between the Umayyad Caliph Yazid I and the Shah. He denounced the Shah as a "wretched, miserable man", and warned him that if he did not change his ways the day would come when the people would offer up thanks for his departure from the country. In Tehran, a Muharram march of Khomeini supporters estimated at 100,000 marched past the Shah's palace, chanting "Death to the Dictator, death to the dictator! God save you, Khomeini! Death to the bloodthirsty enemy!" Two days later at three o'clock in the morning, security men and commandos descended on Khomeini's home in Qom and arrested him. They hastily transferred him to the Qasr Prison in Tehran. Uprising Protesters carrying the body of one of the victims As dawn broke on June 5, the news of his arrest spread first through Qom and then to other cities. In Qom, Tehran, Shiraz, Mashhad and Varamin, masses of angry demonstrators were confronted by tanks and paratroopers. In Tehran, demonstrators attacked police stations, SAVAK offices and government buildings, including ministries. The surprised government declared martial law and a curfew from 10 p.m. to 5 a.m. The Shah then ordered a division of the Imperial Guard, under the command of Major General Gholam Ali Oveisi, to move into the city and crush the demonstrations. The following day, protest groups took to the street in smaller numbers and were confronted by tanks and "soldiers in combat gear with shoot-to-kill orders". The village of Pishva near Varamin became famous during the uprising. Several hundred villagers from Pishva began marching to Tehran, shouting "Khomeini or Death". They were stopped at a railroad bridge by soldiers who opened fire with machine guns when the villagers refused to disperse and attacked the soldiers "with whatever they had". Whether "tens or hundreds" were killed is "unclear". It was not until six days later that order was fully restored. According to journalist Baqer Moin, police files indicate 320 people from a wide variety of backgrounds, including 30 leading clerics, were arrested on June 5. The files also list 380 people as killed or wounded in the uprising, not including those who did not go to hospital "for fear of arrest", or who were taken to the morgue or buried by security forces. Release of Khomeini Then Prime Minister Asadollah Alam was one of the supporters of arrest of Khomeini. Hardliners in the regime, such Prime Minister Asadollah Alam and SAVAK head Nematollah Nassiri, favored execution of Khomeini, as one responsible for the riots, and less-violent strikes and protests continued in bazaars and elsewhere. Fateme Pakravan – wife of Hassan Pakravan, chief of SAVAK – says in her memoirs that her husband saved Khomeini's life in 1963. Pakravan felt that his execution would anger the common people of Iran. He presented his argument to the Shah. Once he had convinced the Shah to allow him to find a way out, he called on Ayatollah Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, one of the senior religious leaders of Iran, and asked for his help. Shariatmadari suggested that Khomeini be declared a Marja. So, other Marjas made a religious decree which was taken by Pakravan and Seyyed Jalal Tehrani to the Shah. Pakravan's saving of Khomeini's life cost him his own. After the revolution when he was given a death sentence, a personal contact of Pakravan with close ties to Khomeini went to seek his pardon and reminded Khomeini that Pakravan had saved his life, to which Khomeini replied "he should not have." After nineteen days in the Qasr Prison, Khomeini was moved first to the Eshratabad military base and then to a house in the Davoodiyeh section of Tehran where he was kept under surveillance. He was released on April 7, 1964, and returned to Qom. After the revolution The date of 15 Khordad is widely noted throughout the Islamic Republic of Iran. Among other places, the intersection known as 15 Khordad Crossroads, a 15th of Khordad Metro Station are named after it. Coincidentally, Khomeini died twenty-six years later in 1989, on the eve of 15 Khordad. References ^ Rahnema, Ali (February 20, 2013) . "JAMʿIYAT-E MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI i. Hayʾathā-ye Moʾtalefa-ye Eslāmi 1963-79". Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 5. Vol. XIV. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 483–500. Retrieved March 15, 2016. ...the initial organization and mobilization of the demonstrations that occurred in Tehran after the arrest of Khomeini on 5 June 1963, was the work of the Coalition... ^ Shahibzadeh, Yadullah (2016). Islamism and Post-Islamism in Iran: An Intellectual History. Springer. p. 34. ISBN 9781137578259. The Freedom Movement participated actively in the 1963 uprising, instigated by Khomeini. The leading and younger members of the movement were imprisoned after the event. ^ Hosseini, Mir M. "The 15 Khordad Uprising". The Iranian History Article. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2017. ^ Moin, Baqer (2000). Khomeini, Life of an Ayatollah. New York City: St. Martin's Press. p. 104. OCLC 255085717. ^ Staff (undated). "Ayatollah Khomeini Biography" Archived 2007-05-09 at the Wayback Machine Bio. Retrieved June 3, 2012. ^ Saeed Rahnema; Sohrab Behdad (15 September 1996). Iran After the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State. I.B.Tauris. pp. 21–35. ISBN 978-1-86064-128-2. ^ a b c P. Avery; William Bayne Fisher; G. R. G. Hambly; C. Melville (10 October 1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 281,448. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0. ^ Hossein Alikhani (2000). Sanctioning Iran: Anatomy of a Failed Policy. I.B.Tauris. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-86064-626-3. ^ Heather Lehr Wagner (2010). The Iranian Revolution. Infobase Publishing. pp. 39–45. ISBN 978-1-4381-3236-5. ^ a b c "History of Iran: Ayatollah Khomeini". ^ Moin, Baqer (2000). Khomeini, Life of an Ayatollah. New York City: St. Martin's Press. p. 106. OCLC 255085717. ^ a b c Moin, Baqer (2000). Khomeini, Life of an Ayatollah. New York City: St. Martin's Press. pp. 111–113. OCLC 255085717. ^ Pakravan, Fatemeh (1998). Memoirs of Fatemeh Pakravan – Wife of Gen. Hassan Pakravan, Army Officer, Chief of State Security & Intelligence Organization, Cabinet Minister. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies. ISBN 978-0-932-88519-7. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Demonstrations and protests in Iran in 1963. vteProtests in Iran19th century Tobacco Protest (1890–1892) 20th century 1963 demonstrations Iranian Revolution 1978 Qom protest 1978 Tabriz protests Black Friday (1978) Women Day protests 1981 protests 1999 student protests 21st century 2003 student protests 2005 Ahvaz unrest Green Movement 2009 presidential election protests 2009 Ashura protests 2011–2012 protests 2011 Khuzestan protests 2015 Mahabad riots 2015 Fitilieh programme protests 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 2017–2018 protests Iranian protests against compulsory hijab 2018 Dervish protests 2018 protests 2018–2019 general strikes and protests 2018 water protests August 2018 uprising 2018 protest movement 2018 university protests 2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 2019–2020 protests Mahshahr massacre Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests 2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 2021–2022 protests 2021 water protests 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(son) Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini (daughter) Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini (daughter) Ahmad Khomeini (son) Hussein Khomeini (grandson) Hassan Khomeini (grandson) Zahra Eshraghi (granddaughter) Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi (grandfather) Related Jamaran Hussainiya Mausoleum Death and state funeral Alef-Laam Khomeini Fajr decade Refah School Homafaran Allegiance Imam Khomeini International Airport Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iranian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ayatollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatollah"},{"link_name":"Ruhollah 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against the arrest of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini after his denouncement of Iranian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Israel.[4] The Shah's regime was taken by surprise by the massive public demonstrations of support, and although these were crushed within days by the police and military, the events established the importance and power of (Shia) religious opposition to the Shah, and Khomeini as a major political and religious leader.[5] Fifteen years later, Khomeini was to lead the Iranian Revolution which overthrew the Shah and the Pahlavi dynasty and established the Islamic Republic of Iran.","title":"1963 demonstrations in Iran"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:June_3,_1963_speech_by_Ruhollah_Khomeini-_Feyziyeh_School,_Qom_(8).jpg"},{"link_name":"Qom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom"},{"link_name":"Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Reza 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Khomeini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alikhani2000-8"},{"link_name":"Maraji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja%27"},{"link_name":"Qom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom"},{"link_name":"Norooz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norooz"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wagner2010-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AveryFisher1991-7"}],"text":"Khomeini speaking in Qom and criticizing the Shah's governmentIn 1963, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iran's Shah started several modernizing reforms in Iran which was known as \"The Revolution of the Shah and the People\" or the White Revolution, it was referred to as white due to it being a bloodless revolution. These plans were to make social and economic changes in Iran.[6][7] Therefore, on January 26, 1963, the Shah held a national referendum for 19 rules of White Revolution. The rules of this revolution were land reforms, nationalization of the forests and pastureland, privatization of the government owned enterprises, profit sharing, extending the right to vote to women, formation of the literacy corps, formation of the health corps, formation of the reconstruction and development corps, formation of the houses of equity, nationalization of all water resources, urban and rural modernization and reconstruction, didactic reforms, workers' right to own shares in the industrial complexes, price stabilization, free and compulsory education, free food for needy mothers, introduction of social security and national insurance, stable and reasonable cost of renting or buying of residential properties, and introduction of measures to fight against corruption. The Shah announced this revolution as a way towards Modernization. Also, other sources believe that the Shah could give legitimacy to Pahlavi dynasty with his White Revolution. The revolution caused a deep rift between Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Iranian Shia religious scholars, Ulama. They claimed these changes were a serious threat to Islam. Ruhollah Khomeini was one of the objectors[8] who held a meeting with other Maraji and scholars in Qom and boycotted the referendum of the revolution. On January 22, 1963, Khomeini issued a worded declaration denouncing the Shah and his plans. Khomeini continued his denunciation of the Shah's programs, issuing a manifesto that also bore the signatures of eight other senior religious scholars. In it he listed the various ways in which the Shah had violated the constitution, condemned the spread of moral corruption in the country, and accused the Shah of submission to the U.S. and Israel. He also decreed that the Norooz celebrations for the Iranian year 1342 (which fell on March 21, 1963) be canceled as a sign of protest against government policies.[9][7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ashoura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoura"},{"link_name":"Feyziyeh School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyziyeh_School"},{"link_name":"Umayyad Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Yazid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid_I"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-10"},{"link_name":"Muharram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muharram"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Qasr Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasr_Prison"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AveryFisher1991-7"}],"sub_title":"Khomeini's sermon and arrest","text":"Picture believed to be of Khomeini's arrest in 1963On the afternoon of June 3, 1963, Ashoura, Khomeini delivered a speech at the Feyziyeh School in which he drew parallels between the Umayyad Caliph Yazid I and the Shah. He denounced the Shah as a \"wretched, miserable man\", and warned him that if he did not change his ways the day would come when the people would offer up thanks for his departure from the country.[10] In Tehran, a Muharram march of Khomeini supporters estimated at 100,000 marched past the Shah's palace, chanting \"Death to the Dictator, death to the dictator! God save you, Khomeini! Death to the bloodthirsty enemy!\"[11]Two days later at three o'clock in the morning, security men and commandos descended on Khomeini's home in Qom and arrested him. They hastily transferred him to the Qasr Prison in Tehran.[7]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khordad222.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shiraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz"},{"link_name":"Mashhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad"},{"link_name":"Varamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varamin"},{"link_name":"SAVAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAVAK"},{"link_name":"Gholam Ali Oveisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gholam_Ali_Oveisi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moin-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moin-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moin-12"}],"sub_title":"Uprising","text":"Protesters carrying the body of one of the victimsAs dawn broke on June 5, the news of his arrest spread first through Qom and then to other cities. In Qom, Tehran, Shiraz, Mashhad and Varamin, masses of angry demonstrators were confronted by tanks and paratroopers. In Tehran, demonstrators attacked police stations, SAVAK offices and government buildings, including ministries. The surprised government declared martial law and a curfew from 10 p.m. to 5 a.m. The Shah then ordered a division of the Imperial Guard, under the command of Major General Gholam Ali Oveisi, to move into the city and crush the demonstrations. The following day, protest groups took to the street in smaller numbers and were confronted by tanks and \"soldiers in combat gear with shoot-to-kill orders\".[12] The village of Pishva near Varamin became famous during the uprising. Several hundred villagers from Pishva began marching to Tehran, shouting \"Khomeini or Death\". They were stopped at a railroad bridge by soldiers who opened fire with machine guns when the villagers refused to disperse and attacked the soldiers \"with whatever they had\". Whether \"tens or hundreds\" were killed is \"unclear\".[12] It was not until six days later that order was fully restored.[10]According to journalist Baqer Moin, police files indicate 320 people from a wide variety of backgrounds, including 30 leading clerics, were arrested on June 5. The files also list 380 people as killed or wounded in the uprising, not including those who did not go to hospital \"for fear of arrest\", or who were taken to the morgue or buried by security forces.[12]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AAlam1963.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Asadollah Alam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asadollah_Alam"},{"link_name":"Asadollah Alam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asadollah_Alam"},{"link_name":"SAVAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAVAK"},{"link_name":"Nematollah Nassiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematollah_Nassiri"},{"link_name":"Fateme Pakravan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fateme_Pakravan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hassan Pakravan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Pakravan"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Kazem_Shariatmadari"},{"link_name":"Marja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja%27"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Davoodiyeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davoodiyeh"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-10"}],"sub_title":"Release of Khomeini","text":"Then Prime Minister Asadollah Alam was one of the supporters of arrest of Khomeini.Hardliners in the regime, such Prime Minister Asadollah Alam and SAVAK head Nematollah Nassiri, favored execution of Khomeini, as one responsible for the riots, and less-violent strikes and protests continued in bazaars and elsewhere. Fateme Pakravan – wife of Hassan Pakravan, chief of SAVAK – says in her memoirs that her husband saved Khomeini's life in 1963. Pakravan felt that his execution would anger the common people of Iran. He presented his argument to the Shah. Once he had convinced the Shah to allow him to find a way out, he called on Ayatollah Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, one of the senior religious leaders of Iran, and asked for his help. Shariatmadari suggested that Khomeini be declared a Marja. So, other Marjas made a religious decree which was taken by Pakravan and Seyyed Jalal Tehrani to the Shah.[13] Pakravan's saving of Khomeini's life cost him his own. After the revolution when he was given a death sentence, a personal contact of Pakravan with close ties to Khomeini went to seek his pardon and reminded Khomeini that Pakravan had saved his life, to which Khomeini replied \"he should not have.\"After nineteen days in the Qasr Prison, Khomeini was moved first to the Eshratabad military base and then to a house in the Davoodiyeh section of Tehran where he was kept under surveillance. He was released on April 7, 1964, and returned to Qom.[10]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"15 Khordad Crossroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Crossroads"},{"link_name":"15th of Khordad Metro Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzdah-e-Khordad_Metro_Station"},{"link_name":"Khomeini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khomeini"}],"text":"The date of 15 Khordad is widely noted throughout the Islamic Republic of Iran. Among other places, the intersection known as 15 Khordad Crossroads, a 15th of Khordad Metro Station are named after it. Coincidentally, Khomeini died twenty-six years later in 1989, on the eve of 15 Khordad.","title":"After the revolution"}]	[{"image_text":"Khomeini speaking in Qom and criticizing the Shah's government","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/June_3%2C_1963_speech_by_Ruhollah_Khomeini-_Feyziyeh_School%2C_Qom_%288%29.jpg/220px-June_3%2C_1963_speech_by_Ruhollah_Khomeini-_Feyziyeh_School%2C_Qom_%288%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Picture believed to be of Khomeini's arrest in 1963","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C.JPG/220px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C.JPG"},{"image_text":"Protesters carrying the body of one of the victims","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Khordad222.jpg/220px-Khordad222.jpg"},{"image_text":"Then Prime Minister Asadollah Alam was one of the supporters of arrest of Khomeini.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/AAlam1963.jpg/220px-AAlam1963.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Rahnema, Ali (February 20, 2013) [December 15, 2008]. \"JAMʿIYAT-E MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI i. Hayʾathā-ye Moʾtalefa-ye Eslāmi 1963-79\". Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 5. Vol. XIV. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 483–500. Retrieved March 15, 2016. ...the initial organization and mobilization of the demonstrations that occurred in Tehran after the arrest of Khomeini on 5 June 1963, was the work of the Coalition...","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jamiyat-e-motalefa-i","url_text":"\"JAMʿIYAT-E MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI i. Hayʾathā-ye Moʾtalefa-ye Eslāmi 1963-79\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Iranica"}]},{"reference":"Shahibzadeh, Yadullah (2016). Islamism and Post-Islamism in Iran: An Intellectual History. Springer. p. 34. ISBN 9781137578259. The Freedom Movement participated actively in the 1963 uprising, instigated by Khomeini. The leading and younger members of the movement were imprisoned after the event.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137578259","url_text":"9781137578259"}]},{"reference":"Hosseini, Mir M. \"The 15 Khordad Uprising\". The Iranian History Article. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121018103054/http://fouman.com/Y/Get_Iranian_History_Today.php?artid=1146","url_text":"\"The 15 Khordad Uprising\""},{"url":"http://www.fouman.com/Y/Get_Iranian_History_Today.php?artid=1146","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Saeed Rahnema; Sohrab Behdad (15 September 1996). Iran After the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State. I.B.Tauris. pp. 21–35. ISBN 978-1-86064-128-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VlyCpbY9_QQC&pg=PA21","url_text":"Iran After the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-128-2","url_text":"978-1-86064-128-2"}]},{"reference":"P. Avery; William Bayne Fisher; G. R. G. Hambly; C. Melville (10 October 1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 281,448. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC&pg=PA448","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Iran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20095-0","url_text":"978-0-521-20095-0"}]},{"reference":"Hossein Alikhani (2000). Sanctioning Iran: Anatomy of a Failed Policy. I.B.Tauris. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-86064-626-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JYJ56u3n_GoC&pg=PA12","url_text":"Sanctioning Iran: Anatomy of a Failed Policy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-626-3","url_text":"978-1-86064-626-3"}]},{"reference":"Heather Lehr Wagner (2010). The Iranian Revolution. Infobase Publishing. pp. 39–45. ISBN 978-1-4381-3236-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TZLq5TzLNqkC&pg=PA42","url_text":"The Iranian Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-3236-5","url_text":"978-1-4381-3236-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jamiyat-e-motalefa-i","external_links_name":"\"JAMʿIYAT-E MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI i. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dearborn	Henry Dearborn	["1 Early life","2 Revolutionary War service","2.1 Revolutionary War journals","3 Post-Revolution","4 War of 1812","5 Later life","6 Legacy","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 Bibliography","10.1 Further reading","11 External links"]	American politician (1751–1829) For his son, see Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn. Henry Dearborn5th United States Secretary of WarIn officeMarch 5, 1801 – March 4, 1809PresidentThomas JeffersonPreceded bySamuel DexterSucceeded byWilliam Eustis7th United States Minister to PortugalIn officeAugust 16, 1822 – June 30, 1824PresidentJames MonroePreceded byJohn GrahamSucceeded byThomas L. L. Brent10th Senior Officer of the United States ArmyIn officeJanuary 27, 1812 – June 15, 1815PresidentJames MadisonPreceded byJames WilkinsonSucceeded byJacob BrownMember of theU.S. House of Representativesfrom MassachusettsIn officeMarch 4, 1793 – March 3, 1797Serving with Peleg Wadsworth and George Thatcher (1793–95)Preceded byTheodore SedgwickSucceeded byIsaac ParkerConstituency4th district (1793–95)12th district (1795–97) Personal detailsBorn(1751-02-23)February 23, 1751North Hampton, New Hampshire, British AmericaDiedJune 6, 1829(1829-06-06) (aged 78)Roxbury, Massachusetts, U.S.Political partyAnti-Administration (Before 1792) Democratic-Republican (1792–1829)SignatureMilitary serviceAllegiance United StatesBranch/service Continental Army United States ArmyYears of service1775–1783 1812–1815Rank Colonel Major GeneralBattles/warsAmerican Revolutionary War War of 1812 Henry Dearborn (February 23, 1751 – June 6, 1829) was an American military officer and politician. In the Revolutionary War, he served under Benedict Arnold in his expedition to Quebec, of which his journal provides an important record. After being captured and exchanged, he served in George Washington's Continental Army. He was present at the British surrender at Yorktown. Dearborn served on General George Washington's staff in Virginia. He served as Secretary of War under President Thomas Jefferson, from 1801 to 1809, and served as a commanding general in the War of 1812. In later life, his criticism of General Israel Putnam's performance at the Battle of Bunker Hill caused a major controversy. Fort Dearborn in Illinois, Dearborn County in Indiana, and the city of Dearborn, Michigan, were named in his honor. Early life Henry Dearborn was born February 23, 1751, to Simon Dearborn and Sarah Marston in North Hampton in the Province of New Hampshire. He was descended from Godfrey Dearborn, from Exeter in England, who came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1639. Godfrey Dearborn settled first at Exeter, New Hampshire, and soon after at Hampton, where four successive generations of his descendants lived. Henry spent much of his youth in Epping, where he attended public schools. He grew up as an athletic boy, notably strong and a champion wrestler. He studied medicine under Dr. Hall Jackson of Portsmouth and opened a practice on the square in Nottingham, New Hampshire, in 1772. Dearborn was married three times: to Mary Bartlett in 1771, to Dorcas (Osgood) Marble in 1780, and to Sarah Bowdoin, widow of James Bowdoin, in 1813. Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn was his son by his second wife. Revolutionary War service When fighting in the American Revolutionary War began, Dearborn fought with the Continental Army as a captain in the 1st and 3rd New Hampshire Regiments; he soon rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was appointed Deputy Quartermaster General in July 1781 and served on George Washington's staff while in Virginia. At age twenty-three, he organized and led a local militia troop of sixty men to the Boston area, where he fought on June 17, 1775, at the Battle of Bunker Hill as a captain in Colonel John Stark's 1st New Hampshire Regiment. During the battle, Dearborn observed that "Not an officer or soldier of the continental troops engaged was in uniform, but were in the plain and ordinary dress of citizens; nor was there an officer on horseback." Dearborn years later would accuse Israel Putnam of failing his duty during that battle, resulting in what has since been known as the Dearborn-Putnam controversy. Dearborn volunteered to serve under Colonel Benedict Arnold in September 1775, during the difficult American expedition to Quebec. Later Dearborn would record in his Revolutionary War journal their overall situation and condition: "We were small indeed to think of entering a place like Quebec. But being now almost out of provisions we were sure to die if we attempted to return back and we could be in no worse situation if we proceeded on our rout." On the final leg of the march, Dearborn was taken seriously ill with fever, forcing him to remain behind in a cottage on the Chaudière River. Later he rejoined the combined forces of Arnold and Gen. Richard Montgomery in time to take part in the assault on Quebec. Dearborn's journal is an important record for that campaign. During the march he and Aaron Burr became companions. Along with a number of other officers, Dearborn was captured on December 31, 1775, during the Battle of Quebec, and detained for a year. He was released on parole in May 1776, but he was not exchanged until March 1777. After fighting at Ticonderoga in July 1777, Dearborn was appointed major in the regiment commanded by Alexander Scammell. In September 1777, he took part in the Saratoga campaign against Burgoyne at Freeman's Farm. The first battle was largely fought by troops from New Hampshire, Dearborn's home state. The New Hampshire brigade under General Poor and a detachment of infantry under Major Dearborn, numbering about three hundred, along with detachments of other militia, and Whitcomb's Rangers, co-operated with Morgan in the repulse of Fraser's attack. The cautious General Horatio Gates reluctantly ordered a reconnaissance force consisting of Daniel Morgan's Provisional Rifle Corps and Dearborn's light infantry to scout out the Bemis Heights area. Gates later noted Dearborn's marked ability as a soldier and officer in his report. Thereafter Dearborn joined General George Washington's main Continental Army at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, as a lieutenant colonel, where he spent the winter of 1777–1778. Dearborn fought at the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey in 1778, following the British evacuation of Philadelphia to retreat to concentrate at New York City, in the final major battle of the Northern Theatre, and in the summer of 1779 he accompanied Major General John Sullivan on the Sullivan Expedition against the Iroquois in upstate New York and in the Battle of Newtown against the Six Nations, thereafter laying waste to the Genesee Valley and the various regions around the Finger Lakes. During the winter of 1778–1779, he was encamped at what is now Putnam Memorial State Park in Redding, Connecticut. Dearborn rejoined General Washington's staff in 1781 as deputy quartermaster general and commanded the 1st New Hampshire at the siege of Yorktown with the rank of colonel and was present when Cornwallis surrendered in October of that year. In June 1783, Dearborn received his discharge from the Continental Army and settled in Gardiner, Maine, where he became Major General of the Maine militia. Washington appointed him marshal of the District of Maine. Dearborn served in the U.S. House of Representatives from the District of Maine, 1793 to 1797. He was an original member of the New Hampshire Society of the Cincinnati. Revolutionary War journals During the American Revolution Dearborn maintained six separate journals where he recorded the various campaigns, battles, and other notable events from his point of experience. His Revolutionary War journals of Henry Dearborn, 1775-1783, have provided historians of early American history with valuable first-hand information from the perspective of an officer who was engaged in the various battles and surrounding events. His journals were first published in 1939 by the Caxton Club of Chicago and were edited from the original manuscripts by historians Lloyd A. Brown and Howard Henry Peckham; the publication includes a biographical essay of Dearborn by Hermon D. Smith. The six journals are enumerated as follows: Journal I. The Quebec ExpeditionJournal II. The Burgoyne CampaignJournal III. Operations in the Middle ColoniesJournal IV. Sullivan's Indian ExpeditionJournal V. The Yorktown CampaignJournal VI. Peace Negotiations Dearborn also wrote An Account of the Battle of Bunker Hill. Various scholars have cited the short work as being culturally important and greatly contributing to the knowledge base of early American history. Post-Revolution Dearborn was commissioned as a brigadier general in the Massachusetts Militia in 1787 and was promoted to major general in 1789. The same year he was appointed as the first U.S. Marshal for the District of Maine under the new Constitution of 1787 by President Washington. He represented this district as a Democratic-Republican in the Third and Fourth Congresses from 1793 to 1797. President Thomas Jefferson frequently consulted Henry Dearborn on matters of military law and management. In 1801, third President Thomas Jefferson appointed Dearborn Secretary of War, a post he held for eight years until March 7, 1809. Dearborn advised Jefferson in matters of military personnel when Jefferson was formulating the Military Peace Establishment Act in 1800-01, which outlined a new set of laws and limits for the military and also led to the founding of a national military academy at West Point. In April 1801, Dearborn asked George Baron, an Englishman who was Dearborn's friend from Maine, to be the mathematics instructor at the academy. Dearborn also offered the superintendency of the school to Jonathan Williams, who had translated into English some European treatises on artillery and fortification. During the 1801 and 1802 period, Dearborn and Jefferson corresponded frequently, discussing various political and military matters. Notable among them was Dearborn's report of May 12, 1801 on the War Department, and his recommendation for "designating the boundary line between the United States, and the adjacent British possessions, in such manner as may prevent any disputes in future..." During his tenure, he helped Jefferson form a policy on Native Americans, the goal being to establish a western boundary by procuring lands along the Mississippi River. In 1805, while events in the Burr conspiracy were beginning to unfold, Aaron Burr and Louisiana Territory governor James Wilkinson were allegedly planning war with Mexico, with the aim of establishing a secessionist state in the Southwest in the process. Hoping to incite war with Spain, Wilkinson in a letter to Secretary of War Dearborn urged him to attack Western Spanish Florida from Baton Rouge. Prompted by prevailing rumors of war, Dearborn ordered him to send three companies of troops to Fort Adams in Western Florida as a precaution. The prospect of war in turn was used by Wilkinson to justify sending an exploratory military expedition into the Southwest to find a route that would be used to supply a war effort at the U.S.-Spanish-Mexican border. In May, Dearborn ordered Wilkinson to the Orleans territory, directing his general to "repel any invasion of the United States east of the Sabine River or north or west of the bounds of what has been called West Florida..." Dearborn further maintained that any such movements across these borders would constitute "an actual invasion of our territorial rights". This was the opportunity both Burr and Wilkinson were hoping for, thinking that Spanish officials were on edge over the prospect of confrontation with the U.S. and could easily be provoked into war. When Wilkinson, however, had asked Dearborn to send an exploratory military expedition into the Southwest, Dearborn replied that, "you, Burr, etc., are becoming too intimate ... keep every suspicious person at arm's length." At this time Dearborn also warned his top general that "your name has very frequently been mentioned with Burr's." Shortly thereafter Burr was arrested for treason. Dearborn was appointed collector of the port of Boston by President James Madison in March 1809, a position he held until January 27, 1812, when he was appointed as the Commanding General of the United States Army. War of 1812 President James Madison appointed Henry Dearborn as Commanding General of the Northeastern theater. During the War of 1812, while President Madison was urging Federalists to join in "united support" against Britain in a war they were given little reason to cooperate in, he gave Henry Dearborn senior command of the northeast sector which ranged from the Niagara River to the New England coast. Dearborn had favor with Madison as a Revolutionary War veteran who rose to the rank of colonel and for serving as Secretary of War under President Jefferson, and especially for helping Jefferson draft the Military Peace Establishment Act, which served to remove many Federalist officers from the ranks of the military. Subsequently, Madison's choice for commanding general of the northeast theater was not well received by most Federalists. At age 61, however, Dearborn was now overweight, slow and insecure, and he found it difficult to inspire confidence among the men under his command. In March he suffered a minor injury from a fall, and it is suggested that Dearborn took his time recovering. When the war broke out he spent even more time in Boston, fearing, as did Vice President Elbridge Gerry, that the Federalists were once again plotting a northeastern secession and ready to install a "Hanoverian"-like monarchy in opposition to them. Needing to present Congress with reports of progress, Secretary of War William Eustis urged Dearborn to promptly embark for Albany and plan and make preparations for an invasion of Montreal in Canada. Dearborn maintained, however, that he must first get to New England and secure the militia for defending the New England coast, which would free up the regular troops of the region for the coming campaign against Canada, and before the Federalists effected an open revolt there. After disputes with New England's several Federalist governors, who refused to supply the militia for coastal defense, Dearborn reluctantly left New England for Albany with regular troops in late July, leaving the coast almost defenseless against British coastal attacks. On August 9, while General William Hull was expecting a diversionary attack by Dearborn in the Niagara area, the latter was still at his headquarters at Greenbush, just outside of Albany, and was having great difficulty amassing troops for the coming offensive in Canada. At this time George Prévost had sent British Colonel Edward Baynes to negotiate a temporary armistice with Dearborn. Dearborn learned that Lord Liverpool was giving the American government time to respond. Lacking the means to adequately engage the British in Canada, Dearborn was not eager for battle, welcomed the delay, and rushed news of the armistice to Madison for approval. In the meantime Dearborn gave orders to General Van Rensselaer to avoid any engagements along the Niagara. The truce, however, was short-lived when on August 15 Madison repudiated Dearborn's agreement and orders were issued to renew the offensive. The War of 1812, Niagara River and Lake Ontario theaters Dearborn prepared plans for simultaneous assaults on Montreal, Kingston, Fort Niagara, and Amherstburg, but the execution was imperfect. A half-hearted advance into Lower Canada in November 1812 simply collapsed after a very minor engagement at the Battle of Lacolle Mills. Some scholars believe that Dearborn also did not move quickly enough to provide sufficient troops to defend Detroit. Hull, without firing a shot, surrendered the city to British General Isaac Brock. Hull was court-martialed and sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted. Dearborn headed the court martial. On April 27, 1813, American forces on Lake Ontario under Dearborn and Commodore Isaac Chauncey gained success at the Battle of York, occupying the town for several days and capturing many guns and stores. Thereafter the American army was transported across the lake in Chauncey's ships to Fort Niagara. Dearborn assembled 4,500 troops at Fort Niagara and planned to attack Fort George next, and entrusted the attack to Colonel Winfield Scott, but his army required rest and reorganization. No preparations had been made to accommodate the troops at Fort Niagara, and they suffered considerable shortages and privations for several days. Although Dearborn had minor successes at the capture of York (now Toronto) on April 27, 1813, and at the capture of Fort George on May 27, 1813, his command was, for the most part, ineffective. He was recalled from the frontier on July 6, 1813, and reassigned to an administrative command in New York City, and married his third wife, Sarah Bowdoin. Dearborn was honorably discharged from the Army on June 15, 1815. Later life Dearborn was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati, and was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1816, now the oldest historical society in the United States. Dearborn ran for Governor of Massachusetts in 1818 against incumbent John Brooks. Because Dearborn was a Democratic-Republican in a predominantly Federalist state, he needed favorable press to help his campaign. Subsequently, Dearborn accepted an offer from Charles Miner, the editor of The Port Folio, a Philadelphia political magazine, asking him to verify and edit a British soldier's map depicting the Battle of Bunker Hill. Dearborn saw this as a chance to win public favor and seized the opportunity. However, his efforts backfired when he also wrote a "correct account" of the battle in the article, which was reprinted in 1818, accusing Israel Putnam of inaction and cowardly leadership during the battle, which sparked a major and long-lasting controversy among veterans of the war and various historians. President James Madison nominated Dearborn for reappointment as Secretary of War, but the Senate rejected the nomination, and in the face of fierce criticism over Dearborn's performance during the War of 1812, Madison withdrew the nomination. He was later appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Portugal by President James Monroe and served from May 7, 1822, until June 30, 1824, when, by his own request, he was recalled. He retired to his home in Roxbury, Massachusetts, where he died five years later. He is interred in Forest Hills Cemetery in Jamaica Plain (outside of Boston at the time; annexed to the city in 1874). Legacy Lewis and Clark, appointed by Thomas Jefferson, named the Dearborn River in west-central Montana after Dearborn in 1803. Dearborn County, Indiana; Dearborn, Michigan; and Dearborn, Missouri, were also named for him, as was Fort Dearborn in Chicago, which in turn was the namesake for Dearborn Street, a major street in downtown Chicago. There was also a Fort Dearborn in Adams County, Mississippi, in the early 1800s; see Leonard Covington. Augusta, Maine, was so renamed after Henry's daughter, Augusta Dearborn, in August 1797. A U.S. military armory, initially named "Mount Dearborn", was planned in the early 1800s to be built on an island near the confluence of the Catawba and Wateree rivers, adjacent to Great Falls, South Carolina. The facility was never constructed, but the island name stuck, and after the town was founded in 1905, its main thoroughfare was named Dearborn Street. During World War II, a coastal defense fort named Fort Dearborn was established in Henry Dearborn's home state of New Hampshire, to guard the approaches to Portsmouth. General Dearborn's son, Henry A. S. Dearborn, was a U.S. congressman representing Massachusetts's 10th congressional district from 1831 to 1833. See also List of American Revolutionary War battles Unsuccessful nominations to the Cabinet of the United States Dearborn wagon Notes ^ In 1822 Dearborn wrote an anonymous plea in the Boston Patriot to urge the purchase of the site of the Bunker Hill battlefield, which was listed for sale. ^ During the battle Montgomery was killed and Arnold seriously wounded. ^ Maine then being a part of Massachusetts. ^ A grandnephew of Benjamin Franklin; John Adams appointed Williams a major in the Corps of Artillerists and Engineers in February 1801. President Jefferson appointed him the Army's Inspector of Fortifications. ^ Both Burr and Wilkinson, with large land holdings and other interests in the Louisiana Territory, claimed that most Louisiana residents, who were recently ruled by France, preferred to be separate from the United States. ^ Present-day southern Louisiana ^ Burr and Wilkinson, with the support of General Andrew Jackson, were earnestly promoting the idea (e.g. via newspapers) in the Southwest that war with Spain was imminent and that he would use "Mexican treasure" to entice the Western states along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers into secession. ^ This is when Wilkinson realized that knowledge of his plotting with Burr was becoming commonplace, confirming similar reports coming out of New Orleans. ^ The Federalists viewed the war as a political plot against them, while the Democratic-Republicans portrayed the Federalists as traitors for their concerted efforts to oppose the war effort. ^ Timothy Pickering and the Federalists once attempted a northeastern secession during Jefferson's first term. ^ No British coastal attacks occurred for the first year of the war — presumably a favor from the British for New England's open opposition to the war. ^ While governor, Hull's repeated requests to build a naval fleet on Lake Erie to properly defend Detroit, Fort Mackinac, and Fort Dearborn were ignored by Dearborn, which contributed to Hull's overall unpreparedness. References ^ a b c d e U.S. Army Center of Military History ^ a b c d U.S. Biographical Directory ^ Dearborn, Smith, 1939, p.4 ^ a b c d Malone, Allan, 1930, p. 174 ^ N.Y. Public library: Archives division ^ Willey, 1903, p. 161 ^ Philbrick, 2013, chap.10 ^ Dearborn, Peckham, 2009, p. 5 ^ a b c Cray, 2001 ^ Dearborn, Smith, 1939, p.50 ^ Dearborn, Smith, 1939, p.19 ^ a b c d e Willey, 1903, p. 162 ^ Dearborn, Peckham, 2009, pp. 36-37 ^ Willey, 1903, p. 9 ^ Willey, 1903, p. 13 ^ Proceedings of the General Society of the Cincinnati, 1784-, Volume 1 (1887), p. 98 ^ "Henry Dearborn \| New Hampshire Society of the Cincinnati". nhsocietyofthecincinnati.org. Retrieved May 17, 2019. ^ Dearborn, Peckham, 2009, pp. i - vii5 ^ Dearborn, 2016 ^ Thomas Jefferson to the Senate, March 25, 1802 ^ a b Henry Dearborn's Report on the War Department, May 12, 1801 ^ Dearborn's December 5, 1801 letter to Jefferson ^ Thomas Jefferson Foundation: Henry Dearborn (Physiognotrace) ^ a b Wheelan, 2005, p. 128 ^ Stewart, 2011 pp. 148-149 ^ Stewart, 2011, p. 111 ^ Stewart, 2011, pp. 110-111, 209 ^ McDonald, 2004, p. 115 ^ Daughan, 2011, p. 28 ^ a b c Taylor, 2010, pp. 180-182 ^ DiLorenzo, 1998, Yankee Confederates ^ a b c Taylor, 2010, p. 182 ^ Daughan, 2011, p. 95 ^ Hickey, 1989 p. 84 ^ Taylor, 2010, p. 217 ^ Elting, 1991, p.119 ^ Hickey, 1989 p. 88 ^ Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. V, p.174 ^ Metcalf, Bryce (1938). Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the Society of the Cincinnati, 1783-1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and Lists of the Officers of the General and State Societies. Strasburg, Va.: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc. ^ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory ^ Journal of the American Revolution ^ Purcell, 2010, pp.164-168 ^ Fredriksen, 1999, p. 210 Bibliography Johnson, Allen; Malone, Dumas (Eds.) (1930). Dictionary of American Biography, Feb. 23, 1751 - Jun. 6, 1829, Vol. V. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Dearborn, Henry; Putnam, Daniel (1818). An Account of the Battle of Bunker's Hill. Munroe & Francis, Boston. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005: The Continental Congress, September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788. Government Printing Office. 2005. ISBN 9780160731761. Cray, Robert E. (2001). Bunker Hill Refought: Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts, 1775-1825 (PDF). Historical Journal of Massachusetts. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2016. Dearborn, Henry; Peckham, Howard Henry (2009). Revolutionary War Journals of Henry Dearborn, 1775-1783. Heritage Books, 282 pages. ISBN 9780788401244. e-Book Daughan, George C. (2011). 1812, The Navy's War. Perseus Books, New York, 491 pages. ISBN 9780465028085. Elting, John R. (1991). Amateurs, to Arms! A Military History of the War of 1812. DaCapo Press. ISBN 0-306-80653-3. Fredriksen, John C. (1999). American Military Leaders. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576070017. Green (2009). The Guns of Independence: The Siege of Yorktown, 1781. ISBN 9781932714685. Hickey, Donald R. (1989). The War of 1812, The Forgotten Conflict. University of Illinois Press, 454 pages. ISBN 9780252078378. McDonald, Forrest (2004). Thomas Jefferson's Military Academy: Founding West Point. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 9780813922980. Philbrick, Nathaniel (2013). Bunker Hill: A City, A Siege, A Revolution. Penguin Books, 416 pages. ISBN 9781101622704. Purcell, Sarah J. (2010). Sealed with Blood: War, Sacrifice, and Memory in Revolutionary America. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812203028., pages covering account Proceedings of the General Society of the Cincinnati, 1784-1884, Volume 1. Society of the Cincinnati, Philadelphia. 1887. Stewart, David O. (2011). American Emperor: Aaron Burr's challenge to Jefferson's America. Simon & Schuster, 411 pages. ISBN 9781439160329. Taylor, Alan (2010). The Civil War of 1812. Alfred A Knopf, New York, 623 pages. ISBN 9780679776734. Wheelan, Joseph (2005). Jefferson's Vendetta. Carroll and Graf Publishers, New York, 344 pages. ISBN 9780786714377. Willey, George Franklyn (1903). State Builders: An Illustrated Historical and Biographical Record of the State of New Hampshire. State Builders Publishing, Manchester, NH. Website sources "Dearborn, H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell), 1783-1851". New York Public library. Retrieved April 13, 2016. "Dearborn's 5 December 1801 letter to Jefferson". U.S. National Archives. 1801. Retrieved December 30, 2019. "Henry Dearborn's Report on the War Department, ". U.S. National Archives. 1801. "Thomas Jefferson to the Senate, 25 March 1802". U.S. National Archives. Retrieved March 23, 2016. "DEARBORN, Henry, (1751 - 1829)". U.S. Congress. Retrieved March 26, 2012. "Henry Dearborn". U.S. Army Center of Military History. Retrieved March 26, 2016. "Henry Dearborn (Physiognotrace)". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved March 25, 2016. DiLorenzo, Thomas J. (1998). "Yankee Confederates". Retrieved March 29, 2016. "Bunker Hill Monument and Memory". Journal of the American Revolution. June 18, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2016. Further reading Dale, Ronald J. (2001). The Invasion of Canada: Battles of the War of 1812. James Lorimer & Company, 96 pages. ISBN 9781550287387. Frothingham, Richard (1890). Battle of Bunker Hill. Little, Brown & Company, 136 pages. — eBook Livingston, William Farrand (1901). Israel Putnam: Pioneer, Ranger, and Major-general, 1718-1790. G. P. Putnam's Sons. — eBook Tarbox, Increase Niles (1876). Life of Israel Putnam. Lockwood, Brooks & Company, Boston. — eBook Winsor, Justin (1887). Narrative and Critical History of America, Volume 6. Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 777 pages. — eBook External links The Society of the Cincinnati The American Revolution Institute Letters from Henry Dearborn, to Washington, Adams, Jefferson, etc. Bell, William Gardner (2005). "Henry Dearborn". Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff: Portraits and Biographical Sketchs. United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 72–73. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021. George LaBarre Galleries: Henry Dearborn autographed as President, Republican Institution Certificate dated 1821. Works by Henry Dearborn at Project Gutenberg U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byTheodore Sedgwick Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Massachusetts's 4th congressional district 1793–1795 Served alongside: George Thatcher, Peleg Wadsworth Succeeded byDwight Foster New constituency Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Massachusetts's 12th congressional district 1795–1797 Succeeded byIsaac Parker Political offices Preceded bySamuel Dexter United States Secretary of War 1801–1809 Succeeded byWilliam Eustis Military offices Preceded byJames Wilkinson Senior Officer of the United States Army 1812–1815 Succeeded byJacob Brown Party political offices Preceded byLemuel Dexter Democratic-Republican nominee for Governor of Massachusetts 1817 Succeeded byBenjamin Williams Crowninshield Diplomatic posts Preceded byJohn Graham United States Minister to Portugal 1822–1824 Succeeded byThomas BrentActing vteDemocratic-Republican Party Anti-Administration Party Anti-Federalism First Party System Jeffersonian democracy Era of Good Feelings Presidency of Thomas Jefferson Presidency of James Madison Presidency of James Monroe Tertium quids Presidentialtickets 1796: Jefferson/Burr 1800: Jefferson/Burr 1804: Jefferson/Clinton 1808: Madison/Clinton 1812: Madison/Gerry 1816: Monroe/Tompkins 1820: Monroe/Tompkins 1824: Adams/Calhoun Jackson/Calhoun Crawford/Macon Clay/Sanford U.S. Housespeakers Frederick Muhlenberg (1793–1795) Nathaniel Macon (1801–1807) Joseph Bradley Varnum (1807–1811) Henry Clay (1811–1814) Langdon Cheves (1814–1815) Henry Clay (1815–1820) John W. Taylor (1820–1821) Philip P. Barbour (1821–1823) Henry Clay (1823–1825) U.S. CabinetState Thomas Jefferson (1790–1794) Levi Lincoln Sr. (1801) James Madison (1801–1809) Robert Smith (1809–1811) James Monroe (1811–1817) John Graham (1817) John Quincy Adams (1817–1825) Treasury Albert Gallatin (1801–1814) George W. Campbell (1814) Alexander J. Dallas (1814–1816) William Jones (1816) William H. Crawford (1816–1825) War Henry Dearborn (1801–1809) William Eustis (1809–1813) John Armstrong Jr. (1813–1814) James Monroe (1814–1815) Alexander J. Dallas (1815) William H. Crawford (1815–1816) George Graham (1816–1817) John C. Calhoun (1817–1825) Attorney General Levi Lincoln Sr. (1801–1805) John Breckinridge (1805–1806) Caesar Augustus Rodney (1807–1811) William Pinkney (1811–1814) William Wirt (1817–1825) Navy Robert Smith (1801–1809) Paul Hamilton (1809–1813) William Jones (1813–1814) Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (1815–1818) Smith Thompson (1819–1823) Samuel L. Southard (1823–1825) vteUnited States Secretaries of War and the ArmyDepartmentof War(1789–1947)Secretariesof War B. Lincoln Knox Pickering McHenry Dexter Dearborn Eustis Armstrong Monroe W. Crawford Calhoun Barbour P. Porter Eaton Cass Poinsett Bell Spencer J. Porter Wilkins Marcy G. Crawford Conrad J. Davis Floyd Holt S. Cameron Stanton Schofield Rawlins Belknap A. Taft J. Cameron McCrary Ramsey R. Lincoln Endicott Proctor Elkins Lamont Alger Root W. Taft Wright Dickinson Stimson Garrison Baker Weeks D. Davis Good Hurley Dern Woodring Stimson Patterson Royall Assistant Secretariesof War Scott Watson Tucker Wolcott Dana Eckert Grant Doe Meiklejohn Sanger Oliver Breckinridge Ingraham Crowell Williams Wainwright D. Davis MacNider Robbins Hurley Payne Woodring L. Johnson Patterson McCloy Petersen Under Secretariesof War Patterson Royall Draper Departmentof the Army(1947–present)Secretariesof the Army Royall Gray Pace Stevens Brucker Stahr Vance Ailes Resor Froehlke Callaway Hoffmann C. Alexander Marsh Stone West Caldera White Harvey Geren McHugh Fanning Esper McCarthy Wormuth Under Secretariesof the Army Draper Gray Voorhees A. Alexander Bendetsen E. Johnson Slezak Finucane Milton Ailes Ignatius Resor McGiffert Beal BeLieu Staudt Augustine LaBerge Ambrose Stone Shannon Reeder Walker Rostker Dahlberg Brownlee Geren Ford Westphal Carson Murphy McCarthy McPherson Camarillo vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts1st district F. Ames Dexter Goodhue Holten Sedgwick Skinner Sedgwick J. Bacon Eustis Quincy Ward Jr. Mason Gorham Webster Gorham N. Appleton Gorham A. Lawrence Fletcher A. Lawrence Winthrop N. Appleton Winthrop S. Eliot W. Appleton Scudder T. D. Eliot Hall T. D. Eliot Buffington Crapo R. Davis Randall Wright G. Lawrence Treadway Heselton Conte Olver Neal 2nd district Goodhue Foster W. Lyman Sedgwick Ward Sr. W. Lyman Shepard J. Crowninshield Story Pickman W. Reed Pickering Silsbee Barstow B. Crowninshield Choate Phillips Saltonstall D. King Rantoul Fay Crocker Buffington O. Ames Harris Long E. Morse Gillett Churchill Bowles Kaynor Granfield Clason Furcolo Boland Neal McGovern 3rd district Gerry Bourne Coffin S. Lyman Mattoon Cutler Nelson Livermore White Pickering Nelson Varnum Nelson Osgood Cushing A. Abbott Duncan Edmands Damrell C. Adams Thomas A. Rice Twichell Whiting I Pierce Field B. Dean Field Ranney L. Morse J. Andrew Walker J. R. Thayer R. Hoar C. Washburn J. A. Thayer Wilder Paige F. Foss Casey Philbin Drinan Donohue Early Blute McGovern N. Tsongas Trahan 4th district Sedgwick Dearborn G. Thatcher Wadsworth Foster L. Lincoln Sr. Hastings Varnum W. Richardson Dana Stearns Fuller E. Everett Sa. Hoar Parmenter Thompson Palfrey Thompson Sabine Walley Comins A. Rice Hooper Frost J. Abbott L. Morse Collins O'Neil Apsley Weymouth Tirrell Mitchell Wilder Winslow Stobbs P. Holmes Donohue Drinan Frank Kennedy III Auchincloss 5th district Partridge Bourne Freeman L. Williams T. Dwight Ely Mills Lathrop Sibley J. Davis L. Lincoln Jr. Hudson C. Allen W. Appleton Burlingame W. Appleton Hooper Alley Butler Gooch Banks Bowman L. Morse Hayden Banks Sh. Hoar Stevens Knox B. Ames J. Rogers E. Rogers B. Morse Cronin P. Tsongas Shannon Atkins Meehan N. Tsongas Markey Clark 6th district G. Thatcher Leonard J. Reed Sr. J. Smith Taggart S. Allen Locke Kendall Grennell Alvord Baker Ashmun G. Davis Upham T. Davis Alley Gooch Banks Butler Thompson Loring Stone Lovering Lodge Cogswell Moody Gardner Lufkin A.P. Andrew G. Bates W. Bates Harrington Mavroules Torkildsen Tierney Moulton 7th district Leonard Ward Sr. Leonard Bullock Bishop Mitchell Barker Baylies Turner Baylies Hulbert Shaw H. Dwight S. Allen Grennell Briggs J. Rockwell Goodrich Banks Gooch Boutwell Brooks Esty E. Hoar Tarbox Butler W. Russell Stone Cogswell W. Everett Barrett Roberts Phelan Maloney W. Connery L. Connery Lane Macdonald Markey Capuano Pressley 8th district Grout G. Thatcher F. Ames Otis Eustis L. Williams Green Gardner Green J. Reed Jr. Baylies Sampson Hobart Lathrop Bates Calhoun J. Adams Mann Wentworth Knapp Train Baldwin G. Hoar J. M. S. Williams Warren Claflin Candler W Russell C. H. Allen Greenhalge Stevens McCall Deitrick Dallinger H. Thayer Dallinger Healey Goodwin Macdonald O'Neill Kennedy II Capuano Lynch 9th district Varnum Bishop J. Dean Wheaton J. Reed Jr. Folger J. Reed Jr. H. Dwight Briggs Jackson Hastings H. Williams Hale Fowler Little De Witt E. Thayer Bailey A. Walker W. Washburn Crocker G. Hoar W. Rice T. Lyman Ely Burnett Candler G. Williams O'Neil Fitzgerald Conry Keliher Murray Roberts Fuller Underhill Luce R. Russell Luce T. H. Eliot Gifford Nicholson Keith McCormack Hicks Moakley Lynch Keating 10th district Goodhue Sewall Read Hastings Upham J. Allen Brigham Wheaton Morton F Baylies Bailey H. A. S. Dearborn W. Baylies Borden H. Williams Borden Burnell Grinnell Scudder Dickinson Chaffee Delano Dawes Crocker Stevens Seelye Norcross W. Rice J. E. Russell J. Walker McEttrick Atwood Barrows Naphen McNary O'Connell Curley Murray Tague Fitzgerald Tague Douglass Tinkham Herter Curtis Martin Heckler Studds Delahunt Keating 11th district Bradbury Bartlett Cutler Stedman A. Bigelow Brigham B. Adams J. Russell Hobart J. Richardson J. Adams J. Reed Jr. Burnell Goodrich Trafton Dawes Chapin Robinson Whiting II Wallace Coolidge Draper Sprague Powers Sullivan Peters Tinkham Douglass Higgins Flaherty Curley Kennedy O'Neill Burke Donnelly 12th district H. Dearborn I. Parker Lee S. Thatcher Skinner Larned Bidwell Bacon Dewey Hulbert Strong Kendall L. Bigelow Baylies Hodges J. Adams Robinson F. Rockwell Crosby E. Morse Lovering Powers Weeks Curley Gallivan McCormack Keith Studds 13th district Wadsworth Seaver Ruggles Dowse Eustis J. Reed Jr. Randall Simpkins Greene Weeks Mitchell Carter Luce Wigglesworth Burke 14th district G. Thatcher Cutts C. King J. Holmes Lovering E. Foss Harris Gilmore Olney Frothingham Wigglesworth Martin 15th district Wadsworth Ilsley Whitman Widgery Bradbury Whitman Greene Leach Martin Gifford 16th district S. Thatcher Cook Tallman S. Davis Brown Orr Hill Thacher Walsh Gifford 17th district Bruce Chandler Gannett F. Carr Wood J. Carr Wilson Kinsley 18th district Wilson T. Rice J. Parker 19th district J. Parker Conner Gage Cushman 20th district Hubbard Parris E. Lincoln At-large Cobb vteLeaders of the United States ArmySenior Officer / Commanding General Washington Knox Doughty Harmar St. Clair Wayne Hamilton Wilkinson Dearborn J. Brown Macomb W. Scott McClellan Halleck Grant Sherman Sheridan Schofield Miles Chiefs of Staff Young Chaffee Bates Bell Wood Wotherspoon H. Scott Bliss March Pershing Hines Summerall MacArthur Craig Marshall Eisenhower Bradley Collins Ridgway Taylor Lemnitzer Decker Wheeler Johnson Westmoreland B. Palmer Abrams Weyand Rogers Meyer Wickham Vuono Sullivan Reimer Shinseki Schoomaker Casey Dempsey Odierno Milley McConville George Vice Chiefs of Staff Collins Haislip Hull Bolte W. Palmer Lemnitzer Decker Eddleman Hamlett Abrams Haines B. Palmer Haig Weyand Kerwin Kroesen Vessey Wickham Thurman A. Brown RisCassi Sullivan Reimer Peay Tilelli Griffith Crouch Shinseki Keane Casey Cody Chiarelli Austin Campbell Allyn McConville Martin George Mingus vte United States Ambassadors to Portugal Minister Plenipotentiary Humphreys (Minister Resident) Smith Sumter Graham Dearborn (Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary) Chargé d'Affaires Brent Kavanagh Barrow Rencher Hopkins Clay Haddock O'Sullivan Minister Resident O'Sullivan G. Morgan Harvey Shellabarger C. Lewis Moran Moran (chargé d'affaires) Minister Resident/Consul General Francis Richmond E. Lewis Loring Batcheller Pierce Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Caruth Townsend Irwin Loomis Bryan Gage E. Morgan Woods Birch Dearing South Caldwell Pell Fish Norweb Ambassador Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiary Norweb Baruch Wiley MacVeagh Cannon Guggenheim Bonbright Elbrick Anderson Bennett Knight Scott Carlucci Bloomfield Holmes Shakespeare Rowell Briggs Bagley McGowan Palmer Hoffman Stephenson Katz Sherman Glass Levine vte(← 1804) 1808 United States presidential election (1812 →)Democratic-Republican PartyNominees President: James Madison Vice President: George Clinton (incumbent) Other candidates President: James Monroe George Clinton Vice President: Henry Dearborn John Quincy Adams Federalist PartyNominees President: Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Vice President: Rufus King Other 1808 elections: House Senate vteCabinet of President Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)Secretary of State James Madison (1801–1809) Secretary of the Treasury Samuel Dexter (1801) Albert Gallatin (1801–1809) Secretary of War Henry Dearborn (1801–1809) Attorney General Levi Lincoln Sr. (1801–1805) John Breckinridge (1805–1806) Caesar Augustus Rodney (1807–1809) Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert (1801) Robert Smith (1801–1809) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States People Deutsche Biographie US Congress Other NARA SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Alexander_Scammell_Dearborn"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Benedict Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Arnold"},{"link_name":"expedition to Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Arnold%27s_expedition_to_Quebec"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown_(1781)"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Israel Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Putnam"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bunker Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill"},{"link_name":"controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearborn-Putnam_controversy"},{"link_name":"Fort Dearborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dearborn"},{"link_name":"Dearborn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearborn_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Dearborn, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USArmy-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DearbornBio-2"}],"text":"For his son, see Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn.Henry Dearborn (February 23, 1751 – June 6, 1829) was an American military officer and politician. In the Revolutionary War, he served under Benedict Arnold in his expedition to Quebec, of which his journal provides an important record. After being captured and exchanged, he served in George Washington's Continental Army. He was present at the British surrender at Yorktown. Dearborn served on General George Washington's staff in Virginia.He served as Secretary of War under President Thomas Jefferson, from 1801 to 1809, and served as a commanding general in the War of 1812. In later life, his criticism of General Israel Putnam's performance at the Battle of Bunker Hill caused a major controversy. Fort Dearborn in Illinois, Dearborn County in Indiana, and the city of Dearborn, Michigan, were named in his honor.[1][2]","title":"Henry Dearborn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hampton,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Province of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Bay Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony"},{"link_name":"Exeter, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Epping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epping,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Nottingham, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAB-4"},{"link_name":"James Bowdoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bowdoin"},{"link_name":"Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Alexander_Scammell_Dearborn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USArmy-1"}],"text":"Henry Dearborn was born February 23, 1751, to Simon Dearborn and Sarah Marston in North Hampton in the Province of New Hampshire. He was descended from Godfrey Dearborn, from Exeter in England, who came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1639. Godfrey Dearborn settled first at Exeter, New Hampshire, and soon after at Hampton, where four successive generations of his descendants lived. Henry spent much of his youth in Epping, where he attended public schools. He grew up as an athletic boy, notably strong and a champion wrestler.[3] He studied medicine under Dr. Hall Jackson of Portsmouth and opened a practice on the square in Nottingham, New Hampshire, in 1772.[4]Dearborn was married three times: to Mary Bartlett in 1771, to Dorcas (Osgood) Marble in 1780, and to Sarah Bowdoin, widow of James Bowdoin, in 1813. Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn was his son by his second wife.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_New_Hampshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_New_Hampshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Quartermaster General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster_General_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nypl1-5"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bunker Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill"},{"link_name":"John Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stark"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willey161-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Israel Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Putnam"},{"link_name":"Dearborn-Putnam controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearborn-Putnam_controversy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cray1-9"},{"link_name":"Benedict Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Arnold"},{"link_name":"American expedition to Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Arnold%27s_expedition_to_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Chaudière River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudi%C3%A8re_River"},{"link_name":"Richard Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAB-4"},{"link_name":"Aaron Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Battle of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willey162-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"parole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USArmy-1"},{"link_name":"Ticonderoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scammell%27s_1781_Light_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Alexander Scammell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Scammell"},{"link_name":"Saratoga campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga"},{"link_name":"Burgoyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burgoyne"},{"link_name":"Freeman's Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga#First_Saratoga:_Battle_of_Freeman's_Farm_(September_19)"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Poor"},{"link_name":"Whitcomb's Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitcomb%27s_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Fraser's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Balnain"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Horatio Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Gates"},{"link_name":"Daniel Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Bemis Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemis_Heights"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willey162-14"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"Valley Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Forge"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAB-4"},{"link_name":"Battle of Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Northern Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"John Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)"},{"link_name":"Sullivan Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willey162-14"},{"link_name":"Battle of Newtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Newtown"},{"link_name":"Genesee Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee_Valley"},{"link_name":"Finger Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_Lakes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAB-4"},{"link_name":"Putnam Memorial State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putnam_Memorial_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Redding, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redding,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"siege of Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Cornwallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willey162-14"},{"link_name":"Gardiner, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardiner,_Maine"},{"link_name":"District of Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Maine"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willey162-14"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Society of the Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"When fighting in the American Revolutionary War began, Dearborn fought with the Continental Army as a captain in the 1st and 3rd New Hampshire Regiments; he soon rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was appointed Deputy Quartermaster General in July 1781 and served on George Washington's staff while in Virginia.[5] At age twenty-three, he organized and led a local militia troop of sixty men to the Boston area, where he fought on June 17, 1775, at the Battle of Bunker Hill as a captain in Colonel John Stark's 1st New Hampshire Regiment.[6][7] During the battle, Dearborn observed that \"Not an officer or soldier of the continental troops engaged was in uniform, but were in the plain and ordinary dress of citizens; nor was there an officer on horseback.\"[8][a] Dearborn years later would accuse Israel Putnam of failing his duty during that battle, resulting in what has since been known as the Dearborn-Putnam controversy.[9]Dearborn volunteered to serve under Colonel Benedict Arnold in September 1775, during the difficult American expedition to Quebec. Later Dearborn would record in his Revolutionary War journal their overall situation and condition: \"We were small indeed to think of entering a place like Quebec. But being now almost out of provisions we were sure to die if we attempted to return back and we could be in no worse situation if we proceeded on our rout.\"[10]On the final leg of the march, Dearborn was taken seriously ill with fever, forcing him to remain behind in a cottage on the Chaudière River. Later he rejoined the combined forces of Arnold and Gen. Richard Montgomery in time to take part in the assault on Quebec.[b][4] Dearborn's journal is an important record for that campaign. During the march he and Aaron Burr became companions.[11] Along with a number of other officers, Dearborn was captured on December 31, 1775, during the Battle of Quebec, and detained for a year.[12][13] He was released on parole in May 1776, but he was not exchanged until March 1777.[1]After fighting at Ticonderoga in July 1777, Dearborn was appointed major in the regiment commanded by Alexander Scammell.In September 1777, he took part in the Saratoga campaign against Burgoyne at Freeman's Farm. The first battle was largely fought by troops from New Hampshire, Dearborn's home state. The New Hampshire brigade under General Poor and a detachment of infantry under Major Dearborn, numbering about three hundred, along with detachments of other militia, and Whitcomb's Rangers, co-operated with Morgan in the repulse of Fraser's attack.[14] The cautious General Horatio Gates reluctantly ordered a reconnaissance force consisting of Daniel Morgan's Provisional Rifle Corps and Dearborn's light infantry to scout out the Bemis Heights area.[12] Gates later noted Dearborn's marked ability as a soldier and officer in his report. Thereafter Dearborn joined General George Washington's main Continental Army at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, as a lieutenant colonel, where he spent the winter of 1777–1778.[4]Dearborn fought at the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey in 1778, following the British evacuation of Philadelphia to retreat to concentrate at New York City, in the final major battle of the Northern Theatre, and in the summer of 1779 he accompanied Major General John Sullivan on the Sullivan Expedition against the Iroquois in upstate New York[12] and in the Battle of Newtown against the Six Nations, thereafter laying waste to the Genesee Valley and the various regions around the Finger Lakes.[4]During the winter of 1778–1779, he was encamped at what is now Putnam Memorial State Park in Redding, Connecticut. Dearborn rejoined General Washington's staff in 1781 as deputy quartermaster general and commanded the 1st New Hampshire at the siege of Yorktown with the rank of colonel[15] and was present when Cornwallis surrendered in October of that year.[12]In June 1783, Dearborn received his discharge from the Continental Army and settled in Gardiner, Maine, where he became Major General of the Maine militia. Washington appointed him marshal of the District of Maine. Dearborn served in the U.S. House of Representatives from the District of Maine, 1793 to 1797.[12][c] He was an original member of the New Hampshire Society of the Cincinnati.[16][17]","title":"Revolutionary War service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caxton Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxton_Club"},{"link_name":"Howard Henry Peckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Henry_Peckham"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Revolutionary War journals","text":"During the American Revolution Dearborn maintained six separate journals where he recorded the various campaigns, battles, and other notable events from his point of experience. His Revolutionary War journals of Henry Dearborn, 1775-1783, have provided historians of early American history with valuable first-hand information from the perspective of an officer who was engaged in the various battles and surrounding events. His journals were first published in 1939 by the Caxton Club of Chicago and were edited from the original manuscripts by historians Lloyd A. Brown and Howard Henry Peckham; the publication includes a biographical essay of Dearborn by Hermon D. Smith. The six journals are enumerated as follows:Journal I. The Quebec ExpeditionJournal II. The Burgoyne CampaignJournal III. Operations in the Middle ColoniesJournal IV. Sullivan's Indian ExpeditionJournal V. The Yorktown CampaignJournal VI. Peace Negotiations[18]Dearborn also wrote An Account of the Battle of Bunker Hill. Various scholars have cited the short work as being culturally important and greatly contributing to the knowledge base of early American history.[19]","title":"Revolutionary War service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marshal"},{"link_name":"District of Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Maine"},{"link_name":"President Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Democratic-Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican"},{"link_name":"Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_United_States_Congress"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jefferson_Portrait_West_Point_by_Thomas_Sully.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"Military Peace Establishment Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Peace_Establishment_Act"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"George Baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Baron"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Williams_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dearborn_War_Dept_report-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dearborn_War_Dept_report-25"},{"link_name":"British possessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_possessions"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Burr conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burr_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Aaron Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Territory"},{"link_name":"James Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Spanish Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"Fort Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Adams"},{"link_name":"Western Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Florida"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wheelan128-30"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Sabine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas%E2%80%93Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"port of Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Commanding General of the United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DearbornBio-2"}],"text":"Dearborn was commissioned as a brigadier general in the Massachusetts Militia in 1787 and was promoted to major general in 1789. The same year he was appointed as the first U.S. Marshal for the District of Maine under the new Constitution of 1787 by President Washington. He represented this district as a Democratic-Republican in the Third and Fourth Congresses from 1793 to 1797.President Thomas Jefferson frequently consulted Henry Dearborn on matters of military law and management.In 1801, third President Thomas Jefferson appointed Dearborn Secretary of War, a post he held for eight years until March 7, 1809. Dearborn advised Jefferson in matters of military personnel when Jefferson was formulating the Military Peace Establishment Act in 1800-01, which outlined a new set of laws and limits for the military and also led to the founding of a national military academy at West Point.[20] In April 1801, Dearborn asked George Baron, an Englishman who was Dearborn's friend from Maine, to be the mathematics instructor at the academy. Dearborn also offered the superintendency of the school to Jonathan Williams,[d] who had translated into English some European treatises on artillery and fortification.[21]During the 1801 and 1802 period, Dearborn and Jefferson corresponded frequently, discussing various political and military matters. Notable among them was Dearborn's report of May 12, 1801 on the War Department,[21] and his recommendation for \"designating the boundary line between the United States, and the adjacent British possessions, in such manner as may prevent any disputes in future...\"[22]During his tenure, he helped Jefferson form a policy on Native Americans, the goal being to establish a western boundary by procuring lands along the Mississippi River.[23]In 1805, while events in the Burr conspiracy were beginning to unfold, Aaron Burr and Louisiana Territory governor James Wilkinson were allegedly planning war with Mexico, with the aim of establishing a secessionist state in the Southwest in the process.[e] Hoping to incite war with Spain, Wilkinson in a letter to Secretary of War Dearborn urged him to attack Western Spanish Florida from Baton Rouge. Prompted by prevailing rumors of war, Dearborn ordered him to send three companies of troops to Fort Adams in Western Florida as a precaution.[f] The prospect of war in turn was used by Wilkinson to justify sending an exploratory military expedition into the Southwest to find a route that would be used to supply a war effort at the U.S.-Spanish-Mexican border.[24][g] In May, Dearborn ordered Wilkinson to the Orleans territory, directing his general to \"repel any invasion of the United States east of the Sabine River or north or west of the bounds of what has been called West Florida...\" Dearborn further maintained that any such movements across these borders would constitute \"an actual invasion of our territorial rights\". This was the opportunity both Burr and Wilkinson were hoping for, thinking that Spanish officials were on edge over the prospect of confrontation with the U.S. and could easily be provoked into war.[25] When Wilkinson, however, had asked Dearborn to send an exploratory military expedition into the Southwest, Dearborn replied that, \"you, Burr, etc., are becoming too intimate ... keep every suspicious person at arm's length.\"[h] At this time Dearborn also warned his top general that \"your name has very frequently been mentioned with Burr's.\" Shortly thereafter Burr was arrested for treason.[27]Dearborn was appointed collector of the port of Boston by President James Madison in March 1809,[28] a position he held until January 27, 1812, when he was appointed as the Commanding General of the United States Army.[2]","title":"Post-Revolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Madison.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Federalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party"},{"link_name":"Niagara River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_River"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor180-38"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Elbridge Gerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"\"Hanoverian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor180-38"},{"link_name":"William Eustis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Eustis"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"coming campaign against Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812#Invasions_of_Upper_and_Lower_Canada,_1812"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor,_2010,_p._182-42"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"William Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hull"},{"link_name":"Greenbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Greenbush,_New_York"},{"link_name":"George Prévost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pr%C3%A9vost"},{"link_name":"Edward Baynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Baynes"},{"link_name":"armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice"},{"link_name":"Lord Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor,_2010,_p._182-42"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Niagara_River_1812.jpg"},{"link_name":"Niagara River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Fort Niagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Niagara"},{"link_name":"Amherstburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherstburg"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lacolle Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1812)"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit"},{"link_name":"Isaac Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Brock"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"court-martialed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Lake Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Isaac Chauncey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Chauncey"},{"link_name":"Battle of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_York"},{"link_name":"Fort George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_George,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Winfield Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elting119-48"},{"link_name":"capture of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_York"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"capture of Fort George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USArmy-1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"President James Madison appointed Henry Dearborn as Commanding General of the Northeastern theater.During the War of 1812, while President Madison was urging Federalists to join in \"united support\" against Britain in a war they were given little reason to cooperate in, he gave Henry Dearborn senior command of the northeast sector which ranged from the Niagara River to the New England coast. Dearborn had favor with Madison as a Revolutionary War veteran who rose to the rank of colonel and for serving as Secretary of War under President Jefferson,[29] and especially for helping Jefferson draft the Military Peace Establishment Act, which served to remove many Federalist officers from the ranks of the military. Subsequently, Madison's choice for commanding general of the northeast theater was not well received by most Federalists.[30] [i] At age 61, however, Dearborn was now overweight, slow and insecure, and he found it difficult to inspire confidence among the men under his command. In March he suffered a minor injury from a fall, and it is suggested that Dearborn took his time recovering. When the war broke out he spent even more time in Boston, fearing, as did Vice President Elbridge Gerry, that the Federalists were once again plotting a northeastern secession[j] and ready to install a \"Hanoverian\"-like monarchy in opposition to them.[30]Needing to present Congress with reports of progress, Secretary of War William Eustis urged Dearborn to promptly embark for Albany and plan and make preparations for an invasion of Montreal in Canada. Dearborn maintained, however, that he must first get to New England and secure the militia for defending the New England coast, which would free up the regular troops of the region for the coming campaign against Canada, and before the Federalists effected an open revolt there. After disputes with New England's several Federalist governors, who refused to supply the militia for coastal defense, Dearborn reluctantly left New England for Albany with regular troops in late July, leaving the coast almost defenseless against British coastal attacks.[32][k]On August 9, while General William Hull was expecting a diversionary attack by Dearborn in the Niagara area, the latter was still at his headquarters at Greenbush, just outside of Albany, and was having great difficulty amassing troops for the coming offensive in Canada. At this time George Prévost had sent British Colonel Edward Baynes to negotiate a temporary armistice with Dearborn. Dearborn learned that Lord Liverpool was giving the American government time to respond. Lacking the means to adequately engage the British in Canada, Dearborn was not eager for battle, welcomed the delay, and rushed news of the armistice to Madison for approval. In the meantime Dearborn gave orders to General Van Rensselaer to avoid any engagements along the Niagara. The truce, however, was short-lived when on August 15 Madison repudiated Dearborn's agreement and orders were issued to renew the offensive.[32][33]The War of 1812, Niagara River and Lake Ontario theatersDearborn prepared plans for simultaneous assaults on Montreal, Kingston, Fort Niagara, and Amherstburg, but the execution was imperfect. A half-hearted advance into Lower Canada in November 1812 simply collapsed after a very minor engagement at the Battle of Lacolle Mills. Some scholars believe that Dearborn also did not move quickly enough to provide sufficient troops to defend Detroit. Hull, without firing a shot, surrendered the city to British General Isaac Brock.[l] Hull was court-martialed and sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted. Dearborn headed the court martial.[34]On April 27, 1813, American forces on Lake Ontario under Dearborn and Commodore Isaac Chauncey gained success at the Battle of York, occupying the town for several days and capturing many guns and stores. Thereafter the American army was transported across the lake in Chauncey's ships to Fort Niagara. Dearborn assembled 4,500 troops at Fort Niagara and planned to attack Fort George next, and entrusted the attack to Colonel Winfield Scott,[35] but his army required rest and reorganization. No preparations had been made to accommodate the troops at Fort Niagara, and they suffered considerable shortages and privations for several days.[36]Although Dearborn had minor successes at the capture of York (now Toronto) on April 27, 1813, and at the capture of Fort George on May 27, 1813, his command was, for the most part, ineffective. He was recalled from the frontier on July 6, 1813, and reassigned to an administrative command in New York City,[37] and married his third wife, Sarah Bowdoin.[1]Dearborn was honorably discharged from the Army on June 15, 1815.[38]","title":"War of 1812"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Society of the Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"American Antiquarian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Governor of Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"John Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brooks_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Democratic-Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican"},{"link_name":"The Port Folio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Port_Folio"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Israel Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Putnam"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cray1-9"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DearbornBio-2"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Minister Plenipotentiary to Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Portugal"},{"link_name":"James Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DearbornBio-2"},{"link_name":"Roxbury, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Forest Hills Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Hills_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USArmy-1"}],"text":"Dearborn was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati,[39] and was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1816, now the oldest historical society in the United States.[40]Dearborn ran for Governor of Massachusetts in 1818 against incumbent John Brooks. Because Dearborn was a Democratic-Republican in a predominantly Federalist state, he needed favorable press to help his campaign. Subsequently, Dearborn accepted an offer from Charles Miner, the editor of The Port Folio, a Philadelphia political magazine, asking him to verify and edit a British soldier's map depicting the Battle of Bunker Hill. Dearborn saw this as a chance to win public favor and seized the opportunity.[41] However, his efforts backfired when he also wrote a \"correct account\" of the battle in the article, which was reprinted in 1818, accusing Israel Putnam of inaction and cowardly leadership during the battle, which sparked a major and long-lasting controversy among veterans of the war and various historians.[9][42]President James Madison nominated Dearborn for reappointment as Secretary of War,[when?] but the Senate rejected the nomination, and in the face of fierce criticism over Dearborn's performance during the War of 1812, Madison withdrew the nomination.[2][43] He was later appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Portugal by President James Monroe and served from May 7, 1822, until June 30, 1824, when, by his own request, he was recalled.[2]He retired to his home in Roxbury, Massachusetts, where he died five years later. He is interred in Forest Hills Cemetery in Jamaica Plain (outside of Boston at the time; annexed to the city in 1874).[1]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewis and Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark"},{"link_name":"Dearborn River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearborn_River"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Dearborn County, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearborn_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Dearborn, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Dearborn, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearborn,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Fort Dearborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dearborn"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Fort Dearborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Dearborn,_Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adams County, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_County,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Leonard Covington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Covington"},{"link_name":"Augusta, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Catawba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catawba_River"},{"link_name":"Wateree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wateree_River"},{"link_name":"Great Falls, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Falls,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Fort Dearborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dearborn_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Henry A. S. Dearborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Alexander_Scammell_Dearborn"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts's 10th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_10th_congressional_district"}],"text":"Lewis and Clark, appointed by Thomas Jefferson, named the Dearborn River in west-central Montana after Dearborn in 1803. Dearborn County, Indiana; Dearborn, Michigan; and Dearborn, Missouri, were also named for him, as was Fort Dearborn in Chicago, which in turn was the namesake for Dearborn Street, a major street in downtown Chicago. There was also a Fort Dearborn in Adams County, Mississippi, in the early 1800s; see Leonard Covington.Augusta, Maine, was so renamed after Henry's daughter, Augusta Dearborn, in August 1797.A U.S. military armory, initially named \"Mount Dearborn\", was planned in the early 1800s to be built on an island near the confluence of the Catawba and Wateree rivers, adjacent to Great Falls, South Carolina. The facility was never constructed, but the island name stuck, and after the town was founded in 1905, its main thoroughfare was named Dearborn Street.During World War II, a coastal defense fort named Fort Dearborn was established in Henry Dearborn's home state of New Hampshire, to guard the approaches to Portsmouth.General Dearborn's son, Henry A. S. Dearborn, was a U.S. congressman representing Massachusetts's 10th congressional district from 1831 to 1833.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Boston Patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Patriot_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cray1-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Territory"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wheelan128-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor180-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Timothy Pickering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Pickering"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor,_2010,_p._182-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"},{"link_name":"Fort Mackinac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Mackinac"},{"link_name":"Fort Dearborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dearborn"}],"text":"^ In 1822 Dearborn wrote an anonymous plea in the Boston Patriot to urge the purchase of the site of the Bunker Hill battlefield, which was listed for sale.[9]\n\n^ During the battle Montgomery was killed and Arnold seriously wounded.\n\n^ Maine then being a part of Massachusetts.\n\n^ A grandnephew of Benjamin Franklin; John Adams appointed Williams a major in the Corps of Artillerists and Engineers in February 1801. President Jefferson appointed him the Army's Inspector of Fortifications.\n\n^ Both Burr and Wilkinson, with large land holdings and other interests in the Louisiana Territory, claimed that most Louisiana residents, who were recently ruled by France, preferred to be separate from the United States.\n\n^ Present-day southern Louisiana\n\n^ Burr and Wilkinson, with the support of General Andrew Jackson, were earnestly promoting the idea (e.g. via newspapers) in the Southwest that war with Spain was imminent and that he would use \"Mexican treasure\" to entice the Western states along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers into secession.[24]\n\n^ This is when Wilkinson realized that knowledge of his plotting with Burr was becoming commonplace, confirming similar reports coming out of New Orleans.[26]\n\n^ The Federalists viewed the war as a political plot against them, while the Democratic-Republicans portrayed the Federalists as traitors for their concerted efforts to oppose the war effort.[30]\n\n^ Timothy Pickering and the Federalists once attempted a northeastern secession during Jefferson's first term.[31]\n\n^ No British coastal attacks occurred for the first year of the war — presumably a favor from the British for New England's open opposition to the war.[32]\n\n^ While governor, Hull's repeated requests to build a naval fleet on Lake Erie to properly defend Detroit, Fort Mackinac, and Fort Dearborn were ignored by Dearborn, which contributed to Hull's overall unpreparedness.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnson, Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Johnson_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Malone, Dumas (Eds.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumas_Malone"},{"link_name":"An Account of the Battle of Bunker's Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/accountofbattleo00dear"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005: The Continental Congress, September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=v9MBIctdjjkC&q=BIOGRAPHICAL+DIRECTORY+of+Congress+1774+-+2005"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780160731761","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160731761"},{"link_name":"Bunker Hill Refought: Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts, 1775-1825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160505163651/http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Cray%20winter%202001%20combined.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Cray%20winter%202001%20combined.pdf"},{"link_name":"Peckham, Howard Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Henry_Peckham"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War Journals of Henry Dearborn, 1775-1783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dUBt7zJodLEC&q=Revolutionary+War+Journals+of+Henry+Dearborn,+1775-1783,+Smith"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780788401244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780788401244"},{"link_name":"e-Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/revolutionarywar00dear"},{"link_name":"1812, The Navy's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Vg1BfuxefM4C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780465028085","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465028085"},{"link_name":"Amateurs, to Arms! A Military History of the War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=gdazpz-TCX0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-306-80653-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80653-3"},{"link_name":"American Military Leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-7MwvwL5UR0C&q=Henry+dearborn+-+Israel+Putnam+controversy"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781576070017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576070017"},{"link_name":"The Guns of Independence: The Siege of Yorktown, 1781","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=SOS5ZxFDRSIC&q=%2B%22Henry+Dearborn%22+%2B%22Yorktown%22"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781932714685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932714685"},{"link_name":"The War of 1812, The Forgotten Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Ik6Vi82gLagC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780252078378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252078378"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson's Military Academy: Founding West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-Ry8MfiPuM8C&q=%2B%22henry+dearborn%22+%2B%22thomas+jefferson%22"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780813922980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813922980"},{"link_name":"Bunker Hill: A City, A Siege, A Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=m7n_AzUJ51QC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781101622704","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101622704"},{"link_name":"Sealed with Blood: War, Sacrifice, and Memory in Revolutionary America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ipfXUo66O5wC&q=Henry+dearborn+-+Israel+Putnam+controversy"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780812203028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812203028"},{"link_name":"pages covering account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ipfXUo66O5wC&q=dearborn"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the General Society of the Cincinnati, 1784-1884, Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=N3QsAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"American Emperor: Aaron Burr's challenge to Jefferson's America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9OqI4PYqtFEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781439160329","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439160329"},{"link_name":"The Civil War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0nYRpx1X46YC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780679776734","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679776734"},{"link_name":"Jefferson's Vendetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/jeffersonsvendet00whee"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780786714377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786714377"},{"link_name":"State Builders: An Illustrated Historical and Biographical Record of the State of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/statebuildersan00compgoog"},{"link_name":"\"Dearborn, H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell), 1783-1851\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.nypl.org/mss/756"},{"link_name":"\"Dearborn's 5 December 1801 letter to Jefferson\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-36-02-0020"},{"link_name":"\"Henry Dearborn's Report on the War Department, [12 May 1801]\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-34-02-0062"},{"link_name":"\"Thomas Jefferson to the Senate, 25 March 1802\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-37-02-0093#TSJN-01-37-02-0093-kw-0002"},{"link_name":"\"DEARBORN, Henry, (1751 - 1829)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000178"},{"link_name":"\"Henry Dearborn\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.army.mil/books/CG&CSA/Dearborn-H.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Henry Dearborn (Physiognotrace)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/henry-dearborn-physiognotrace"},{"link_name":"\"Yankee Confederates\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ditext.com/dilorenzo/yankee.html"},{"link_name":"\"Bunker Hill Monument and Memory\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//allthingsliberty.com/2013/06/monuments-and-memory-the-battle-of-bunker-hill-debate/"}],"text":"Johnson, Allen; Malone, Dumas (Eds.) (1930). Dictionary of American Biography, Feb. 23, 1751 - Jun. 6, 1829, Vol. V. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.\nDearborn, Henry; Putnam, Daniel (1818). An Account of the Battle of Bunker's Hill. Munroe & Francis, Boston.\nBiographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005: The Continental Congress, September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788. Government Printing Office. 2005. ISBN 9780160731761.\nCray, Robert E. (2001). Bunker Hill Refought: Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts, 1775-1825 (PDF). Historical Journal of Massachusetts. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2016.\nDearborn, Henry; Peckham, Howard Henry (2009). Revolutionary War Journals of Henry Dearborn, 1775-1783. Heritage Books, 282 pages. ISBN 9780788401244. e-Book\nDaughan, George C. (2011). 1812, The Navy's War. Perseus Books, New York, 491 pages. ISBN 9780465028085.\nElting, John R. (1991). Amateurs, to Arms! A Military History of the War of 1812. DaCapo Press. ISBN 0-306-80653-3.\nFredriksen, John C. (1999). American Military Leaders. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576070017.\nGreen (2009). The Guns of Independence: The Siege of Yorktown, 1781. ISBN 9781932714685.\nHickey, Donald R. (1989). The War of 1812, The Forgotten Conflict. University of Illinois Press, 454 pages. ISBN 9780252078378.\nMcDonald, Forrest (2004). Thomas Jefferson's Military Academy: Founding West Point. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 9780813922980.\nPhilbrick, Nathaniel (2013). Bunker Hill: A City, A Siege, A Revolution. Penguin Books, 416 pages. ISBN 9781101622704.\nPurcell, Sarah J. (2010). Sealed with Blood: War, Sacrifice, and Memory in Revolutionary America. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812203028., pages covering account\nProceedings of the General Society of the Cincinnati, 1784-1884, Volume 1. Society of the Cincinnati, Philadelphia. 1887.\nStewart, David O. (2011). American Emperor: Aaron Burr's challenge to Jefferson's America. Simon & Schuster, 411 pages. ISBN 9781439160329.\nTaylor, Alan (2010). The Civil War of 1812. Alfred A Knopf, New York, 623 pages. ISBN 9780679776734.\nWheelan, Joseph (2005). Jefferson's Vendetta. Carroll and Graf Publishers, New York, 344 pages. ISBN 9780786714377.\nWilley, George Franklyn (1903). State Builders: An Illustrated Historical and Biographical Record of the State of New Hampshire. State Builders Publishing, Manchester, NH.Website sources\"Dearborn, H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell), 1783-1851\". New York Public library. Retrieved April 13, 2016.\n\"Dearborn's 5 December 1801 letter to Jefferson\". U.S. National Archives. 1801. Retrieved December 30, 2019.\n\"Henry Dearborn's Report on the War Department, [12 May 1801]\". U.S. National Archives. 1801.\n\"Thomas Jefferson to the Senate, 25 March 1802\". U.S. National Archives. Retrieved March 23, 2016.\n\"DEARBORN, Henry, (1751 - 1829)\". U.S. Congress. Retrieved March 26, 2012.\n\"Henry Dearborn\". U.S. Army Center of Military History. Retrieved March 26, 2016.\n\"Henry Dearborn (Physiognotrace)\". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved March 25, 2016.\nDiLorenzo, Thomas J. (1998). \"Yankee Confederates\". Retrieved March 29, 2016.\n\"Bunker Hill Monument and Memory\". Journal of the American Revolution. June 18, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2016.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Invasion of Canada: Battles of the War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oXOaAgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781550287387","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781550287387"},{"link_name":"Frothingham, Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Frothingham,_Jr."},{"link_name":"eBook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8cl2AAAAMAAJ&q=putnam"},{"link_name":"Israel Putnam: Pioneer, Ranger, and Major-general, 1718-1790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/israelputnampion00livi"},{"link_name":"eBook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/israelputnampio00livigoog"},{"link_name":"Life of Israel Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifeofisraelputn00tarb"},{"link_name":"eBook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifeisraelputna00tarbgoog"},{"link_name":"Winsor, Justin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Winsor"},{"link_name":"eBook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=to8LAAAAIAAJ&q=dearborn"}],"sub_title":"Further reading","text":"Dale, Ronald J. (2001). The Invasion of Canada: Battles of the War of 1812. James Lorimer & Company, 96 pages. ISBN 9781550287387.\nFrothingham, Richard (1890). Battle of Bunker Hill. Little, Brown & Company, 136 pages. — eBook\nLivingston, William Farrand (1901). Israel Putnam: Pioneer, Ranger, and Major-general, 1718-1790. G. P. Putnam's Sons. — eBook\nTarbox, Increase Niles (1876). Life of Israel Putnam. Lockwood, Brooks & Company, Boston. — eBook\nWinsor, Justin (1887). Narrative and Critical History of America, Volume 6. Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 777 pages. — eBook","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"President Thomas Jefferson frequently consulted Henry Dearborn on matters of military law and management.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jefferson_Portrait_West_Point_by_Thomas_Sully.jpg/200px-Jefferson_Portrait_West_Point_by_Thomas_Sully.jpg"},{"image_text":"President James Madison appointed Henry Dearborn as Commanding General of the Northeastern theater.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/164px-James_Madison.jpg"},{"image_text":"The War of 1812, Niagara River and Lake Ontario theaters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Niagara_River_1812.jpg/324px-Niagara_River_1812.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of American Revolutionary War battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles"},{"title":"Unsuccessful nominations to the Cabinet of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Cabinet_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"Dearborn wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagon#Dearborn_wagon"}]	[{"reference":"\"Henry Dearborn \| New Hampshire Society of the Cincinnati\". nhsocietyofthecincinnati.org. Retrieved May 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhsocietyofthecincinnati.org/henry-dearborn-2/","url_text":"\"Henry Dearborn \| New Hampshire Society of the Cincinnati\""}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Bryce (1938). Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the Society of the Cincinnati, 1783-1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and Lists of the Officers of the General and State Societies. Strasburg, Va.: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Johnson, Allen; Malone, Dumas (Eds.) (1930). Dictionary of American Biography, Feb. 23, 1751 - Jun. 6, 1829, Vol. V. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Johnson_(historian)","url_text":"Johnson, Allen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumas_Malone","url_text":"Malone, Dumas (Eds.)"}]},{"reference":"Dearborn, Henry; Putnam, Daniel (1818). An Account of the Battle of Bunker's Hill. Munroe & Francis, Boston.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/accountofbattleo00dear","url_text":"An Account of the Battle of Bunker's Hill"}]},{"reference":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005: The Continental Congress, September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788. Government Printing Office. 2005. ISBN 9780160731761.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v9MBIctdjjkC&q=BIOGRAPHICAL+DIRECTORY+of+Congress+1774+-+2005","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005: The Continental Congress, September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160731761","url_text":"9780160731761"}]},{"reference":"Cray, Robert E. (2001). Bunker Hill Refought: Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts, 1775-1825 (PDF). Historical Journal of Massachusetts. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505163651/http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Cray%20winter%202001%20combined.pdf","url_text":"Bunker Hill Refought: Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts, 1775-1825"},{"url":"http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Cray%20winter%202001%20combined.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dearborn, Henry; Peckham, Howard Henry (2009). Revolutionary War Journals of Henry Dearborn, 1775-1783. Heritage Books, 282 pages. ISBN 9780788401244.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Henry_Peckham","url_text":"Peckham, Howard Henry"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dUBt7zJodLEC&q=Revolutionary+War+Journals+of+Henry+Dearborn,+1775-1783,+Smith","url_text":"Revolutionary War Journals of Henry Dearborn, 1775-1783"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780788401244","url_text":"9780788401244"}]},{"reference":"Daughan, George C. (2011). 1812, The Navy's War. Perseus Books, New York, 491 pages. ISBN 9780465028085.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg1BfuxefM4C","url_text":"1812, The Navy's War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465028085","url_text":"9780465028085"}]},{"reference":"Elting, John R. (1991). Amateurs, to Arms! A Military History of the War of 1812. DaCapo Press. ISBN 0-306-80653-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gdazpz-TCX0C","url_text":"Amateurs, to Arms! A Military History of the War of 1812"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80653-3","url_text":"0-306-80653-3"}]},{"reference":"Fredriksen, John C. (1999). American Military Leaders. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576070017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-7MwvwL5UR0C&q=Henry+dearborn+-+Israel+Putnam+controversy","url_text":"American Military Leaders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576070017","url_text":"9781576070017"}]},{"reference":"Green (2009). The Guns of Independence: The Siege of Yorktown, 1781. ISBN 9781932714685.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SOS5ZxFDRSIC&q=%2B%22Henry+Dearborn%22+%2B%22Yorktown%22","url_text":"The Guns of Independence: The Siege of Yorktown, 1781"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932714685","url_text":"9781932714685"}]},{"reference":"Hickey, Donald R. (1989). The War of 1812, The Forgotten Conflict. University of Illinois Press, 454 pages. ISBN 9780252078378.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ik6Vi82gLagC","url_text":"The War of 1812, The Forgotten Conflict"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252078378","url_text":"9780252078378"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Forrest (2004). Thomas Jefferson's Military Academy: Founding West Point. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 9780813922980.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ry8MfiPuM8C&q=%2B%22henry+dearborn%22+%2B%22thomas+jefferson%22","url_text":"Thomas Jefferson's Military Academy: Founding West Point"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813922980","url_text":"9780813922980"}]},{"reference":"Philbrick, Nathaniel (2013). Bunker Hill: A City, A Siege, A Revolution. Penguin Books, 416 pages. ISBN 9781101622704.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m7n_AzUJ51QC","url_text":"Bunker Hill: A City, A Siege, A Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101622704","url_text":"9781101622704"}]},{"reference":"Purcell, Sarah J. (2010). Sealed with Blood: War, Sacrifice, and Memory in Revolutionary America. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812203028.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ipfXUo66O5wC&q=Henry+dearborn+-+Israel+Putnam+controversy","url_text":"Sealed with Blood: War, Sacrifice, and Memory in Revolutionary America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812203028","url_text":"9780812203028"}]},{"reference":"Proceedings of the General Society of the Cincinnati, 1784-1884, Volume 1. Society of the Cincinnati, Philadelphia. 1887.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N3QsAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Proceedings of the General Society of the Cincinnati, 1784-1884, Volume 1"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, David O. (2011). American Emperor: Aaron Burr's challenge to Jefferson's America. Simon & Schuster, 411 pages. ISBN 9781439160329.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9OqI4PYqtFEC","url_text":"American Emperor: Aaron Burr's challenge to Jefferson's America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439160329","url_text":"9781439160329"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Alan (2010). The Civil War of 1812. Alfred A Knopf, New York, 623 pages. ISBN 9780679776734.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0nYRpx1X46YC","url_text":"The Civil War of 1812"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679776734","url_text":"9780679776734"}]},{"reference":"Wheelan, Joseph (2005). Jefferson's Vendetta. Carroll and Graf Publishers, New York, 344 pages. ISBN 9780786714377.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jeffersonsvendet00whee","url_text":"Jefferson's Vendetta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786714377","url_text":"9780786714377"}]},{"reference":"Willey, George Franklyn (1903). State Builders: An Illustrated Historical and Biographical Record of the State of New Hampshire. State Builders Publishing, Manchester, NH.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/statebuildersan00compgoog","url_text":"State Builders: An Illustrated Historical and Biographical Record of the State of New Hampshire"}]},{"reference":"\"Dearborn, H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell), 1783-1851\". New York Public library. Retrieved April 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.nypl.org/mss/756","url_text":"\"Dearborn, H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell), 1783-1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dearborn's 5 December 1801 letter to Jefferson\". U.S. National Archives. 1801. Retrieved December 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-36-02-0020","url_text":"\"Dearborn's 5 December 1801 letter to Jefferson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Dearborn's Report on the War Department, [12 May 1801]\". U.S. National Archives. 1801.","urls":[{"url":"https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-34-02-0062","url_text":"\"Henry Dearborn's Report on the War Department, [12 May 1801]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Jefferson to the Senate, 25 March 1802\". U.S. National Archives. Retrieved March 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-37-02-0093#TSJN-01-37-02-0093-kw-0002","url_text":"\"Thomas Jefferson to the Senate, 25 March 1802\""}]},{"reference":"\"DEARBORN, Henry, (1751 - 1829)\". U.S. Congress. Retrieved March 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000178","url_text":"\"DEARBORN, Henry, (1751 - 1829)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Dearborn\". U.S. Army Center of Military History. Retrieved March 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/CG&CSA/Dearborn-H.htm","url_text":"\"Henry Dearborn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Dearborn (Physiognotrace)\". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved March 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/henry-dearborn-physiognotrace","url_text":"\"Henry Dearborn (Physiognotrace)\""}]},{"reference":"DiLorenzo, Thomas J. (1998). \"Yankee Confederates\". Retrieved March 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ditext.com/dilorenzo/yankee.html","url_text":"\"Yankee Confederates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bunker Hill Monument and Memory\". Journal of the American Revolution. June 18, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://allthingsliberty.com/2013/06/monuments-and-memory-the-battle-of-bunker-hill-debate/","url_text":"\"Bunker Hill Monument and Memory\""}]},{"reference":"Dale, Ronald J. (2001). The Invasion of Canada: Battles of the War of 1812. James Lorimer & Company, 96 pages. ISBN 9781550287387.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oXOaAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Invasion of Canada: Battles of the War of 1812"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781550287387","url_text":"9781550287387"}]},{"reference":"Frothingham, Richard (1890). Battle of Bunker Hill. Little, Brown & Company, 136 pages.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Frothingham,_Jr.","url_text":"Frothingham, Richard"}]},{"reference":"Livingston, William Farrand (1901). Israel Putnam: Pioneer, Ranger, and Major-general, 1718-1790. G. P. Putnam's Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/israelputnampion00livi","url_text":"Israel Putnam: Pioneer, Ranger, and Major-general, 1718-1790"}]},{"reference":"Tarbox, Increase Niles (1876). Life of Israel Putnam. Lockwood, Brooks & Company, Boston.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifeofisraelputn00tarb","url_text":"Life of Israel Putnam"}]},{"reference":"Winsor, Justin (1887). Narrative and Critical History of America, Volume 6. Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 777 pages.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Winsor","url_text":"Winsor, Justin"}]},{"reference":"Bell, William Gardner (2005). \"Henry Dearborn\". Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff: Portraits and Biographical Sketchs. United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 72–73. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210410203809/https://history.army.mil/books/cg%26csa/cg-toc.htm","url_text":"\"Henry Dearborn\""},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/CG&CSA/CG-TOC.htm","url_text":"Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff: Portraits and Biographical Sketchs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/CG&CSA/Dearborn-H.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nhsocietyofthecincinnati.org/henry-dearborn-2/","external_links_name":"\"Henry Dearborn \| New Hampshire Society of the Cincinnati\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistd","external_links_name":"American Antiquarian Society Members Directory"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/accountofbattleo00dear","external_links_name":"An Account of the Battle of Bunker's Hill"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v9MBIctdjjkC&q=BIOGRAPHICAL+DIRECTORY+of+Congress+1774+-+2005","external_links_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005: The Continental Congress, September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505163651/http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Cray%20winter%202001%20combined.pdf","external_links_name":"Bunker Hill Refought: Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts, 1775-1825"},{"Link":"http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Cray%20winter%202001%20combined.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dUBt7zJodLEC&q=Revolutionary+War+Journals+of+Henry+Dearborn,+1775-1783,+Smith","external_links_name":"Revolutionary War Journals of Henry Dearborn, 1775-1783"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/revolutionarywar00dear","external_links_name":"e-Book"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg1BfuxefM4C","external_links_name":"1812, The Navy's War"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gdazpz-TCX0C","external_links_name":"Amateurs, to Arms! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Society_for_Anthropology_and_Geography	Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography	["1 Society awards","2 Recipients","2.1 Vega Medal","2.2 Retzius Medal","2.3 Gold Medal","3 Kritisk Etnografi","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Footnotes","5.2 Sources","6 External links"]	Scientific learned society founded in December 1877 The Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (SSAG; Swedish: Svenska Sällskapet för Antropologi och Geografi) is a scientific learned society founded in December 1877. It was established after a rearrangement of various sections of the Anthropological Society, which was formed in 1873 by Hjalmar Stolpe, Hans Hildebrand, Oscar Montelius, and Gustaf Retzius. The society functions as a link between science and the public, especially in the subjects of anthropology and geography. It awards research fellowships, organizes excursions and lectures, and hands out awards including the Vega Medal and Retzius Medal. In 1880, the society published the first edition of the Swedish yearbook Ymer, and it has published the international journal Geografiska Annaler since 1919, a publication that is divided between physical geography and human geography. In 2018, it established Kritisk Etnografi, an academic journal of ethnography. Society awards The society created the Vega Medal in 1881, on the occasion of Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld's return to Stockholm after the Vega expedition – his discovery of the Northeast Passage. Since then, the Vega Medal has been awarded to an outstanding physical geographer roughly every three years. In the intervening years, the society has awarded the Anders Retzius Medal to a geographer or anthropologist. In 2015, the Society decided that awarding a medal named after Retzius was inappropriate; his racial studies—including a collection of skulls of indigenous peoples—are viewed with disapproval by modern anthropologists. Thereafter, the Retzius Medal was renamed the SSAG medal, and it was given to Didier Fassin in 2016. The society's awards are handed out by the King of Sweden on 24 April, the anniversary of Nordenskiöld's return to Stockholm. Recipients The following people are among the recipients of the society's awards: Vega Medal 1881: Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld 1882: Louis Palander 1883: Henry Morton Stanley 1884: Nikolai Przhevalsky 1888: Wilhelm Junker 1889: Fridtjof Nansen 1890: Emin Pasha 1892: Louis Gustave Binger 1897: Otto Sverdrup 1898: Sven Hedin 1899: Georg August Schweinfurth 1900: Alfred Gabriel Nathorst 1901: Prince Luigi Amedeo 1903: Ferdinand von Richthofen 1904: Otto Nordenskiöld 1904: Johan G. Andersson 1905: Robert Falcon Scott 1907: Otto Pettersson 1909: Johan Peter Koch 1910: Ernest Shackleton 1912: John Murray 1913: Roald Amundsen 1915: Gerard De Geer 1919: Knud Johan Victor Rasmussen 1920: William Morris Davis 1922: Albert I, Prince of Monaco 1923: Albrecht Penck 1924: Lauge Koch 1926: Boris Vilkitsky 1930: Harald Sverdrup 1931: Émile-Félix Gautier 1932: Albert Defant 1937: Roy Chapman Andrews 1939: Vilhelm Bjerknes 1939: Vagn W. Ekman 1941: Bjørn Helland-Hansen 1941: Hans W. Ahlmann 1944: Lennart von Post 1946: Emmanuel de Martonne 1948: Richard Evelyn Byrd 1950: Hans Pettersson 1951: Carl Troll 1954: Laurence Dudley Stamp 1955: Paul-Émile Victor 1957: Carl O. Sauer 1958: Jacob Bjerknes 1958: Tor Bergeron 1959: Mikhail Somov 1961: Richard Joel Russell 1962: Thor Heyerdahl 1963: Louis Leakey 1965: Maurice Ewing 1970: Filip Hjulström 1970: Sigurður Þórarinsson 1972: Albert P. Crary 1975: Willi Dansgaard 1981: Valter Schytt 1983: Cesare Emiliani 1984: Hubert Lamb 1986: John Ross Mackay 1987: Gunnar Hoppe 1987: Åke Sundborg 1990: George H. Denton 1993: David E. Sugden 1994: Gösta Hjalmar Liljequist 1997: Albert Lincoln Washburn 1999: John Imbrie 2002: Lonnie Thompson 2005: Françoise Gasse 2008: Dorthe Dahl-Jensen 2011: Terry Callaghan 2014: Compton J. Tucker 2015: Lesley Head 2017: Yao Tandong 2018: Gillian Hart 2020: David R. Montgomery 2021: Anssi Paasi 2023: John Smol Retzius Medal 1913: Oscar Montelius 1920: Arthur Evans 1923: Aurel Stein 1925: Johan Gunnar Andersson 1930: Erland Nordenskiöld 1967: Walter Christaller 1969: David Hannerberg 1973: Torsten Hägerstrand 1976: William William-Olsson 1978: Wolfgang Hartke 1985: Akin Mabogunje 1988: Fredrik Barth 1989: David Harvey 1989: Sven Godlund 1991: Allan Pred 1992: Jack Goody 1994: Peter Haggett 1995: Veena Das 1997: Peter Gould 1998: David Maybury-Lewis 2000: Erik Bylund 2001: Sherry Ortner 2003: Doreen Massey 2004: Tim Ingold 2006: Gunnar Törnqvist 2007: John and Jean Comaroff 2009: Allen J. Scott 2010: Ulf Hannerz 2012: Don Mitchell 2013: Paul Stoller Gold Medal 2016: Didier Fassin 2019: Emily Martin 2022: Thomas Hylland Eriksen Kritisk Etnografi Kritisk EtnografiDisciplineSocial anthropology, ethnographyLanguageEnglishEdited bySten Hagberg, Jörgen HellmanPublication detailsHistory2018–presentPublisher Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (SSAG) Academic Archive Online (DiVa) FrequencyBiannuallyOpen accessYesStandard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Krit. Etnogr.IndexingCODEN (alt) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN2003-1173OCLC no.1048148325Links Journal homepage Academic Archive Online Kritisk Etnografi (Swedish for "critical ethnography"), subtitled Swedish Journal of Anthropology, is a bi-annual peer-reviewed, open-access, online-only, academic journal on the subjects of anthropology and ethnography, owned and published by the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography in collaboration with DiVA, an online archive maintained by Uppsala University. Its first issue was launched on 15 August 2018. See also List of geographical societies List of anthropology awards List of geography awards References Footnotes ^ Culin 1906, p. 151. ^ Helmfrid 2004, p. 172. ^ Kleen 2015. ^ SSAG 2018, pp. 1–3. ^ "David Montgomery awarded 2020 Vega Medal". Sources Culin, S. (Jan–Mar 1906). "Hjalmar Stolpe". Am. Anthropol. 8 (1): 150–156. doi:10.1525/aa.1906.8.1.02a00160. JSTOR 659172. Helmfrid, S. (2004). "Geography in Sweden". Belg. J. Geogr. 5 (1): 163–174. doi:10.4000/belgeo.10085. ISSN 2294-9135. Kleen, B. (7 March 2015). "Stopp för medalj till rasforskarens minne". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 2 April 2015. "Tidigare medaljörer" (PDF) (in Swedish). Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography. August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2019. External links Official website (in Swedish and English) Works by the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography at Open Library Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Australia Vatican Academics CiNii Artists KulturNav Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"learned society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_society"},{"link_name":"Hjalmar Stolpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Stolpe"},{"link_name":"Hans Hildebrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hildebrand"},{"link_name":"Oscar Montelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Montelius"},{"link_name":"Gustaf Retzius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Retzius"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulin1906151-1"},{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"Ymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymer_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Geografiska Annaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografiska_Annaler"},{"link_name":"physical geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography"},{"link_name":"human geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_geography"},{"link_name":"Kritisk Etnografi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kritisk_Etnografi"},{"link_name":"ethnography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"}],"text":"The Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (SSAG; Swedish: Svenska Sällskapet för Antropologi och Geografi) is a scientific learned society founded in December 1877. It was established after a rearrangement of various sections of the Anthropological Society, which was formed in 1873 by Hjalmar Stolpe, Hans Hildebrand, Oscar Montelius, and Gustaf Retzius.[1]The society functions as a link between science and the public, especially in the subjects of anthropology and geography. It awards research fellowships, organizes excursions and lectures, and hands out awards including the Vega Medal and Retzius Medal. In 1880, the society published the first edition of the Swedish yearbook Ymer, and it has published the international journal Geografiska Annaler since 1919, a publication that is divided between physical geography and human geography.In 2018, it established Kritisk Etnografi, an academic journal of ethnography.","title":"Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld"},{"link_name":"Vega expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_expedition"},{"link_name":"Northeast Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Passage"},{"link_name":"Anders Retzius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Retzius"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmfrid2004172-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleen2015-3"},{"link_name":"Didier Fassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Fassin"}],"text":"The society created the Vega Medal in 1881, on the occasion of Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld's return to Stockholm after the Vega expedition – his discovery of the Northeast Passage. Since then, the Vega Medal has been awarded to an outstanding physical geographer roughly every three years. In the intervening years, the society has awarded the Anders Retzius Medal to a geographer or anthropologist.[2]In 2015, the Society decided that awarding a medal named after Retzius was inappropriate; his racial studies—including a collection of skulls of indigenous peoples—are viewed with disapproval by modern anthropologists.[3] Thereafter, the Retzius Medal was renamed the SSAG medal, and it was given to Didier Fassin in 2016. The society's awards are handed out by the King of Sweden on 24 April, the anniversary of Nordenskiöld's return to Stockholm.","title":"Society awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESSAG20181%E2%80%933-4"}],"text":"The following people are among the recipients of the society's awards:[4]","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld"},{"link_name":"Louis Palander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Palander"},{"link_name":"Henry Morton Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Przhevalsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Przhevalsky"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Junker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Junker"},{"link_name":"Fridtjof Nansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen"},{"link_name":"Emin Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emin_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Louis Gustave Binger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Gustave_Binger"},{"link_name":"Otto Sverdrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup"},{"link_name":"Sven Hedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Hedin"},{"link_name":"Georg August Schweinfurth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_August_Schweinfurth"},{"link_name":"Alfred Gabriel Nathorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gabriel_Nathorst"},{"link_name":"Prince Luigi Amedeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand von Richthofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Richthofen"},{"link_name":"Otto Nordenskiöld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Nordenski%C3%B6ld"},{"link_name":"Johan G. Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Gunnar_Andersson"},{"link_name":"Robert Falcon Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott"},{"link_name":"Otto Pettersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Pettersson"},{"link_name":"Johan Peter Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Peter_Koch"},{"link_name":"Ernest Shackleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton"},{"link_name":"John Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)"},{"link_name":"Roald Amundsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen"},{"link_name":"Gerard De Geer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_De_Geer"},{"link_name":"Knud Johan Victor Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knud_Johan_Victor_Rasmussen"},{"link_name":"William Morris Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris_Davis"},{"link_name":"Albert I, Prince of Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_I,_Prince_of_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Penck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Penck"},{"link_name":"Lauge Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauge_Koch"},{"link_name":"Boris Vilkitsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky"},{"link_name":"Harald Sverdrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Sverdrup_(oceanographer)"},{"link_name":"Émile-Félix Gautier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile-F%C3%A9lix_Gautier"},{"link_name":"Albert Defant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Defant"},{"link_name":"Roy Chapman Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Chapman_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Vilhelm Bjerknes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Bjerknes"},{"link_name":"Vagn W. Ekman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagn_Walfrid_Ekman"},{"link_name":"Bjørn Helland-Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Helland-Hansen"},{"link_name":"Hans W. Ahlmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Wilhelmsson_Ahlmann"},{"link_name":"Lennart von Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennart_von_Post"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel de Martonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Martonne"},{"link_name":"Richard Evelyn Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd"},{"link_name":"Hans Pettersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Pettersson"},{"link_name":"Carl Troll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Troll"},{"link_name":"Laurence Dudley Stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Dudley_Stamp"},{"link_name":"Paul-Émile Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile_Victor"},{"link_name":"Carl O. Sauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_O._Sauer"},{"link_name":"Jacob Bjerknes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes"},{"link_name":"Tor Bergeron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Bergeron"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Somov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Somov"},{"link_name":"Richard Joel Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Joel_Russell"},{"link_name":"Thor Heyerdahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl"},{"link_name":"Louis Leakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Leakey"},{"link_name":"Maurice Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Filip Hjulström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Hjulstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Sigurður Þórarinsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0ur_%C3%9E%C3%B3rarinsson"},{"link_name":"Albert P. Crary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_P._Crary"},{"link_name":"Willi Dansgaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Dansgaard"},{"link_name":"Valter Schytt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valter_Schytt"},{"link_name":"Cesare Emiliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Emiliani"},{"link_name":"Hubert Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Lamb"},{"link_name":"John Ross Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_Mackay"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Hoppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Hoppe"},{"link_name":"Åke Sundborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ke_Sundborg"},{"link_name":"George H. Denton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Denton"},{"link_name":"David E. Sugden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Sugden"},{"link_name":"Gösta Hjalmar Liljequist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6sta_Hjalmar_Liljequist"},{"link_name":"Albert Lincoln Washburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lincoln_Washburn"},{"link_name":"John Imbrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Imbrie"},{"link_name":"Lonnie Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Françoise Gasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Gasse"},{"link_name":"Dorthe Dahl-Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorthe_Dahl-Jensen"},{"link_name":"Terry Callaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Callaghan"},{"link_name":"Lesley Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Head"},{"link_name":"Yao Tandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yao_Tandong"},{"link_name":"Gillian Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Hart"},{"link_name":"David R. Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Montgomery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Smol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smol"}],"sub_title":"Vega Medal","text":"1881: Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld\n1882: Louis Palander\n1883: Henry Morton Stanley\n1884: Nikolai Przhevalsky\n1888: Wilhelm Junker\n1889: Fridtjof Nansen\n1890: Emin Pasha\n1892: Louis Gustave Binger\n1897: Otto Sverdrup\n1898: Sven Hedin\n1899: Georg August Schweinfurth\n1900: Alfred Gabriel Nathorst\n1901: Prince Luigi Amedeo\n1903: Ferdinand von Richthofen\n1904: Otto Nordenskiöld\n1904: Johan G. Andersson\n1905: Robert Falcon Scott\n1907: Otto Pettersson\n1909: Johan Peter Koch\n1910: Ernest Shackleton\n1912: John Murray\n1913: Roald Amundsen\n1915: Gerard De Geer\n1919: Knud Johan Victor Rasmussen\n1920: William Morris Davis\n1922: Albert I, Prince of Monaco\n1923: Albrecht Penck\n1924: Lauge Koch\n1926: Boris Vilkitsky\n1930: Harald Sverdrup\n1931: Émile-Félix Gautier\n1932: Albert Defant\n1937: Roy Chapman Andrews\n1939: Vilhelm Bjerknes\n1939: Vagn W. Ekman\n1941: Bjørn Helland-Hansen\n1941: Hans W. Ahlmann\n1944: Lennart von Post\n1946: Emmanuel de Martonne\n1948: Richard Evelyn Byrd\n1950: Hans Pettersson\n1951: Carl Troll\n1954: Laurence Dudley Stamp\n1955: Paul-Émile Victor\n1957: Carl O. Sauer\n1958: Jacob Bjerknes\n1958: Tor Bergeron\n1959: Mikhail Somov\n1961: Richard Joel Russell\n1962: Thor Heyerdahl\n1963: Louis Leakey\n1965: Maurice Ewing\n1970: Filip Hjulström\n1970: Sigurður Þórarinsson\n1972: Albert P. Crary\n1975: Willi Dansgaard\n1981: Valter Schytt\n1983: Cesare Emiliani\n1984: Hubert Lamb\n1986: John Ross Mackay\n1987: Gunnar Hoppe\n1987: Åke Sundborg\n1990: George H. Denton\n1993: David E. Sugden\n1994: Gösta Hjalmar Liljequist\n1997: Albert Lincoln Washburn\n1999: John Imbrie\n2002: Lonnie Thompson\n2005: Françoise Gasse\n2008: Dorthe Dahl-Jensen\n2011: Terry Callaghan\n2014: Compton J. Tucker\n2015: Lesley Head\n2017: Yao Tandong\n2018: Gillian Hart\n2020: David R. Montgomery[5]\n2021: Anssi Paasi\n2023: John Smol","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oscar Montelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Montelius"},{"link_name":"Arthur Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Evans"},{"link_name":"Aurel Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurel_Stein"},{"link_name":"Johan Gunnar Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Gunnar_Andersson"},{"link_name":"Erland Nordenskiöld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erland_Nordenski%C3%B6ld"},{"link_name":"Walter Christaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Christaller"},{"link_name":"Torsten Hägerstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsten_H%C3%A4gerstrand"},{"link_name":"Akin Mabogunje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akin_Mabogunje"},{"link_name":"Fredrik Barth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Barth"},{"link_name":"David Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"Allan Pred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Pred"},{"link_name":"Jack Goody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Goody"},{"link_name":"Peter Haggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Haggett"},{"link_name":"Veena Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veena_Das"},{"link_name":"Peter Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gould_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"David Maybury-Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Maybury-Lewis"},{"link_name":"Sherry Ortner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry_Ortner"},{"link_name":"Doreen Massey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Massey_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"Tim Ingold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Ingold"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Comaroff"},{"link_name":"Jean Comaroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Comaroff"},{"link_name":"Allen J. 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Scott\n2010: Ulf Hannerz\n2012: Don Mitchell\n2013: Paul Stoller","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Didier Fassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Fassin"},{"link_name":"Emily Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Martin_(anthropologist)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hylland Eriksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hylland_Eriksen"}],"sub_title":"Gold Medal","text":"2016: Didier Fassin\n2019: Emily Martin\n2022: Thomas Hylland Eriksen","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed"},{"link_name":"open-access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-access"},{"link_name":"online-only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_journal"},{"link_name":"academic journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"ethnography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"},{"link_name":"DiVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DiVA_(database)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Kritisk Etnografi (Swedish for \"critical ethnography\"), subtitled Swedish Journal of Anthropology, is a bi-annual peer-reviewed, open-access, online-only, academic journal on the subjects of anthropology and ethnography, owned and published by the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography in collaboration with DiVA, an online archive maintained by Uppsala University. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilmore_(musician)	John Gilmore (musician)	["1 Biography","2 Devotion to Sun Ra and his band","3 Discography","3.1 As co-leader","3.2 As sideman","4 References","5 External links"]	American jazz musician This article is about the jazz saxophonist. For other people with this name, see John Gilmore. John GilmoreBackground informationBirth nameJohn GilmoreBorn(1931-09-28)September 28, 1931Summit, Mississippi, U.S.DiedAugust 20, 1995(1995-08-20) (aged 63)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.GenresAvant-garde jazz, Bebop, Free jazz, Post-bopOccupation(s)Musician, composerInstrument(s)Tenor saxophone, drum set, bass clarinetYears active1952–1995Musical artist John Gilmore (September 28, 1931 – August 20, 1995) was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, and percussionist. He was known for his tenure with the avant-garde keyboardist/bandleader Sun Ra from the 1950s to the 1990s, and led The Sun Ra Arkestra from Sun Ra's death in 1993 until his own death in 1995. Biography Gilmore was raised in Chicago and played clarinet from the age of 14. He took up the tenor saxophone while serving in the United States Air Force from 1948 through 1951. He then pursued a musical career, beginning as a tenor saxophonist on a national tour with the Harlem Globetrotters in an ensemble that included pianist Earl Hines in 1952. In 1953 Gilmore met pianist and bandleader Sun Ra who had a profound impact on him as a musician. For the next four decades, he recorded and performed almost exclusively with Sun Ra; first as a trio, and then in the Sun Ra Arkestra. This was puzzling to some, who noted Gilmore's talent, and thought he could be a major star like John Coltrane or Sonny Rollins. Despite being five years older than Gilmore, Coltrane was impressed with his playing, and took informal lessons from Gilmore in the late 1950s. Coltrane's epochal, proto–free jazz "Chasin' the Trane" was inspired partly by Gilmore's sound. The Penguin Guide to Jazz suggests Gilmore remained an influence in Coltrane's later period, particularly on Sun Ship. In the late 1950s Gilmore co-led a band with Clifford Jordan while simultaneously playing with Arkestra. In 1957 this ensemble recorded a Blue Note session which resulted in the album Blowing in from Chicago. The rhythm section featured Horace Silver, Curly Russell, and Art Blakey. During this period Gilmore also performed with jazz drummer Wilbur Campbell (1958), trumpeter Miles Davis (1959), saxophonist Johnny Griffin (1959), singer Dinah Washington (1959), and pianist Andrew Hill (1959); the latter of whom he had gone to school with as a boy in Chicago. In 1960 Gilmore moved from Chicago to New York City with the other members of Arkestra. In the early 1960s he worked frequently as a sideman in gigs in New York with artists like trumpeter Freddie Hubbard (1962), singer and guitarist B.B. King (1963-1964), pianist Paul Bley (1964), Andrew Hill (1964), and drummer Art Blakey (1964). From 1964 through 1966 he toured with the Blakey's Jazz Messengers; replacing saxophonist Wayne Shorter in the ensemble. After this he performed with a variety of artists, including double bassist and pianist Charles Mingus (1966), pianists McCoy Tyner (1967) and George Russell (1968); drummer Art Taylor (1968); and trombonist Melba Liston (1969). During this time he also participated in recording sessions with Bley, Hill (Andrew!!! and Compulsion), Pete La Roca (Turkish Women at the Bath), McCoy Tyner (Today and Tomorrow) and a handful of others. In 1970, he co-led a recording with Jamaican trumpeter Dizzy Reece. His main focus throughout, however, remained with the Sun Ra Arkestra. Devotion to Sun Ra and his band Gilmore's devotion to Sun Ra was due, in part, to the latter's use of harmony, which Gilmore considered both unique and a logical extension of bebop. Gilmore had stated that Sun Ra was "more stretched out than Monk" and that "I'm not gonna run across anybody who's moving as fast as Sun Ra ... So I just stay where I am." Gilmore occasionally doubled on drums and also played bass clarinet until Sun Ra hired Robert Cummings as a specialist on the latter instrument in the mid-1950s. However, tenor sax was his main instrument and Gilmore himself made a huge contribution to Sun Ra's recordings and was the Arkestra's leading sideman, being given solos on almost every track on which he appeared. In the Rough Guide to Jazz, Brian Priestley says: Gilmore is known for two rather different styles of tenor playing. On performances of a straight ahead post-bop character (which include many of those with Sun Ra), he runs the changes with a fluency and tone halfway between Johnny Griffin and Wardell Gray, and with a rhythmic and motivic approach which he claims influenced Coltrane. On more abstract material, he is capable of long passages based exclusively on high-register squeals. Especially when heard live, Gilmore was one of the few musicians who carried sufficient conviction to encompass both approaches. In the early 1970s, Gilmore moved to Philadelphia with Sun Ra and the other members of Arkestra. After Sun Ra died in 1993, Gilmore led Ra's Arkestra for a few years before his own death from emphysema. Marshall Allen then took over leading the Arkestra. Discography As co-leader Blowing in from Chicago (Blue Note, 1957) co-leader with Cliff Jordan, As sideman For albums with Sun Ra see the Sun Ra discography With Paul Bley Turning Point (Improvising Artists, 1975 rec. 1964) With Freddie Hubbard The Artistry of Freddie Hubbard (Impulse!, 1962) With McCoy Tyner Today and Tomorrow (Impulse!, 1963) With Elmo Hope Sounds from Rikers Island (Audio Fidelity, 1963) With Andrew Hill Andrew!!! (Blue Note, 1964) Compulsion! (Blue Note, 1966) With Art Blakey 'S Make It (Limelight, 1965) With Pete La Roca Turkish Women at the Bath (Douglas, 1967) also released as Bliss! With Phil Upchurch Feeling Blue (Milestone, 1967) With Dizzy Reece From In to Out (Futura, 1970) References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Barry Long (October 4, 2012). "John Gilmore". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2228311. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. ^ John Gilmore: Self-Effacing Disciple of Sun Ra, The Scotsman, 1995 – accessed April 29, 2013 ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Marshall Allen Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved July 21, 2023. ^ Lock, Graham (1994). Chasing the Vibration. Devon: Stride Publications. pp. 156–163. ISBN 1-873012-81-0. ^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Bryan (2002). The Penguin Guide to Jazz (6th ed.). London: Penguin. p. 320. ^ "Clifford Jordan / John Gilmore: Blowing in from Chicago: Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved August 20, 2021. ^ Campbell, Robert L. "FROM SONNY BLOUNT TO SUN RA: The Birmingham and Chicago Years". Archived from the original on June 17, 2006. Retrieved June 23, 2007. ^ Corbett, John. "John Gilmore". Retrieved June 23, 2007. ^ Pareles, J. John Gilmore, 63, Saxophonist In the Avant-Garde of Jazz, New York Times, August 22, 1995 External links John Gilmore obituary Away From the Spaceways: John Gilmore vteSun Ra Discography ArkestraMembers John Gilmore Julian Priester Pat Patrick Charles Davis Victor Sproles Marshall Allen Ronnie Boykins James Spaulding Phil Cohran Clifford Jarvis Lex Humphries Michael Ray June Tyson Ahmed Abdullah Danny Ray Thompson Chicagoperiodstudioalbums Jazz by Sun Ra Super-Sonic Jazz Sound of Joy Visits Planet Earth The Nubians of Plutonia Jazz in Silhouette Sound Sun Pleasure!! Interstellar Low Ways Fate in a Pleasant Mood Holiday for Soul Dance Angels and Demons at Play We Travel the Space Ways New Yorkperiodstudioalbums The Futuristic Sounds of Sun Ra Bad and Beautiful Art Forms of Dimensions Tomorrow Secrets of the Sun When Sun Comes Out Cosmic Tones for Mental Therapy When Angels Speak of Love Other Planes of There The Heliocentric Worlds of Sun Ra, Volume One The Magic City The Heliocentric Worlds of Sun Ra, Volume Two Strange Strings Monorails and Satellites Atlantis Philadelphiaperiodstudioalbums Space Is the Place (soundtrack) Space Is The Place Pathways to Unknown Worlds Cosmos Deep Purple Some Blues But Not the Kind That's Blue New Steps Other Voices, Other Blues Visions Lanquidity Sleeping Beauty Strange Celestial Road Reflections in Blue Hours After Blue Delight Somewhere Else Purple Night Mayan Temples Livealbums Featuring Pharoah Sanders & Black Harold Nothing Is Nuits de la Fondation Maeght It's After the End of the World Black Myth/Out in Space Live in Egypt 1 Nidhamu Horizon Live In Montreux Unity Live from Soundscape I, Pharaoh Sunrise in Different Dimensions Cosmo Omnibus Imagiable Illusion Thunder of the Gods vteThe Jazz Messengers Art Blakey Dale Barlow Mickey Bass Terence Blanchard Joanne Brackeen Cameron Brown Donald Brown Bobby Broom Donald Byrd George Cables Buck Clarke Chick Corea Steve Davis Spanky DeBrest Sam Dockery Kenny Dorham Essiet Essiet Robin Eubanks Charles Fambrough Curtis Fuller Carlos Garnett John Gilmore Benny Golson Benny Green Johnny Griffin Bill Hardman Donald Harrison Philip Harper John Hicks Freddie Hubbard Dennis Irwin Javon Jackson Carter Jefferson Geoffrey Keezer Frank Lacy Brian Lynch Branford Marsalis Wynton Marsalis Jackie McLean Jymie Merritt Mulgrew Miller Hank Mobley Lee Morgan Billy Pierce Lonnie Plaxico Valery Ponomarev Wallace Roney Gregory Charles Royal David Schnitter Woody Shaw Clarence Seay Wayne Shorter Horace Silver Victor Sproles Bobby Timmons Jean Toussaint McCoy Tyner Cedar Walton Peter Washington Doug Watkins Bobby Watson James Williams Reggie Workman Studioalbums The Jazz Messengers (1956) Hard Bop (1957) Ritual (1957) Selections from Lerner and Loewe's... (1957) Cu-Bop (1957) Hard Drive (1957) A Night in Tunisia (1958) Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers with Thelonious Monk (1958) Moanin' (1959) The Big Beat (1960) A Night in Tunisia (1961) Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers (1961) Mosaic (1962) Buhaina's Delight (1963) Caravan (1963) The Freedom Rider (1964) Free for All (1964) Kyoto (1964) Golden Boy (1964) Indestructible (1965) 'S Make It (1965) Soul Finger (1965) Tough! (1966) Like Someone in Love (1967) The Witch Doctor (1969) Roots & Herbs (1970) Child's Dance (1972) Buhaina (1973) Anthenagin (1973) In Walked Sonny (1975) Backgammon (1976) Gypsy Folk Tales (1977) In My Prime Vol. 1 (1978) In My Prime Vol. 2 (1978) Reflections in Blue (1979) Night in Tunisia: Digital Recording (1979) Album of the Year (1981) Oh-By the Way (1984) Blue Night (1985) Feeling Good (1986) Not Yet (1988) I Get a Kick Out of Bu (1988) Chippin' In (1990) One for All (1990) Livealbums At the Cafe Bohemia, Vol. 1 (1956) At the Cafe Bohemia, Vol. 2 (1956) A Midnight Session with the Jazz Messengers (1957) 1958 – Paris Olympia (1959) At the Jazz Corner of the World, Vols. 1 & 2 (1959) Art Blakey et les Jazz Messengers au Théâtre des Champs-Élysées (1960) Paris Jam Session (1960) Meet You at the Jazz Corner of the World, Vols. 1 and 2 (1960) A Jazz Hour with Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers: Blues March (1961) Three Blind Mice (1962) Ugetsu (1963) Buttercorn Lady (1966) Jazz Messengers '70 (1970) In This Korner (1978) Live at Montreux and Northsea (1980) One by One (1981) Art Blakey in Sweden (1981) Straight Ahead (1981) Keystone 3 (1982) Live at Kimball's (1985) The Art of Jazz: Live in Leverkusen (1989) Compilationalbums Horace Silver and the Jazz Messengers (1956) The Cool Voice of Rita Reys (1956) Drum Suite (1957) Pisces (1979) Africaine (1981) Originally (1982) Soundtrackalbums Des Femmes Disparaissent (1959) Les liaisons dangereuses 1960 (1960) Art Blakeysolo albums Blakey (1954)* A Night at Birdland Vol. 1, Vol. 2 & Vol. 3 (1954) Orgy in Rhythm (1957) Art Blakey Big Band (1957) Holiday for Skins (1958) Drums Around the Corner (1959) The African Beat (1962) A Jazz Message (1963) Hold On, I'm Coming (1966) Killer Joe (1981) Bluesiana Triangle (1990) Related Discography Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Gilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilmore_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"Sun Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Ra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Sun Ra Arkestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_Ra_Arkestra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the jazz saxophonist. For other people with this name, see John Gilmore.Musical artistJohn Gilmore (September 28, 1931 – August 20, 1995)[1] was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, and percussionist.[1] He was known for his tenure with the avant-garde keyboardist/bandleader Sun Ra from the 1950s to the 1990s,[2] and led The Sun Ra Arkestra from Sun Ra's death in 1993 until his own death in 1995.[3]","title":"John Gilmore (musician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"Harlem Globetrotters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters"},{"link_name":"Earl Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Hines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"Sun Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Ra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"John Coltrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coltrane"},{"link_name":"Sonny Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Rollins"},{"link_name":"free jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_jazz"},{"link_name":"Sun Ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Ship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Clifford Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"Blue Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Note_Records"},{"link_name":"Blowing in from Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing_in_from_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"Horace Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Silver"},{"link_name":"Curly Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curly_Russell"},{"link_name":"Art Blakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Blakey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Miles Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis"},{"link_name":"Johnny Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Griffin"},{"link_name":"Dinah Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinah_Washington"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hill_(jazz_musician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"Freddie Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"B.B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B._King"},{"link_name":"Paul Bley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bley"},{"link_name":"Art Blakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Blakey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"Wayne Shorter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Shorter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"Charles Mingus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus"},{"link_name":"McCoy Tyner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCoy_Tyner"},{"link_name":"George Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Russell_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Art Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Melba Liston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melba_Liston"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"Andrew!!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew!!!"},{"link_name":"Compulsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsion_(album)"},{"link_name":"Pete La Roca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_La_Roca"},{"link_name":"Turkish Women at the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Women_at_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"McCoy Tyner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCoy_Tyner"},{"link_name":"Today and Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_and_Tomorrow_(McCoy_Tyner_album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dizzy Reece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Reece"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"}],"text":"Gilmore was raised in Chicago and played clarinet from the age of 14.[4] He took up the tenor saxophone while serving in the United States Air Force from 1948 through 1951.[1] He then pursued a musical career, beginning as a tenor saxophonist on a national tour with the Harlem Globetrotters in an ensemble that included pianist Earl Hines in 1952.[1]In 1953 Gilmore met pianist and bandleader Sun Ra who had a profound impact on him as a musician.[1] For the next four decades, he recorded and performed almost exclusively with Sun Ra; first as a trio, and then in the Sun Ra Arkestra.[1] This was puzzling to some, who noted Gilmore's talent, and thought he could be a major star like John Coltrane or Sonny Rollins. Despite being five years older than Gilmore, Coltrane was impressed with his playing, and took informal lessons from Gilmore in the late 1950s. Coltrane's epochal, proto–free jazz \"Chasin' the Trane\" was inspired partly by Gilmore's sound. The Penguin Guide to Jazz suggests Gilmore remained an influence in Coltrane's later period, particularly on Sun Ship.[5]In the late 1950s Gilmore co-led a band with Clifford Jordan while simultaneously playing with Arkestra.[1] In 1957 this ensemble recorded a Blue Note session which resulted in the album Blowing in from Chicago.[1] The rhythm section featured Horace Silver, Curly Russell, and Art Blakey.[6] During this period Gilmore also performed with jazz drummer Wilbur Campbell (1958), trumpeter Miles Davis (1959), saxophonist Johnny Griffin (1959), singer Dinah Washington (1959), and pianist Andrew Hill (1959); the latter of whom he had gone to school with as a boy in Chicago.[1]In 1960 Gilmore moved from Chicago to New York City with the other members of Arkestra.[1] In the early 1960s he worked frequently as a sideman in gigs in New York with artists like trumpeter Freddie Hubbard (1962), singer and guitarist B.B. King (1963-1964), pianist Paul Bley (1964), Andrew Hill (1964), and drummer Art Blakey (1964).[1] From 1964 through 1966 he toured with the Blakey's Jazz Messengers; replacing saxophonist Wayne Shorter in the ensemble.[1] After this he performed with a variety of artists, including double bassist and pianist Charles Mingus (1966), pianists McCoy Tyner (1967) and George Russell (1968); drummer Art Taylor (1968); and trombonist Melba Liston (1969).[1] During this time he also participated in recording sessions with Bley, Hill (Andrew!!! and Compulsion), Pete La Roca (Turkish Women at the Bath), McCoy Tyner (Today and Tomorrow) and a handful of others.[citation needed] In 1970, he co-led a recording with Jamaican trumpeter Dizzy Reece. His main focus throughout, however, remained with the Sun Ra Arkestra.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony"},{"link_name":"bebop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebop"},{"link_name":"Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"bass clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_clarinet"},{"link_name":"Rough Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Guide"},{"link_name":"Brian Priestley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Priestley"},{"link_name":"post-bop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-bop"},{"link_name":"Johnny Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Griffin"},{"link_name":"Wardell Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardell_Gray"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"emphysema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Marshall Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Allen"}],"text":"Gilmore's devotion to Sun Ra was due, in part, to the latter's use of harmony, which Gilmore considered both unique and a logical extension of bebop. Gilmore had stated that Sun Ra was \"more stretched out than Monk\"[7] and that \"I'm not gonna run across anybody who's moving as fast as Sun Ra ... So I just stay where I am.\"[8]Gilmore occasionally doubled on drums and also played bass clarinet until Sun Ra hired Robert Cummings as a specialist on the latter instrument in the mid-1950s. However, tenor sax was his main instrument and Gilmore himself made a huge contribution to Sun Ra's recordings and was the Arkestra's leading sideman, being given solos on almost every track on which he appeared. In the Rough Guide to Jazz, Brian Priestley says:Gilmore is known for two rather different styles of tenor playing. On performances of a straight ahead post-bop character (which include many of those with Sun Ra), he runs the changes with a fluency and tone halfway between Johnny Griffin and Wardell Gray, and with a rhythmic and motivic approach which he claims influenced Coltrane. On more abstract material, he is capable of long passages based exclusively on high-register squeals. Especially when heard live, Gilmore was one of the few musicians who carried sufficient conviction to encompass both approaches.In the early 1970s, Gilmore moved to Philadelphia with Sun Ra and the other members of Arkestra.[1] After Sun Ra died in 1993, Gilmore led Ra's Arkestra for a few years before his own death from emphysema.[9] Marshall Allen then took over leading the Arkestra.","title":"Devotion to Sun Ra and his band"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blowing in from Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing_in_from_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Blue Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Note_Records"},{"link_name":"Cliff Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Jordan"}],"sub_title":"As co-leader","text":"Blowing in from Chicago (Blue Note, 1957) co-leader with Cliff Jordan,","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sun Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Ra"},{"link_name":"Sun Ra discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Ra_discography"},{"link_name":"Paul Bley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bley"},{"link_name":"Turning Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_Point_(Paul_Bley_album)"},{"link_name":"Improvising Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvising_Artists"},{"link_name":"Freddie Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"The Artistry of Freddie Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Artistry_of_Freddie_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"McCoy Tyner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCoy_Tyner"},{"link_name":"Today and Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_and_Tomorrow_(McCoy_Tyner_album)"},{"link_name":"Elmo Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo_Hope"},{"link_name":"Sounds from Rikers Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounds_from_Rikers_Island"},{"link_name":"Audio Fidelity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Fidelity_Records"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hill_(jazz_musician)"},{"link_name":"Andrew!!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew!!!"},{"link_name":"Compulsion!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsion_(album)"},{"link_name":"Art Blakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Blakey"},{"link_name":"'S Make It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27S_Make_It"},{"link_name":"Limelight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limelight_Records"},{"link_name":"Pete La Roca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_La_Roca"},{"link_name":"Turkish Women at the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Women_at_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Phil Upchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Upchurch"},{"link_name":"Feeling Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeling_Blue"},{"link_name":"Milestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milestone_Records"},{"link_name":"Dizzy Reece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Reece"},{"link_name":"From In to Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_In_to_Out"},{"link_name":"Futura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futura_Records"}],"sub_title":"As sideman","text":"For albums with Sun Ra see the Sun Ra discographyWith Paul BleyTurning Point (Improvising Artists, 1975 rec. 1964)With Freddie HubbardThe Artistry of Freddie Hubbard (Impulse!, 1962)With McCoy TynerToday and Tomorrow (Impulse!, 1963)With Elmo HopeSounds from Rikers Island (Audio Fidelity, 1963)With Andrew HillAndrew!!! (Blue Note, 1964)\nCompulsion! (Blue Note, 1966)With Art Blakey'S Make It (Limelight, 1965)With Pete La RocaTurkish Women at the Bath (Douglas, 1967) also released as Bliss!With Phil UpchurchFeeling Blue (Milestone, 1967)With Dizzy ReeceFrom In to Out (Futura, 1970)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Barry Long (October 4, 2012). \"John Gilmore\". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2228311. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online","url_text":"Grove Music Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.A2228311","url_text":"10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2228311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0","url_text":"978-1-56159-263-0"}]},{"reference":"Ankeny, Jason. \"Marshall Allen Biography\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/marshall-allen-mn0000299353/biography","url_text":"\"Marshall Allen Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Lock, Graham (1994). Chasing the Vibration. Devon: Stride Publications. pp. 156–163. ISBN 1-873012-81-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873012-81-0","url_text":"1-873012-81-0"}]},{"reference":"Cook, Richard; Morton, Bryan (2002). The Penguin Guide to Jazz (6th ed.). London: Penguin. p. 320.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Clifford Jordan / John Gilmore: Blowing in from Chicago: Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/blowing-in-from-chicago-mw0000263592/credits","url_text":"\"Clifford Jordan / John Gilmore: Blowing in from Chicago: Credits\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Robert L. \"FROM SONNY BLOUNT TO SUN RA: The Birmingham and Chicago Years\". Archived from the original on June 17, 2006. Retrieved June 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060617112725/http://www.dpo.uab.edu/~moudry/camp1.htm","url_text":"\"FROM SONNY BLOUNT TO SUN RA: The Birmingham and Chicago Years\""},{"url":"http://www.dpo.uab.edu/~moudry/camp1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Corbett, John. \"John Gilmore\". Retrieved June 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://members.tripod.com/~hardbop/gilmore.html","url_text":"\"John Gilmore\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.A2228311","external_links_name":"10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2228311"},{"Link":"http://www.jazzhouse.org/gone/lastpost2.php3?edit=920671464","external_links_name":"John Gilmore: Self-Effacing Disciple of Sun Ra"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/marshall-allen-mn0000299353/biography","external_links_name":"\"Marshall Allen Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/blowing-in-from-chicago-mw0000263592/credits","external_links_name":"\"Clifford Jordan / John Gilmore: Blowing in from Chicago: Credits\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060617112725/http://www.dpo.uab.edu/~moudry/camp1.htm","external_links_name":"\"FROM SONNY BLOUNT TO SUN RA: The Birmingham and Chicago Years\""},{"Link":"http://www.dpo.uab.edu/~moudry/camp1.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://members.tripod.com/~hardbop/gilmore.html","external_links_name":"\"John Gilmore\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/22/obituaries/john-gilmore-63-saxophonist-in-the-avant-garde-of-jazz.html","external_links_name":"John Gilmore, 63, Saxophonist In the Avant-Garde of Jazz"},{"Link":"http://www.jazzhouse.org/gone/lastpost2.php3?edit=920671464","external_links_name":"John Gilmore obituary"},{"Link":"http://indianapublicmedia.org/nightlights/away-from-the-spaceways-john-gilmore/","external_links_name":"Away From the Spaceways: John Gilmore"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081632683","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/89862709","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd88Ym4FJ6rVjJXfG9FKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/28768","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13894478t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13894478t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134385349","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no91018728","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/51f18da3-397d-4eca-961d-1e488fd0bc2e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/139897003","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagato_province	Nagato Province	["1 History","2 Shrines and temples","3 Historical districts","4 Maps","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	Former province of Japan Map of Japanese provinces (1868) with Nagato Province highlightedNagato Province (長門国, Nagato no kuni), often called Chōshū (長州), was a province of Japan. It was at the extreme western end of Honshū, in the area that is today Yamaguchi Prefecture. Nagato bordered on Iwami and Suō Provinces. History Although the ancient capital of the province was Shimonoseki, Hagi was the seat of the Chōshū han (fief or domain) during the Edo period. Nagato was ruled by the Mōri clan before and after the Battle of Sekigahara. In 1871 with the abolition of feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures (Haihan Chiken) after the Meiji Restoration, the provinces of Nagato and Suō were combined to eventually establish Yamaguchi Prefecture. At the same time, the province continued to exist for some purposes. For example, Nagato is explicitly recognized in treaties in 1894 (a) between Japan and the United States and (b) between Japan and the United Kingdom. Historically, the oligarchy that came into power after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 had a strong representation from the Chōshū province, as Itō Hirobumi, Yamagata Aritomo, and Kido Kōin were from there. Other natives famous for their role in the restoration include Yoshida Shōin, Takasugi Shinsaku, and Kusaka Genzui among others. The Japanese battleship Nagato was named after this province. Shrines and temples Nagato Kokubun-ji Site in Shimonoseki Sumiyoshi jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Nagato. Historical districts Yamaguchi Prefecture Abu District (阿武郡) - absorbed Mishima District on April 1, 1896 Asa District (厚狭郡) - dissolved Mine District (美祢郡) - dissolved Mishima District (見島郡) - merged into Abu District on April 1, 1896 Ōtsu District (大津郡) - dissolved Toyoura District (豊浦郡) - dissolved Maps Shōhō Kuniezu - Nagato Province, with Suō in yellow and Iwami in blue (Yamaguchi Prefectural Archives) Genroku Kuniezu - Nagato Province, with Suō in pink and Iwami in yellow (Yamaguchi Prefectural Archives) Tenpō Kuniezu - Nagato Province (Yamaguchi Prefectural Archives) 1878 map of Yamaguchi Prefecture, marked with its two constituent provinces of Nagato (長門) and Suō (周防), as well as neighbouring Iwami (石見) and Aki (安藝) (Yamaguchi Prefectural Archives) See also List of Historic Sites of Japan (Yamaguchi) Chōshū Five Nagato City Notes ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Nagato" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 684, p. 684, at Google Books. ^ US Department of State. (1906). A digest of international law as embodied in diplomatic discussions, treaties and other international agreements (John Bassett Moore, ed.), Vol. 5, p. 759. ^ "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 3; retrieved 2012-11-20. References Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128 Papinot, Edmond. (1910). Historical and Geographic Dictionary of Japan. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha. OCLC 77691250 External links Media related to Nagato Province at Wikimedia Commons "Nagato Province" at JapaneseCastleExplorer.com Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903 vteFormer provinces of Japan (List)Kinai Izumi Kawachi Settsu Yamashiro Yamato Yoshino 716–738 Tōkaidō Awa Hitachi Iga Ise Izu Kai Kazusa Mikawa Musashi Owari Sagami Shima Shimōsa Suruga Tōtōmi Tōsandō Dewa -1869 Hida Iwaki 718–724 Iwaki 1869– Iwase 718–724 Iwashiro 1869– Kōzuke Mino Ōmi Mutsu –1869 Rikuō (or Mutsu) 1869– Rikuchū 1869– Rikuzen 1869– Shimotsuke Shinano Suwa 721–731 Ugo 1869– Uzen 1869– Hokurikudō Echigo Echizen Etchū Kaga Noto Sado Wakasa San'indō Hōki Inaba Izumo Iwami Oki Tajima Tanba Tango San'yōdō Aki Bingo Bitchū Bizen Harima Mimasaka Nagato Suō Nankaidō Awa Awaji Iyo Kii Sanuki Tosa Saikaidō Bungo Buzen Chikugo Chikuzen Higo Hizen Hyūga Iki Ōsumi Satsuma Tane 702–824 Tsushima Hokkaidō1869– Chishima Hidaka Iburi Ishikari Kitami Kushiro Nemuro Oshima Shiribeshi Teshio Tokachi Pre-Taihō Codeprovinces Chichibu Fusa Hi Keno Kibi Koshi Kumaso Toyo Tsukushi Source: Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Provinces and prefectures" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 780, p. 780, at Google Books; excerpt, "Japan's former provinces were converted into prefectures by the Meiji government ... grouped, according to geographic position, into the 'five provinces of the Kinai' and 'seven circuits'."	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Provinces_of_Japan-Nagato.svg"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Honshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Yamaguchi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Iwami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwami_Province"},{"link_name":"Suō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%8D_Province"}],"text":"Map of Japanese provinces (1868) with Nagato Province highlightedNagato Province (長門国, Nagato no kuni), often called Chōshū (長州), was a province of Japan. It was at the extreme western end of Honshū, in the area that is today Yamaguchi Prefecture.[1] Nagato bordered on Iwami and Suō Provinces.","title":"Nagato Province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shimonoseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimonoseki,_Yamaguchi"},{"link_name":"Hagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagi,_Yamaguchi"},{"link_name":"Chōshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain"},{"link_name":"han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Mōri clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_clan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sekigahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara"},{"link_name":"abolition of feudal domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system"},{"link_name":"prefectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Meiji Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Suō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%8D_Province"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Historically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"oligarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy"},{"link_name":"Itō Hirobumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi"},{"link_name":"Yamagata Aritomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo"},{"link_name":"Kido Kōin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kido_K%C5%8Din"},{"link_name":"Yoshida Shōin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshida_Sh%C5%8Din"},{"link_name":"Takasugi Shinsaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takasugi_Shinsaku"},{"link_name":"Kusaka Genzui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusaka_Genzui"},{"link_name":"Nagato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Nagato"}],"text":"Although the ancient capital of the province was Shimonoseki, Hagi was the seat of the Chōshū han (fief or domain) during the Edo period. Nagato was ruled by the Mōri clan before and after the Battle of Sekigahara.In 1871 with the abolition of feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures (Haihan Chiken) after the Meiji Restoration, the provinces of Nagato and Suō were combined to eventually establish Yamaguchi Prefecture. At the same time, the province continued to exist for some purposes. For example, Nagato is explicitly recognized in treaties in 1894 (a) between Japan and the United States and (b) between Japan and the United Kingdom.[2]Historically, the oligarchy that came into power after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 had a strong representation from the Chōshū province, as Itō Hirobumi, Yamagata Aritomo, and Kido Kōin were from there. Other natives famous for their role in the restoration include Yoshida Shōin, Takasugi Shinsaku, and Kusaka Genzui among others.The Japanese battleship Nagato was named after this province.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nagato_Kokubunji_cornerstone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kokubun-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokubun-ji"},{"link_name":"Shimonoseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimonoseki"},{"link_name":"Sumiyoshi jinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumiyoshi_jinja_(Yamaguchi)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shinto shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto_shrine"},{"link_name":"ichinomiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichinomiya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Nagato Kokubun-ji Site in ShimonosekiSumiyoshi jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Nagato. \n[3]","title":"Shrines and temples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yamaguchi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Abu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_District,_Yamaguchi"},{"link_name":"Asa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_District,_Yamaguchi"},{"link_name":"Mine District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_District,_Yamaguchi"},{"link_name":"Mishima District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mishima_District,_Yamaguchi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ōtsu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctsu_District,_Yamaguchi"},{"link_name":"Toyoura District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyoura_District,_Yamaguchi"}],"text":"Yamaguchi Prefecture\nAbu District (阿武郡) - absorbed Mishima District on April 1, 1896\nAsa District (厚狭郡) - dissolved\nMine District (美祢郡) - dissolved\nMishima District (見島郡) - merged into Abu District on April 1, 1896\nŌtsu District (大津郡) - dissolved\nToyoura District (豊浦郡) - dissolved","title":"Historical districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sh%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_Kuniezu_-_Nagato_Province_(Yamaguchi_Prefectural_Archives).jpg"},{"link_name":"Shōhō Kuniezu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuniezu"},{"link_name":"Suō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%8D_Province"},{"link_name":"Iwami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwami_Province"},{"link_name":"Yamaguchi Prefectural Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefectural_Archives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genroku_Kuniezu_-_Nagato_Province_(Yamaguchi_Prefectural_Archives).jpg"},{"link_name":"Genroku Kuniezu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuniezu"},{"link_name":"Suō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%8D_Province"},{"link_name":"Iwami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwami_Province"},{"link_name":"Yamaguchi Prefectural Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefectural_Archives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tenp%C5%8D_Kuniezu_-_Nagato_Province_(Yamaguchi_Prefectural_Archives).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tenpō Kuniezu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuniezu"},{"link_name":"Yamaguchi Prefectural Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefectural_Archives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamaguchi_Prefecture_(Yamaguchi_Prefectural_Archives).jpg"},{"link_name":"Yamaguchi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Iwami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwami_Province"},{"link_name":"Aki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aki_Province"},{"link_name":"Yamaguchi Prefectural Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefectural_Archives"}],"text":"Shōhō Kuniezu - Nagato Province, with Suō in yellow and Iwami in blue (Yamaguchi Prefectural Archives)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGenroku Kuniezu - Nagato Province, with Suō in pink and Iwami in yellow (Yamaguchi Prefectural Archives)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTenpō Kuniezu - Nagato Province (Yamaguchi Prefectural Archives)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1878 map of Yamaguchi Prefecture, marked with its two constituent provinces of Nagato (長門) and Suō (周防), as well as neighbouring Iwami (石見) and Aki (安藝) (Yamaguchi Prefectural Archives)","title":"Maps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA684"},{"link_name":"Japan Encyclopedia, p. 684","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA684"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"A digest of international law as embodied in diplomatic discussions, treaties and other international agreements (John Bassett Moore, ed.), Vol. 5, p. 759","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dKCOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA759"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Nationwide List of Ichinomiya,\" p. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/images/uploads/EOS070712Ab.pdf"}],"text":"^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). \"Nagato\" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 684, p. 684, at Google Books.\n\n^ US Department of State. (1906). A digest of international law as embodied in diplomatic discussions, treaties and other international agreements (John Bassett Moore, ed.), Vol. 5, p. 759.\n\n^ \"Nationwide List of Ichinomiya,\" p. 3; retrieved 2012-11-20.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Japanese provinces (1868) with Nagato Province highlighted","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Provinces_of_Japan-Nagato.svg/300px-Provinces_of_Japan-Nagato.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Nagato Kokubun-ji Site in Shimonoseki","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nagato_Kokubunji_cornerstone.jpg/250px-Nagato_Kokubunji_cornerstone.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of Historic Sites of Japan (Yamaguchi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Yamaguchi)"},{"title":"Chōshū Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Five"},{"title":"Nagato City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagato,_Yamaguchi"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA684"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA684","external_links_name":"Japan Encyclopedia, p. 684"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dKCOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA759","external_links_name":"A digest of international law as embodied in diplomatic discussions, treaties and other international agreements (John Bassett Moore, ed.), Vol. 5, p. 759"},{"Link":"http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/images/uploads/EOS070712Ab.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Nationwide List of Ichinomiya,\" p. 3"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC","external_links_name":"Japan encyclopedia."},{"Link":"http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition","external_links_name":"OCLC 58053128"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/77691250","external_links_name":"OCLC 77691250"},{"Link":"http://www.japanese-castle-explorer.com/province.html?name=Nagato","external_links_name":"\"Nagato Province\" at JapaneseCastleExplorer.com"},{"Link":"http://www.maproom.org/00/05/sub1/1.html","external_links_name":"Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA780"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA780","external_links_name":"Japan Encyclopedia, p. 780"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Eug%C3%A8ne-Charles_Alberti	Jean-Eugène-Charles Alberti	["1 Life","2 References"]	Dutch painter Johannes Echarius Carolus or Jean Eugène Charles Alberti (bapt. 20 June 1777 - after 1843), was a Dutch painter of Italian descent who worked in Paris for most of his life. Life Alberti was born in Maastricht. He studied first in Amsterdam, where he had moved at the age of five, and then at Paris under David, and afterwards in Rome, where he copied the works of Guido Reni and Anthony van Dyck. He subsequently returned and settled in Paris. He left Paris in 1843, presumably returning to the Netherlands, but the date of his death is not recorded. Marius among the Ruins of Carthage, painted in 1805, gained him a gold medal. Alberti made engravings both from his own works and from those of the Italian masters. Warrior with shield and lance (1808) Warrior with drawn sword (1808) Proculeius preventing Cleopatra from stabbing herself (1810) References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Alberti, Jean Eugène Charles". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. Alberti, Jean Eugène Charles at the RKD databases Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean Eugène Charles Alberti. Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National France BnF data Germany Artists RKD Artists ULAN People Netherlands This article about a Dutch painter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"text":"Johannes Echarius Carolus or Jean Eugène Charles Alberti (bapt. 20 June 1777 - after 1843), was a Dutch painter of Italian descent who worked in Paris for most of his life.","title":"Jean-Eugène-Charles Alberti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Guido Reni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Reni"},{"link_name":"Anthony van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joannes_EC_Alberti_-_Krijgsman_met_lans_en_schild_1808.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joannes_EC_Alberti_-_Krijgsman_met_getrokken_zwaard_1808.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Eug%C3%A8ne_Charles_Alberti_001.jpg"}],"text":"Alberti was born in Maastricht. He studied first in Amsterdam, where he had moved at the age of five, and then at Paris under David, and afterwards in Rome, where he copied the works of Guido Reni and Anthony van Dyck. He subsequently returned and settled in Paris. He left Paris in 1843, presumably returning to the Netherlands, but the date of his death is not recorded. Marius among the Ruins of Carthage, painted in 1805, gained him a gold medal.Alberti made engravings both from his own works and from those of the Italian masters.Warrior with shield and lance (1808)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWarrior with drawn sword (1808)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProculeius preventing Cleopatra from stabbing herself (1810)","title":"Life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Alberti, Jean Eugène Charles\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bryan_(art_historian)","url_text":"Bryan, Michael"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092716962#page/n6/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Alberti, Jean Eugène Charles\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092716962#page/n6/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Alberti, Jean Eugène Charles\""},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/920","external_links_name":"Alberti, Jean Eugène Charles"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/96341624","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/306063669","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14973497r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14973497r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/140092587","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/920","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500090586","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/44350650","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Eug%C3%A8ne-Charles_Alberti&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowlands_Station	Meadowlands station	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°48′46″N 74°04′19″W / 40.81278°N 74.07194°W / 40.81278; -74.07194NJ Transit rail station MeadowlandsMeadowlands station platformsGeneral informationOther namesMeadowlands Sports ComplexLocation50 State Route 120East Rutherford, New JerseyCoordinates40°48′46″N 74°04′19″W / 40.81278°N 74.07194°W / 40.81278; -74.07194Owned byNew Jersey TransitPlatforms1 island platform, 1 side platformTracks3ConstructionStructure typeAt-gradeAccessibleYesHistoryOpenedJuly 26, 2009 (July 26, 2009)PassengersQ1 FY2013195,711 Services Preceding station NJ Transit Following station Terminus Meadowlands Rail Linespecial event service Secaucus Junctiontoward Hoboken Location Meadowlands station (also known as Meadowlands Sports Complex station) is a New Jersey Transit train station that is the western terminus for the Meadowlands Rail Line located at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The station is situated equidistant between Meadowlands Racetrack, Meadowlands Arena, American Dream and MetLife Stadium to which there is a direct aerial connection. There is one island platform and one side platform each approximately 950 feet (290 m) in length and have an enclosed passenger overpass, which provides an accessible connection. NJ Transit operates the BetMGM Meadowlands Rail Line to the station for stadium events when 50,000 or more attendees are expected. Despite the opening of American Dream in 2019, the station is not yet operating daily. NJ Transit says daily service may begin "once the rail system is resilient enough that doing so won’t adversely affect NJ Transit commuters". On September 14, 2022, NJ Transit entered into a naming rights agreement with BetMGM, a sports betting company owned by MGM Resorts International, to rename the rail line for $3 million over the next 3 years. History The Meadowlands station opened on July 20, 2009, when a group of dignitaries including New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine, New York Giants owner John Mara, New York Jets owner Woody Johnson, and players from the Giants and Jets rode out on a special train from Hoboken for a ribbon-cutting ceremony. The station officially opened to the public on July 26, 2009, for the championship game of the CONCACAF Gold Cup tournament between the United States and Mexico. As many as 6,000 of the 80,000 attendees at the soccer game arrived at the complex using the station. In August 2009, New Jersey assemblymen Frederick Scalera and Gary Schaer advocated using the train station as a park and ride facility with weekday rush-hour service to help alleviate traffic congestion on the roadways leading to New York City, but the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority indicated this could create conflicts on evenings when other events are scheduled, such as those at the Izod Center. Although the new train service worked well for the first two regular season NFL games—when approximately 6,000-7,000 football fans arrived by rail—the first problems occurred on September 23, 2009, when 20,000 attendees at a U2 concert crammed onto trains. Some concertgoers had to wait up to two hours to board trains after the show, as the rail line can only accommodate a maximum capacity of 10,000 people per hour. References ^ "QUARTERLY RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANALYSIS" (PDF). New Jersey Transit. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013. ^ a b "Meadowlands Rail Station". New Jersey Transit. January 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2009. ^ Anzidei, Melanie (July 3, 2019). "American Dream mall will open Oct. 25, officials say". North Jersey Record. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019. ^ Alexander, Dan (September 3, 2019). "NJ Transit bus service to American Dream mega mall at Meadowlands". New Jersey 101.5. Retrieved September 9, 2019. ^ "NJ TRANSIT Partners With BetMGM On Naming Rights For Meadowlands Rail Line" (Press release). New Jersey Transit. September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 15, 2022. ^ Brennan, John (July 20, 2009). "Meadowlands rail service rolls out". The Record. Retrieved August 2, 2009. ^ Clunn, Nick (July 26, 2009). "Thousands hop on board new Meadowlands rail service". The Record. Retrieved August 2, 2009. ^ Dela Cruz, Christopher (August 19, 2009). "Lawmakers advocate using Meadowlands train service for park-and-ride". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved January 9, 2010. ^ Mascarenhas, Rohan (September 24, 2009). "20K fans throng Meadowlands trains for U2 concert". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved September 25, 2009. ^ "Meadowlands rails prove all the rage". The Star-Ledger. September 25, 2009. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2009. External links "Meadowlands Rail Service". New Jersey Transit. Retrieved September 19, 2011. "Train to the Game". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved May 20, 2009. "Meadowlands Railroad and Roadway Improvement Project". New Jersey Transit. January 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2009. vteMeadowlands Sports ComplexVenues Meadowlands Arena (closed) Meadowlands Grand Prix Meadowlands Racetrack MetLife Stadium American Dream Meadowlands Big Snow American Dream DreamWorks Water Park Nickelodeon Universe Events Cane Pace Hambletonian Oaks Hambletonian Stakes Meadowlands Pace William R. Haughton Memorial Pace Transportation Meadowlands station Former venues Giants Stadium vteNJ Transit Rail stationsAtlantic City Line Philadelphia Pennsauken Cherry Hill Lindenwold Atco Hammonton Egg Harbor City Absecon Atlantic City Bergen County Line Hoboken Secaucus Junction Harmon Cove Rutherford Wesmont Garfield Plauderville Broadway Radburn Glen Rock–Boro Hall Ridgewood Ho-Ho-Kus Waldwick Allendale Ramsey Ramsey Route 17 Mahwah Suffern Gladstone BranchMidtown Direct New York Secaucus Junction Hoboken Hoboken Harrison Newark Broad Street Roseville Avenue Grove Street East Orange Brick Church Orange Highland Avenue Mountain Station South Orange Maplewood Millburn Short Hills Summit New Providence Murray Hill Berkeley Heights Gillette Stirling Millington Lyons Basking Ridge Bernardsville Far Hills Peapack GladstoneMain Line Hoboken Secaucus Junction Kingsland Lyndhurst Delawanna Passaic Clifton South Paterson Paterson Hawthorne Glen Rock–Main Line Ridgewood Ho-Ho-Kus Waldwick Allendale Ramsey Ramsey Route 17 Mahwah Suffern Meadowlands Rail Line Hoboken Secaucus Junction Meadowlands Montclair-Boonton LineMidtown Direct New York Secaucus Junction Hoboken Hoboken Boonton Line Hoboken Arlington North Newark Rowe Street Benson Street Walnut Street Harrison Newark Broad Street Roseville Avenue Ampere Watsessing Avenue Bloomfield Glen Ridge Bay Street Walnut Street Watchung Avenue Upper Montclair Mountain Avenue Montclair Heights Montclair State University Great Notch Little Falls Wayne Route 23 Mountain View Lincoln Park Towaco Boonton Mountain Lakes Denville Dover Mount Arlington Lake Hopatcong Netcong Mount Olive HackettstownMorristown LineMidtown Direct New York Secaucus Junction Hoboken Hoboken Harrison Newark Broad Street Roseville Avenue Grove Street East Orange Brick Church Orange Highland Avenue Mountain Station South Orange Maplewood Millburn Short Hills Summit Chatham Madison Convent Station Morristown Morris Plains Mount Tabor Denville Dover Mount Arlington Lake Hopatcong Netcong Mount Olive HackettstownNorth Jersey Coast LinePenn Station New York Secaucus Junction Hoboken Hoboken Newark Penn Station Newark Liberty International Airport North Elizabeth Elizabeth Linden North Rahway Rahway Avenel Woodbridge Perth Amboy South Amboy Aberdeen–Matawan Hazlet Middletown Red Bank Little Silver Monmouth Park Long Branch Elberon Allenhurst Asbury Park Bradley Beach Belmar Spring Lake Manasquan Point Pleasant Beach Bay HeadNortheast Corridor Line New York Secaucus Junction Newark Penn Station Newark Liberty International Airport North Elizabeth Elizabeth Linden North Rahway Rahway Metropark Metuchen Edison New Brunswick Jersey Avenue North Brunswick Princeton Junction Hamilton Trenton Princeton Branch Princeton Junction Princeton Pascack Valley Line Hoboken Secaucus Junction Wood-Ridge Teterboro Essex Street Anderson Street Fairmount Avenue New Bridge Landing River Edge Oradell Emerson Westwood Hillsdale Woodcliff Lake Park Ridge Montvale (Metro-North Railroad section to Spring Valley) → Raritan Valley LinePenn Station New York Secaucus Junction Hoboken Hoboken Newark Penn Station Union Roselle Park Cranford Garwood Westfield Fanwood Netherwood Plainfield Grant Avenue Dunellen Bound Brook Bridgewater Finderne Somerville Raritan North Branch White House Lebanon Annandale High BridgeWest Trenton Line New York Newark Penn Station Cranford Westfield Plainfield Bound Brook Belle Mead Hopewell West Trenton Category CommonsItalics denote closed stations, stations under construction, and unused line segments.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Jersey Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit"},{"link_name":"Meadowlands Rail Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowlands_Rail_Line"},{"link_name":"Meadowlands Sports Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowlands_Sports_Complex"},{"link_name":"East Rutherford, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Rutherford,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meadowlands_Rail_Station-2"},{"link_name":"Meadowlands Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowlands_Racetrack"},{"link_name":"Meadowlands Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowlands_Arena"},{"link_name":"American Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dream_Meadowlands"},{"link_name":"MetLife Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetLife_Stadium"},{"link_name":"island platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"side platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platform"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meadowlands_Rail_Station-2"},{"link_name":"American Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dream_Meadowlands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"NJ Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJ_Transit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"BetMGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Resorts_International#BetMGM"},{"link_name":"MGM Resorts International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Resorts_International"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"NJ Transit rail stationMeadowlands station (also known as Meadowlands Sports Complex station) is a New Jersey Transit train station that is the western terminus for the Meadowlands Rail Line located at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford, New Jersey.[2]The station is situated equidistant between Meadowlands Racetrack, Meadowlands Arena, American Dream and MetLife Stadium to which there is a direct aerial connection. There is one island platform and one side platform each approximately 950 feet (290 m) in length and have an enclosed passenger overpass, which provides an accessible connection.[2]NJ Transit operates the BetMGM Meadowlands Rail Line to the station for stadium events when 50,000 or more attendees are expected. Despite the opening of American Dream in 2019, the station is not yet operating daily.[3] NJ Transit says daily service may begin \"once the rail system is resilient enough that doing so won’t adversely affect NJ Transit commuters\".[4]On September 14, 2022, NJ Transit entered into a naming rights agreement with BetMGM, a sports betting company owned by MGM Resorts International, to rename the rail line for $3 million over the next 3 years.[5]","title":"Meadowlands station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Corzine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Corzine"},{"link_name":"John Mara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mara"},{"link_name":"Woody Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-record2009-07-20-6"},{"link_name":"championship game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_CONCACAF_Gold_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_CONCACAF_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Frederick Scalera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Scalera"},{"link_name":"Gary Schaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Schaer"},{"link_name":"park and ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_and_ride"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Sports_and_Exposition_Authority"},{"link_name":"Izod Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izod_Center"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Meadowlands station opened on July 20, 2009, when a group of dignitaries including New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine, New York Giants owner John Mara, New York Jets owner Woody Johnson, and players from the Giants and Jets rode out on a special train from Hoboken for a ribbon-cutting ceremony.[6] The station officially opened to the public on July 26, 2009, for the championship game of the CONCACAF Gold Cup tournament between the United States and Mexico. As many as 6,000 of the 80,000 attendees at the soccer game arrived at the complex using the station.[7]In August 2009, New Jersey assemblymen Frederick Scalera and Gary Schaer advocated using the train station as a park and ride facility with weekday rush-hour service to help alleviate traffic congestion on the roadways leading to New York City, but the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority indicated this could create conflicts on evenings when other events are scheduled, such as those at the Izod Center.[8]Although the new train service worked well for the first two regular season NFL games—when approximately 6,000-7,000 football fans arrived by rail—the first problems occurred on September 23, 2009, when 20,000 attendees at a U2 concert crammed onto trains. Some concertgoers had to wait up to two hours to board trains after the show, as the rail line can only accommodate a maximum capacity of 10,000 people per hour.[9][10]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"QUARTERLY RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANALYSIS\" (PDF). New Jersey Transit. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130419042253/http://media.nj.com/bergen_impact/other/1Q2013.pdf","url_text":"\"QUARTERLY RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANALYSIS\""},{"url":"http://media.nj.com/bergen_impact/other/1Q2013.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meadowlands Rail Station\". New Jersey Transit. January 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.njtransit.com/tm/tm_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=Project077To","url_text":"\"Meadowlands Rail Station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit","url_text":"New Jersey Transit"}]},{"reference":"Anzidei, Melanie (July 3, 2019). \"American Dream mall will open Oct. 25, officials say\". North Jersey Record. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190703201850/https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2019/07/03/american-dream-open-oct-25-officials-say/1639522001/","url_text":"\"American Dream mall will open Oct. 25, officials say\""},{"url":"https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2019/07/03/american-dream-open-oct-25-officials-say/1639522001/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Dan (September 3, 2019). \"NJ Transit bus service to American Dream mega mall at Meadowlands\". New Jersey 101.5. Retrieved September 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nj1015.com/nj-transit-bus-service-to-american-dream-mega-mall-at-meadowlands/","url_text":"\"NJ Transit bus service to American Dream mega mall at Meadowlands\""}]},{"reference":"\"NJ TRANSIT Partners With BetMGM On Naming Rights For Meadowlands Rail Line\" (Press release). New Jersey Transit. September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.njtransit.com/press-releases/nj-transit-partners-betmgm-naming-rights-meadowlands-rail-line","url_text":"\"NJ TRANSIT Partners With BetMGM On Naming Rights For Meadowlands Rail Line\""}]},{"reference":"Brennan, John (July 20, 2009). \"Meadowlands rail service rolls out\". The Record. Retrieved August 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northjersey.com/news/transportation/mass_transit/Officials_to_launch_Meadowlands_rail_service.html","url_text":"\"Meadowlands rail service rolls out\""}]},{"reference":"Clunn, Nick (July 26, 2009). \"Thousands hop on board new Meadowlands rail service\". The Record. Retrieved August 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northjersey.com/news/transportation/Thousands_hop_on_board_new_Meadowlands_rail_service.html","url_text":"\"Thousands hop on board new Meadowlands rail service\""}]},{"reference":"Dela Cruz, Christopher (August 19, 2009). \"Lawmakers advocate using Meadowlands train service for park-and-ride\". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved January 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/08/lawmakers_advocate_meadowlands.html","url_text":"\"Lawmakers advocate using Meadowlands train service for park-and-ride\""}]},{"reference":"Mascarenhas, Rohan (September 24, 2009). \"20K fans throng Meadowlands trains for U2 concert\". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved September 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/09/rohan_mascarenhasthe_star-ledg.html","url_text":"\"20K fans throng Meadowlands trains for U2 concert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meadowlands rails prove all the rage\". The Star-Ledger. September 25, 2009. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605165454/http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/jersey/index.ssf?/base/news-14/12538449113430.xml&coll=1","url_text":"\"Meadowlands rails prove all the rage\""},{"url":"http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/jersey/index.ssf?/base/news-14/12538449113430.xml&coll=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meadowlands Rail Service\". New Jersey Transit. Retrieved September 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.njtransit.com/sf/sf_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=TripPlannerMdwIzodTo","url_text":"\"Meadowlands Rail Service\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit","url_text":"New Jersey Transit"}]},{"reference":"\"Train to the Game\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved May 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mta.info/mta/sports/meadowlands.html","url_text":"\"Train to the Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Meadowlands Railroad and Roadway Improvement Project\". New Jersey Transit. January 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.njtransit.com/tm/tm_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=Project077To","url_text":"\"Meadowlands Railroad and Roadway Improvement Project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit","url_text":"New Jersey Transit"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Meadowlands_station&params=40_48_46_N_74_04_19_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-NJ","external_links_name":"40°48′46″N 74°04′19″W / 40.81278°N 74.07194°W / 40.81278; -74.07194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Meadowlands_station&params=40_48_46_N_74_04_19_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-NJ","external_links_name":"40°48′46″N 74°04′19″W / 40.81278°N 74.07194°W / 40.81278; -74.07194"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130419042253/http://media.nj.com/bergen_impact/other/1Q2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"QUARTERLY RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANALYSIS\""},{"Link":"http://media.nj.com/bergen_impact/other/1Q2013.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.njtransit.com/tm/tm_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=Project077To","external_links_name":"\"Meadowlands Rail Station\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190703201850/https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2019/07/03/american-dream-open-oct-25-officials-say/1639522001/","external_links_name":"\"American Dream mall will open Oct. 25, officials say\""},{"Link":"https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2019/07/03/american-dream-open-oct-25-officials-say/1639522001/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nj1015.com/nj-transit-bus-service-to-american-dream-mega-mall-at-meadowlands/","external_links_name":"\"NJ Transit bus service to American Dream mega mall at Meadowlands\""},{"Link":"https://www.njtransit.com/press-releases/nj-transit-partners-betmgm-naming-rights-meadowlands-rail-line","external_links_name":"\"NJ TRANSIT Partners With BetMGM On Naming Rights For Meadowlands Rail Line\""},{"Link":"http://www.northjersey.com/news/transportation/mass_transit/Officials_to_launch_Meadowlands_rail_service.html","external_links_name":"\"Meadowlands rail service rolls out\""},{"Link":"http://www.northjersey.com/news/transportation/Thousands_hop_on_board_new_Meadowlands_rail_service.html","external_links_name":"\"Thousands hop on board new Meadowlands rail service\""},{"Link":"http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/08/lawmakers_advocate_meadowlands.html","external_links_name":"\"Lawmakers advocate using Meadowlands train service for park-and-ride\""},{"Link":"http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/09/rohan_mascarenhasthe_star-ledg.html","external_links_name":"\"20K fans throng Meadowlands trains for U2 concert\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605165454/http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/jersey/index.ssf?/base/news-14/12538449113430.xml&coll=1","external_links_name":"\"Meadowlands rails prove all the rage\""},{"Link":"http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/jersey/index.ssf?/base/news-14/12538449113430.xml&coll=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.njtransit.com/sf/sf_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=TripPlannerMdwIzodTo","external_links_name":"\"Meadowlands Rail Service\""},{"Link":"http://www.mta.info/mta/sports/meadowlands.html","external_links_name":"\"Train to the Game\""},{"Link":"http://www.njtransit.com/tm/tm_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=Project077To","external_links_name":"\"Meadowlands Railroad and Roadway Improvement Project\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosbank	Gosbank	["1 Foundation","2 Foreign subsidiaries","3 Perestroika","4 Senior executives","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	Central and only bank of the Soviet Union State Bank of the USSRГосударственный банк СССРHeadquarters12 Neglinnaya str., Moscow, Soviet UnionEstablished1922 (1922)Dissolved26 December 1991; 32 years ago (1991-12-26)Central bank of Soviet UnionCurrencySoviet rubleSUR (ISO 4217)Preceded byState Bank of the RSFSRState Bank of the Russian Empire (1860–1917/1922)Succeeded byBank of RussiaNational Bank of Ukraine (1991–present) Gosbank (Russian: Госбанк, Государственный банк СССР, Gosudarstvenny bank SSSR—the State Bank of the USSR) was the central bank of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1991 within the country's single-tier banking system. After an extended gap in 1920–1921, it took over the legacy of the State Bank of the Russian Empire. It was eventually terminated on 1 March 1992 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and its operations were taken over by the central banks of the successor countries, including the Central Bank of Russia, National Bank of Ukraine, National Bank of Kazakhstan, and others. Gosbank was one of the three Soviet economic authorities, the other two being Gosplan (the State Planning Committee) and Gossnab (the State Committee for Material Technical Supply). The Gosbank closely collaborated with the Soviet Ministry of Finance to prepare the national state budget. Exchange rate between the Soviet ruble and major world currencies, February 1985 Foundation Part of a series onSoviet economics Organizations STO Gosplan Gossnab Gosbank Supreme Soviet of the National Economy Economic ministries Enterprises Business group types Combine Production association Scientific production association Planning methods Material balances Linear optimization Five-year plans Statistics Material product Material Product System Net material product Related topics Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia Cybernetics Eastern bloc Economic planning Marxism-Leninism Socialism State capitalism Business and economics portalvte The foundation of the bank was part of the implementation of the New Economic Policy. On 3 October 1921, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), passed a resolution for the founding of the State Bank of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. This was followed by a similar resolution passed by Sovnarkom on 10 October 1921. It began operations on 16 November 1921. In February 1922 Lenin described the State Bank as "a bureaucratic paper game", comparing it to a Potemkin village in a letter to Aron Sheinman whom he accused of "Communist-mandarin childishness". In 1923 it was transformed into the State Bank of the USSR. It was placed under the jurisdiction of Narkomfin. The Soviet state used Gosbank, primarily, as a tool to impose centralized control upon industry in general, using bank balances and transaction histories to monitor the activity of individual concerns and their compliance with five-year plans and directives. Gosbank did not act as a commercial bank in regard to the profit motive. It acted, theoretically, as an instrument of government policy. Instead of independently and impartially assessing the creditworthiness of the borrower, Gosbank would provide loan funds to favored individuals, groups and industries as directed by the central government. In 1931 Boris Berlatsky, a senior official of the State Bank was put on trial for wrecking as part of the 1931 Menshevik Trial. Foreign subsidiaries Beginning in 1921 in Paris and prior to his death, Leonid Krasin created the first state controlled Soviet overseas bank. It was one of five "daughter" (Russian: "дочек") banks or "motherland bins" or "bins of the motherland" (Russian: Закрома Родины) which were established in Paris (1921) as the Commercial Bank for Northern Europe (French: Banque commerciale pour l'Europe du Nord) BCEN-Eurobank, in London as part of the Moscow Narodny Bank, in Vienna (1974) as the Donau Bank AG, in Frankfurt am Main as the Ost-West Handelsbank (OWH), and in Luxembourg (1974) as the East-West United Bank. In order to financially assist Communist Parties, anti-imperialism, and pro national liberation movements worldwide, these banks acted as subsidiaries or "daughters" to the "mother" bank or Gosbank, which was the central bank of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russia) from 1921 to 1922 and the Soviet Union from 1923 to 1991. In 1992 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Paris-based subsidiary bank BCEN-Eurobank had bad loans with Cuba, Morocco, and Mauritania and received a "silver plater" infusion of capital from Gosbank through a "participatory credit" (Russian: партисипационный кредит) of $1080.2 billion in various currencies. The former Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) funds flowed through these daughter banks to overseas locations during the 1990s looting of Russia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, these daughter banks were absorbed into the VTB network and are very closely associated with the Bank of Russia (Russian: Банк России) which was the successor to Gosbank. Perestroika As part of Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika program, other banks were formed, including; "Promstroybank" (USSR Bank of Industrial Construction), "Zhilstoybank" (USSR Bank of Residential Construction), "Agrobank" (USSR Agricultural Bank), "Vneshekonombank" (USSR Internal Trade Bank), and "Sberbank" (USSR Savings Bank). "Sberbank" continues to this day as one of Russia's largest banks, retaining senior ex-Gosbank personnel and most of the present Russian government's banking business. Senior executives This is the list of the chairmen of the Board of the State Bank. The chairman was appointed by the Premier of the Soviet Union. No. Name (governor) Photo Term of office Appointed by Start of term End of term 1 Aron Sheinman 1921 1924 Vladimir Lenin 2 Nikolai Tumanov March 5, 1924 January 16, 1926 Alexei Rykov 3 Georgy Pyatakov April 19, 1929 October 18, 1930 4 Moissei Kalmanovich October 18, 1930 April 4, 1934 Vyacheslav Molotov 5 Lev Maryasin April 4, 1934 July 14, 1936 6 Solomon Kruglikov July 14, 1936 September 15, 1937 7 Alexey Grichmanov September 15, 1937 July 16, 1938 8 Nikolai Bulganin October 2, 1938 April 17, 1940 9 Nikolai K. Sokolov April 17, 1940 October 12, 1940 10 N. Bulganin October 12, 1940 May 23, 1945 Joseph Stalin 11 Yakov Golev May 23, 1945 March 23, 1948 12 Vasily Popov March 23, 1948 March 31, 1958 13 N. Bulganin March 31, 1958 August 15, 1958 Nikita Khrushchev 14 Alexander Korovushkin August 15, 1958 August 14, 1963 15 Alexey Poskonov 1963 1969 16 Miefodiy Svieshnikov 1969 1976 Alexei Kosygin 17 Vladimir Alkhimov October 11, 1976 January 10, 1986 18 Viktor Dementsev January 10, 1986 August 22, 1987 Nikolai Ryzhkov 19 Nikolai Garetovsky August 22, 1987 June 7, 1989 20 Viktor Gerashchenko June 7, 1989 August 26, 1991 Valentin Pavlov 21 Andrei Zverev August 26, 1991 December 20, 1991 Ivan Silayev See also Economy of the Soviet Union Sberkassa Single-tier banking system List of central banks Notes ^ To process transactions with Russia and later the Soviet Union after 1923, the Swedish banker Olof Aschberg established a Russian commercial bank in Berlin (1920) as the Garantie und Kreditbank für den Osten (Garcrebo) and the Russian commercial bank (Russian: Роскомбанк) in Moscow (1922) which later became a Soviet joint stock bank named the "Foreign Trade Bank of the USSR" (1924) or the Vneshtorgbank (Russian: Внешторгбанк) which was renamed the "Bank for Foreign Economic Affairs of the USSR" (1988) or Vnesheconombank (Russian: Внешэкономбанк) which was renamed VEB (17 May 2007). Garcrebo conducted transactions between the Soviet Union and both Germany and the United States. In Berlin, the Garantie und Kreditbank für den Osten remained open after Hitler took office because of extraterritoriality and operated until 22 June 1941 when Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union to start the Great Patriotic War. After the war as a state controlled Soviet overseas bank under Gosbank, the Garantie und Kreditbank AG (Garkrebo) replaced the Garantie und Kreditbank für den Osten (Garcrebo) with approval from Vasily Sokolovsky on 27 May 1945. ^ To allow for a large amount of gold trading between the Soviet Union and the West because the Soviet Union had very little foreign currency reserves, Vneshtorgbank established a Soviet bank in Zurich (June 1966) as the Wozchod Handelsbank (English: Wozchod Handels Bank of Zurich) but its license was suspended in 1985 due to irregularities which were resolved in 2014. ^ In 1993, BCEN-Eurobank was the main shareholder of its daughter bank Eurofinance which was a "granddaughter" (Russian: внучка) bank to the Bank of Russia. References ^ Lenin, Vladimir (1922). Letter to A. L. Sheinman. Progress Publishers. Retrieved 26 May 2015. ^ a b c "The State Bank of the USSR". Bank of Russia Today. Bank of Russia. Retrieved 26 May 2015. ^ Russia's Road To Corruption ^ Jasny, Naum (1972). Soviet Economists of the Twenties. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521083027. ^ a b c d e Сухотина, Инна (Sukhotina, Inna) (10 November 2003). "Сколько стоит приданое "дочек" Банка России?" . «Российская газета» (Rossiyskaya Gazeta) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 November 2003. Retrieved 25 March 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Экономическая летопись России: советских и российских банков за границей. АНО "Экономическая летопись". Воспоминания очевидцев. Документы. Том 1" (PDF). VTB website (in Russian). Moscow. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2021. ^ Овчинников, О. (Ovchinnikov, O.) (8 November 2000). "ЦБ - центральный Банд ..." . Агентство федеральных расследований "FreeLance Bureau" (FLB) (flb.ru) (in Russian). Retrieved 10 April 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Alternate archive ^ "Vnesheconombank history". Vnesheconombank website. 2006. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2021. ^ Pohl, Manfred (1 January 1975). Die Finanzierung der Russengeschäfte zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen. Die Entwicklung der 12 großen Rußlandkonsortien (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Fritz Knapp Verlag. ISBN 978-3781901643. ^ "SCHWEIZ / SOWJET-BANK: Morgenröte AG" . Der Spiegel (in German). 19 September 1966. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021. ^ "VTB Group completes the merger of its European operations under one license". VTB website. 9 January 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021. ^ "ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ БАНК СССР" . СОВНАРКОМ, СОВМИН, КАБМИН СССР 1923-1991 гг. (SOVNARKOM, SOVMIN, CABMIN of the USSR 1923-1991) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2020. External links Soviet Banking System, Pekka Sutela, Answers.com (accessed 2012-08-02) Nikolai Rovinsky (1944). "The State Budget of the USSR". (in Russian) vteSoviet Union topicsHistory Index of Soviet Union–related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR Creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War (World War II) The Holocaust Cold War Khrushchev Thaw Sino-Soviet split Soviet space program 1965 economic reform Stagnation Soviet–Afghan War Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Post-Soviet states Nostalgia GeographySubdivisions Republics Autonomous Krais Oblasts Autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed city Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain PoliticsGeneral Constitution 1936 1977 Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Gun control Government List Human rights LGBT Law Capital punishment Leaders Collective leadership Passport system Propiska Political parties State ideology Marxism–Leninism Leninism Stalinism Soviet anti-Zionism Bodies Communist Party organisation Central Committee Presidium/Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet (1938–1991) Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991) Supreme Court Military Collegium Offices Heads of state President Premier Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD Destruction battalions MVD Militsiya MGB KGB Chairmen Soviet Border Troops Soviet Armed Forces Soviet Army/Spetsnaz GRU • Soviet Navy • Soviet Air Forces/Soviet Airborne Forces Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Forced labor Gulag List Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Science Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture Central Bank Economic planning Energy policy Five-year plans Internet domain Inventions Net material product OGAS Science and technology Rouble (currency) Transport Railway system Rail transport List of metro systems Science Communist Academy Cybernetics Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds List Society Antisemitism Crime Demographics Soviet people Working class 1989 census Drug policy Family Languages Linguistics Cyrillisation Prohibition Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music Opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups List Symbols Anthem Republics Emblem Republics Flag Republics Hammer and sickle Soviet Union portal Category vteCentral banksGlobal Bank for International Settlements Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Financial Stability Board Policies Capital requirement Contractionary monetary policy Expansionary monetary policy Basel Accords Implementation Capital control Discount rate Interest rates Money creation Open market operation Sovereign wealth fund Bretton Woodssystem International Monetary Fund World Bank Group International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes International Development Association International Finance Corporation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Lists List of central banks Central banks and currencies of Africa Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean Central banks and currencies of Europe Central banks and currencies of the Americas Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Latvia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"central bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"single-tier banking system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-tier_banking_system"},{"link_name":"State Bank of the Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Bank_of_the_Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Central Bank of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"National Bank of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"National Bank of Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Gosplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosplan"},{"link_name":"Gossnab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossnab"},{"link_name":"Soviet Ministry of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Soviet_Union)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_-_1.02.1985.jpg"},{"link_name":"Soviet ruble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_ruble"}],"text":"Gosbank (Russian: Госбанк, Государственный банк СССР, Gosudarstvenny bank SSSR—the State Bank of the USSR) was the central bank of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1991 within the country's single-tier banking system. After an extended gap in 1920–1921, it took over the legacy of the State Bank of the Russian Empire. It was eventually terminated on 1 March 1992 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and its operations were taken over by the central banks of the successor countries, including the Central Bank of Russia, National Bank of Ukraine, National Bank of Kazakhstan, and others.Gosbank was one of the three Soviet economic authorities, the other two being Gosplan (the State Planning Committee) and Gossnab (the State Committee for Material Technical Supply). The Gosbank closely collaborated with the Soviet Ministry of Finance to prepare the national state budget.Exchange rate between the Soviet ruble and major world currencies, February 1985","title":"Gosbank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Economic Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Economic_Policy"},{"link_name":"VTsIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTsIK"},{"link_name":"Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Sovnarkom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovnarkom"},{"link_name":"Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin"},{"link_name":"Potemkin village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potemkin_village"},{"link_name":"Aron Sheinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Sheinman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Narkomfin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narkomfin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_Bank-2"},{"link_name":"five-year plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"commercial bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_bank"},{"link_name":"profit motive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximization_(economics)"},{"link_name":"creditworthiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creditworthiness"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Boris Berlatsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Berlatsky"},{"link_name":"wrecking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrecking_(Soviet_crime)"},{"link_name":"1931 Menshevik Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_Menshevik_Trial"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sov_Econs-4"}],"text":"The foundation of the bank was part of the implementation of the New Economic Policy. On 3 October 1921, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), passed a resolution for the founding of the State Bank of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. This was followed by a similar resolution passed by Sovnarkom on 10 October 1921. It began operations on 16 November 1921. In February 1922 Lenin described the State Bank as \"a bureaucratic paper game\", comparing it to a Potemkin village in a letter to Aron Sheinman whom he accused of \"Communist-mandarin childishness\".[1] In 1923 it was transformed into the State Bank of the USSR. It was placed under the jurisdiction of Narkomfin.[2]\nThe Soviet state used Gosbank, primarily, as a tool to impose centralized control upon industry in general, using bank balances and transaction histories to monitor the activity of individual concerns and their compliance with five-year plans and directives. Gosbank did not act as a commercial bank in regard to the profit motive. It acted, theoretically, as an instrument of government policy. Instead of independently and impartially assessing the creditworthiness of the borrower, Gosbank would provide loan funds to favored individuals, groups and industries as directed by the central government.[3]In 1931 Boris Berlatsky, a senior official of the State Bank was put on trial for wrecking as part of the 1931 Menshevik Trial.[4]","title":"Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonid Krasin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Krasin"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"BCEN-Eurobank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCEN-Eurobank"},{"link_name":"Moscow Narodny Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Narodny_Bank_(Moscow)"},{"link_name":"Donau Bank AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donau_Bank"},{"link_name":"Ost-West Handelsbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ost-West_Handelsbank"},{"link_name":"East-West United Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-West_United_Bank"},{"link_name":"Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dochek-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ovchinnikov-7"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"dissolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"BCEN-Eurobank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_Commerciale_pour_l%27Europe_du_Nord_%E2%80%93_Eurobank"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dochek-5"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1990s looting of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIMACO"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dochek-5"},{"link_name":"VTB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTB_Bank"},{"link_name":"Bank of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dochek-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VTBeurope-14"}],"text":"Beginning in 1921 in Paris and prior to his death, Leonid Krasin created the first state controlled Soviet overseas bank. It was one of five \"daughter\" (Russian: \"дочек\") banks or \"motherland bins\" or \"bins of the motherland\" (Russian: Закрома Родины) which were established in Paris (1921) as the Commercial Bank for Northern Europe (French: Banque commerciale pour l'Europe du Nord) BCEN-Eurobank, in London as part of the Moscow Narodny Bank, in Vienna (1974) as the Donau Bank AG, in Frankfurt am Main as the Ost-West Handelsbank (OWH), and in Luxembourg (1974) as the East-West United Bank. In order to financially assist Communist Parties, anti-imperialism, and pro national liberation movements worldwide, these banks acted as subsidiaries or \"daughters\" to the \"mother\" bank or Gosbank, which was the central bank of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russia) from 1921 to 1922 and the Soviet Union from 1923 to 1991.[5][6][7][a][b]In 1992 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Paris-based subsidiary bank BCEN-Eurobank had bad loans with Cuba, Morocco, and Mauritania and received a \"silver plater\" infusion of capital from Gosbank through a \"participatory credit\" (Russian: партисипационный кредит) of $1080.2 billion in various currencies.[5][c]The former Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) funds flowed through these daughter banks to overseas locations during the 1990s looting of Russia.[5]After the collapse of the Soviet Union, these daughter banks were absorbed into the VTB network and are very closely associated with the Bank of Russia (Russian: Банк России) which was the successor to Gosbank.[5][11]","title":"Foreign subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"perestroika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika"},{"link_name":"Promstroybank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA"},{"link_name":"Vneshekonombank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vneshekonombank"},{"link_name":"Sberbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sberbank"},{"link_name":"Sberbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sberbank"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"}],"text":"As part of Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika program, other banks were formed, including; \"Promstroybank\" (USSR Bank of Industrial Construction), \"Zhilstoybank\" (USSR Bank of Residential Construction), \"Agrobank\" (USSR Agricultural Bank), \"Vneshekonombank\" (USSR Internal Trade Bank), and \"Sberbank\" (USSR Savings Bank). \"Sberbank\" continues to this day as one of Russia's largest banks, retaining senior ex-Gosbank personnel and most of the present Russian government's banking business.","title":"Perestroika"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_Bank-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2snkGosbank-15"},{"link_name":"Premier of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union"}],"text":"This is the list of the chairmen of the Board of the State Bank.[2][12]The chairman was appointed by the Premier of the Soviet Union.","title":"Senior executives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Olof Aschberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Aschberg"},{"link_name":"Garantie und Kreditbank für den Osten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garantie-_und_Kreditbank_f%C3%BCr_den_Osten"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"VEB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEB.RF"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"extraterritoriality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterritoriality"},{"link_name":"Great Patriotic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War"},{"link_name":"Vasily Sokolovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Sokolovsky"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Wozchod Handelsbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozchod_Handelsbank"},{"link_name":"Wozchod Handels Bank of Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozchod_Handels_Bank_of_Zurich"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dochek-5"}],"text":"^ To process transactions with Russia and later the Soviet Union after 1923, the Swedish banker Olof Aschberg established a Russian commercial bank in Berlin (1920) as the Garantie und Kreditbank für den Osten (Garcrebo) and the Russian commercial bank (Russian: Роскомбанк) in Moscow (1922) which later became a Soviet joint stock bank named the \"Foreign Trade Bank of the USSR\" (1924) or the Vneshtorgbank (Russian: Внешторгбанк) which was renamed the \"Bank for Foreign Economic Affairs of the USSR\" (1988) or Vnesheconombank (Russian: Внешэкономбанк) which was renamed VEB (17 May 2007).[8] Garcrebo conducted transactions between the Soviet Union and both Germany and the United States. In Berlin, the Garantie und Kreditbank für den Osten remained open after Hitler took office because of extraterritoriality and operated until 22 June 1941 when Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union to start the Great Patriotic War. After the war as a state controlled Soviet overseas bank under Gosbank, the Garantie und Kreditbank AG (Garkrebo) replaced the Garantie und Kreditbank für den Osten (Garcrebo) with approval from Vasily Sokolovsky on 27 May 1945.[9]\n\n^ To allow for a large amount of gold trading between the Soviet Union and the West because the Soviet Union had very little foreign currency reserves, Vneshtorgbank established a Soviet bank in Zurich (June 1966) as the Wozchod Handelsbank (English: Wozchod Handels Bank of Zurich) but its license was suspended in 1985 due to irregularities which were resolved in 2014.[10]\n\n^ In 1993, BCEN-Eurobank was the main shareholder of its daughter bank Eurofinance which was a \"granddaughter\" (Russian: внучка) bank to the Bank of Russia.[5]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Exchange rate between the Soviet ruble and major world currencies, February 1985","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_-_1.02.1985.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_-_1.02.1985.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Economy of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"title":"Sberkassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sberkassa"},{"title":"Single-tier banking system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-tier_banking_system"},{"title":"List of central banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_central_banks"}]	[{"reference":"Lenin, Vladimir (1922). Letter to A. L. Sheinman. Progress Publishers. Retrieved 26 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/feb/28g.htm","url_text":"Letter to A. L. Sheinman"}]},{"reference":"\"The State Bank of the USSR\". Bank of Russia Today. Bank of Russia. Retrieved 26 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbr.ru/Eng/today/?PrtId=gbsssr","url_text":"\"The State Bank of the USSR\""}]},{"reference":"Jasny, Naum (1972). Soviet Economists of the Twenties. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521083027.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sovieteconomists0000jasn","url_text":"Soviet Economists of the Twenties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521083027","url_text":"9780521083027"}]},{"reference":"Сухотина, Инна (Sukhotina, Inna) (10 November 2003). \"Сколько стоит приданое \"дочек\" Банка России?\" [How much is the dowry of the \"daughters\" of the Bank of Russia?]. «Российская газета» (Rossiyskaya Gazeta) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 November 2003. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031129165942/https://rg.ru/2003/11/10/banki.html","url_text":"\"Сколько стоит приданое \"дочек\" Банка России?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta","url_text":"«Российская газета»"},{"url":"https://rg.ru/2003/11/10/banki.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Экономическая летопись России: советских и российских банков за границей. АНО \"Экономическая летопись\". Воспоминания очевидцев. Документы. Том 1\" [Economic chronicle of Russia: Soviet and Russian banks abroad. ANO \"Economic Chronicle\". Memoirs of eyewitnesses. Documents. Volume 1] (PDF). VTB website (in Russian). Moscow. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170329045123/http://letopis.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/01/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8-Tom1.pdf","url_text":"\"Экономическая летопись России: советских и российских банков за границей. АНО \"Экономическая летопись\". Воспоминания очевидцев. Документы. Том 1\""},{"url":"http://letopis.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/01/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8-Tom1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Овчинников, О. (Ovchinnikov, O.) (8 November 2000). \"ЦБ - центральный Банд ...\" [Central Bank - Central Gang ...]. Агентство федеральных расследований \"FreeLance Bureau\" (FLB) (flb.ru) (in Russian). Retrieved 10 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://flb.ru/info/6216.html","url_text":"\"ЦБ - центральный Банд ...\""},{"url":"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9","url_text":"Агентство федеральных расследований \"FreeLance Bureau\" (FLB)"}]},{"reference":"\"Vnesheconombank history\". Vnesheconombank website. 2006. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070519233711/https://veb.ru/en/about/history/","url_text":"\"Vnesheconombank history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEB.RF","url_text":"Vnesheconombank"},{"url":"https://veb.ru/en/about/history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pohl, Manfred (1 January 1975). Die Finanzierung der Russengeschäfte zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen. 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Retrieved 24 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414185553/http://2snk.ru/s17.html","url_text":"\"ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ БАНК СССР\""},{"url":"http://2snk.ru/s17.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nikolai Rovinsky (1944). \"The State Budget of the USSR\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Rovinsky","url_text":"Nikolai Rovinsky"},{"url":"http://statehistory.ru/books/N--N--Rovinskiy_Gosudarstvennyy-byudzhet-SSSR/","url_text":"\"The State Budget of the USSR\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/feb/28g.htm","external_links_name":"Letter to A. L. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Zangi	Nur al-Din Zengi	["1 War against Crusaders","2 Unification of sultanate","2.1 Conquest of Egypt","3 Death and succession","4 Legacy","5 Notes","6 References","7 Sources","8 Bibliography"]	Emir of Aleppo (1146–1174) and Damascus (1154–1174) For other people named Nur al-Din, see Nur al-Din. Nur ad-DinEmirCoinage of Nur al-Din (Aleppo mint). Obverse: Two Byzantine-style imperial figures standing facing, holding between them labarum set on three steps; stars, name and titles of Nur al-Din Mahmud, and blundered Greek legends in field. Reverse: Christ standing facing; titles of Nur al-Din Mahmud and blundered Greek legends in field.Emir of AleppoReign1146 – 15 May 1174PredecessorImad ad-Din ZengiSuccessorAs-Salih Ismail al-MalikEmir of DamascusReign1154 – 15 May 1174PredecessorMujir ad-Din AbaqSuccessorAs-Salih Ismail al-MalikBorn1118Died15 May 1174 (aged 56)Damascus, Seljuk EmpireBurialNur al-Din Madrasa, Damascus, SyriaSpouseIsmat ad-Din KhatunIssueAs-Salih Ismail al-MalikRegnal nameal-Malik al-Adil Abul-Qasim Nur ad-Din Mahmud Ibn 'Imad ad-Din ZengiDynastyZengid dynastyFatherImad al-Din ZengiReligionSunni Islam Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Zengī (نور الدين محمود زنگي; February 1118 – 15 May 1174), commonly known as Nur ad-Din (lit. 'Light of the Faith' in Arabic), was a kurdish member of the Zengid dynasty, who ruled the Syrian province (Shām) of the Seljuk Empire. He reigned from 1146 to 1174. He is regarded as an important figure of the Second Crusade. War against Crusaders Nur ad-Din was the second son of Imad al-Din Zengi, the Turkmen atabeg of Aleppo and Mosul, who was a devoted enemy of the crusader presence in Syria. After the assassination of his father in 1146, Nur ad-Din and his older brother Saif ad-Din Ghazi I divided the kingdom between themselves, with Nur ad-Din governing Aleppo and Saif ad-Din Ghazi establishing himself in Mosul. The border between the two new kingdoms was formed by the Khabur River. Almost as soon as he began his rule, Nur ad-Din attacked the Principality of Antioch, seizing several castles in the north of Syria, while at the same time he defeated an attempt by Joscelin II to recover the County of Edessa, which had been conquered by Zengi in 1144. In 1146, after the Frankish attempt to reoccupy Edessa, Nur ad-Din massacred the local Armenian Christian population of the city and destroyed its fortifications, in punishment for assisting Joscelin in this attempt. The women and children of Edessa were enslaved. Battle of Edessa in 1146, by Richard de Montbaston (1337), Bibliothèque Nationale de France Nur ad-Din sought to make alliances with his Muslim neighbours in northern Iraq and Syria in order to strengthen the Muslim front against their Crusader enemies. In 1147, he signed a bilateral treaty with Mu'in ad-Din Unur, governor of Damascus. As part of this agreement, he also married Mu'in ad-Din's daughter Ismat ad-Din Khatun. Together Mu'in ad-Din and Nur ad-Din besieged the cities of Bosra and Salkhad, which had been captured by a rebellious vassal of Mu'in ad-Din named Altuntash, but Mu'in ad-Din was always suspicious of Nur ad-Din's intentions and did not want to offend his former crusader allies in Jerusalem, who had helped defend Damascus against Zengi. To reassure Mu'in ad-Din, Nur ad-Din curtailed his stay in Damascus and turned instead towards the Principality of Antioch, where he was able to seize Artah, Kafar Latha, Basarfut, and Bara. Nūr-ad-Din's victory at the Battle of Inab, 1149. Illustration from the Passages d'outremer, c. 1490. In 1148, the Second Crusade arrived in Syria, led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany. Nur ad-Din's victories and the Crusader's losses in Asia Minor however had made the recovery of Edessa – their original goal – practically impossible. Given that Aleppo was too far off from Jerusalem for an attack and Damascus, recently allied with the Kingdom of Jerusalem against Zengi, had entered into an alliance with Nur ad-Din, the Crusaders decided to attack Damascus, the conquest of which would preclude a combination of Jerusalem's enemies. Mu'in ad-Din threatened to turn the city over to Nur ad-Din if he was unable to defend it, but the crusader siege collapsed after only four days. Nur ad-Din took advantage of the failure of the Crusade to prepare another attack against Antioch. In 1149, he launched an offensive against the territories dominated by the castle of Harim, situated on the eastern bank of the Orontes, after which he besieged the castle of Inab. The Prince of Antioch, Raymond of Poitiers, quickly came to the aid of the besieged citadel. The Muslim army destroyed the Crusader army at the Battle of Inab, during which Raymond was killed, moreover, Raymond's head was sent to Nur ad-Din, who sent it along to the Caliph Al-Muqtafi in Baghdad. Nur ad-Din marched all the way to the coast and expressed his dominance of Syria by symbolically bathing in the Mediterranean. He did not, however, attack Antioch itself; he was content with capturing all Antiochene territory east of the Orontes and leaving a rump state around the city, which in any case soon fell under the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire. In 1150, he defeated Joscelin II for a final time, after allying with the Seljuk Sultan of Rüm, Mas'ud (whose daughter he also married). Joscelin was blinded and died in his prison in Aleppo in 1159. In the Battle of Aintab, Nur ad-Din tried but failed to prevent King Baldwin III of Jerusalem's evacuation of the Latin Christian residents of Turbessel. In 1152, Nur ad-Din captured and burned Tortosa, briefly occupying the town. Unification of sultanate This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nur al-Din Zengi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A brother of Nur al-Din, Qutb al-Din Mawdud ruled concurrently in the Mosul region from 1149 to 1170. Coinage dated to AH 556 (1160-1161 CE). It was Nur ad-Din's dream to unite the various Muslim forces between the Euphrates and the Nile to make a common front against the crusaders. In 1149 Saif ad-Din Ghazi died, and a younger brother, Qutb ad-Din Mawdud, succeeded him. Qutb ad-Din recognized Nur ad-Din as overlord of Mosul, so that the major cities of Mosul and Aleppo were united under one man. Damascus was all that remained as an obstacle to the unification of Syria. After the failure of the Second Crusade, Mu'in ad-Din had renewed his treaty with the crusaders, and after his death in 1149, his successor Mujir ad-Din Abaq followed the same policy. In 1150 and 1151, Nur ad-Din besieged the city, but retreated each time with no success, aside from empty recognition of his suzerainty. When Ascalon was captured by the crusaders in 1153, Mujir ad-Din forbade Nur ad-Din from travelling across his territory. Mujir ad-Din, however, was a weaker ruler than his predecessor, and he also agreed to pay an annual tribute to the crusaders in exchange for their protection. The growing weakness of Damascus under Mujir ad-Din allowed Nur ad-Din to overthrow him in 1154, with help from the population of the city. Damascus was annexed to Zengid territory, and all of Syria was unified under the authority of Nur ad-Din, from Edessa in the north to the Hauran in the south. Nur ad-Din was generous in his victory, and allowed Abaq to flee with his property, later granting him fiefdoms in the vicinity of Homs. He was cautious not to attack Jerusalem right away, and even continued to send the yearly tribute established by Mujir ad-Din; meanwhile he briefly became involved in affairs to the north of Mosul, where a succession dispute in the Sultanate of Rum threatened Edessa and other cities. In 1157, Nur ad-Din besieged the Knights Hospitaller in the crusader fortress of Banias, routed a relief army from Jerusalem led by King Baldwin III, and captured Grand Master Bertrand de Blanquefort. However, he fell ill that year and the crusaders were given a brief respite from his attacks. In 1159, the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus arrived to assert his authority in Antioch, and the crusaders hoped he would send an expedition against Aleppo. However, Nur ad-Din sent ambassadors and negotiated an alliance with the emperor against the Seljuks, much to the crusaders' dismay. Nur ad-Din, along with the Danishmends of eastern Anatolia, attacked the Seljuk sultan Kilij Arslan II from the east the next year, while Manuel attacked from the west. Later in 1160, Nur ad-Din captured the Prince of Antioch, Raynald of Châtillon after a raid in the Anti-Taurus mountains; Raynald remained in captivity for the next sixteen years. By 1162, with Antioch under nominal Byzantine control and the crusader states further south powerless to make any further attacks on Syria, Nur ad-Din made a pilgrimage to Mecca. Soon after he returned, he learned of the death of King Baldwin III of Jerusalem, and out of respect for such a formidable opponent he refrained from attacking the crusader kingdom: William of Tyre reports that Nur ad-Din said "We should sympathize with their grief and in pity spare them, because they have lost a prince such as the rest of the world does not possess today." Conquest of Egypt Main article: Crusader invasion of Egypt The Zengid state under Zengi in 1145, and expansion under Nur al-Din Zengi in 1174 CE. Mail-coated Nur al-Din Zengi at the victorious Battle of Harim (1164). "Histoire d'Outremer" (1232-1261) - BL Yates Thompson MS 12 As there was now nothing the crusaders could do in Syria, they were forced to look to the south if they wanted to expand their territory. The capture of Ascalon had already succeeded in cutting off Egypt from Syria, and Egypt had been politically weakened by a series of very young Fatimid caliphs. By 1163, the caliph was the young al-Adid, but the country was ruled by the vizier Shawar. That year, Shawar was overthrown by Dirgham; soon afterwards, the King of Jerusalem, Amalric I, led an offensive against Egypt, on the pretext that the Fatimids were not paying the tribute they had promised to pay during the reign of Baldwin III. This campaign failed and he was forced to return to Jerusalem, but it provoked Nur ad-Din to lead a campaign of his own against the crusaders in Syria in order to turn their attention away from Egypt. Nur ad-Din's attack on Tripoli was unsuccessful, but he was soon visited by the exiled Shawar, who begged him to send an army and restore him to the vizierate. Nur ad-Din did not want to spare his own army for a defense of Egypt, but his Kurdish general Shirkuh was given permission to invade in 1164. In response, Dirgham allied with Amalric, but the king could not mobilize in time to save him. Dirgham was killed during Shirkuh's invasion and Shawar was restored as vizier. Shawar immediately expelled Shirkuh and allied with Amalric, who arrived to besiege Shirkuh at Bilbeis. Shirkuh agreed to abandon Egypt when Amalric was forced to return home, after Nur ad-Din attacked Antioch and besieged the castle of Harenc. There, Nur ad-Din routed the combined armies of Antioch and Tripoli and captured most of the Crusader armies' leadership, including Raymond III, Joscelin III and Bohemond III, leaving three major principalities of the Crusader states leaderless. However, he refused to attack Antioch itself, fearing reprisals from the Byzantines. Instead he besieged and captured Banias, and for the next two years continually raided the frontiers of the crusader states. In 1166, Nur ad-Din's Kurdish general Shirkuh was sent again to Egypt. Amalric followed him at the beginning of 1167, and a formal treaty was established between Amalric and Shawar, with the nominal support of the caliph. The crusaders occupied Alexandria and Cairo and made Egypt a tributary state, but due to the unpopularity of the Egyptian alliance with the Crusaders, Shirkuh managed to take Alexandria without bloodshed. The Crusaders besieged Alexandria and famine set in quickly due to the city's limited stores of food. Shirkuh organized a sortie and broke through the enemy lines, leaving command of Alexandria to his nephew, Saladin. In the same year, Nur ad-Din raided the County of Tripoli, in which he temporarily captured Areimeh Castle, Chastel Blanc and Gibelacar, exploiting the captivity of Raymond III. Ultimately, Amalric could not hold Egypt while Nur ad-Din still held Syria, and he was forced to return to Jerusalem. The siege of Alexandria was lifted, and Shirkuh's forces withdrew from Egypt as well. In 1168, Amalric sought an alliance with Emperor Manuel and invaded Egypt once more. Shawar's son Khalil had had enough, and with support from Caliph al-Adid requested help from Nur ad-Din and Shirkuh. At the beginning of 1169, Shirkuh arrived and the crusaders once more were forced to retreat. This time Nur ad-Din's commander gained full control of Egypt. Shawar was executed and Shirkuh was named vizier of the newly conquered territory. Shirkuh died later that year and was succeeded by his nephew Saladin. One last invasion of Egypt was launched by Amalric and Manuel, but it was disorganized and came to nothing. Saladin continued to swear nominal fealty to Nur ad-Din until his death in 1174, but their relationship became increasingly tense. Saladin was reluctant to join forces with Nur ad-Din against Crusader armies or holdings, withdrawing his own armies on several occasions when Nur ad-Din's forces arrived to assist him. Nur ad-Din's insistence that Saladin abolish the Shia Caliphate further raised tensions between them. Saladin was reluctant to do so because the authority of the Caliphate in Egypt was a source of legitimacy for his rule. He feared popular backlash, and was bound by friendship and obligation to the Caliph al-Adid. Nonetheless, Saladin capitulated to Nur ad-Din and the Fatimid Caliphate was abolished in 1171. Death and succession Domes of Nur al-Din Mahmud's madrasa complex in Damascus (his burial place) During this time Nur ad-Din was busy in the north, fighting the Artuqids, and in 1170 he had to settle a dispute between his nephews when his brother Qutb ad-Din died. With Egypt conquered in his name, Nur ad-Din believed that he had accomplished his goal of uniting the Arab states of the Levant. However, near the end of his life, especially after the death of Saladin's father Najm al-Din Ayyub, Nur ad-Din believed he could no longer trust anyone in Saladin's court to maintain the young ruler's fealty to him. Nur ad-Din began preparations to invade Egypt and depose Saladin, but he was seized by a fever due to complications from a peritonsillar abscess. He died at the age of 56 on 15 May 1174 in the Citadel of Damascus. He was initially buried there, before being reburied in the Nur al-Din Madrasa. His young son As-Salih Ismail al-Malik became his legitimate heir, and Saladin declared himself his vassal, maintaining the de jure unity of Syria and Egypt under As-Salih's rule. When As-Salih died suddenly at the age of eighteen, Saladin defeated the other claimants to the throne and took power in Syria in 1185, uniting Syria and Egypt not just in name, as they were during Nur ad-Din's reign, but in fact. Legacy Mihrab from al-Nuri Mosque in Mosul, founded by Nur al-Din Zengi, 12th century CE, Iraq Museum. According to William of Tyre, although Nur ad-Din was "a mighty persecutor of the Christian name and faith," he was also "a just prince, valiant and wise, and according to the traditions of his race, a religious man." His sense of justice was never denied to anyone, regardless of their creed or origins. As a result of his justice, a Christian foreigner was said to have settled into Damascus, which was under Nur ad-Din's reign. Nur ad-Din was especially religious after his illness and his pilgrimage. He considered the crusaders foreigners in Muslim territory, who had come to Outremer to plunder the land and profane its sacred places. Nevertheless, he tolerated the Christians who lived under his authority, aside from the Armenians of Edessa, and regarded Emperor Manuel with deep respect. In contrast to Nur ad-Din's respectful reaction to the death of Baldwin III, Amalric I immediately besieged Banias upon learning of the emir's death, and extorted a vast amount of money from his widow. During Nur ad-Din's reign, forty-two madrasas were built in Syria, of which half he personally sponsored. Through the construction of these madrasas Nur ad-Din was ensuring the creation of Sunni Islamic qadis and imams. Nur ad-Din himself enjoyed having specialists read to him from the Hadith, and his professors even awarded him a diploma in Hadith narration. He had bimaristans (hospitals) constructed in his cities as well, one of them is Nur al-Din Bimaristan and built caravanserais on the roads for travelers and pilgrims. He held court several times a week so that people could seek justice from him against his generals, governors, or other employees who had committed some crime. Nur ad-Din's tomb Nur ad-Din's Sunni orthodoxy can be seen in his public works. His repair of the Roman aqueduct in Aleppo insinuated an anti-Shia polemic, and the conversion of two Shia mosques into madrasas, one Shafi'i another Hanafi, reinforce his insistence of promoting Sunni Islam. Consequently, in November 1148, he forbade the Shia call to prayer in Aleppo and any public displays of Shi'ism. In the Muslim world he remains a legendary figure of military courage, piety, and modesty. Sir Steven Runciman said that he loved, above all else, justice. The Damascene chronicler Ibn al-Qalanisi generally speaks of Nur ad-Din in majestic terms, although he himself died in 1160, and did not witness the later events of Nur ad-Din's reign. The Islamist group Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki, active in the Syrian Civil War in Aleppo since 2011, is named after Nur ad-Din. Notes ^ A Frankish attempt to take advantage of the situation by reoccupying Edessa in November 1146, led by Joscelin II and Baldwin of Marash, failed utterly, the count fleeing ignominiously, Baldwin meeting a heroic death, the city's walls being levelled and the local Armenian Christians suffering the massacre they had avoided two years earlier. References ^ Whelan Type II, 202-5; S&S Type 73; Album 1850. ^ "Copper alloy fals of Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zengi, Halab, nd H. 1971.75.1". numismatics.org. American Numismatic Society. ^ Altan 2014, p. 60. ^ Jaspert 2006, p. 73. ^ a b Tyerman 2006, p. 268. ^ Asbridge 2012, p. 1140. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Maalouf, Amin (1984). The crusades through Arab eyes. Internet Archive. New York : Schocken Books. pp. 146–184. ISBN 978-0-8052-0898-6. ^ Tyerman 2006, p. 195. ^ Barber 1994, p. 81. ^ "Copper alloy dirham of Qutb al-Din Mawdud ibn Zengi, al-Mawsil, 556 H. 1917.215.1000". numismatics.org. American Numismatic Society. ^ Riley-Smith, Jonathan Simon Christopher (1991). The atlas of the Crusades. New York : Facts on File. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8160-2186-4. ^ a b Jiwa, Shainool (26 January 2023). The Fatimids 2: The Rule from Egypt. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 198–199. ISBN 978-0-7556-4675-3. ^ Oldenbourg, Zoé (1966). The crusades. Internet Archive. New York, Pantheon Books. p. 364. ^ Murray 2015, p. 231 ^ Elisseeff 1995, p. 132. ^ Gabrieli 1984, p. 68 ^ "Reconstruction & Rehabilitation of the Al Nouri Complex in Mosul" (PDF). ^ Altan 2014, p. 72. ^ Uzayr, Sufyan bin (6 March 2021). "Remembering Nur ad-Din Zengi: The Light of Faith". Political Periscope. Retrieved 15 January 2023. ^ a b Jotischky 2017, p. 121. ^ Raby 2004, p. 300. ^ Raby 2004, p. 299. ^ Raby 2004, p. 296. ^ Raby 2004, pp. 296–297. ^ Raby 2004, p. 297. ^ Runciman 1952, p. 398. Sources Altan, Ebru (2014). "Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zangi (1146–1174): One of the prominent leaders of the struggle against the Crusaders". Tarih Dergisi. Asbridge, Thomas (2012). The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land. Simon & Schuster. Barber, Malcolm (1994). The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple. Cambridge University Press. Elisseeff, N. (1995). "Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zanki". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3. The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi. H.A.R. Gibb, 1932 (reprint, Dover Publications, 2002) Jaspert, Nikolas (2006). The Crusades. Taylor & Francis. Jotischky, Andrew (2017). Crusading and the Crusader States. Routledge. 121 Kök, Bahattin (2007). "Nûredd İn Zengî, Mahmud". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 33 (Nesi̇h – Osmanlilar) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 259–262. ISBN 978-975-389-455-5. Raby, Julian (2004). "Nur Al-Din, the Qstal al-Shu-aybiyya, and the "Classical Revival"". Muqarnas: Essays in Honor of J.M. Rogers. 21. Brill. Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674023871. William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943. Bibliography Gabrieli, Francesco (1984), Arab Historians of the Crusades, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520052246. Murray, Alan V. (2015), The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1610697804. Regnal titles Preceded byZengi Emir of Aleppo 1146–1174 Succeeded byAs-Salih Ismail al-Malik Preceded byMujir ad-Din Emir of Damascus 1154–1174 Succeeded byAs-Salih Ismail al-Malik vteMaturidi school of Sunni theologyMaturidi scholars3rd AH/9th AD Abu Bakr al-Samarqandi (d. 268 AH) Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 333 AH) Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi (d. 342 AH) Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (d. 379 AH) Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi (d. 396 AH) 4th AH/10th AD Abu Zayd al-Dabusi (d. 429 AH) Ali Hujwiri (d. 464 AH) Yūsuf Balasaguni (d. 469 AH) Fakhr al-Islam al-Bazdawi (d. 482 AH) Al-Sarakhsi (d. 483 AH) Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi (d. 493 AH) 5th AH/11th AD Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi (d. 508 AH) Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari (d. 534 AH) Yusuf Hamadani (d. 535 AH) Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami (d. 536 AH) Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi (d. 537 AH) Ahmad Yasawi (d. 561 AH) Nur al-Din Zengi (d. 569 AH) Siraj al-Din al-Ushi (d. 575 AH) Nur al-Din al-Sabuni (d. 580 AH) Fatima al-Samarqandi (d. 581 AH) Al-Kasani (d. 587 AH) Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi (d. 593 AH) 6th AH/12th AD Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi (d. beginning of the 6th century AH) Al-Mu'azzam 'Isa (d. 624 AH) Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki (d. 632 AH) Mu'in al-Din Chishti (d. 633 AH) Saif ed-Din al-Boharsi (d. 659 AH) Baba Farid (d. 664 AH) Rumi (d. 671 AH) Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi (d. after 690 AH) 7th AH/13th AD Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi (d. 710 AH) Sultan Walad (d. 711 AH) Nizamuddin Auliya (d. 725 AH) Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (d. 747 AH) Akmal al-Din al-Babarti (d. 786 AH) Baha' al-Din Naqshband (d. 791 AH) Kadi Burhan al-Din (d. 800 AH) 8th AH/14th AD Bande Nawaz (d. 825 AH) Shams al-Din al-Fanari (d. 834 AH) 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari (d. 841 AH) Yaqub al-Charkhi (d. 851 AH) Ahmad ibn Arabshah (d. 861 AH) Badr al-Din al-'Ayni (d. 855 AH) Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam (d. 861 AH) Khidr Bey (d. 863 AH) Ali al-Bistami (d. 874 AH) 'Ali al-Qushji (d. 879 AH) Mehmed II (d. 886 AH) Khwaja Ahrar (d. 895 AH) 9th AH/15th AD Ali-Shir Nava'i (d. 906 AH) Husayn Kashifi (d. 910 AH) Ibn Kemal (d. 940 AH) Abdul Quddus Gangohi (d. 943 AH) Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī (d. 955 AH) Taşköprüzade (d. 968 AH) Muhammad Birgivi (d. 980 AH) Ebussuud Efendi (d. 982 AH) 10th AH/16th AD Khwaja Baqi Billah (d. 1011 AH) 'Ali al-Qari (d. 1014 AH) Hasan Kafi al-Aqhisari (d. 1025 AH) Ahmad Sirhindi (d. 1034 AH) Mahmud Hudayi (d. 1037 AH) 'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi (d. 1052 AH) Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri (d. 1061 AH) 'Abd al-Hakim al-Siyalkoti (d. 1067 AH) Wang Daiyu (d. around 1068 AH) Kâtip Çelebi (d. 1068 AH) Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji (d. 1069 AH) Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (d. 1081 AH) 11th AH/17th AD Aurangzeb (d. 1118 AH) Ma Zhu (d. around 1123 AH) Ismail Haqqi Bursevi (d. 1127 AH) Shah Abdur Rahim (d. 1131 AH) Liu Zhi of Nanjing (d. 1158 AH, or 1178 AH) Nizamuddin Sihalivi (d. 1161 AH) Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi (d. 1174 AH) Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (d. 1176 AH) 'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi (d. 1176 AH) İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi (d. 1193 AH) Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (d. 1195 AH) 12th AH/18th AD Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi (d. 1204 AH) Murtada al-Zabidi (d. 1205 AH) Sanaullah Panipati (d. 1225 AH) Ghabdennasir Qursawi (d. 1226 AH) Ghulam Ali Dehlavi (d. 1239 AH) Shah Abdul Aziz (d. 1239 AH) Shah Ismail Dehlvi (d. 1246 AH) Syed Ahmad Barelvi (d. 1246 AH) Ibn 'Abidin (d. 1252 AH) Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi (d. 1257 AH) Mamluk Ali Nanautawi (d. 1267 AH) Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (d. 1278 AH) Yusuf Ma Dexin (d. 1291 AH) Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi (d. 1297 AH) Naqi Ali Khan (d. 1297 AH) 'Abd al-Ghani al-Maydani (d. 1298 AH) 13th AH/19th AD 'Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi (d. 1304 AH) Shihab al-Din al-Marjani (d. 1306 AH) Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi (d. 1308 AH) Giritli Sırrı Pasha (d. 1312 AH) Ahmed Cevdet Pasha (d. 1312 AH) Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (d. 1317 AH) Abai Qunanbaiuly (d. 1321 AH) Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1323 AH) Ahmad Hasan Amrohi (d. 1330 AH) Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui (d. 1335 AH) Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (d. 1338 AH) Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (d. 1340 AH) Shakarim Qudayberdiuli (d. 1344 AH) Muhammad Ali Mungeri (d. 1346 AH) Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri (d. 1346 AH) Anwar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1352 AH) Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i (d. 1354 AH) Fatma Aliye Topuz (d. 1354 AH) Meher Ali Shah (d. 1356 AH) Muhammed Hamdi Yazır (d. 1361 AH) Ashraf Ali Thanwi (d. 1361 AH) Ubaidullah Sindhi (d. 1364 AH) Shabbir Ahmad Usmani (d. 1368 AH) Musa Bigiev (d. 1368 AH) Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari (d. 1371 AH) Kifayatullah Dehlawi (d. 1371 AH) Mustafa Sabri (d. 1373 AH) Husayn Ahmad al-Madani (d. 1377 AH) Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan (d. 1378 AH) Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen (d. 1391 AH) Muhammad Abu Zahra (d. 1394 AH) Muhammad Shafi' Deobandi (d. 1395 AH) Abul Wafa Al Afghani (d. 1395 AH) Abdul Majid Daryabadi (d. 1397 AH) 14th AH/20th AD Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi (d. 1402 AH) Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi (d. 1403 AH) Abdul Haq Akorwi (d. 1409 AH) Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi (d. 1412 AH) Muhammad Ayyub Ali (d. 1415 AH) Anzar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1428 AH) Wahbah al-Zuhayli (d. 1436 AH) Muhammad Salim Qasmi (d. 1439 AH) Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri (d. 1441 AH) Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni (d. 1442 AH) Nur Hossain Kasemi (d. 1442 AH) Usmankhan Alimov (d. 1443 AH) Muhammad Rafi' Usmani Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri Muhammad Taqi Usmani Husein Kavazović Salah Mezhiev Theology books Al-Fiqh al-Akbar Kitab al-Tawhid Tafsir al-Maturidi Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya Al-Sawad al-A'zam Tabsirat al-Adilla 'Aqa'id al-Nasafi Talkhis al-Adilla Masnavi Fihi Ma Fihi Han Kitab Qingzhen Zhinan Kutadgu Bilig Tafsir al-Mazhari Izhar ul-Haqq Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili See also 2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny 2020 International Maturidi Conference Ahl al-Ra'y Kalam Tawhid Gedimu Firangi Mahal Deobandi Barelvi Maturidi-related templates Hanafi Ash'ari Sufi Islamic theology Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Vatican Other IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nur al-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Zengid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zengid"},{"link_name":"Syrian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(region)"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Second Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltan201460-3"}],"text":"For other people named Nur al-Din, see Nur al-Din.Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Zengī (نور الدين محمود زنگي; February 1118 – 15 May 1174), commonly known as Nur ad-Din (lit. 'Light of the Faith' in Arabic), was a kurdish member of the Zengid dynasty, who ruled the Syrian province (Shām) of the Seljuk Empire. He reigned from 1146 to 1174. He is regarded as an important figure of the Second Crusade.[3]","title":"Nur al-Din Zengi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imad al-Din Zengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imad_al-Din_Zengi"},{"link_name":"Turkmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmens"},{"link_name":"atabeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabeg"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaspert200673-4"},{"link_name":"crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Saif ad-Din Ghazi I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_ad-Din_Ghazi_I"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"Khabur River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)"},{"link_name":"Principality of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Joscelin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joscelin_II_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"County of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"conquered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1144)"},{"link_name":"Frankish attempt to reoccupy Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1146)"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2006268-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge20121140-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Edeesa_1146.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1146)"},{"link_name":"Richard de Montbaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Montbaston"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque Nationale de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Mu'in ad-Din Unur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27in_ad-Din_Unur"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Ismat ad-Din Khatun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismat_ad-Din_Khatun"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"besieged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(1147)"},{"link_name":"Bosra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosra"},{"link_name":"Salkhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salkhad"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Artah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artah"},{"link_name":"Kafar Latha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Latah"},{"link_name":"Basarfut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basarfut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bara,_Syria"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BattleOfInab.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nūr-ad-Din's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Inab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Inab"},{"link_name":"Passages d'outremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passages_d%27outremer"},{"link_name":"Second Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Louis VII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Conrad III of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"crusader siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1148)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Orontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orontes_river"},{"link_name":"Inab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inab"},{"link_name":"Raymond of Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_of_Poitiers"},{"link_name":"Battle of Inab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Inab"},{"link_name":"Al-Muqtafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtafi"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2006195-9"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Orontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orontes_River"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Rüm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum"},{"link_name":"Mas'ud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%27ud_of_R%C3%BCm"},{"link_name":"Battle of Aintab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aintab"},{"link_name":"Baldwin III of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Turbessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbessel"},{"link_name":"Tortosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199481-10"}],"text":"Nur ad-Din was the second son of Imad al-Din Zengi, the Turkmen atabeg of Aleppo and Mosul,[4] who was a devoted enemy of the crusader presence in Syria. After the assassination of his father in 1146, Nur ad-Din and his older brother Saif ad-Din Ghazi I divided the kingdom between themselves, with Nur ad-Din governing Aleppo and Saif ad-Din Ghazi establishing himself in Mosul. The border between the two new kingdoms was formed by the Khabur River. Almost as soon as he began his rule, Nur ad-Din attacked the Principality of Antioch, seizing several castles in the north of Syria, while at the same time he defeated an attempt by Joscelin II to recover the County of Edessa, which had been conquered by Zengi in 1144. In 1146, after the Frankish attempt to reoccupy Edessa, Nur ad-Din massacred the local Armenian Christian population of the city and destroyed its fortifications,[a][5] in punishment for assisting Joscelin in this attempt. The women and children of Edessa were enslaved.[6]Battle of Edessa in 1146, by Richard de Montbaston (1337), Bibliothèque Nationale de FranceNur ad-Din sought to make alliances with his Muslim neighbours in northern Iraq and Syria in order to strengthen the Muslim front against their Crusader enemies. In 1147, he signed a bilateral treaty with Mu'in ad-Din Unur, governor of Damascus. As part of this agreement, he also married Mu'in ad-Din's daughter Ismat ad-Din Khatun.[7] Together Mu'in ad-Din and Nur ad-Din besieged the cities of Bosra and Salkhad, which had been captured by a rebellious vassal of Mu'in ad-Din named Altuntash, but Mu'in ad-Din was always suspicious of Nur ad-Din's intentions and did not want to offend his former crusader allies in Jerusalem, who had helped defend Damascus against Zengi. To reassure Mu'in ad-Din, Nur ad-Din curtailed his stay in Damascus and turned instead towards the Principality of Antioch, where he was able to seize Artah, Kafar Latha, Basarfut, and Bara.[citation needed]Nūr-ad-Din's victory at the Battle of Inab, 1149. Illustration from the Passages d'outremer, c. 1490.In 1148, the Second Crusade arrived in Syria, led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany. Nur ad-Din's victories and the Crusader's losses in Asia Minor however had made the recovery of Edessa – their original goal – practically impossible. Given that Aleppo was too far off from Jerusalem for an attack and Damascus, recently allied with the Kingdom of Jerusalem against Zengi, had entered into an alliance with Nur ad-Din, the Crusaders decided to attack Damascus, the conquest of which would preclude a combination of Jerusalem's enemies. Mu'in ad-Din threatened to turn the city over to Nur ad-Din if he was unable to defend it, but the crusader siege collapsed after only four days.[7]Nur ad-Din took advantage of the failure of the Crusade to prepare another attack against Antioch. In 1149, he launched an offensive against the territories dominated by the castle of Harim, situated on the eastern bank of the Orontes, after which he besieged the castle of Inab. The Prince of Antioch, Raymond of Poitiers, quickly came to the aid of the besieged citadel. The Muslim army destroyed the Crusader army at the Battle of Inab, during which Raymond was killed, moreover, Raymond's head was sent to Nur ad-Din, who sent it along to the Caliph Al-Muqtafi in Baghdad.[8] Nur ad-Din marched all the way to the coast and expressed his dominance of Syria by symbolically bathing in the Mediterranean. He did not, however, attack Antioch itself; he was content with capturing all Antiochene territory east of the Orontes and leaving a rump state around the city, which in any case soon fell under the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire. In 1150, he defeated Joscelin II for a final time, after allying with the Seljuk Sultan of Rüm, Mas'ud (whose daughter he also married). Joscelin was blinded and died in his prison in Aleppo in 1159. In the Battle of Aintab, Nur ad-Din tried but failed to prevent King Baldwin III of Jerusalem's evacuation of the Latin Christian residents of Turbessel. In 1152, Nur ad-Din captured and burned Tortosa,[9] briefly occupying the town.","title":"War against Crusaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qutb_al-Din_Mawdud_ibn_Zengi,_al-Mawsil,_556_H_(Obverse).jpg"},{"link_name":"Qutb al-Din Mawdud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Mawdud"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates"},{"link_name":"Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile"},{"link_name":"Qutb ad-Din Mawdud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_ad-Din_Mawdud"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mujir ad-Din Abaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujir_ad-Din_Abaq"},{"link_name":"Ascalon was captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Hauran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauran"},{"link_name":"Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Knights Hospitaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"Banias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banias"},{"link_name":"Baldwin III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Grand Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_(order)"},{"link_name":"Bertrand de Blanquefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_de_Blanquefort"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Byzantine emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_emperor"},{"link_name":"Manuel I Comnenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_Comnenus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Danishmends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danishmends"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Kilij Arslan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_II"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Raynald of Châtillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Baldwin III of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"William of Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Tyre"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A brother of Nur al-Din, Qutb al-Din Mawdud ruled concurrently in the Mosul region from 1149 to 1170. Coinage dated to AH 556 (1160-1161 CE).[10]It was Nur ad-Din's dream to unite the various Muslim forces between the Euphrates and the Nile to make a common front against the crusaders. In 1149 Saif ad-Din Ghazi died, and a younger brother, Qutb ad-Din Mawdud, succeeded him. Qutb ad-Din recognized Nur ad-Din as overlord of Mosul, so that the major cities of Mosul and Aleppo were united under one man.[citation needed] Damascus was all that remained as an obstacle to the unification of Syria.After the failure of the Second Crusade, Mu'in ad-Din had renewed his treaty with the crusaders, and after his death in 1149, his successor Mujir ad-Din Abaq followed the same policy. In 1150 and 1151, Nur ad-Din besieged the city, but retreated each time with no success, aside from empty recognition of his suzerainty. When Ascalon was captured by the crusaders in 1153, Mujir ad-Din forbade Nur ad-Din from travelling across his territory. Mujir ad-Din, however, was a weaker ruler than his predecessor, and he also agreed to pay an annual tribute to the crusaders in exchange for their protection.[citation needed] The growing weakness of Damascus under Mujir ad-Din allowed Nur ad-Din to overthrow him in 1154, with help from the population of the city. Damascus was annexed to Zengid territory, and all of Syria was unified under the authority of Nur ad-Din, from Edessa in the north to the Hauran in the south. Nur ad-Din was generous in his victory, and allowed Abaq to flee with his property, later granting him fiefdoms in the vicinity of Homs.[7] He was cautious not to attack Jerusalem right away, and even continued to send the yearly tribute established by Mujir ad-Din; meanwhile he briefly became involved in affairs to the north of Mosul, where a succession dispute in the Sultanate of Rum threatened Edessa and other cities.[citation needed]In 1157, Nur ad-Din besieged the Knights Hospitaller in the crusader fortress of Banias, routed a relief army from Jerusalem led by King Baldwin III, and captured Grand Master Bertrand de Blanquefort.[citation needed] However, he fell ill that year and the crusaders were given a brief respite from his attacks. In 1159, the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus arrived to assert his authority in Antioch, and the crusaders hoped he would send an expedition against Aleppo.[7] However, Nur ad-Din sent ambassadors and negotiated an alliance with the emperor against the Seljuks, much to the crusaders' dismay. Nur ad-Din, along with the Danishmends of eastern Anatolia, attacked the Seljuk sultan Kilij Arslan II from the east the next year, while Manuel attacked from the west.[citation needed] Later in 1160, Nur ad-Din captured the Prince of Antioch, Raynald of Châtillon after a raid in the Anti-Taurus mountains; Raynald remained in captivity for the next sixteen years.[7] By 1162, with Antioch under nominal Byzantine control and the crusader states further south powerless to make any further attacks on Syria, Nur ad-Din made a pilgrimage to Mecca. Soon after he returned, he learned of the death of King Baldwin III of Jerusalem, and out of respect for such a formidable opponent he refrained from attacking the crusader kingdom: William of Tyre reports that Nur ad-Din said \"We should sympathize with their grief and in pity spare them, because they have lost a prince such as the rest of the world does not possess today.\"[citation needed]","title":"Unification of sultanate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zengid_territory.png"},{"link_name":"Zengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imad_al-Din_Zengi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nur_ad-Din_Zangi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Harim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harim"},{"link_name":"Fatimid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid"},{"link_name":"caliphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"},{"link_name":"al-Adid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Adid"},{"link_name":"Shawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawar"},{"link_name":"Dirgham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirgham"},{"link_name":"King of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Amalric I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalric_I_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people"},{"link_name":"Shirkuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirkuh"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SJ-13"},{"link_name":"Bilbeis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbeis"},{"link_name":"besieged the castle of Harenc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harim"},{"link_name":"Raymond III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_III,_Count_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"Joscelin III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joscelin_III"},{"link_name":"Bohemond III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemond_III_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"Shirkuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirkuh"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"County of Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"Areimeh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Areimeh_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chastel Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chastel_Blanc"},{"link_name":"Gibelacar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibelacar"},{"link_name":"Raymond III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_III,_Count_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SJ-13"},{"link_name":"Shia Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"al-Adid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Adid"},{"link_name":"Fatimid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"sub_title":"Conquest of Egypt","text":"The Zengid state under Zengi in 1145, and expansion under Nur al-Din Zengi in 1174 CE.[11]Mail-coated Nur al-Din Zengi at the victorious Battle of Harim (1164). \"Histoire d'Outremer\" (1232-1261) - BL Yates Thompson MS 12As there was now nothing the crusaders could do in Syria, they were forced to look to the south if they wanted to expand their territory. The capture of Ascalon had already succeeded in cutting off Egypt from Syria, and Egypt had been politically weakened by a series of very young Fatimid caliphs. By 1163, the caliph was the young al-Adid, but the country was ruled by the vizier Shawar. That year, Shawar was overthrown by Dirgham; soon afterwards, the King of Jerusalem, Amalric I, led an offensive against Egypt, on the pretext that the Fatimids were not paying the tribute they had promised to pay during the reign of Baldwin III. This campaign failed and he was forced to return to Jerusalem, but it provoked Nur ad-Din to lead a campaign of his own against the crusaders in Syria in order to turn their attention away from Egypt. Nur ad-Din's attack on Tripoli was unsuccessful, but he was soon visited by the exiled Shawar, who begged him to send an army and restore him to the vizierate. Nur ad-Din did not want to spare his own army for a defense of Egypt, but his Kurdish general Shirkuh was given permission to invade in 1164. In response, Dirgham allied with Amalric, but the king could not mobilize in time to save him. Dirgham was killed during Shirkuh's invasion and Shawar was restored as vizier.[12]Shawar immediately expelled Shirkuh and allied with Amalric, who arrived to besiege Shirkuh at Bilbeis. Shirkuh agreed to abandon Egypt when Amalric was forced to return home, after Nur ad-Din attacked Antioch and besieged the castle of Harenc. There, Nur ad-Din routed the combined armies of Antioch and Tripoli and captured most of the Crusader armies' leadership, including Raymond III, Joscelin III and Bohemond III, leaving three major principalities of the Crusader states leaderless. However, he refused to attack Antioch itself, fearing reprisals from the Byzantines.[13] Instead he besieged and captured Banias, and for the next two years continually raided the frontiers of the crusader states. In 1166, Nur ad-Din's Kurdish general Shirkuh was sent again to Egypt. Amalric followed him at the beginning of 1167, and a formal treaty was established between Amalric and Shawar, with the nominal support of the caliph. The crusaders occupied Alexandria and Cairo and made Egypt a tributary state, but due to the unpopularity of the Egyptian alliance with the Crusaders, Shirkuh managed to take Alexandria without bloodshed. The Crusaders besieged Alexandria and famine set in quickly due to the city's limited stores of food. Shirkuh organized a sortie and broke through the enemy lines, leaving command of Alexandria to his nephew, Saladin.[7] In the same year, Nur ad-Din raided the County of Tripoli, in which he temporarily captured Areimeh Castle, Chastel Blanc and Gibelacar, exploiting the captivity of Raymond III.[14] Ultimately, Amalric could not hold Egypt while Nur ad-Din still held Syria, and he was forced to return to Jerusalem. The siege of Alexandria was lifted, and Shirkuh's forces withdrew from Egypt as well.[7]In 1168, Amalric sought an alliance with Emperor Manuel and invaded Egypt once more. Shawar's son Khalil had had enough, and with support from Caliph al-Adid requested help from Nur ad-Din and Shirkuh. At the beginning of 1169, Shirkuh arrived and the crusaders once more were forced to retreat. This time Nur ad-Din's commander gained full control of Egypt. Shawar was executed and Shirkuh was named vizier of the newly conquered territory. Shirkuh died later that year and was succeeded by his nephew Saladin. One last invasion of Egypt was launched by Amalric and Manuel, but it was disorganized and came to nothing.[12] Saladin continued to swear nominal fealty to Nur ad-Din until his death in 1174, but their relationship became increasingly tense. Saladin was reluctant to join forces with Nur ad-Din against Crusader armies or holdings, withdrawing his own armies on several occasions when Nur ad-Din's forces arrived to assist him. Nur ad-Din's insistence that Saladin abolish the Shia Caliphate further raised tensions between them. Saladin was reluctant to do so because the authority of the Caliphate in Egypt was a source of legitimacy for his rule. He feared popular backlash, and was bound by friendship and obligation to the Caliph al-Adid. Nonetheless, Saladin capitulated to Nur ad-Din and the Fatimid Caliphate was abolished in 1171.[7]","title":"Unification of sultanate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuppel_Nur_ad-Din_Madrasa.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din Mahmud's madrasa complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Madrasa"},{"link_name":"Artuqids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artuqid"},{"link_name":"Najm al-Din Ayyub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Ayyub"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"peritonsillar abscess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonsillar_abscess"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElisseeff1995132-16"},{"link_name":"Citadel of Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din Madrasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Madrasa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"As-Salih Ismail al-Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Salih_Ismail_al-Malik"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"Domes of Nur al-Din Mahmud's madrasa complex in Damascus (his burial place)During this time Nur ad-Din was busy in the north, fighting the Artuqids, and in 1170 he had to settle a dispute between his nephews when his brother Qutb ad-Din died. With Egypt conquered in his name, Nur ad-Din believed that he had accomplished his goal of uniting the Arab states of the Levant. However, near the end of his life, especially after the death of Saladin's father Najm al-Din Ayyub, Nur ad-Din believed he could no longer trust anyone in Saladin's court to maintain the young ruler's fealty to him. Nur ad-Din began preparations to invade Egypt and depose Saladin,[7] but he was seized by a fever due to complications from a peritonsillar abscess.[15] He died at the age of 56 on 15 May 1174 in the Citadel of Damascus. He was initially buried there, before being reburied in the Nur al-Din Madrasa.[16] His young son As-Salih Ismail al-Malik became his legitimate heir, and Saladin declared himself his vassal, maintaining the de jure unity of Syria and Egypt under As-Salih's rule. When As-Salih died suddenly at the age of eighteen, Saladin defeated the other claimants to the throne and took power in Syria in 1185, uniting Syria and Egypt not just in name, as they were during Nur ad-Din's reign, but in fact.[7]","title":"Death and succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Niche_from_the_Great_Mosque_of_al-Nuri_in_Mosul,_Iraq,_12th_century_CE,_Iraq_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"al-Nuri Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_al-Nuri,_Mosul"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"William of Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Tyre"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltan201472-19"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"Outremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outremer"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"madrasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky2017121-21"},{"link_name":"qadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi"},{"link_name":"imams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky2017121-21"},{"link_name":"bimaristans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimaristan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby2004300-22"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din Bimaristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Bimaristan"},{"link_name":"caravanserais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserai"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF.JPG"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby2004299-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby2004296-24"},{"link_name":"Shafi'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby2004296%E2%80%93297-25"},{"link_name":"Shi'ism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby2004297-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952398-27"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Qalanisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Qalanisi"},{"link_name":"Islamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamist"},{"link_name":"Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakat_Nour_al-Din_al-Zenki"},{"link_name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"}],"text":"Mihrab from al-Nuri Mosque in Mosul, founded by Nur al-Din Zengi, 12th century CE, Iraq Museum.[17]According to William of Tyre, although Nur ad-Din was \"a mighty persecutor of the Christian name and faith,\" he was also \"a just prince, valiant and wise, and according to the traditions of his race, a religious man.\" His sense of justice was never denied to anyone, regardless of their creed or origins. As a result of his justice, a Christian foreigner was said to have settled into Damascus, which was under Nur ad-Din's reign.[18] Nur ad-Din was especially religious after his illness and his pilgrimage. He considered the crusaders foreigners in Muslim territory, who had come to Outremer to plunder the land and profane its sacred places. Nevertheless, he tolerated the Christians who lived under his authority,[19] aside from the Armenians of Edessa, and regarded Emperor Manuel with deep respect. In contrast to Nur ad-Din's respectful reaction to the death of Baldwin III, Amalric I immediately besieged Banias upon learning of the emir's death, and extorted a vast amount of money from his widow.[citation needed]During Nur ad-Din's reign, forty-two madrasas were built in Syria, of which half he personally sponsored.[20] Through the construction of these madrasas Nur ad-Din was ensuring the creation of Sunni Islamic qadis and imams.[20] Nur ad-Din himself enjoyed having specialists read to him from the Hadith, and his professors even awarded him a diploma in Hadith narration. He had bimaristans (hospitals)[21] constructed in his cities as well, one of them is Nur al-Din Bimaristan and built caravanserais on the roads for travelers and pilgrims. He held court several times a week so that people could seek justice from him against his generals, governors, or other employees who had committed some crime.[citation needed]Nur ad-Din's tombNur ad-Din's Sunni orthodoxy can be seen in his public works.[22] His repair of the Roman aqueduct in Aleppo insinuated an anti-Shia polemic,[23] and the conversion of two Shia mosques into madrasas, one Shafi'i another Hanafi, reinforce his insistence of promoting Sunni Islam.[24] Consequently, in November 1148, he forbade the Shia call to prayer in Aleppo and any public displays of Shi'ism.[25]In the Muslim world he remains a legendary figure of military courage, piety, and modesty. Sir Steven Runciman said that he loved, above all else, justice.[26]The Damascene chronicler Ibn al-Qalanisi generally speaks of Nur ad-Din in majestic terms, although he himself died in 1160, and did not witness the later events of Nur ad-Din's reign.The Islamist group Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki, active in the Syrian Civil War in Aleppo since 2011, is named after Nur ad-Din.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2006268-5"}],"text":"^ A Frankish attempt to take advantage of the situation by reoccupying Edessa in November 1146, led by Joscelin II and Baldwin of Marash, failed utterly, the count fleeing ignominiously, Baldwin meeting a heroic death, the city's walls being levelled and the local Armenian Christians suffering the massacre they had avoided two years earlier.[5]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zangi (1146–1174): One of the prominent leaders of the struggle against the Crusaders\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/102244"},{"link_name":"\"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zanki\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Nur+al-Din+Mahmud+b.+Zanki&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo"},{"link_name":"Bosworth, C. E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Bosworth"},{"link_name":"van Donzel, E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel"},{"link_name":"Heinrichs, W. P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs"},{"link_name":"Lecomte, G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lecomte"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-09834-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Qalanisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Qalanisi"},{"link_name":"\"Nûredd İn Zengî, Mahmud\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nureddin-zengi-mahmud"},{"link_name":"Turkiye Diyanet Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-975-389-455-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-389-455-5"},{"link_name":"Runciman, Steven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman"},{"link_name":"Tyerman, Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tyerman"},{"link_name":"God's War: A New History of the Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0674023871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674023871"},{"link_name":"William of Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Tyre"},{"link_name":"Columbia University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press"}],"text":"Altan, Ebru (2014). \"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zangi (1146–1174): One of the prominent leaders of the struggle against the Crusaders\". Tarih Dergisi.\nAsbridge, Thomas (2012). The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land. Simon & Schuster.\nBarber, Malcolm (1994). The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple. Cambridge University Press.\nElisseeff, N. (1995). \"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zanki\". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.\nThe Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi. H.A.R. Gibb, 1932 (reprint, Dover Publications, 2002)\nJaspert, Nikolas (2006). The Crusades. Taylor & Francis.\nJotischky, Andrew (2017). Crusading and the Crusader States. Routledge. 121\nKök, Bahattin (2007). \"Nûredd İn Zengî, Mahmud\". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 33 (Nesi̇h – Osmanlilar) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 259–262. ISBN 978-975-389-455-5.\nRaby, Julian (2004). \"Nur Al-Din, the Qstal al-Shu-aybiyya, and the \"Classical Revival\"\". Muqarnas: Essays in Honor of J.M. Rogers. 21. Brill.\nRunciman, Steven (1952). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nTyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674023871.\nWilliam of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arab Historians of the Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/arabhistoriansof00gabr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0520052246","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520052246"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1610697804","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610697804"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Maturidi"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Maturidi"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maturidi"},{"link_name":"Maturidi school of Sunni theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturidism"},{"link_name":"Maturidi scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ash%27aris_and_Maturidis#Maturidis"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr al-Samarqandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Samarqandi"},{"link_name":"Abu Mansur al-Maturidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi"},{"link_name":"Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Kalabadhi"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi"},{"link_name":"Abu Zayd al-Dabusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Dabusi"},{"link_name":"Ali Hujwiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hujwiri"},{"link_name":"Yūsuf Balasaguni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABsuf_Balasaguni"},{"link_name":"Fakhr al-Islam al-Bazdawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bazdawi"},{"link_name":"Al-Sarakhsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Yusr_al-Bazdawi"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi"},{"link_name":"Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Saffar_al-Bukhari"},{"link_name":"Yusuf Hamadani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Hamadani"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmad-e_Jami"},{"link_name":"Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Nasafi"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Yasawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Yasawi"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din Zengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)"},{"link_name":"Siraj al-Din al-Ushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Ushi"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din al-Sabuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni"},{"link_name":"Fatima al-Samarqandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_al-Samarqandi"},{"link_name":"Al-Kasani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kasani"},{"link_name":"Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Thana%27_al-Lamishi"},{"link_name":"Al-Mu'azzam 'Isa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27azzam_Isa"},{"link_name":"Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutbuddin_Bakhtiar_Kaki"},{"link_name":"Mu'in al-Din Chishti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27in_al-Din_Chishti"},{"link_name":"Saif ed-Din al-Boharsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_ed-Din_al-Boharsi"},{"link_name":"Baba Farid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Farid"},{"link_name":"Rumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi"},{"link_name":"Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Barakat_al-Nasafi"},{"link_name":"Sultan Walad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Walad"},{"link_name":"Nizamuddin Auliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizamuddin_Auliya"},{"link_name":"Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadr_al-Shari%27a_al-Asghar"},{"link_name":"Akmal al-Din al-Babarti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akmal_al-Din_al-Babarti"},{"link_name":"Baha' al-Din Naqshband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha%27_al-Din_Naqshband"},{"link_name":"Kadi Burhan al-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadi_Burhan_al-Din"},{"link_name":"Bande Nawaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bande_Nawaz"},{"link_name":"Shams al-Din al-Fanari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Fanari"},{"link_name":"'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ala%27_al-Din_al-Bukhari"},{"link_name":"Yaqub al-Charkhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqub_al-Charkhi"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Arabshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Arabshah"},{"link_name":"Badr al-Din al-'Ayni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr_al-Din_al-Ayni"},{"link_name":"Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kamal_ibn_al-Humam"},{"link_name":"Khidr Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khidr_Bey"},{"link_name":"Ali al-Bistami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Bistami"},{"link_name":"'Ali al-Qushji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Qushji"},{"link_name":"Mehmed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II"},{"link_name":"Khwaja Ahrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Ahrar"},{"link_name":"Ali-Shir Nava'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i"},{"link_name":"Husayn Kashifi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_Kashifi"},{"link_name":"Ibn Kemal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kemal"},{"link_name":"Abdul Quddus Gangohi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Quddus_Gangohi"},{"link_name":"Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-%E1%B8%A4alab%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Taşköprüzade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BCzade"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Birgivi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Birgivi"},{"link_name":"Ebussuud Efendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebussuud_Efendi"},{"link_name":"Khwaja Baqi Billah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Baqi_Billah"},{"link_name":"'Ali al-Qari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Qari"},{"link_name":"Hasan Kafi al-Aqhisari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Kafi_Pru%C5%A1%C4%8Dak"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Sirhindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Hudayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Hudayi"},{"link_name":"'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Abd_al-Haqq_al-Dehlawi"},{"link_name":"Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulla_Mahmud_Jaunpuri"},{"link_name":"'Abd al-Hakim al-Siyalkoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Sialkoti"},{"link_name":"Wang Daiyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Daiyu"},{"link_name":"Kâtip Çelebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi"},{"link_name":"Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Khafaji"},{"link_name":"Khayr al-Din al-Ramli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khayr_al-Din_al-Ramli"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"Ma Zhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Zhu"},{"link_name":"Ismail Haqqi Bursevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Haqqi_Bursevi"},{"link_name":"Shah Abdur Rahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abdur_Rahim"},{"link_name":"Liu Zhi of Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Zhi_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Nizamuddin Sihalivi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizamuddin_Sihalivi"},{"link_name":"Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhdoom_Muhammad_Hashim_Thattvi"},{"link_name":"Shah Waliullah Dehlawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi"},{"link_name":"'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi"},{"link_name":"İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Hakk%C4%B1_Erzurumi"},{"link_name":"Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Mazhar_Jan-e-Janaan"},{"link_name":"Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelenbevi_Ismail_Efendi"},{"link_name":"Murtada al-Zabidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi"},{"link_name":"Sanaullah Panipati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaullah_Panipati"},{"link_name":"Ghabdennasir Qursawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghabdennasir_Qursawi"},{"link_name":"Ghulam Ali Dehlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ali_Dehlavi"},{"link_name":"Shah Abdul Aziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz"},{"link_name":"Shah Ismail Dehlvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi"},{"link_name":"Syed Ahmad Barelvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Barelvi"},{"link_name":"Ibn 'Abidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abidin"},{"link_name":"Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_%27Abid_al-Sindi"},{"link_name":"Mamluk Ali Nanautawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Ali_Nanautawi"},{"link_name":"Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi"},{"link_name":"Yusuf Ma Dexin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Ma_Dexin"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautavi"},{"link_name":"Naqi Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqi_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"'Abd al-Ghani al-Maydani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Ghunaymi_al-Maydani"},{"link_name":"'Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Hayy_al-Lucknawi"},{"link_name":"Shihab al-Din al-Marjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eihabetdin_M%C3%A4rcani"},{"link_name":"Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmatullah_Kairanawi"},{"link_name":"Giritli Sırrı Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giritli_S%C4%B1rr%C4%B1_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Cevdet Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Cevdet_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Imdadullah Muhajir Makki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imdadullah_Muhajir_Makki"},{"link_name":"Abai Qunanbaiuly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abai_Qunanbaiuly"},{"link_name":"Rashid Ahmad Gangohi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Hasan Amrohi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Amrohi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Anwaarullah_Farooqui"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Hasan Deobandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Hasan_Deobandi"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi"},{"link_name":"Shakarim Qudayberdiuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakarim_Qudayberdiuli"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali Mungeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Mungeri"},{"link_name":"Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri"},{"link_name":"Anwar Shah Kashmiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Bakhit_al-Muti%27i"},{"link_name":"Fatma Aliye Topuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatma_Aliye_Topuz"},{"link_name":"Meher Ali Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meher_Ali_Shah"},{"link_name":"Muhammed Hamdi Yazır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Hamdi_Yaz%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"Ashraf Ali Thanwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi"},{"link_name":"Ubaidullah Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi"},{"link_name":"Shabbir Ahmad Usmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani"},{"link_name":"Musa Bigiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Bigiev"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zahid_al-Kawthari"},{"link_name":"Kifayatullah Dehlawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifayatullah_Dehlawi"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Sabri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Sabri"},{"link_name":"Husayn Ahmad al-Madani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussain_Ahmed_Madani"},{"link_name":"Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Hilmi_Tunahan"},{"link_name":"Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96mer_Nasuhi_Bilmen"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Abu Zahra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Shafi' Deobandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shafi%27_Deobandi"},{"link_name":"Abul Wafa Al Afghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Wafa_Al_Afghani"},{"link_name":"Abdul Majid Daryabadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Daryabadi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariyya_al-Kandhlawi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Tayyib_Qasmi"},{"link_name":"Abdul Haq Akorwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Haq_Akorwi"},{"link_name":"Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_al-Rahman_al-%27Azmi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ayyub Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Ali"},{"link_name":"Anzar Shah Kashmiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzar_Shah_Kashmiri"},{"link_name":"Wahbah al-Zuhayli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahbah_al-Zuhayli"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Salim Qasmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Salim_Qasmi"},{"link_name":"Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Ahmad_Palanpuri"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_al-Sabuni"},{"link_name":"Nur Hossain Kasemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Hossain_Kasemi"},{"link_name":"Usmankhan Alimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmankhan_Alimov"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Rafi' Usmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Rafi%27_Usmani"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Tahir-ul-Qadri"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Taqi Usmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Taqi_Usmani"},{"link_name":"Husein Kavazović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husein_Kavazovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Salah Mezhiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Mezhiev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imammaturidi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Al-Fiqh al-Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fiqh_al-Akbar"},{"link_name":"Kitab al-Tawhid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-Tawhid"},{"link_name":"Tafsir al-Maturidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir_al-Maturidi"},{"link_name":"Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqidah_al-Tahawiyyah"},{"link_name":"Al-Sawad al-A'zam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sawad_al-A%27zam"},{"link_name":"Tabsirat al-Adilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabsirat_al-Adilla"},{"link_name":"'Aqa'id al-Nasafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharh_al-%27Aqa%27id_al-Nasafiyya"},{"link_name":"Talkhis al-Adilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkhis_al-Adilla"},{"link_name":"Masnavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masnavi"},{"link_name":"Fihi Ma Fihi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fihi_Ma_Fihi"},{"link_name":"Han Kitab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Kitab"},{"link_name":"Qingzhen Zhinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingzhen_Zhinan"},{"link_name":"Kutadgu Bilig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutadgu_Bilig"},{"link_name":"Tafsir al-Mazhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir_al-Mazhari"},{"link_name":"Izhar ul-Haqq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izhar_ul-Haqq"},{"link_name":"Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhannad_ala_al-Mufannad"},{"link_name":"Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_D%C4%ABni_Kur%27an_Dili"},{"link_name":"2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_international_conference_on_Sunni_Islam_in_Grozny"},{"link_name":"2020 International Maturidi Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_International_Maturidi_Conference"},{"link_name":"Ahl al-Ra'y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y"},{"link_name":"Kalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam"},{"link_name":"Tawhid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid"},{"link_name":"Gedimu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedimu"},{"link_name":"Firangi Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firangi_Mahal"},{"link_name":"Deobandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi"},{"link_name":"Barelvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barelvi"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars"},{"link_name":"Ash'ari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ash%27ari"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sufi"},{"link_name":"Islamic theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312973#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/135123/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000116838420"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/90039925"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmP4XXfgg66hbG3J8mjmd"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/136516106"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007307186205171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n84010710"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p239538684"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/116346"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/131872028"},{"link_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nureddin-zengi-mahmud"}],"text":"Gabrieli, Francesco (1984), Arab Historians of the Crusades, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520052246.\nMurray, Alan V. (2015), The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1610697804.vteMaturidi school of Sunni theologyMaturidi scholars3rd AH/9th AD\nAbu Bakr al-Samarqandi (d. 268 AH)\nAbu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 333 AH)\nAl-Hakim al-Samarqandi (d. 342 AH)\nAbu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (d. 379 AH)\nAbu al-Layth al-Samarqandi (d. 396 AH)\n4th AH/10th AD\nAbu Zayd al-Dabusi (d. 429 AH)\nAli Hujwiri (d. 464 AH)\nYūsuf Balasaguni (d. 469 AH)\nFakhr al-Islam al-Bazdawi (d. 482 AH)\nAl-Sarakhsi (d. 483 AH)\nAbu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi (d. 493 AH)\n5th AH/11th AD\nAbu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi (d. 508 AH)\nAbu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari (d. 534 AH)\nYusuf Hamadani (d. 535 AH)\nSheikh Ahmad-e Jami (d. 536 AH)\nAbu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi (d. 537 AH)\nAhmad Yasawi (d. 561 AH)\nNur al-Din Zengi (d. 569 AH)\nSiraj al-Din al-Ushi (d. 575 AH)\nNur al-Din al-Sabuni (d. 580 AH)\nFatima al-Samarqandi (d. 581 AH)\nAl-Kasani (d. 587 AH)\nJamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi (d. 593 AH)\n6th AH/12th AD\nAbu al-Thana' al-Lamishi (d. beginning of the 6th century AH)\nAl-Mu'azzam 'Isa (d. 624 AH)\nQutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki (d. 632 AH)\nMu'in al-Din Chishti (d. 633 AH)\nSaif ed-Din al-Boharsi (d. 659 AH)\nBaba Farid (d. 664 AH)\nRumi (d. 671 AH)\nShams al-Din al-Samarqandi (d. after 690 AH)\n7th AH/13th AD\nAbu al-Barakat al-Nasafi (d. 710 AH)\nSultan Walad (d. 711 AH)\nNizamuddin Auliya (d. 725 AH)\nSadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (d. 747 AH)\nAkmal al-Din al-Babarti (d. 786 AH)\nBaha' al-Din Naqshband (d. 791 AH)\nKadi Burhan al-Din (d. 800 AH)\n8th AH/14th AD\nBande Nawaz (d. 825 AH)\nShams al-Din al-Fanari (d. 834 AH)\n'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari (d. 841 AH)\nYaqub al-Charkhi (d. 851 AH)\nAhmad ibn Arabshah (d. 861 AH)\nBadr al-Din al-'Ayni (d. 855 AH)\nAl-Kamal ibn al-Humam (d. 861 AH)\nKhidr Bey (d. 863 AH)\nAli al-Bistami (d. 874 AH)\n'Ali al-Qushji (d. 879 AH)\nMehmed II (d. 886 AH)\nKhwaja Ahrar (d. 895 AH)\n9th AH/15th AD\nAli-Shir Nava'i (d. 906 AH)\nHusayn Kashifi (d. 910 AH)\nIbn Kemal (d. 940 AH)\nAbdul Quddus Gangohi (d. 943 AH)\nIbrāhīm al-Ḥalabī (d. 955 AH)\nTaşköprüzade (d. 968 AH)\nMuhammad Birgivi (d. 980 AH)\nEbussuud Efendi (d. 982 AH)\n10th AH/16th AD\nKhwaja Baqi Billah (d. 1011 AH)\n'Ali al-Qari (d. 1014 AH)\nHasan Kafi al-Aqhisari (d. 1025 AH)\nAhmad Sirhindi (d. 1034 AH)\nMahmud Hudayi (d. 1037 AH)\n'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi (d. 1052 AH)\nMulla Mahmud Jaunpuri (d. 1061 AH)\n'Abd al-Hakim al-Siyalkoti (d. 1067 AH)\nWang Daiyu (d. around 1068 AH)\nKâtip Çelebi (d. 1068 AH)\nShihab al-Din al-Khafaji (d. 1069 AH)\nKhayr al-Din al-Ramli (d. 1081 AH)\n11th AH/17th AD\nAurangzeb (d. 1118 AH)\nMa Zhu (d. around 1123 AH)\nIsmail Haqqi Bursevi (d. 1127 AH)\nShah Abdur Rahim (d. 1131 AH)\nLiu Zhi of Nanjing (d. 1158 AH, or 1178 AH)\nNizamuddin Sihalivi (d. 1161 AH)\nMakhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi (d. 1174 AH)\nShah Waliullah Dehlawi (d. 1176 AH)\n'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi (d. 1176 AH)\nİbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi (d. 1193 AH)\nMirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (d. 1195 AH)\n12th AH/18th AD\nGelenbevi Ismail Efendi (d. 1204 AH)\nMurtada al-Zabidi (d. 1205 AH)\nSanaullah Panipati (d. 1225 AH)\nGhabdennasir Qursawi (d. 1226 AH)\nGhulam Ali Dehlavi (d. 1239 AH)\nShah Abdul Aziz (d. 1239 AH)\nShah Ismail Dehlvi (d. 1246 AH)\nSyed Ahmad Barelvi (d. 1246 AH)\nIbn 'Abidin (d. 1252 AH)\nMuhammad 'Abid al-Sindi (d. 1257 AH)\nMamluk Ali Nanautawi (d. 1267 AH)\nFazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (d. 1278 AH)\nYusuf Ma Dexin (d. 1291 AH)\nMuhammad Qasim Nanautavi (d. 1297 AH)\nNaqi Ali Khan (d. 1297 AH)\n'Abd al-Ghani al-Maydani (d. 1298 AH)\n13th AH/19th AD\n'Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi (d. 1304 AH)\nShihab al-Din al-Marjani (d. 1306 AH)\nRahmatullah al-Kairanawi (d. 1308 AH)\nGiritli Sırrı Pasha (d. 1312 AH)\nAhmed Cevdet Pasha (d. 1312 AH)\nImdadullah Muhajir Makki (d. 1317 AH)\nAbai Qunanbaiuly (d. 1321 AH)\nRashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1323 AH)\nAhmad Hasan Amrohi (d. 1330 AH)\nMuhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui (d. 1335 AH)\nMahmud Hasan Deobandi (d. 1338 AH)\nAhmed Raza Khan Barelvi (d. 1340 AH)\nShakarim Qudayberdiuli (d. 1344 AH)\nMuhammad Ali Mungeri (d. 1346 AH)\nKhalil Ahmad Saharanpuri (d. 1346 AH)\nAnwar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1352 AH)\nMuhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i (d. 1354 AH)\nFatma Aliye Topuz (d. 1354 AH)\nMeher Ali Shah (d. 1356 AH)\nMuhammed Hamdi Yazır (d. 1361 AH)\nAshraf Ali Thanwi (d. 1361 AH)\nUbaidullah Sindhi (d. 1364 AH)\nShabbir Ahmad Usmani (d. 1368 AH)\nMusa Bigiev (d. 1368 AH)\nMuhammad Zahid al-Kawthari (d. 1371 AH)\nKifayatullah Dehlawi (d. 1371 AH)\nMustafa Sabri (d. 1373 AH)\nHusayn Ahmad al-Madani (d. 1377 AH)\nSüleyman Hilmi Tunahan (d. 1378 AH)\nÖmer Nasuhi Bilmen (d. 1391 AH)\nMuhammad Abu Zahra (d. 1394 AH)\nMuhammad Shafi' Deobandi (d. 1395 AH)\nAbul Wafa Al Afghani (d. 1395 AH)\nAbdul Majid Daryabadi (d. 1397 AH)\n14th AH/20th AD\nMuhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi (d. 1402 AH)\nMuhammad Tayyib Qasmi (d. 1403 AH)\nAbdul Haq Akorwi (d. 1409 AH)\nHabib al-Rahman al-'Azmi (d. 1412 AH)\nMuhammad Ayyub Ali (d. 1415 AH)\nAnzar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1428 AH)\nWahbah al-Zuhayli (d. 1436 AH)\nMuhammad Salim Qasmi (d. 1439 AH)\nSaeed Ahmad Palanpuri (d. 1441 AH)\nMuhammad Ali al-Sabuni (d. 1442 AH)\nNur Hossain Kasemi (d. 1442 AH)\nUsmankhan Alimov (d. 1443 AH)\nMuhammad Rafi' Usmani\nMuhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri\nMuhammad Taqi Usmani\nHusein Kavazović\nSalah Mezhiev\nTheology books\nAl-Fiqh al-Akbar\nKitab al-Tawhid\nTafsir al-Maturidi\nAl-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya\nAl-Sawad al-A'zam\nTabsirat al-Adilla\n'Aqa'id al-Nasafi\nTalkhis al-Adilla\nMasnavi\nFihi Ma Fihi\nHan Kitab\nQingzhen Zhinan\nKutadgu Bilig\nTafsir al-Mazhari\nIzhar ul-Haqq\nAl-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad\nHak Dīni Kur'an Dili\nSee also\n2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny\n2020 International Maturidi Conference\nAhl al-Ra'y\nKalam\nTawhid\nGedimu\nFirangi Mahal\nDeobandi\nBarelvi\nMaturidi-related templates\nHanafi\nAsh'ari\nSufi\nIslamic theologyAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nVatican\nOther\nIdRef\nİslâm Ansiklopedisi","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Battle of Edessa in 1146, by Richard de Montbaston (1337), Bibliothèque Nationale de France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Battle_of_Edeesa_1146.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Edeesa_1146.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nūr-ad-Din's victory at the Battle of Inab, 1149. Illustration from the Passages d'outremer, c. 1490.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BattleOfInab.jpg/170px-BattleOfInab.jpg"},{"image_text":"A brother of Nur al-Din, Qutb al-Din Mawdud ruled concurrently in the Mosul region from 1149 to 1170. Coinage dated to AH 556 (1160-1161 CE).[10]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Qutb_al-Din_Mawdud_ibn_Zengi%2C_al-Mawsil%2C_556_H_%28Obverse%29.jpg/220px-Qutb_al-Din_Mawdud_ibn_Zengi%2C_al-Mawsil%2C_556_H_%28Obverse%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Zengid state under Zengi in 1145, and expansion under Nur al-Din Zengi in 1174 CE.[11]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zengid_territory.png/220px-Zengid_territory.png"},{"image_text":"Mail-coated Nur al-Din Zengi at the victorious Battle of Harim (1164). \"Histoire d'Outremer\" (1232-1261) - BL Yates Thompson MS 12","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nur_ad-Din_Zangi.jpg/220px-Nur_ad-Din_Zangi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Domes of Nur al-Din Mahmud's madrasa complex in Damascus (his burial place)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kuppel_Nur_ad-Din_Madrasa.JPG/250px-Kuppel_Nur_ad-Din_Madrasa.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mihrab from al-Nuri Mosque in Mosul, founded by Nur al-Din Zengi, 12th century CE, Iraq Museum.[17]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niche_from_the_Great_Mosque_of_al-Nuri_in_Mosul%2C_Iraq%2C_12th_century_CE%2C_Iraq_Museum.jpg/170px-Niche_from_the_Great_Mosque_of_al-Nuri_in_Mosul%2C_Iraq%2C_12th_century_CE%2C_Iraq_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nur ad-Din's tomb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF.JPG/170px-%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Copper alloy fals of Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zengi, Halab, nd H. 1971.75.1\". numismatics.org. American Numismatic Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://numismatics.org/collection/1971.75.1","url_text":"\"Copper alloy fals of Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zengi, Halab, nd H. 1971.75.1\""}]},{"reference":"Maalouf, Amin (1984). The crusades through Arab eyes. Internet Archive. New York : Schocken Books. pp. 146–184. ISBN 978-0-8052-0898-6.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/crusadesthrougha0000maal","url_text":"The crusades through Arab eyes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0898-6","url_text":"978-0-8052-0898-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Copper alloy dirham of Qutb al-Din Mawdud ibn Zengi, al-Mawsil, 556 H. 1917.215.1000\". numismatics.org. American Numismatic Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://numismatics.org/collection/1917.215.1000","url_text":"\"Copper alloy dirham of Qutb al-Din Mawdud ibn Zengi, al-Mawsil, 556 H. 1917.215.1000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Numismatic_Society","url_text":"American Numismatic Society"}]},{"reference":"Riley-Smith, Jonathan Simon Christopher (1991). The atlas of the Crusades. New York : Facts on File. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8160-2186-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/atlasofcrusadesc00jona/page/59/mode/1up","url_text":"The atlas of the Crusades"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-2186-4","url_text":"978-0-8160-2186-4"}]},{"reference":"Jiwa, Shainool (26 January 2023). The Fatimids 2: The Rule from Egypt. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 198–199. ISBN 978-0-7556-4675-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9_6mEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA198","url_text":"The Fatimids 2: The Rule from Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4675-3","url_text":"978-0-7556-4675-3"}]},{"reference":"Oldenbourg, Zoé (1966). The crusades. Internet Archive. New York, Pantheon Books. p. 364.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/crusades00olde","url_text":"The crusades"}]},{"reference":"\"Reconstruction & Rehabilitation of the Al Nouri Complex in Mosul\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uia-architectes.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Final_architectural_brief_mosul_competition.pdf","url_text":"\"Reconstruction & Rehabilitation of the Al Nouri Complex in Mosul\""}]},{"reference":"Uzayr, Sufyan bin (6 March 2021). \"Remembering Nur ad-Din Zengi: The Light of Faith\". Political Periscope. Retrieved 15 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://politicalperiscope.com/nuruddin-zengi/","url_text":"\"Remembering Nur ad-Din Zengi: The Light of Faith\""}]},{"reference":"Altan, Ebru (2014). \"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zangi (1146–1174): One of the prominent leaders of the struggle against the Crusaders\". Tarih Dergisi.","urls":[{"url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/102244","url_text":"\"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zangi (1146–1174): One of the prominent leaders of the struggle against the Crusaders\""}]},{"reference":"Asbridge, Thomas (2012). The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land. Simon & Schuster.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barber, Malcolm (1994). The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Elisseeff, N. (1995). \"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zanki\". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Nur+al-Din+Mahmud+b.+Zanki&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo","url_text":"\"Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zanki\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Bosworth","url_text":"Bosworth, C. E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel","url_text":"van Donzel, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs","url_text":"Heinrichs, W. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lecomte","url_text":"Lecomte, G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3","url_text":"978-90-04-09834-3"}]},{"reference":"Jaspert, Nikolas (2006). The Crusades. Taylor & Francis.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jotischky, Andrew (2017). Crusading and the Crusader States. Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kök, Bahattin (2007). \"Nûredd İn Zengî, Mahmud\". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 33 (Nesi̇h – Osmanlilar) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 259–262. ISBN 978-975-389-455-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nureddin-zengi-mahmud","url_text":"\"Nûredd İn Zengî, Mahmud\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs","url_text":"Turkiye Diyanet Foundation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-389-455-5","url_text":"978-975-389-455-5"}]},{"reference":"Raby, Julian (2004). \"Nur Al-Din, the Qstal al-Shu-aybiyya, and the \"Classical Revival\"\". Muqarnas: Essays in Honor of J.M. Rogers. 21. Brill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman","url_text":"Runciman, Steven"}]},{"reference":"Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674023871.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tyerman","url_text":"Tyerman, Christopher"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer","url_text":"God's War: A New History of the Crusades"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674023871","url_text":"978-0674023871"}]},{"reference":"Gabrieli, Francesco (1984), Arab Historians of the Crusades, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520052246","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/arabhistoriansof00gabr","url_text":"Arab Historians of the Crusades"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520052246","url_text":"978-0520052246"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Alan V. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Bree	Francisco González Bree	["1 Biography","2 Columnist and blogger","3 Artistic work","4 Writer","5 Publications","6 References","7 External links"]	Spanish artist and writer (born 1968) Francisco González BreeBree with one of his worksBorn1968 (age 55–56)Bilbao, SpainOther namesPaco BreeAlma materKingston UniversityUniversidad de DeustoOccupation(s)Corporate executive Professor, writer, researcher and artistEmployer(s)Inndux, Deusto Business SchoolWebsitewww.pacobree.com Francisco González Bree (born July 3, 1968), also known as Paco Bree, is a corporate executive, professor, writer, researcher, artist and a professional in the field of creativity and innovation. In addition to his academic contribution, he is business advisor and regular collaborator in different media such as El Español, on matters related to innovation and creativity, and the importance of these issues in companies, people and society. Biography Francisco González Bree is Doctor in Business Administration from the Kingston University School of Business (2013), has a Master's in Business Administration from the University of Edinburgh Business School (2000) and a Master's in Business Innovation from the University of Deusto (2010). He is professor and director of innovation programmes at Deusto Business School and professor at Advantere School of Management. He has given classes in different centers such as ESADE, Escuela Loyola Leadership, Factoría cultural and in 2016 he participated in TEDx giving a conference on innovation. In the field of private companies, he is currently CEO at Inndux, cofounder at Paradima.io, and previously he worked in multinationals and technology companies such as Anboto (named Best Start-up in the World 2010), Sherpa.ai, Wincor Nixdorf, Computershare, RBS. Columnist and blogger González Bree is a regular columnist for the newspaper El Español, through the sections "Notas Digitales" within Invertia D + I, and "Objetivos Bree" within Enclave ODS. Previously he directed a column at La Razón, on his blog "Innovadores". He also directed another blog on creativity, technology and Innovation entitled "Converting novelty in value "within the business blogs of Cinco Días, and one on a similar subject in El Mundo. He is a specific contributor to different media such as El País, ABC, CNN. Artistic work His artistic work is characterized by his futuristic collages. "He uses digital photo collage techniques to create worlds, between pop, dreamlike and apocalyptic, populated by science fiction characters". To illustrate his articles on creativity, González Bree began making digital collages. His production was recognized by critics, for which he has been invited to participate in different exhibitions. In his works he recreates "a series of unusual worlds in which he stages futuristic fantasies full of imagination". He also directed a conference on exponential art and technologies within the framework of JustMAD. He also was the first Spanish artist to project a digital artwork on the tallest building in the world. Writer In addition to being a writer of books related to topics such as economics and business, González Bree is the creator of the science fiction and cyberpunk saga Koji Neon. Publications "An Examination of Drivers of Attitudes and Intention to Use ATMs for Cash Deposits" (2012) DBA Thesis. GuíaBurros: Economía de acceso (2018), Editorial EDITATUM. 20 100 Conceptos de Innovación Empresarial (2018), Editorial Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. Creatividad e innovación exponencial (2020), Editorial Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. Koji Neon. Episodio 1: NeoLud (2020), Editorial Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. Koji Neon. Episodio 2: Ecdisis (2021), Editorial Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. Koji Neon. Episodio 3: Apofis (2021), Editorial Caligrama, Lantia Publishing. References ^ "Research graduates - Kingston Business School - Kingston University". www.kingston.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-01-12. ^ "Profesores \| Deusto". www.deusto.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-27. ^ TEDx U Deusto Madrid Salon. "TEDx Innovadres vs. Adaptadores". YouTube. ^ "Inndux ficha a Paco Bree y lanza un método disruptivo de inteligencia, formación y consultoría en digitalización". El Español (in Spanish). 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-06-27. ^ "Cómo comprar arte digital y NFTs sin que te timen: esta es la idea de unos españoles usando 'blockchain'". El Español (in Spanish). 2021-09-28. Retrieved 2022-06-27. ^ "Liderar la innovación en tiempos difíciles". El Español (in Spanish). 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-06-27. ^ "'Objetivos Bree': Potenciar recursos, competencias y capacidades internas para la sostenibilidad empresarial". El Español (in Spanish). 2021-11-22. Retrieved 2022-06-27. ^ "¿Qué son la Estrategia de la Complejidad y el lenguaje Ruby?". ELMUNDO (in Spanish). 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2022-06-27. ^ Bree, Francisco González (2018-01-23). "Polímatas y centauros para la innovación". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2022-06-27. ^ Fanjul, Sergio C. (2016-01-19). "Opinión \| Collage apocalíptico". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2021-01-12. ^ León, Nunci de (2015-10-17). "El mundo alucinado de Francisco González Bree". Periodistas en Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-01-12. ^ León, Nunci de (2015-10-17). "El mundo alucinado de Francisco González Bree". Periodistas en Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-01-12. ^ Ávila, Diario de (2016-04-18). "Paco Bree crea 'destellos de futuro' en Ávila reinventando la realidad con collages fotográficos". Diario de Ávila (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-01-12. ^ "JustMad dará visibilidad a la creación hecha por mujeres". abc (in Spanish). 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2021-01-12. ^ "El primer artista español en proyectar una obra de arte digital en el edificio más alto del mundo". El Español (in Spanish). 2021-09-22. Retrieved 2022-06-27. ^ "Del 'efecto Medici' a la 'convergencia acelerada'". El Español (in Spanish). 2020-02-25. Retrieved 2022-06-27. ^ "Paco Bree: ciencia ficción que anticipa un futuro donde los sueños son un producto digital". El Español (in Spanish). 2020-12-31. Retrieved 2022-06-27. External links Web page	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Español","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Espa%C3%B1ol"}],"text":"Francisco González Bree (born July 3, 1968), also known as Paco Bree, is a corporate executive, professor, writer, researcher, artist and a professional in the field of creativity and innovation. In addition to his academic contribution, he is business advisor and regular collaborator in different media such as El Español, on matters related to innovation and creativity, and the importance of these issues in companies, people and society.","title":"Francisco González Bree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingston University School of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_University_Business_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_Business_School"},{"link_name":"University of Deusto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Deusto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ESADE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESADE_Business_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wincor Nixdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wincor_Nixdorf"}],"text":"Francisco González Bree is Doctor in Business Administration from the Kingston University School of Business (2013),[1] has a Master's in Business Administration from the University of Edinburgh Business School (2000) and a Master's in Business Innovation from the University of Deusto (2010). He is professor and director of innovation programmes at Deusto Business School and professor at Advantere School of Management.[2] He has given classes in different centers such as ESADE, Escuela Loyola Leadership, Factoría cultural and in 2016 he participated in TEDx giving a conference on innovation.[3] In the field of private companies, he is currently CEO at Inndux,[4] cofounder at Paradima.io,[5] and previously he worked in multinationals and technology companies such as Anboto (named Best Start-up in the World 2010), Sherpa.ai, Wincor Nixdorf, Computershare, RBS.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cinco Días","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_D%C3%ADas"},{"link_name":"El Mundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"El País","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_International"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"González Bree is a regular columnist for the newspaper El Español, through the sections \"Notas Digitales\" within Invertia D + I, [6] and \"Objetivos Bree\" within Enclave ODS.[7] Previously he directed a column at La Razón, on his blog \"Innovadores\". He also directed another blog on creativity, technology and Innovation entitled \"Converting novelty in value \"within the business blogs of Cinco Días, and one on a similar subject in El Mundo.[8] He is a specific contributor to different media such as El País, ABC, CNN.[9]","title":"Columnist and blogger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"His artistic work is characterized by his futuristic collages. \"He uses digital photo collage techniques to create worlds, between pop, dreamlike and apocalyptic, populated by science fiction characters\".[10] To illustrate his articles on creativity, González Bree began making digital collages. His production was recognized by critics,[11] for which he has been invitedto participate in different exhibitions.[12] In his works he recreates \"a series of unusual worlds in which he stages futuristic fantasies full of imagination\".[13] He also directed a conference on exponential art and technologies within the framework of JustMAD.[14] He also was the first Spanish artist to project a digital artwork on the tallest building in the world.[15]","title":"Artistic work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In addition to being a writer of books related to topics such as economics and business,[16] González Bree is the creator of the science fiction and cyberpunk saga Koji Neon.[17]","title":"Writer"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"An Examination of Drivers of Attitudes and Intention to Use ATMs for Cash Deposits\" (2012) DBA Thesis.\nGuíaBurros: Economía de acceso (2018), Editorial EDITATUM. 20\n100 Conceptos de Innovación Empresarial (2018), Editorial Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España.\nCreatividad e innovación exponencial (2020), Editorial Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España.\nKoji Neon. Episodio 1: NeoLud (2020), Editorial Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España.\nKoji Neon. Episodio 2: Ecdisis (2021), Editorial Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España.\nKoji Neon. Episodio 3: Apofis (2021), Editorial Caligrama, Lantia Publishing.","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Research graduates - Kingston Business School - Kingston University\". www.kingston.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kingston.ac.uk/faculties/faculty-of-business-and-social-sciences/schools/kingston-business-school/research/research-graduates/","url_text":"\"Research graduates - Kingston Business School - Kingston University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profesores \| Deusto\". www.deusto.es (in Spanish). 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Retrieved 2021-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/ccaa/2016/01/18/madrid/1453144941_406494.html","url_text":"\"Opinión \| Collage apocalíptico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582","url_text":"1134-6582"}]},{"reference":"León, Nunci de (2015-10-17). \"El mundo alucinado de Francisco González Bree\". Periodistas en Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://periodistas-es.com/mundo-alucinado-francisco-gonzalez-bree-59585","url_text":"\"El mundo alucinado de Francisco González Bree\""}]},{"reference":"León, Nunci de (2015-10-17). \"El mundo alucinado de Francisco González Bree\". Periodistas en Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://periodistas-es.com/mundo-alucinado-francisco-gonzalez-bree-59585","url_text":"\"El mundo alucinado de Francisco González Bree\""}]},{"reference":"Ávila, Diario de (2016-04-18). \"Paco Bree crea 'destellos de futuro' en Ávila reinventando la realidad con collages fotográficos\". Diario de Ávila (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diariodeavila.es/noticia/ZA9A0F965-AC2F-001A-3D86B9AAA2667307/20160418/paco/bree/crea/destellos/futuro/avila/reinventando/realidad/collages/fotografico","url_text":"\"Paco Bree crea 'destellos de futuro' en Ávila reinventando la realidad con collages fotográficos\""}]},{"reference":"\"JustMad dará visibilidad a la creación hecha por mujeres\". abc (in Spanish). 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2021-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.es/cultura/arte/abci-justmad-dara-visibilidad-creacion-hecha-mujeres-202002120147_noticia.html","url_text":"\"JustMad dará visibilidad a la creación hecha por mujeres\""}]},{"reference":"\"El primer artista español en proyectar una obra de arte digital en el edificio más alto del mundo\". El Español (in Spanish). 2021-09-22. Retrieved 2022-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/disruptores-innovadores/innovadores/20210922/artista-espanol-proyectar-digital-burj-khalifa-edificio/613938954_0.html","url_text":"\"El primer artista español en proyectar una obra de arte digital en el edificio más alto del mundo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Del 'efecto Medici' a la 'convergencia acelerada'\". El Español (in Spanish). 2020-02-25. Retrieved 2022-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/disruptores-innovadores/innovadores/tecnologicas/20200225/efecto-medici-convergencia-acelerada/469954461_0.html","url_text":"\"Del 'efecto Medici' a la 'convergencia acelerada'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paco Bree: ciencia ficción que anticipa un futuro donde los sueños son un producto digital\". El Español (in Spanish). 2020-12-31. Retrieved 2022-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/disruptores-innovadores/innovadores/20201231/paco-bree-ciencia-ficcion-anticipa-producto-digital/547445590_0.html","url_text":"\"Paco Bree: ciencia ficción que anticipa un futuro donde los sueños son un producto digital\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.pacobree.com/","external_links_name":"www.pacobree.com"},{"Link":"https://www.kingston.ac.uk/faculties/faculty-of-business-and-social-sciences/schools/kingston-business-school/research/research-graduates/","external_links_name":"\"Research graduates - Kingston Business School - Kingston University\""},{"Link":"https://www.deusto.es/cs/Satellite/deusto/es/universidad-deusto/sobre-deusto-0/deusto-quienes-somos/profesores/profesores/profesor","external_links_name":"\"Profesores \| Deusto\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=siEY35-8Hzs","external_links_name":"\"TEDx Innovadres vs. Adaptadores\""},{"Link":"https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/disruptores-innovadores/innovadores/tecnologicas/20220526/inndux-paco-bree-disruptivo-inteligencia-consultoria-digitalizacion/674932887_0.html","external_links_name":"\"Inndux ficha a Paco Bree y lanza un método disruptivo de inteligencia, formación y consultoría en digitalización\""},{"Link":"https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/disruptores-innovadores/disruptores/startups/20210928/comprar-digital-nfts-sin-espanoles-usando-blockchain/615189417_0.html","external_links_name":"\"Cómo comprar arte digital y NFTs sin que te timen: esta es la idea de unos españoles usando 'blockchain'\""},{"Link":"https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/disruptores-innovadores/opinion/20220601/liderar-innovacion-tiempos-dificiles/676812319_13.html","external_links_name":"\"Liderar la innovación en tiempos difíciles\""},{"Link":"https://www.elespanol.com/enclave-ods/semanales/20211122/objetivos-bree-potenciar-competencias-capacidades-sostenibilidad-empresarial/628437346_0.html","external_links_name":"\"'Objetivos Bree': Potenciar recursos, competencias y capacidades internas para la sostenibilidad empresarial\""},{"Link":"https://www.elmundo.es/economia/2017/03/29/58db7cd8468aebb0338b456e.html","external_links_name":"\"¿Qué son la Estrategia de la Complejidad y el lenguaje Ruby?\""},{"Link":"https://elpais.com/retina/2018/01/22/tendencias/1516620147_871551.html","external_links_name":"\"Polímatas y centauros para la innovación\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582","external_links_name":"1134-6582"},{"Link":"https://elpais.com/ccaa/2016/01/18/madrid/1453144941_406494.html","external_links_name":"\"Opinión \| Collage apocalíptico\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582","external_links_name":"1134-6582"},{"Link":"https://periodistas-es.com/mundo-alucinado-francisco-gonzalez-bree-59585","external_links_name":"\"El mundo alucinado de Francisco González Bree\""},{"Link":"https://periodistas-es.com/mundo-alucinado-francisco-gonzalez-bree-59585","external_links_name":"\"El mundo alucinado de Francisco González Bree\""},{"Link":"https://www.diariodeavila.es/noticia/ZA9A0F965-AC2F-001A-3D86B9AAA2667307/20160418/paco/bree/crea/destellos/futuro/avila/reinventando/realidad/collages/fotografico","external_links_name":"\"Paco Bree crea 'destellos de futuro' en Ávila reinventando la realidad con collages fotográficos\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.es/cultura/arte/abci-justmad-dara-visibilidad-creacion-hecha-mujeres-202002120147_noticia.html","external_links_name":"\"JustMad dará visibilidad a la creación hecha por mujeres\""},{"Link":"https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/disruptores-innovadores/innovadores/20210922/artista-espanol-proyectar-digital-burj-khalifa-edificio/613938954_0.html","external_links_name":"\"El primer artista español en proyectar una obra de arte digital en el edificio más alto del mundo\""},{"Link":"https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/disruptores-innovadores/innovadores/tecnologicas/20200225/efecto-medici-convergencia-acelerada/469954461_0.html","external_links_name":"\"Del 'efecto Medici' a la 'convergencia acelerada'\""},{"Link":"https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/disruptores-innovadores/innovadores/20201231/paco-bree-ciencia-ficcion-anticipa-producto-digital/547445590_0.html","external_links_name":"\"Paco Bree: ciencia ficción que anticipa un futuro donde los sueños son un producto digital\""},{"Link":"http://www.pacobree.com/","external_links_name":"Web page"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Turner_(potter)	Thomas Turner (potter)	["1 Biography","2 References"]	Thomas Turner by Lemuel Francis Abbott. Thomas Turner (1749 – February 1809) was an English potter. He was the lessee of the celebrated Salopian porcelain company, or Caughley manufactory, during the later decades of the 18th century. He is not to be confused with the potter John Turner (1737-1787) and his family, of Lane End, Staffordshire, who were active in the same period. Biography Turner was born in 1749, was the eldest son of Richard Turner (1724?–1791), vicar of Elmley Castle, Worcestershire, by his wife Sarah. Richard Turner (1753–1788) was his younger brother. It has been supposed that Thomas was brought up as a silversmith. He was, however, only formally apprenticed to his father, to qualify him for the freedom of the city of Worcester. It is probable that he was early connected with the Worcester china works. He was an excellent chemist, was a thorough master of the various processes connected with porcelain manufacture, was a skillful draughtsman, designer, and engraver, and was also a clever musician. He was a magistrate for Shropshire and Staffordshire, and a freeman of Worcester, Much Wenlock, and Bridgnorth. In 1772 Turner succeeded Ambrose Gallimore (brother-in-law of Josiah Spode) as lessee of the porcelain manufactory at Caughley in Shropshire. Gallimore had obtained the lease to the works, styled ‘The Salopian China Warehouse,’ in 1754, and under his management they had rapidly gained in repute. "In the early years of the Caughley manufactory, the ware was not many degrees removed from earthenware; but it gradually assumed a finer and more transparent character. Like the early Worcester examples, the patterns were principally confined to blue flowers, etc., on a white ground; and in this style and colour the Caughley works excelled, in many respects, their competitors." On succeeding Gallimore, Turner set about enlarging the manufactory. He completed his improvements in 1775, and in 1780 visited France, in order to investigate the methods employed in the porcelain manufactories at Paris. He brought back several skilled workmen, who greatly aided him in his subsequent innovations. On his return he developed an early or predecessor form of the ‘willow pattern’, and about the same time produced the ‘Brosely blue dragon pattern.’ This "willow" pattern was not, however, the later standard willow pattern with bridge and fence in the foreground - which the Caughley factory never produced, (an imitation in transferware of a pattern popular in hand-painted chinese imported wares), nor was it the pattern known as "Turner's willow", which was developed by John and William Turner of Lane End, Staffordshire towards the end of the 18th century. In 1783 Turner married Dorothy Gallimore, daughter of William and niece of Ambrose Gallimore. However she died in 1794 without surviving issue, and he made a second marriage, in 1796, to Mary, daughter of Thomas Milner and widow of Henry Alsop. In 1798 or 1799 he retired from the business, which passed into the hands of John Rose, a former apprentice, who carried it on together with his own works at Coalport under the title Rose & Co. The works were finally abandoned in 1814 or 1815, chiefly owing to difficulties of transport and to the failure of the coal supply. Turner died in February 1809, and was buried in the family vault at Barrow, Shropshire. Mary Turner his widow died at Bridgnorth on 20 November 1816, leaving a son and daughter. References ^ L. Jewitt, The Ceramic Art of Great Britain from Pre-historic Times down to the Present Day, 2 Vols (Virtue & Co., London 1878), I, 'Caughley', pp. 264-273. The Old D.N.B. article was strongly indebted to this source, which should be read with caution. ^ R. Copeland, Spode (Osprey Publishing, 1998), p. 4. ^ Shearman, J.; Shearman, N. "Turner, Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2787. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Jewitt, The Ceramic Art of Great Britain from Pre-historic Times down to the Present Day, I, at pp. 266-67. ^ G.A. Godden, 'The Willow Pattern', The Antique Collector June 1972, pp. 148-50. ^ Shearman, J.; Shearman, N. "Turner, Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2787. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.). Thomas Turner married Dorothy Gallimore at Barrow, Shropshire on 3 October 1783: she died in 1794. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas Turner (potter). Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Carlyle, Edward Irving (1899). "Turner, Thomas (1749-1809)". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Turner_by_Lemuel_Francis_Abbott.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lemuel Francis Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuel_Francis_Abbott"},{"link_name":"John Turner (1737-1787) and his family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_(potters)"},{"link_name":"Lane End, Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longport,_Staffordshire"}],"text":"Thomas Turner by Lemuel Francis Abbott.Thomas Turner (1749 – February 1809) was an English potter. He was the lessee of the celebrated Salopian porcelain company, or Caughley manufactory, during the later decades of the 18th century. He is not to be confused with the potter John Turner (1737-1787) and his family, of Lane End, Staffordshire, who were active in the same period.","title":"Thomas Turner (potter)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Turner_(rector)"},{"link_name":"Elmley Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmley_Castle"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Richard Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Turner_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_England"},{"link_name":"draughtsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Much Wenlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Wenlock"},{"link_name":"Bridgnorth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgnorth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Gallimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambrose_Gallimore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Josiah Spode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Spode"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"porcelain manufactory at Caughley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caughley#History"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"willow pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_pattern"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John and William Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_(potters)"},{"link_name":"Lane End, Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longton,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Coalport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalport"},{"link_name":"Barrow, Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Bridgnorth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgnorth"}],"text":"Turner was born in 1749, was the eldest son of Richard Turner (1724?–1791), vicar of Elmley Castle, Worcestershire, by his wife Sarah. Richard Turner (1753–1788) was his younger brother. It has been supposed that Thomas was brought up as a silversmith. He was, however, only formally apprenticed to his father, to qualify him for the freedom of the city of Worcester. It is probable that he was early connected with the Worcester china works. He was an excellent chemist, was a thorough master of the various processes connected with porcelain manufacture, was a skillful draughtsman, designer, and engraver, and was also a clever musician. He was a magistrate for Shropshire and Staffordshire, and a freeman of Worcester, Much Wenlock, and Bridgnorth.[1]In 1772 Turner succeeded Ambrose Gallimore (brother-in-law of Josiah Spode[2]) as lessee of the porcelain manufactory at Caughley in Shropshire.[3] Gallimore had obtained the lease to the works, styled ‘The Salopian China Warehouse,’ in 1754, and under his management they had rapidly gained in repute. \"In the early years of the Caughley manufactory, the ware was not many degrees removed from earthenware; but it gradually assumed a finer and more transparent character. Like the early Worcester examples, the patterns were principally confined to blue flowers, etc., on a white ground; and in this style and colour the Caughley works excelled, in many respects, their competitors.\"[4]On succeeding Gallimore, Turner set about enlarging the manufactory. He completed his improvements in 1775, and in 1780 visited France, in order to investigate the methods employed in the porcelain manufactories at Paris. He brought back several skilled workmen, who greatly aided him in his subsequent innovations. On his return he developed an early or predecessor form of the ‘willow pattern’, and about the same time produced the ‘Brosely blue dragon pattern.’ This \"willow\" pattern was not, however, the later standard willow pattern with bridge and fence in the foreground - which the Caughley factory never produced,[5] (an imitation in transferware of a pattern popular in hand-painted chinese imported wares), nor was it the pattern known as \"Turner's willow\", which was developed by John and William Turner of Lane End, Staffordshire towards the end of the 18th century.In 1783 Turner married Dorothy Gallimore, daughter of William and niece of Ambrose Gallimore.[6] However she died in 1794 without surviving issue, and he made a second marriage, in 1796, to Mary, daughter of Thomas Milner and widow of Henry Alsop. In 1798 or 1799 he retired from the business, which passed into the hands of John Rose, a former apprentice, who carried it on together with his own works at Coalport under the title Rose & Co. The works were finally abandoned in 1814 or 1815, chiefly owing to difficulties of transport and to the failure of the coal supply.Turner died in February 1809, and was buried in the family vault at Barrow, Shropshire. Mary Turner his widow died at Bridgnorth on 20 November 1816, leaving a son and daughter.","title":"Biography"}]	[{"image_text":"Thomas Turner by Lemuel Francis Abbott.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Thomas_Turner_by_Lemuel_Francis_Abbott.jpg/200px-Thomas_Turner_by_Lemuel_Francis_Abbott.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Shearman, J.; Shearman, N. \"Turner, Thomas\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Tour_de_Suisse	2015 Tour de Suisse	["1 Teams","2 Pre-race favourites","3 Route","4 Stages","4.1 Stage 1","4.2 Stage 2","4.3 Stage 3","4.4 Stage 4","4.5 Stage 5","4.6 Stage 6","4.7 Stage 7","4.8 Stage 8","4.9 Stage 9","5 Classification leadership","6 Classification standings","6.1 General classification","6.2 Points classification","6.3 Mountains classification","6.4 Teams classification","7 Notes","8 References","8.1 Sources","9 External links"]	Cycling race Cycling race 2015 Tour de Suisse2015 UCI World Tour, race 17 of 28Simon Špilak won the 2015 Tour de SuisseRace detailsDates13–21 June 2015Stages9Distance1,262.6 km (784.5 mi)Winning time30h 15' 09"Results Winner Simon Špilak (SLO) (Team Katusha) Second Geraint Thomas (GBR) (Team Sky) Third Tom Dumoulin (NED) (Team Giant–Alpecin) Mountains Thomas De Gendt (BEL) (Lotto–Soudal) Sprints Peter Sagan (SVK) (Tinkoff–Saxo) Team Team Sky ← 2014 2016 → The 2015 Tour de Suisse was the 79th edition of the Tour de Suisse stage race. It took place from 13 to 21 June and was the seventeenth race of the 2015 UCI World Tour. It started in Risch-Rotkreuz and finished in Bern. The race was composed of nine stages including two time trials, a short one on the first day and a long one on the last day. The event covered 1,262.6 kilometres (785 miles), and visited Liechtenstein and Austria on its fifth stage, which was the race's sole mountaintop finish. The winner of the general classification was Slovenian Simon Špilak of Team Katusha, who won the race by a margin of only five seconds from Great Britain's Geraint Thomas (Team Sky). The ultimate selection was made on the last day's individual time trial. Tom Dumoulin of the Team Giant–Alpecin squad rounded up the podium, having won the two individual time trial stages that bookended the race. The mountains classification was initially awarded to Austria's Stefan Denifl (IAM Cycling), who featured in many breakaways to amass his points. Denifl was later disqualified following his suspension for doping in 2019. The sprints classification was won by Slovakian Peter Sagan (Tinkoff–Saxo) who also was the victor of two stages. Team Sky finished at the head of the team classification with a margin of 11 minutes and 49 seconds. Other riders who won a stage were Croatian Kristijan Đurasek of Lampre–Merida, Australian Michael Matthews (Orica–GreenEDGE), Norwegian Alexander Kristoff (Team Katusha) and Kazakh Alexey Lutsenko of Astana. Frenchman Thibaut Pinot grabbed the queen stage to the Rettenbach glacier and held the leader's jersey for four stages, but had to surrender it on the last day of competition to Špilak. Teams As a UCI World Tour event, the organisation was obliged to invite all seventeen UCI WorldTeams, and likewise, all seventeen teams were obligated to send a squad. To complete the field, two UCI Professional Continental teams were invited to join the race. The number of riders allowed per team was eight, so the starting field contained 152 cyclists. UCI World Tour Teams AG2R La Mondiale Astana BMC Racing Team Etixx–Quick-Step FDJ IAM Cycling Lampre–Merida Lotto–Soudal Movistar Team Orica–GreenEDGE Cannondale–Garmin Team Giant–Alpecin Team Katusha LottoNL–Jumbo Team Sky Tinkoff–Saxo Trek Factory Racing UCI Professional Continental teams CCC–Sprandi–Polkowice Wanty–Groupe Gobert Pre-race favourites World road race champion Michał Kwiatkowski, pictured before stage two, was considered to be among the pre-race favourites for the general classification. Rui Costa (Movistar Team) won the last three editions of the race, however he was not present at the 2015 event, as he raced in the Critérium du Dauphiné instead. More contenders for the overall classification of the Tour de France opted for the latter race since it was more mountainous. There were two former winners of the Tour de Suisse at the starting line, Trek Factory Racing teammates: Swiss Fabian Cancellara and Luxembourger Fränk Schleck. Contenders for the general classification were Simon Špilak (Team Katusha), Thibaut Pinot (FDJ), Rafał Majka (Tinkoff–Saxo), Sergio Henao (Team Sky), Tom Dumoulin (Team Giant–Alpecin), Michał Kwiatkowski (Etixx–Quick-Step) and Geraint Thomas (Team Sky). Other hopefuls were Jurgen Van den Broeck (Lotto–Soudal) and Sébastien Reichenbach (IAM Cycling). It was AG2R La Mondiale's Domenico Pozzovivo's first race after his disastrous crash in the Giro d'Italia, so his form was predicted as uncertain, but the Italian climber could certainly be a factor if he was in shape. Peter Sagan (Tinkoff–Saxo) was a contender for stage wins. His directeur sportif (team manager) said he was the leader of the team and would target the opening prologue. Mark Cavendish of Etixx–Quick-Step, who proved his form with twelve stage victories so far in the season, was a favourite for the sprint stages. Other riders contending stage glory were Alexander Kristoff (Team Katusha) and John Degenkolb (Team Giant–Alpecin). Cancellara, the 2009 winner, was recovering from a crash suffered at the E3 Harelbeke one-day race; his primary focus was on his recovery. Route An important race in its own right, the 2015 Tour de Suisse was used by some Tour de France riders to perfect their physical conditions, as the well-known French race started on 4 July. The route for the race was announced on 9 March 2015. The race did not follow any particular pattern in terms of geographical displacement around the country, but did visit Liechtenstein and Austria on the fifth stage. It was also the longest of the race and was qualified as the queen stage. It finished near Sölden situated in Austrian territory and featured a mountaintop finish. After that, the race came back in Swiss territory for the remainder of the event. The stages which were likely to be the most important for the general classification were stage five and the individual time trial on the final stage. The race featured a total elevation gain of 15,606 metres (51,200.8 feet). On 4 June 2015, it was announced that the town of Brunnen was desisting itself from being the start of stage three because of road damage caused by a rocky landslide, and that the town of Quinto would instead be the starting town. This shortened the stage by 57.2 kilometres (35.5 miles). Stage characteristics and winners Stage Date Route Distance Type Winner 1 13 June Risch-Rotkreuz to Risch-Rotkreuz 5.1 km (3.2 mi) Individual time trial Tom Dumoulin (NED) 2 14 June 161.1 km (100.1 mi) Medium-mountain stage Kristijan Đurasek (CRO) 3 15 June Quinto to Olivone 117.3 km (72.9 mi) Mountain stage Peter Sagan (SVK) 4 16 June Flims to Schwarzenbach 193.2 km (120.0 mi) Medium-mountain stage Michael Matthews (AUS) 5 17 June Unterterzen to Sölden (Austria) 237.3 km (147.5 mi) Mountain stage Thibaut Pinot (FRA) 6 18 June Wil to Biel/Bienne 193.1 km (120.0 mi) Flat stage Peter Sagan (SVK) 7 19 June Biel/Bienne to Düdingen 164.6 km (102.3 mi) Flat stage Alexander Kristoff (NOR) 8 20 June Bern to Bern 152.5 km (94.8 mi) Medium-mountain stage Alexey Lutsenko (KAZ) 9 21 June 38.4 km (23.9 mi) Individual time trial Tom Dumoulin (NED) Total 1,262.6 km (785 mi) Stages Stage 1 13 June 2015 — Risch-Rotkreuz to Risch-Rotkreuz, 5.1 km (3.2 mi), individual time trial (ITT) The opening prologue's 5.1-kilometre (3.2-mile) course was in and around Risch-Rotkreuz. Tom Dumoulin on his way to victory on Stage 1 The very short prologue contained three sharp corners. The first two kilometers were slightly uphill, the third one was slightly downhill and the rest was flat. The best times coming from the first tier of riders were Matthias Brändle (IAM Cycling) with 5' 45", Greg Van Avermaet (BMC Racing Team) a second slower and Cameron Meyer (Orica–GreenEDGE) another second in arrears. Thibaut Pinot (FDJ) came in with a deficit of twelve seconds on Brändle. Michael Matthews (Orica–GreenEDGE) also realised a good time, four seconds down on the provisional leader. Domenico Pozzovivo (AG2R La Mondiale) came to the finish with a fifteen-second deficit. Daniele Bennati (Tinkoff–Saxo) had the best intermediate time all day, which was calculated with 2.1 kilometres (1.3 miles) remaining as the riders went through the checkpoint. Fabian Cancellara (Trek Factory Racing), beat Brändle with a time of 5' 43". Time trialist Adriano Malori (Movistar Team) started soon after Cancellara crossed the finish line, but came in at 5' 47", four seconds slower. Team Giant–Alpecin rider Tom Dumoulin clocked 5' 41", 2 seconds better than Cancellara, and would ultimately be the winner of the stage. BMC Racing Team's Silvan Dillier crashed as he was on a straight stretch of road. He managed to remount and finish the stage; his final position was last place, 1' 22" down. Team Sky's leader Geraint Thomas put in a fast ride, only seven seconds down on the winner. Peter Sagan (Tinkoff–Saxo) came in five seconds in arrears of Dumoulin, missing out on his objective of being the first leader of the race. Robert Gesink (LottoNL–Jumbo) clocked a time 22 seconds slower than Dumoulin, and so did Sergio Henao of Team Sky. Poles Rafał Majka (Tinkoff–Saxo) and Michał Kwiatkowski (Etixx–Quick-Step) were 20 and 21 seconds down respectively. After the event, Dumoulin said that he prepared at altitude for the race and that he produced a hard physical effort on the uphill section and went less intensely on the flatter parts. Stage 1 result and general classification after stage 1 Rank Rider Team Time 1 Tom Dumoulin (NED) Team Giant–Alpecin 5' 41" 2 Fabian Cancellara (SWI) Trek Factory Racing + 2" 3 Matthias Brändle (AUT) IAM Cycling + 4" 4 Peter Sagan (SVK) Tinkoff–Saxo + 5" 5 Steve Morabito (SWI) FDJ + 5" 6 Greg Van Avermaet (BEL) BMC Racing Team + 5" 7 Cameron Meyer (AUS) Orica–GreenEDGE + 6" 8 Ion Izagirre (SPA) Movistar Team + 6" 9 Adriano Malori (ITA) Movistar Team + 6" 10 Geraint Thomas (GBR) Team Sky + 7" Stage 2 14 June 2015 — Risch-Rotkreuz to Risch-Rotkreuz, 161.1 km (100.1 mi) The race leaders pass beneath the archway marking 1 kilometre (0.62 miles) to go (flamme rouge). The stage started right away with a Category 2 climb named Dorfstrasse which was 5.4 kilometres (3.4 miles) long. The riders then rode a loop to tackle the latter climb once more about midway through the stage. Afterward another loop around Risch-Rotkreuz was effectuated to reach a Category 1 affair named Michaelskreuz, 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) long. The course came back down and effectuated another circuit to tackle the climb a second and last time. This last King of the Mountains (KOM) checkpoint was situated at 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) from the finish. The riders negotiated the descent and ended up once again in Risch-Rotkreuz for the finale. After 38 kilometres (23.6 miles) of racing, Luka Pibernik (Lampre–Merida), Cameron Meyer (Orica–GreenEDGE), Jürgen Roelandts (Lotto–Soudal) and Valerio Agnoli of Astana had an advantage of 1' 08" over chasers Ben King (Cannondale–Garmin) and Simone Antonini of Pro Continental team Wanty–Groupe Gobert. They also enjoyed a lead of 2' 55" on the peloton. The two chasers soon fell back into the main field. The maximum gap the peloton allowed the escapees to have was 3' 20". As the main group attacked the climb of Michaelskreuz for the first time, Arnaud Démare (FDJ) crashed because of the fight for position. With 16 kilometres (9.9 miles) to go, the riders attacked the climb of Michaelskreuz for the second and last time and caught the remnants of the breakaway on the way up. Astana's Jakob Fuglsang accelerated close to the summit, with only Geraint Thomas (Team Sky) and Simon Špilak (Team Katusha) initially able to follow, while Michał Kwiatkowski (Etixx–Quick-Step) lost contact. Thomas then attacked on the descent and was followed by Fuglsang and Špilak. Tom Dumoulin (Team Giant–Alpecin) chased them as he wanted to protect his leader's jersey. A small group of nine riders formed on the descent. Close to the final kilometre, Kristijan Đurasek of Lampre–Merida placed an acceleration and continued to a solo victory on the flat run-in. The group came in four seconds in arrears, with Daniel Moreno (Team Katusha) winning the sprint for second place before Julián Arredondo (Trek Factory Racing. Overall contenders Thibaut Pinot (FDJ) and Špilak were also part of that clique, coming in fourth and sixth respectively. Peter Sagan (Tinkoff–Saxo) won the sprint of the following group, coming in tenth at fourteen seconds. Dumoulin kept his leader's jersey, while Pibernik amassed enough mountain points (18) to earn the mountains classification jersey. Stage 2 result Rank Rider Team Time 1 Kristijan Đurasek (CRO) Lampre–Merida 3h 36' 52" 2 Daniel Moreno (SPA) Team Katusha + 4" 3 Julián Arredondo (COL) Trek Factory Racing + 4" 4 Thibaut Pinot (FRA) FDJ + 4" 5 Geraint Thomas (GBR) Team Sky + 4" 6 Simon Špilak (SLO) Team Katusha + 4" 7 Miguel Ángel López (COL) Astana + 4" 8 Jakob Fuglsang (DEN) Astana + 4" 9 Tom Dumoulin (NED) Team Giant–Alpecin + 4" 10 Peter Sagan (SVK) Tinkoff–Saxo + 14" General classification after stage 2 Rank Rider Team Time 1 Tom Dumoulin (NED) Team Giant–Alpecin 3h 42' 37" 2 Geraint Thomas (GBR) Team Sky + 7" 3 Daniel Moreno (SPA) Team Katusha + 11" 4 Jakob Fuglsang (DEN) Astana + 14" 5 Peter Sagan (SVK) Tinkoff–Saxo + 15" 6 Steve Morabito (SWI) FDJ + 15" 7 Thibaut Pinot (FRA) FDJ + 16" 8 Kristijan Đurasek (CRO) Lampre–Merida + 18" 9 Bob Jungels (LUX) Trek Factory Racing + 19" 10 Simon Špilak (SLO) Team Katusha + 19" Stage 3 15 June 2015 — Quinto to Olivone, 117.3 km (72.9 mi) The third stage began with the hors catégorie Gotthard Pass climb. This was the new version of the stage as the original route was closed due to a landslide. The stage immediately started with the 1,087-metre (3,566.3-foot) ascent of the hors catégorie Gotthard Pass, the summit of which was 18.8 kilometres (11.7 miles) in. Then came a long false flat until a Category 2 climb, the 5-kilometre (3.1-mile) Zona Cumiasca. It was immediately followed by a Category 3 named ascent Via Cantonale, a 3.2-kilometre (2.0-mile) climb which summited 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from the finish. The race got on its way under cloudy but dry conditions. The Tour de Suisse was featuring the Gotthard Pass for the 34th time in its history, and a break formed along its early slopes, which featured cobbles. The two attackers were Stefan Denifl (IAM Cycling) and Marco Marcato (Wanty–Groupe Gobert). The pair had a lead of 2' 30" on the main field as Branislau Samoilau (CCC–Sprandi–Polkowice) was chasing them. Denifl got to the top of the climb first to rake in twenty points. By the top of the pass, snow was covering the sides of the road and the field was 3' 20" back. The riders put gilets on before the descent, which lasted almost 40 kilometres (24.9 miles). Samoilau succeeded in joining the escape during the downhill. The competitors replenished their food stock at the feed zone situated shortly after the downhill section. The main field started accelerating, with the team of the leader Tom Dumoulin, Team Giant–Alpecin doing most of the work at the front. Realising this breakaway was gaining ground, Tinkoff came to the fore to help, resulting in the gap going down gradually. There was 30 kilometres (18.6 miles) to cover as the gap was hovering around 4' 30". At the foot of the Zona Cumiasca climb, with 19 kilometres (11.8 miles) remaining, the gap had shrunk significantly. The peloton formed sprint trains to better position their leaders for the ascent. Marcato was soon dropped from the breakaway and Denifl won the mountain points. At that point, Denifl and Samoilau had only a thirty-second gap over the depleting field. The catch was effectuated with 8.7 kilometres (5.4 miles) to race. Michael Albasini (Orica–GreenEDGE) attacked, soon followed by Jan Bakelants (AG2R La Mondiale). With the two escapees enjoying only a ten-second advantage, Sergio Henao (Team Sky) accelerated and passed them. The trio was ultimately reeled in. Rafał Majka (Tinkoff–Saxo) was working at the front of the small leading group to bring back the attackers to give his team leader Peter Sagan a chance at victory. In the last few kilometres, Sagan took over from Majka himself. He followed Daniel Moreno (Team Katusha), who had chased down Esteban Chaves (Orica–GreenEDGE), passing him to take victory. Stage 3 result Rank Rider Team Time 1 Peter Sagan (SVK) Tinkoff–Saxo 3h 00' 35" 2 Daniel Moreno (SPA) Team Katusha + 0" 3 Thibaut Pinot (FRA) FDJ + 0" 4 Julián Arredondo (COL) Trek Factory Racing + 0" 5 Tom Dumoulin (NED) Team Giant–Alpecin + 0" 6 Geraint Thomas (GBR) Team Sky + 0" 7 Jakob Fuglsang (DEN) Astana + 0" 8 Esteban Chaves (COL) Orica–GreenEDGE + 0" 9 Sergio Henao (COL) Team Sky + 0" 10 José Joaquín Rojas (SPA) Movistar Team + 0" General classification after stage 3 Rank Rider Team Time 1 Tom Dumoulin (NED) Team Giant–Alpecin 6h 43' 12" 2 Daniel Moreno (SPA) Team Katusha + 5" 3 Peter Sagan (SVK) Tinkoff–Saxo + 5" 4 Geraint Thomas (GBR) Team Sky + 7" 5 Thibaut Pinot (FRA) FDJ + 12" 6 Jakob Fuglsang (DEN) Astana + 14" 7 Steve Morabito (SWI) FDJ + 15" 8 Kristijan Đurasek (CRO) Lampre–Merida + 18" 9 Bob Jungels (LUX) Trek Factory Racing + 19" 10 Simon Špilak (SLO) Team Katusha + 19" Stage 4 16 June 2015 — Flims to Schwarzenbach , 193.2 km (120.0 mi) The 193.2-kilometre (120.0-mile) route of stage four began in Flims and finished in Schwarzenbach . The first 60 kilometres (37.3 miles) were flat until the peloton reached the Wildhaus Pass, a Category 2 test of 8.9 kilometres (5.5 miles) in length. Then there were three Category 3 climbs on offer, which were the 1.8-kilometre (1.1-mile) Kirchberg climb repeated three times as the riders accomplished a loop. There were however a number of uncategorized rises, especially one with about 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) to cover, that was expected to play a role in the outcome. The finishing 900 metres (2,952.8 feet) were straight with a consistent incline. Davide Malacarne (Astana) and Thomas De Gendt (Lotto–Soudal) attacked early in the stage. They were joined by a trio of Stijn Devolder (Trek Factory Racing), Alex Howes (Cannondale–Garmin) and Frederik Backaert (Wanty–Groupe Gobert). De Gendt crested the Wildhaus Pass first to take eight points in the mountains competition. At the summit, after 66 kilometres (41.0 miles) of racing, the gap between the peloton and the breakers was two minutes and fifty seconds. De Gendt took maximum points atop the Kirchberg climb on the riders' first passage. The main field got through the same point 2' 05" in arrears. The descent was fast and the riders crossed the finish line for the first time of three with about 60 kilometres (37.3 miles) to race. The breakaway was caught less than 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) later. Orica–GreenEDGE marshaled the field as De Gendt attacked again to no avail as he was swiftly swept back. Sprint specialists Arnaud Démare (FDJ), Mark Cavendish (Etixx–Quick-Step) and Alexander Kristoff (Team Katusha) struggled with the high pace at the front set by Orica–GreenEDGE. As the peloton crossed the line for the last time with 29.2 kilometres (18.1 miles) to race, there were no escapees. The last mountains points of the day atop the Kirchberg climb was won by Daryl Impey; it was uncontested and he won because he was riding at the front. Alexey Lutsenko (Astana) placed an attack with 16 kilometres (9.9 miles) to go. With 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) to race he had opened up an advantage of 20 seconds. With 6.7 kilometres (4.2 miles) remaining, Lutsenko was caught. An attack formed immediately including the riders Marco Marcato (Wanty–Groupe Gobert), Jan Bakelants (AG2R La Mondiale) and Sergio Henao (Team Sky); it failed and they were brought back as Tinkoff–Saxo and Orica–GreenEDGE teams worked together to set up a sprint finish. With 300 metres (984.3 feet) to go, Sagan initiated his sprint first and was followed by Michael Matthews of Orica–GreenEDGE. Matthews then passed him to claim his first victory at the Tour de Suisse. Sagan took second place and the points classification jersey. Stage 4 result Rank Rider Team Time 1 Michael Matthews (AUS) Orica–GreenEDGE 4h 36' 00" 2 Peter Sagan (SVK) Tinkoff–Saxo + 0" 3 Greg Van Avermaet (BEL) BMC Racing Team + 0" 4 John Degenkolb (GER) Team Giant–Alpecin + 0" 5 Jasper Stuyven (BEL) Trek Factory Racing + 0" 6 Daniel Moreno (ESP) Team Katusha + 0" 7 Silvan Dillier (SUI) BMC Racing Team + 0" 8 Thibaut Pinot (FRA) FDJ + 0" 9 Matteo Trentin (ITA) Etixx–Quick-Step + 0" 10 Robert Gesink (NED) LottoNL–Jumbo + 0" General classification after stage 4 Rank Rider Team Time 1 Tom Dumoulin (NED) Team Giant–Alpecin 11h 19' 09" 2 Peter Sagan (SVK) Tinkoff–Saxo + 0" 3 Daniel Moreno (SPA) Team Katusha + 8" 4 Geraint Thomas (GBR) Team Sky + 9" 5 Thibaut Pinot (FRA) FDJ + 15" 6 Jakob Fuglsang (DEN) Astana + 17" 7 Steve Morabito (SWI) FDJ + 18" 8 Kristijan Đurasek (CRO) Lampre–Merida + 21" 9 Bob Jungels (LUX) Trek Factory Racing + 22" 10 Simon Špilak (SLO) Team Katusha + 22" Stage 5 17 June 2015 — Unterterzen to Sölden (Austria), 237.3 km (147.5 mi) After more than 200 kilometres (124.3 miles) of racing, the climb to the Rettenbach glacier awaited. This was the queen stage of the 2015 Tour de Suisse and was also the longest stage the race featured in the last twenty years. The first difficulty of the day was the 34.4-kilometre (21.4-mile) hors catégorie Bielerhöhe Pass which summited at 2,071 metres (6,794.6 feet) of altitude and at that point, the riders were already in Austria after a brief visit to Liechtenstein. Following that difficulty, the run-in to Sölden offered a respite until the cyclists reached the town and tackled the stage's second hors catégorie climb to the Rettenbach glacier, which took them to an altitude of 2,669 metres (8,756.6 feet). The competitors rode the Ötztal Glacier Road from Sölden to get to the finish line. The overall race leader Tom Dumoulin (Team Giant–Alpecin) said before the stage that if he lost less than one minute and a half to the pure climbers, he could still win the Tour by taking that time back on the final stage's time trial. The previous stage's victor Michael Matthews (Orica–GreenEDGE) was a non-starter, saying he had gotten what he wanted from the race: a stage win. A breakaway formed in the opening 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) of the race. They were Grégory Rast (Trek Factory Racing), mountains jersey wearer Stefan Denifl and his teammate Matthias Brändle (IAM Cycling), Ben King (Cannondale–Garmin), Przemysław Niemiec (Lampre–Merida), Stefan Schumacher (CCC–Sprandi–Polkowice), Thomas De Gendt (Lotto–Soudal) and Mirko Selvaggi (Wanty–Groupe Gobert). The best-placed cyclist in the break on the general classification was Selvaggi in 59th place, 18' 38" down on Dumoulin. Denifl amassed maximum points atop the Bielerhöhe Pass, comforting his lead in the mountains classification. Ion Izagirre of the Movistar Team abandoned after the pass. Thibaut Pinot, seen here riding stage two, won the queen stage of the race and took the lead of the race. With 90 kilometres (55.9 miles) to go the gap was miscalculated by the race organisers as there were unrealistic fluctuations in the official timing throughout the long stretch of flat road before the final climb. With 82 kilometres (51.0 miles) to cover, Astana took control of the peloton for their leader Jakob Fuglsang. FDJ and Team Katusha started helping the chase at the front, since those teams had riders aiming for victory (Thibaut Pinot and the Daniel Moreno–Simon Špilak duo, respectively). With 30 kilometres (18.6 miles) to the start of the big final climb, the gap was around six and a half minutes. The break fractured, just as the peloton did later when they hit the Rettenbach ascent. Dumoulin was dropped almost at the beginning of it but resisted, climbing at his own pace. Špilak attacked with 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) remaining and dangled in front of a select group. Early breaker Denifl was alone in front and had about two minutes of an advantage with 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) to go. Behind, Domenico Pozzovivo placed an acceleration that put the lead group in difficulty, but he was brought back. The time gap rapidly decreased, due to dubious time monitoring again. Pinot launched an attack from the group, but Špilak had the resources to keep up with him for a while but was ultimately dropped. Pinot passed the passive Denifl before the arch signaling the last kilometre (flamme rouge) and took a solo victory. Pozzovivo finished second while Špilak settled for third. However, it became soon apparent that Dumoulin would not lose much more than the minute and a half that was his objective. He passed the line 1' 37" down on Pinot. "I'm very happy, it was important for me and the team. We came here to win a stage, and I had good legs today. I've got a lot of confidence now, that's important for the Tour de France. And it's true, racing in Switzerland seems to suit me", said Pinot. "The objective is to win overall here, but the rouleurs like Thomas and Dumoulin aren't far back", he added. "It'll be a long and difficult time trial . We'll see what happens on the day." Stage 5 result Rank Rider Team Time 1 Thibaut Pinot (FRA) FDJ 6h 22' 47" 2 Domenico Pozzovivo (ITA) AG2R La Mondiale + 34" 3 Simon Špilak (SLO) Team Katusha + 37" 4 Miguel Ángel López (COL) Astana + 43" 5 Geraint Thomas (GBR) Team Sky + 43" 6 Jakob Fuglsang (DEN) Astana + 1' 15" 7 Jan Hirt (CZE) CCC–Sprandi–Polkowice + 1' 18" 8 Sergio Henao (COL) Team Sky + 1' 29" DSQ Stefan Denifl (AUT) IAM Cycling + 1' 31" 10 Tom Dumoulin (NED) Team Giant–Alpecin + 1' 37" General classification after stage 5 Rank Rider Team Time 1 Thibaut Pinot (FRA) FDJ 17h 42' 01" 2 Geraint Thomas (GBR) Team Sky + 47" 3 Simon Špilak (SLO) Team Katusha + 50" 4 Domenico Pozzovivo (ITA) AG2R La Mondiale + 55" 5 Miguel Ángel López (COL) Astana + 1' 07" 6 Jakob Fuglsang (DEN) Astana + 1' 27" 7 Tom Dumoulin (NED) Team Giant–Alpecin + 1' 32" 8 Steve Morabito (SWI) FDJ + 2' 29" 9 Sébastien Reichenbach (SWI) IAM Cycling + 2' 43" 10 Sergio Henao (COL) Team Sky + 2' 46" Stage 6 18 June 2015 — Wil to Biel/Bienne, 193.1 km (120.0 mi) The finishing town of Biel/Bienne saw Peter Sagan take his second win at the 2015 Tour de Suisse. Pictured here is the Lake Biel close to the town. This stage contained only one categorised ascent midway through it and was a Category 3 affair named Auensteinstrasse. However, there were numerous uncategorized rises on the course to Biel/Bienne and the total elevation gain for the stage was 1,167 metres (3,828.7 feet). Two intermediate sprints came before the run into town in the final 40 kilometres (24.9 miles). As the stage started, there were 145 riders remaining in the race, as only seven entrants had abandoned since the start of the race. The day's breakers were Axel Domont (AG2R La Mondiale), Marek Rutkiewicz (CCC–Sprandi–Polkowice), Matej Mohorič (Cannondale–Garmin) and Jérôme Baugnies (Wanty–Groupe Gobert). The riders soon tackled the Eschenmosen, one of the many uncategorised ascents of the day. With 136 kilometres (84.5 miles) left, the breakaway's advantage stood at 4' 30". The breakers took the points on offer on the only climb of the day, Auensteinstrasse, so Stefan Denifl of IAM Cycling maintained his 30-point advantage over his nearest competitor Thomas De Gendt (Lotto–Soudal). Rutkiewicz won the maximum five points that came with cresting the ascent first. About midway through, it was calculated that the peloton's average speed was slower than the slowest prediction by the organisers, most likely due to the severity of the previous stage. With 65 kilometres (40.4 miles) to cover, rain began to fall; the main field was led by FDJ, Etixx–Quick-Step, Team Giant–Alpecin and Team Katusha. Baugnies rode first across an uncontested intermediate sprint with 42.7 kilometres (26.5 miles) to go. 25 kilometres (15.5 miles) from the finish, Adriano Malori and Francisco Ventoso of Movistar Team surprised the peloton by attacking. At the 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) remaining arch, the break of four still held a lead of forty seconds with the two Movistar Team riders placed between the groups. Etixx–Quick-Step took matters in their own hands and began forming their sprint train for Mark Cavendish. Tinkoff–Saxo moved to the front in support of their sprint hopeful, Peter Sagan. With 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) to cover, the escape had 30 seconds of an advantage. At that point, two Etixx–Quick-Step riders (Julien Vermote and Zdeněk Štybar) crashed on the water-logged tarmac before a bend, but the mishap had no consequences on the peloton. The breakers were brought back just before the flamme rouge. Shortly thereafter, Cavendish lost the wheel of his lead-out man Mark Renshaw after struggling to come back after the crash which hindered his lead-out train. There were two technical turns before the finish line. Sagan was sitting in third wheel of his team's train; he negotiated the final 90 degree corner with 200 metres (660 feet) to go and profited from an unintentional lead-out by Jürgen Roelandts (Lotto–Soudal), who had opened his sprint before Sagan outpowered him in the last 100 metres (330 feet) to win the day. It was Sagan's eleventh victory at the Tour de Suisse, matching the record of Hugo Koblet and Ferdinand Kübler. Due to a split in the peloton, Pinot lost five seconds to general classification rival Geraint Thomas of Team Sky. Stage 6 result Rank Rider Team Time 1 Peter Sagan (SVK) Tinkoff–Saxo 4h 34' 43" 2 Jürgen Roelandts (BEL) Lotto–Soudal + 0" 3 Alexander Kristoff (NOR) Team Katusha + 0" 4 Jempy Drucker (LUX) BMC Racing Team + 0" 5 Daniele Bennati (ITA) Tinkoff–Saxo + 0" 6 Mark Cavendish (GBR) Etixx–Quick-Step + 2" 7 Tom Van Asbroeck (BEL) LottoNL–Jumbo + 2" 8 Alexey Lutsenko (KAZ) Astana + 2" 9 Borut Božič (SLO) Astana + 2" 10 Jakob Fuglsang (DEN) Astana + 2" General classification after stage 6 Rank Rider Team Time 1 Thibaut Pinot (FRA) FDJ 22h 16' 51" 2 Geraint Thomas (GBR) Team Sky + 42" 3 Simon Špilak (SLO) Team Katusha + 50" 4 Domenico Pozzovivo (ITA) AG2R La Mondiale + 55" 5 Miguel Ángel López (COL) Astana + 1' 07" 6 Jakob Fuglsang (DEN) Astana + 1' 22" 7 Tom Dumoulin (NED) Team Giant–Alpecin + 1' 32" 8 Steve Morabito (SWI) FDJ + 2' 29" 9 Sébastien Reichenbach (SWI) IAM Cycling + 2' 43" 10 Sergio Henao (COL) Team Sky + 2' 46" Stage 7 19 June 2015 — Biel/Bienne to Düdingen, 164.2 km (102.0 mi) Team Katusha rider Alexander Kristoff (pictured in 2009) won stage seven's bunch sprint finish. Stage 7 was a flat stage except for three Category 3 climbs in the second half of the stage. The opening 60 kilometres (37.3 miles) were totally flat. After 91 kilometres (56.5 miles), the riders tackled the finishing circuit twice. During that circuit, the first climb was the 1.1-kilometre (0.7-mile) Freiburgstrasse. There was a descent, then the Hauptstrasse climb was covered. During the second circuit, the Freiburgstrasse was attacked again. This last difficulty was situated 19 kilometres (11.8 miles) from the finish line. The final 800 metres (2,624.7 feet) were steep. World road race champion Michał Kwiatkowski of the Etixx–Quick-Step squad made attempts at escaping before the peloton finally let him go 20 kilometres (12.4 miles) into the race. He was joined by Silvan Dillier (BMC Racing Team), Daryl Impey (Orica–GreenEDGE) and Axel Domont (AG2R La Mondiale). After the break was resolved, the peloton was content in letting the gap increase to 3' 15" with 129 kilometres (80.2 miles) of racing remaining. The best placed rider in this quartet was Impey, 29' 18" down on race leader Thibaut Pinot (FDJ). The average speed of the first hour was 47.7 km/h (29.6 mph). Tinkoff–Saxo and Team Giant–Alpecin dictated the pace, pulling back thirty seconds. With 88 kilometres (54.7 miles) to go, the race passed through the village of Misery-Courtion, at which point the gap stood at 2' 50". A crash occurred in the outskirts of Misery-Courtion, involving Ben Hermans and Manuel Senni (both with BMC Racing Team). They were able to remount their bikes and rejoined the main field. Wanty–Groupe Gobert's Enrico Gasparotto abandoned two hours into the stage, which were contested at the speed of 44 km/h (27.3 mph). With 55 kilometres (34.2 miles) remaining, the escapees had a minute's lead. Domont took the maximum points atop the first climb of the day. As they crossed the line for the last time with 37 kilometres (23.0 miles) to go, the breakers were resisting as the time difference was still around a minute. On the second lap of the finishing circuit, Domont was dropped from the breakaway and was absorbed in by the peloton. The now three-rider break had a thirty-second advantage with 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) remaining. Team Katusha controlled the front of the field in the final kilometres. With 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) to go, the peloton almost pulled back the all unyielding breakers, as Kwiatkowski decided to go alone. He was caught in sight of the finish line. The uphill sprint was won by Alexander Kristoff of Team Katusha, with Peter Sagan (Tinkoff–Saxo) being a close second. Sagan got out of Kristoff's slipstream to try to out-sprint him in the final metres, but to no avail. This was Kristoff's eighteenth victory of the season. Through bad positioning, Pinot lost a further five seconds to Geraint Thomas (Team Sky) in the overall classification. "It was a hard day, I haven't felt super in this Tour de Suisse but I did a good sprint today", said the winner. "I got ahead of Sagan and I was able to go again at the end to hold off his run." Stage 7 result Rank Rider Team Time 1 Alexander Kristoff (NOR) Team Katusha 3h 38' 07" 2 Peter Sagan (SVK) Tinkoff–Saxo + 0" 3 Davide Cimolai (ITA) Lampre–Merida + 0" 4 Greg Van Avermaet (BEL) BMC Racing Team + 0" 5 Arnaud Démare (FRA) FDJ + 0" 6 Jürgen Roelandts (BEL) Lotto–Soudal + 0" 7 Sep Vanmarcke (BEL) LottoNL–Jumbo + 0" 8 Michael Albasini (SWI) Orica–GreenEDGE + 0" 9 Marco Marcato (ITA) Wanty–Groupe Gobert + 0" 10 José Joaquín Rojas (SPA) Movistar Team + 0" General classification after stage 7 Rank Rider Team Time 1 Thibaut Pinot (FRA) FDJ 25h 55' 03" 2 Geraint Thomas (GBR) Team Sky + 37" 3 Domenico Pozzovivo (ITA) AG2R La Mondiale + 50" 4 Simon Špilak (SLO) Team Katusha + 50" 5 Miguel Ángel López (COL) Astana + 1' 07" 6 Jakob Fuglsang (DEN) Astana + 1' 22" 7 Tom Dumoulin (NED) Team Giant–Alpecin + 1' 27" 8 Steve Morabito (SWI) FDJ + 2' 29" 9 Sébastien Reichenbach (SWI) IAM Cycling + 2' 43" 10 Sergio Henao (COL) Team Sky + 2' 46" Stage 8 20 June 2015 — Bern to Bern, 152.5 km (94.8 mi) Stage eight's 38.7-kilometre (24.0-mile) circuit in and around Bern was navigated four times. The stage was ridden in and around Bern, the first time the Tour de Suisse had been to the national capital since 2009. This was another stage which featured a lot of uncategorised rises. It however contained four Category 3 ascents. The event featured four circuits of 38.7 kilometres (24.0 miles) around town, on the same course that was to be used in the stage nine time trial. The two climbs present in the loops gave mountain points on the last two laps only. The riders first took on the 800-metre (2,624.7-foot) Category 3 Liebewill, then it was the 400-metre (1,312.3-foot) Aargauerstalden climb. The stage finished on the flat, a plateau after the latter ascent, featuring a number of technical turns. A breakaway of twelve formed at the very start, but was deemed too dangerous and quickly reabsorbed. Citing back problems, Trek Factory Racing rider Jasper Stuyven abandoned the race. The attackers continued to try to form a break and a move by Etixx–Quick-Step's Michał Kwiatkowski finally made it. A break of nineteen riders emerged, containing among others Warren Barguil (Team Giant–Alpecin), the best placed rider of the move in the general classification at 4' 52". Team Sky, Cannondale–Garmin and FDJ led the chase. Despite the main field's effort, the gap grew to two minutes with 87 kilometres (54.1 miles) to cover. With 75 kilometres (46.6 miles) to go in the stage, the gap stood at 2' 12". However, Team Sky, Cannondale–Garmin and FDJ were still working to keep the escapees in range. The time difference to the escape was remaining stationary at around two minutes at the 40 kilometres (24.9 miles) to go marker. As the peloton passed through the finish line to undertake the last lap of the circuit, Jakob Fuglsang of Astana abandoned the race due to stomach problems. The peloton was forming a long single line as the pace was high. Maxime Monfort (Lotto–Soudal) crashed and abandoned, with bruising on his shoulder and back. With 20 kilometres (12.4 miles) remaining, Astana's Alexey Lutsenko attacked the escapees, followed by Jan Bakelants (AG2R La Mondiale); they opened a gap, holding off their former breakaway companions. Bakelants led for the last few kilometres except under the flamme rouge and Lutsenko outsprinted him to claim the victory. He described the win as the biggest of his career. The main field arrived in small groups, with the first one containing Team Sky's Geraint Thomas and Tom Dumoulin of Team Giant–Alpecin, who made a marginal time gain of three seconds on overall leader Thibaut Pinot. Stage 8 result Rank Rider Team Time 1 Alexey Lutsenko (KAZ) Astana 3h 28' 11" 2 Jan Bakelants (BEL) AG2R La Mondiale + 1" 3 Warren Barguil (FRA) Team Giant–Alpecin + 17" 4 Marco Haller (AUT) Team Katusha + 22" 5 Daniele Bennati (ITA) Tinkoff–Saxo + 22" 6 Michael Albasini (SWI) Orica–GreenEDGE + 22" 7 Matteo Trentin (ITA) Etixx–Quick-Step + 22" 8 Danilo Wyss (SWI) BMC Racing Team + 22" 9 Winner Anacona (COL) Movistar Team + 22" 10 Stijn Devolder (BEL) Trek Factory Racing + 22" General classification after stage 8 Rank Rider Team Time 1 Thibaut Pinot (FRA) FDJ 29h 25' 28" 2 Geraint Thomas (GBR) Team Sky + 34" 3 Simon Špilak (SLO) Team Katusha + 47" 4 Domenico Pozzovivo (ITA) AG2R La Mondiale + 50" 5 Miguel Ángel López (COL) Astana + 1' 14" 6 Tom Dumoulin (NED) Team Giant–Alpecin + 1' 24" 7 Steve Morabito (SWI) FDJ + 2' 29" 8 Sébastien Reichenbach (SWI) IAM Cycling + 2' 43" 9 Sergio Henao (COL) Team Sky + 2' 46" 10 Warren Barguil (FRA) Team Giant–Alpecin + 2' 51" Stage 9 21 June 2015 — Bern to Bern, 38.4 km (23.9 mi), individual time trial (ITT) Bern hosted the last two stages of the 2015 Tour de Suisse. The lengthy individual time trial featured a climb in the middle of it, but no mountains classification points were on offer. The course was technical and featured several turns. It was the same course that was raced four times in stage eight, except that the finish line was not situated at the same place. Midway through the stage, the riders took on the difficulty of the day, the 800-metre (2,624.7-foot) Liebewill climb. There were other small climbs situated on the course. The final general classification of the race was decided on this stage, and a majority of the observers believed that Pinot would lose his lead since he is not a great time trialist. Geraint Thomas of Team Sky was only 34 seconds down coming into the stage and was among the favourites to take the overall victory. Tom Dumoulin (Team Giant–Alpecin) won the short prologue and was a contender for overall victory as a time trial specialist, but he had 1' 24" to make up. Another contender for the overall win was Simon Špilak of Team Katusha (47 seconds down). Fourth-placed Domenico Pozzovivo (AG2R La Mondiale) was an enigma, as he had mixed performances in time trials throughout his career. As far as the stage win was concerned, solo effort specialists Fabian Cancellara (Trek Factory Racing) and Adriano Malori (Movistar Team) were to be considered, but they had no chance of a victory in the general classification since they were too far down in the rankings. Tom Dumoulin of Team Giant–Alpecin won the ninth stage; he is seen here celebrating his victory in the opening stage. The riders started in reverse order of the general classification, so Pinot was the last one to start. The riders went off the starting ramp in two-minute intervals. Cancellara got on course early, as he was the seventh man to start. He clocked a time of 48' 55", which would stay a reference for most of the day. He was followed out of the starting area by Matthias Brändle (IAM Cycling) who came in 2' 28" after Cancellara, somewhat surprisingly as he is a time trial specialist. Malori set the best time at the 21-kilometre (13.0-mile) intermediate point but faded a little bit in the end, coming to the finish line only 15 seconds off Cancellara's time. Cancellara would stay as a reference for a while now that some time trial specialists had finished their effort and failed to beat him. Damien Gaudin (AG2R La Mondiale) clocked in a time of 50' 46" which put him in sixth position. Cameron Meyer (Orica–GreenEDGE) put in a time of 49' 43", 48 seconds off Cancellara's mark. Around that time, general classification hopeful Dumoulin started his time trial. Silvan Dillier (BMC Racing Team) provisionally slotted into sixth position with a time of 50' 19" and minutes later, race leader Pinot rolled down the starting ramp. Jérôme Coppel (IAM Cycling) crossed the finish line with a rapid time, only 25 seconds off Cancellara's performance. Meanwhile, in early time splits, Pinot had already lost twelve seconds to Thomas. The previous day's stage winner Alexey Lutsenko of Astana confirmed his good form with a time of 50' 32". At the 21-kilometre (13.0-mile) marker, Dumoulin beat Malori's best time by eleven seconds. Špilak was also doing a fast time trial, being equal to the best time at the 15.5-kilometre (9.6-mile) mark and passing the 21-kilometre (13.0-mile) arch faster than Dumoulin by four tenths of a second. By that time, Pinot had virtually lost his lead. Dumoulin took a very focused corner and he almost slammed into spectators upon exiting it, but no accident occurred. Špilak needed fourteen seconds over Thomas to get in front of him in the general classification. Dumoulin came in with a time nineteen seconds better than Cancellara's and won the stage with an average speed of 47.407 km/h (29.5 mph). Špilak came in with a time of 48' 54" and Thomas registered 49' 12", a difference of 18 seconds. Therefore, Špilak won the race overall by five seconds. "I’m really happy and want to thank my teammates who helped me too much during the race. This is the biggest win of my career so far", Spilak said. "The time trial was really hard but I liked it. It was up and down all the way and that helped me. I gave it everything." It was the Slovenian's tenth victory in the professional ranks. Stage 9 result Rank Rider Team Time 1 Tom Dumoulin (NED) Team Giant–Alpecin 48' 36" 2 Simon Špilak (SLO) Team Katusha + 18" 3 Fabian Cancellara (SWI) Trek Factory Racing + 19" 4 Adriano Malori (ITA) Movistar Team + 34" 5 Geraint Thomas (GBR) Team Sky + 36" 6 Bob Jungels (LUX) Trek Factory Racing + 41" 7 Jérôme Coppel (FRA) IAM Cycling + 44" 8 Cameron Meyer (AUS) Orica–GreenEDGE + 1' 07" 9 Rafał Majka (POL) Tinkoff–Saxo + 1' 26" 10 Robert Gesink (NED) LottoNL–Jumbo + 1' 32" Final general classification Rank Rider Team Time 1 Simon Špilak (SLO) Team Katusha 30h 15' 09" 2 Geraint Thomas (GBR) Team Sky + 5" 3 Tom Dumoulin (NED) Team Giant–Alpecin + 19" 4 Thibaut Pinot (FRA) FDJ + 45" 5 Domenico Pozzovivo (ITA) AG2R La Mondiale + 2' 21" 6 Bob Jungels (LUX) Trek Factory Racing + 2' 58" 7 Miguel Ángel López (COL) Astana + 3' 06" 8 Steve Morabito (SWI) FDJ + 3' 17" 9 Robert Gesink (NED) LottoNL–Jumbo + 3' 19" 10 Rafał Majka (POL) Tinkoff–Saxo + 3' 20" Classification leadership In the 2015 Tour de Suisse, three different jerseys were awarded. For the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage, and the leader received a yellow jersey. This classification was considered the most important of the Tour de Suisse, and the winner of the classification was considered the winner of the race. There was also a mountains classification, the leadership of which was marked by a light blue jersey. In the mountains classification, points were won by reaching the top of a climb before other cyclists, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. Hors Category gave 20 points to the first rider crossing (20, 15, 10, 6, 4), a Category 1 was worth 12 points (12, 8, 6, 4, 2), a Category 2 was worth 8 points (8, 6, 4, 2, 1) and a Category 3 was worth 5 points (5, 3, 2, 1). The third jersey represented the points classification, marked by a white-and-red jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing highly in a stage. A stage victory awarded 10 points, with 8 points for second, 6 for third, 4 for fourth and 2 for fifth. Points could also be earned at intermediate sprints location for finishing in the top three during each stage on a 6–3–1 scale. There was also a classification for teams, in which the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added together; the leading team at the end of the race was the team with the lowest total time. A combativity award was also attributed for the rider who had ridden the most aggressively in the eyes of the judges at the end of every stage. It could have been a rider who featured in breakaways or a cyclist who attacked often. Classification leadership by stage Stage Winner General classification Mountains classification Points classification Team classification Combativity award 1 Tom Dumoulin Tom Dumoulin not awarded Tom Dumoulin IAM Cycling Tom Dumoulin 2 Kristijan Đurasek Luka Pibernik Astana Cameron Meyer 3 Peter Sagan Stefan Denifl Daniel Moreno Team Sky Stefan Denifl 4 Michael Matthews Peter Sagan Thomas De Gendt 5 Thibaut Pinot Thibaut Pinot Stefan Denifl 6 Peter Sagan Marek Rutkiewicz 7 Alexander Kristoff Michał Kwiatkowski 8 Alexey Lutsenko Alexey Lutsenko 9 Tom Dumoulin Simon Špilak Tom Dumoulin Final Simon Špilak Thomas De Gendt Peter Sagan Team Sky not awarded Classification standings Legend Denotes the leader of the general classification Denotes the leader of the mountains classification Denotes the leader of the points classification Denotes the leader of the teams classification General classification Result of general classification Rank Rider Team Time 1 Simon Špilak (SLO) Team Katusha 30h 15' 09" 2 Geraint Thomas (GBR) Team Sky + 5" 3 Tom Dumoulin (NED) Team Giant–Alpecin + 19" 4 Thibaut Pinot (FRA) FDJ + 45" 5 Domenico Pozzovivo (ITA) AG2R La Mondiale + 2' 21" 6 Bob Jungels (LUX) Trek Factory Racing + 2' 58" 7 Miguel Ángel López (COL) Astana + 3' 06" 8 Steve Morabito (SWI) FDJ + 3' 17" 9 Robert Gesink (NED) LottoNL–Jumbo + 3' 19" 10 Rafał Majka (POL) Tinkoff–Saxo + 3' 20" Points classification Result of points classification Rank Rider Team Points 1 Peter Sagan (SVK) Tinkoff–Saxo 43 2 Tom Dumoulin (NED) Team Giant–Alpecin 28 3 Alexey Lutsenko (KAZ) Astana 23 4 Thibaut Pinot (FRA) FDJ 20 5 Jürgen Roelandts (BEL) Lotto–Soudal 20 6 Jan Bakelants (BEL) AG2R La Mondiale 17 7 Alexander Kristoff (NOR) Team Katusha 16 8 Daniel Moreno (SPA) Team Katusha 16 9 Simon Špilak (SLO) Team Katusha 14 10 Fabian Cancellara (SWI) Trek Factory Racing 14 Mountains classification Result of mountains classification Rank Rider Team Points DSQ Stefan Denifl (AUT) IAM Cycling 63 1 Thomas De Gendt (BEL) Lotto–Soudal 33 3 Thibaut Pinot (FRA) FDJ 22 4 Luka Pibernik (SLO) Lampre–Merida 22 5 Daryl Impey (RSA) Orica–GreenEDGE 21 6 Axel Domont (FRA) AG2R La Mondiale 18 7 Cameron Meyer (AUS) Orica–GreenEDGE 16 8 Branislau Samoilau (BLR) CCC–Sprandi–Polkowice 16 9 Marco Marcato (ITA) Wanty–Groupe Gobert 16 10 Jan Bakelants (BEL) AG2R La Mondiale 15 Teams classification Result of teams classification Rank Team Time 1 Team Sky 90h 55' 38" 2 Trek Factory Racing + 11' 49" 3 IAM Cycling + 15' 08" 4 Astana + 18' 43" 5 BMC Racing Team + 22' 33" 6 Team Giant–Alpecin + 26' 44" 7 AG2R La Mondiale + 31' 04" 8 Orica–GreenEDGE + 31' 15" 9 FDJ + 31' 35" 10 LottoNL–Jumbo + 38' 49" Notes ^ a b c d e f g Stefan Denifl's results were expunged following his four-year suspension for blood doping in June 2019. ^ a b c The stage was due to be held over a distance of 174.5 kilometres (108.4 miles) and was due to start in Brunnen, but a landslide resulted in the start being moved to Quinto. ^ The race was initially scheduled to be held over 1,319.8 kilometres (820.1 miles), but was altered due to the shortening of the third stage. 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The Telegraph Limited 2015. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015. ^ "2015 Tour de Suisse - Mountain Classification". UCI.ch. Union Cycliste Internationale. 21 June 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2022. Sources Technischer Guide (PDF) (in German). 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015. {{cite book}}: \|website= ignored (help) Statistik-Dokument Tour de Suisse (PDF) (in German). IMG. December 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2015 Tour de Suisse. Official website vte2015 UCI World TourRaces Tour Down Under Paris–Nice Tirreno–Adriatico Milan–San Remo Volta a Catalunya E3 Harelbeke Gent–Wevelgem Tour of Flanders Tour of the Basque Country Paris–Roubaix Amstel Gold Race La Flèche Wallonne Liège–Bastogne–Liège Tour de Romandie Giro d'Italia Critérium du Dauphiné Tour de Suisse Tour de France Clásica de San Sebastián Tour de Pologne Eneco Tour Vuelta a España Vattenfall Cyclassics GP Ouest-France GP de Québec GP de Montréal TTT at the World Championships Il Lombardia Teams AG2R La Mondiale Astana BMC Racing Team Cannondale–Garmin Etixx–Quick-Step FDJ Team Giant–Alpecin IAM Cycling Team Katusha Lampre–Merida Lotto–Soudal LottoNL–Jumbo Movistar Team Orica–GreenEDGE Team Sky Tinkoff–Saxo Trek Factory Racing List of 2015 UCI WorldTeams and riders vteTour de Suisse 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tour de Suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Suisse"},{"link_name":"2015 UCI World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UCI_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Risch-Rotkreuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risch-Rotkreuz"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''TdS''2020198-2"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Simon Špilak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%C5%A0pilak"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"link_name":"Geraint Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraint_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"individual time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_time_trial"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumoulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin"},{"link_name":"Team Giant–Alpecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Stefan Denifl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Denifl"},{"link_name":"IAM Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAM_Cycling"},{"link_name":"breakaways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling#breakaway"},{"link_name":"Peter Sagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sagan"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff–Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Kristijan Đurasek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristijan_%C4%90urasek"},{"link_name":"Lampre–Merida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Michael Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Matthews_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Orica–GreenEDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kristoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kristoff"},{"link_name":"Alexey Lutsenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Lutsenko"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Qazaqstan_Team"},{"link_name":"Thibaut Pinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaut_Pinot"},{"link_name":"queen stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_stage"},{"link_name":"Rettenbach glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rettenbach_glacier"}],"text":"Cycling raceCycling raceThe 2015 Tour de Suisse was the 79th edition of the Tour de Suisse stage race. It took place from 13 to 21 June and was the seventeenth race of the 2015 UCI World Tour. It started in Risch-Rotkreuz and finished in Bern. The race was composed of nine stages including two time trials, a short one on the first day and a long one on the last day. The event covered 1,262.6 kilometres (785 miles),[2] and visited Liechtenstein and Austria on its fifth stage, which was the race's sole mountaintop finish.The winner of the general classification was Slovenian Simon Špilak of Team Katusha, who won the race by a margin of only five seconds from Great Britain's Geraint Thomas (Team Sky). The ultimate selection was made on the last day's individual time trial. Tom Dumoulin of the Team Giant–Alpecin squad rounded up the podium, having won the two individual time trial stages that bookended the race.The mountains classification was initially awarded to Austria's Stefan Denifl (IAM Cycling), who featured in many breakaways to amass his points. Denifl was later disqualified following his suspension for doping in 2019. The sprints classification was won by Slovakian Peter Sagan (Tinkoff–Saxo) who also was the victor of two stages. Team Sky finished at the head of the team classification with a margin of 11 minutes and 49 seconds.Other riders who won a stage were Croatian Kristijan Đurasek of Lampre–Merida, Australian Michael Matthews (Orica–GreenEDGE), Norwegian Alexander Kristoff (Team Katusha) and Kazakh Alexey Lutsenko of Astana. Frenchman Thibaut Pinot grabbed the queen stage to the Rettenbach glacier and held the leader's jersey for four stages, but had to surrender it on the last day of competition to Špilak.","title":"2015 Tour de Suisse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UCI World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UCI_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"UCI WorldTeams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2015_UCI_WorldTeams_and_riders"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"UCI Professional Continental teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2015_UCI_professional_continental_and_continental_teams"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-startlist-8"},{"link_name":"AG2R La Mondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Qazaqstan_Team"},{"link_name":"BMC Racing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCC_Pro_Team"},{"link_name":"Etixx–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"IAM Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAM_Cycling"},{"link_name":"Lampre–Merida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Lotto–Soudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%E2%80%93Dstny"},{"link_name":"Movistar Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Orica–GreenEDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Cannondale–Garmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93EasyPost"},{"link_name":"Team Giant–Alpecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"link_name":"LottoNL–Jumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff–Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Trek Factory Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"CCC–Sprandi–Polkowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCC_Development_Team"},{"link_name":"Wanty–Groupe Gobert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermarch%C3%A9%E2%80%93Wanty"}],"text":"As a UCI World Tour event, the organisation was obliged to invite all seventeen UCI WorldTeams, and likewise, all seventeen teams were obligated to send a squad.[5] To complete the field, two UCI Professional Continental teams were invited to join the race.[6] The number of riders allowed per team was eight, so the starting field contained 152 cyclists.[7]UCI World Tour TeamsAG2R La Mondiale\nAstana\nBMC Racing Team\nEtixx–Quick-Step\nFDJ\nIAM Cycling\nLampre–Merida\nLotto–Soudal\nMovistar Team\nOrica–GreenEDGE\nCannondale–Garmin\nTeam Giant–Alpecin\nTeam Katusha\nLottoNL–Jumbo\nTeam Sky\nTinkoff–Saxo\nTrek Factory RacingUCI Professional Continental teamsCCC–Sprandi–Polkowice\nWanty–Groupe Gobert","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tour_de_Suisse_2015_Stage_2_Risch-Rotkreuz_(18982731875).jpg"},{"link_name":"Michał Kwiatkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kwiatkowski"},{"link_name":"general classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification"},{"link_name":"Rui Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Costa_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Movistar Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Critérium du Dauphiné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Crit%C3%A9rium_du_Dauphin%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Trek Factory Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Fabian Cancellara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Cancellara"},{"link_name":"Fränk Schleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A4nk_Schleck"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW_Preview-10"},{"link_name":"general classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification"},{"link_name":"Simon Špilak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%C5%A0pilak"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"link_name":"Thibaut Pinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaut_Pinot"},{"link_name":"FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"Rafał Majka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Majka"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff–Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Sergio Henao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Henao"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumoulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin"},{"link_name":"Team Giant–Alpecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Michał Kwiatkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kwiatkowski"},{"link_name":"Etixx–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"Geraint Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraint_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-will-win-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCUK-12"},{"link_name":"Jurgen Van den Broeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurgen_Van_den_Broeck"},{"link_name":"Lotto–Soudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%E2%80%93Dstny"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Reichenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Reichenbach"},{"link_name":"IAM Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAM_Cycling"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preview-13"},{"link_name":"AG2R La Mondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"Domenico Pozzovivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Pozzovivo"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"climber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing_specialist"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preview-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Peter Sagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sagan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-will-win-11"},{"link_name":"directeur sportif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directeur_sportif"},{"link_name":"prologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling#prologue"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mark Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cavendish"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCUK-12"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kristoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kristoff"},{"link_name":"John Degenkolb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Degenkolb"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-will-win-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCUK-12"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Tour_de_Suisse"},{"link_name":"E3 Harelbeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_E3_Harelbeke"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"World road race champion Michał Kwiatkowski, pictured before stage two, was considered to be among the pre-race favourites for the general classification.Rui Costa (Movistar Team) won the last three editions of the race, however he was not present at the 2015 event, as he raced in the Critérium du Dauphiné instead. More contenders for the overall classification of the Tour de France opted for the latter race since it was more mountainous.[8] There were two former winners of the Tour de Suisse at the starting line, Trek Factory Racing teammates: Swiss Fabian Cancellara and Luxembourger Fränk Schleck.[9]Contenders for the general classification were Simon Špilak (Team Katusha), Thibaut Pinot (FDJ), Rafał Majka (Tinkoff–Saxo), Sergio Henao (Team Sky), Tom Dumoulin (Team Giant–Alpecin), Michał Kwiatkowski (Etixx–Quick-Step) and Geraint Thomas (Team Sky).[10][11] Other hopefuls were Jurgen Van den Broeck (Lotto–Soudal) and Sébastien Reichenbach (IAM Cycling).[12] It was AG2R La Mondiale's Domenico Pozzovivo's first race after his disastrous crash in the Giro d'Italia, so his form was predicted as uncertain, but the Italian climber could certainly be a factor if he was in shape.[12][13]Peter Sagan (Tinkoff–Saxo) was a contender for stage wins.[10] His directeur sportif (team manager) said he was the leader of the team and would target the opening prologue.[14] Mark Cavendish of Etixx–Quick-Step, who proved his form with twelve stage victories so far in the season, was a favourite for the sprint stages.[11] Other riders contending stage glory were Alexander Kristoff (Team Katusha) and John Degenkolb (Team Giant–Alpecin).[10][11] Cancellara, the 2009 winner, was recovering from a crash suffered at the E3 Harelbeke one-day race; his primary focus was on his recovery.[15]","title":"Pre-race favourites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tour de Suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Suisse"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-route-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015Schedule-19"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"queen stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_stage"},{"link_name":"Sölden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6lden"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preview-13"},{"link_name":"Brunnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunnen"},{"link_name":"Quinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinto,_Ticino"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock-20"}],"text":"An important race in its own right, the 2015 Tour de Suisse was used by some Tour de France riders to perfect their physical conditions, as the well-known French race started on 4 July.[16] The route for the race was announced on 9 March 2015.[17][18]The race did not follow any particular pattern in terms of geographical displacement around the country, but did visit Liechtenstein and Austria on the fifth stage. It was also the longest of the race and was qualified as the queen stage. It finished near Sölden situated in Austrian territory and featured a mountaintop finish. After that, the race came back in Swiss territory for the remainder of the event. The stages which were likely to be the most important for the general classification were stage five and the individual time trial on the final stage. The race featured a total elevation gain of 15,606 metres (51,200.8 feet).[12]On 4 June 2015, it was announced that the town of Brunnen was desisting itself from being the start of stage three because of road damage caused by a rocky landslide, and that the town of Quinto would instead be the starting town. This shortened the stage by 57.2 kilometres (35.5 miles).[19]","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Risch-Rotkreuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risch-Rotkreuz"},{"link_name":"individual time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_time_trial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tour_de_Suisse_2015,_%C3%A9tape_1_(A).jpg"},{"link_name":"prologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling#prologue"},{"link_name":"Risch-Rotkreuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risch-Rotkreuz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tour_de_Suisse_2015_Stage_1_Risch-Rotkreuz_(18359220823).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumoulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETour_de_Suisse201530%E2%80%9331-23"},{"link_name":"Matthias Brändle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Br%C3%A4ndle"},{"link_name":"IAM Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAM_Cycling"},{"link_name":"Greg Van Avermaet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Van_Avermaet"},{"link_name":"BMC Racing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCC_Pro_Team"},{"link_name":"Cameron Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Orica–GreenEDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Thibaut Pinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaut_Pinot"},{"link_name":"FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"Michael Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Matthews_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"AG2R La Mondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Daniele Bennati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Bennati"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff–Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Fabian Cancellara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Cancellara"},{"link_name":"Trek Factory Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Time trialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_trialist"},{"link_name":"Adriano Malori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Malori"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Movistar Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Team Giant–Alpecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumoulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Silvan Dillier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvan_Dillier"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Peter Sagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sagan"},{"link_name":"Robert Gesink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gesink"},{"link_name":"LottoNL–Jumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Sergio Henao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Henao"},{"link_name":"Rafał Majka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Majka"},{"link_name":"Michał Kwiatkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kwiatkowski"},{"link_name":"Etixx–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN1-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN1-27"}],"sub_title":"Stage 1","text":"13 June 2015 — Risch-Rotkreuz to Risch-Rotkreuz, 5.1 km (3.2 mi), individual time trial (ITT)The opening prologue's 5.1-kilometre (3.2-mile) course was in and around Risch-Rotkreuz.Tom Dumoulin on his way to victory on Stage 1The very short prologue contained three sharp corners. The first two kilometers were slightly uphill, the third one was slightly downhill and the rest was flat.[20]The best times coming from the first tier of riders were Matthias Brändle (IAM Cycling) with 5' 45\", Greg Van Avermaet (BMC Racing Team) a second slower and Cameron Meyer (Orica–GreenEDGE) another second in arrears. Thibaut Pinot (FDJ) came in with a deficit of twelve seconds on Brändle. Michael Matthews (Orica–GreenEDGE) also realised a good time, four seconds down on the provisional leader. Domenico Pozzovivo (AG2R La Mondiale) came to the finish with a fifteen-second deficit.[21] Daniele Bennati (Tinkoff–Saxo) had the best intermediate time all day, which was calculated with 2.1 kilometres (1.3 miles) remaining as the riders went through the checkpoint.Fabian Cancellara (Trek Factory Racing), beat Brändle with a time of 5' 43\". Time trialist Adriano Malori[22] (Movistar Team) started soon after Cancellara crossed the finish line, but came in at 5' 47\", four seconds slower. Team Giant–Alpecin rider Tom Dumoulin clocked 5' 41\", 2 seconds better than Cancellara, and would ultimately be the winner of the stage.[23]BMC Racing Team's Silvan Dillier crashed as he was on a straight stretch of road. He managed to remount and finish the stage; his final position was last place, 1' 22\" down. Team Sky's leader Geraint Thomas put in a fast ride, only seven seconds down on the winner. Peter Sagan (Tinkoff–Saxo) came in five seconds in arrears of Dumoulin, missing out on his objective of being the first leader of the race. Robert Gesink (LottoNL–Jumbo) clocked a time 22 seconds slower than Dumoulin, and so did Sergio Henao of Team Sky. Poles Rafał Majka (Tinkoff–Saxo) and Michał Kwiatkowski (Etixx–Quick-Step) were 20 and 21 seconds down respectively.[24][25][26]After the event, Dumoulin said that he prepared at altitude for the race and that he produced a hard physical effort on the uphill section and went less intensely on the flatter parts.[24]","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tour_de_Suisse_2015_Stage_2_Risch-Rotkreuz_(18986267801)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"flamme rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling#flamme_rouge"},{"link_name":"King of the Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETour_de_Suisse201532%E2%80%9335-30"},{"link_name":"Luka Pibernik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_Pibernik"},{"link_name":"Lampre–Merida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Cameron Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Orica–GreenEDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Roelandts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Roelandts"},{"link_name":"Lotto–Soudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%E2%80%93Dstny"},{"link_name":"Valerio Agnoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerio_Agnoli"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Qazaqstan_Team"},{"link_name":"Ben King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_King_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Cannondale–Garmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93EasyPost"},{"link_name":"Simone Antonini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Antonini"},{"link_name":"Pro Continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2015_UCI_professional_continental_and_continental_teams"},{"link_name":"Wanty–Groupe Gobert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermarch%C3%A9%E2%80%93Wanty"},{"link_name":"peloton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloton"},{"link_name":"Arnaud Démare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaud_D%C3%A9mare"},{"link_name":"FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"breakaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling#breakaway"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN2-32"},{"link_name":"Jakob Fuglsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Fuglsang"},{"link_name":"Geraint Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraint_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Simon Špilak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%C5%A0pilak"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"link_name":"Michał Kwiatkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kwiatkowski"},{"link_name":"Etixx–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumoulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin"},{"link_name":"Team Giant–Alpecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN2-32"},{"link_name":"Kristijan Đurasek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristijan_%C4%90urasek"},{"link_name":"Daniel Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Moreno"},{"link_name":"Julián Arredondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Arredondo"},{"link_name":"Trek Factory Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Thibaut Pinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaut_Pinot"},{"link_name":"Peter Sagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sagan"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff–Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN2-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Stage 2","text":"14 June 2015 — Risch-Rotkreuz to Risch-Rotkreuz, 161.1 km (100.1 mi)The race leaders pass beneath the archway marking 1 kilometre (0.62 miles) to go (flamme rouge).The stage started right away with a Category 2 climb named Dorfstrasse which was 5.4 kilometres (3.4 miles) long. The riders then rode a loop to tackle the latter climb once more about midway through the stage. Afterward another loop around Risch-Rotkreuz was effectuated to reach a Category 1 affair named Michaelskreuz, 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) long. The course came back down and effectuated another circuit to tackle the climb a second and last time. This last King of the Mountains (KOM) checkpoint was situated at 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) from the finish. The riders negotiated the descent and ended up once again in Risch-Rotkreuz for the finale.[27]After 38 kilometres (23.6 miles) of racing, Luka Pibernik (Lampre–Merida), Cameron Meyer (Orica–GreenEDGE), Jürgen Roelandts (Lotto–Soudal) and Valerio Agnoli of Astana had an advantage of 1' 08\" over chasers Ben King (Cannondale–Garmin) and Simone Antonini of Pro Continental team Wanty–Groupe Gobert. They also enjoyed a lead of 2' 55\" on the peloton. The two chasers soon fell back into the main field. The maximum gap the peloton allowed the escapees to have was 3' 20\". As the main group attacked the climb of Michaelskreuz for the first time, Arnaud Démare (FDJ) crashed because of the fight for position.[28]With 16 kilometres (9.9 miles) to go, the riders attacked the climb of Michaelskreuz for the second and last time and caught the remnants of the breakaway on the way up.[29] Astana's Jakob Fuglsang accelerated close to the summit, with only Geraint Thomas (Team Sky) and Simon Špilak (Team Katusha) initially able to follow, while Michał Kwiatkowski (Etixx–Quick-Step) lost contact. Thomas then attacked on the descent and was followed by Fuglsang and Špilak. Tom Dumoulin (Team Giant–Alpecin) chased them as he wanted to protect his leader's jersey. A small group of nine riders formed on the descent.[29]Close to the final kilometre, Kristijan Đurasek of Lampre–Merida placed an acceleration and continued to a solo victory on the flat run-in. The group came in four seconds in arrears, with Daniel Moreno (Team Katusha) winning the sprint for second place before Julián Arredondo (Trek Factory Racing. Overall contenders Thibaut Pinot (FDJ) and Špilak were also part of that clique, coming in fourth and sixth respectively. Peter Sagan (Tinkoff–Saxo) won the sprint of the following group, coming in tenth at fourteen seconds. Dumoulin kept his leader's jersey, while Pibernik amassed enough mountain points (18) to earn the mountains classification jersey.[29][30]","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinto,_Ticino"},{"link_name":"Olivone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivone"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinto-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airolo_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"hors catégorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_cat%C3%A9gorie"},{"link_name":"Gotthard Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Pass"},{"link_name":"landslide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock-20"},{"link_name":"hors catégorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_cat%C3%A9gorie"},{"link_name":"Gotthard Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Pass"},{"link_name":"false flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling#false_flat"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETour_de_Suisse201538%E2%80%9339-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live_3-35"},{"link_name":"Stefan Denifl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Denifl"},{"link_name":"IAM Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAM_Cycling"},{"link_name":"Marco Marcato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Marcato"},{"link_name":"Wanty–Groupe Gobert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermarch%C3%A9%E2%80%93Wanty"},{"link_name":"Branislau Samoilau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branislau_Samoilau"},{"link_name":"CCC–Sprandi–Polkowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCC_Development_Team"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live_3-35"},{"link_name":"gilets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilet"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live_3-35"},{"link_name":"feed zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling#feed_zone"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumoulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin"},{"link_name":"Team Giant–Alpecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live_3-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"sprint trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_train"},{"link_name":"Michael Albasini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Albasini"},{"link_name":"Orica–GreenEDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Jan Bakelants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bakelants"},{"link_name":"AG2R La Mondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"Sergio Henao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Henao"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Rafał Majka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Majka"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff–Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Peter Sagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sagan"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN3-37"},{"link_name":"Daniel Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Moreno"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"link_name":"Esteban Chaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_Chaves"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN3-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Stage 3","text":"15 June 2015 — Quinto to Olivone, 117.3 km (72.9 mi)[b]The third stage began with the hors catégorie Gotthard Pass climb.This was the new version of the stage as the original route was closed due to a landslide.[19] The stage immediately started with the 1,087-metre (3,566.3-foot) ascent of the hors catégorie Gotthard Pass, the summit of which was 18.8 kilometres (11.7 miles) in. Then came a long false flat until a Category 2 climb, the 5-kilometre (3.1-mile) Zona Cumiasca. It was immediately followed by a Category 3 named ascent Via Cantonale, a 3.2-kilometre (2.0-mile) climb which summited 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from the finish.[31]The race got on its way under cloudy but dry conditions. The Tour de Suisse was featuring the Gotthard Pass for the 34th time in its history, and a break formed along its early slopes, which featured cobbles.[32] The two attackers were Stefan Denifl (IAM Cycling) and Marco Marcato (Wanty–Groupe Gobert). The pair had a lead of 2' 30\" on the main field as Branislau Samoilau (CCC–Sprandi–Polkowice) was chasing them.[32] Denifl got to the top of the climb first to rake in twenty points. By the top of the pass, snow was covering the sides of the road and the field was 3' 20\" back. The riders put gilets on before the descent, which lasted almost 40 kilometres (24.9 miles). Samoilau succeeded in joining the escape during the downhill.[32]The competitors replenished their food stock at the feed zone situated shortly after the downhill section. The main field started accelerating, with the team of the leader Tom Dumoulin, Team Giant–Alpecin doing most of the work at the front. Realising this breakaway was gaining ground, Tinkoff came to the fore to help, resulting in the gap going down gradually.[32] There was 30 kilometres (18.6 miles) to cover as the gap was hovering around 4' 30\".[33]At the foot of the Zona Cumiasca climb, with 19 kilometres (11.8 miles) remaining, the gap had shrunk significantly. The peloton formed sprint trains to better position their leaders for the ascent. Marcato was soon dropped from the breakaway and Denifl won the mountain points. At that point, Denifl and Samoilau had only a thirty-second gap over the depleting field. The catch was effectuated with 8.7 kilometres (5.4 miles) to race. Michael Albasini (Orica–GreenEDGE) attacked, soon followed by Jan Bakelants (AG2R La Mondiale). With the two escapees enjoying only a ten-second advantage, Sergio Henao (Team Sky) accelerated and passed them. The trio was ultimately reeled in. Rafał Majka (Tinkoff–Saxo) was working at the front of the small leading group to bring back the attackers to give his team leader Peter Sagan a chance at victory.[34] In the last few kilometres, Sagan took over from Majka himself. He followed Daniel Moreno (Team Katusha), who had chased down Esteban Chaves (Orica–GreenEDGE), passing him to take victory.[34][35]","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flims"},{"link_name":"Schwarzenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwarzenbach,_St._Gallen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzenbach_SG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015_Tour_de_Suisse,_Stage_4.png"},{"link_name":"Flims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flims"},{"link_name":"Schwarzenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwarzenbach,_St._Gallen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzenbach_SG"},{"link_name":"Wildhaus Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildhaus_Pass"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETour_de_Suisse201540%E2%80%9343-39"},{"link_name":"Davide Malacarne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davide_Malacarne"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Qazaqstan_Team"},{"link_name":"Thomas De Gendt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_De_Gendt"},{"link_name":"Lotto–Soudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%E2%80%93Dstny"},{"link_name":"Stijn Devolder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stijn_Devolder"},{"link_name":"Trek Factory Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Alex Howes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Howes"},{"link_name":"Cannondale–Garmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93EasyPost"},{"link_name":"Frederik Backaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Backaert"},{"link_name":"Wanty–Groupe Gobert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermarch%C3%A9%E2%80%93Wanty"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage4-40"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage4-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETour_de_Suisse201540-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNLive4-42"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage4-40"},{"link_name":"Orica–GreenEDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Sprint specialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_sprinter"},{"link_name":"Arnaud Démare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaud_D%C3%A9mare"},{"link_name":"FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"Mark Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cavendish"},{"link_name":"Etixx–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kristoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kristoff"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNLive4-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN4-43"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage4-40"},{"link_name":"Daryl Impey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Impey"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNLive4-42"},{"link_name":"Alexey Lutsenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Lutsenko"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN4-43"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNLive4-42"},{"link_name":"Marco Marcato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Marcato"},{"link_name":"Jan Bakelants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bakelants"},{"link_name":"AG2R La Mondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"Sergio Henao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Henao"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff–Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Michael Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Matthews_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage4-40"}],"sub_title":"Stage 4","text":"16 June 2015 — Flims to Schwarzenbach [de], 193.2 km (120.0 mi)The 193.2-kilometre (120.0-mile) route of stage four began in Flims and finished in Schwarzenbach [de].The first 60 kilometres (37.3 miles) were flat until the peloton reached the Wildhaus Pass, a Category 2 test of 8.9 kilometres (5.5 miles) in length. Then there were three Category 3 climbs on offer, which were the 1.8-kilometre (1.1-mile) Kirchberg climb repeated three times as the riders accomplished a loop. There were however a number of uncategorized rises, especially one with about 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) to cover, that was expected to play a role in the outcome. The finishing 900 metres (2,952.8 feet) were straight with a consistent incline.[36]Davide Malacarne (Astana) and Thomas De Gendt (Lotto–Soudal) attacked early in the stage. They were joined by a trio of Stijn Devolder (Trek Factory Racing), Alex Howes (Cannondale–Garmin) and Frederik Backaert (Wanty–Groupe Gobert). De Gendt crested the Wildhaus Pass first to take eight points in the mountains competition.[37] At the summit, after 66 kilometres (41.0 miles) of racing, the gap between the peloton and the breakers was two minutes and fifty seconds.[37][38]De Gendt took maximum points atop the Kirchberg climb on the riders' first passage. The main field got through the same point 2' 05\" in arrears. The descent was fast and the riders crossed the finish line for the first time of three with about 60 kilometres (37.3 miles) to race.[39] The breakaway was caught less than 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) later.[37] Orica–GreenEDGE marshaled the field as De Gendt attacked again to no avail as he was swiftly swept back. Sprint specialists Arnaud Démare (FDJ), Mark Cavendish (Etixx–Quick-Step) and Alexander Kristoff (Team Katusha) struggled with the high pace at the front set by Orica–GreenEDGE.[39][40] As the peloton crossed the line for the last time with 29.2 kilometres (18.1 miles) to race, there were no escapees.[37]The last mountains points of the day atop the Kirchberg climb was won by Daryl Impey; it was uncontested and he won because he was riding at the front.[39] Alexey Lutsenko (Astana) placed an attack with 16 kilometres (9.9 miles) to go.[40] With 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) to race he had opened up an advantage of 20 seconds.[39] With 6.7 kilometres (4.2 miles) remaining, Lutsenko was caught. An attack formed immediately including the riders Marco Marcato (Wanty–Groupe Gobert), Jan Bakelants (AG2R La Mondiale) and Sergio Henao (Team Sky); it failed and they were brought back as Tinkoff–Saxo and Orica–GreenEDGE teams worked together to set up a sprint finish. With 300 metres (984.3 feet) to go, Sagan initiated his sprint first and was followed by Michael Matthews of Orica–GreenEDGE. Matthews then passed him to claim his first victory at the Tour de Suisse. Sagan took second place and the points classification jersey.[37]","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unterterzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarten"},{"link_name":"Sölden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6lden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oetztaler_Rettenbachferner.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rettenbach glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rettenbach_glacier"},{"link_name":"queen stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_stage"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preview-13"},{"link_name":"hors catégorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_cat%C3%A9gorie"},{"link_name":"Bielerhöhe Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielerh%C3%B6he_Pass"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"hors catégorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_cat%C3%A9gorie"},{"link_name":"Rettenbach glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rettenbach_glacier"},{"link_name":"Ötztal Glacier Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tztal_Glacier_Road"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETour_de_Suisse201544%E2%80%9347-44"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumoulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin"},{"link_name":"Team Giant–Alpecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Michael Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Matthews_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Orica–GreenEDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN5-46"},{"link_name":"Grégory Rast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9gory_Rast"},{"link_name":"Trek Factory Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Stefan Denifl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Denifl"},{"link_name":"Matthias Brändle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Br%C3%A4ndle"},{"link_name":"IAM Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAM_Cycling"},{"link_name":"Ben King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_King_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Cannondale–Garmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93EasyPost"},{"link_name":"Przemysław Niemiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemys%C5%82aw_Niemiec"},{"link_name":"Lampre–Merida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Stefan Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Schumacher"},{"link_name":"CCC–Sprandi–Polkowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCC_Development_Team"},{"link_name":"Thomas De Gendt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_De_Gendt"},{"link_name":"Lotto–Soudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%E2%80%93Dstny"},{"link_name":"Mirko Selvaggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirko_Selvaggi"},{"link_name":"Wanty–Groupe Gobert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermarch%C3%A9%E2%80%93Wanty"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live5-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage5-48"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN4-43"},{"link_name":"Ion Izagirre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Izagirre"},{"link_name":"Movistar Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live5-47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tour_de_Suisse_2015_Stage_2_Risch-Rotkreuz_(18795642288).jpg"},{"link_name":"Thibaut Pinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaut_Pinot"},{"link_name":"queen stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_stage"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Qazaqstan_Team"},{"link_name":"Jakob Fuglsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Fuglsang"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live5-47"},{"link_name":"FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"link_name":"Thibaut Pinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaut_Pinot"},{"link_name":"Daniel Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Moreno"},{"link_name":"Simon Špilak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%C5%A0pilak"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage5-48"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live5-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage5-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Domenico Pozzovivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Pozzovivo"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live5-47"},{"link_name":"flamme rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling#flamme_rouge"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN5-46"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"rouleurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouleur"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live5-47"}],"sub_title":"Stage 5","text":"17 June 2015 — Unterterzen to Sölden (Austria), 237.3 km (147.5 mi)After more than 200 kilometres (124.3 miles) of racing, the climb to the Rettenbach glacier awaited.This was the queen stage of the 2015 Tour de Suisse and was also the longest stage the race featured in the last twenty years.[12] The first difficulty of the day was the 34.4-kilometre (21.4-mile) hors catégorie Bielerhöhe Pass which summited at 2,071 metres (6,794.6 feet) of altitude and at that point, the riders were already in Austria after a brief visit to Liechtenstein. Following that difficulty, the run-in to Sölden offered a respite until the cyclists reached the town and tackled the stage's second hors catégorie climb to the Rettenbach glacier, which took them to an altitude of 2,669 metres (8,756.6 feet). The competitors rode the Ötztal Glacier Road from Sölden to get to the finish line.[41]The overall race leader Tom Dumoulin (Team Giant–Alpecin) said before the stage that if he lost less than one minute and a half to the pure climbers, he could still win the Tour by taking that time back on the final stage's time trial.[42] The previous stage's victor Michael Matthews (Orica–GreenEDGE) was a non-starter, saying he had gotten what he wanted from the race: a stage win.[43] A breakaway formed in the opening 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) of the race. They were Grégory Rast (Trek Factory Racing), mountains jersey wearer Stefan Denifl and his teammate Matthias Brändle (IAM Cycling), Ben King (Cannondale–Garmin), Przemysław Niemiec (Lampre–Merida), Stefan Schumacher (CCC–Sprandi–Polkowice), Thomas De Gendt (Lotto–Soudal) and Mirko Selvaggi (Wanty–Groupe Gobert).[44][45] The best-placed cyclist in the break on the general classification was Selvaggi in 59th place, 18' 38\" down on Dumoulin.[40] Denifl amassed maximum points atop the Bielerhöhe Pass, comforting his lead in the mountains classification. Ion Izagirre of the Movistar Team abandoned after the pass.[44]Thibaut Pinot, seen here riding stage two, won the queen stage of the race and took the lead of the race.With 90 kilometres (55.9 miles) to go the gap was miscalculated by the race organisers as there were unrealistic fluctuations in the official timing throughout the long stretch of flat road before the final climb. With 82 kilometres (51.0 miles) to cover, Astana took control of the peloton for their leader Jakob Fuglsang.[44] FDJ and Team Katusha started helping the chase at the front, since those teams had riders aiming for victory (Thibaut Pinot and the Daniel Moreno–Simon Špilak duo, respectively).[45] With 30 kilometres (18.6 miles) to the start of the big final climb, the gap was around six and a half minutes. The break fractured, just as the peloton did later when they hit the Rettenbach ascent.[44] Dumoulin was dropped almost at the beginning of it but resisted, climbing at his own pace.[45] Špilak attacked with 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) remaining and dangled in front of a select group.[46]Early breaker Denifl was alone in front and had about two minutes of an advantage with 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) to go. Behind, Domenico Pozzovivo placed an acceleration that put the lead group in difficulty, but he was brought back. The time gap rapidly decreased, due to dubious time monitoring again.[44] Pinot launched an attack from the group, but Špilak had the resources to keep up with him for a while but was ultimately dropped. Pinot passed the passive Denifl before the arch signaling the last kilometre (flamme rouge) and took a solo victory. Pozzovivo finished second while Špilak settled for third. However, it became soon apparent that Dumoulin would not lose much more than the minute and a half that was his objective. He passed the line 1' 37\" down on Pinot.[43] \"I'm very happy, it was important for me and the team. We came here to win a stage, and I had good legs today. I've got a lot of confidence now, that's important for the Tour de France. And it's true, racing in Switzerland seems to suit me\", said Pinot. \"The objective is to win overall here, but the rouleurs like [Geraint] Thomas and [Tom] Dumoulin aren't far back\", he added. \"It'll be a long and difficult time trial [on stage nine]. We'll see what happens on the day.\"[44]","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil"},{"link_name":"Biel/Bienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biel/Bienne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swiss-bienne-city-1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Biel/Bienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biel/Bienne"},{"link_name":"Peter Sagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sagan"},{"link_name":"Lake Biel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Biel"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETour_de_Suisse201548%E2%80%9351-50"},{"link_name":"Axel Domont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Domont"},{"link_name":"AG2R La Mondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"Marek Rutkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Rutkiewicz"},{"link_name":"CCC–Sprandi–Polkowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCC_Development_Team"},{"link_name":"Matej Mohorič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matej_Mohori%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Cannondale–Garmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93EasyPost"},{"link_name":"Jérôme Baugnies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Baugnies"},{"link_name":"Wanty–Groupe Gobert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermarch%C3%A9%E2%80%93Wanty"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNLive6-51"},{"link_name":"Stefan Denifl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Denifl"},{"link_name":"IAM Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAM_Cycling"},{"link_name":"Thomas De Gendt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_De_Gendt"},{"link_name":"Lotto–Soudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%E2%80%93Dstny"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNLive6-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNLive6-51"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNLive6-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"Etixx–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"Team Giant–Alpecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage6-55"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNLive6-51"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETour_de_Suisse201551-56"},{"link_name":"Adriano Malori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Malori"},{"link_name":"Francisco Ventoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ventoso"},{"link_name":"Movistar Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage6-55"},{"link_name":"Mark Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cavendish"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNLive6-51"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff–Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Peter Sagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sagan"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage6-55"},{"link_name":"Julien Vermote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Vermote"},{"link_name":"Zdeněk Štybar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_%C5%A0tybar"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNLive6-51"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN6-57"},{"link_name":"lead-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling#lead_out"},{"link_name":"Mark Renshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Renshaw"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage6-55"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Roelandts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Roelandts"},{"link_name":"Hugo Koblet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Koblet"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Kübler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_K%C3%BCbler"},{"link_name":"Geraint Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraint_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN6-57"}],"sub_title":"Stage 6","text":"18 June 2015 — Wil to Biel/Bienne, 193.1 km (120.0 mi)The finishing town of Biel/Bienne saw Peter Sagan take his second win at the 2015 Tour de Suisse. Pictured here is the Lake Biel close to the town.This stage contained only one categorised ascent midway through it and was a Category 3 affair named Auensteinstrasse. However, there were numerous uncategorized rises on the course to Biel/Bienne and the total elevation gain for the stage was 1,167 metres (3,828.7 feet). Two intermediate sprints came before the run into town in the final 40 kilometres (24.9 miles).[47]As the stage started, there were 145 riders remaining in the race, as only seven entrants had abandoned since the start of the race. The day's breakers were Axel Domont (AG2R La Mondiale), Marek Rutkiewicz (CCC–Sprandi–Polkowice), Matej Mohorič (Cannondale–Garmin) and Jérôme Baugnies (Wanty–Groupe Gobert). The riders soon tackled the Eschenmosen, one of the many uncategorised ascents of the day. With 136 kilometres (84.5 miles) left, the breakaway's advantage stood at 4' 30\".[48] The breakers took the points on offer on the only climb of the day, Auensteinstrasse, so Stefan Denifl of IAM Cycling maintained his 30-point advantage over his nearest competitor Thomas De Gendt (Lotto–Soudal).[48][49] Rutkiewicz won the maximum five points that came with cresting the ascent first.[48] About midway through, it was calculated that the peloton's average speed was slower than the slowest prediction by the organisers, most likely due to the severity of the previous stage.[48][50]With 65 kilometres (40.4 miles) to cover, rain began to fall;[51] the main field was led by FDJ, Etixx–Quick-Step, Team Giant–Alpecin and Team Katusha.[52] Baugnies rode first across an uncontested intermediate sprint with 42.7 kilometres (26.5 miles) to go.[48][53] 25 kilometres (15.5 miles) from the finish, Adriano Malori and Francisco Ventoso of Movistar Team surprised the peloton by attacking.[52] At the 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) remaining arch, the break of four still held a lead of forty seconds with the two Movistar Team riders placed between the groups. Etixx–Quick-Step took matters in their own hands and began forming their sprint train for Mark Cavendish.[48] Tinkoff–Saxo moved to the front in support of their sprint hopeful, Peter Sagan.[52] With 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) to cover, the escape had 30 seconds of an advantage. At that point, two Etixx–Quick-Step riders (Julien Vermote and Zdeněk Štybar) crashed on the water-logged tarmac before a bend, but the mishap had no consequences on the peloton.[48] The breakers were brought back just before the flamme rouge.[54]Shortly thereafter, Cavendish lost the wheel of his lead-out man Mark Renshaw after struggling to come back after the crash which hindered his lead-out train.[55] There were two technical turns before the finish line.[52] Sagan was sitting in third wheel of his team's train; he negotiated the final 90 degree corner with 200 metres (660 feet) to go and profited from an unintentional lead-out by Jürgen Roelandts (Lotto–Soudal), who had opened his sprint before Sagan outpowered him in the last 100 metres (330 feet) to win the day. It was Sagan's eleventh victory at the Tour de Suisse, matching the record of Hugo Koblet and Ferdinand Kübler. Due to a split in the peloton, Pinot lost five seconds to general classification rival Geraint Thomas of Team Sky.[54]","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Düdingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCdingen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Kristoff.JPG"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kristoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kristoff"},{"link_name":"bunch sprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunch_sprint"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETour_de_Suisse201552%E2%80%9355-59"},{"link_name":"Michał Kwiatkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kwiatkowski"},{"link_name":"Etixx–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"Silvan Dillier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvan_Dillier"},{"link_name":"BMC Racing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCC_Pro_Team"},{"link_name":"Daryl Impey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Impey"},{"link_name":"Orica–GreenEDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Axel Domont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Domont"},{"link_name":"AG2R La Mondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage7-60"},{"link_name":"Thibaut Pinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaut_Pinot"},{"link_name":"FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff–Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Team Giant–Alpecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Misery-Courtion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misery-Courtion"},{"link_name":"Ben Hermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hermans"},{"link_name":"Manuel Senni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Senni"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live7-61"},{"link_name":"Wanty–Groupe Gobert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermarch%C3%A9%E2%80%93Wanty"},{"link_name":"Enrico Gasparotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Gasparotto"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live7-61"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage7-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN7-62"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN7-62"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kristoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kristoff"},{"link_name":"Peter Sagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sagan"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff–Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"slipstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipstream"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage7-60"},{"link_name":"Geraint Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraint_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live7-61"}],"sub_title":"Stage 7","text":"19 June 2015 — Biel/Bienne to Düdingen, 164.2 km (102.0 mi)Team Katusha rider Alexander Kristoff (pictured in 2009) won stage seven's bunch sprint finish.Stage 7 was a flat stage except for three Category 3 climbs in the second half of the stage. The opening 60 kilometres (37.3 miles) were totally flat. After 91 kilometres (56.5 miles), the riders tackled the finishing circuit twice. During that circuit, the first climb was the 1.1-kilometre (0.7-mile) Freiburgstrasse. There was a descent, then the Hauptstrasse climb was covered. During the second circuit, the Freiburgstrasse was attacked again. This last difficulty was situated 19 kilometres (11.8 miles) from the finish line. The final 800 metres (2,624.7 feet) were steep.[56]World road race champion Michał Kwiatkowski of the Etixx–Quick-Step squad made attempts at escaping before the peloton finally let him go 20 kilometres (12.4 miles) into the race. He was joined by Silvan Dillier (BMC Racing Team), Daryl Impey (Orica–GreenEDGE) and Axel Domont (AG2R La Mondiale).[57] After the break was resolved, the peloton was content in letting the gap increase to 3' 15\" with 129 kilometres (80.2 miles) of racing remaining. The best placed rider in this quartet was Impey, 29' 18\" down on race leader Thibaut Pinot (FDJ). The average speed of the first hour was 47.7 km/h (29.6 mph). Tinkoff–Saxo and Team Giant–Alpecin dictated the pace, pulling back thirty seconds. With 88 kilometres (54.7 miles) to go, the race passed through the village of Misery-Courtion, at which point the gap stood at 2' 50\". A crash occurred in the outskirts of Misery-Courtion, involving Ben Hermans and Manuel Senni (both with BMC Racing Team). They were able to remount their bikes and rejoined the main field.[58]Wanty–Groupe Gobert's Enrico Gasparotto abandoned two hours into the stage, which were contested at the speed of 44 km/h (27.3 mph). With 55 kilometres (34.2 miles) remaining, the escapees had a minute's lead. Domont took the maximum points atop the first climb of the day. As they crossed the line for the last time with 37 kilometres (23.0 miles) to go, the breakers were resisting as the time difference was still around a minute.[58] On the second lap of the finishing circuit, Domont was dropped from the breakaway and was absorbed in by the peloton.[57] The now three-rider break had a thirty-second advantage with 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) remaining.[59] Team Katusha controlled the front of the field in the final kilometres. With 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) to go, the peloton almost pulled back the all unyielding breakers, as Kwiatkowski decided to go alone. He was caught in sight of the finish line.[59] The uphill sprint was won by Alexander Kristoff of Team Katusha, with Peter Sagan (Tinkoff–Saxo) being a close second. Sagan got out of Kristoff's slipstream to try to out-sprint him in the final metres, but to no avail.[57] This was Kristoff's eighteenth victory of the season. Through bad positioning, Pinot lost a further five seconds to Geraint Thomas (Team Sky) in the overall classification.[60] \"It was a hard day, I haven't felt super in this Tour de Suisse but I did a good sprint today\", said the winner. \"I got ahead of Sagan and I was able to go again at the end to hold off his run.\"[58]","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015_Tour_de_Suisse,_Stage_8.png"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Tour_de_Suisse"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETour_de_Suisse201556%E2%80%9359-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage8-66"},{"link_name":"Trek Factory Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Jasper Stuyven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Stuyven"},{"link_name":"Etixx–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"Michał Kwiatkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kwiatkowski"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live8-67"},{"link_name":"Warren Barguil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Barguil"},{"link_name":"Team Giant–Alpecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Cannondale–Garmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93EasyPost"},{"link_name":"FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage8-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live8-67"},{"link_name":"Jakob Fuglsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Fuglsang"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Qazaqstan_Team"},{"link_name":"Maxime Monfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Monfort"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live8-67"},{"link_name":"Alexey Lutsenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Lutsenko"},{"link_name":"Jan Bakelants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bakelants"},{"link_name":"AG2R La Mondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW8-68"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage8-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VN8-69"},{"link_name":"Geraint Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraint_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumoulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live8-67"},{"link_name":"Thibaut Pinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaut_Pinot"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TdS_Stage8-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN8-70"}],"sub_title":"Stage 8","text":"20 June 2015 — Bern to Bern, 152.5 km (94.8 mi)Stage eight's 38.7-kilometre (24.0-mile) circuit in and around Bern was navigated four times.The stage was ridden in and around Bern, the first time the Tour de Suisse had been to the national capital since 2009.[61] This was another stage which featured a lot of uncategorised rises. It however contained four Category 3 ascents. The event featured four circuits of 38.7 kilometres (24.0 miles) around town, on the same course that was to be used in the stage nine time trial. The two climbs present in the loops gave mountain points on the last two laps only. The riders first took on the 800-metre (2,624.7-foot) Category 3 Liebewill, then it was the 400-metre (1,312.3-foot) Aargauerstalden climb. The stage finished on the flat, a plateau after the latter ascent, featuring a number of technical turns.[62]A breakaway of twelve formed at the very start, but was deemed too dangerous and quickly reabsorbed.[63] Citing back problems, Trek Factory Racing rider Jasper Stuyven abandoned the race. The attackers continued to try to form a break and a move by Etixx–Quick-Step's Michał Kwiatkowski finally made it. A break of nineteen riders emerged,[64] containing among others Warren Barguil (Team Giant–Alpecin), the best placed rider of the move in the general classification at 4' 52\". Team Sky, Cannondale–Garmin and FDJ led the chase.[63] Despite the main field's effort, the gap grew to two minutes with 87 kilometres (54.1 miles) to cover.[64]With 75 kilometres (46.6 miles) to go in the stage, the gap stood at 2' 12\". However, Team Sky, Cannondale–Garmin and FDJ were still working to keep the escapees in range. The time difference to the escape was remaining stationary at around two minutes at the 40 kilometres (24.9 miles) to go marker. As the peloton passed through the finish line to undertake the last lap of the circuit, Jakob Fuglsang of Astana abandoned the race due to stomach problems. The peloton was forming a long single line as the pace was high. Maxime Monfort (Lotto–Soudal) crashed and abandoned, with bruising on his shoulder and back.[64]With 20 kilometres (12.4 miles) remaining, Astana's Alexey Lutsenko attacked the escapees, followed by Jan Bakelants (AG2R La Mondiale); they opened a gap, holding off their former breakaway companions.[65] Bakelants led for the last few kilometres except under the flamme rouge and Lutsenko outsprinted him to claim the victory.[63] He described the win as the biggest of his career.[66] The main field arrived in small groups, with the first one containing Team Sky's Geraint Thomas and Tom Dumoulin of Team Giant–Alpecin,[64] who made a marginal time gain of three seconds on overall leader Thibaut Pinot.[63][67]","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"individual time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_time_trial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bern_luftaufnahme.png"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETour_de_Suisse201560%E2%80%9363-71"},{"link_name":"Geraint Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraint_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumoulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin"},{"link_name":"Team Giant–Alpecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Simon Špilak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%C5%A0pilak"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Domenico Pozzovivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Pozzovivo"},{"link_name":"AG2R La Mondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Fabian Cancellara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Cancellara"},{"link_name":"Trek Factory Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Adriano Malori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Malori"},{"link_name":"Movistar Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW8-68"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preview9-75"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live9-76"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tour_de_Suisse_2015_Stage_1_Risch-Rotkreuz_(18792230780)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumoulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin"},{"link_name":"Team Giant–Alpecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Matthias Brändle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Br%C3%A4ndle"},{"link_name":"IAM Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAM_Cycling"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live9-76"},{"link_name":"Damien Gaudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Gaudin"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Final_CQ-79"},{"link_name":"Cameron Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Silvan Dillier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvan_Dillier"},{"link_name":"BMC Racing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCC_Pro_Team"},{"link_name":"Jérôme Coppel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Coppel"},{"link_name":"Alexey Lutsenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Lutsenko"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Qazaqstan_Team"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Final_CQ-79"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Final_CW-80"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live9-76"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN9-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN9-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN9-82"}],"sub_title":"Stage 9","text":"21 June 2015 — Bern to Bern, 38.4 km (23.9 mi), individual time trial (ITT)Bern hosted the last two stages of the 2015 Tour de Suisse.The lengthy individual time trial featured a climb in the middle of it, but no mountains classification points were on offer. The course was technical and featured several turns. It was the same course that was raced four times in stage eight, except that the finish line was not situated at the same place. Midway through the stage, the riders took on the difficulty of the day, the 800-metre (2,624.7-foot) Liebewill climb. There were other small climbs situated on the course.[68]The final general classification of the race was decided on this stage, and a majority of the observers believed that Pinot would lose his lead since he is not a great time trialist. Geraint Thomas of Team Sky was only 34 seconds down coming into the stage and was among the favourites to take the overall victory. Tom Dumoulin (Team Giant–Alpecin) won the short prologue and was a contender for overall victory as a time trial specialist, but he had 1' 24\" to make up. Another contender for the overall win was Simon Špilak of Team Katusha (47 seconds down).[69] Fourth-placed Domenico Pozzovivo (AG2R La Mondiale) was an enigma, as he had mixed performances in time trials throughout his career.[70][71] As far as the stage win was concerned, solo effort specialists Fabian Cancellara (Trek Factory Racing) and Adriano Malori (Movistar Team) were to be considered, but they had no chance of a victory in the general classification since they were too far down in the rankings.[65][72][73]Tom Dumoulin of Team Giant–Alpecin won the ninth stage; he is seen here celebrating his victory in the opening stage.The riders started in reverse order of the general classification, so Pinot was the last one to start.[74] The riders went off the starting ramp in two-minute intervals. Cancellara got on course early, as he was the seventh man to start. He clocked a time of 48' 55\", which would stay a reference for most of the day. He was followed out of the starting area by Matthias Brändle (IAM Cycling) who came in 2' 28\" after Cancellara, somewhat surprisingly as he is a time trial specialist.[75] Malori set the best time at the 21-kilometre (13.0-mile) intermediate point but faded a little bit in the end, coming to the finish line only 15 seconds off Cancellara's time.[73] Cancellara would stay as a reference for a while now that some time trial specialists had finished their effort and failed to beat him. Damien Gaudin (AG2R La Mondiale) clocked in a time of 50' 46\" which put him in sixth position.[76]Cameron Meyer (Orica–GreenEDGE) put in a time of 49' 43\", 48 seconds off Cancellara's mark. Around that time, general classification hopeful Dumoulin started his time trial. Silvan Dillier (BMC Racing Team) provisionally slotted into sixth position with a time of 50' 19\" and minutes later, race leader Pinot rolled down the starting ramp. Jérôme Coppel (IAM Cycling) crossed the finish line with a rapid time, only 25 seconds off Cancellara's performance. Meanwhile, in early time splits, Pinot had already lost twelve seconds to Thomas. The previous day's stage winner Alexey Lutsenko of Astana confirmed his good form with a time of 50' 32\".[76][77] At the 21-kilometre (13.0-mile) marker, Dumoulin beat Malori's best time by eleven seconds. Špilak was also doing a fast time trial, being equal to the best time at the 15.5-kilometre (9.6-mile) mark and passing the 21-kilometre (13.0-mile) arch faster than Dumoulin by four tenths of a second. By that time, Pinot had virtually lost his lead. Dumoulin took a very focused corner and he almost slammed into spectators upon exiting it, but no accident occurred.[73] Špilak needed fourteen seconds over Thomas to get in front of him in the general classification. Dumoulin came in with a time nineteen seconds better than Cancellara's and won the stage with an average speed of 47.407 km/h (29.5 mph).[78] Špilak came in with a time of 48' 54\" and Thomas registered 49' 12\", a difference of 18 seconds. Therefore, Špilak won the race overall by five seconds.[79]\"I’m really happy and want to thank my teammates who helped me too much during the race. This is the biggest win of my career so far\", Spilak said. \"The time trial was really hard but I liked it. It was up and down all the way and that helped me. I gave it everything.\"[79] It was the Slovenian's tenth victory in the professional ranks.[79]","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification"},{"link_name":"mountains classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN3-37"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN2-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN3-37"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN3-37"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN3-37"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN3-37"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Basics-83"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Basics-83"}],"text":"In the 2015 Tour de Suisse, three different jerseys were awarded. For the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage, and the leader received a yellow jersey. This classification was considered the most important of the Tour de Suisse, and the winner of the classification was considered the winner of the race. There was also a mountains classification, the leadership of which was marked by a light blue jersey. In the mountains classification, points were won by reaching the top of a climb before other cyclists, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. Hors Category gave 20 points to the first rider crossing (20, 15, 10, 6, 4),[34] a Category 1 was worth 12 points (12, 8, 6, 4, 2),[29] a Category 2 was worth 8 points (8, 6, 4, 2, 1)[34] and a Category 3 was worth 5 points (5, 3, 2, 1).[34]The third jersey represented the points classification, marked by a white-and-red jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing highly in a stage. A stage victory awarded 10 points, with 8 points for second, 6 for third, 4 for fourth and 2 for fifth.[34] Points could also be earned at intermediate sprints location for finishing in the top three during each stage on a 6–3–1 scale.[34] There was also a classification for teams, in which the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added together; the leading team at the end of the race was the team with the lowest total time.[80]A combativity award was also attributed for the rider who had ridden the most aggressively in the eyes of the judges at the end of every stage. It could have been a rider who featured in breakaways or a cyclist who attacked often.[80]","title":"Classification leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_Tour_de_Suisse&action=edit&section=16"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN9-82"},{"link_name":"Simon Špilak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%C5%A0pilak"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"link_name":"Geraint Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraint_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumoulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin"},{"link_name":"Team Giant–Alpecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Thibaut Pinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaut_Pinot"},{"link_name":"FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"Domenico Pozzovivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Pozzovivo"},{"link_name":"AG2R La Mondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"Bob Jungels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Jungels"},{"link_name":"Trek Factory Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Miguel Ángel López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_L%C3%B3pez_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Qazaqstan_Team"},{"link_name":"Steve Morabito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Morabito"},{"link_name":"FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"Robert Gesink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gesink"},{"link_name":"LottoNL–Jumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Rafał Majka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Majka"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff–Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_Tour_de_Suisse&action=edit&section=17"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN9-82"},{"link_name":"Peter Sagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sagan"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff–Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumoulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin"},{"link_name":"Team Giant–Alpecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Alexey Lutsenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Lutsenko"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Qazaqstan_Team"},{"link_name":"Thibaut Pinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaut_Pinot"},{"link_name":"FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Roelandts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Roelandts"},{"link_name":"Lotto–Soudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%E2%80%93Dstny"},{"link_name":"Jan Bakelants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bakelants"},{"link_name":"AG2R La Mondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kristoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kristoff"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"link_name":"Daniel Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Moreno"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"link_name":"Simon Špilak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%C5%A0pilak"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"link_name":"Fabian Cancellara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Cancellara"},{"link_name":"Trek Factory Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_Tour_de_Suisse&action=edit&section=18"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN9-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Stefan Denifl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Denifl"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denifl-5"},{"link_name":"IAM Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAM_Cycling"},{"link_name":"Thomas De Gendt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_De_Gendt"},{"link_name":"Lotto–Soudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%E2%80%93Dstny"},{"link_name":"Thibaut Pinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaut_Pinot"},{"link_name":"FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"Luka Pibernik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_Pibernik"},{"link_name":"Lampre–Merida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Daryl Impey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Impey"},{"link_name":"Orica–GreenEDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Axel Domont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Domont"},{"link_name":"AG2R La Mondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"Cameron Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Orica–GreenEDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Branislau Samoilau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branislau_Samoilau"},{"link_name":"CCC–Sprandi–Polkowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCC_Development_Team"},{"link_name":"Marco Marcato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Marcato"},{"link_name":"Wanty–Groupe Gobert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermarch%C3%A9%E2%80%93Wanty"},{"link_name":"Jan Bakelants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bakelants"},{"link_name":"AG2R La Mondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_Tour_de_Suisse&action=edit&section=19"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN9-82"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Trek Factory Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"IAM Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAM_Cycling"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Qazaqstan_Team"},{"link_name":"BMC Racing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCC_Pro_Team"},{"link_name":"Team Giant–Alpecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"AG2R La Mondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"Orica–GreenEDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"LottoNL–Jumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"}],"text":"General classification[edit]\n\nResult of general classification[79]\n\n\nRank\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nTime\n\n\n1\n\n Simon Špilak (SLO) \n\nTeam Katusha\n\n30h 15' 09\"\n\n\n2\n\n Geraint Thomas (GBR)\n\nTeam Sky\n\n+ 5\"\n\n\n3\n\n Tom Dumoulin (NED)\n\nTeam Giant–Alpecin\n\n+ 19\"\n\n\n4\n\n Thibaut Pinot (FRA)\n\nFDJ\n\n+ 45\"\n\n\n5\n\n Domenico Pozzovivo (ITA)\n\nAG2R La Mondiale\n\n+ 2' 21\"\n\n\n6\n\n Bob Jungels (LUX)\n\nTrek Factory Racing\n\n+ 2' 58\"\n\n\n7\n\n Miguel Ángel López (COL)\n\nAstana\n\n+ 3' 06\"\n\n\n8\n\n Steve Morabito (SWI)\n\nFDJ\n\n+ 3' 17\"\n\n\n9\n\n Robert Gesink (NED)\n\nLottoNL–Jumbo\n\n+ 3' 19\"\n\n\n10\n\n Rafał Majka (POL)\n\nTinkoff–Saxo\n\n+ 3' 20\"\n\n\nPoints classification[edit]\n\nResult of points classification[79]\n\n\nRank\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n Peter Sagan (SVK) \n\nTinkoff–Saxo\n\n43\n\n\n2\n\n Tom Dumoulin (NED)\n\nTeam Giant–Alpecin\n\n28\n\n\n3\n\n Alexey Lutsenko (KAZ)\n\nAstana\n\n23\n\n\n4\n\n Thibaut Pinot (FRA)\n\nFDJ\n\n20\n\n\n5\n\n Jürgen Roelandts (BEL)\n\nLotto–Soudal\n\n20\n\n\n6\n\n Jan Bakelants (BEL)\n\nAG2R La Mondiale\n\n17\n\n\n7\n\n Alexander Kristoff (NOR)\n\nTeam Katusha\n\n16\n\n\n8\n\n Daniel Moreno (SPA)\n\nTeam Katusha\n\n16\n\n\n9\n\n Simon Špilak (SLO) \n\nTeam Katusha\n\n14\n\n\n10\n\n Fabian Cancellara (SWI)\n\nTrek Factory Racing\n\n14Mountains classification[edit]\n\nResult of mountains classification[79][81]\n\n\nRank\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\nDSQ\n\n Stefan Denifl[a] (AUT)\n\nIAM Cycling\n\n63\n\n\n1\n\n Thomas De Gendt (BEL) \n\nLotto–Soudal\n\n33\n\n\n3\n\n Thibaut Pinot (FRA)\n\nFDJ\n\n22\n\n\n4\n\n Luka Pibernik (SLO)\n\nLampre–Merida\n\n22\n\n\n5\n\n Daryl Impey (RSA)\n\nOrica–GreenEDGE\n\n21\n\n\n6\n\n Axel Domont (FRA)\n\nAG2R La Mondiale\n\n18\n\n\n7\n\n Cameron Meyer (AUS)\n\nOrica–GreenEDGE\n\n16\n\n\n8\n\n Branislau Samoilau (BLR)\n\nCCC–Sprandi–Polkowice\n\n16\n\n\n9\n\n Marco Marcato (ITA)\n\nWanty–Groupe Gobert\n\n16\n\n\n10\n\n Jan Bakelants (BEL)\n\nAG2R La Mondiale\n\n15\n\n\nTeams classification[edit]\n\nResult of teams classification[79]\n\n\nRank\n\nTeam\n\nTime\n\n\n1\n\nTeam Sky \n\n90h 55' 38\"\n\n\n2\n\nTrek Factory Racing\n\n+ 11' 49\"\n\n\n3\n\nIAM Cycling\n\n+ 15' 08\"\n\n\n4\n\nAstana\n\n+ 18' 43\"\n\n\n5\n\nBMC Racing Team\n\n+ 22' 33\"\n\n\n6\n\nTeam Giant–Alpecin\n\n+ 26' 44\"\n\n\n7\n\nAG2R La Mondiale\n\n+ 31' 04\"\n\n\n8\n\nOrica–GreenEDGE\n\n+ 31' 15\"\n\n\n9\n\nFDJ\n\n+ 31' 35\"\n\n\n10\n\nLottoNL–Jumbo\n\n+ 38' 49\"","title":"Classification standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Denifl_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Denifl_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Denifl_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Denifl_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Denifl_5-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Denifl_5-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Denifl_5-6"},{"link_name":"Stefan Denifl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Denifl"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Quinto_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Quinto_21-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Quinto_21-2"},{"link_name":"Brunnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunnen"},{"link_name":"Quinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinto,_Ticino"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock-20"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g Stefan Denifl's results were expunged following his four-year suspension for blood doping in June 2019.[3][4]\n\n^ a b c The stage was due to be held over a distance of 174.5 kilometres (108.4 miles) and was due to start in Brunnen, but a landslide resulted in the start being moved to Quinto.[19]\n\n^ The race was initially scheduled to be held over 1,319.8 kilometres (820.1 miles), but was altered due to the shortening of the third stage.[19]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"World road race champion Michał Kwiatkowski, pictured before stage two, was considered to be among the pre-race favourites for the general classification.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tour_de_Suisse_2015_Stage_2_Risch-Rotkreuz_%2818982731875%29.jpg/220px-Tour_de_Suisse_2015_Stage_2_Risch-Rotkreuz_%2818982731875%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The opening prologue's 5.1-kilometre (3.2-mile) course was in and around Risch-Rotkreuz.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tour_de_Suisse_2015%2C_%C3%A9tape_1_%28A%29.jpg/220px-Tour_de_Suisse_2015%2C_%C3%A9tape_1_%28A%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tom Dumoulin on his way to victory on Stage 1","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tour_de_Suisse_2015_Stage_1_Risch-Rotkreuz_%2818359220823%29.jpg/220px-Tour_de_Suisse_2015_Stage_1_Risch-Rotkreuz_%2818359220823%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The race leaders pass beneath the archway marking 1 kilometre (0.62 miles) to go (flamme rouge).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tour_de_Suisse_2015_Stage_2_Risch-Rotkreuz_%2818986267801%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Tour_de_Suisse_2015_Stage_2_Risch-Rotkreuz_%2818986267801%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The third stage began with the hors catégorie Gotthard Pass climb.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Airolo_1.jpg/220px-Airolo_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 193.2-kilometre (120.0-mile) route of stage four began in Flims and finished in Schwarzenbach [de].","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2015_Tour_de_Suisse%2C_Stage_4.png/170px-2015_Tour_de_Suisse%2C_Stage_4.png"},{"image_text":"After more than 200 kilometres (124.3 miles) of racing, the climb to the Rettenbach glacier awaited.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oetztaler_Rettenbachferner.jpg/220px-Oetztaler_Rettenbachferner.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thibaut Pinot, seen here riding stage two, won the queen stage of the race and took the lead of the race.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tour_de_Suisse_2015_Stage_2_Risch-Rotkreuz_%2818795642288%29.jpg/220px-Tour_de_Suisse_2015_Stage_2_Risch-Rotkreuz_%2818795642288%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The finishing town of Biel/Bienne saw Peter Sagan take his second win at the 2015 Tour de Suisse. Pictured here is the Lake Biel close to the town.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Swiss-bienne-city-1.JPG/220px-Swiss-bienne-city-1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Team Katusha rider Alexander Kristoff (pictured in 2009) won stage seven's bunch sprint finish.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Alexander_Kristoff.JPG/220px-Alexander_Kristoff.JPG"},{"image_text":"Stage eight's 38.7-kilometre (24.0-mile) circuit in and around Bern was navigated four times.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/2015_Tour_de_Suisse%2C_Stage_8.png/220px-2015_Tour_de_Suisse%2C_Stage_8.png"},{"image_text":"Bern hosted the last two stages of the 2015 Tour de Suisse.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bern_luftaufnahme.png/220px-Bern_luftaufnahme.png"},{"image_text":"Tom Dumoulin of Team Giant–Alpecin won the ninth stage; he is seen here celebrating his victory in the opening stage.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tour_de_Suisse_2015_Stage_1_Risch-Rotkreuz_%2818792230780%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Tour_de_Suisse_2015_Stage_1_Risch-Rotkreuz_%2818792230780%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2015 UCI Calendar\". UCI. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uci.ch/road/calendar/detail#date=20150601&view=list&categ=257&country=0&classc=0","url_text":"\"2015 UCI Calendar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale","url_text":"UCI"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150107012153/http://www.uci.ch/road/calendar/detail#date=20150601&view=list&categ=257&country=0&classc=0#date=20150601&view=list&categ=257&country=0&classc=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Denifl and Preidler handed four-year bans after blood doping confessions\". Cyclingnews.com. 27 June 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/denifl-and-preidler-handed-four-year-bans-after-blood-doping-confessions/","url_text":"\"Denifl and Preidler handed four-year bans after blood doping confessions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Consequences Imposed on License-Holders as Result of Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRV) as per the UCI Anti-Doping Rules (ADR)\" (PDF). UCI.org. Union Cycliste Internationale. 30 May 2022. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220624234037/https://assets.ctfassets.net/761l7gh5x5an/1eUWQkeQp5lRjW9QcgG6us/c25baea21090970f49cee2612851e336/2022_05_30_Sanction_ADRV_ENG_2.0.pdf","url_text":"\"Consequences Imposed on License-Holders as Result of Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRV) as per the UCI Anti-Doping Rules (ADR)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale","url_text":"Union Cycliste Internationale"},{"url":"https://assets.ctfassets.net/761l7gh5x5an/1eUWQkeQp5lRjW9QcgG6us/c25baea21090970f49cee2612851e336/2022_05_30_Sanction_ADRV_ENG_2.0.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UCI Cycling Regulations: Part 2: Road Races page 110 article 2.15.127\" (PDF). UCI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150702030045/http://www.uci.ch/mm/Document/News/Rulesandregulation/16/82/39/2-ROA-20150619-E_English.pdf","url_text":"\"UCI Cycling Regulations: Part 2: Road Races page 110 article 2.15.127\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale","url_text":"UCI"},{"url":"http://www.uci.ch/mm/Document/News/Rulesandregulation/16/82/39/2-ROA-20150619-E_English.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Axelgaard, Emil (22 May 2015). \"Tour de Suisse wildcards announced\". CyclingQuotes.com. JJnet.dk A/S. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingquotes.com/news/tour_de_suisse_wild_cards_announced/","url_text":"\"Tour de Suisse wildcards announced\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150614145925/http://www.cyclingquotes.com/news/tour_de_suisse_wild_cards_announced/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Startliste Medien\" [Startlist Media] (PDF). Tour de Suisse (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150703040217/http://www.tourdesuisse.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/user_upload/Startliste_Medien.pdf","url_text":"\"Startliste Medien\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Suisse","url_text":"Tour de Suisse"},{"url":"http://www.tourdesuisse.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/user_upload/Startliste_Medien.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Axelgaard, Emil (22 April 2015). \"No title defence for Costa at the Tour de Suisse\". CyclingQuotes.com. JJnet.dk A/S. Archived from the original on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingquotes.com/news/no_title_defence_for_costa_at_the_tour_de_suisse/","url_text":"\"No title defence for Costa at the Tour de Suisse\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150602195830/http://cyclingquotes.com/news/no_title_defence_for_costa_at_the_tour_de_suisse","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Puddicombe, Stephen (11 June 2015). \"Tour de Suisse 2015 preview\". Cycling Weekly. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest-news/tour-de-suisse-2015-preview-176349","url_text":"\"Tour de Suisse 2015 preview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_Weekly","url_text":"Cycling Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150629070523/http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest-news/tour-de-suisse-2015-preview-176349","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Puddicombe, Stephen (12 June 2015). \"Tour de Suisse 2015: Who will win?\". Cycling Weekly. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest-news/tour-de-suisse-2015-who-will-win-176523","url_text":"\"Tour de Suisse 2015: Who will win?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_Weekly","url_text":"Cycling Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150628222910/http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest-news/tour-de-suisse-2015-who-will-win-176523","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Henrys, Colin (12 June 2015). \"Tour de Suisse 2015 - preview: Mark Cavendish steps up Tour de France preparations against sprinting rivals\". Road Cycling UK. Mpora. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.roadcyclinguk.com/racing/previews/tour-de-suisse-2015-preview-mark-cavendish-steps-up-tour-de-france-preparations-against-sprinting-rivals.html","url_text":"\"Tour de Suisse 2015 - preview: Mark Cavendish steps up Tour de France preparations against sprinting rivals\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150702132221/http://roadcyclinguk.com/racing/previews/tour-de-suisse-2015-preview-mark-cavendish-steps-up-tour-de-france-preparations-against-sprinting-rivals.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Patrick (12 June 2015). \"Tour de Suisse primed for duel among top sprinters\". Cyclingnews.com. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-de-suisse-2015/preview","url_text":"\"Tour de Suisse primed for duel among top sprinters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150613125122/http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-de-suisse-2015/preview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Barry (12 May 2015). \"Giro d'Italia: I'm ok but it was a very heavy fall, says Pozzovivo\". Cyclingnews.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/giro-ditalia-im-ok-but-it-was-a-very-heavy-fall-says-pozzovivo","url_text":"\"Giro d'Italia: I'm ok but it was a very heavy fall, says Pozzovivo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626183927/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/giro-ditalia-im-ok-but-it-was-a-very-heavy-fall-says-pozzovivo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sagan targeting opening yellow jersey at Tour de Suisse\". Cyclingnews.com. 10 June 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/sagan-targeting-opening-yellow-jersey-at-tour-de-suisse","url_text":"\"Sagan targeting opening yellow jersey at Tour de Suisse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150612061635/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/sagan-targeting-opening-yellow-jersey-at-tour-de-suisse","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Farrand, Stephen (24 June 2015). \"Cancellara ready to suffer at the Tour de Suisse as he returns from fractured vertebra\". Cyclingnews.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/cancellara-ready-to-suffer-at-the-tour-de-suisse-as-he-returns-from-fractured-vertebra","url_text":"\"Cancellara ready to suffer at the Tour de Suisse as he returns from fractured vertebra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150701212643/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/cancellara-ready-to-suffer-at-the-tour-de-suisse-as-he-returns-from-fractured-vertebra","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour de Suisse\". Cycling Weekly. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/tag/tour-de-suisse","url_text":"\"Tour de Suisse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_Weekly","url_text":"Cycling Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150629061943/http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/tag/tour-de-suisse","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1,320 kilometres, 15,606 metres of elevation gain and a portion of glacier ice\". Tour de Suisse. 3 March 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hearn_(disambiguation)	Edward Hearn	[]	Edward Hearn or Hearne may refer to: Ed Hearn (baseball) (born 1960), baseball catcher Eddie Hearn (born 1979), British sports promoter Edward Hearn (actor) (1888–1963), American actor, frequently credited as Edward or Ed Hearn Edward Hearn (rugby league), Australian rugby league footballer of the 1940s and 1950s Edward L. Hearn (1866–1945), Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus Ed Hearne (1887–1952), baseball shortstop Eddie Hearne (1887–1955), American racecar driver Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ed Hearn (baseball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Hearn_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Hearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Hearn"},{"link_name":"Edward Hearn (actor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hearn_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Edward Hearn (rugby league)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hearn_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Edward L. Hearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_L._Hearn"},{"link_name":"Ed Hearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Hearne"},{"link_name":"Eddie Hearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Hearne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Edward_Hearn&namespace=0"}],"text":"Ed Hearn (baseball) (born 1960), baseball catcher\nEddie Hearn (born 1979), British sports promoter\nEdward Hearn (actor) (1888–1963), American actor, frequently credited as Edward or Ed Hearn\nEdward Hearn (rugby league), Australian rugby league footballer of the 1940s and 1950s\nEdward L. Hearn (1866–1945), Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus\nEd Hearne (1887–1952), baseball shortstop\nEddie Hearne (1887–1955), American racecar driverTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Edward Hearn"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Edward_Hearn&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]

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