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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babice,_Lublin_Voivodeship | Babice, Lublin Voivodeship | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 50°20′56″N 22°55′29″E / 50.34889°N 22.92472°E / 50.34889; 22.92472For other places with the same name, see Babice (disambiguation).
Village in Lublin Voivodeship, PolandBabiceVillageBabiceCoordinates: 50°20′56″N 22°55′29″E / 50.34889°N 22.92472°E / 50.34889; 22.92472Country PolandVoivodeshipLublinCountyBiłgorajGminaObszaPopulation • Total966
Babice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Obsza, within Biłgoraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-west of Obsza, 27 km (17 mi) south-east of Biłgoraj, and 103 km (64 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.
References
^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.
vteGmina ObszaSeat
Obsza
Other villages
Babice
Dorbozy
Olchowiec
Wola Obszańska
Zamch
This Biłgoraj County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babice (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babice_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[baˈbʲit͡sɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"Gmina Obsza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Obsza"},{"link_name":"Biłgoraj County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%82goraj_County"},{"link_name":"Lublin Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"},{"link_name":"Obsza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsza"},{"link_name":"Biłgoraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%82goraj"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Babice (disambiguation).Village in Lublin Voivodeship, PolandBabice [baˈbʲit͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Obsza, within Biłgoraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.[1] It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-west of Obsza, 27 km (17 mi) south-east of Biłgoraj, and 103 km (64 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.","title":"Babice, Lublin Voivodeship"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Babice,_Lublin_Voivodeship¶ms=50_20_56_N_22_55_29_E_region:PL_type:city(966)","external_links_name":"50°20′56″N 22°55′29″E / 50.34889°N 22.92472°E / 50.34889; 22.92472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Babice,_Lublin_Voivodeship¶ms=50_20_56_N_22_55_29_E_region:PL_type:city(966)","external_links_name":"50°20′56″N 22°55′29″E / 50.34889°N 22.92472°E / 50.34889; 22.92472"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babice,_Lublin_Voivodeship&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocha,_Yemen | Mokha | ["1 Overview","2 History","3 Climate","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 13°19′13″N 43°15′00″E / 13.32028°N 43.25000°E / 13.32028; 43.25000For the village in Punjab, see Mokha, Sultanpur Lodhi. For the dancer, see Dorine Mokha. For other uses of the alternative spelling "Mocha", see Mocha (disambiguation).
City in Taiz Governorate, YemenMokha
المخاCityA Dhow near the coast of MokhaMokhaLocation in YemenCoordinates: 13°19′13″N 43°15′00″E / 13.32028°N 43.25000°E / 13.32028; 43.25000Country YemenGovernorateTaiz GovernorateDistrictAl-MakhaElevation13 m (43 ft)Population (2005) • Total16,794Time zoneUTC+3 (Yemen Standard Time)
Mokha (Arabic: المُخا, romanized: al-Mukhā), also spelled Mocha, or Mukha, is a port city on the Red Sea coast of Yemen. Until Aden and al Hudaydah eclipsed it in the 19th century, Mokha was the principal port for Yemen's capital, Sanaa. Long known for its coffee trade, the city gave its name to Mocha coffee.
Overview
Minaret of Mocha Mosque
Mocha was the major marketplace for many commodities, including, but not limited to coffee (Coffea arabica) from the 16th century through the 19th century. The coffee itself did not grow in Mocha, but was transported from Ethiopia and inland Yemen to the port in Mocha, where it was then shipped abroad. Even after other sources of coffee were found, Mocha beans (also called Sanani or Mocha Sanani beans, meaning from Sana'a) continued to be prized for their distinctive flavor—and remain so even today. Mocha's coffee legacy is reflected in the name of the mocha latte and the Moka pot coffee maker. In Germany, traditional Turkish coffee is known as Mokka.
European factories at Mocha in the late 17th century
According to the Portuguese Jesuit missionary Jerónimo Lobo, who sailed the Red Sea in 1625, Mocha was "formerly of limited reputation and trade" but since "the Turkish assumption of power throughout Arabia, it has become the major city of the territory under Turkish domination, even though it is not the Pasha's place of residence, which is two days' journey inland in the city of Sana'a." Lobo adds that its importance as a port was also due to the Ottoman law that required all ships entering the Red Sea to put in at Mocha and pay duty on their cargoes.
Mocha's patron saint is Ali bin Omar al-Shadhili.
History
Based on the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, many believe that the important ancient emporium of Muza is located near Mocha. The exact location has been debated, being present day Mocha itself, the coastal village of Maushij or the inland settlement Mauza'.
Prior to the arrival of the Ottomans in Yemen, in 1538, Mocha was a small fishing village. The Ottomans developed Mocha as a port city, being the first port north of the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb.
Mocha reached its zenith in the first quarter of the 18th century, owing to its trade in coffee. English, Dutch, and French companies maintained factories at Mocha, which remained a major emporium and coffee exporting port until the early 19th century.
The city boasted a stone wall enclosing a citadel, as well as a labyrinth of thatched huts that surrounded the wall from without. Of these, some four hundred accommodated Jewish households that engaged in trade. In the mid-1730s, the vast majority of those occupied in trade in Mocha were the Banyan merchants, who numbered as many as 3,000 to 4,000 men. They chiefly traded in the commodity of coffee, brought by camels to the port of Mocha from places further north and inland, primarily from Bayt al-Faqih. Other trading goods brought to Mocha for export included such spices and commodities as frankincense, myrrh, Dragon's blood, Socotrine aloe, cumin, and the Balm of Gilead. English and Scottish merchants employed with the East India Company established a trading factory at Mocha, receiving at times as many as 50 to 60 camel loads of merchandise in a single delivery.
Passing through Mocha in 1752 and 1756, Remedius Prutky found that it boasted a "lodging-house of the Prophet Muhammad, which was like a huge tenement block laid out in many hundred separate cells where accommodation was rented to all strangers without discrimination of race or religion." He also found a number of European ships in the harbor: three French, four English, two Dutch, and one Portuguese. In the 18th century, a plague killed half of the city's population, from which time the city never really recovered.
In August 1800 Phoenix visited. William Moffat, her captain, took the opportunity to prepare a chart of the mouth of the Red Sea.
Mocha was very dependent on imported coffee beans from present-day Ethiopia, which was exported by Somali merchants from Berbera across the Gulf of Aden. The Berbera merchants procured most of the coffee from the environs of Harar and shipped them off in their own vessels during the Berbera trading season. According to Captain Haines, who was the colonial administrator of Aden (1839–1854), Mocha historically imported up to two-thirds of their coffee from Berbera-based merchants before the coffee trade of Mocha was captured by British-controlled Aden in the 19th century.
18th century French plan of Mocha, Yemen. The Somali, Jewish and European quarters are located outside the citadel.
The Somalis of Berbera also had a navigation act where they excluded Arab vessels and brought the goods and produce of the interior in their own ships to Mocha and other Arabian ports:
Berbera held an annual fair during the cool rain-free months between October and April. This months-long market handled immense quantities of coffee, gum Arabic, myrrh and other commodities. In the early 19th century these goods were almost exclusively handled by Somalis who, Salt says, had "a kind of navigation act by which they exclude the Arab vessels from their ports and bring the produce of their country either to Aden or Mocha in their own dows."
Foreign observers at the time were quick to notice the Somalis who frequented Mocha. The majority of the Somalis arrived seasonally and stayed temporarily to trade in the goods they brought from the interior of the Horn of Africa. They were noted to be industrious in trade as well as keeping to the general peace:
The Samaulies, who inhabit the whole coast from Gardafui to the Straits , and through whose territories the whole produce of the interior of Africa must consequently reach Arabia, have been represented by Mr. Bruce, and many others, as a savage race, with whom it would be dangerous to have connection. I think that this is an unjust accusation, and is sufficiently disproved by the extent of their inland trade, their great fairs, and their large exports in their own vessels. A great number of them live close to Mocha, and are a peaceable inoffensive race.
Amidst the varied classes which are found in this town, the Soumalies, or natives of the opposite coast of Africa, are the most calculated to excite the attention of a stranger. Few reside here permanently, the greater number only remaining until their stock of sheep, gums, or coffee is disposed of.
In 1817, a British lieutenant was allegedly mistreated in Mocha, and the British Indian authorities requested that action be taken. However, the imam's governor turned down the British demand. In response, in December 1820, HMS Topaze and ships and troops belonging to the British East India Company attacked Mocha's North and South Forts, destroying them.
A decade and a half later, Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt would also attack the city and destroy its fortified wall closest to the sea, as well as its citadel. By that time, however, Mocha's trade in its country's precious commodity of coffee grains (Coffea arabica) had already been supplanted by Ethiopia, which was the principal trader of this commodity to North Africa and which sold for a third of the price of the same coffee imported from Arabia.
Mocha during 1900–1910
Villa of the Turkish governor, late 19th century
Diplomat Edmund Roberts visited Mocha in the 1830s. He noted that Turkish "rebels" possessed Mocha. The Turks took it over after they left Egypt while being disgruntled with the rule of Muhammad Ali of Egypt. These "rebels", consisting of confederates throughout Arabia, had banded together under one leader named Turkie ben al Mas. Jacob Saphir who visited the city in 1859 wrote about seeing many houses that were vacant of dwellers, although the Turkish governor still dwelt there with a band of soldiers, collecting taxes from local traders and ships visiting the harbor. When the British took control over Aden, the port in Mocha fell into disuse, being replaced by Aden. The general destruction of the city was still prominent as late as 1909, when German explorer and photographer, Hermann Burchardt, wrote of the city Mocha as he saw it: "This card will reach you from one of the most godforsaken little places in Asia. It exceeds all my expectations, with regard to the destruction. It looks like a city entirely destroyed by earthquakes, etc."
The Bialetti Moka pot stovetop pressurized espresso maker was named after the Yemini city by the Italian engineer inventor Alfonso Bialetti in 1933. At the time Mocha was a famous leading producer and trader of coffee worldwide with a history going back 500 years, and also became known for its unique Yemini wild Mocha coffee beans.
In 1955, the modern port of Mocha was established.
Mocha was among the population centers in southern Yemen taken over by the Houthis during their military offensive in March 2015, and was bombed by an Arab coalition in July 2015. The city was attacked by pro-Hadi forces in January 2017 and captured by them the following month.
In 2021, an alleged attack by Houthi rebels, using ballistic missiles and drones, caused major damage to Mocha's port. The Associated Press reported that the attack on the port destroyed warehouses that aid organizations had been using.
Today, Mocha is no longer used as a major trade route, as local coffee farms could not compete with those in former colonies such as Java. The local economy is nowadays largely based on fishing.
Climate
The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies Mokha's climate as hot desert (BWh).
Climate data for Mocha
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
31.2(88.2)
31.5(88.7)
33.4(92.1)
35.4(95.7)
37.6(99.7)
38.8(101.8)
39.5(103.1)
38.9(102.0)
37.6(99.7)
35.7(96.3)
33.2(91.8)
31.4(88.5)
35.3(95.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)
26.7(80.1)
27.1(80.8)
28.8(83.8)
30.6(87.1)
32.7(90.9)
34.0(93.2)
34.6(94.3)
34.0(93.2)
33.0(91.4)
31.0(87.8)
28.9(84.0)
27.2(81.0)
30.7(87.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
22.3(72.1)
22.7(72.9)
24.2(75.6)
25.9(78.6)
27.8(82.0)
29.2(84.6)
29.7(85.5)
29.1(84.4)
28.4(83.1)
26.3(79.3)
24.0(75.2)
23.0(73.4)
26.1(78.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
5(0.2)
2(0.1)
4(0.2)
4(0.2)
2(0.1)
1(0.0)
8(0.3)
14(0.6)
22(0.9)
6(0.2)
2(0.1)
5(0.2)
75(3.1)
Source: Climate-Data.org, altitude: 3m
See also
Mocha coffee bean
Caffè mocha
Almaqah
References
^ "Mocha | Yemen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
^ Eschner, Kat. "Your Mocha is Named After the Birthplace of the Coffee Trade". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
^ "Yemen coffee, pearls upon trees". Yemen Times. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
^ Kat Eschner (29 September 2017). "Your Mocha is Named After the Birthplace of the Coffee Trade". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
^ Donald M. Lockhart, translator, The Itinerário of Jerónimo Lobo (London: Hakluyt Society, 1984), p.88
^ a b Nancy Um, “Mocha: Maritime Architecture on Yemen’s Red Sea Coast.” In ‘Architecture That Fills My Eye’: The Building Heritage of Yemen. Exh. Cat. Ed. Trevor H.J. Marchand, 60-69. London: Gingko Library, 2017.
^ Donzel, Emeri J. van; Donzel, Emeri J. van (1994). Islamic desk reference: compiled from The encyclopaedia of islam. Leiden New York Köln: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09738-4.
^ D'Anville (1766)
^ Niebuhr and Sprenger (1875)
^ "Book review: The Merchant Houses of Mocha". al-bab.com. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
^ Macro, Eric (1980). "The Topography of Mocha". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 10: 55–66. ISSN 0308-8421. JSTOR 41222965.
^ a b c d Iben Safir, (vol. 1), Jacob Saphir, Lyck, 1866, pp. 110a– 111a (Hebrew)
^ Fergusson, William (2021). Derek L. Elliott (ed.). The voyages and manifesto of William Fergusson, a surgeon of the East India Company 1731-1739. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge for the Hakluyt Society. p. 88. ISBN 9780367713911. OCLC 1224044668.
^ a b c Fergusson, William (2021). Derek L. Elliott (ed.). The voyages and manifesto of William Fergusson, a surgeon of the East India Company 1731-1739. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge for the Hakluyt Society. p. 90. ISBN 9780367713911. OCLC 1224044668.
^ J.H. Arrowsmith-Brown, translator and editor, Prutky's Travels to Ethiopia and Other Countries (London: Hakluyt Society, 1991), pp.363f
^ R. J., Gavin (1975). Aden Under British Rule, 1839-1967. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 53.
^ Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.
^ Pankhurst, R. (1965). Journal of Ethiopian Studies Vol. 3, No. 1. Institute of Ethiopian Studies. p. 45.
^ Viscount Valentia, George (1809). Voyages and Travels to India, Ceylon, The Red Sea, Abyssinia, and Egypt in the Years 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, and 1806, Volume 2. Miller Press. p. 371.
^ Raymond Wellsted, James (1840). Travels to the City of the Caliphs Along the Shores of the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean: Including a Voyage to the Coast of Arabia and a Tour on the Island of Socotra. Henry Colburn. p. 140.
^ Playfair, R.L. (1859). A History of Arabia Felix or Yemen. Bombay. pp. 134–39.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Johann Ludwig Burckhardt (John Lewis Burckhardt), Travels in Nubia 1819.
^ Roberts, Edmund (1837). Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 346. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ Michael Friedländer, Hermann Burchardt: Mitteilungen aus seinen letzten Briefen (Messages from his last letters), published in Journal: Ost und West Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine (Illustrated monthly magazine for all of Judaism), issue 2 / February 1910, Berlin, p. 108 (German).
^ "Bialetti - Our History". www.bialetti.com. Archived from the original on 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
^ "My grandfather Alfonso Bialetti | DisegnoDaily". 2016-03-04. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
^ "How Yemen once introduced the world to mocha coffee". Al Arabiya English. 2017-10-01. Archived from the original on 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
^ "Did you know that Mocha coffee comes from Yemen? | Did you know that the "Mochaccino" isn't Italian but Yemeni? Its name Al-Mukha comes from the Yemeni port city that controlled the #mocha trade for... | By Meem Magazine English | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
^ Yemeni Coffee: From Mocha to all Over the World, archived from the original on 2022-10-02, retrieved 2022-10-02
^ "Mokha Port". Ministry of Transport - Republic of Yemen. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
^ "Key waterway under threat as Houthi militiamen advance". Saudi Gazette. 24 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
^ Al-Haj, Ahmed (24 July 2015). "Yemeni officials, witnesses: Saudi-led coalition airstrikes kill more than 120 in port city". AP. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
^ "Houthi forces launch decisive counter-offensive in west Yemen". Archived from the original on 2017-02-12. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
^ Binnie, Jeremy (February 14, 2018). "Yemeni rebels claim Patriot battery destroyed". Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018. Yemen's Ansar Allah group claimed on 10 February that it had destroyed the Patriot PAC-3 air defence system deployed to the Red Sea town of Al-Mukha (Mocha).
^ Waguih, Asmaa (2018-11-30). "This Yemeni Town Went From Coffee King to Smuggler's Haven". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2019-03-25. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
^ "Yemen loyalists retake historic port of Mocha: Spokesman". gulfnews.com. February 10, 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
^ "Yemeni officials says rebels attacked aid warehouses with missiles". TRT World. Associated Press. September 11, 2021. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
^ McLaughlin, Daniel (2007). Yemen. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-212-5.
^ Al-Fareh, Ammar Mohammed (December 2018). "The impact of the war in Yemen on artisanal fishing of the Red Sea". www.lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
^ "Climate: Mocha - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
Further reading
Published in the 19th century
William Milburn (1813), "Mocha", Oriental Commerce, London: Black, Parry & Co., hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1hh6sn82, OCLC 6856418
Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Mocha", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
Josiah Conder (1834), "Mocha", Dictionary of Geography, London: T. Tegg
John Macgregor (1844). "Mocha". Commercial Statistics. London: C. Knight and Co.
Published in the 20th century
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mokha" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 651.
"Mocha" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mocha.
vte Yemeni cities and towns by population1,000,000 and more
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Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mokha, Sultanpur Lodhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokha,_Sultanpur_Lodhi"},{"link_name":"Dorine Mokha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorine_Mokha"},{"link_name":"Mocha (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocha_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-1"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"},{"link_name":"al Hudaydah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hudaydah"},{"link_name":"Sanaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa"},{"link_name":"Mocha coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_mocha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the village in Punjab, see Mokha, Sultanpur Lodhi. For the dancer, see Dorine Mokha. For other uses of the alternative spelling \"Mocha\", see Mocha (disambiguation).City in Taiz Governorate, YemenMokha (Arabic: المُخا, romanized: al-Mukhā), also spelled Mocha, or Mukha,[1] is a port city on the Red Sea coast of Yemen. Until Aden and al Hudaydah eclipsed it in the 19th century, Mokha was the principal port for Yemen's capital, Sanaa. Long known for its coffee trade, the city gave its name to Mocha coffee.[2]","title":"Mokha"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosque_and_moon_(10632913833).jpg"},{"link_name":"Coffea arabica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffea_arabica"},{"link_name":"Mocha beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocha_coffee_bean"},{"link_name":"Sana'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%27a"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"mocha latte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_mocha"},{"link_name":"Moka pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moka_pot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Turkish coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_coffee"},{"link_name":"Mokka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokka_(Kaffee)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mocha_Dapper_1680.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"Jerónimo Lobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Lobo"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia"},{"link_name":"Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"patron saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Minaret of Mocha MosqueMocha was the major marketplace for many commodities, including, but not limited to coffee (Coffea arabica) from the 16th century through the 19th century. The coffee itself did not grow in Mocha, but was transported from Ethiopia and inland Yemen to the port in Mocha, where it was then shipped abroad. Even after other sources of coffee were found, Mocha beans (also called Sanani or Mocha Sanani beans, meaning from Sana'a) continued to be prized for their distinctive flavor—and remain so even today.[3] Mocha's coffee legacy is reflected in the name of the mocha latte and the Moka pot coffee maker.[4] In Germany, traditional Turkish coffee is known as Mokka.European factories at Mocha in the late 17th centuryAccording to the Portuguese Jesuit missionary Jerónimo Lobo, who sailed the Red Sea in 1625, Mocha was \"formerly of limited reputation and trade\" but since \"the Turkish assumption of power throughout Arabia, it has become the major city of the territory under Turkish domination, even though it is not the Pasha's place of residence, which is two days' journey inland in the city of Sana'a.\"[5] Lobo adds that its importance as a port was also due to the Ottoman law that required all ships entering the Red Sea to put in at Mocha and pay duty on their cargoes.Mocha's patron saint is Ali bin Omar al-Shadhili.[6][7]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"emporium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)"},{"link_name":"Muza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muza_(emporion)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"arrival of the Ottomans in Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Ottoman_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Bab-el-Mandeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyck1866-12"},{"link_name":"Banyan merchants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyan_merchants"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bayt al-Faqih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayt_al-Faqih"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WFergusson-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WFergusson-14"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WFergusson-14"},{"link_name":"Prophet Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyck1866-12"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(1785)"},{"link_name":"Berbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera"},{"link_name":"Harar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harar"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bellin_-_Plan_de_la_Ville_de_Moka.png"},{"link_name":"dows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhow"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Somalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalis"},{"link_name":"Horn of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"HMS Topaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_frigate_%C3%89toile_(1813)"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyck1866-12"},{"link_name":"Coffea arabica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffea_arabica"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mokha_panorama_(Delcampe,_anonym).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mocha_Turkish_governor_villa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edmund Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Roberts_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts1-23"},{"link_name":"Jacob Saphir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Saphir"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyck1866-12"},{"link_name":"Hermann Burchardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Burchardt"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Moka pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moka_pot"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Bialetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Bialetti"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-26"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"Mocha coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocha_coffee_bean"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"port of Mocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Mocha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Houthis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthis"},{"link_name":"military offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Yemen_offensive_(2015)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"bombed by an Arab coalition in July 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Mokha"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bombing-2015-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Houthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Based on the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, many believe that the important ancient emporium of Muza is located near Mocha. The exact location has been debated, being present day Mocha itself, the coastal village of Maushij[8] or the inland settlement Mauza'.[9][10]Prior to the arrival of the Ottomans in Yemen, in 1538, Mocha was a small fishing village. The Ottomans developed Mocha as a port city, being the first port north of the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb.[6]Mocha reached its zenith in the first quarter of the 18th century, owing to its trade in coffee.[11] English, Dutch, and French companies maintained factories at Mocha, which remained a major emporium and coffee exporting port until the early 19th century.The city boasted a stone wall enclosing a citadel, as well as a labyrinth of thatched huts that surrounded the wall from without. Of these, some four hundred accommodated Jewish households that engaged in trade.[12] In the mid-1730s, the vast majority of those occupied in trade in Mocha were the Banyan merchants, who numbered as many as 3,000 to 4,000 men.[13] They chiefly traded in the commodity of coffee, brought by camels to the port of Mocha from places further north and inland, primarily from Bayt al-Faqih.[14] Other trading goods brought to Mocha for export included such spices and commodities as frankincense, myrrh, Dragon's blood, Socotrine aloe, cumin, and the Balm of Gilead.[14] English and Scottish merchants employed with the East India Company established a trading factory at Mocha, receiving at times as many as 50 to 60 camel loads of merchandise in a single delivery.[14]Passing through Mocha in 1752 and 1756, Remedius Prutky found that it boasted a \"lodging-house of the Prophet Muhammad, which was like a huge tenement block laid out in many hundred separate cells where accommodation was rented to all strangers without discrimination of race or religion.\" He also found a number of European ships in the harbor: three French, four English, two Dutch, and one Portuguese.[15] In the 18th century, a plague killed half of the city's population, from which time the city never really recovered.[12]In August 1800 Phoenix visited. William Moffat, her captain, took the opportunity to prepare a chart of the mouth of the Red Sea.Mocha was very dependent on imported coffee beans from present-day Ethiopia, which was exported by Somali merchants from Berbera across the Gulf of Aden. The Berbera merchants procured most of the coffee from the environs of Harar and shipped them off in their own vessels during the Berbera trading season. According to Captain Haines, who was the colonial administrator of Aden (1839–1854), Mocha historically imported up to two-thirds of their coffee from Berbera-based merchants before the coffee trade of Mocha was captured by British-controlled Aden in the 19th century.[16][17]18th century French plan of Mocha, Yemen. The Somali, Jewish and European quarters are located outside the citadel.The Somalis of Berbera also had a navigation act where they excluded Arab vessels and brought the goods and produce of the interior in their own ships to Mocha and other Arabian ports:Berbera held an annual fair during the cool rain-free months between October and April. This months-long market handled immense quantities of coffee, gum Arabic, myrrh and other commodities. In the early 19th century these goods were almost exclusively handled by Somalis who, Salt says, had \"a kind of navigation act by which they exclude the Arab vessels from their ports and bring the produce of their country either to Aden or Mocha in their own dows.\"[18]Foreign observers at the time were quick to notice the Somalis who frequented Mocha. The majority of the Somalis arrived seasonally and stayed temporarily to trade in the goods they brought from the interior of the Horn of Africa. They were noted to be industrious in trade as well as keeping to the general peace:The Samaulies, who inhabit the whole coast from Gardafui to the Straits [Bab-el-Mandeb], and through whose territories the whole produce of the interior of Africa must consequently reach Arabia, have been represented by Mr. Bruce, and many others, as a savage race, with whom it would be dangerous to have connection. I think that this is an unjust accusation, and is sufficiently disproved by the extent of their inland trade, their great fairs, and their large exports in their own vessels. A great number of them live close to Mocha, and are a peaceable inoffensive race.[19]Amidst the varied classes which are found in this town, the Soumalies, or natives of the opposite coast of Africa, are the most calculated to excite the attention of a stranger. Few reside here permanently, the greater number only remaining until their stock of sheep, gums, or coffee is disposed of.[20]In 1817, a British lieutenant was allegedly mistreated in Mocha, and the British Indian authorities requested that action be taken. However, the imam's governor turned down the British demand. In response, in December 1820, HMS Topaze and ships and troops belonging to the British East India Company attacked Mocha's North and South Forts, destroying them.[21]A decade and a half later, Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt would also attack the city and destroy its fortified wall closest to the sea, as well as its citadel.[12] By that time, however, Mocha's trade in its country's precious commodity of coffee grains (Coffea arabica) had already been supplanted by Ethiopia, which was the principal trader of this commodity to North Africa and which sold for a third of the price of the same coffee imported from Arabia.[22]Mocha during 1900–1910Villa of the Turkish governor, late 19th centuryDiplomat Edmund Roberts visited Mocha in the 1830s. He noted that Turkish \"rebels\" possessed Mocha. The Turks took it over after they left Egypt while being disgruntled with the rule of Muhammad Ali of Egypt. These \"rebels\", consisting of confederates throughout Arabia, had banded together under one leader named Turkie ben al Mas.[23] Jacob Saphir who visited the city in 1859 wrote about seeing many houses that were vacant of dwellers, although the Turkish governor still dwelt there with a band of soldiers, collecting taxes from local traders and ships visiting the harbor.[12] When the British took control over Aden, the port in Mocha fell into disuse, being replaced by Aden. The general destruction of the city was still prominent as late as 1909, when German explorer and photographer, Hermann Burchardt, wrote of the city Mocha as he saw it: \"This card will reach you from one of the most godforsaken little places in Asia. It exceeds all my expectations, with regard to the destruction. It looks like a city entirely destroyed by earthquakes, etc.\"[24]The Bialetti Moka pot stovetop pressurized espresso maker was named after the Yemini city by the Italian engineer inventor Alfonso Bialetti in 1933.[25][26] At the time Mocha was a famous leading producer and trader of coffee worldwide with a history going back 500 years, and also became known for its unique Yemini wild Mocha coffee beans.[27][28][29]In 1955, the modern port of Mocha was established.[30]Mocha was among the population centers in southern Yemen taken over by the Houthis during their military offensive in March 2015,[31] and was bombed by an Arab coalition in July 2015.[32] The city was attacked by pro-Hadi forces in January 2017[33][34] and captured by them the following month.[35][36]In 2021, an alleged attack by Houthi rebels, using ballistic missiles and drones, caused major damage to Mocha's port. The Associated Press reported that the attack on the port destroyed warehouses that aid organizations had been using.[37]Today, Mocha is no longer used as a major trade route, as local coffee farms could not compete with those in former colonies such as Java.[38] The local economy is nowadays largely based on fishing.[39]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen-Geiger climate classification system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_system"},{"link_name":"hot desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_desert_climate"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies Mokha's climate as hot desert (BWh).Climate data for Mocha\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n31.5(88.7)\n\n33.4(92.1)\n\n35.4(95.7)\n\n37.6(99.7)\n\n38.8(101.8)\n\n39.5(103.1)\n\n38.9(102.0)\n\n37.6(99.7)\n\n35.7(96.3)\n\n33.2(91.8)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n35.3(95.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n28.8(83.8)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n32.7(90.9)\n\n34.0(93.2)\n\n34.6(94.3)\n\n34.0(93.2)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n28.9(84.0)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n30.7(87.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n25.9(78.6)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n29.1(84.4)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n26.3(79.3)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n26.1(78.9)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n5(0.2)\n\n2(0.1)\n\n4(0.2)\n\n4(0.2)\n\n2(0.1)\n\n1(0.0)\n\n8(0.3)\n\n14(0.6)\n\n22(0.9)\n\n6(0.2)\n\n2(0.1)\n\n5(0.2)\n\n75(3.1)\n\n\nSource: Climate-Data.org, altitude: 3m[40]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Mocha\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1hh6sn82?urlappend=%3Bseq=217"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1hh6sn82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft1hh6sn82?urlappend=%3Bseq=217"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6856418","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/6856418"},{"link_name":"Jedidiah Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedidiah_Morse"},{"link_name":"\"Mocha\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/newuniversalgaze00morsrich#page/478/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Josiah Conder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Conder_(editor_and_author)"},{"link_name":"\"Mocha\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/dictionaryofgeog00cond#page/430/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"Mocha\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wnVPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA374"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"\"Mokha\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mokha"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"\"Mocha\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Mocha"},{"link_name":"The New Student's Reference Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"}],"text":"Published in the 19th centuryWilliam Milburn (1813), \"Mocha\", Oriental Commerce, London: Black, Parry & Co., hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1hh6sn82, OCLC 6856418\nJedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), \"Mocha\", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse\nJosiah Conder (1834), \"Mocha\", Dictionary of Geography, London: T. Tegg\nJohn Macgregor (1844). \"Mocha\". Commercial Statistics. London: C. Knight and Co.Published in the 20th centuryChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Mokha\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 651.\n\"Mocha\" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Minaret of Mocha Mosque","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mosque_and_moon_%2810632913833%29.jpg/220px-Mosque_and_moon_%2810632913833%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"European factories at Mocha in the late 17th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mocha_Dapper_1680.jpg/220px-Mocha_Dapper_1680.jpg"},{"image_text":"18th century French plan of Mocha, Yemen. The Somali, Jewish and European quarters are located outside the citadel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bellin_-_Plan_de_la_Ville_de_Moka.png/220px-Bellin_-_Plan_de_la_Ville_de_Moka.png"},{"image_text":"Mocha during 1900–1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mokha_panorama_%28Delcampe%2C_anonym%29.jpg/220px-Mokha_panorama_%28Delcampe%2C_anonym%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Villa of the Turkish governor, late 19th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mocha_Turkish_governor_villa.jpg/220px-Mocha_Turkish_governor_villa.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Mocha coffee bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocha_coffee_bean"},{"title":"Caffè mocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_mocha"},{"title":"Almaqah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaqah"}] | [{"reference":"\"Mocha | Yemen\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Mocha-Yemen","url_text":"\"Mocha | Yemen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220929085228/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mocha-Yemen","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eschner, Kat. \"Your Mocha is Named After the Birthplace of the Coffee Trade\". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/your-mocha-named-after-birthplace-coffee-trade-180965016/","url_text":"\"Your Mocha is Named After the Birthplace of the Coffee Trade\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200911165406/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/your-mocha-named-after-birthplace-coffee-trade-180965016/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Yemen coffee, pearls upon trees\". Yemen Times. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726043107/http://yementimes.com/article.shtml?i=901&p=business&a=1","url_text":"\"Yemen coffee, pearls upon trees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_Times","url_text":"Yemen Times"},{"url":"http://yementimes.com/article.shtml?i=901&p=business&a=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kat Eschner (29 September 2017). \"Your Mocha is Named After the Birthplace of the Coffee Trade\". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/your-mocha-named-after-birthplace-coffee-trade-180965016/","url_text":"\"Your Mocha is Named After the Birthplace of the Coffee Trade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine","url_text":"Smithsonian Magazine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201023113218/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/your-mocha-named-after-birthplace-coffee-trade-180965016/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Donzel, Emeri J. van; Donzel, Emeri J. van (1994). Islamic desk reference: compiled from The encyclopaedia of islam. Leiden New York Köln: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09738-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09738-4","url_text":"978-90-04-09738-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Book review: The Merchant Houses of Mocha\". al-bab.com. 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Morse (1823), \"Mocha\", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedidiah_Morse","url_text":"Jedidiah Morse"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/newuniversalgaze00morsrich#page/478/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Mocha\""}]},{"reference":"Josiah Conder (1834), \"Mocha\", Dictionary of Geography, London: T. Tegg","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Conder_(editor_and_author)","url_text":"Josiah Conder"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofgeog00cond#page/430/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Mocha\""}]},{"reference":"John Macgregor (1844). \"Mocha\". Commercial Statistics. London: C. Knight and Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wnVPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA374","url_text":"\"Mocha\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Mokha\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 651.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mokha","url_text":"\"Mokha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Mocha\" . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbach,_Westerwaldkreis | Limbach, Westerwaldkreis | ["1 Geography","2 History","3 Politics","3.1 Municipal council","3.2 Town partnerships","4 Regular events","5 Economy and infrastructure","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°42′9″N 7°48′8″E / 50.70250°N 7.80222°E / 50.70250; 7.80222Municipality in Rhineland-Palatinate, GermanyLimbach Municipality
Coat of armsLocation of Limbach within Westerwaldkreis district
Limbach Show map of GermanyLimbach Show map of Rhineland-PalatinateCoordinates: 50°42′9″N 7°48′8″E / 50.70250°N 7.80222°E / 50.70250; 7.80222CountryGermanyStateRhineland-PalatinateDistrictWesterwaldkreis Municipal assoc.HachenburgGovernment • Mayor (2019–24) Ralph HilgerArea • Total3.69 km2 (1.42 sq mi)Elevation265 m (869 ft)Population (2021-12-31) • Total404 • Density110/km2 (280/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes57629Dialling codes02662Vehicle registrationWWWebsitewww.limbach-ww.de
Limbach is an Ortsgemeinde – a community belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde – in the Westerwaldkreis in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The agriculturally structured residential community belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Hachenburg, a kind of collective municipality. Its seat is in the like-named town.
Geography
The state-recognized recreational resort (Erholungsort) lies in the Westerwald between Limburg and Siegen, on the Kleine Nister in the nature and landscape conservation area of the Kroppach Switzerland (Kroppacher Schweiz)
History
In 1346, Limbach had its first documentary mention in a donation document.
Politics
Municipal council
The municipal council is made up of 8 council members who were elected in a majority vote in a municipal election on 13 June 2004.
Town partnerships
Since 1998, a partnership has existed with the Hungarian community of Kács.
Regular events
The old bridge during the BrückenfestThe Brückenfest (“Bridge Festival”), held on the second Saturday in July, is the summer night event in the Kroppacher Schweiz region attracting some thousand visitors each year. It takes place on and around the local stone arch bridge from 1871.
Economy and infrastructure
South of the community runs Bundesstraße 414, leading from Hohenroth to Hachenburg. The nearest Autobahn interchanges are in Siegen, Wilnsdorf and Herborn on the A 45 (Dortmund–Gießen). The nearest interchanges on the A 3 (Cologne–Frankfurt) are in Montabaur und Mogendorf. The nearest InterCityExpress stop is the railway station at Montabaur on the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line.
References
^ Direktwahlen 2019, Westerwaldkreis, Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 9 August 2021.
^ "Bevölkerungsstand 2021, Kreise, Gemeinden, Verbandsgemeinden" (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz. 2022.
External links
Limbach
Limbach in the collective municipality’s Web pages (in German)
vteTowns and municipalities in Westerwaldkreis
Ailertchen
Alpenrod
Alsbach
Arnshöfen
Astert
Atzelgift
Bad Marienberg
Bannberscheid
Bellingen
Berod bei Wallmerod
Berzhahn
Bilkheim
Boden
Bölsberg
Borod
Brandscheid
Breitenau
Bretthausen
Caan
Daubach
Deesen
Dernbach
Dreifelden
Dreikirchen
Dreisbach
Ebernhahn
Eitelborn
Elbingen
Ellenhausen
Elsoff
Enspel
Ettinghausen
Ewighausen
Fehl-Ritzhausen
Freilingen
Freirachdorf
Gackenbach
Gehlert
Gemünden
Giesenhausen
Girkenroth
Girod
Goddert
Görgeshausen
Großholbach
Großseifen
Guckheim
Hachenburg
Hahn am See
Hahn bei Marienberg
Halbs
Hardt
Hartenfels
Härtlingen
Hattert
Heilberscheid
Heiligenroth
Heimborn
Helferskirchen
Hellenhahn-Schellenberg
Hergenroth
Herschbach, Selters
Herschbach, Wallmerod
Heuzert
Hilgert
Hillscheid
Höchstenbach
Hof
Höhn
Höhr-Grenzhausen
Holler
Homberg
Horbach
Hübingen
Hüblingen
Hundsangen
Hundsdorf
Irmtraut
Kaden
Kadenbach
Kammerforst
Kirburg
Kölbingen
Kroppach
Krümmel
Kuhnhöfen
Kundert
Langenbach bei Kirburg
Langenhahn
Lautzenbrücken
Leuterod
Liebenscheid
Limbach
Linden
Lochum
Luckenbach
Mähren
Marienrachdorf
Maroth
Marzhausen
Maxsain
Merkelbach
Meudt
Mogendorf
Molsberg
Montabaur
Mörlen
Mörsbach
Moschheim
Mudenbach
Mündersbach
Müschenbach
Nauort
Nentershausen
Neuhäusel
Neunkhausen
Neunkirchen
Neustadt
Niederahr
Niederelbert
Niedererbach
Niederroßbach
Niedersayn
Nister
Nisterau
Nister-Möhrendorf
Nistertal
Nomborn
Nordhofen
Norken
Oberahr
Oberelbert
Obererbach
Oberhaid
Oberrod
Oberroßbach
Ötzingen
Pottum
Quirnbach
Ransbach-Baumbach
Rehe
Rennerod
Roßbach
Rotenhain
Rothenbach
Rückeroth
Ruppach-Goldhausen
Salz
Salzburg
Schenkelberg
Seck
Selters
Sessenbach
Sessenhausen
Siershahn
Simmern
Stahlhofen
Stahlhofen am Wiesensee
Staudt
Stein-Neukirch
Stein-Wingert
Steinebach an der Wied
Steinefrenz
Steinen
Stockhausen-Illfurth
Stockum-Püschen
Streithausen
Unnau
Untershausen
Vielbach
Wahlrod
Waigandshain
Waldmühlen
Wallmerod
Weidenhahn
Welkenbach
Welschneudorf
Weltersburg
Weroth
Westerburg
Westernohe
Wied
Willingen
Willmenrod
Winkelbach
Winnen
Wirges
Wirscheid
Wittgert
Wölferlingen
Zehnhausen bei Rennerod
Zehnhausen bei Wallmerod
Authority control databases: National
Germany
This Westerwaldkreis location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verbandsgemeinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbandsgemeinde"},{"link_name":"Westerwaldkreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerwaldkreis"},{"link_name":"Rhineland-Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Verbandsgemeinde of Hachenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachenburg_(Verbandsgemeinde)"},{"link_name":"like-named town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachenburg"}],"text":"Municipality in Rhineland-Palatinate, GermanyLimbach is an Ortsgemeinde – a community belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde – in the Westerwaldkreis in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The agriculturally structured residential community belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Hachenburg, a kind of collective municipality. 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It takes place on and around the local stone arch bridge from 1871.","title":"Regular events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bundesstraße","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe"},{"link_name":"Hohenroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenroth"},{"link_name":"Hachenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachenburg"},{"link_name":"Autobahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobahn"},{"link_name":"interchanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange_(road)"},{"link_name":"Siegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegen"},{"link_name":"Wilnsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilnsdorf"},{"link_name":"Herborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herborn_(Hesse)"},{"link_name":"A 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_45"},{"link_name":"Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund"},{"link_name":"Gießen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen"},{"link_name":"A 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_3"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"link_name":"Montabaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montabaur"},{"link_name":"Mogendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogendorf"},{"link_name":"InterCityExpress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterCityExpress"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne-Frankfurt_high-speed_rail_line"}],"text":"South of the community runs Bundesstraße 414, leading from Hohenroth to Hachenburg. The nearest Autobahn interchanges are in Siegen, Wilnsdorf and Herborn on the A 45 (Dortmund–Gießen). The nearest interchanges on the A 3 (Cologne–Frankfurt) are in Montabaur und Mogendorf. The nearest InterCityExpress stop is the railway station at Montabaur on the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line.","title":"Economy and infrastructure"}] | [{"image_text":"The old bridge during the Brückenfest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Brueckenfest_Limbach.jpg/220px-Brueckenfest_Limbach.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bevölkerungsstand 2021, Kreise, Gemeinden, Verbandsgemeinden\" (in German). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_40_(Suffolk_County,_New_York) | List of county routes in Suffolk County, New York (26–50C) | ["1 County Route 26","2 County Route 27","3 County Route 27A","4 County Route 27B","5 County Route 28","6 County Route 29","7 County Route 30","8 County Route 31","9 County Route 32","10 County Route 32A","11 County Route 32B","12 County Route 33","13 County Route 33A","14 County Route 34","15 County Route 35","16 County Route 35A","17 County Route 35B","18 County Route 35C","19 County Route 36","20 County Route 37","21 County Route 38","22 County Route 38A","23 County Route 39","24 County Route 39A","25 County Route 39B","26 County Route 40","27 County Route 40A","28 County Route 41","29 County Route 42","30 County Route 43","31 County Route 44","32 County Route 45","33 County Route 46","34 County Route 46A","35 County Route 47","36 County Route 48","37 County Route 49","38 County Route 50","39 County Route 50A","40 County Route 50B","41 County Route 50C","42 References","43 External links"] | Suffolk County Road 47 begins at NY 27A in Copiague.Highway namesInterstatesInterstate X (I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Route X (US X)StateNew York State Route X (NY X)County:County Route X (CR X)System links
New York Highways
Interstate
US
State
Reference
Parkways
County routes in Suffolk County, New York, are maintained by the Suffolk County Department of Public Works and signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon route marker. The designations do not follow any fixed pattern. Routes 26 to 50 (including former suffixed routes of CR 50) are listed below.
County Route 26
County Route 26LocationMattituck–CutchogueLength4.7 mi (7.6 km)Existed1930–present
County Route 26 was the designation for New Suffolk Road from Mattituck to New Suffolk, and New Suffolk Lane from New Suffolk to Cutchogue. This designation was proposed to be relocated to the formerly proposed North Brookhaven Expressway, a former eastern extension of NY 347 from Mount Sinai to Wading River.
Major intersections
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Mattituck0.000.00 NY 25 – Riverhead
New Suffolk3.205.15Main Street / 5th StreetRoute direction changes from east/west to north/south
Cutchogue4.707.56 NY 25 – Mattituck, Greenport, Orient
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 27
County Route 27LocationMattituck–GreenportExisted1930–1980s
County Route 27 was the original designation for Middle Road on the North Fork of Long Island. This road is now known as CR 48.
County Route 27A
County Route 27ALocationMattituck–East MattituckExisted1960s–1960s
County Route 27A was a newer section of Middle Road in Mattituck called New Middle Road. It was merged into CR 27 before that route was replaced by CR 48.
County Route 27B
County Route 27BLocationMattituck–East MattituckExisted1960s–1960s
County Route 27B was Wickham Avenue, a former segment of Middle Road that is now owned by the town of Southold.
County Route 28
County Route 28LocationNorth Amityville–MelvilleLength2.31 mi (3.72 km)
County Route 28 is a north-south road in southwestern Suffolk County known as New Highway and Republic Road. Officially designated as the Corporal Tony Casamento Highway, the road is a four-lane undivided highway between NY 27 and the interchange with Southern State Parkway where the road narrows down to two lanes. According to the New York State Department of Transportation, CR 28 is split into two sections: the signed portion that is New Highway between NY 27 and the Southern State Parkway, and the unsigned Republic Road between the Town of Babylon/Town of Huntington town line and CR 5 (Ruland Road).
A school bus runs north along CR 28 in North Amityville, New York
Route description
The road begins at NY 27 just west of the intersection of CR 2 (Straight Path), and an Educational Bus Transport garage for school buses and intercity buses of Suffolk County Transit. This section of the road then curves towards the old section which runs along Trinity Cemetery, the site of the former Zahn's Airport, and behind the Sisters of St. Dominic Motherhouse Complex, which was previously known as the Queen of the Rosary Academy. After bi-secting Albany Avenue, the road approaches an at-grade crossing of the Central Branch of the Long Island Rail Road and immediately intersects NY 109. After the immediate intersection with NY 109, CR 28's southern section terminates with the Southern State Parkway, but the roadway continues northward on the south and eastern circumferences of Republic Airport.
North of the industrial zone in East Farmingdale, Republic Road regains the designation of CR 28 at the Babylon/Huntington town line. Republic Road and CR 28 terminates 0.41 miles north of the line at CR 5 (Ruland Road) in Melville; however, just to the east of this terminus is a de facto extension called Maxess Road, which leads to the eastbound service road of the Long Island Expressway between NY 110 and CR 3 (Pinelawn Road). This extension, however, is not included on CR 28's route.
Major intersections
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
North Amityville0.000.00 NY 27 (Sunrise Highway) – New York, Montauk
1.231.98Albany Avenue south
East Farmingdale1.822.93 NY 109Access to westbound Southern State Parkway via NY 109 west
1.903.06 Southern State Parkway east – East IslipExit 34 on Southern Parkway
Gap in route designation; connection made via New Highway and Republic Road
Melville0.000.00Town of Babylon/Town of Huntington town line
0.410.66Ruland Road (CR 5)To NY 110 via Ruland Road west
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 29
County Route 29LocationBohemia–RonkonkomaLength1.8 mi (2.9 km)
County Route 29 was an unsigned county route connecting CR 93 to the Long Island Expressway. The road was widened during the period that the Ronkonkoma Station was facing major reconstruction itself, and included a replacement for the wooden bridge that previously crossed over the Main Line of the Long Island Rail Road. The CR 29 signs were installed between 1989 and 1995, but have since been taken down.
Within the town of Islip, the road is named Smithtown Avenue. After it crosses the Main Line of the Long Island Rail Road and simultaneously the Town of Islip–Town of Brookhaven town line, it becomes Ronkonkoma Avenue, a name that continues north of the terminus of I-495 until it reaches Hawkins Avenue in Lake Ronkonkoma. The route is no longer recognized by the Suffolk County Department of Public Works nor the New York State Department of Transportation.
Major intersections
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Bohemia0.000.00 CR 93 (Lakeland Avenue) – Sayville, MacArthur AirportTo NY 454 via CR 93 south
1.302.09Railroad Avenue – LIRR Commuter ParkingRight-in/right-out connections only
Ronkonkoma1.802.90 I-495 / Ronkonkoma Avenue – New York, RiverheadExit 60 on I-495; Ronkonkoma Avenue continues north
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Incomplete access
County Route 30
County Route 30LocationMontaukLength2.9 mi (4.7 km)Existed1979–present
County Route 30 was the north-south road along the east side of Lake Montauk, known as East Lake Drive. The east side of this road consists of parts of Montauk County Park, a residential enclave, and Montauk Airport. The road terminates at the a parking lot north of the Inlet Seafood Restaurant on the Block Island Sound.
Major intersections
The entire route is located in Montauk.
mikmDestinationsNotes
0.000.00 NY 27 (Montauk Highway)
2.203.54 Montauk Airport
2.904.67Block Island SoundDead end at parking lot with beach access
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 31
County Route 31LocationWesthampton Beach–RiversideLength4.02 mi (6.47 km)Existed1930–present
County Route 31 is a short north-south county highway running across rural eastern Suffolk County. The road serves as a connection between Westhampton Beach and the Riverhead area, feeding directly into CR 104 as it makes its way north.
Route description
The road begins at Montauk Highway (CR 80), just north of the downtown area of Westhampton Beach. It serves in function as a continuation of Oak Street, which heads south to connect with the town's main street before crossing over to the Dune Road beaches.
Heading north, this arrow-straight portion of the road crosses the Long Island Rail Road's Montauk Branch railroad tracks and then runs through the grounds of Francis S. Gabreski Airport, a former base of the United States Air Force, which is now home to the 106th Rescue Wing of the New York Air National Guard.
North of the base, the road continues through a section of the Long Island Central Pine Barrens, which feature the indigenous dwarf pine. This area fell victim to a widespread wildfire that burned a significant portion of the core of the Pine Barrens in 1995. The section of CR 31 within the village of Westhampton Beach is ceremoniously dedicated "Volunteers Way" in honor of volunteer first responders to the Sunrise Fire.
The road widens as it crosses NY 27, with which it has a full cloverleaf interchange. About one-half mile beyond this interchange, the road ends at a traffic circle with CR 104.
History
Between January 18, 1961 and May 23, 1972, CR 31 was extended south of Montauk Highway between Oak Street and Mill Road (formerly CR 100). Mill Road was intended to be converted into part of the formerly proposed Port Jefferson–Westhampton Beach Highway.
Major intersections
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Westhampton Beach0.000.00 CR 80 (Montauk Highway) / Oak Street – Westhampton BeachFormer NY 27A; Oak Street continues south
Westhampton1.492.40 Stewart Avenue / Collins Way – Gabreski AirportServes Hampton West Park neighborhood
3.465.57 NY 27 (Sunrise Highway) – New York, MontaukExits 63S-N on NY 27
Riverside4.026.47 CR 104 – Riverhead, Quogue, East QuogueTraffic circle
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 32
County Route 32LocationHampton BaysLength0.53 mi (850 m)Existed1930–present
County Route 32 is the Ponquogue Bridge, the main two-lane highway between Ponquogue Point on Westhampton Beach Barrier Island and the mainland, which, through a maze of roadways, connects to downtown Hampton Bays. The route used to be designated north of the bridge along Lighthouse Road, Foster Avenue, Shinnecock Road, and Ponquogue Avenue to Montauk Highway in Hampton Bays, but neither the Suffolk County Department of Public Works or the New York State Department of Transportation recognize that portion of the roadway as CR 32, just the Ponquogue Bridge portion. The formerly proposed Ponquogue Causeway was intended to either run parallel to or replace CR 32 between the 1930s and 1960s, but the roadway never came to fruition.
Major intersections
The entire route is in Hampton Bays, New York.
mikmDestinationsNotes
0.000.00Dune RoadAccess to Shinnecock Inlet
0.53–0.770.85–1.24Ponquogue Bridge over Shinnecock Bay
0.771.24Lighthouse Road northContinues north to Montauk Highway
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 32A
County Route 32ALocationHampton BaysExisted1943–1960s
County Route 32A was concurrent with CR 32 from Montauk Highway to the LIRR station.
County Route 32B
County Route 32BLocationWesthampton Beach Barrier Island–PonquogueExisted1943–1960s
County Route 32B was Foster Avenue and the former Ponquogue Bridge. It was integrated with CR 32.
County Route 33
County Route 33LocationAmagansett–NapeagueLength3.8 mi (6.1 km)Existed1930–present
County Route 33 was the designation for Cranberry Hole Road, Promised Land Road, and Napeague Meadow Road. The entire road is a former routing of Montauk Highway.
CR 33 began in Amagansett at the intersection of NY 27 and Bluff Road as Cranberry Hole Road, and carried over a bridge above the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road, the easternmost LIRR bridge to exist. The name Cranberry Hole Road continues until the intersection with Bendigo Road (former CR 33A and CR 74). From there it the road becomes Promised Land Road. Both segments of CR 33 ran along the northern edge of Napeague State Park, and continued to run through the park even as it turns southeast onto Napeague Meadow Road. Promised Land Road continues northeast as Lazy Point Road where it enters "downtown" Napeague.
The former route crosses the LIRR Montauk branch for the second time, but this time it is at an at-grade crossing, where it enters a section of Napeague formerly known as East Hampton Beach, before finally terminating at Montauk Point State Parkway (NY 27).
Major intersections
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Amagansett0.000.00 NY 27 (Montauk Highway) / Bluff RoadBluff Road is a former routing of Montauk Highway
Napeague1.001.61Bendigo RoadFormer CR 74; serves Devon Yacht Club
3.806.12 NY 27 (Montauk Highway)
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 33A
County Route 33ALocationAmagansett–NapeagueLength2.44 mi (3.93 km)Existed1930–1960s
County Route 33A was for Abrahams Landing Road and Bendigo Road. It was a former suffixed route of CR 33, that is now unmarked CR 74.
County Route 34
County Route 34LocationNorth BabylonLength1.34 mi (2.16 km)Existed1970–present
County Route 34 is Deer Park Avenue between the Village of Babylon/Town of Babylon line and New York State Route 231 in North Babylon. It was a former segment of CR 35 that was established in 1970 when the New York State Department of Transportation created (what was intended to be) a temporary alignment of NY 231.
The Village of Babylon used to maintain the section of CR 34 within the village. However, the New York State Department of Transportation, as well as the Suffolk County Department of Public Works, deems that CR 34 exists outside of the Babylon village limits. Outside of the village limits, CR 34 crosses over New York State Route 27 (Sunrise Highway) as part of Exit 40, which is primarily for NY 231 to the east. Though CR 34 terminates at NY 231 in Deer Park, just south of the Southern State Parkway's exit 39, Deer Park Avenue continues northward as NY 231 well into Dix Hills.
Before its current designation, CR 34 was assigned to Greenlawn Road, today a portion of CR 9 along with Cuba Hill Road, until the late 1960s.
Major intersections
The entire route is located in North Babylon.
mikmDestinationsNotes
0.000.00Village Line Road / Deer Park Avenue southContinues into the Village of Babylon
0.400.64 To NY 27 (Sunrise Highway)Access via local roads; exit 40 on NY 27
1.342.16 NY 231 (Deer Park Avenue)Deer Park Avenue continues north along NY 231; to Southern State Parkway
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 35
County Route 35LocationDix Hills–HuntingtonLength7.50 mi (12.07 km)Existed1930–present
County Route 35 serves as a de facto extension of NY 231, spanning from the northern terminus of NY 231 and the Northern State Parkway in Dix Hills northwest to NY 110 in the hamlet of Huntington. The road originally included NY 231 and CR 34 until 1970, when the New York State Department of Transportation turned the segment between Southern and Northern State Parkways into the temporary alignment of NY 231, before the hopeful transfer of the road onto the formerly proposed Babylon–Northport Expressway. The south end of CR 35 and CR 66 and the north end of NY 231 was intended to include a formerly proposed North Deer Park Avenue Spur leading to the unbuilt expressway.
Route description
The segment of CR 35 between NY 231 and NY 25 is four-lanes wide and is known as Deer Park Road West, as opposed to CR 66, which is known as Deer Park Road East. CR 35 is the last intersection with Old Country Road before both move north and intersect with NY 25. After this intersection, CR 35 narrows down to two lanes and becomes Park Avenue, which turns to the northwest at the 2nd Precinct of the Suffolk County Police Department before intersecting with CR 86 in west Elwood. At the north end of Dix Hills Road, the road narrows down to two lanes and contains frontage roads for residences. From there, the road serves as the east end of Maplewood Road, where it briefly overlaps with New York State Bicycle Route 25A until it reaches the west end of Little Plains Road, a block away from Little Plains Park.
The road briefly becomes four lanes wide again at the intersection of CR 11, but narrows back down to two lanes. Continuing northwest, CR 35 has an at-grade crossing with the Port Jefferson Branch of the Long Island Rail Road, which has been the site of many tractor-trailer accidents, and was the original location for the first "Low Ground Clearance" warning sign. The next major intersection after this crossing is Broadway, which runs west towards Huntington Station. Here, CR 35 becomes an unconventional two-lane divided highway, where the divider ends at Tasman Lane. As it goes downhill, CR 35 passes by three Jewish Centers and the Town of Huntington's Hilaire Woods Preserve before approaching the Huntington Arts Cinema at the southwest corner of NY 25A. North of NY 25A, CR 35 runs along the eastern edge of Heckscher Park, makes a northeast turn at Sabbath Day Path, and then passes Huntington Memorial Hospital before reaching NY 110. The two routes share a short concurrency between two traffic circles, before CR 35 exits and proceeds west towards West Shore Road. County Route 35 continues northward, then westward (unsigned) along West Shore Road before officially terminating at Landing Road (just east of Gold Star Beach Park).
Major intersections
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Dix Hills0.000.00 NY 231 south CR 66 beginsSouthern terminus
Northern State Parkway – New York, HauppaugeExit 42N on Northern Parkway
0.140.23 CR 66 north (East Deer Park Road)Southern terminus of CR 66
Elwood0.991.59Old Country Road
1.382.22 NY 25 (Jericho Turnpike)
1.883.03 CR 86 (Broadway) – Greenlawn, Centerport
Huntington Station3.605.79 CR 11 (Pulaski Road) – Greenlawn
4.066.53Broadway To Huntington Station
Huntington5.458.77 NY 25A (Main Street) – Cold Spring Harbor
Halesite6.079.77 NY 110 south (New York Avenue) / Creek RoadSouthern terminus of concurrency with NY 110; traffic circle
6.179.93 NY 110 north (New York Avenue) / Grist Mill LaneNorthern terminus of concurrency with NY 110; traffic circle
Huntington6.5310.51West Shore RoadNorthern terminus of signed portion of CR 35
7.5012.07Landing Road / Browns RoadNorthern terminus of CR 35; to Gold Star Beach Park
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
County Route 35A
County Route 35ALocationHuntington–HalesiteExisted1930–1960s
County Route 35A was an extension of CR 35 that ran north of NY 25A then made a northeast turn at Sabbath Day Path before reaching NY 110. It was eventually absorbed into CR 35. This segment runs along parkland east of Heckscher Park and is the location of Huntington Memorial Hospital.
County Route 35B
County Route 35BLocationDix Hills–ElwoodExisted1940–1972
County Route 35B was Deer Park Road East and today is CR 66.
County Route 35C
County Route 35CLocationHalesite–HuntingtonExisted1930–c. 1950
County Route 35C was an extension of CR 35 northwest of NY 110 that included Mill Dam Road, and West Shore Road on the west side of Huntington Harbor. The road was integrated into CR 35; however, it was later transferred to the town of Huntington.
County Route 36
County Route 36LocationEast Patchogue–BrookhavenLength5.65 mi (9.09 km)Existed1930–present
County Route 36 is a former segment of Montauk Highway known as South Country Road. Though it is signed as an east–west road, it runs southeast to northwest from CR 80 (Montauk Highway) and Lake Drive in East Patchogue into Bellport, and northeast to southwest back to Montauk Highway in the hamlet of Brookhaven. The entire road is two lanes wide, with exceptions for provisions for left turns at some intersections.
Route description
South Country Road begins on the east bank of the Swan River at the intersection of Montauk Highway and Lake Drive, with a four way intersection that includes an eastbound connecting ramp. Almost immediately it crosses the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road after the intersection of Robinson Avenue. The former East Patchogue Station was located west of this intersection (Hagerman Station was further east along the line). Luxurious houses line the road from most of this point on. The bridge over Robinson Pond has a similar appearance to the one on Montauk Highway over the Forge River between Mastic and Moriches. On the opposite side of Robinson Pond is the Mud Creek County Nature Preserve, a protected area controlled by the Suffolk County Department of Parks and Recreation. Other protected land exists along Strongs Creek and Abet's Creek in Hagerman, the latter of which used to be the location of a greenhouse. The last intersection outside of the village of Bellport is Munsell Road, a pre-automotive era road that once went as far north as West Yaphank.
Bellport County Club serves as the unofficial border of the historic village of Bellport, New York. The intersection with Bellport Avenue to the north and Bellport Lane to the south is the heart of Bellport. Bellport Avenue leads to the town's LIRR station, but also through North Bellport, the edges of Yaphank and Medford, and once lead as far north as Gordon Heights. Bellport Lane, along with CR 36, is one of the streets bordering the Bellport Village Historic District, which has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1980.
Just outside the village at Mott's Brook, CR 36 passes by the Gateway Playhouse, which was established in 1941 on the grounds of a former farm owned by J. L. B. Mott. Well past the intersection of Bellhaven Avenue, the road begins to turn north as it follows the west bank of Beaver Dam Creek, which is hidden off to the east. Very little evidence of this or any other waterway exists along this section of the road until it reaches a hidden driveway leading to a Yacht Club near the southeast corner of Beaver Dam Road. Most of the houses along the road appear to be far more Victorian from this point on. For a moment, the road curves back to the east before intersecting with Fireplace Road, then heads back into a northerly direction. The northeastern end runs beneath a low bridge for the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road where it intersects with Railroad Avenue (the former location of Brookhaven Station) before finally terminating at Montauk Highway.
History
Originally part of Montauk Highway, the road was created on February 24, 1930, when it shared a designation with NY 27 which was part of Montauk Highway at the time. It was completely turned over to Suffolk County on July 17, 1932, when the state of New York realigned Montauk Highway on the north side of the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. Since then it has been used as the main road through the village of Bellport.
Until the late 1980s, flood insurance maps published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency have misrepresented South Country Road as being NY 95. South Country Road has never been either NY 95, nor CR 95.
Major intersections
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
East Patchogue0.000.00 CR 80 (Montauk Highway) / Lake Drive – PatchogueContinues north to a dead end
Bellport3.104.99Station RoadSouthern terminus of former CR 64
Community of Brookhaven4.707.56Beaver Dam RoadTo Bellport High School
5.659.09 CR 80 (Montauk Highway)Former NY 27A
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 37
County Route 37LocationShelter IslandExistedyes
County Route 37 was Manwaring Road on Shelter Island. It began at NY 114 and ran east toward the intersection of Ram Island Road, Saint Mary's Road, and Manhassett Road.
County Route 38
County Route 38LocationSouthampton–North SeaLength2.53 mi (4.07 km)Existed1931–present
County Route 38 is the connector road along between the village of Southampton and North Sea. It begins at the intersection of NY 27/CR 39 on the north border of the Village of Southampton. After this intersection, it continues northwest towards Tuckahoe, where it approaches the northern terminus of CR 52 (Sandy Hollow Road), and moves directly north towards the hamlet of North Sea. The route ends 500 feet north of the intersection with Millstone Brook Road, just before the roadway reaches the "downtown" portion of North Sea. CR 38 used to continue eastward from North Sea to Noyack via Noyack Road, and, eventually, Sag Harbor. The route's mileage and designation is only recognized by the SCDPW or by the New York State Department of Transportation between Southampton Village and North Sea.
History
As far back as the 1930s the road was planned to be extended along the north shore of the South Fork of Long Island to the Amagansett–Promised Land area. Besides the existing segment of North Sea Road (and the former segment of Noyack Road), the new segment was to begin at the intersection of Brick Kiln Road then continue southeast until it reaches Town Line Road, where it would curve east. The CR 38 extension would gradually move southeast again, running along the headwaters of Northwest Creek and Three Mile Harbor, through Barnes Hole, and Devon until reaching Promised Land Road (former CR 33), which it would replace until it reached NY 27 (Montauk Point State Parkway) in the East Hampton Beach section of Napeague. Though the extension was dropped due to anti-highway sentiment, the official description used to include the extension, which was 25 miles.
Major intersections
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Village of Southampton0.000.00 NY 27 / CR 39Continues south to Southampton Village
Tuckahoe1.332.14 CR 52 south (Sandy Hollow Road)Northern terminus of CR 52
North Sea2.534.07North Sea Road north – Noyack, Sag HarborCounty maintenance ends 500 feet (150 m) north of Millstone Brook Road
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 38A
County Route 38ALocationNoyack–North HavenExisted1931–1970s
County Route 38A is a former spur of CR 38 known as Noyack–Long Beach Road. Today the road is designated as CR 60.
County Route 39
County Route 39LocationShinnecock Hills–TuckahoeLength5.83 mi (9.38 km)Existed1931–present
County Route 39 is North Highway in the town of Southampton. Most of the road is concurrent with NY 27, where it is known as the Southampton Bypass, except for the portion along the Shinnecock Canal and the Great Peconic Bay. This section has an interchange with NY 27, both at the beginning of the freeway portion (Sunrise Highway) and the first interchange (exit 66). The multiplex between NY 27 and CR 39 was only meant to be temporary, since NY 27 was proposed to be moved to the Sunrise Highway Extension.
Like CR 38, Suffolk County was planning to extend CR 39 east of Flying Point Road through CR 79 (Bridgehampton–Sag Harbor Turnpike) at the proposed Sunrise Highway Extension, and if necessary as a substitute for the Sunrise Highway Extension. These plans also date back to the 1930s, and included what became part of the proposed Sunrise Highway extension.
Major intersections
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Shinnecock Hills0.000.00 CR 80 (Montauk Highway) – Hampton BaysFormer NY 27A
0.290.47 CR 39B east (Canal Road) / NY 27 east – MontaukWestern terminus of CR 39B; exit 66 on NY 27
0.741.19 CR 39B west / NY 27 west – New YorkEastern terminus of CR 39B; exit 66 on NY 27
1.862.99 NY 27 west (Sunrise Highway) – New YorkGap in route for eastbound CR 39 (connection made via exit 66); western terminus of concurrency with NY 27
Tuckahoe2.974.78Tuckahoe Road – Stony Brook Southampton
5.138.26 CR 52 north (Sandy Hollow Road)Southern terminus of CR 52
Village of Southampton5.839.38 CR 38 north (North Sea Road) – North Sea, Southampton NY 27 east / CR 39A east (Southampton Bypass)Southern terminus of CR 38; western terminus of CR 39A (signed as CR 39)
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
County Route 39A
County Route 39ALocationTuckahoe - Village of SouthamptonLength0.62 mi (1,000 m)
County Route 39A is a little known suffixed route that runs concurrent with NY 27 (also known as North Highway or the Southampton Bypass) between North Sea Road and Montauk Highway. East of David Whites Lane, CR 39 was intended to be rerouted onto the formerly proposed Hampton Bays–Amagansett Road. While all businesses on this short stretch of highway use "County Road 39A" for the street name, it commonly known as part of CR 39. The entire route is signed as CR 39.
Major intersections
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Village of Southampton0.000.00 CR 38 north (North Sea Road) – North Sea, Southampton NY 27 west (Southampton Bypass) / CR 39 west - North Sea, Downtown SouthamptonSouthern terminus of CR 38; eastern terminus of CR 39
0.530.85North Main Street – SouthamptonAccess to Southampton LIRR Station
Tuckahoe0.851.37David Whites LaneSite of formerly proposed Hampton Bays–Amagansett Road
Village of Southampton1.472.37 NY 27 east (Montauk Highway) / Hampton Road (NY 900W) – Bridgehampton, East HamptonNY 27 continues east
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
County Route 39B
County Route 39BLocationShinnecock HillsLength0.73 mi (1,170 m)
County Route 39B is Canal Road East and Old North Highway on the east side of the Shinnecock Canal. The road runs beneath the Sunrise Highway (NY 27) bridge over the Canal, just as CR 39 does, and provides closer access to Meschutt Beach County Park.
Major intersections
The entire route is in Shinnecock Hills.
mikmDestinationsNotes
0.000.00 CR 39 / NY 27 east – MontaukExit 66 on NY 27 east
0.731.17 CR 39 / NY 27 west – New YorkExit 66 on NY 27 west
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 40
County Route 40LocationEast Hampton North–SpringsLength2.51 mi (4.04 km)Existed1931–present
County Route 40 is known as Three Mile Harbor Road, and extends from the East Hampton village line in East Hampton North to Copeces Lane in Springs.
Route description
CR 40 begins north of the North Main Street Historic District at the East Hampton village line at Cedar Street. The route starts north of the bridge under the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. The first major intersection north of the historic district (and the southern terminus of CR 40) is Cedar Street, which leads to Cedar Point County Park, and the second one is CR 41 (Springs Fireplace Road).
A fork in the road for Springy Banks Road is the southern border Three Mile Harbor, both the waterway and the former hamlet. This road leads motorists northwest to Lafarges Landing and Sammy's Beach, while CR 40 continues to the northeast as it passes by East Hampton Marina, Three Mile Harbor Boat Yard, and Gardiner's Marina. After passing Gardiner's Marina, the designation for CR 40 ends at Copeces Lane, just to the south of Marina Lane Waterside Park.
Major intersections
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
East Hampton North0.000.00North Main Street / Cedar StreetContinues south without designation to NY 27
0.240.39 CR 41 north (Springs Fireplace Road) – SpringsSouthern terminus of CR 41
Springs2.514.04Copeces Lane / Three Mile Harbor Hog Creek Road northContinues north without designation
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 40A
County Route 40ALocationEast HamptonExisted1931–post-1960s
County Route 40A was concurrent with CR 40 along Three Mile Harbor Road until after the 1960s.
County Route 41
County Route 41LocationEast Hampton North–SpringsLength3.00 mi (4.83 km)Existed1931–present
County Route 41 is Springs–Fireplace Road, which spans from East Hampton to Springs. Though CR 41 terminates at CR 45 in Springs, Springs–Fireplace Road continues north into the Springs.
Major intersections
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
East Hampton North0.000.00 CR 40 (Three Mile Harbor Road)
1.622.61Abrahams PathTo Amagansett
Springs3.004.83Woodbine Drive / Springs Fireplace Road northboundContinues north without designation
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 42
County Route 42LocationShelter Island HeightsLength1.20 mi (1.93 km)
County Route 42 is a short, partially-unsigned east-west county road in the hamlet of Shelter Island Heights, in the town of Shelter Island. It is known as Shore Road, and extends from Rocky Point Road on the west shore of Shelter Island to West Neck Road (CR 115).
Major intersections
The entire route is in Shelter Island Heights.
mikmDestinationsNotes
0.000.00Rocky Point Road
1.051.69Sunnyside DriveTo Shelter Island Country Club
1.201.93West Neck Road (CR 115 east) – Ferries, Silver Beach, WestmorelandWestern terminus of CR 115
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 43
County Route 43LocationRiverhead–NorthvilleLength3.43 mi (5.52 km)Existed1931–present
County Route 43, known as Northville Turnpike for its entire length, is a county route contained completely within the township of Riverhead. It heads north-northeast from Downtown Riverhead towards the North Shore of Long Island, ending at Sound Avenue in the hamlet of Northville, New York.
Route description
County Route 43 begins at Roanoke Avenue (CR 73) just north of its crossing with the Long Island Rail Road Main Line tracks. After cutting a slice through part of downtown Riverhead, CR 43 heads off in an almost-straight path towards the North Shore. After crossing Old Country Road (CR 58), CR 43 enters the farm fields that characterize much of Riverhead town. The road crosses CR 105 just before its terminus at Sound Avenue.
History
Originally, CR 43's southern terminus was on Roanoke Avenue at NY 25 (Main Street) in Downtown Riverhead. The southern terminus was truncated in 1943, when CR 73 took over Roanoke Avenue.
Major intersections
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Community of Riverhead0.000.00 CR 73 (Roanoke Avenue)To Riverhead LIRR Station
1.151.85 CR 58 (Old Country Road)To I-495 and NY 25
2.884.63 CR 105 – Westhampton, MontaukAt-grade intersection
Northville3.435.52Sound Avenue
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 44
County Route 44LocationNorth Haven
County Route 44, was an unbuilt county road along the west side of NY 114 in North Haven that was intended to be four-lanes wide and take motorists to a new bridge across the southern Shelter Island Sound. Suffolk County Department of Public Works had also hoped it would be acquired by the NYSDOT as a realignment for NY 114.
County Route 45
County Route 45LocationAmagansett–SpringsLength5.8 mi (9.3 km)Existed1931–present
County Route 45 was primarily known the designation for Old Stone Highway (Springs–Amagansett Road), Springs-Fireplace Road, and Hog Creek Road.
Route description
CR 45 began at NY 27 as Abrahams Landing Road, where it instantly crossed the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road at Amagansett Station, and immediately made a left-turn onto Old Stone Highway (Springs–Amagansett Road) at the South Fork Country Club. The route slanted to the north as it approached the intersection of Town Lane, and then to the northeast. From here, the route continued into Springs, at a former hamlet known as Barnes Hole, where it encounters Red Dirt Road, Barnes Hole Road, and the south end of Neck Path. The route continued to move northeast, but suddenly curved northwest in order to avoid Accabonac Cliff, which is accessible from a side road called Louise Point Road. CR 45 intersected at Neck Path again east of the former hamlet of Kingstown, but this time it merges with the former route and then immediately turns onto Accabonac Road. Curving back to the northwest, CR 45 passed by the Springs General Store, then over a creek leading to Pussys Pond, and instantly intersected a fork in the road at Parsons Place, which leads to the historic Charles Parsons Blacksmith Building as well as the NRHP-listed Ambrose Parsons House. In between both roads are the Springs Cannon, Ashawagh Hall, and for CR 45, the Springs Community Presbyterian Church on the opposite side. In front of the church, Springs–Amagansett Road/Old Stone Highway curves to the right, until it reaches a wye at Springs–Fireplace Road, thus serving as the former northern terminus of CR 41.
This segment of Springs–Fireplace Road is where one can find the NRHP-listed Pollock-Krasner House and Studio. The rest of the road runs along the northwest shore of Accabonac Harbor, along preserved land such as the Meadow Lake and Kaplan Meadows Sanctuaries. CR 45 made a sharp left turn onto Hog Creek Road, and headed north again while Springs–Fireplace Road continues towards Fireplace in Gardiners Bay, as well as a former hamlet called Gerard Park. Along Hog Creek Road, CR 45 skirted the border of Springs and Fireplace, until the intersection of Kings Point Road where it made a sharp left onto Three Mile Harbor Road and terminated at the former northern terminus of CR 40.
Major intersections
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Amagansett0.000.00 NY 27 (Main Street)
0.060.097Abrahams Landing RoadWestern terminus of former CR 74
Springs4.006.44Springs Fireplace RoadFormer northern terminus of CR 41
5.809.33Three Mile Harbor Hog Creek Road / Kings Point RoadFormer northern terminus of CR 40
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 46
Main article: County Route 46 (Suffolk County, New York)
County Route 46LocationSmith Point Park–East ShorehamLength15.37 mi (24.74 km)ExistedMarch 30, 1931–present
County Route 46 is the county designation for William Floyd Parkway, a four-lane highway spanning from Smith Point County Park to almost near Wading River.
County Route 46A
County Route 46ALocationUpton
County Route 46A was the original designation for the alignment along the west side of Brookhaven National Laboratory between Yaphank–Moriches Road and south of the unnumbered interchange with NY 25. It was eventually integrated as part of CR 46 while the old CR 46 (Upton Road) was abandoned to both the lab and private developers.
County Route 47
County Route 47LocationCopiague–East FarmingdaleLength3.77 mi (6.07 km)Existed1931–present
County Route 47 is the designation for Great Neck Road from NY 27A in Copaigue through NY 110 in East Farmingdale until it reaches the Nassau–Suffolk county line in East Farmingdale.
Route description
CR 47 is almost entirely two lanes, with a center-left-turn lane, except at its southern terminus at NY 27A. Aside from the Copaigue Fire Department and a school or two, the street is almost entirely residential until the intersection of Hollywood Avenue. There, the route becomes a commercial strip, especially as it approaches CR 12 (Oak Street), which once carried a streetcar line between Amityville and Babylon. One block later CR 47 runs beneath Copiague Station.
The commercial zoning ends at the intersection of Campagnoli Avenue. Scattered commercial operations can be found near the intersection with CR 2 (Dixon Avenue) which spans from Amityville to Dix Hills, but, for the most part, the road remains primarily residential.
As the road runs along the west side of Copiague Middle School, it approaches the cloverleaf interchange with NY 27, where CR 47 becomes a two-lane divided highway. After the interchange with NY 27, the road resumes its status as a two-lane corridor (with a center-left-turn lane) and shifts from north and south to northwest and southeast at the intersection of Bethpage Road. The next major intersection is Albany Avenue, which spans from downtown Amityville to the Sisters of St. Dominic Motherhouse Complex.
Prior to reaching the intersection of NY 110, CR 47 runs over the Southern State Parkway and a former gas station that existed in the median until 1985. It also shared an interchange with the Parkway until the 1950s. Though CR 47 continues north of NY 110, it ceases to be a county road one block away, when it crosses the Nassau County line and becomes South Main Street in both South Farmingdale and Farmingdale.
Major intersections
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Copiague0.000.00 NY 27A (Montauk Highway)
0.821.32 CR 12 (Oak Street)To Copiague Station
1.191.92 CR 2 (Dixon Avenue)
1.612.59 NY 27 – New York, MontaukCloverleaf interchange
North Amityville3.585.76 NY 110To Southern State Parkway
3.776.07Main Street northContinuation into Nassau County
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 48
Main article: County Route 48 (Suffolk County, New York)
County Route 48LocationMattituck–GreenportLength13.6 mi (21.9 km)Existed1988–present
County Route 48 is the designation for Middle Road on the North Fork of Long Island between Mattituck and Greenport. It was intended to be converted into an extension of the Long Island Expressway, and was originally designated CR 27. The route includes New York State Route 25 Truck for its entire length.
County Route 49
County Route 49LocationMontaukLength2.84 mi (4.57 km)
County Route 49 runs south-to-north from NY 27 in Montauk to the loop on the west side of Lake Montauk. It starts along the east side of Fort Pond Bay as Edgemere Street, and then onto Flamingo Avenue before reaching Montauk Station. From this point, the road moves northeast above Fort Pond Bay before reaching CR 77.
Major intersections
The entire route is in Montauk.
mikmDestinationsNotes
0.000.00 NY 27 (Main Street)Access via Carl Fisher Plaza
1.121.80 Montauk Station
East Flamingo AvenueFormerly CR 95, later a former section of CR 49
2.844.57 CR 77 (West Lake Drive)CR 77 loops around West Lake Drive from this intersection and terminates
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 50
County Route 50LocationBabylon–Great RiverLength9.93 mi (15.98 km)Existed1932–present
County Route 50 is an east-west county road running from Babylon to Great River, paralleling the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. The road serves as a commuter-feeder route in southwestern Suffolk County. Most of the road is two lanes wide, although there are some areas where it opens up to four lanes or simply allows center-left-turn lanes.
Route description
CR 50 begins at the intersection of New York State Route 109 in the village of Babylon, north of the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road as Park Avenue. The route straddles northward on Deer Park Avenue for three-tenths of a mile to find its way onto Simon Street but this name doesn't carry the designation very long. At the intersection of Cedar and Cooper streets, CR 50 makes a sharp right turn along Cooper Street to cross under the tracks, which then immediately makes a left onto John Street along the south side of the Montauk Branch. For a slightly longer distance until reaching the quarter cloverleaf interchange with New York State Route 231 (NY 231, the Babylon–Northport Expressway) on the Babylon Village–West Islip border, the road suddenly takes on the name "Union Boulevard", the street that defines CR 50. Union Boulevard continues to carry CR 50 along the south side of the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road for the rest of its length to the hamlet of Great River.
East of the intersection of CR 82 (Higbie Lane), CR 50 runs beneath a pedestrian-railroad bridge that spans between a shopping center and the intersection of Orinoco Drive and Patricia Avenue across the Montauk Branch, and another limited-access highway known as the Robert Moses Causeway in West Islip. Unlike the Babylon-Northport Expressway, no access to the Causeway is provided. The bridge that carries the Robert Moses Causeway over Union Boulevard also carries it over the LIRR railroad tracks. After passing through the northern sections of West Bay Shore and the village of Brightwaters, CR 50 approaches southbound-only Clinton Avenue (CR 13A) and northbound-only Fifth Avenue (CR 13) in Bay Shore. Continuing eastward on the south side of Bay Shore's LIRR train station, CR 50 then intersects with CR 57 (Third Avenue).
The last major intersection within Bay Shore is Brentwood Road, although Saxon Avenue also leads through NY 27. While Union Boulevard runs south of the railroad tracks, another street called Moffit Boulevard runs parallel on the north side of the tracks, which runs between Brentwood Road and Carleton Avenue (CR 17). As the road enters the heart of the hamlet of Islip, CR 50 intersects Nassau Avenue and, more importantly, NY 111 (the two streets that serve Islip's train station). Shortly after passing over the north end of Knapp Lake and Champlin Creek, the road curves somewhat further southeast as it intersects Irish Avenue where it passes the Islip Art Museum and, then with, Carleton Avenue (CR 17) in East Islip, which was originally a segment of NY 111 until 1966.
Union Boulevard runs beneath a third limited-access road between East Islip and Great River, Heckscher State Parkway. No access to this parkway is provided, however Exit 45W on the parkway leads to Harwood Road, which takes commuters to both NY 27A and CR 50. From the parkway bridge, the road enters both county and state protected areas. CR 50 then intersects with Connetquot Avenue south of Great River's train station. The road finally terminates at an at-grade interchange with NY 27A and the entrance to the Bayard Cutting Arboretum.
Major intersections
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Village of Babylon0.000.00 NY 109 (Little East Neck Road)
1.522.45 NY 231 northParclo interchange
West Islip1.943.12 CR 82 (Higbie Lane)
Bay Shore4.807.72 CR 13A south (Clinton Avenue)One-way southbound
4.897.87 CR 13 north (Fifth Avenue)One-way northbound; to Bay Shore Station
5.258.45 CR 57 northTo Bay Shore High School
East Islip7.5112.09 NY 111 (Islip Avenue) – Central IslipAccess to Islip Train Station.
8.3913.50 CR 17 (Carleton Avenue) – Bethpage Ballpark
Great River9.6015.45 Connetquot Avenue to NY 27Truck route from NY 27A to NY 27
9.9315.98 NY 27A (Montauk Highway)
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
County Route 50A
County Route 50ALocationOakdale–Sayville
County Route 50A was reserved for the unbuilt Union Boulevard Extension between Oakdale and Sayville. This 1964 proposal was to run mostly along the north side of the Montauk Branch of the LIRR, terminating east of the low railroad bridge over Montauk Highway in Sayville.
County Route 50B
County Route 50BLocationAmityville
County Route 50B was Oak Street, Railroad Avenue, and Trolley Line Road from Amityville at the Nassau–Suffolk county line to Babylon at Deer Park Avenue. Today, it is CR 12.
County Route 50C
County Route 50CLocationBabylon
County Route 50C was Park Avenue between NY 109 and Deer Park Avenue within Babylon. This was a proposed extension that was phased out during the mid-1980s, although Suffolk County Department of Public Works still lists this street as being part of CR 50.
References
^ a b Google (June 1, 2015). "CR 26" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "County Road System – County of Suffolk, New York" (PDF). Suffolk County Department of Public Works. December 29, 2005. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al New York State Department of Transportation (2021). "County Roads Listing, Suffolk County" (PDF).
^ a b Google (June 1, 2015). "CR 28" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
^ a b Google (June 2, 2015). "CR 29" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
^ a b Google (June 2, 2015). "CR 30" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
^ Google (June 2, 2015). "CR 31" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
^ a b Google (June 2, 2015). "CR 33" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
^ a b Atlas of Suffolk County, New York (Map). Hagstrom Map. 1969.
^ a b c Google (June 2, 2015). "CR 35" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
^ Intelligentlove (December 28, 2009). File:E P-South-Country-Rd.JPG (photograph). Retrieved July 6, 2012. {{cite AV media}}: External link in |people= (help)
^ "Suffolk County Listings at the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP #02001451)". Retrieved April 2, 2010.
^ "1900 View of South Country Road railroad bridge in Brookhaven, New York". TrainsAreFun. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
^ Google (June 3, 2015). "CR 36" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
^ a b Google (June 3, 2015). "CR 38" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
^ Map of Eastern Suffolk County, New York [email protected]
^ "Suffolk County Gets New Bridges". The New York Times. April 12, 1931. p. RE3. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
^ "New Long Island Spans". The New York Times. May 22, 1938. p. 53. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
^ "High Court Blocks Suffolk Projects". The New York Times. March 1, 1933. p. 29. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
^ a b c d Google (June 2, 2015). "CR 45" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
^ "County Road System – County of Suffolk, New York" (PDF). Suffolk County Department of Public Works. December 29, 2005. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
^ Hagstroms Western Suffolk County Road Atlas (1941)
^ Google (June 2, 2015). "CR 47" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
^ Anderson, Steve. "Suffolk County Roads 26–50". NYCRoads. Archived from the original on April 23, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to County routes in Suffolk County, New York.
Suffolk CRs 26-50 @ NYCRoads.com
vteCounty routes in Suffolk County, New York
1–25
26–50C
51–75
76–100
101–117
County road proposals | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_route"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices"}],"text":"County routes in Suffolk County, New York, are maintained by the Suffolk County Department of Public Works and signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon route marker. The designations do not follow any fixed pattern. Routes 26 to 50 (including former suffixed routes of CR 50) are listed below.","title":"List of county routes in Suffolk County, New York (26–50C)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Suffolk,_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Brookhaven Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Brookhaven_Expressway"},{"link_name":"NY 347","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_347"},{"link_name":"Mount Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Wading River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wading_River,_New_York"}],"text":"County Route 26 was the designation for New Suffolk Road from Mattituck to New Suffolk, and New Suffolk Lane from New Suffolk to Cutchogue. This designation was proposed to be relocated to the formerly proposed North Brookhaven Expressway, a former eastern extension of NY 347 from Mount Sinai to Wading River.Major intersections","title":"County Route 26"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CR 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_48_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"}],"text":"County Route 27 was the original designation for Middle Road on the North Fork of Long Island. This road is now known as CR 48.","title":"County Route 27"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"County Route 27A was a newer section of Middle Road in Mattituck called New Middle Road. It was merged into CR 27 before that route was replaced by CR 48.","title":"County Route 27A"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"County Route 27B was Wickham Avenue, a former segment of Middle Road that is now owned by the town of Southold.","title":"County Route 27B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York State Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"NY 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NY_27"},{"link_name":"Southern State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Town of Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Town of Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_New_York"},{"link_name":"CR 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_5_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suffolkcr-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baumann_%26_Sons_Buses_Inc._-2130_(33503704681).jpg"},{"link_name":"NY 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"CR 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_2_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County_Transit"},{"link_name":"Zahn's Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahn%27s_Airport"},{"link_name":"Sisters of St. Dominic Motherhouse Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_St._Dominic_Motherhouse_Complex"},{"link_name":"Central Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Branch_(Long_Island_Rail_Road)"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"NY 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_109"},{"link_name":"Southern State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Republic Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Airport"},{"link_name":"East Farmingdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Farmingdale,_New_York"},{"link_name":"CR 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_5_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Expressway"},{"link_name":"NY 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_110"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr28-4"}],"text":"County Route 28 is a north-south road in southwestern Suffolk County known as New Highway and Republic Road. Officially designated as the Corporal Tony Casamento Highway, the road is a four-lane undivided highway between NY 27 and the interchange with Southern State Parkway where the road narrows down to two lanes. According to the New York State Department of Transportation, CR 28 is split into two sections: the signed portion that is New Highway between NY 27 and the Southern State Parkway, and the unsigned Republic Road between the Town of Babylon/Town of Huntington town line and CR 5 (Ruland Road).[3]A school bus runs north along CR 28 in North Amityville, New YorkRoute descriptionThe road begins at NY 27 just west of the intersection of CR 2 (Straight Path), and an Educational Bus Transport garage for school buses and intercity buses of Suffolk County Transit. This section of the road then curves towards the old section which runs along Trinity Cemetery, the site of the former Zahn's Airport, and behind the Sisters of St. Dominic Motherhouse Complex, which was previously known as the Queen of the Rosary Academy. After bi-secting Albany Avenue, the road approaches an at-grade crossing of the Central Branch of the Long Island Rail Road and immediately intersects NY 109. After the immediate intersection with NY 109, CR 28's southern section terminates with the Southern State Parkway, but the roadway continues northward on the south and eastern circumferences of Republic Airport.North of the industrial zone in East Farmingdale, Republic Road regains the designation of CR 28 at the Babylon/Huntington town line. Republic Road and CR 28 terminates 0.41 miles north of the line at CR 5 (Ruland Road) in Melville; however, just to the east of this terminus is a de facto extension called Maxess Road, which leads to the eastbound service road of the Long Island Expressway between NY 110 and CR 3 (Pinelawn Road). This extension, however, is not included on CR 28's route.[4]Major intersections","title":"County Route 28"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Island Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_495_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Ronkonkoma Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronkonkoma_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Line_(Long_Island_Rail_Road)"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Town of Islip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islip,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Town of Brookhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suffolkcr-3"}],"text":"County Route 29 was an unsigned county route connecting CR 93 to the Long Island Expressway. The road was widened during the period that the Ronkonkoma Station was facing major reconstruction itself, and included a replacement for the wooden bridge that previously crossed over the Main Line of the Long Island Rail Road. The CR 29 signs were installed between 1989 and 1995, but have since been taken down.Within the town of Islip, the road is named Smithtown Avenue. After it crosses the Main Line of the Long Island Rail Road and simultaneously the Town of Islip–Town of Brookhaven town line, it becomes Ronkonkoma Avenue, a name that continues north of the terminus of I-495 until it reaches Hawkins Avenue in Lake Ronkonkoma. The route is no longer recognized by the Suffolk County Department of Public Works nor the New York State Department of Transportation.[3]Major intersections","title":"County Route 29"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suffolkcr-3"},{"link_name":"Lake Montauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Montauk"},{"link_name":"Montauk County Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_County_Park"},{"link_name":"Montauk Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Airport"},{"link_name":"Block Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Island_Sound"},{"link_name":"Montauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk,_New_York"}],"text":"County Route 30 was[3] the north-south road along the east side of Lake Montauk, known as East Lake Drive. The east side of this road consists of parts of Montauk County Park, a residential enclave, and Montauk Airport. The road terminates at the a parking lot north of the Inlet Seafood Restaurant on the Block Island Sound.Major intersectionsThe entire route is located in Montauk.","title":"County Route 30"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suffolk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Westhampton Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westhampton_Beach,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Riverhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhead,_New_York"},{"link_name":"CR 104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_104_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Montauk Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Highway"},{"link_name":"CR 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_80_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Westhampton Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westhampton_Beach,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Montauk Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Branch"},{"link_name":"Francis S. Gabreski Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_S._Gabreski_Airport"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"106th Rescue Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/106th_Rescue_Wing"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Long Island Central Pine Barrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Central_Pine_Barrens"},{"link_name":"NY 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"traffic circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_circle"},{"link_name":"CR 104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_104_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Port Jefferson–Westhampton Beach Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jefferson%E2%80%93Westhampton_Beach_Highway"}],"text":"County Route 31 is a short north-south county highway running across rural eastern Suffolk County. The road serves as a connection between Westhampton Beach and the Riverhead area, feeding directly into CR 104 as it makes its way north.Route descriptionThe road begins at Montauk Highway (CR 80), just north of the downtown area of Westhampton Beach. It serves in function as a continuation of Oak Street, which heads south to connect with the town's main street before crossing over to the Dune Road beaches.Heading north, this arrow-straight portion of the road crosses the Long Island Rail Road's Montauk Branch railroad tracks and then runs through the grounds of Francis S. Gabreski Airport, a former base of the United States Air Force, which is now home to the 106th Rescue Wing of the New York Air National Guard.North of the base, the road continues through a section of the Long Island Central Pine Barrens, which feature the indigenous dwarf pine. This area fell victim to a widespread wildfire that burned a significant portion of the core of the Pine Barrens in 1995. The section of CR 31 within the village of Westhampton Beach is ceremoniously dedicated \"Volunteers Way\" in honor of volunteer first responders to the Sunrise Fire.The road widens as it crosses NY 27, with which it has a full cloverleaf interchange. About one-half mile beyond this interchange, the road ends at a traffic circle with CR 104.HistoryBetween January 18, 1961 and May 23, 1972, CR 31 was extended south of Montauk Highway between Oak Street and Mill Road (formerly CR 100). Mill Road was intended to be converted into part of the formerly proposed Port Jefferson–Westhampton Beach Highway.Major intersections","title":"County Route 31"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ponquogue Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponquogue_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Westhampton Beach Barrier Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westhampton_Beach_Barrier_Island"},{"link_name":"Hampton Bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Bays,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Montauk Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Highway"},{"link_name":"Hampton Bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Bays,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suffolkcr-3"},{"link_name":"Ponquogue Causeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponquogue_Causeway"},{"link_name":"Hampton Bays, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Bays,_New_York"}],"text":"County Route 32 is the Ponquogue Bridge, the main two-lane highway between Ponquogue Point on Westhampton Beach Barrier Island and the mainland, which, through a maze of roadways, connects to downtown Hampton Bays. The route used to be designated north of the bridge along Lighthouse Road, Foster Avenue, Shinnecock Road, and Ponquogue Avenue to Montauk Highway in Hampton Bays, but neither the Suffolk County Department of Public Works or the New York State Department of Transportation recognize that portion of the roadway as CR 32, just the Ponquogue Bridge portion.[3] The formerly proposed Ponquogue Causeway was intended to either run parallel to or replace CR 32 between the 1930s and 1960s, but the roadway never came to fruition.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Hampton Bays, New York.","title":"County Route 32"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"County Route 32A was concurrent with CR 32 from Montauk Highway to the LIRR station.","title":"County Route 32A"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"County Route 32B was Foster Avenue and the former Ponquogue Bridge. It was integrated with CR 32.","title":"County Route 32B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montauk Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Highway"},{"link_name":"NY 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"Montauk Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Branch"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Napeague State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napeague_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Montauk Point State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Point_State_Parkway"}],"text":"County Route 33 was the designation for Cranberry Hole Road, Promised Land Road, and Napeague Meadow Road. The entire road is a former routing of Montauk Highway.CR 33 began in Amagansett at the intersection of NY 27 and Bluff Road as Cranberry Hole Road, and carried over a bridge above the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road, the easternmost LIRR bridge to exist. The name Cranberry Hole Road continues until the intersection with Bendigo Road (former CR 33A and CR 74). From there it the road becomes Promised Land Road. Both segments of CR 33 ran along the northern edge of Napeague State Park, and continued to run through the park even as it turns southeast onto Napeague Meadow Road. Promised Land Road continues northeast as Lazy Point Road where it enters \"downtown\" Napeague.The former route crosses the LIRR Montauk branch for the second time, but this time it is at an at-grade crossing, where it enters a section of Napeague formerly known as East Hampton Beach, before finally terminating at Montauk Point State Parkway (NY 27).Major intersections","title":"County Route 33"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CR 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_74_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"}],"text":"County Route 33A was for Abrahams Landing Road and Bendigo Road. It was a former suffixed route of CR 33, that is now unmarked CR 74.","title":"County Route 33A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Village of Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Town of Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_231"},{"link_name":"North Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Babylon,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"NY 231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_231"},{"link_name":"New York State Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suffolkcr-3"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"NY 231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_231"},{"link_name":"Southern State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Dix Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dix_Hills,_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Babylon,_New_York"}],"text":"County Route 34 is Deer Park Avenue between the Village of Babylon/Town of Babylon line and New York State Route 231 in North Babylon. It was a former segment of CR 35 that was established in 1970 when the New York State Department of Transportation created (what was intended to be) a temporary alignment of NY 231.The Village of Babylon used to maintain the section of CR 34 within the village. However, the New York State Department of Transportation, as well as the Suffolk County Department of Public Works, deems that CR 34 exists outside of the Babylon village limits.[3] Outside of the village limits, CR 34 crosses over New York State Route 27 (Sunrise Highway) as part of Exit 40, which is primarily for NY 231 to the east. Though CR 34 terminates at NY 231 in Deer Park, just south of the Southern State Parkway's exit 39, Deer Park Avenue continues northward as NY 231 well into Dix Hills.Before its current designation, CR 34 was assigned to Greenlawn Road, today a portion of CR 9 along with Cuba Hill Road, until the late 1960s.Major intersectionsThe entire route is located in North Babylon.","title":"County Route 34"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NY 231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_231"},{"link_name":"Northern State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"NY 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_110"},{"link_name":"New York State Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Babylon–Northport Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon%E2%80%93Northport_Expressway"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1969map-9"},{"link_name":"NY 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25"},{"link_name":"Old Country Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Country_Road"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"CR 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_86_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Elwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Bicycle Route 25A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Bicycle_Route_25A"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr35-10"},{"link_name":"CR 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_11_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Port Jefferson Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jefferson_Branch"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Huntington Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Town of Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 25A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25A"},{"link_name":"Heckscher Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckscher_Park_(Huntington,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"NY 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_110"},{"link_name":"traffic circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_circles"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr35-10"}],"text":"County Route 35 serves as a de facto extension of NY 231, spanning from the northern terminus of NY 231 and the Northern State Parkway in Dix Hills northwest to NY 110 in the hamlet of Huntington. The road originally included NY 231 and CR 34 until 1970, when the New York State Department of Transportation turned the segment between Southern and Northern State Parkways into the temporary alignment of NY 231, before the hopeful transfer of the road onto the formerly proposed Babylon–Northport Expressway. The south end of CR 35 and CR 66 and the north end of NY 231 was intended to include a formerly proposed North Deer Park Avenue Spur leading to the unbuilt expressway.[9]Route descriptionThe segment of CR 35 between NY 231 and NY 25 is four-lanes wide and is known as Deer Park Road West, as opposed to CR 66, which is known as Deer Park Road East. CR 35 is the last intersection with Old Country Road before both move north and intersect with NY 25. After this intersection, CR 35 narrows down to two lanes and becomes Park Avenue, which turns to the northwest at the 2nd Precinct of the Suffolk County Police Department before intersecting with CR 86 in west Elwood. At the north end of Dix Hills Road, the road narrows down to two lanes and contains frontage roads for residences. From there, the road serves as the east end of Maplewood Road, where it briefly overlaps with New York State Bicycle Route 25A until it reaches the west end of Little Plains Road, a block away from Little Plains Park.[10]The road briefly becomes four lanes wide again at the intersection of CR 11, but narrows back down to two lanes. Continuing northwest, CR 35 has an at-grade crossing with the Port Jefferson Branch of the Long Island Rail Road, which has been the site of many tractor-trailer accidents, and was the original location for the first \"Low Ground Clearance\" warning sign. The next major intersection after this crossing is Broadway, which runs west towards Huntington Station. Here, CR 35 becomes an unconventional two-lane divided highway, where the divider ends at Tasman Lane. As it goes downhill, CR 35 passes by three Jewish Centers and the Town of Huntington's Hilaire Woods Preserve before approaching the Huntington Arts Cinema at the southwest corner of NY 25A. North of NY 25A, CR 35 runs along the eastern edge of Heckscher Park, makes a northeast turn at Sabbath Day Path, and then passes Huntington Memorial Hospital before reaching NY 110. The two routes share a short concurrency between two traffic circles, before CR 35 exits and proceeds west towards West Shore Road. County Route 35 continues northward, then westward (unsigned) along West Shore Road before officially terminating at Landing Road (just east of Gold Star Beach Park).[10]Major intersections","title":"County Route 35"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NY 25A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25A"},{"link_name":"NY 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_110"},{"link_name":"Heckscher Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckscher_Park_(Huntington,_New_York)"}],"text":"County Route 35A was an extension of CR 35 that ran north of NY 25A then made a northeast turn at Sabbath Day Path before reaching NY 110. It was eventually absorbed into CR 35. This segment runs along parkland east of Heckscher Park and is the location of Huntington Memorial Hospital.","title":"County Route 35A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CR 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_66_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"}],"text":"County Route 35B was Deer Park Road East and today is CR 66.","title":"County Route 35B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NY 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_110"}],"text":"County Route 35C was an extension of CR 35 northwest of NY 110 that included Mill Dam Road, and West Shore Road on the west side of Huntington Harbor. The road was integrated into CR 35; however, it was later transferred to the town of Huntington.","title":"County Route 35C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montauk Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Highway"},{"link_name":"CR 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_80_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Montauk Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Highway"},{"link_name":"Bellport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellport,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Swan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_River_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Montauk Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Branch"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Hagerman Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerman_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Mastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastic,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Moriches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriches,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County Department of Parks and Recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hagerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerman,_New_York"},{"link_name":"West Yaphank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaphank,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Bellport County Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bellportcountryclub.com/Bellport/index.htm"},{"link_name":"Bellport, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellport,_New_York"},{"link_name":"LIRR station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellport_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"North Bellport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bellport,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Yaphank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaphank,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Medford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medford,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Gordon Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Heights,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Bellport Village Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellport_Village_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Gateway Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Montauk Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Highway"},{"link_name":"NY 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"Montauk Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Branch"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Bellport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellport,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency"},{"link_name":"NY 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_95"}],"text":"County Route 36 is a former segment of Montauk Highway known as South Country Road. Though it is signed as an east–west road, it runs southeast to northwest from CR 80 (Montauk Highway) and Lake Drive in East Patchogue into Bellport, and northeast to southwest back to Montauk Highway in the hamlet of Brookhaven. The entire road is two lanes wide, with exceptions for provisions for left turns at some intersections.Route descriptionSouth Country Road begins on the east bank of the Swan River at the intersection of Montauk Highway and Lake Drive, with a four way intersection that includes an eastbound connecting ramp. Almost immediately it crosses the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road after the intersection of Robinson Avenue. The former East Patchogue Station was located west of this intersection (Hagerman Station was further east along the line). Luxurious houses line the road from most of this point on. The bridge over Robinson Pond has a similar appearance to the one on Montauk Highway over the Forge River between Mastic and Moriches.[11] On the opposite side of Robinson Pond is the Mud Creek County Nature Preserve, a protected area controlled by the Suffolk County Department of Parks and Recreation. Other protected land exists along Strongs Creek and Abet's Creek in Hagerman, the latter of which used to be the location of a greenhouse. The last intersection outside of the village of Bellport is Munsell Road, a pre-automotive era road that once went as far north as West Yaphank.Bellport County Club serves as the unofficial border of the historic village of Bellport, New York. The intersection with Bellport Avenue to the north and Bellport Lane to the south is the heart of Bellport. Bellport Avenue leads to the town's LIRR station, but also through North Bellport, the edges of Yaphank and Medford, and once lead as far north as Gordon Heights. Bellport Lane, along with CR 36, is one of the streets bordering the Bellport Village Historic District, which has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1980.[12]Just outside the village at Mott's Brook, CR 36 passes by the Gateway Playhouse, which was established in 1941 on the grounds of a former farm owned by J. L. B. Mott. Well past the intersection of Bellhaven Avenue, the road begins to turn north as it follows the west bank of Beaver Dam Creek, which is hidden off to the east. Very little evidence of this or any other waterway exists along this section of the road until it reaches a hidden driveway leading to a Yacht Club near the southeast corner of Beaver Dam Road. Most of the houses along the road appear to be far more Victorian from this point on. For a moment, the road curves back to the east before intersecting with Fireplace Road, then heads back into a northerly direction. The northeastern end runs beneath a low bridge for the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road[13] where it intersects with Railroad Avenue (the former location of Brookhaven Station) before finally terminating at Montauk Highway.HistoryOriginally part of Montauk Highway, the road was created on February 24, 1930, when it shared a designation with NY 27 which was part of Montauk Highway at the time. It was completely turned over to Suffolk County on July 17, 1932, when the state of New York realigned Montauk Highway on the north side of the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. Since then it has been used as the main road through the village of Bellport.Until the late 1980s, flood insurance maps published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency have misrepresented South Country Road as being NY 95. South Country Road has never been either NY 95, nor CR 95.Major intersections","title":"County Route 36"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NY 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_114"}],"text":"County Route 37 was Manwaring Road on Shelter Island. It began at NY 114 and ran east toward the intersection of Ram Island Road, Saint Mary's Road, and Manhassett Road.","title":"County Route 37"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea,_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 27/CR 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"Tuckahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuckahoe,_Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"CR 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_52_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Noyack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyack,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sag Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sag_Harbor,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suffolkcr-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"NY 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"Napeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napeague,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scdpw-2"}],"text":"County Route 38 is the connector road along between the village of Southampton and North Sea. It begins at the intersection of NY 27/CR 39 on the north border of the Village of Southampton. After this intersection, it continues northwest towards Tuckahoe, where it approaches the northern terminus of CR 52 (Sandy Hollow Road), and moves directly north towards the hamlet of North Sea. The route ends 500 feet north of the intersection with Millstone Brook Road, just before the roadway reaches the \"downtown\" portion of North Sea. CR 38 used to continue eastward from North Sea to Noyack via Noyack Road, and, eventually, Sag Harbor. The route's mileage and designation is only recognized by the SCDPW or by the New York State Department of Transportation between Southampton Village and North Sea.[3]HistoryAs far back as the 1930s the road was planned to be extended along the north shore of the South Fork of Long Island to the Amagansett–Promised Land area.[16] Besides the existing segment of North Sea Road (and the former segment of Noyack Road), the new segment was to begin at the intersection of Brick Kiln Road then continue southeast until it reaches Town Line Road, where it would curve east. The CR 38 extension would gradually move southeast again, running along the headwaters of Northwest Creek and Three Mile Harbor, through Barnes Hole, and Devon until reaching Promised Land Road (former CR 33), which it would replace until it reached NY 27 (Montauk Point State Parkway) in the East Hampton Beach section of Napeague. Though the extension was dropped due to anti-highway sentiment, the official description used to include the extension, which was 25 miles.[2]Major intersections","title":"County Route 38"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CR 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_60_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"}],"text":"County Route 38A is a former spur of CR 38 known as Noyack–Long Beach Road. Today the road is designated as CR 60.","title":"County Route 38A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town of Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"Shinnecock Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinnecock_Canal"},{"link_name":"Great Peconic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Peconic_Bay"},{"link_name":"CR 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_79_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"}],"text":"County Route 39 is North Highway in the town of Southampton. Most of the road is concurrent with NY 27, where it is known as the Southampton Bypass, except for the portion along the Shinnecock Canal and the Great Peconic Bay. This section has an interchange with NY 27, both at the beginning of the freeway portion (Sunrise Highway) and the first interchange (exit 66). The multiplex between NY 27 and CR 39 was only meant to be temporary, since NY 27 was proposed to be moved to the Sunrise Highway Extension.Like CR 38, Suffolk County was planning to extend CR 39 east of Flying Point Road through CR 79 (Bridgehampton–Sag Harbor Turnpike) at the proposed Sunrise Highway Extension, and if necessary as a substitute for the Sunrise Highway Extension. These plans also date back to the 1930s, and included what became part of the proposed Sunrise Highway extension.Major intersections","title":"County Route 39"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Montauk Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Highway"}],"text":"County Route 39A is a little known suffixed route that runs concurrent with NY 27 (also known as North Highway or the Southampton Bypass) between North Sea Road and Montauk Highway. East of David Whites Lane, CR 39 was intended to be rerouted onto the formerly proposed Hampton Bays–Amagansett Road. While all businesses on this short stretch of highway use \"County Road 39A\" for the street name, it commonly known as part of CR 39. The entire route is signed as CR 39.Major intersections","title":"County Route 39A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shinnecock Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinnecock_Canal"},{"link_name":"NY 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"Shinnecock Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinnecock_Hills,_New_York"}],"text":"County Route 39B is Canal Road East and Old North Highway on the east side of the Shinnecock Canal. The road runs beneath the Sunrise Highway (NY 27) bridge over the Canal, just as CR 39 does, and provides closer access to Meschutt Beach County Park.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Shinnecock Hills.","title":"County Route 39B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Hampton village line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hampton_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"East Hampton North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hampton_North,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springs,_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Main Street Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Main_Street_Historic_District_(East_Hampton,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"East Hampton village line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hampton_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Montauk Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Branch"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Cedar Point County Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Point_County_Park"},{"link_name":"CR 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_41_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suffolkcr-3"}],"text":"County Route 40 is known as Three Mile Harbor Road, and extends from the East Hampton village line in East Hampton North to Copeces Lane in Springs.Route descriptionCR 40 begins north of the North Main Street Historic District at the East Hampton village line at Cedar Street. The route starts north of the bridge under the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. The first major intersection north of the historic district (and the southern terminus of CR 40) is Cedar Street, which leads to Cedar Point County Park, and the second one is CR 41 (Springs Fireplace Road).A fork in the road for Springy Banks Road is the southern border Three Mile Harbor, both the waterway and the former hamlet. This road leads motorists northwest to Lafarges Landing and Sammy's Beach, while CR 40 continues to the northeast as it passes by East Hampton Marina, Three Mile Harbor Boat Yard, and Gardiner's Marina. After passing Gardiner's Marina, the designation for CR 40 ends at Copeces Lane, just to the south of Marina Lane Waterside Park.[3]Major intersections","title":"County Route 40"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"County Route 40A was concurrent with CR 40 along Three Mile Harbor Road until after the 1960s.","title":"County Route 40A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hampton_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springs,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springs,_New_York"}],"text":"County Route 41 is Springs–Fireplace Road, which spans from East Hampton to Springs. Though CR 41 terminates at CR 45 in Springs, Springs–Fireplace Road continues north into the Springs.Major intersections","title":"County Route 41"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelter Island Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelter_Island_Heights,_New_York"},{"link_name":"town of Shelter Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelter_Island,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Shelter Island Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelter_Island_Heights,_New_York"}],"text":"County Route 42 is a short, partially-unsigned east-west county road in the hamlet of Shelter Island Heights, in the town of Shelter Island. It is known as Shore Road, and extends from Rocky Point Road on the west shore of Shelter Island to West Neck Road (CR 115).Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Shelter Island Heights.","title":"County Route 42"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riverhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhead_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Downtown Riverhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhead_(CDP),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Northville, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northville,_Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"CR 73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_73_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"CR 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_58_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"CR 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_105_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"NY 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25"}],"text":"County Route 43, known as Northville Turnpike for its entire length, is a county route contained completely within the township of Riverhead. It heads north-northeast from Downtown Riverhead towards the North Shore of Long Island, ending at Sound Avenue in the hamlet of Northville, New York.Route descriptionCounty Route 43 begins at Roanoke Avenue (CR 73) just north of its crossing with the Long Island Rail Road Main Line tracks. After cutting a slice through part of downtown Riverhead, CR 43 heads off in an almost-straight path towards the North Shore. After crossing Old Country Road (CR 58), CR 43 enters the farm fields that characterize much of Riverhead town. The road crosses CR 105 just before its terminus at Sound Avenue.HistoryOriginally, CR 43's southern terminus was on Roanoke Avenue at NY 25 (Main Street) in Downtown Riverhead. The southern terminus was truncated in 1943, when CR 73 took over Roanoke Avenue.Major intersections","title":"County Route 43"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NY 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_114"},{"link_name":"North Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Haven,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Shelter Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelter_Island_Sound"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"County Route 44, was an unbuilt county road along the west side of NY 114 in North Haven that was intended to be four-lanes wide and take motorists to a new bridge across the southern Shelter Island Sound. Suffolk County Department of Public Works had also hoped it would be acquired by the NYSDOT as a realignment for NY 114.[17][18][19]","title":"County Route 44"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NY 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"Montauk Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Branch"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Amagansett Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amagansett_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"South Fork Country Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Fork_Country_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springs,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Parsons House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Parsons_House"},{"link_name":"CR 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_41_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr45-20"},{"link_name":"Pollock-Krasner House and Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollock-Krasner_House_and_Studio"},{"link_name":"Gardiners Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardiners_Bay"},{"link_name":"CR 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_40_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr45-20"}],"text":"County Route 45 was primarily known the designation for Old Stone Highway (Springs–Amagansett Road), Springs-Fireplace Road, and Hog Creek Road.Route descriptionCR 45 began at NY 27 as Abrahams Landing Road, where it instantly crossed the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road at Amagansett Station, and immediately made a left-turn onto Old Stone Highway (Springs–Amagansett Road) at the South Fork Country Club. The route slanted to the north as it approached the intersection of Town Lane, and then to the northeast. From here, the route continued into Springs, at a former hamlet known as Barnes Hole, where it encounters Red Dirt Road, Barnes Hole Road, and the south end of Neck Path. The route continued to move northeast, but suddenly curved northwest in order to avoid Accabonac Cliff, which is accessible from a side road called Louise Point Road. CR 45 intersected at Neck Path again east of the former hamlet of Kingstown, but this time it merges with the former route and then immediately turns onto Accabonac Road. Curving back to the northwest, CR 45 passed by the Springs General Store, then over a creek leading to Pussys Pond, and instantly intersected a fork in the road at Parsons Place, which leads to the historic Charles Parsons Blacksmith Building as well as the NRHP-listed Ambrose Parsons House. In between both roads are the Springs Cannon, Ashawagh Hall, and for CR 45, the Springs Community Presbyterian Church on the opposite side. In front of the church, Springs–Amagansett Road/Old Stone Highway curves to the right, until it reaches a wye at Springs–Fireplace Road, thus serving as the former northern terminus of CR 41.[20]This segment of Springs–Fireplace Road is where one can find the NRHP-listed Pollock-Krasner House and Studio. The rest of the road runs along the northwest shore of Accabonac Harbor, along preserved land such as the Meadow Lake and Kaplan Meadows Sanctuaries. CR 45 made a sharp left turn onto Hog Creek Road, and headed north again while Springs–Fireplace Road continues towards Fireplace in Gardiners Bay, as well as a former hamlet called Gerard Park. Along Hog Creek Road, CR 45 skirted the border of Springs and Fireplace, until the intersection of Kings Point Road where it made a sharp left onto Three Mile Harbor Road and terminated at the former northern terminus of CR 40.[20]Major intersections","title":"County Route 45"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Floyd Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Floyd_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Smith Point County Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Point_County_Park"},{"link_name":"Wading River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wading_River,_New_York"}],"text":"County Route 46 is the county designation for William Floyd Parkway, a four-lane highway spanning from Smith Point County Park to almost near Wading River.","title":"County Route 46"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"NY 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25"}],"text":"County Route 46A was the original designation for the alignment along the west side of Brookhaven National Laboratory between Yaphank–Moriches Road and south of the unnumbered interchange with NY 25. It was eventually integrated as part of CR 46 while the old CR 46 (Upton Road) was abandoned to both the lab and private developers.","title":"County Route 46A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NY 27A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27A"},{"link_name":"NY 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_110"},{"link_name":"East Farmingdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Farmingdale,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"East Farmingdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Farmingdale,_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 27A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27A"},{"link_name":"CR 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_12_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Copiague Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copiague_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"CR 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_2_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Amityville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amityville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Dix Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dix_Hills,_New_York"},{"link_name":"cloverleaf interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange"},{"link_name":"NY 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"Amityville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amityville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sisters of St. Dominic Motherhouse Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_St._Dominic_Motherhouse_Complex"},{"link_name":"NY 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_110"},{"link_name":"Southern State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr47-23"}],"text":"County Route 47 is the designation for Great Neck Road from NY 27A in Copaigue through NY 110 in East Farmingdale until it reaches the Nassau–Suffolk county line in East Farmingdale.Route descriptionCR 47 is almost entirely two lanes, with a center-left-turn lane, except at its southern terminus at NY 27A. Aside from the Copaigue Fire Department and a school or two, the street is almost entirely residential until the intersection of Hollywood Avenue. There, the route becomes a commercial strip, especially as it approaches CR 12 (Oak Street), which once carried a streetcar line between Amityville and Babylon. One block later CR 47 runs beneath Copiague Station.The commercial zoning ends at the intersection of Campagnoli Avenue. Scattered commercial operations can be found near the intersection with CR 2 (Dixon Avenue) which spans from Amityville to Dix Hills, but, for the most part, the road remains primarily residential.As the road runs along the west side of Copiague Middle School, it approaches the cloverleaf interchange with NY 27, where CR 47 becomes a two-lane divided highway. After the interchange with NY 27, the road resumes its status as a two-lane corridor (with a center-left-turn lane) and shifts from north and south to northwest and southeast at the intersection of Bethpage Road. The next major intersection is Albany Avenue, which spans from downtown Amityville to the Sisters of St. Dominic Motherhouse Complex.Prior to reaching the intersection of NY 110, CR 47 runs over the Southern State Parkway and a former gas station that existed in the median until 1985. It also shared an interchange with the Parkway until the 1950s.[22] Though CR 47 continues north of NY 110, it ceases to be a county road one block away, when it crosses the Nassau County line and becomes South Main Street in both South Farmingdale and Farmingdale.[23]Major intersections","title":"County Route 47"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mattituck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattituck,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Greenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenport,_Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Expressway"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 25 Truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NY_25_Truck"}],"text":"County Route 48 is the designation for Middle Road on the North Fork of Long Island between Mattituck and Greenport. It was intended to be converted into an extension of the Long Island Expressway, and was originally designated CR 27. The route includes New York State Route 25 Truck for its entire length.","title":"County Route 48"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NY 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"Lake Montauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Montauk"},{"link_name":"Fort Pond Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Pond_Bay"},{"link_name":"Montauk Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Montauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk,_New_York"}],"text":"County Route 49 runs south-to-north from NY 27 in Montauk to the loop on the west side of Lake Montauk. It starts along the east side of Fort Pond Bay as Edgemere Street, and then onto Flamingo Avenue before reaching Montauk Station. From this point, the road moves northeast above Fort Pond Bay before reaching CR 77.Major intersectionsThe entire route is in Montauk.","title":"County Route 49"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Great River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_River,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Montauk Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Branch"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_109"},{"link_name":"village of Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Montauk Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Branch"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_231"},{"link_name":"West Islip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Islip"},{"link_name":"Great River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_River,_New_York"},{"link_name":"CR 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_82_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Robert Moses Causeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses_Causeway"},{"link_name":"West Bay Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bay_Shore,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Brightwaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightwaters,_New_York"},{"link_name":"CR 13A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_13A_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"CR 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_13_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Bay Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Shore,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Bay Shore's LIRR train station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Shore_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"CR 57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_57_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"NY 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"Islip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islip_(hamlet),_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_111"},{"link_name":"Islip's train station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islip_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Champlin Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlin_Creek"},{"link_name":"Islip Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islip_Art_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CR 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_17_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"East Islip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Islip"},{"link_name":"Great River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_River,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Heckscher State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckscher_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"NY 27A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27A"},{"link_name":"Great River's train station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_River_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Bayard Cutting Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_Cutting_Arboretum"}],"text":"County Route 50 is an east-west county road running from Babylon to Great River, paralleling the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. The road serves as a commuter-feeder route in southwestern Suffolk County. Most of the road is two lanes wide, although there are some areas where it opens up to four lanes or simply allows center-left-turn lanes.Route descriptionCR 50 begins at the intersection of New York State Route 109 in the village of Babylon, north of the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road as Park Avenue. The route straddles northward on Deer Park Avenue for three-tenths of a mile to find its way onto Simon Street but this name doesn't carry the designation very long. At the intersection of Cedar and Cooper streets, CR 50 makes a sharp right turn along Cooper Street to cross under the tracks, which then immediately makes a left onto John Street along the south side of the Montauk Branch. For a slightly longer distance until reaching the quarter cloverleaf interchange with New York State Route 231 (NY 231, the Babylon–Northport Expressway) on the Babylon Village–West Islip border, the road suddenly takes on the name \"Union Boulevard\", the street that defines CR 50. Union Boulevard continues to carry CR 50 along the south side of the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road for the rest of its length to the hamlet of Great River.East of the intersection of CR 82 (Higbie Lane), CR 50 runs beneath a pedestrian-railroad bridge that spans between a shopping center and the intersection of Orinoco Drive and Patricia Avenue across the Montauk Branch, and another limited-access highway known as the Robert Moses Causeway in West Islip. Unlike the Babylon-Northport Expressway, no access to the Causeway is provided. The bridge that carries the Robert Moses Causeway over Union Boulevard also carries it over the LIRR railroad tracks. After passing through the northern sections of West Bay Shore and the village of Brightwaters, CR 50 approaches southbound-only Clinton Avenue (CR 13A) and northbound-only Fifth Avenue (CR 13) in Bay Shore. Continuing eastward on the south side of Bay Shore's LIRR train station, CR 50 then intersects with CR 57 (Third Avenue).The last major intersection within Bay Shore is Brentwood Road, although Saxon Avenue also leads through NY 27. While Union Boulevard runs south of the railroad tracks, another street called Moffit Boulevard runs parallel on the north side of the tracks, which runs between Brentwood Road and Carleton Avenue (CR 17). As the road enters the heart of the hamlet of Islip, CR 50 intersects Nassau Avenue and, more importantly, NY 111 (the two streets that serve Islip's train station). Shortly after passing over the north end of Knapp Lake and Champlin Creek, the road curves somewhat further southeast as it intersects Irish Avenue where it passes the Islip Art Museum and, then with, Carleton Avenue (CR 17) in East Islip, which was originally a segment of NY 111 until 1966.Union Boulevard runs beneath a third limited-access road between East Islip and Great River, Heckscher State Parkway. No access to this parkway is provided, however Exit 45W on the parkway leads to Harwood Road, which takes commuters to both NY 27A and CR 50. From the parkway bridge, the road enters both county and state protected areas. CR 50 then intersects with Connetquot Avenue south of Great River's train station. The road finally terminates at an at-grade interchange with NY 27A and the entrance to the Bayard Cutting Arboretum.Major intersections","title":"County Route 50"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oakdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakdale,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sayville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Montauk Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Highway"}],"text":"County Route 50A was reserved for the unbuilt Union Boulevard Extension between Oakdale and Sayville. This 1964 proposal was to run mostly along the north side of the Montauk Branch of the LIRR, terminating east of the low railroad bridge over Montauk Highway in Sayville.","title":"County Route 50A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amityville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amityville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1969map-9"},{"link_name":"CR 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_12_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"}],"text":"County Route 50B was Oak Street, Railroad Avenue, and Trolley Line Road from Amityville at the Nassau–Suffolk county line to Babylon at Deer Park Avenue.[9] Today, it is CR 12.","title":"County Route 50B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NY 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_109"}],"text":"County Route 50C was Park Avenue between NY 109 and Deer Park Avenue within Babylon. This was a proposed extension that was phased out during the mid-1980s, although Suffolk County Department of Public Works still lists this street as being part of CR 50.","title":"County Route 50C"}] | [{"image_text":"A school bus runs north along CR 28 in North Amityville, New York","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Baumann_%26_Sons_Buses_Inc._-2130_%2833503704681%29.jpg/225px-Baumann_%26_Sons_Buses_Inc._-2130_%2833503704681%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Google (June 1, 2015). \"CR 26\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/ivq4e","url_text":"\"CR 26\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"County Road System – County of Suffolk, New York\" (PDF). Suffolk County Department of Public Works. December 29, 2005. 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Retrieved June 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/Umwvu","url_text":"\"CR 29\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 2, 2015). \"CR 30\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/TCT4I","url_text":"\"CR 30\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 2, 2015). \"CR 31\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/6yTgs","url_text":"\"CR 31\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 2, 2015). \"CR 33\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/kCg5a","url_text":"\"CR 33\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Atlas of Suffolk County, New York (Map). Hagstrom Map. 1969.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagstrom_Map","url_text":"Hagstrom Map"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 2, 2015). \"CR 35\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/wvzv4","url_text":"\"CR 35\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Intelligentlove (December 28, 2009). File:E P-South-Country-Rd.JPG (photograph). Retrieved July 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Intelligentlove","url_text":"Intelligentlove"},{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:E_P-South-Country-Rd.JPG","url_text":"File:E P-South-Country-Rd.JPG"}]},{"reference":"\"Suffolk County Listings at the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP #02001451)\". Retrieved April 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/NY/Suffolk/state.html","url_text":"\"Suffolk County Listings at the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP #02001451)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1900 View of South Country Road railroad bridge in Brookhaven, New York\". TrainsAreFun. Retrieved April 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://trainsarefun.com/lirr/trestles/scountryrdviewnorthc.1900.jpg","url_text":"\"1900 View of South Country Road railroad bridge in Brookhaven, New York\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 3, 2015). \"CR 36\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/zMy10","url_text":"\"CR 36\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 3, 2015). \"CR 38\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/8J2Al","url_text":"\"CR 38\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"Suffolk County Gets New Bridges\". The New York Times. April 12, 1931. p. RE3. Retrieved February 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F17F93D591B728DDDAB0994DC405B818FF1D3","url_text":"\"Suffolk County Gets New Bridges\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Long Island Spans\". The New York Times. May 22, 1938. p. 53. Retrieved February 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1938/05/22/archives/new-long-island-spans-bridge-bills-await-signing-by-the-president.html","url_text":"\"New Long Island Spans\""}]},{"reference":"\"High Court Blocks Suffolk Projects\". The New York Times. March 1, 1933. p. 29. Retrieved February 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1933/03/01/archives/high-court-blocks-suffolk-projects-bars-5000000-bond-issue-for.html","url_text":"\"High Court Blocks Suffolk Projects\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 2, 2015). \"CR 45\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/BfX3M","url_text":"\"CR 45\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"County Road System – County of Suffolk, New York\" (PDF). Suffolk County Department of Public Works. December 29, 2005. Retrieved April 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greaternyroads.info/pdfs/suffcr.pdf","url_text":"\"County Road System – County of Suffolk, New York\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 2, 2015). \"CR 47\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/Q1yu6","url_text":"\"CR 47\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Steve. \"Suffolk County Roads 26–50\". NYCRoads. Archived from the original on April 23, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100423182257/http://www.nycroads.com/roads/suffolk_026-050/","url_text":"\"Suffolk County Roads 26–50\""},{"url":"http://www.nycroads.com/roads/suffolk_026-050/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://bellportcountryclub.com/Bellport/index.htm","external_links_name":"Bellport County Club"},{"Link":"https://goo.gl/maps/ivq4e","external_links_name":"\"CR 26\""},{"Link":"http://www.greaternyroads.info/pdfs/suffcr.pdf","external_links_name":"\"County Road System – County of Suffolk, New York\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-respository/NYSDOT_2021_LHI_County_Roads_Suffolk_County.pdf","external_links_name":"\"County Roads Listing, Suffolk County\""},{"Link":"https://goo.gl/maps/R542x","external_links_name":"\"CR 28\""},{"Link":"https://goo.gl/maps/Umwvu","external_links_name":"\"CR 29\""},{"Link":"https://goo.gl/maps/TCT4I","external_links_name":"\"CR 30\""},{"Link":"https://goo.gl/maps/6yTgs","external_links_name":"\"CR 31\""},{"Link":"https://goo.gl/maps/kCg5a","external_links_name":"\"CR 33\""},{"Link":"https://goo.gl/maps/wvzv4","external_links_name":"\"CR 35\""},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Intelligentlove","external_links_name":"Intelligentlove"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:E_P-South-Country-Rd.JPG","external_links_name":"File:E P-South-Country-Rd.JPG"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/NY/Suffolk/state.html","external_links_name":"\"Suffolk County Listings at the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP #02001451)\""},{"Link":"http://trainsarefun.com/lirr/trestles/scountryrdviewnorthc.1900.jpg","external_links_name":"\"1900 View of South Country Road railroad bridge in Brookhaven, New York\""},{"Link":"https://goo.gl/maps/zMy10","external_links_name":"\"CR 36\""},{"Link":"https://goo.gl/maps/8J2Al","external_links_name":"\"CR 38\""},{"Link":"http://www.nycroads.com/history/1941_metro-8/","external_links_name":"Map of Eastern Suffolk County, New York [email protected]"},{"Link":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F17F93D591B728DDDAB0994DC405B818FF1D3","external_links_name":"\"Suffolk County Gets New Bridges\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1938/05/22/archives/new-long-island-spans-bridge-bills-await-signing-by-the-president.html","external_links_name":"\"New Long Island Spans\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1933/03/01/archives/high-court-blocks-suffolk-projects-bars-5000000-bond-issue-for.html","external_links_name":"\"High Court Blocks Suffolk Projects\""},{"Link":"https://goo.gl/maps/BfX3M","external_links_name":"\"CR 45\""},{"Link":"http://www.greaternyroads.info/pdfs/suffcr.pdf","external_links_name":"\"County Road System – County of Suffolk, New York\""},{"Link":"http://www.historicmapworks.com/Map/US/26973/Plate+005/Suffolk+County+1941+Western+Half/New+York/","external_links_name":"Hagstroms Western Suffolk County Road Atlas (1941)"},{"Link":"https://goo.gl/maps/Q1yu6","external_links_name":"\"CR 47\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100423182257/http://www.nycroads.com/roads/suffolk_026-050/","external_links_name":"\"Suffolk County Roads 26–50\""},{"Link":"http://www.nycroads.com/roads/suffolk_026-050/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100423182257/http://www.nycroads.com/roads/suffolk_026-050/","external_links_name":"Suffolk CRs 26-50 @ NYCRoads.com"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Cornaro,_Marquess_of_Bodonitsa | Andrea Cornaro, Marquess of Bodonitsa | ["1 References"] | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Andrea Cornaro (died 1323) of the House of Cornaro, was a Venetian citizen from Crete, and baron of Scarpanto. He was the husband of Maria dalle Carceri, heiress of a sixth of Euboea and widow of Albert Pallavicini, and co-governed her half of the marquisate of Bodonitsa until his death.
After Albert Pallavicini's death in 1311, Bodonitsa was divided between his wife Maria and his daughter Guglielma. The latter married Bartolomeo Zaccaria. Cornaro was sought out by Maria in order to defend her and her daughter's rights to Bodonitsa in light of the recent Battle of Halmyros, which had completely upended the political structure of Frankish Greece. He married Maria in 1312.
Cornaro tended to reside in Euboea. He had to weather an invasion by the Catalan Company and the Duchy of Athens under Alfonso Fadrique. During that war, Bartolomeo was captured and carted off to a Sicilian prison. In 1319, Cornaro, with Venice, made a treaty with the Catalans. He was constrained to pay an annual tribute of four destriers to the vicar general of Athens. Four years later, he died.
References
Miller, William (1908). "The Marquisate of Boudonitza (1204–1414)" (PDF). Journal of Hellenic Studies. 28 (2): 234–249. doi:10.2307/624608. JSTOR 624608.
Ravegnano, Giorgio (1983). "Corner, Andrea". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 29 (in Italian). Retrieved 16 June 2014.
Setton, Kenneth M., gen. ed. A History of the Crusades: Volume III — The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Harry W. Hazard, editor. University of Wisconsin Press: Madison, 1975.
Preceded byMaria dalle Carceriand Guglielma Pallavicini
Marquess of Bodonitsa 1312–1323with Maria dalle Carceri andGuglielma Pallavicini
Succeeded byGuglielma Pallavicini
Authority control databases International
VIAF
People
Italian People | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Cornaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Cornaro"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Scarpanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarpanto"},{"link_name":"Maria dalle Carceri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_dalle_Carceri"},{"link_name":"sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triarchy_of_Negroponte"},{"link_name":"Euboea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea"},{"link_name":"Albert Pallavicini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Pallavicini"},{"link_name":"marquisate of Bodonitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquisate_of_Bodonitsa"},{"link_name":"Guglielma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielma_Pallavicini"},{"link_name":"Bartolomeo Zaccaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo_Zaccaria"},{"link_name":"Battle of Halmyros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halmyros"},{"link_name":"Frankish Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Greece"},{"link_name":"Catalan Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_Company"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Fadrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Fadrique"},{"link_name":"Sicilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"destriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destrier"},{"link_name":"vicar general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_general"}],"text":"Andrea Cornaro (died 1323) of the House of Cornaro, was a Venetian citizen from Crete, and baron of Scarpanto. He was the husband of Maria dalle Carceri, heiress of a sixth of Euboea and widow of Albert Pallavicini, and co-governed her half of the marquisate of Bodonitsa until his death.After Albert Pallavicini's death in 1311, Bodonitsa was divided between his wife Maria and his daughter Guglielma. The latter married Bartolomeo Zaccaria. Cornaro was sought out by Maria in order to defend her and her daughter's rights to Bodonitsa in light of the recent Battle of Halmyros, which had completely upended the political structure of Frankish Greece. He married Maria in 1312.Cornaro tended to reside in Euboea. He had to weather an invasion by the Catalan Company and the Duchy of Athens under Alfonso Fadrique. During that war, Bartolomeo was captured and carted off to a Sicilian prison. In 1319, Cornaro, with Venice, made a treaty with the Catalans. He was constrained to pay an annual tribute of four destriers to the vicar general of Athens. Four years later, he died.","title":"Andrea Cornaro, Marquess of Bodonitsa"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Miller, William (1908). \"The Marquisate of Boudonitza (1204–1414)\" (PDF). Journal of Hellenic Studies. 28 (2): 234–249. doi:10.2307/624608. JSTOR 624608.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)","url_text":"Miller, William"},{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1449952/files/article.pdf","url_text":"\"The Marquisate of Boudonitza (1204–1414)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F624608","url_text":"10.2307/624608"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/624608","url_text":"624608"}]},{"reference":"Ravegnano, Giorgio (1983). \"Corner, Andrea\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 29 (in Italian). Retrieved 16 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/andrea-corner_res-43900b29-87eb-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/","url_text":"\"Corner, Andrea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani","url_text":"Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/1449952/files/article.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Marquisate of Boudonitza (1204–1414)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F624608","external_links_name":"10.2307/624608"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/624608","external_links_name":"624608"},{"Link":"http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/andrea-corner_res-43900b29-87eb-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/","external_links_name":"\"Corner, Andrea\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/6999151247959144270000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/andrea-corner_res-43900b29-87eb-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumford,_Virginia | Rumford, Virginia | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 37°43′30″N 77°05′22″W / 37.72500°N 77.08944°W / 37.72500; -77.08944Unincorporated community in Virginia, United States
Unincorporated community in Virginia, United StatesRumford, VirginiaUnincorporated communityRumfordLocation within Virginia and the United StatesShow map of VirginiaRumfordRumford (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 37°43′30″N 77°05′22″W / 37.72500°N 77.08944°W / 37.72500; -77.08944CountryUnited StatesStateVirginiaCountyKing WilliamTime zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Rumford is an unincorporated community in King William County, Virginia, United States.
References
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Rumford, Virginia
vteMunicipalities and communities of King William County, Virginia, United StatesCounty seat: King WilliamTown
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This King William County, Virginia state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"King William County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_William_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Virginia, United StatesUnincorporated community in Virginia, United StatesRumford is an unincorporated community in King William County, Virginia, United States.[1]","title":"Rumford, Virginia"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Virginia highlighting King William County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_King_William_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_King_William_County.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rumford,_Virginia¶ms=37_43_30_N_77_05_22_W_region:US-VA_type:city","external_links_name":"37°43′30″N 77°05′22″W / 37.72500°N 77.08944°W / 37.72500; -77.08944"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rumford,_Virginia¶ms=37_43_30_N_77_05_22_W_region:US-VA_type:city","external_links_name":"37°43′30″N 77°05′22″W / 37.72500°N 77.08944°W / 37.72500; -77.08944"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1477705","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Rumford, Virginia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rumford,_Virginia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikeville,_Pennsylvania | Pikeville, Pennsylvania | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°23′54″N 75°43′25″W / 40.39833°N 75.72361°W / 40.39833; -75.72361
Unincorporated community in Pennsylvania, United StatesPikeville, PennsylvaniaUnincorporated communityPikevilleCoordinates: 40°23′54″N 75°43′25″W / 40.39833°N 75.72361°W / 40.39833; -75.72361CountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyBerksTownshipPikeElevation371 ft (113 m)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Area code(s)610 and 484GNIS feature ID1183737
Pikeville is an unincorporated community in Pike Township in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. Pikeville is located near the intersection of Lobachsville Road and Oysterdale Road.
The community's name is derived from Pike Township.
References
^ "Pikeville". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ Berks County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
^ "Some peculiar post office names in Berks". Reading Eagle. November 27, 1910. p. 11. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
External links
Media related to Pikeville, Pennsylvania at Wikimedia Commons
vteMunicipalities and communities of Berks County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: ReadingCity
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Albany
Amityville
Barto
Basket
Beckersville
Berne
Boyers Junction
Breezy Corner
Brownsville
Cacoosing
Chapel‡
Clayton
Dale
Earlville
Dreibelbis
Eagle Point
Eckville
Eshbach
Evansville
Five Points
Fredericksville
Fritztown
Geigertown
Greenawald
Green Hills
Grimville
Hancock
Harlem
Henningsville
Hinterleiter
Host
Huffs Church
Jalappa
Joanna
Joanna Heights
Kempville
Kirbyville
Klinesville
Knauers
Krumsville
Kulptown
Landis Store
Leinbachs
Limekiln
Lobachsville
Longswamp
Maiden Creek
Manatawny
Maple Grove
Molltown
Monocacy Station
Montello
Monterey
Morysville
Moselem
Moselem Springs
New Hensingersville‡
North Heidelberg
Pikeville
Pine Forge
Pleasant Valley
Pleasantville
Plowville
Pricetown
Quaker City
Rittenhouse Gap
Sally Ann
Scarlets Mill
Seisholtzville
State Hill
Stony Run
Trexler
Tuckerton
Unionville
Vinemont
Weavertown
Windsor Castle
Wintersville
Woodchoppertown
Wyomissing Hills
Yellow House
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Pennsylvania portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Pike Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_Township,_Berks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Berks County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennDOTBerks-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Pennsylvania, United StatesPikeville is an unincorporated community in Pike Township in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. Pikeville is located near the intersection of Lobachsville Road and Oysterdale Road.[2]The community's name is derived from Pike Township.[3]","title":"Pikeville, Pennsylvania"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Berks_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Berks_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Pikeville\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1183737","url_text":"\"Pikeville\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"Berks County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110718213909/ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/berks_GHSN.PDF","url_text":"Berks County, Pennsylvania Highway Map"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/berks_GHSN.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Some peculiar post office names in Berks\". Reading Eagle. November 27, 1910. p. 11. Retrieved December 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DgAuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DJoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5795%2C3041054","url_text":"\"Some peculiar post office names in Berks\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pikeville,_Pennsylvania¶ms=40_23_54_N_75_43_25_W_region:US-PA_type:city","external_links_name":"40°23′54″N 75°43′25″W / 40.39833°N 75.72361°W / 40.39833; -75.72361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pikeville,_Pennsylvania¶ms=40_23_54_N_75_43_25_W_region:US-PA_type:city","external_links_name":"40°23′54″N 75°43′25″W / 40.39833°N 75.72361°W / 40.39833; -75.72361"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1183737","external_links_name":"\"Pikeville\""},{"Link":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110718213909/ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/berks_GHSN.PDF","external_links_name":"Berks County, Pennsylvania Highway Map"},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/berks_GHSN.PDF","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DgAuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DJoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5795%2C3041054","external_links_name":"\"Some peculiar post office names in Berks\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mel%C3%A9ndez_(footballer,_born_1998) | René Meléndez (footballer, born 1998) | ["1 Career","2 International career","3 References","4 External links"] | Chilean footballer
René MeléndezPersonal informationFull name
René Antonio Meléndez PlazaDate of birth
(1998-11-19) 19 November 1998 (age 25)Place of birth
San Antonio, ChileHeight
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s)
MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team
Deportes La SerenaYouth career
Audax ItalianoSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2015–2021
Audax Italiano
32
(2)2019
→ Deportes Melipilla (loan)
6
(1)2021
→ Lautaro de Buin (loan)
11
(7)2022–2023
Lautaro de Buin
46
(12)2024–
Deportes La Serena
0
(0)International career‡2014–2015
Chile U17
11
(1)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 21 January 2024‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 18 July 2022
René Antonio Meléndez Plaza (born 19 November 1998) is a Chilean footballer who plays as a midfielder for Deportes La Serena.
Career
In 2024, he joined Deportes La Serena in the second level from Lautaro de Buin.
International career
Meléndez represented Chile at under-17 level in the 2014 South American Games, the 2015 South American Championship in Paraguay and the 2015 FIFA World Cup in Chile.
References
^ René Meléndez at Soccerway
^ Vera, Pablo (20 January 2024). "El equipo más lento del mercado de la B anunció cinco fichajes". Diario AS (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Nóminas de Chile para Juegos Suramericanos". Partidos de La Roja (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 November 2023.
^ "Nóminas de Chile para Campeonatos Sudamericanos Sub-17". Partidos de la Roja (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 July 2022.
^ "NÓMINA DE LA SELECCIÓN CHILENA PARA LA COPA MUNDIAL SUB 17 DE LA FIFA CHILE 2015" (in Spanish). ANFP. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
External links
René Meléndez at Soccerway
René Meléndez at Soccerzz
vteDeportes La Serena – current squad
1 Sanhueza
3 Santelices
4 Ortiz
5 Alarcón
6 Miranda
7 Guerrero
8 Carreño
9 Sánchez Sotelo
10 Paredes
11 Espinoza
12 Tapia
14 Espinoza
15 Sanhueza
16 Flores
17 López
19 Cortés
20 Mederos
21 Reyes
22 Ramírez
23 Arias
24 Coria
26 Reyes
27 Saavedra
28 Rodríguez
29 Rodríguez
30 Mardones
32 Navarrete
40 Ramon
Manager: Luvera | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Deportes La Serena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportes_La_Serena"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"René Antonio Meléndez Plaza (born 19 November 1998) is a Chilean footballer who plays as a midfielder for Deportes La Serena.[1]","title":"René Meléndez (footballer, born 1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deportes La Serena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportes_La_Serena"},{"link_name":"Lautaro de Buin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautaro_de_Buin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 2024, he joined Deportes La Serena in the second level from Lautaro de Buin.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 South American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2014_South_American_Games"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2015 South American Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_South_American_U-17_Championship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2015 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Meléndez represented Chile at under-17 level in the 2014 South American Games,[3] the 2015 South American Championship[4] in Paraguay and the 2015 FIFA World Cup in Chile.[5]","title":"International career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Vera, Pablo (20 January 2024). \"El equipo más lento del mercado de la B anunció cinco fichajes\". Diario AS (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://chile.as.com/futbol/el-equipo-mas-lento-del-mercado-de-la-b-anuncio-cinco-fichajes-n/","url_text":"\"El equipo más lento del mercado de la B anunció cinco fichajes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_AS","url_text":"Diario AS"}]},{"reference":"\"Nóminas de Chile para Juegos Suramericanos\". Partidos de La Roja (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.partidosdelaroja.com/1970/01/nominas-de-chile-para-juegos-suramericanos.html","url_text":"\"Nóminas de Chile para Juegos Suramericanos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nóminas de Chile para Campeonatos Sudamericanos Sub-17\". Partidos de la Roja (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.partidosdelaroja.com/1970/01/nominas-de-chile-para-sudamericanos-sub17.html","url_text":"\"Nóminas de Chile para Campeonatos Sudamericanos Sub-17\""}]},{"reference":"\"NÓMINA DE LA SELECCIÓN CHILENA PARA LA COPA MUNDIAL SUB 17 DE LA FIFA CHILE 2015\" (in Spanish). ANFP. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anfp.cl/noticia/24781/nomina-de-la-seleccion-chilena-para-la-copa-mundial-sub-17-de-la-fifa-chile-2015","url_text":"\"NÓMINA DE LA SELECCIÓN CHILENA PARA LA COPA MUNDIAL SUB 17 DE LA FIFA CHILE 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Profesional","url_text":"ANFP"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/rene-antonio-melendez-plaza/398946/","external_links_name":"René Meléndez"},{"Link":"https://chile.as.com/futbol/el-equipo-mas-lento-del-mercado-de-la-b-anuncio-cinco-fichajes-n/","external_links_name":"\"El equipo más lento del mercado de la B anunció cinco fichajes\""},{"Link":"https://www.partidosdelaroja.com/1970/01/nominas-de-chile-para-juegos-suramericanos.html","external_links_name":"\"Nóminas de Chile para Juegos Suramericanos\""},{"Link":"https://www.partidosdelaroja.com/1970/01/nominas-de-chile-para-sudamericanos-sub17.html","external_links_name":"\"Nóminas de Chile para Campeonatos Sudamericanos Sub-17\""},{"Link":"https://www.anfp.cl/noticia/24781/nomina-de-la-seleccion-chilena-para-la-copa-mundial-sub-17-de-la-fifa-chile-2015","external_links_name":"\"NÓMINA DE LA SELECCIÓN CHILENA PARA LA COPA MUNDIAL SUB 17 DE LA FIFA CHILE 2015\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/rene-antonio-melendez-plaza/398946/","external_links_name":"René Meléndez"},{"Link":"https://www.soccerzz.com/player.php?id=452371","external_links_name":"René Meléndez"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_House,_British_Virgin_Islands | Government House, British Virgin Islands | ["1 See also","2 External links"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Government House, British Virgin Islands" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Old Government House, Road Town, Tortola
Government House, located in Road Town, Tortola, is the official residence of the governor of the British Virgin Islands.
The original structure, dating back to 1899, was destroyed by a hurricane in 1924. The present structure was built on the same site in 1925-26 and was the home of commissioners, presidents, administrators and governors until 1999, when it was deemed unsuitable. The Island Sun published an editorial against the demolition of the historic building and members of the public expressed their disagreement with the official decision. In 2003, a new Government House was built on adjacent land while the old structure has been transformed into a museum.
In November 2003, Governor Thomas Macan moved into the new residence located at Tortola. The project included the construction of the new Government House and a reception hall, as well as the restoration of the old Government House, which is now a museum. The structure was built by Meridian Construction and designed by OBM and FCO Estates.
See also
Governor of the British Virgin Islands
Government Houses of the British Empire
External links
Old Government House Museum, Tortola, British Virgin Islands | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Government_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"Road Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Town"},{"link_name":"Tortola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortola"},{"link_name":"official residence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_residence"},{"link_name":"governor of the British Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"The Island Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Island_Sun"},{"link_name":"Governor Thomas Macan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Macan"}],"text":"Old Government House, Road Town, TortolaGovernment House, located in Road Town, Tortola, is the official residence of the governor of the British Virgin Islands.The original structure, dating back to 1899, was destroyed by a hurricane in 1924. The present structure was built on the same site in 1925-26 and was the home of commissioners, presidents, administrators and governors until 1999, when it was deemed unsuitable. The Island Sun published an editorial against the demolition of the historic building and members of the public expressed their disagreement with the official decision. In 2003, a new Government House was built on adjacent land while the old structure has been transformed into a museum.In November 2003, Governor Thomas Macan moved into the new residence located at Tortola. The project included the construction of the new Government House and a reception hall, as well as the restoration of the old Government House, which is now a museum. The structure was built by Meridian Construction and designed by OBM and FCO Estates.","title":"Government House, British Virgin Islands"}] | [{"image_text":"Old Government House, Road Town, Tortola","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Old_Government_House.jpg/220px-Old_Government_House.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Governor of the British Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands"},{"title":"Government Houses of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Houses_of_the_British_Empire"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_House,_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Government+House%2C+British+Virgin+Islands%22","external_links_name":"\"Government House, British Virgin Islands\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Government+House%2C+British+Virgin+Islands%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Government+House%2C+British+Virgin+Islands%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Government+House%2C+British+Virgin+Islands%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Government+House%2C+British+Virgin+Islands%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Government+House%2C+British+Virgin+Islands%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://oghm.org/","external_links_name":"Old Government House Museum, Tortola, British Virgin Islands"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts | National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable County, Massachusetts | [] | Location of Barnstable County in Massachusetts
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable County, Massachusetts.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.
There are 205 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 3 National Historic Landmarks. Those in the town of Barnstable may be found at National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable, Massachusetts. Four listings appear in more than one of these lists because the boundaries cross geographic borders.
Contents: Counties in Massachusetts
Barnstable |
Berkshire |
Bristol |
Dukes |
Essex |
Franklin |
Hampden |
Hampshire |
Middlesex |
Nantucket |
Norfolk |
Plymouth |
Suffolk |
Worcester
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024.
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
Current listings
Barnstable
Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable, Massachusetts
Remainder of county
Name on the Register
Image
Date listed
Location
City or town
Description
1
Ahearn House and Summer House
Ahearn House and Summer House
November 21, 1984(#84000575)
Pamet Point Rd. 41°57′33″N 70°02′42″W / 41.959167°N 70.045°W / 41.959167; -70.045 (Ahearn House and Summer House)
Wellfleet
2
Aptucxet Trading Post Museum Historic District
Aptucxet Trading Post Museum Historic District More images
March 25, 2021(#100006301)
6 Aptucxet Rd. 41°44′31″N 70°36′18″W / 41.7419°N 70.6050°W / 41.7419; -70.6050 (Aptucxet Trading Post Museum Historic District)
Bourne
Reconstruction of early colonial trading post inspired by Colonial Revival movement
3
Atwood–Higgins Historic District
Atwood–Higgins Historic District More images
July 30, 1976(#76000154)
Bound Brook Island Rd. 41°57′12″N 70°03′26″W / 41.9533°N 70.0572°W / 41.9533; -70.0572 (Atwood–Higgins Historic District)
Wellfleet
Originally listed as just the Atwood House, it was expanded to a historic district in 2010.
4
Avant House
Avant House
December 3, 1998(#98001382)
MA 130 at Mill Pond 41°38′57″N 70°29′12″W / 41.649167°N 70.486667°W / 41.649167; -70.486667 (Avant House)
Mashpee
5
Baxter Mill
Baxter Mill
August 27, 1981(#81000120)
MA 28 41°39′38″N 70°15′42″W / 41.660556°N 70.261667°W / 41.660556; -70.261667 (Baxter Mill)
West Yarmouth
6
The Beacon
The Beacon More images
June 15, 1987(#87001527)
Off Cable Rd. 41°50′42″N 69°57′36″W / 41.845°N 69.96°W / 41.845; -69.96 (The Beacon)
Eastham
The longest-used of the Three Sisters of Nauset. The other two are listed separately (see Three Sisters of Nauset (Twin Lights) below); the three decommissioned lighthouses have since been reunited.
7
Captain James Berry House
Captain James Berry House
September 26, 1986(#86001837)
37 Main St. 41°40′09″N 70°07′08″W / 41.669167°N 70.118889°W / 41.669167; -70.118889 (Captain James Berry House)
West Harwich
8
Bourne High School
Bourne High School More images
February 27, 2013(#13000035)
85 Cotuit Rd. 41°44′31″N 70°35′41″W / 41.741939°N 70.594681°W / 41.741939; -70.594681 (Bourne High School)
Bourne
This is the former Bourne High School building, which was afterward the Kempton J. Coady Junior High School.
9
Jonathan Bourne Public Library
Jonathan Bourne Public Library More images
January 14, 2013(#12001168)
30 Keene St. 41°44′37″N 70°35′49″W / 41.743524°N 70.596989°W / 41.743524; -70.596989 (Jonathan Bourne Public Library)
Bourne
The building listed on the National Register now houses the Jonathan Bourne Historical Center. The current Jonathan Bourne Public Library is located at 19 Sandwich Rd. in a former elementary school.
10
Bourne Town Hall
Bourne Town Hall More images
January 14, 2013(#12001169)
24 Perry Ave. 41°44′53″N 70°36′06″W / 41.748023°N 70.601698°W / 41.748023; -70.601698 (Bourne Town Hall)
Bourne
11
Bournedale Village School
Bournedale Village School
February 27, 2013(#13000037)
29 Herring Pond Rd. 41°46′30″N 70°33′42″W / 41.775016°N 70.561658°W / 41.775016; -70.561658 (Bournedale Village School)
Bourne
12
Louis Brandeis House
Louis Brandeis House
November 28, 1972(#72000148)
Neck Lane, off Cedar St., 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Stage Harbor Rd. intersection 41°40′23″N 69°59′00″W / 41.673056°N 69.983333°W / 41.673056; -69.983333 (Louis Brandeis House)
Chatham
Summer home of Justice Louis Brandeis
13
Thomas Bray Farm
Thomas Bray Farm
September 15, 1988(#88001455)
280 Weir Rd. 41°42′04″N 70°12′29″W / 41.701111°N 70.208056°W / 41.701111; -70.208056 (Thomas Bray Farm)
Yarmouth
14
Brewster Old King's Highway Historic District
Brewster Old King's Highway Historic District
February 23, 1996(#96000162)
Roughly MA 6A from east of Paines Creek Rd. to Bittersweet Dr. and parts of Briar and Lower Rds. 41°45′31″N 70°05′13″W / 41.758611°N 70.086944°W / 41.758611; -70.086944 (Brewster Old King's Highway Historic District)
Brewster
15
Brick Block
Brick Block More images
April 13, 1979(#79000323)
Main St. and Chatham Bars Rd. 41°40′46″N 69°57′24″W / 41.679444°N 69.956667°W / 41.679444; -69.956667 (Brick Block)
Chatham
16
Bridge Road Cemetery
Bridge Road Cemetery More images
May 27, 1999(#99000636)
Bridge Rd. 41°49′33″N 69°58′53″W / 41.825833°N 69.981389°W / 41.825833; -69.981389 (Bridge Road Cemetery)
Eastham
17
George I. Briggs House
George I. Briggs House
September 10, 1981(#81000119)
Sandwich Rd. 41°44′31″N 70°35′51″W / 41.741944°N 70.5975°W / 41.741944; -70.5975 (George I. Briggs House)
Bourne
1830s Greek Revival house; blacksmith on property shod Grover Cleveland's horses in 1880s.
18
Cataumet Schoolhouse
Cataumet Schoolhouse More images
August 15, 2019(#100004268)
1200 County Rd. 41°40′13″N 70°36′27″W / 41.6704°N 70.6076°W / 41.6704; -70.6076 (Cataumet Schoolhouse)
Bourne
19
Center Methodist Church
Center Methodist Church More images
October 31, 1975(#75000247)
356 Commercial St. 42°03′12″N 70°11′04″W / 42.053470°N 70.184414°W / 42.053470; -70.184414 (Center Methodist Church)
Provincetown
Center Methodist Episcopal Church was built in 1860 as the largest Methodist church in the world. The church was later the Chrysler Museum of Art. It is currently the home of the Provincetown Public Library.
20
Central Fire Station
Central Fire Station
February 26, 1998(#98000146)
399 Main St. 41°33′06″N 70°36′28″W / 41.551667°N 70.607778°W / 41.551667; -70.607778 (Central Fire Station)
Falmouth
21
Chase Library
Upload image
December 29, 2014(#14001094)
7 Main St. 41°40′08″N 70°07′17″W / 41.6689°N 70.1215°W / 41.6689; -70.1215 (Chase Library)
West Harwich
22
Chatham Light Station
Chatham Light Station More images
June 15, 1987(#87001501)
Main St. 41°40′17″N 69°57′01″W / 41.671389°N 69.950278°W / 41.671389; -69.950278 (Chatham Light Station)
Chatham
23
Chatham Railroad Depot
Chatham Railroad Depot More images
November 27, 1978(#78000422)
153 Depot Rd. 41°41′08″N 69°57′44″W / 41.685556°N 69.962222°W / 41.685556; -69.962222 (Chatham Railroad Depot)
Chatham
24
Chatham Windmill
Chatham Windmill More images
November 30, 1978(#78000421)
Chase Park, Shattuck Pl. 41°40′34″N 69°57′33″W / 41.676111°N 69.959167°W / 41.676111; -69.959167 (Chatham Windmill)
Chatham
25
Cleveland Ledge Light Station
Cleveland Ledge Light Station
June 15, 1987(#87001462)
Cape Cod Canal 41°37′49″N 70°41′55″W / 41.630278°N 70.698611°W / 41.630278; -70.698611 (Cleveland Ledge Light Station)
Falmouth
26
Coast Guard Motor Lifeboat CG 36500
Coast Guard Motor Lifeboat CG 36500
May 27, 2005(#05000467)
Berthed at Rock Harbor 41°47′58″N 70°00′32″W / 41.799444°N 70.008889°W / 41.799444; -70.008889 (Coast Guard Motor Lifeboat CG 36500)
Orleans
27
Cobb Memorial Library
Cobb Memorial Library
June 12, 2013(#13000367)
13 Truro Center Rd. 41°59′41″N 70°03′03″W / 41.994815°N 70.050754°W / 41.994815; -70.050754 (Cobb Memorial Library)
Truro
28
Collins Cottages Historic District
Collins Cottages Historic District
May 20, 1999(#99000528)
150 MA 6 41°47′58″N 69°58′55″W / 41.799444°N 69.981944°W / 41.799444; -69.981944 (Collins Cottages Historic District)
Eastham
29
Cove Burying Ground
Cove Burying Ground
May 12, 1999(#99000561)
Junction of MA 6 and Pine Woods Rd. 41°48′40″N 69°58′17″W / 41.811111°N 69.971389°W / 41.811111; -69.971389 (Cove Burying Ground)
Eastham
30
Crowell–Bourne Farm
Crowell–Bourne Farm
April 23, 1980(#80000501)
W. Falmouth Highway 41°37′04″N 70°37′34″W / 41.617778°N 70.626111°W / 41.617778; -70.626111 (Crowell–Bourne Farm)
West Falmouth
31
Dennis Village Cemetery
Dennis Village Cemetery
June 8, 2005(#05000558)
MA 6A and Old Bass River Rd. 41°44′11″N 70°11′33″W / 41.736389°N 70.1925°W / 41.736389; -70.1925 (Dennis Village Cemetery)
Dennis
32
Josiah Dennis House
Josiah Dennis House More images
February 15, 1974(#74000360)
16 Whig St. 41°44′25″N 70°11′58″W / 41.740278°N 70.199444°W / 41.740278; -70.199444 (Josiah Dennis House)
Dennis
33
Dillingham House
Dillingham House
April 30, 1976(#76000225)
West of Brewster off MA 6A 41°44′57″N 70°07′31″W / 41.749167°N 70.125278°W / 41.749167; -70.125278 (Dillingham House)
Brewster
34
Dune Shacks of Peaked Hill Bars Historic District
Dune Shacks of Peaked Hill Bars Historic District
March 15, 2012(#12000132)
Inner Dune, Snail, & High Head Rds. 42°04′21″N 70°09′48″W / 42.072488°N 70.163255°W / 42.072488; -70.163255 (Dune Shacks of Peaked Hill Bars Historic District)
Provincetown
35
Eastham Center Historic District
Eastham Center Historic District
May 12, 1999(#99000560)
Depot, Mill, and Samoset Rds., and U.S. Route 6 41°49′40″N 69°58′24″W / 41.827778°N 69.973333°W / 41.827778; -69.973333 (Eastham Center Historic District)
Eastham
36
Eldredge Public Library
Eldredge Public Library
April 28, 1992(#92000430)
564 Main St. 41°40′52″N 69°57′32″W / 41.681111°N 69.958889°W / 41.681111; -69.958889 (Eldredge Public Library)
Chatham
37
Falmouth Pumping Station
Falmouth Pumping Station
February 26, 1998(#98000148)
Pumping Station Rd. 41°34′15″N 70°36′57″W / 41.570833°N 70.615833°W / 41.570833; -70.615833 (Falmouth Pumping Station)
Falmouth
38
Falmouth Village Green Historic District
Falmouth Village Green Historic District
March 27, 1996(#96000271)
Roughly along Locust, Main, N. Main and Hewins Sts.and Palmer Ave., including also the Old Town Cemetery 41°33′06″N 70°37′22″W / 41.551667°N 70.622778°W / 41.551667; -70.622778 (Falmouth Village Green Historic District)
Falmouth
39
First Congregational Parish Historic District
First Congregational Parish Historic District
May 19, 2014(#14000214)
3 First Parish Ln., 26 Bridge Rd. 41°59′54″N 70°03′16″W / 41.9982°N 70.0545°W / 41.9982; -70.0545 (First Congregational Parish Historic District)
Truro
40
First Universalist Church
First Universalist Church More images
February 23, 1972(#72000122)
236 Commercial St. 42°03′02″N 70°11′18″W / 42.050487°N 70.188363°W / 42.050487; -70.188363 (First Universalist Church)
Provincetown
41
Forestdale School
Forestdale School
June 6, 1997(#97000469)
87 Falmouth-Sandwich Rd. 41°41′15″N 70°30′16″W / 41.6875°N 70.504444°W / 41.6875; -70.504444 (Forestdale School)
Sandwich
42
Fort Hill Rural Historic District
Fort Hill Rural Historic District
April 5, 2001(#00001656)
Fort Hill Rd, Cape Cod National Seashore 41°49′10″N 69°57′56″W / 41.819444°N 69.965556°W / 41.819444; -69.965556 (Fort Hill Rural Historic District)
Eastham
43
French Cable Hut
French Cable Hut More images
April 22, 1976(#76000153)
East of North Eastham at the junction of Cable Rd.and Ocean View Dr. 41°51′34″N 69°57′07″W / 41.859444°N 69.951944°W / 41.859444; -69.951944 (French Cable Hut)
North Eastham
44
French Cable Station
French Cable Station
April 11, 1972(#72000121)
Southeastern corner of Cove Rd.and MA 28 41°47′16″N 69°59′16″W / 41.787778°N 69.987778°W / 41.787778; -69.987778 (French Cable Station)
Orleans
45
Half Way House
Half Way House
July 21, 1978(#78000423)
Andrew Harding La. 41°40′27″N 69°56′52″W / 41.674167°N 69.947778°W / 41.674167; -69.947778 (Half Way House)
Chatham
46
Harwich Historic District
Harwich Historic District
February 24, 1975(#75000245)
Irregular pattern on both sides of Main St., west to Forest St.and east to the junction of Rte. 39 and Chatham Rd. 41°41′09″N 70°04′16″W / 41.685833°N 70.071111°W / 41.685833; -70.071111 (Harwich Historic District)
Harwich Center
47
Ruth and Robert Hatch Jr. House
Ruth and Robert Hatch Jr. House
February 25, 2014(#14000018)
309 Bound Brook Way 41°57′21″N 70°04′29″W / 41.955969°N 70.074643°W / 41.955969; -70.074643 (Ruth and Robert Hatch Jr. House)
Wellfleet
Mid 20th Century Modern Residential Architecture on Outer Cape Cod MPS
48
Hawthorne Class Studio
Upload image
July 21, 1978(#78000434)
Off Miller Hill Rd. 42°03′27″N 70°10′58″W / 42.0575°N 70.182778°W / 42.0575; -70.182778 (Hawthorne Class Studio)
Provincetown
49
Jedediah Higgins House
Jedediah Higgins House More images
November 21, 1984(#84000550)
Higgins Hollow Rd. 42°00′35″N 70°03′06″W / 42.009722°N 70.051667°W / 42.009722; -70.051667 (Jedediah Higgins House)
North Truro
50
Highland House
Highland House
June 5, 1975(#75000157)
Off U.S. Route 6 on Cape Cod National Seashore 42°02′25″N 70°03′56″W / 42.040278°N 70.065556°W / 42.040278; -70.065556 (Highland House)
Truro
51
Highland Light Station
Highland Light Station More images
June 15, 1987(#87001463)
Off U.S. Route 6 42°02′48″N 70°04′10″W / 42.046667°N 70.069444°W / 42.046667; -70.069444 (Highland Light Station)
Truro
52
Hinckley's Corner Historic District
Hinckley's Corner Historic District
May 29, 1998(#98000595)
0, 25, and 40 Way #112 41°55′02″N 70°00′14″W / 41.917222°N 70.003889°W / 41.917222; -70.003889 (Hinckley's Corner Historic District)
Wellfleet
53
John and Mary Waterman Jarves House
John and Mary Waterman Jarves House
August 30, 2002(#02000903)
3 Jarves St. 41°45′30″N 70°29′46″W / 41.758333°N 70.496111°W / 41.758333; -70.496111 (John and Mary Waterman Jarves House)
Sandwich
54
Jarvesville Historic District
Jarvesville Historic District
September 23, 2010(#10000787)
Roughly bounded by Liberty, Main, Jarves, and Church Sts., and the town landing 41°45′32″N 70°29′38″W / 41.758889°N 70.493889°W / 41.758889; -70.493889 (Jarvesville Historic District)
Sandwich
55
Mercelia Evelyn Eldridge Kelley House
Mercelia Evelyn Eldridge Kelley House
February 24, 2005(#05000080)
2610 Main St. 41°40′44″N 70°01′35″W / 41.678889°N 70.026389°W / 41.678889; -70.026389 (Mercelia Evelyn Eldridge Kelley House)
Chatham
56
Peter Kugel House
Peter Kugel House
February 25, 2014(#14000019)
188 Long Pond Rd. 41°56′40″N 69°59′53″W / 41.944321°N 69.998033°W / 41.944321; -69.998033 (Peter Kugel House)
Wellfleet
Mid 20th Century Modern Residential Architecture on Outer Cape Cod MPS
57
Samuel and Minette Kuhn House
Samuel and Minette Kuhn House
February 25, 2014(#14000020)
420 Griffins Island Rd. 41°56′45″N 70°04′06″W / 41.945744°N 70.068283°W / 41.945744; -70.068283 (Samuel and Minette Kuhn House)
Wellfleet
Mid 20th Century Modern Residential Architecture on Outer Cape Cod MPS
58
Lawrence Academy
Lawrence Academy
February 20, 1998(#98000123)
20 Academy Ln. 41°33′09″N 70°36′57″W / 41.5525°N 70.615833°W / 41.5525; -70.615833 (Lawrence Academy)
Falmouth
59
Long Point Light Station
Long Point Light Station More images
September 28, 1987(#87002039)
Long Point 42°01′59″N 70°10′07″W / 42.033119°N 70.168653°W / 42.033119; -70.168653 (Long Point Light Station)
Provincetown
60
Marconi Wireless Station Site
Marconi Wireless Station Site More images
May 2, 1975(#75000158)
1 mile (1.6 km) northeast of Cape Cod National Seashore 41°54′50″N 69°58′20″W / 41.913889°N 69.972222°W / 41.913889; -69.972222 (Marconi Wireless Station Site)
South Wellfleet
61
Marconi–RCA Wireless Receiving Station
Marconi–RCA Wireless Receiving Station More images
August 30, 1994(#94000996)
Junction of Old Comers Rd.and Orleans Rd. 41°42′12″N 69°58′47″W / 41.703333°N 69.979722°W / 41.703333; -69.979722 (Marconi–RCA Wireless Receiving Station)
Chatham
62
Monomoy Point Lighthouse
Monomoy Point Lighthouse More images
November 1, 1979(#79000324)
Monomoy Island 41°33′33″N 69°59′39″W / 41.559167°N 69.994167°W / 41.559167; -69.994167 (Monomoy Point Lighthouse)
Chatham
63
Nauset Archeological District
Nauset Archeological District
April 19, 1993(#93000607)
Fort Hill Road area 41°49′08″N 69°57′46″W / 41.8189°N 69.9629°W / 41.8189; -69.9629 (Nauset Archeological District)
Eastham
64
Nauset Beach Light
Nauset Beach Light More images
June 15, 1987(#87001484)
Nauset Beach 41°51′15″N 69°57′06″W / 41.854167°N 69.951667°W / 41.854167; -69.951667 (Nauset Beach Light)
Eastham
65
John Newcomb House
John Newcomb House More images
September 15, 1988(#88001457)
near Williams Pond 41°57′53″N 70°00′23″W / 41.964732°N 70.006494°W / 41.964732; -70.006494 (John Newcomb House)
Wellfleet
Also known as Henry David Thoreau's "House of the Wellfleet Oysterman".
66
Nickerson Mansion
Nickerson Mansion
February 20, 1986(#86000300)
2871 Main St. 41°46′22″N 70°03′10″W / 41.772778°N 70.052778°W / 41.772778; -70.052778 (Nickerson Mansion)
Brewster
67
Nobska Point Light Station
Nobska Point Light Station More images
June 15, 1987(#87001483)
Nobska Rd. 41°30′59″N 70°39′27″W / 41.516389°N 70.6575°W / 41.516389; -70.6575 (Nobska Point Light Station)
Falmouth
68
North Falmouth Village Historic District
North Falmouth Village Historic District
February 20, 1998(#98000121)
85-408 Old Main Rd., and 6 Wild Harbor Rd. 41°38′47″N 70°37′02″W / 41.646389°N 70.617222°W / 41.646389; -70.617222 (North Falmouth Village Historic District)
Falmouth
69
Northside Historic District
Northside Historic District
November 24, 1987(#87001777)
U.S. Route 6A between the Barnstable–Yarmouth town line and White Brock 41°42′10″N 70°14′45″W / 41.702778°N 70.245833°W / 41.702778; -70.245833 (Northside Historic District)
Yarmouth
70
Benjamin Nye Homestead
Benjamin Nye Homestead More images
January 6, 1992(#91001899)
85 Old County Rd. 41°43′43″N 70°25′55″W / 41.728611°N 70.431944°W / 41.728611; -70.431944 (Benjamin Nye Homestead)
Sandwich
Now a historic house museum
71
Elnathan Nye House
Elnathan Nye House
June 27, 2002(#02000697)
33 Old Main Rd. 41°38′08″N 70°37′11″W / 41.635556°N 70.619722°W / 41.635556; -70.619722 (Elnathan Nye House)
Falmouth
72
Oak Grove Cemetery
Oak Grove Cemetery More images
September 10, 2014(#14000560)
46 Jones Rd. 41°33′50″N 70°36′59″W / 41.5639°N 70.6165°W / 41.5639; -70.6165 (Oak Grove Cemetery)
Falmouth
73
Old Harbor U.S. Life Saving Station
Old Harbor U.S. Life Saving Station More images
August 18, 1975(#75000159)
Race Point Road 42°04′48″N 70°12′59″W / 42.08°N 70.2164°W / 42.08; -70.2164 (Old Harbor U.S. Life Saving Station)
Provincetown
Listed as being northeast of Chatham on Nauset Beach; moved in 1977.
74
Old Higgins Farm Windmill
Old Higgins Farm Windmill More images
June 10, 1975(#75000240)
Off Old King's Highway, 51 Drummer Boy Rd. 41°45′08″N 70°07′16″W / 41.752222°N 70.121111°W / 41.752222; -70.121111 (Old Higgins Farm Windmill)
Brewster
75
Old Indian Meeting House
Old Indian Meeting House More images
December 3, 1998(#98001383)
410 Meetinghouse Rd. 41°37′28″N 70°28′45″W / 41.624444°N 70.479167°W / 41.624444; -70.479167 (Old Indian Meeting House)
Mashpee
76
Old North Cemetery
Old North Cemetery
March 20, 2013(#13000095)
US 6 & Aldrich Rd. 42°01′26″N 70°04′25″W / 42.023953°N 70.073744°W / 42.023953; -70.073744 (Old North Cemetery)
Truro
77
Old Town Center Historic District
Old Town Center Historic District
March 2, 2001(#01000196)
Roughly along Locust Public Rd.and Salt Pond Rd. 41°50′18″N 69°58′37″W / 41.838333°N 69.976944°W / 41.838333; -69.976944 (Old Town Center Historic District)
Eastham
78
Old Village Historic District
Old Village Historic District
December 17, 2001(#01001406)
Roughly bounded by Main, Holway, Bridge Sts., Bearse's Ln., Chatham Harbor, Mill Pond, and Little Mill Pond 41°40′29″N 69°57′06″W / 41.674722°N 69.951667°W / 41.674722; -69.951667 (Old Village Historic District)
Chatham
79
Paine Hollow Road South Historic District
Paine Hollow Road South Historic District
May 20, 1998(#98000540)
Roughly along Paine Hollow Rd., and Raywid Way 41°54′50″N 70°00′27″W / 41.913889°N 70.0075°W / 41.913889; -70.0075 (Paine Hollow Road South Historic District)
Wellfleet
80
PAUL PALMER (Shipwreck and Remains)
PAUL PALMER (Shipwreck and Remains) More images
April 12, 2007(#07000288)
Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary
Provincetown
81
Edward Penniman House and Barn
Edward Penniman House and Barn
May 28, 1976(#76000155)
South of Eastham at Fort Hill and Governor Prence Rds. 41°49′06″N 69°57′56″W / 41.818472°N 69.965667°W / 41.818472; -69.965667 (Edward Penniman House and Barn)
Eastham
82
Pine Grove Cemetery
Pine Grove Cemetery More images
March 20, 2013(#13000096)
Cemetery Rd. 41°58′34″N 70°03′34″W / 41.975987°N 70.059435°W / 41.975987; -70.059435 (Pine Grove Cemetery)
Truro
83
Pond Hill School
Pond Hill School
March 23, 1989(#89000222)
U.S. Route 6 41°55′02″N 69°59′54″W / 41.917217°N 69.998419°W / 41.917217; -69.998419 (Pond Hill School)
Wellfleet
84
Poor House and Methodist Cemetery
Poor House and Methodist Cemetery More images
February 26, 1998(#98000147)
744 Main St. 41°33′12″N 70°36′56″W / 41.553333°N 70.615556°W / 41.553333; -70.615556 (Poor House and Methodist Cemetery)
Falmouth
85
Port Royal House
Port Royal House
April 15, 1982(#82004943)
606 Main St. 41°40′56″N 69°57′36″W / 41.682222°N 69.96°W / 41.682222; -69.96 (Port Royal House)
Chatham
86
Provincetown Historic District
Provincetown Historic District
August 30, 1989(#89001148)
Roughly bounded by U.S. Route 6, the western end of Commercial St., Provincetown Harbor, and the southeastern end of Commercial St. 42°03′02″N 70°11′13″W / 42.050556°N 70.186944°W / 42.050556; -70.186944 (Provincetown Historic District)
Provincetown
87
Provincetown Public Library
Provincetown Public Library More images
April 21, 1975(#75000248)
330 Commercial St. 42°03′09″N 70°11′07″W / 42.052566°N 70.185181°W / 42.052566; -70.185181 (Provincetown Public Library)
Provincetown
Listing is for a previous building that housed the library prior to its 2002 move to the former Center Methodist Church.
88
Race Point Light Station
Race Point Light Station More images
June 15, 1987(#87001482)
Race Point Beach 42°03′40″N 70°14′33″W / 42.061111°N 70.2425°W / 42.061111; -70.2425 (Race Point Light Station)
Provincetown
89
Rowell House
Rowell House More images
September 1, 1988(#88001458)
Gull Pond Rd. 41°57′20″N 70°00′47″W / 41.955556°N 70.013056°W / 41.955556; -70.013056 (Rowell House)
Wellfleet
90
Saunders–Paine House
Saunders–Paine House
May 20, 1998(#98000474)
260 Paine Hollow Rd. 41°54′46″N 70°00′34″W / 41.912778°N 70.009444°W / 41.912778; -70.009444 (Saunders–Paine House)
Wellfleet
91
Sea Call Farm
Sea Call Farm
June 12, 2008(#08000530)
82 Tonset Rd. 41°47′12″N 69°58′45″W / 41.786783°N 69.979086°W / 41.786783; -69.979086 (Sea Call Farm)
Orleans
92
Jacob Sears Memorial Library
Jacob Sears Memorial Library
November 18, 2009(#09000934)
23 Center St. 41°44′52″N 70°08′46″W / 41.7479°N 70.1462°W / 41.7479; -70.1462 (Jacob Sears Memorial Library)
Dennis
93
Anthony and Allison Sirna Studio
Anthony and Allison Sirna Studio
February 25, 2014(#14000021)
60 Way #4 41°57′29″N 69°59′38″W / 41.958045°N 69.99397°W / 41.958045; -69.99397 (Anthony and Allison Sirna Studio)
Wellfleet
Mid 20th Century Modern Residential Architecture on Outer Cape Cod MPS
94
Samuel Smith Tavern Site
Samuel Smith Tavern Site
November 11, 1977(#77000108)
Great Island 41°55′12″N 70°03′26″W / 41.919906°N 70.05711°W / 41.919906; -70.05711 (Samuel Smith Tavern Site)
Wellfleet
17th century tavern site accessible via Great Island Trail
95
South Chatham Village Historic District
South Chatham Village Historic District
August 29, 2022(#100008033)
Western portion of Main St., and northern portions of Deep Water Ln., Forest Beach Rd., and Pleasant St. 41°40′44″N 70°01′36″W / 41.6788°N 70.0268°W / 41.6788; -70.0268 (South Chatham Village Historic District)
Chatham
96
South Harwich Methodist Church
South Harwich Methodist Church More images
August 21, 1986(#86001887)
270 Chatham Rd. 41°40′40″N 70°02′49″W / 41.677778°N 70.046944°W / 41.677778; -70.046944 (South Harwich Methodist Church)
South Harwich
97
South Yarmouth/Bass River Historic District
South Yarmouth/Bass River Historic District
May 29, 1990(#90000787)
Roughly Main St.from Pine to South St., River St.from Main to Bass River Parkway, and Willow St.from River to South St. 41°39′39″N 70°11′35″W / 41.660833°N 70.193056°W / 41.660833; -70.193056 (South Yarmouth/Bass River Historic District)
Yarmouth
98
Spring Hill Historic District
Spring Hill Historic District
October 28, 2010(#10000862)
Roughly bounded by Massachusetts Route 6A, Spring Hill Rd., and Discovery Hill Rd. 41°44′53″N 70°28′22″W / 41.748056°N 70.472778°W / 41.748056; -70.472778 (Spring Hill Historic District)
Sandwich
99
Stony Brook–Factory Village Historic District
Stony Brook–Factory Village Historic District
June 15, 2000(#00000688)
Stony Brook Rd.; Setucket Rd., Run Hill Rd. 41°44′37″N 70°06′43″W / 41.743611°N 70.111944°W / 41.743611; -70.111944 (Stony Brook–Factory Village Historic District)
Brewster
100
Taylor–Bray Farm
Taylor–Bray Farm
September 29, 1993(#92000287)
Junction of Bray Farm Rd.N. and Nottingham Rd. 41°43′20″N 70°12′23″W / 41.722222°N 70.206389°W / 41.722222; -70.206389 (Taylor–Bray Farm)
Yarmouth
101
Teaticket School
Teaticket School
February 22, 2002(#02000082)
340 Teaticket Hwy, MA 28 at Sandwich Rd. 41°34′09″N 70°36′20″W / 41.569167°N 70.605556°W / 41.569167; -70.605556 (Teaticket School)
Falmouth
102
Three Sisters of Nauset (Twin Lights)
Three Sisters of Nauset (Twin Lights)
June 15, 1987(#87001502)
Off Cable Rd. 41°50′42″N 69°57′36″W / 41.845°N 69.96°W / 41.845; -69.96 (Three Sisters of Nauset (Twin Lights))
Eastham
Two of the three lights; The Beacon (listed separately) is the third. At the time of their nomination, these two lights were separate from The Beacon; they have since been reunited.
103
Vera and Laszlo Tisza House
Vera and Laszlo Tisza House
February 25, 2014(#14000022)
2 Deer Trail 41°57′36″N 69°59′55″W / 41.960074°N 69.998642°W / 41.960074; -69.998642 (Vera and Laszlo Tisza House)
Wellfleet
Mid 20th Century Modern Residential Architecture on Outer Cape Cod MPS
104
Josiah Tobey House
Josiah Tobey House
December 9, 1994(#94001496)
67 Oxbow Rd. 41°34′41″N 70°34′33″W / 41.578056°N 70.575833°W / 41.578056; -70.575833 (Josiah Tobey House)
Falmouth
105
Town Boundary Marker
Town Boundary Marker
September 18, 1987(#87000269)
Race Ln. at Barnstable–Sandwich town line 41°41′11″N 70°26′12″W / 41.686389°N 70.436667°W / 41.686389; -70.436667 (Town Boundary Marker)
Sandwich and Barnstable
106
Town Hall Square Historic District
Town Hall Square Historic District
October 31, 1975(#75001914)
Roughly bounded by Main, Grove, Water Sts., and Tupper Rd.from Beale Ave.to Massachusetts Route 6A 41°45′29″N 70°30′04″W / 41.758056°N 70.501111°W / 41.758056; -70.501111 (Town Hall Square Historic District)
Sandwich
Boundary increase (listed September 16, 2010): Roughly bounded by Massachusetts Route 6A, Morse Rd., Water St., Shawme Lake, Grove St., Main St., and Tupper Rd.
107
Town Line Boundary Marker
Town Line Boundary Marker
September 18, 1987(#87000242)
Great Hill Rd. 41°43′19″N 70°24′04″W / 41.721944°N 70.401111°W / 41.721944; -70.401111 (Town Line Boundary Marker)
Sandwich and Barnstable
108
Town Line Boundary Marker
Town Line Boundary Marker
September 18, 1987(#87000243)
410 High St. at Sandwich–Barnstable town line 41°43′19″N 70°24′04″W / 41.721944°N 70.401111°W / 41.721944; -70.401111 (Town Line Boundary Marker)
Sandwich and Barnstable
109
Townsend House
Townsend House
May 20, 1998(#98000542)
290 Paine Hollow Rd. 41°54′42″N 70°00′38″W / 41.911667°N 70.010556°W / 41.911667; -70.010556 (Townsend House)
Wellfleet
110
Truro Highlands Historic District
Truro Highlands Historic District
November 22, 2011(#11000823)
Highland Light Rd. 42°02′22″N 70°03′44″W / 42.039342°N 70.062253°W / 42.039342; -70.062253 (Truro Highlands Historic District)
Truro
Includes Highland Light, Highland House, and other buildings along Highland Light Road.
111
Union Hall
Union Hall
May 23, 1997(#97000470)
Town Hall Rd, east of MA 6 41°59′54″N 70°03′15″W / 41.998333°N 70.054167°W / 41.998333; -70.054167 (Union Hall)
Truro
Truro's town hall.
112
Universalist Society Meetinghouse
Universalist Society Meetinghouse
February 25, 1999(#99000186)
3 River Rd. 41°46′59″N 69°58′40″W / 41.783056°N 69.977778°W / 41.783056; -69.977778 (Universalist Society Meetinghouse)
Orleans
113
US Post Office-Provincetown Main
US Post Office-Provincetown Main More images
October 19, 1987(#87001772)
217 Commercial St. 42°02′57″N 70°11′19″W / 42.049300°N 70.188515°W / 42.049300; -70.188515 (US Post Office-Provincetown Main)
Provincetown
114
Waquoit Historic District
Waquoit Historic District
February 26, 2004(#04000086)
Portions of Main, Barrows, Carriage House, Collins, Martin, Moonakis, Takemmeh and Waquoit Landing, Parson, Studley, Whi 41°35′08″N 70°31′11″W / 41.585556°N 70.519722°W / 41.585556; -70.519722 (Waquoit Historic District)
Falmouth
115
Paul and Madeleine Weidlinger House
Paul and Madeleine Weidlinger House
February 25, 2014(#14000023)
54 Valley Rd. 41°57′36″N 70°00′24″W / 41.960013°N 70.006628°W / 41.960013; -70.006628 (Paul and Madeleine Weidlinger House)
Wellfleet
Mid 20th Century Modern Residential Architecture on Outer Cape Cod MPS
116
Wellfleet Center Historic District
Wellfleet Center Historic District
August 21, 1989(#89001147)
Roughly bounded by Cross St., Holbrook Ave., Main, E. Main and School Sts., and Duck Creek 41°56′12″N 70°01′43″W / 41.936667°N 70.028611°W / 41.936667; -70.028611 (Wellfleet Center Historic District)
Wellfleet
117
West Dennis Graded School
West Dennis Graded School
August 24, 2000(#00000957)
67 School St. 41°39′43″N 70°10′12″W / 41.661944°N 70.17°W / 41.661944; -70.17 (West Dennis Graded School)
Dennis
118
West Falmouth Village Historic District
West Falmouth Village Historic District
April 2, 1998(#98000253)
Roughly along N. Shore Rd., from the junction of MA 28A and MA 28, and Crocker Point 41°36′05″N 70°38′05″W / 41.601389°N 70.634722°W / 41.601389; -70.634722 (West Falmouth Village Historic District)
Falmouth
119
West Schoolhouse
West Schoolhouse
April 24, 1975(#75000262)
61 Whig St. 41°44′20″N 70°11′59″W / 41.738889°N 70.199722°W / 41.738889; -70.199722 (West Schoolhouse)
Dennis
120
Wing Fort House
Wing Fort House More images
June 3, 1976(#76000227)
Spring Hill Rd. 41°45′03″N 70°27′56″W / 41.750833°N 70.465556°W / 41.750833; -70.465556 (Wing Fort House)
East Sandwich
121
Wing's Neck Light
Wing's Neck Light More images
June 15, 1987(#87001503)
Wing's Neck Rd. 41°40′56″N 70°39′37″W / 41.682222°N 70.660278°W / 41.682222; -70.660278 (Wing's Neck Light)
Bourne
122
Wood End Light Lookout Station
Wood End Light Lookout Station More images
June 15, 1987(#87001504)
Wood End, between Herring Cove Beach and Long Point 42°01′17″N 70°11′37″W / 42.021272°N 70.193509°W / 42.021272; -70.193509 (Wood End Light Lookout Station)
Provincetown
123
Woods Hole School
Woods Hole School More images
October 21, 1982(#82000473)
24 School St. 41°31′29″N 70°40′10″W / 41.524722°N 70.669444°W / 41.524722; -70.669444 (Woods Hole School)
Falmouth
124
Yarmouth Camp Ground Historic District
Yarmouth Camp Ground Historic District
August 28, 1990(#90001244)
South of mid-Cape Highway (U.S. Route 6) and roughly bounded by County Ave., Willow St., Wood Rd., and Camp Ground Pond 41°40′59″N 70°15′44″W / 41.683056°N 70.262222°W / 41.683056; -70.262222 (Yarmouth Camp Ground Historic District)
Barnstable and Yarmouth
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Register of Historic Places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts.
List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Massachusetts
References
^ The latitude and longitude information provided in this table was derived originally from the National Register Information System, which has been found to be fairly accurate for about 99% of listings. Some locations in this table may have been corrected to current GPS standards.
^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 16, 2024.
^ Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects.
^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number.
^ Donaldson, Emily (2010). Atwood–Higgins Historic District: Cultural Landscape Report and Outbuildings Historic Structures Report: Cape Cod National Seashore (2010).
^ "Weekly list of actions taken on properties: 2/25/13 through 3/01/13". National Park Service. March 8, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
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vteMunicipalities and communities of Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United StatesCounty seat: BarnstableCity
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United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Barnstable_County.svg"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Barnstable County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"Barnstable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Barnstable,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"NPS recent listings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Location of Barnstable County in MassachusettsThis is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable County, Massachusetts.This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.[1]There are 205 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 3 National Historic Landmarks. Those in the town of Barnstable may be found at National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable, Massachusetts. Four listings appear in more than one of these lists because the boundaries cross geographic borders.This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024.[2]","title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable County, Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Barnstable","title":"Current listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Remainder of county","title":"Current listings"}] | [{"image_text":"Location of Barnstable County in Massachusetts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Barnstable_County.svg/220px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Barnstable_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Ahearn House and Summer House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ahearn_House.jpg/100px-Ahearn_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aptucxet Trading Post Museum Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Aptucxet_Trading_Post_1.jpg/100px-Aptucxet_Trading_Post_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Atwood–Higgins Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Atwood_House.jpg/100px-Thomas_Atwood_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Avant House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MashpeeMA_AvantHouse.jpg/100px-MashpeeMA_AvantHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baxter Mill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BAXTER_MILL.jpg/100px-BAXTER_MILL.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Beacon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Original_Three_Sisters_of_Nauset.jpg/100px-Original_Three_Sisters_of_Nauset.jpg"},{"image_text":"Captain James Berry House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Captain_James_Berry_House%2C_Harwich%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/100px-Captain_James_Berry_House%2C_Harwich%2C_Massachusetts.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bourne High School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/BourneMA_FormerKoadySchoolGymWing.jpg/100px-BourneMA_FormerKoadySchoolGymWing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jonathan Bourne Public Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1899_Bourne_public_library_Massachusetts.png/100px-1899_Bourne_public_library_Massachusetts.png"},{"image_text":"Bourne Town Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bourne_MA_Town_Hall.jpg/100px-Bourne_MA_Town_Hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bournedale Village School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/1897_Bournedale_School_House%2C_Bournedale_MA.jpg/100px-1897_Bournedale_School_House%2C_Bournedale_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Louis Brandeis House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Louis_Brandeis_House%2C_Chatham_%28Barnstable_County%2C_Massachusetts%29.jpg/100px-Louis_Brandeis_House%2C_Chatham_%28Barnstable_County%2C_Massachusetts%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thomas Bray Farm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ThomasBrayFarm.jpg/100px-ThomasBrayFarm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brewster Old King's Highway Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bramble_Inn%2C_Brewster_MA.jpg/100px-Bramble_Inn%2C_Brewster_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brick Block","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Brick_Block.jpg/100px-Brick_Block.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bridge Road Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bridge_Road_Cemetery%2C_Eastham_MA.jpg/100px-Bridge_Road_Cemetery%2C_Eastham_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"George I. Briggs House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/George_Briggs_House%2C_Bourne%2C_MA.jpg/100px-George_Briggs_House%2C_Bourne%2C_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cataumet Schoolhouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Cataumet_Schoolhouse%2C_1894%2C_Cataumet_MA.jpg/100px-Cataumet_Schoolhouse%2C_1894%2C_Cataumet_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Center Methodist Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Churchsteeplebeingputback2.jpg/100px-Churchsteeplebeingputback2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Central Fire Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Central_Fire_Station%2C_399_Main_Street%2C_Falmouth%2C_MA.JPG/100px-Central_Fire_Station%2C_399_Main_Street%2C_Falmouth%2C_MA.JPG"},{"image_text":"Chatham Light Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chatham_Lighthouse.jpg/100px-Chatham_Lighthouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chatham Railroad Depot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Chatham_Railroad_Depot.jpg/100px-Chatham_Railroad_Depot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chatham Windmill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Chatham_Windmill.jpg/100px-The_Chatham_Windmill.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cleveland Ledge Light Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cleveland_Ledge_Lighthouse_MA.JPG/100px-Cleveland_Ledge_Lighthouse_MA.JPG"},{"image_text":"Coast Guard Motor Lifeboat CG 36500","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coast_Guard_Motor_Lifeboat_CG_36500.jpg/100px-Coast_Guard_Motor_Lifeboat_CG_36500.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cobb Memorial Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/The_Cobb_Memorial_Library_Truro%2C_Ma.jpg/100px-The_Cobb_Memorial_Library_Truro%2C_Ma.jpg"},{"image_text":"Collins Cottages Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Entranceway_To_Collins_Cottages.jpg/100px-Entranceway_To_Collins_Cottages.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cove Burying Ground","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cove_Burying_Ground.jpg/100px-Cove_Burying_Ground.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crowell–Bourne Farm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bourne_Farm%2C_West_Falmouth_Highway%2C_West_Falmouth%2C_MA.JPG/100px-Bourne_Farm%2C_West_Falmouth_Highway%2C_West_Falmouth%2C_MA.JPG"},{"image_text":"Dennis Village Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antique_Markers.jpg/100px-Antique_Markers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Josiah Dennis House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Josiah_Dennis_House.jpg/100px-Josiah_Dennis_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dillingham House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Dillingham_House_Main_St._Brewster%2C_Ma.jpg/100px-The_Dillingham_House_Main_St._Brewster%2C_Ma.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dune Shacks of Peaked Hill Bars Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dune_Shacks_of_Peaked_Hill_Bars_Historic_District.jpg/100px-Dune_Shacks_of_Peaked_Hill_Bars_Historic_District.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eastham Center Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eastham_Windmill.jpg/100px-Eastham_Windmill.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eldredge Public Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/ChathamMAlibrary.JPG/100px-ChathamMAlibrary.JPG"},{"image_text":"Falmouth Pumping Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Falmouth_Pumping_Station%2C_Falmouth%2C_MA.JPG/100px-Falmouth_Pumping_Station%2C_Falmouth%2C_MA.JPG"},{"image_text":"Falmouth Village Green Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Village_Green_Inn%2C_Falmouth_MA.jpg/100px-Village_Green_Inn%2C_Falmouth_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"First Congregational Parish Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/First_Congregational_Parish_Truro%2C_Ma.jpg/100px-First_Congregational_Parish_Truro%2C_Ma.jpg"},{"image_text":"First Universalist Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/1stUniversalist_Church_Provincetown.jpg/100px-1stUniversalist_Church_Provincetown.jpg"},{"image_text":"Forestdale School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Greenville_School%2C_Forestdale_MA.jpg/100px-Greenville_School%2C_Forestdale_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fort Hill Rural Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/View_from_Fort_Hill%2C_Eastham_MA.jpg/100px-View_from_Fort_Hill%2C_Eastham_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"French Cable Hut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/French_Cable_Hut.JPG/100px-French_Cable_Hut.JPG"},{"image_text":"French Cable Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/French_Cable_Museum%2C_Orleans_MA.jpg/100px-French_Cable_Museum%2C_Orleans_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Half Way House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Half_Way_House.jpg/100px-The_Half_Way_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harwich Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Corner_of_Main_St_and_Pleasant_Lake_Ave%2C_Harwich_MA.jpg/100px-Corner_of_Main_St_and_Pleasant_Lake_Ave%2C_Harwich_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ruth and Robert Hatch Jr. House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hatch_House%2C_Wellfleet%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/100px-Hatch_House%2C_Wellfleet%2C_Massachusetts.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jedediah Higgins House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HABS_Jedediah_Higgins_House.jpg/100px-HABS_Jedediah_Higgins_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Highland House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Highland_House%2C_North_Truro_MA.jpg/100px-Highland_House%2C_North_Truro_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Highland Light Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Highland_Lighthouse_2.jpg/100px-Highland_Lighthouse_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hinckley's Corner Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/40_Way_112%2C_Wellfleet_MA.jpg/100px-40_Way_112%2C_Wellfleet_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"John and Mary Waterman Jarves House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/John_and_Mary_Waterman_Jarves_House_02.jpg/100px-John_and_Mary_Waterman_Jarves_House_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jarvesville Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jarvesville_Historic_District.jpg/100px-Jarvesville_Historic_District.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mercelia Evelyn Eldridge Kelley House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mercelia_Evelyn_Eldridge_Kelley_House%2C_Chatham%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/100px-Mercelia_Evelyn_Eldridge_Kelley_House%2C_Chatham%2C_Massachusetts.jpg"},{"image_text":"Peter Kugel House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PeterKugelHouse.jpg/100px-PeterKugelHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Samuel and Minette Kuhn House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/CapeCodeNHS_KuhnHouse.jpg/100px-CapeCodeNHS_KuhnHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lawrence Academy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Lawrence_Academy%2C_20_Academy_Lane%2C_Falmouth%2C_MA.JPG/100px-Lawrence_Academy%2C_20_Academy_Lane%2C_Falmouth%2C_MA.JPG"},{"image_text":"Long Point Light Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/1909_long_pt_postcard.jpg/100px-1909_long_pt_postcard.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marconi Wireless Station Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Marconi_site.JPG/100px-Marconi_site.JPG"},{"image_text":"Marconi–RCA Wireless Receiving Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Marconi-RCA_Wireless_Receiving_Station.jpg/100px-Marconi-RCA_Wireless_Receiving_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monomoy Point Lighthouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Monomoy_Lighthouse_MA.JPG/100px-Monomoy_Lighthouse_MA.JPG"},{"image_text":"Nauset Archeological District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ChamplainNausetHarbor.jpg/100px-ChamplainNausetHarbor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nauset Beach Light","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nauset_Light_W.jpg/100px-Nauset_Light_W.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Newcomb House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/WellfleetMA_JohnNewcombHouse_HABS.jpg/100px-WellfleetMA_JohnNewcombHouse_HABS.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nickerson Mansion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nickerson_Mansion%2C_East_Brewster_MA.jpg/100px-Nickerson_Mansion%2C_East_Brewster_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nobska Point Light Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/NobskaLight.jpg/100px-NobskaLight.jpg"},{"image_text":"North Falmouth Village Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Capt._James_Nye_House%2C_North_Falmouth_MA.jpg/100px-Capt._James_Nye_House%2C_North_Falmouth_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Northside Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_New_Church%2C_1870%2C_Yarmouth_Port%2C_MA.jpg/100px-The_New_Church%2C_1870%2C_Yarmouth_Port%2C_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Benjamin Nye 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Camp Ground Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Johnson_Hall%2C_Yarmouth_Camp_Ground%2C_Yarmouth_MA.jpg/100px-Johnson_Hall%2C_Yarmouth_Camp_Ground%2C_Yarmouth_MA.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Barnstable_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Barnstable_County.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"National Register of Historic Places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts"},{"title":"List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Massachusetts"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Massachusetts"}] | [{"reference":"Donaldson, Emily (2010). Atwood–Higgins Historic District: Cultural Landscape Report and Outbuildings Historic Structures Report: Cape Cod National Seashore (2010).","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/atwoodhigginshis00dona","url_text":"Atwood–Higgins Historic District: Cultural Landscape Report and Outbuildings Historic Structures Report: Cape Cod National Seashore (2010)"}]},{"reference":"\"Weekly list of actions taken on properties: 2/25/13 through 3/01/13\". National Park Service. March 8, 2013. 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-70.206389 (Taylor–Bray Farm)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/02000082","external_links_name":"#02000082"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts¶ms=41.569167_N_70.605556_W_&title=Teaticket+School","external_links_name":"41°34′09″N 70°36′20″W / 41.569167°N 70.605556°W / 41.569167; -70.605556 (Teaticket School)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/87001502","external_links_name":"#87001502"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts¶ms=41.845_N_69.96_W_&title=Three+Sisters+of+Nauset+%28Twin+Lights%29","external_links_name":"41°50′42″N 69°57′36″W / 41.845°N 69.96°W / 41.845; -69.96 (Three Sisters of Nauset (Twin Lights))"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/14000022","external_links_name":"#14000022"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts¶ms=41.960074_N_69.998642_W_&title=Vera+and+Laszlo+Tisza+House","external_links_name":"41°57′36″N 69°59′55″W / 41.960074°N 69.998642°W / 41.960074; 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-69.977778 (Universalist Society Meetinghouse)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/87001772","external_links_name":"#87001772"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts¶ms=42.0493_N_70.188515_W_&title=US+Post+Office-Provincetown+Main","external_links_name":"42°02′57″N 70°11′19″W / 42.049300°N 70.188515°W / 42.049300; -70.188515 (US Post Office-Provincetown Main)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/04000086","external_links_name":"#04000086"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts¶ms=41.585556_N_70.519722_W_&title=Waquoit+Historic+District","external_links_name":"41°35′08″N 70°31′11″W / 41.585556°N 70.519722°W / 41.585556; -70.519722 (Waquoit Historic District)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/14000023","external_links_name":"#14000023"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts¶ms=41.960013_N_70.006628_W_&title=Paul+and+Madeleine+Weidlinger+House","external_links_name":"41°57′36″N 70°00′24″W / 41.960013°N 70.006628°W / 41.960013; 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-70.660278 (Wing's Neck Light)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/87001504","external_links_name":"#87001504"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts¶ms=42.021272_N_70.193509_W_&title=Wood+End+Light+Lookout+Station","external_links_name":"42°01′17″N 70°11′37″W / 42.021272°N 70.193509°W / 42.021272; -70.193509 (Wood End Light Lookout Station)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/82000473","external_links_name":"#82000473"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts¶ms=41.524722_N_70.669444_W_&title=Woods+Hole+School","external_links_name":"41°31′29″N 70°40′10″W / 41.524722°N 70.669444°W / 41.524722; -70.669444 (Woods Hole School)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/90001244","external_links_name":"#90001244"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts¶ms=41.683056_N_70.262222_W_&title=Yarmouth+Camp+Ground+Historic+District","external_links_name":"41°40′59″N 70°15′44″W / 41.683056°N 70.262222°W / 41.683056; -70.262222 (Yarmouth Camp Ground Historic District)"},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/atwoodhigginshis00dona","external_links_name":"Atwood–Higgins Historic District: Cultural Landscape Report and Outbuildings Historic Structures Report: Cape Cod National Seashore (2010)"},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20130308.htm","external_links_name":"\"Weekly list of actions taken on properties: 2/25/13 through 3/01/13\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yal%C4%B1na%C4%9Fa%C3%A7,_Maz%C4%B1da%C4%9F%C4%B1 | Yalınağaç, Mazıdağı | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 37°21′43″N 40°25′08″E / 37.362°N 40.419°E / 37.362; 40.419Village in Mardin Province, Turkey
Neighbourhood in Mazıdağı, Mardin, TurkeyYalınağaçNeighbourhoodYalınağaçLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 37°21′43″N 40°25′08″E / 37.362°N 40.419°E / 37.362; 40.419CountryTurkeyProvinceMardinDistrictMazıdağıPopulation (2021)212Time zoneTRT (UTC+3)
Yalınağaç (Kurdish: Melebik) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Mazıdağı, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Çayî tribe and had a population of 212 in 2021.
References
^ a b "31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI" (XLS). TÜİK (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 December 2022.
^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ Aşiretler raporu (in Turkish) (3rd ed.). Kaynak Yayınları. 2014. p. 222.
vteNeighbourhoods of Mazıdağı District
Aksu
Arıköy
Arısu
Aşağıocak
Atalar
Atlıca
Aykut
Bahçecik
Balpınar
Bilge
Çankaya
Çayönü
Derecik
Dikyamaç
Duraklı
Ekinciler
Enginköy
Erdalı
Evciler
Gümüşpınar
Gümüşyuva
Gündoğan
Gürgöze
İkisu
Işıkyaka
Karaalanı
Karataş
Karşıyaka
Kayalar
Kebapçı
Kemerli
Kışlak
Kocakent
Konur
Meşeli
Ömürlü
Ortaklı
Poyraz
Sağmal
Sakızlı
Şanlı
Şenyuva
Tanrıyolu
Tarlacık
Ulutaş
Ürünlü
Yağmur
Yalınağaç
Yeşilköy
Yetkinler
Yücebağ
Yukarıkonak
Yukarıocak | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"},{"link_name":"Mazıdağı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maz%C4%B1da%C4%9F%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Mardin Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Village in Mardin Province, TurkeyNeighbourhood in Mazıdağı, Mardin, TurkeyYalınağaç (Kurdish: Melebik) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Mazıdağı, Mardin Province in Turkey.[2] The village is populated by Kurds of the Çayî tribe and had a population of 212 in 2021.[1][3]","title":"Yalınağaç, Mazıdağı"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI\" (XLS). TÜİK (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","url_text":"\"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI\""}]},{"reference":"Aşiretler raporu (in Turkish) (3rd ed.). Kaynak Yayınları. 2014. p. 222.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yal%C4%B1na%C4%9Fa%C3%A7,_Maz%C4%B1da%C4%9F%C4%B1¶ms=37.362_N_40.419_E_type:city_region:TR_dim:100000","external_links_name":"37°21′43″N 40°25′08″E / 37.362°N 40.419°E / 37.362; 40.419"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yal%C4%B1na%C4%9Fa%C3%A7,_Maz%C4%B1da%C4%9F%C4%B1¶ms=37.362_N_40.419_E_type:city_region:TR_dim:100000","external_links_name":"37°21′43″N 40°25′08″E / 37.362°N 40.419°E / 37.362; 40.419"},{"Link":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI\""},{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"Mahalle"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85l_Heliport,_Medical_Center | Ål Heliport, Medical Center | ["1 History","2 Facilities","3 Operations","4 References","5 Bibliography"] | Coordinates: 60°37′48″N 8°33′58″E / 60.630°N 8.566°E / 60.630; 8.566Airport in Hallingdal Medical Center, ÅlÅl Heliport, Medical CenterIATA: noneICAO: ENDBSummaryAirport typePrivateOwnerVestre Viken Hospital TrustOperatorNorsk LuftambulanseServesÅl, NorwayLocationHallingdal Medical Center, ÅlCoordinates60°37′48″N 8°33′58″E / 60.630°N 8.566°E / 60.630; 8.566MapENAHLocation within NorwayHelipads
Number
Length
Surface
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Ål Heliport, Medical Center (ICAO: ENDB; Norwegian: Ål helikopterplass, Sjukestugu) is a heliport situated in Ål in Buskerud county, Norway. Used exclusively for air ambulance missions, it serves as a base for a Eurocopter EC-135P2+ operated by Norsk Luftambulanse on contract with the National Air Ambulance Service of Norway. The facility is owned by Vestre Viken Hospital Trust and is situated next to Hallingdal Medical Center.
History
During the 1980s NLA set up an annual Easter base in a winter resort in the mountains of Southern Norway. The first was in Beitostølen in 1982. The following years this base was situated at Rjukan; Dombås; Fagernes Airport, Leirin; and Geilo Airport, Dagali, respectively. This proved popular with decision-makes, and a 1986 government commission recommended that a permanent base be established at Dombås. It opened along with five other bases in 1988, establishing the state-funded helicopter ambulance service.
The Easter bases spurred interest amongst locals in the interior valleys of Buskerud, Oppdal and Telemark to receive a permanent helicopter ambulance service. Locals in Hallingdal were not content with being left without a helicopter ambulance. They argued that as it was, only during the week city-dwellers spent in town did the area have the same coverage as other parts of the country. Gradually two more bases were opened, in Arendal and Førde. Locally there was political support from three county councils and local activism.
The Ministry of Social Affairs concluded in 1993 that Ål was feasible. However, the annual 8 to 10 million Norwegian krone in funding would have to be allocated from other sources. Political work started in 1992, but the Ministry of Social Affairs did not prioritize it in its 1994 budget. However, this resulted in a series of political initiatives from the area and when Parliament voted over the budget, grants had been allocated.
Operations commenced on 1 September 1994, as the eleventh helicopter ambulance base in the country. The base took over missions previously designated to Dombås Heliport, Brunshaugen and Lørenskog Heliport, Central Hospital. The base was staffed with three pilots, three rescue swimmers, a secretary, a technician, an instructor and ten part-time physicians. Ownership of the base was issued to Buskerud Central Hospital. The 2001 operating tender was won by Airlift. NLA won back the operating contract in 2006.
Facilities
Ål Heliport is situated in downtown Ål, next to Hallingdal Medical Center. The facility is owned and operated by Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, part of Southern and Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority. It features a hangar and a single asphalt helipad.
Operations
The ambulance helicopter is operated by Norsk Luftambulanse on contract with the National Air Ambulance Service. They have a Eurocopter EC-135P2+ stationed at the heliport. The helicopter has room for a crew of three, consisting of a pilot, rescue swimming and an anesthesiologist, as well as two stretchers. Medical staff are provided by Vestre Viken Hospital Trust. The helicopter flew 594 missions lasting 689 hours in 2013.
References
^ Andersen: 139
^ Luftambulansetjenesten i Norge (PDF) (in Norwegian). Vol. 8. Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. 1998. p. 16. Retrieved 30 November 2014. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ a b Andersen: 166
^ a b Guhnfeldt, Cato (16 March 1993). "Ny helikopterbase i 1994: Luftambulanse til Ål". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 6.
^ Andersen: 167
^ Andersen: 168
^ Bø, Trond (25 September 2000). "Over én milliard til luftambulanser". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 5.
^ Andersen: 122
^ a b "Ål" (in Norwegian). National Air Ambulance Service of Norway. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
Bibliography
Andersen, Rune (2007). Når det haster (in Norwegian). Oslo: Orion Forlag. ISBN 978-82-458-0838-4.
vteAirports in NorwayPrimary
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Portals: Aviation Medicine Norway | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"heliport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliport"},{"link_name":"Ål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85l"},{"link_name":"Buskerud county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buskerud"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"air ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_ambulance"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter EC-135P2+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC135"},{"link_name":"Norsk Luftambulanse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_Luftambulanse"},{"link_name":"National Air Ambulance Service of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Air_Ambulance_Service_of_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vestre Viken Hospital Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestre_Viken_Hospital_Trust"}],"text":"Airport in Hallingdal Medical Center, ÅlÅl Heliport, Medical Center (ICAO: ENDB; Norwegian: Ål helikopterplass, Sjukestugu) is a heliport situated in Ål in Buskerud county, Norway. Used exclusively for air ambulance missions, it serves as a base for a Eurocopter EC-135P2+ operated by Norsk Luftambulanse on contract with the National Air Ambulance Service of Norway. The facility is owned by Vestre Viken Hospital Trust and is situated next to Hallingdal Medical Center.","title":"Ål Heliport, Medical Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Beitostølen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitost%C3%B8len"},{"link_name":"Rjukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rjukan"},{"link_name":"Dombås","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domb%C3%A5s"},{"link_name":"Fagernes Airport, Leirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagernes_Airport,_Leirin"},{"link_name":"Geilo Airport, Dagali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geilo_Airport,_Dagali"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Buskerud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buskerud"},{"link_name":"Oppdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppdal"},{"link_name":"Hallingdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallingdal"},{"link_name":"Arendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arendal"},{"link_name":"Førde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8rde"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a166-3"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Social Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Care_Services"},{"link_name":"Norwegian krone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_krone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guhnfeldt-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a166-3"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dombås Heliport, Brunshaugen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domb%C3%A5s_Heliport,_Brunshaugen"},{"link_name":"Lørenskog Heliport, Central Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8renskog_Heliport,_Ahus"},{"link_name":"rescue swimmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rescue_swimmers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buskerud Central Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drammen_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guhnfeldt-4"},{"link_name":"Airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlift_(company)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"During the 1980s NLA set up an annual Easter base in a winter resort in the mountains of Southern Norway. The first was in Beitostølen in 1982. The following years this base was situated at Rjukan; Dombås; Fagernes Airport, Leirin; and Geilo Airport, Dagali, respectively.[1] This proved popular with decision-makes, and a 1986 government commission recommended that a permanent base be established at Dombås. It opened along with five other bases in 1988, establishing the state-funded helicopter ambulance service.[2]The Easter bases spurred interest amongst locals in the interior valleys of Buskerud, Oppdal and Telemark to receive a permanent helicopter ambulance service. Locals in Hallingdal were not content with being left without a helicopter ambulance. They argued that as it was, only during the week city-dwellers spent in town did the area have the same coverage as other parts of the country. Gradually two more bases were opened, in Arendal and Førde. Locally there was political support from three county councils and local activism.[3]The Ministry of Social Affairs concluded in 1993 that Ål was feasible. However, the annual 8 to 10 million Norwegian krone in funding would have to be allocated from other sources.[4] Political work started in 1992, but the Ministry of Social Affairs did not prioritize it in its 1994 budget.[3] However, this resulted in a series of political initiatives from the area and when Parliament voted over the budget, grants had been allocated.[5]Operations commenced on 1 September 1994,[6] as the eleventh helicopter ambulance base in the country. The base took over missions previously designated to Dombås Heliport, Brunshaugen and Lørenskog Heliport, Central Hospital. The base was staffed with three pilots, three rescue swimmers, a secretary, a technician, an instructor and ten part-time physicians. Ownership of the base was issued to Buskerud Central Hospital.[4] The 2001 operating tender was won by Airlift.[7] NLA won back the operating contract in 2006.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern and Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_and_Eastern_Norway_Regional_Health_Authority"},{"link_name":"hangar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar"},{"link_name":"helipad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helipad"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-9"}],"text":"Ål Heliport is situated in downtown Ål, next to Hallingdal Medical Center. The facility is owned and operated by Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, part of Southern and Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority. It features a hangar and a single asphalt helipad.[9]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurocopter EC-135P2+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC135"},{"link_name":"anesthesiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesiologist"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-9"}],"text":"The ambulance helicopter is operated by Norsk Luftambulanse on contract with the National Air Ambulance Service. They have a Eurocopter EC-135P2+ stationed at the heliport. The helicopter has room for a crew of three, consisting of a pilot, rescue swimming and an anesthesiologist, as well as two stretchers. Medical staff are provided by Vestre Viken Hospital Trust. The helicopter flew 594 missions lasting 689 hours in 2013.[9]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-82-458-0838-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-458-0838-4"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Airports_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Airports_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Airports_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"Airports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Ålesund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85lesund_Airport,_Vigra"},{"link_name":"Alta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_Airport,_Flesland"},{"link_name":"Bodø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_Airport"},{"link_name":"Harstad/Narvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harstad/Narvik_Airport,_Evenes"},{"link_name":"Haugesund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugesund_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kristiansand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kristiansund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansund_Airport,_Kvernberget"},{"link_name":"Lakselv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakselv_Airport"},{"link_name":"Molde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_Airport"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Airport,_Gardermoen"},{"link_name":"Sandefjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandefjord_Airport,_Torp"},{"link_name":"Stavanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger_Airport"},{"link_name":"Svalbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Airport"},{"link_name":"Tromsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim_Airport"},{"link_name":"Andøya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And%C3%B8ya_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bardufoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardufoss_Airport"},{"link_name":"Båtsfjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A5tsfjord_Airport"},{"link_name":"Berlevåg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlev%C3%A5g_Airport"},{"link_name":"Brønnøysund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8ysund_Airport"},{"link_name":"Florø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flor%C3%B8_Airport"},{"link_name":"Førde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8rde_Airport"},{"link_name":"Hammerfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerfest_Airport"},{"link_name":"Hasvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasvik_Airport"},{"link_name":"Honningsvåg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honningsv%C3%A5g_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kirkenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkenes_Airport"},{"link_name":"Leknes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leknes_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mehamn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehamn_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mo i Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_i_Rana_Airport,_R%C3%B8ssvoll"},{"link_name":"Mosjøen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosj%C3%B8en_Airport"},{"link_name":"Namsos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namsos_Airport"},{"link_name":"Ørland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98rland_Airport"},{"link_name":"Ørsta–Volda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98rsta%E2%80%93Volda_Airport"},{"link_name":"Røros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8ros_Airport"},{"link_name":"Rørvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8rvik_Airport"},{"link_name":"Røst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8st_Airport"},{"link_name":"Sandane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandane_Airport"},{"link_name":"Sandnessjøen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnessj%C3%B8en_Airport"},{"link_name":"Sogndal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogndal_Airport"},{"link_name":"Sørkjosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rkjosen_Airport"},{"link_name":"Stokmarknes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokmarknes_Airport"},{"link_name":"Stord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stord_Airport"},{"link_name":"Svolvær","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svolv%C3%A6r_Airport"},{"link_name":"Vadsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vads%C3%B8_Airport"},{"link_name":"Vardø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vard%C3%B8_Airport"},{"link_name":"Arendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arendal_Airport,_Gullknapp"},{"link_name":"Bergen–Sandviken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_Airport,_Sandviken"},{"link_name":"Engeløy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel%C3%B8y_Airport,_Gr%C3%A5dussan"},{"link_name":"Fagernes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagernes_Airport,_Leirin"},{"link_name":"Farsund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farsund_Airport,_Lista"},{"link_name":"Fyresdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vest-Telemark_Airport,_Fyresdal"},{"link_name":"Geilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geilo_Airport,_Dagali"},{"link_name":"Gol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol_Airport,_Klanten"},{"link_name":"Hamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamar_Airport,_Stafsberg"},{"link_name":"Haslemoen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haslemoen_Airport"},{"link_name":"Hattfjelldal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattfjelldal_Airport"},{"link_name":"Hønefoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8nefoss_Airport,_Eggemoen"},{"link_name":"Notodden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notodden_Airport"},{"link_name":"Ny-Ålesund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny-%C3%85lesund_Airport,_Hamnerabben"},{"link_name":"Oppdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppdal_Airport,_Fagerhaug"},{"link_name":"Rakkestad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakkestad_Airport,_%C3%85storp"},{"link_name":"Rognan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rognan_Airport"},{"link_name":"Salangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salangen_Airport,_Elvenes"},{"link_name":"Skien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skien_Airport,_Geiteryggen"},{"link_name":"Svea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svea_Airport"},{"link_name":"Tønsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg_Airport,_Jarlsberg"},{"link_name":"Troll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Voss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voss_Airport,_B%C3%B8moen"},{"link_name":"Andøya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And%C3%B8ya_Air_Station"},{"link_name":"Banak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_Group_Banak"},{"link_name":"Bardufoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardufoss_Air_Station"},{"link_name":"Bodø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_Main_Air_Station"},{"link_name":"Evenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenes_Air_Station"},{"link_name":"Flesland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesland_Air_Station"},{"link_name":"Gardermoen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardermoen_Air_Station"},{"link_name":"Jan 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Mo i Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_i_Rana_Airport,_Fagerlia"},{"link_name":"List of airports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"List of heliports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"Avinor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avinor"},{"link_name":"Civil Aviation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Nordic countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_Nordic_countries"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"link_name":"Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Norway"}],"text":"Andersen, Rune (2007). Når det haster (in Norwegian). Oslo: Orion Forlag. ISBN 978-82-458-0838-4.vteAirports in NorwayPrimary\nÅlesund\nAlta\nBergen\nBodø\nHarstad/Narvik\nHaugesund\nKristiansand\nKristiansund\nLakselv\nMolde\nOslo\nSandefjord\nStavanger\nSvalbard\nTromsø\nTrondheim\nRegional\nAndøya\nBardufoss\nBåtsfjord\nBerlevåg\nBrønnøysund\nFlorø\nFørde\nHammerfest\nHasvik\nHonningsvåg\nKirkenes\nLeknes\nMehamn\nMo i Rana\nMosjøen\nNamsos\nØrland\nØrsta–Volda\nRøros\nRørvik\nRøst\nSandane\nSandnessjøen\nSogndal\nSørkjosen\nStokmarknes\nStord\nSvolvær\nVadsø\nVardø\nUnscheduled\nArendal\nBergen–Sandviken\nEngeløy\nFagernes\nFarsund\nFyresdal\nGeilo\nGol\nHamar\nHaslemoen\nHattfjelldal\nHønefoss\nNotodden\nNy-Ålesund\nOppdal\nRakkestad\nRognan\nSalangen\nSkien\nSvea\nTønsberg\nTroll\nVoss\nMilitary\nAndøya\nBanak\nBardufoss\nBodø\nEvenes\nFlesland\nGardermoen\nJan Mayen\nKjeller\nØrland\nRygge\nSola\nVærnes\nHeliports\nÅl\nÅlesund\nArendal\nBarentsburg\nBergen\nDombås\nFedje\nFørde\nLørenskog\nPyramiden\nStavanger\nTromsø\nTrondheim\nVærøy\nDefunct\nÅlesund-Sørneset\nArendal\nBåtsfjord\nBergen\nHjellestad\nNygårdstangen\nFørde-Øyrane\nGamvik\nHaugesund\nAvaldsnes\nStoresundsskjær\nHerdla\nKautokeino\nKristiansand\nKongsgårdbukta\nTangen\nKjøllefjord\nLarvik\nLista\nMandal\nMoss\nNarvik\nOslo\nFornebu\nGressholmen\nStavanger-Forus\nTromsø-Skattøra\nTrondheim\nJonsvatnet\nLade\nØysand\nVærøy\nUnder constructionnew Mo i RanaRelated\nList of airports\nList of heliports\nAvinor\nCivil Aviation Authority\nBusiest airports\nEurope\nNordic countriesPortals: Aviation Medicine Norway","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Luftambulansetjenesten i Norge (PDF) (in Norwegian). Vol. 8. Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. 1998. p. 16. Retrieved 30 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.regjeringen.no/Rpub/NOU/19981998/008/PDFA/NOU199819980008000DDDPDFA.pdf","url_text":"Luftambulansetjenesten i Norge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Care_Services","url_text":"Ministry of Health and Social Affairs"}]},{"reference":"Guhnfeldt, Cato (16 March 1993). \"Ny helikopterbase i 1994: Luftambulanse til Ål\". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Guhnfeldt","url_text":"Guhnfeldt, Cato"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftenposten","url_text":"Aftenposten"}]},{"reference":"Bø, Trond (25 September 2000). \"Over én milliard til luftambulanser\". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftenposten","url_text":"Aftenposten"}]},{"reference":"\"Ål\" (in Norwegian). National Air Ambulance Service of Norway. Retrieved 30 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.luftambulanse.no/baser/%C3%A5l","url_text":"\"Ål\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Air_Ambulance_Service_of_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"National Air Ambulance Service of Norway"}]},{"reference":"Andersen, Rune (2007). Når det haster (in Norwegian). Oslo: Orion Forlag. ISBN 978-82-458-0838-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-458-0838-4","url_text":"978-82-458-0838-4"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%85l_Heliport,_Medical_Center¶ms=60.630_N_8.566_E_region:NO_type:airport","external_links_name":"60°37′48″N 8°33′58″E / 60.630°N 8.566°E / 60.630; 8.566"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%85l_Heliport,_Medical_Center¶ms=60.630_N_8.566_E_region:NO_type:airport","external_links_name":"60°37′48″N 8°33′58″E / 60.630°N 8.566°E / 60.630; 8.566"},{"Link":"http://www.regjeringen.no/Rpub/NOU/19981998/008/PDFA/NOU199819980008000DDDPDFA.pdf","external_links_name":"Luftambulansetjenesten i Norge"},{"Link":"http://www.luftambulanse.no/baser/%C3%A5l","external_links_name":"\"Ål\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofton,_British_Columbia | Crofton, British Columbia | ["1 Early settlers","2 Smelter & village","3 Logging","4 Pulp & paper mill","5 Ferry terminal","6 Present community","7 Footnotes","8 References","9 Surrounding communities"] | Coordinates: 48°51′49.8″N 123°38′44.6″W / 48.863833°N 123.645722°W / 48.863833; -123.645722
Community in British Columbia, CanadaCroftonCommunityCroftonLocation of Crofton in British ColumbiaShow map of Vancouver IslandCroftonCrofton (British Columbia)Show map of British ColumbiaCoordinates: 48°51′49.8″N 123°38′44.6″W / 48.863833°N 123.645722°W / 48.863833; -123.645722CountryCanadaProvinceBritish ColumbiaRegionVancouver IslandRegional districtCowichan Valley Regional DistrictMunicipalityNorth CowichanPopulation (2021) • Total1,446Time zoneUTC−08:00 (PST) • Summer (DST)UTC−07:00 (PDT)Postal codeV0R 1R0
Crofton is a small west coast town within the District of North Cowichan of southern Vancouver Island in British Columbia, east of BC Highway 1 about 74 kilometres (46 mi) north of Victoria.
Early settlers
In the mid-1800s, several families obtained preemptions in the area, upon which they created homesteads, cut timber, and farmed. The 1873 incorporation of the District of North Cowichan included what would become Crofton.
Smelter & village
Henry Croft, founder of Crofton
In 1900, Henry Croft purchased land at Osborne Bay for a smelter and townsite. The next year, the Northwestern Smelting and Refining Co. began construction. In 1902, the village was established, the smelter opened, and Croft extended the Lenora Mt. Sicker Railway from his copper mine to Crofton. Mining ceased in late 1902 when the company went into receivership. Having exhausted other ore supplies, the smelter closed in 1903. In 1906, the Britannia Mining & Smelting Company bought the smelter. A customs office existed between 1906 and 1909. Following plummeting copper prices during the Panic of 1907, the smelter closed in January 1908. Rumours of a large sawmill to be built came to nothing, and when Henry Croft died in 1917, his namesake was struggling to survive.
Logging
During the 1910s, the Westholme Lumber Co. was hauling locally harvested logs to Crofton over the narrow gauge line. By the mid-1920s, the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway (E&N) was arriving over the new Osborne Bay subdivision (later called the Crofton Spur) to ship out logs from the Osborne Bay wharf. Logging trains brought raw logs out of the bush to be barked in the water and loaded onto ships for export. Lumber was also shipped out by Industrial Timbers Ltd (later to become British Columbia Forest Products Ltd), Western Forest Industries, and MacMillan Bloedel Lumber Co.
Pulp & paper mill
Crofton Mill
The Crofton pulp and paper mill, which opened in 1957, has experienced several changes in the ownership of its parent company.
Concern about mill emissions prompted a Clean Air Concert on September 17, 2004, organized by Randy Bachman, to raise money for a study of those emissions. Among the groups participating were the Barenaked Ladies, Neil Young, Tal Bachman, and Randy himself. The concert was staged in Duncan, the nearest suitable venue.
In 2001, a layer of ash fell upon the town, staining nearly every house. Improper burning at the mill was determined the cause. In response, the mill owners funded the extensive cleanup of Crofton, and improved the burning process.
Ferry terminal
The smelter wharf was converted to become the western terminal for the Salt Spring Island ferry service established in 1955. BC Ferries operates the route daily. Some tourist traffic spends time in Crofton.
Census population:CrestonYearPop.±%20111,322— 20161,373+3.9%20211,446+5.3%Source: Statistics Canada
Present community
Forestry and recreation have anchored the community in recent decades.
Early in the 1990s. the Crofton Community Centre Society created a scenic walkway along the Crofton shoreline. In 2002, Crofton's 100th anniversary, phase one of the Seawalk was completed. By 2014, all three phases were complete. The Seawalk stretches from the wharf and ferry terminal to Crofton Beach, a distance of over one kilometre.
In 2000, the town water supply was changed from Crofton Lake to the Cowichan River.
In September 2006, Crofton was included in a regional bus network connecting to nearby Duncan and Chemainus. Previously, the only public transit was a bus between Victoria and Nanaimo without regional stops.
Footnotes
^ "Crofton (community)". BC Geographical Names.
^ "Crofton". Archived from the original on 2006-11-11.
^ White & Wilkie 1968, p. 17.
^ White & Wilkie 1968, pp. 21–22.
^ White & Wilkie 1968, pp. 25–26.
^ Montgomery, Georgina (2009). The Cowichan : Duncan, Chemainus, Ladysmith and Region: Including Cobble Hill, Cowichan Bay, Cowichan Lake and communities, Crofton, Glenora, Maple Bay, Mill Bay and Shawnigan Lake. Madeira Park, British Columbia: Harbour Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-55017-490-8.
^ Legg, Herbert (1962). Customs Services in Western Canada, 1867–1925. The Creston Review Ltd. p. 62.
^ Francis, Daniel, ed. (2000). Encyclopedia of British Columbia. Madeira Park, British Columbia: Harbour Publishing. ISBN 1-55017-200-X.
^ White & Wilkie 1968, p. 33.
^ "Railway history". www.mcleanmill.ca.
^ "Nanaimo Daily News, 2 Feb 1925". www.newspapers.com. p. 3. Seven hundred thousand feet of logs….over the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway to Crofton. This represents over ninety cars, or four trains per day.
^ Montgomery. The Cowichan. p. 114.
^ "2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca.
^ "2021 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca.
^ "Cowichan Valley Regional District, Water Supply".
References
White, Elwood; Wilkie, David (1968). Shays on the Switchbacks: A History of the Narrow Gauge Lenora, Mt. Sicker Railway. British Columbia Railway Historical Association.
Haley, P.; Killick, D. (1988). Crofton: The Early Years. Duncan Print-Craft Ltd.
"Crofton Community Centre Society Projects". www.croftoncommunitycentre.ca.
Surrounding communities
Places adjacent to Crofton, British Columbia
Tsussie Indian Reserve 6 & Halalt Indian Reserve 2
Strait of Georgia & Kuper Island
Strait of Georgia & Saltspring Island
Trans-Canada Highway
CROFTON
Strait of Georgia
Mount Richards
Quamichan Lake
Maple Mountain
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Category:British Columbia
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Youbou
Yuquot (Friendly Cove)
Zeballos | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"District of North Cowichan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Cowichan,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Island"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"BC Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_provincial_highway_1"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Community in British Columbia, CanadaCrofton is a small west coast town within the District of North Cowichan of southern Vancouver Island in British Columbia, east of BC Highway 1 about 74 kilometres (46 mi) north of Victoria.[1]","title":"Crofton, British Columbia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"preemptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemption_(land)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"District of North Cowichan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_North_Cowichan"}],"text":"In the mid-1800s, several families obtained preemptions in the area, upon which they created homesteads, cut timber, and farmed.[2] The 1873 incorporation of the District of North Cowichan included what would become Crofton.","title":"Early settlers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Croft_1885.gif"},{"link_name":"Henry Croft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Croft"},{"link_name":"smelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteWilkie196817-3"},{"link_name":"Lenora Mt. Sicker Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora_and_Mt._Sicker_Railway"},{"link_name":"copper mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_extraction"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteWilkie196821%E2%80%9322-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteWilkie196825%E2%80%9326-5"},{"link_name":"Britannia Mining & Smelting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Mine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1907"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Henry Croft, founder of CroftonIn 1900, Henry Croft purchased land at Osborne Bay for a smelter and townsite. The next year, the Northwestern Smelting and Refining Co. began construction.[3] In 1902, the village was established, the smelter opened, and Croft extended the Lenora Mt. Sicker Railway from his copper mine to Crofton.[4] Mining ceased in late 1902 when the company went into receivership. Having exhausted other ore supplies, the smelter closed in 1903.[5] In 1906, the Britannia Mining & Smelting Company bought the smelter.[6] A customs office existed between 1906 and 1909.[7] Following plummeting copper prices during the Panic of 1907, the smelter closed in January 1908. Rumours of a large sawmill to be built came to nothing, and when Henry Croft died in 1917, his namesake was struggling to survive.[8]","title":"Smelter & village"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteWilkie196833-9"},{"link_name":"Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Railway_of_Vancouver_Island"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"During the 1910s, the Westholme Lumber Co. was hauling locally harvested logs to Crofton over the narrow gauge line.[9] By the mid-1920s, the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway (E&N) was arriving over the new Osborne Bay subdivision (later called the Crofton Spur)[10][11] to ship out logs from the Osborne Bay wharf. Logging trains brought raw logs out of the bush to be barked in the water and loaded onto ships for export. Lumber was also shipped out by Industrial Timbers Ltd (later to become British Columbia Forest Products Ltd), Western Forest Industries, and MacMillan Bloedel Lumber Co.","title":"Logging"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Croftonmill.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crofton pulp and paper mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofton_Mill"},{"link_name":"Randy Bachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Bachman"},{"link_name":"Barenaked Ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barenaked_Ladies"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"Tal Bachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal_Bachman"},{"link_name":"Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Crofton MillThe Crofton pulp and paper mill, which opened in 1957, has experienced several changes in the ownership of its parent company.Concern about mill emissions prompted a Clean Air Concert on September 17, 2004, organized by Randy Bachman, to raise money for a study of those emissions. Among the groups participating were the Barenaked Ladies, Neil Young, Tal Bachman, and Randy himself. The concert was staged in Duncan, the nearest suitable venue.[12]In 2001, a layer of ash fell upon the town, staining nearly every house. Improper burning at the mill was determined the cause. In response, the mill owners funded the extensive cleanup of Crofton, and improved the burning process.[citation needed]","title":"Pulp & paper mill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salt Spring Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Spring_Island"},{"link_name":"BC Ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Ferries"}],"text":"The smelter wharf was converted to become the western terminal for the Salt Spring Island ferry service established in 1955. BC Ferries operates the route daily. Some tourist traffic spends time in Crofton.","title":"Ferry terminal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cowichan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowichan_River"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Chemainus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemainus,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Nanaimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaimo,_British_Columbia"}],"text":"Forestry and recreation have anchored the community in recent decades.Early in the 1990s. the Crofton Community Centre Society created a scenic walkway along the Crofton shoreline. In 2002, Crofton's 100th anniversary, phase one of the Seawalk was completed. By 2014, all three phases were complete. The Seawalk stretches from the wharf and ferry terminal to Crofton Beach, a distance of over one kilometre.In 2000, the town water supply was changed from Crofton Lake to the Cowichan River.[15]\nIn September 2006, Crofton was included in a regional bus network connecting to nearby Duncan and Chemainus. Previously, the only public transit was a bus between Victoria and Nanaimo without regional stops.","title":"Present community"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Crofton (community)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/35135.html"},{"link_name":"BC Geographical Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Crofton\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061111034009/http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=34"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiteWilkie196817_3-0"},{"link_name":"White & Wilkie 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhiteWilkie1968"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiteWilkie196821%E2%80%9322_4-0"},{"link_name":"White & Wilkie 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhiteWilkie1968"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiteWilkie196825%E2%80%9326_5-0"},{"link_name":"White & Wilkie 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhiteWilkie1968"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55017-490-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55017-490-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Francis, Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Francis_(historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55017-200-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55017-200-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiteWilkie196833_9-0"},{"link_name":"White & Wilkie 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhiteWilkie1968"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Railway history\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mcleanmill.ca/the-railway"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Nanaimo Daily News, 2 Feb 1925\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=%22thursday+from+cowichan+lake%22&ymd=1925-02-02&t=5893"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"2016 Census\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=POPC&Code1=1375&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&SearchText=crofton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"2021 Census\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=crofton&DGUIDlist=2021S05101375&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Cowichan Valley Regional District, Water Supply\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cvrd.bc.ca/2159/Water-Supply"}],"text":"^ \"Crofton (community)\". BC Geographical Names.\n\n^ \"Crofton\". Archived from the original on 2006-11-11.\n\n^ White & Wilkie 1968, p. 17.\n\n^ White & Wilkie 1968, pp. 21–22.\n\n^ White & Wilkie 1968, pp. 25–26.\n\n^ Montgomery, Georgina (2009). The Cowichan : Duncan, Chemainus, Ladysmith and Region: Including Cobble Hill, Cowichan Bay, Cowichan Lake and communities, Crofton, Glenora, Maple Bay, Mill Bay and Shawnigan Lake. Madeira Park, British Columbia: Harbour Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-55017-490-8.\n\n^ Legg, Herbert (1962). Customs Services in Western Canada, 1867–1925. The Creston Review Ltd. p. 62.\n\n^ Francis, Daniel, ed. (2000). Encyclopedia of British Columbia. Madeira Park, British Columbia: Harbour Publishing. ISBN 1-55017-200-X.\n\n^ White & Wilkie 1968, p. 33.\n\n^ \"Railway history\". www.mcleanmill.ca.\n\n^ \"Nanaimo Daily News, 2 Feb 1925\". www.newspapers.com. p. 3. Seven hundred thousand feet of logs….over the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway to Crofton. This represents over ninety cars, or four trains per day.\n\n^ Montgomery. The Cowichan. p. 114.\n\n^ \"2016 Census\". www12.statcan.gc.ca.\n\n^ \"2021 Census\". www12.statcan.gc.ca.\n\n^ \"Cowichan Valley Regional District, Water Supply\".","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strait of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Kuper Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuper_Island"},{"link_name":"Strait of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Saltspring Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltspring_Island"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway"},{"link_name":"Strait of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Quamichan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quamichan_Lake"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Subdivisions_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Subdivisions_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Regional districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regional_districts_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"School districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Land districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_land_districts_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Health regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_regions_of_Canada#British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Counties (court 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municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_British_Columbia#Resort_municipalities"},{"link_name":"Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Ghost towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Indian reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Abbotsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Chilliwack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilliwack"},{"link_name":"Kamloops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamloops"},{"link_name":"Kelowna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelowna"},{"link_name":"Nanaimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaimo"},{"link_name":"Greater Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Greater Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Census agglomerations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_census_agglomerations_in_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"district municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_municipality"},{"link_name":"Agassiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agassiz,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Aldergrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldergrove,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Ardmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ardmore,_British_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brackendale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackendale,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Brentwood Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentwood_Bay,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Carr's Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr%27s_Landing,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Chemainus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemainus,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Cloverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverdale,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Crofton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Deep Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Cove,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Dollarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollarton,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Fort Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Langley"},{"link_name":"Hatzic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatzic,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Horseshoe Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_Bay,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Ladner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladner,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Lakeview Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeview_Heights,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"North Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Delta,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Okanagan Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Centre,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Oyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyama,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Ruskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskin,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Saanichton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saanichton,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Silverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverdale,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Stave Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stave_Falls,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Swartz Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartz_Bay,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Tsawwassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsawwassen,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Walnut Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Grove,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Westbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbank,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Whonnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whonnock,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Winfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Yarrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrow,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Category:British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:British_Columbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Portal:Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Canada"},{"link_name":"WikiProject:British 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Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckley_Bay,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Campbell River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_River,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassidy,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Cedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Central Saanich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Saanich"},{"link_name":"Chemainus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemainus"},{"link_name":"Clo-oose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clo-oose"},{"link_name":"Coal Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Harbour,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Cobble Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobble_Hill,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Colwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colwood,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Comox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comox,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Coombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coombs,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtenay,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Cowichan Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowichan_Bay"},{"link_name":"Cowichan Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cowichan_Station,_British_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Crofton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Deep Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Bay,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Errington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errington,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Esquimalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquimalt"},{"link_name":"Fanny Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Bay"},{"link_name":"French Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Creek,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Genoa Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genoa_Bay,_British_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gold River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_River,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Harewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harewood,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Holberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holberg,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Honeymoon Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeymoon_Bay,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Kildonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildonan,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Koksilah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koksilah,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Ladysmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladysmith,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Lake Cowichan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Cowichan"},{"link_name":"Langford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langford,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Lantzville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantzville"},{"link_name":"Malahat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malahat,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Maple Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Bay,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Merville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merville,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Mesachie Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesachie_Lake"},{"link_name":"Metchosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metchosin"},{"link_name":"Mill Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Bay,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Nanaimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaimo"},{"link_name":"Nanoose Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoose_Bay"},{"link_name":"Nitinat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitinat,_British_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Cowichan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Cowichan"},{"link_name":"North Saanich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Saanich"},{"link_name":"Oak Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Bay,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Oceanside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanside,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Oyster River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_River,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Parksville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parksville,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Port Alberni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Alberni"},{"link_name":"Port Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Alice"},{"link_name":"Port Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Port McNeill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_McNeill"},{"link_name":"Port Renfrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Renfrew"},{"link_name":"Qualicum Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualicum_Beach"},{"link_name":"Quatsino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatsino"},{"link_name":"River Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Royston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royston,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Saanich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saanich,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Saanichton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saanichton"},{"link_name":"Saltair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltair,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Sayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayward"},{"link_name":"Sechart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sechart,_British_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shawnigan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnigan_Lake,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Sooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooke"},{"link_name":"Tahsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahsis"},{"link_name":"Telegraph Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_Cove"},{"link_name":"Tofino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofino"},{"link_name":"Ucluelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucluelet"},{"link_name":"Union Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Bay,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Greater Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"View Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_Royal"},{"link_name":"Westholme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westholme,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Winter Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Woss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woss"},{"link_name":"Youbou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youbou,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Yuquot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuquot"},{"link_name":"Zeballos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeballos,_British_Columbia"}],"text":"Places adjacent to Crofton, British Columbia\nTsussie Indian Reserve 6 & Halalt Indian Reserve 2\nStrait of Georgia & Kuper Island\nStrait of Georgia & Saltspring Island\n\n\n\n\n\nTrans-Canada Highway\n\nCROFTON\n\nStrait of Georgia\n\n\n\n\n\nMount Richards\nQuamichan Lake\nMaple MountainvteSubdivisions of British ColumbiaSubdivisions\nRegional districts\nSchool districts\nLand districts\nHealth regions\nCounties (court system)\nCommunities\nMunicipalities\nCities\nDistrict municipalities\nIndian government districts\nIsland municipalities\nMountain resort municipalities\nResort municipalities\nTowns\nVillages\nGhost towns\nIndian reserves\nMetro areas andagglomerations\nAbbotsford–Mission\nChilliwack\nKamloops\nKelowna\nNanaimo\nGreater Vancouver\nGreater Victoria\nCensus agglomerations\nDetached communitieswithin district municipalities\nAgassiz\nAlbion\nAldergrove\nArdmore\nBrackendale\nBrentwood Bay\nCarr's Landing\nChemainus\nCloverdale\nCrofton\nDeep Cove\nDollarton\nFort Langley\nHatzic\nHorseshoe Bay\nLadner\nLakeview Heights\nNorth Delta\nOkanagan Centre\nOyama\nRuskin\nSaanichton\nSilverdale\nStave Falls\nSwartz Bay\nTsawwassen\nWalnut Grove\nWestbank\nWhonnock\nWinfield\nYarrow\n\n Category:British Columbia\n Portal:Canada\n WikiProject:British ColumbiavteCommunities on Vancouver Island\nAhousat\nBamberton\nBamfield\nBlack Creek\nBowser\nBrentwood Bay\nBuckley Bay\nCampbell River\nCassidy\nCedar\nCentral Saanich\nChemainus\nClo-oose\nCoal Harbour\nCobble Hill\nColwood\nComox\nCoombs\nCourtenay\nCowichan Bay\nCowichan Station\nCrofton\nCumberland\nDeep Bay\nDuncan\nErrington\nEsquimalt\nFanny Bay\nFrench Creek\nGenoa Bay\nGold River\nHarewood\nHighlands\nHolberg\nHoneymoon Bay\nKildonan\nKoksilah\nLadysmith\nLake Cowichan\nLangford\nLantzville\nMalahat\nMaple Bay\nMerville\nMesachie Lake\nMetchosin\nMill Bay\nNanaimo\nNanoose Bay\nNitinat\nNorth Cowichan\nNorth Saanich\nOak Bay\nOceanside\nOyster River\nParksville\nPort Alberni\nPort Alice\nPort Hardy\nPort McNeill\nPort Renfrew\nQualicum Beach\nQuatsino\nRiver Jordan\nRoyston\nSaanich\nSaanichton\nSaltair\nSayward\nSechart\nShawnigan Lake\nSidney\nSooke\nTahsis\nTelegraph Cove\nTofino\nUcluelet\nUnion Bay\nGreater Victoria\nVictoria\nView Royal\nWestholme\nWinter Harbour\nWoss\nYoubou\nYuquot (Friendly Cove)\nZeballos","title":"Surrounding communities"}] | [{"image_text":"Henry Croft, founder of Crofton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Henry_Croft_1885.gif/160px-Henry_Croft_1885.gif"},{"image_text":"Crofton Mill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Croftonmill.jpg/220px-Croftonmill.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Crofton (community)\". BC Geographical Names.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/35135.html","url_text":"\"Crofton (community)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names","url_text":"BC Geographical Names"}]},{"reference":"\"Crofton\". Archived from the original on 2006-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061111034009/http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=34","url_text":"\"Crofton\""},{"url":"http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=34","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Montgomery, Georgina (2009). The Cowichan : Duncan, Chemainus, Ladysmith and Region: Including Cobble Hill, Cowichan Bay, Cowichan Lake and communities, Crofton, Glenora, Maple Bay, Mill Bay and Shawnigan Lake. Madeira Park, British Columbia: Harbour Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-55017-490-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55017-490-8","url_text":"978-1-55017-490-8"}]},{"reference":"Legg, Herbert (1962). Customs Services in Western Canada, 1867–1925. The Creston Review Ltd. p. 62.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Francis, Daniel, ed. (2000). Encyclopedia of British Columbia. Madeira Park, British Columbia: Harbour Publishing. ISBN 1-55017-200-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Francis_(historian)","url_text":"Francis, Daniel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55017-200-X","url_text":"1-55017-200-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Railway history\". www.mcleanmill.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://mcleanmill.ca/the-railway","url_text":"\"Railway history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nanaimo Daily News, 2 Feb 1925\". www.newspapers.com. p. 3. Seven hundred thousand feet of logs….over the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway to Crofton. This represents over ninety cars, or four trains per day.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=%22thursday+from+cowichan+lake%22&ymd=1925-02-02&t=5893","url_text":"\"Nanaimo Daily News, 2 Feb 1925\""}]},{"reference":"Montgomery. The Cowichan. p. 114.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"2016 Census\". www12.statcan.gc.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=POPC&Code1=1375&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&SearchText=crofton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0","url_text":"\"2016 Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Census\". www12.statcan.gc.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=crofton&DGUIDlist=2021S05101375&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0","url_text":"\"2021 Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cowichan Valley Regional District, Water Supply\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cvrd.bc.ca/2159/Water-Supply","url_text":"\"Cowichan Valley Regional District, Water Supply\""}]},{"reference":"White, Elwood; Wilkie, David (1968). Shays on the Switchbacks: A History of the Narrow Gauge Lenora, Mt. Sicker Railway. British Columbia Railway Historical Association.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Haley, P.; Killick, D. (1988). Crofton: The Early Years. Duncan Print-Craft Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Crofton Community Centre Society Projects\". www.croftoncommunitycentre.ca.","urls":[{"url":"http://croftoncommunitycentre.ca/crofton-community-centre-society","url_text":"\"Crofton Community Centre Society Projects\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crofton,_British_Columbia¶ms=48_51_49.8_N_123_38_44.6_W_region:CA-BC_type:city(1446)","external_links_name":"48°51′49.8″N 123°38′44.6″W / 48.863833°N 123.645722°W / 48.863833; -123.645722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crofton,_British_Columbia¶ms=48_51_49.8_N_123_38_44.6_W_region:CA-BC_type:city(1446)","external_links_name":"48°51′49.8″N 123°38′44.6″W / 48.863833°N 123.645722°W / 48.863833; -123.645722"},{"Link":"https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/35135.html","external_links_name":"\"Crofton (community)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061111034009/http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=34","external_links_name":"\"Crofton\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=34","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mcleanmill.ca/the-railway","external_links_name":"\"Railway history\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=%22thursday+from+cowichan+lake%22&ymd=1925-02-02&t=5893","external_links_name":"\"Nanaimo Daily News, 2 Feb 1925\""},{"Link":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=POPC&Code1=1375&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&SearchText=crofton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0","external_links_name":"\"2016 Census\""},{"Link":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=crofton&DGUIDlist=2021S05101375&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0","external_links_name":"\"2021 Census\""},{"Link":"http://www.cvrd.bc.ca/2159/Water-Supply","external_links_name":"\"Cowichan Valley Regional District, Water Supply\""},{"Link":"http://croftoncommunitycentre.ca/crofton-community-centre-society","external_links_name":"\"Crofton Community Centre Society Projects\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barauna,_Jaunpur | Barauna, Jaunpur | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 27°48′N 79°00′E / 27.800°N 79.000°E / 27.800; 79.000
Barauna is a village in Shahganj tehsil of Jaunpur District in Uttar Pradesh, India. Most of the residents are farmers.
The village has a government primary school, as well as a senior secondary school.
References
^ Food and Civil Supplies Department, Uttar Pradesh Archived 11 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
vtePopulated places in Jaunpur districtCities and towns
Badlapur
Dhanauha
Guraini
Jafarabad
Jaunpur (district headquarters)
Kerakat
Kheta Sarai
Machhlishahr
Machhlishahr
Mariahu
Mungra Badshahpur
Mungra Badshahpur
Shahganj
Ranno
Villages
Achakari
Adhanpur
Agraura
Ahmedpur
Anapur
Argupurkala
Badalpur
Bahara
Banagawn
Bansafa
Baragaon (in Shahganj)
Barauli
Barauna
Barhauna
Behra
Bhadehari
Bhagmalpur
Bharthari
Bhasot
Bhedia
Bihardar
Birahadpur
Biri
Bisauri
Bishunpur
Chakganj
Chhatripur
Chhitauna
Dadra
Dataon
Devrampur
Dhamur Khas
Dhannopur
Dhannupur
Dugauli Khurd
Gahlai
Gairwah
Gajadharpur
Gariaon
Gauryadih
Hardasipur
Hurhuri
Izari
Jamalia
Jamalpur
Jangipur
Kabiruddinpur
Kaithora
Kalichabad
Kapurpur
Kashidaspur
Katghara
Kathaitkhas
Kewtali
Khairapara
Khanapatti
Khetasaray
Khunsapur
Khuthan
Kishunpur
Krishnapur
Kulhanamau
Ladanpur
Madho Patti
Manikala
Meerganj
Meghpur
Merha
Mirsadpur
Miyanbag
Murara
Nadar
Nigoh
Pali
Panchrukhava
Pasiyahi Kala
Pasiyahikhurd
Pataura
Pattinarendrapur
Pilkichha
Pura Gambhirshah
Puralal
Raidaspur
Rajabazar
Rajapur
Ramsapur
Ranno
Rithi
Sadaruddinpur
Sahijadpur
Samodhpur
Saraibiru
Saraiharkhu
Sarasara
Sarava Village
Sarawan
Shikarpur
Siura
Sodhi Village
Sonahita
Sonawan
Sukkhipur
Teji Bazar
Tekardih
Tiwaripur
Trikauli
Usraon
Zafarabad
This Jaunpur district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
27°48′N 79°00′E / 27.800°N 79.000°E / 27.800; 79.000 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shahganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahganj"},{"link_name":"tehsil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsil"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Barauna is a village in Shahganj tehsil of Jaunpur District in Uttar Pradesh, India.[1] Most of the residents are farmers.[citation needed]The village has a government primary school, as well as a senior secondary school.[citation needed]","title":"Barauna, Jaunpur"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barauna,_Jaunpur¶ms=27_48_N_79_00_E_region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"27°48′N 79°00′E / 27.800°N 79.000°E / 27.800; 79.000"},{"Link":"http://fcs.up.nic.in/upfood/fcsportal/ERCMSMasterCorrection/FPS_Report_Public/ERCMS_Mas_Town_VillageFilter_Public.aspx?dcode=194&bcode=001887&panchayat=069447&Area=R","external_links_name":"Food and Civil Supplies Department, Uttar Pradesh"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150711221218/http://fcs.up.nic.in/upfood/fcsportal/ERCMSMasterCorrection/FPS_Report_Public/ERCMS_Mas_Town_VillageFilter_Public.aspx?dcode=194&bcode=001887&panchayat=069447&Area=R","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barauna,_Jaunpur&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barauna,_Jaunpur¶ms=27_48_N_79_00_E_region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"27°48′N 79°00′E / 27.800°N 79.000°E / 27.800; 79.000"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State | Our Enemy, the State | ["1 Legacy","2 Summary","3 References","4 External links"] | Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Our Enemy, the State Title page of the bookAuthorAlbert Jay NockCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenreLibertarianismPublisherWilliam Morrow & CompanyPublication date1935ISBN1502585634TextOur Enemy, the State at Wikisource
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Our Enemy, the State is the best-known book by libertarian author Albert Jay Nock, serving as a fundamental influence for the modern libertarian and American conservatism movements. Initially presented as a series of lectures at Bard College, it was published in 1935, and attempts to analyze the origins of American freedom and question the nature and legitimacy of authoritarian government. Nock differentiates between that, which he refers to as "the State" (as described by Franz Oppenheimer in his book The State) and "legitimate" government, including governing oneself or consensual delegation of decision-making to leaders one selects.
Legacy
The book has been cited as an influence by a wide range of conservative and libertarian thinkers and political figures, including Murray Rothbard, Ayn Rand, Barry Goldwater, H.L. Mencken, and L. Neil Smith.
It is seen as a key foundation for the modern American conservatism movement that grew out of reaction to the expanding State of the New Deal. Considering the expansion of The State in the years since, Our Enemy, the State has been cited as increasingly apt over time, among Conservatives.
In arguing that John F. Kennedy was actually Conservative, Ira Stoll cited his ownership of Our Enemy, the State as well as The Man Versus the State, by 19th century leader of the individualist movement, Herbert Spencer.
Summary
Nock argues in the book that something like the modern conservative movement should be formed of what he described as The Remnant, those remaining people who recognize The State as a destructive burden on society.
Nock is not attacking government, per se, but "The State", authority that violates society itself, claiming to rule in the people's name but taking power away from the community. He states that the expansion of the state comes at the expense of social power, shrinking the role of community. Denying that the two are the same, he points out the historic origin of authoritarian government through conquering warlords and robber barons.
Nock argues that the Articles of Confederation that preceded the US Constitution were actually superior to it, that the reasons given for its replacement were excuses by land speculators and creditors looking to enrich themselves.
While he did laud the Founders for establishing a legitimate government, as opposed to state, that was intended to protect natural rights.
The state, according to Nock, "turns every contingency into a resource for accumulating power in itself, always at the expense of social power". People become conditioned to accept their lost freedom and social power as normal, in each subsequent generation, and so the State continues to expand, and society to shrink. He cites Thomas Paine as pointing out that the state "even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state, an intolerable one".
He goes on to quote Sigmund Freud as noting that government does not actually show any tendency to suppress crime, but only to protect its own monopoly over it. Along with Paine and Freud, Nock talks about the usurpation of power and resources by The State in the context of Benjamin Franklin, Henry George, and others. In fact, he argues that this seizure is comparable to the gathering of land by the Crown in 1066 England, be it in the Federalization of land in Western states or elsewhere as "needed" for control over the populace.
There are two methods, according to Nock, by which a man's needs and desires can be satisfied.
One is the production and exchange of wealth, which he sees as natural, honest, and healthy. The other is by the initiation of force to rob others of it, whether by conquest, confiscation, slavery, or other coercive means. The former he sees as freedom, the latter as the inevitable function of the state.
Like Lysander Spooner in No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority, Nock disputes both the legitimacy of an inherited constitution and the other arguments used to justify claiming it legitimately binds its subjects. He attacks the motivations and legitimacy of the Founding Fathers directly, not simply their ability to impose a contract on subsequent generations. The protection of Natural Rights found in the Declaration of Independence, and advocated by Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine was abandoned by the largest body of the Founders as the American Revolution ended.
Nock sees The State as expanding radically under FDR, the New Deal merely being a pretext for Federal government to increase its control over society. He was dismayed that the president had gathered unprecedented power in his own hands and called this development an out-and-out coup d'état. Nock criticized those who believed that the new regimentation of the economy was temporary, arguing that it would prove a permanent shift. He believed that the inflationary monetary policy of the Republican administrations of the 1920s was responsible for the onset of the Great Depression and that the New Deal was responsible for perpetuating it.
References
^ Ayn Rand and the World She MadeRand is channeling the ideas of Albert Jay Nock, who argued that members of a society can be grouped in one or the other of two opposing camps: either they are "economic man," those who produce what they need to survive, or "political man," those who use charm or coercion to live off the productivity of others. Rand's fascinating contribution to this formulation is her depiction of the psychology. Nock's political man is her second-hander; his economic man is her individualist hero, reliant on his own ego as the fountainhead of productivity and value. In Roark's self-defense at trial, he says, "The creator's concern is the conquest of nature. The parasite's concern is the conquest of men."
^ The Wisdom of Albert Jay Nock: A Collection of Quotations
^ Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the PresentIn 1935, journalist Albert Jay Nock wrote a book widely circulated by conservatives in the post-SecondWorldWar years, Our Enemy, the State. In the book, he outlined the conservative complaint against centralized government as a parasite that drained the productive forces from society. The State usurped individual rights in the name of the amorphous collective. For postwar conservatives such as Nock, the New Deal welfare state embodied the worst aspects of the growth of leviathan government in America...
^ The Right Talk: How Conservatives Transformed The Great Society into the Economic SocietyAlthough his Our Enemy, the State achieved only limited acclaim at the time of its initial release, its lasting influence was confirmed by its being republished on two occasions. Postwar intellectuals such as William F. Buckley, Jr., and John Chamberlain paid homage to Nock for informing their views.
^ OUR ENEMY THE STATE, Illinois Review
^ JKK, Conservative
^ The Conservative Ascendancy: how the GOP right made political history
^ Monica Perez — Our Enemy the State
^ Do You Hate the State? — Murray Rothbard — The Mises Institute
^ a b >Stylish Elegance: A Biography of Albert Jay NockHe developed the lecture texts into his great radical prolemic, Our Enemy, the State. He drew from ideas of German sociologist Franz Oppenheimer who had written about the violent origins of the state. Nock championed the natural rights vision of Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson, the case for equal freedom articulated by Herbert Spencer. Nock ignored a taboo and spoke kindly of the American Articles of Confederation (1781-1789), the association of states without a central government.
^ Our Enemy, the State — Ludwig von Mises Institute
^ The State faces humiliation and bankruptcy, and that's the good newsBut until the New Deal, while virtually everyone would have recognized that the United States had a government, whether it had a “state” would have been a much more complicated question. For Nock, the government is the machinery created by the Founders to protect our individual rights, our shores from foreign enemies, and, well, that's about it.
^ The Counsel of Despair? Albert J. Nock on Self-Government
^ The Death of Conservatism
^ https://lfb.org/products/our-enemy-the-state-2/ Our Enemy, the State — Laissez-Faire Books]
External links
Our Enemy, the State (Internet Archive)
Our Enemy, the State quotations on Wikiquote | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"libertarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian"},{"link_name":"Albert Jay Nock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock"},{"link_name":"American conservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_conservatism"},{"link_name":"Bard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard_College"},{"link_name":"Franz Oppenheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Oppenheimer"},{"link_name":"The State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_State_(book)"}],"text":"Our Enemy, the State is the best-known book by libertarian author Albert Jay Nock, serving as a fundamental influence for the modern libertarian and American conservatism movements. Initially presented as a series of lectures at Bard College, it was published in 1935, and attempts to analyze the origins of American freedom and question the nature and legitimacy of authoritarian government. Nock differentiates between that, which he refers to as \"the State\" (as described by Franz Oppenheimer in his book The State) and \"legitimate\" government, including governing oneself or consensual delegation of decision-making to leaders one selects.","title":"Our Enemy, the State"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murray Rothbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Rothbard"},{"link_name":"Ayn Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Barry Goldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater"},{"link_name":"H.L. Mencken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.L._Mencken"},{"link_name":"L. 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Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Ira Stoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Stoll"},{"link_name":"The Man Versus the State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Versus_the_State"},{"link_name":"Herbert Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The book has been cited as an influence by a wide range of conservative and libertarian thinkers and political figures, including Murray Rothbard, Ayn Rand,[1] Barry Goldwater, H.L. Mencken, and L. Neil Smith.[2]It is seen as a key foundation for the modern American conservatism movement that grew out of reaction to the expanding State of the New Deal.[3][4] Considering the expansion of The State in the years since, Our Enemy, the State has been cited as increasingly apt over time, among Conservatives.[5]In arguing that John F. Kennedy was actually Conservative, Ira Stoll cited his ownership of Our Enemy, the State as well as The Man Versus the State, by 19th century leader of the individualist movement, Herbert Spencer.[6]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Articles of Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation"},{"link_name":"US Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elegance-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Thomas Paine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Henry George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elegance-10"},{"link_name":"Lysander Spooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysander_Spooner"},{"link_name":"No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Treason:_The_Constitution_of_No_Authority"},{"link_name":"Founding Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Natural Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Rights"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"FDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDR"},{"link_name":"the New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Deal"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Nock argues in the book that something like the modern conservative movement should be formed of what he described as The Remnant, those remaining people who recognize The State as a destructive burden on society.[7]Nock is not attacking government, per se, but \"The State\", authority that violates society itself, claiming to rule in the people's name but taking power away from the community.[8][9] He states that the expansion of the state comes at the expense of social power, shrinking the role of community. Denying that the two are the same, he points out the historic origin of authoritarian government through conquering warlords and robber barons.Nock argues that the Articles of Confederation that preceded the US Constitution were actually superior to it,[10] that the reasons given for its replacement were excuses by land speculators and creditors looking to enrich themselves.[11]While he did laud the Founders for establishing a legitimate government, as opposed to state, that was intended to protect natural rights.[12]The state, according to Nock, \"turns every contingency into a resource for accumulating power in itself, always at the expense of social power\". People become conditioned to accept their lost freedom and social power as normal, in each subsequent generation, and so the State continues to expand, and society to shrink.[13] He cites Thomas Paine as pointing out that the state \"even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state, an intolerable one\".He goes on to quote Sigmund Freud as noting that government does not actually show any tendency to suppress crime, but only to protect its own monopoly over it. Along with Paine and Freud, Nock talks about the usurpation of power and resources by The State in the context of Benjamin Franklin, Henry George, and others. In fact, he argues that this seizure is comparable to the gathering of land by the Crown in 1066 England, be it in the Federalization of land in Western states or elsewhere as \"needed\" for control over the populace.There are two methods, according to Nock, by which a man's needs and desires can be satisfied.[10]One is the production and exchange of wealth, which he sees as natural, honest, and healthy. The other is by the initiation of force to rob others of it, whether by conquest, confiscation, slavery, or other coercive means. The former he sees as freedom, the latter as the inevitable function of the state.Like Lysander Spooner in No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority, Nock disputes both the legitimacy of an inherited constitution and the other arguments used to justify claiming it legitimately binds its subjects. He attacks the motivations and legitimacy of the Founding Fathers directly, not simply their ability to impose a contract on subsequent generations. The protection of Natural Rights found in the Declaration of Independence, and advocated by Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine was abandoned by the largest body of the Founders as the American Revolution ended.Nock sees The State as expanding radically under FDR, the New Deal merely being a pretext for Federal government to increase its control over society. He was dismayed that the president had gathered unprecedented power in his own hands and called this development an out-and-out coup d'état.[14] Nock criticized those who believed that the new regimentation of the economy was temporary, arguing that it would prove a permanent shift. He believed that the inflationary monetary policy of the Republican administrations of the 1920s was responsible for the onset of the Great Depression and that the New Deal was responsible for perpetuating it.[15]","title":"Summary"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Enemy,_the_State&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GIXuAFOBaggC&q=Ayn+Rand+and+the+World+She+Made","external_links_name":"Ayn Rand and the World She Made"},{"Link":"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/568621","external_links_name":"The Wisdom of Albert Jay Nock: A Collection of Quotations"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0HWLYTe89tsC&dq=%22our+enemy+the+state%22+conservatism&pg=PA7","external_links_name":"Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xyy3e0rNSjgC&dq=%22our+enemy+the+state%22+conservatism&pg=PA97","external_links_name":"The Right Talk: How Conservatives Transformed The Great Society into the Economic Society"},{"Link":"http://illinoisreview.typepad.com/illinoisreview/2012/04/our-enemy-the-state.html","external_links_name":"OUR ENEMY THE STATE, Illinois Review"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-zft47ohwIQC&dq=%22our+enemy+the+state%22+conservatism&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"JKK, Conservative"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mHBbKjXZGDEC&dq=%22our+enemy+the+state%22+conservatism&pg=PA10","external_links_name":"The Conservative Ascendancy: how the GOP right made political history"},{"Link":"https://themonicaperezshow.com/our-enemy-the-state-by-albert-jay-nock/","external_links_name":"Monica Perez — Our Enemy the State"},{"Link":"https://mises.org/library/do-you-hate-state","external_links_name":"Do You Hate the State? — Murray Rothbard — The Mises Institute"},{"Link":"https://www.libertarianism.org/publications/essays/stylish-elegance-biography-albert-jay-nock","external_links_name":"Stylish Elegance: A Biography of Albert Jay Nock"},{"Link":"https://mises.org/library/our-enemy-state-2","external_links_name":"Our Enemy, the State — Ludwig von Mises Institute"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalreview.com/article/349780/leviathan-fail-jonah-goldberg","external_links_name":"The State faces humiliation and bankruptcy, and that's the good news"},{"Link":"http://www.theimaginativeconservative.org/2016/09/counsel-despair-albert-j-nock-self-government-batchelder.html","external_links_name":"The Counsel of Despair? Albert J. Nock on Self-Government"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0rl7OivriXwC&dq=%22our+enemy+the+state%22+conservatism&pg=PA32","external_links_name":"The Death of Conservatism"},{"Link":"https://lfb.org/products/our-enemy-the-state-2/","external_links_name":"https://lfb.org/products/our-enemy-the-state-2/"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ourenemystate00nock","external_links_name":"Our Enemy, the State"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellicottville,_New_York | Ellicottville, New York | ["1 History","2 Gentrification","3 Geography","3.1 Adjacent towns and areas","3.2 Climate","4 Demographics","5 Communities and locations in the Town of Ellicottville","5.1 Points of interest","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°16′29″N 78°40′20″W / 42.27472°N 78.67222°W / 42.27472; -78.67222
For the village located within this town, see Ellicottville (village), New York.
Town in New York, United StatesEllicottville, New YorkTownEllicottvilleLocation within the state of New YorkCoordinates: 42°16′29″N 78°40′20″W / 42.27472°N 78.67222°W / 42.27472; -78.67222CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyCattaraugusGovernment • TypeTown Council • Town SupervisorMatthew McAndrew (D) • Town Council
Members
• Gregory Fitzpatrick (R)• Kenneth Hinman (D, R)• John D. Northrup (D, R)• Steven J. Crowley (D)
Area • Total45.19 sq mi (117.03 km2) • Land45.09 sq mi (116.79 km2) • Water0.09 sq mi (0.24 km2)Population (2020) • Total1,317 • Estimate (2021)1,311 • Density35.46/sq mi (13.69/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code14731FIPS code36-009-24031Websitewww.ellicottvillegov.com
Ellicottville is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 1,317 at the 2020 census. The town is named after Joseph Ellicott, principal land agent of the Holland Land Company.
The town of Ellicottville includes a village also called Ellicottville. The town is in the north-central part of the county, north of the city of Salamanca.
History
The town was first settled circa 1815.
The Town of Ellicottville was established in 1820 from the town of Franklinville (then known as Ischua). The town lost some of its territory when the town of Ashford was formed in 1824. In 1858, a small part of the town was taken to aid the formation of the town of East Otto.
The Village of Ellicottville was formerly the county seat for Cattaraugus County. The county seat moved to Little Valley in May 1868.
The John J. Aiken House and Bryant Hill Cemetery are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Gentrification
Since the establishments of the Holimont and Holiday Valley ski resorts in the town, Ellicottville has seen massive gentrification as mostly Canadian ski enthusiasts have taken up part-time residences in the town. Property values in the town are significantly higher than in the rest of the county. Because the village has restrictive zoning laws that discourage national franchises from entering the village, these types of restaurants have located just outside the village limits. Also in Ellicottville is an unnamed dual-purpose venue that hosts the Ellicottville Championship Rodeo each Independence Day weekend and the Nightmare Hayrides in October.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 45.2 square miles (117.0 km2), of which 45.1 square miles (116.8 km2) is land and 0.08 square miles (0.2 km2), or 0.21%, is water.
Great Valley Creek, a tributary of the Allegheny River, flows through the town. U.S. Route 219, linking the town to the suburbs of Buffalo to the north and to Salamanca to the south, passes through the town. New York State Route 242 runs east–west through the town, intersecting US 219 in the village of Ellicottville. New York State Route 240 ends at NY 242 in the hamlet of Ashford, in the northeast part of the town.
Adjacent towns and areas
Ellicottville is south of the town of Ashford. The west town line is shared with the towns of East Otto and Mansfield. Ellicottville is north of the town of Great Valley. Ellicottville's east town line is shared with the towns of Franklinville and Machias.
Climate
Climate data for Ellicottville, NY
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
70(21)
67(19)
80(27)
88(31)
89(32)
95(35)
96(36)
94(34)
95(35)
86(30)
77(25)
71(22)
96(36)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
30(−1)
33(1)
41(5)
55(13)
66(19)
75(24)
78(26)
77(25)
70(21)
58(14)
47(8)
34(1)
55(13)
Daily mean °F (°C)
22(−6)
23(−5)
31(−1)
44(7)
54(12)
63(17)
67(19)
66(19)
59(15)
48(9)
39(4)
27(−3)
45(7)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
13(−11)
13(−11)
20(−7)
32(0)
41(5)
51(11)
55(13)
54(12)
47(8)
37(3)
30(−1)
20(−7)
34(1)
Record low °F (°C)
−26(−32)
−28(−33)
−18(−28)
5(−15)
20(−7)
29(−2)
34(1)
31(−1)
22(−6)
14(−10)
−5(−21)
−22(−30)
−28(−33)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
3.75(95)
2.85(72)
3.45(88)
3.68(93)
3.73(95)
4.48(114)
4.72(120)
4.19(106)
4.53(115)
4.19(106)
4.31(109)
4.09(104)
48.0(1,220)
Source: The Weather Channel (Historical Monthly Averages)
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1830626—18401,08473.2%18501,72559.1%18601,8819.0%18701,833−2.6%18801,9496.3%18901,932−0.9%19002,0385.5%19102,0671.4%19201,766−14.6%19301,7931.5%19401,790−0.2%19501,8302.2%19601,9687.5%19701,779−9.6%19801,677−5.7%19901,607−4.2%20001,7388.2%20101,598−8.1%20201,317−17.6%2021 (est.)1,311−0.5%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,738 people, 770 households, and 462 families residing in the town. The population density was 38.5 inhabitants per square mile (14.9/km2). There were 2,097 housing units at an average density of 46.5 per square mile (18.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.16% White, 0.17% Black or African American, 0.69% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 0.23% from other races, and 0.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.86% of the population.
There were 770 households, out of which 22.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 34.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.86.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.2% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 29.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $43,571, and the median income for a family was $50,813. Males had a median income of $40,000 versus $21,818 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,291. About 5.5% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.9% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.
Communities and locations in the Town of Ellicottville
Ashford Junction – A hamlet near the east town line at the junction of NY Route 240 and NY Route 242.
Ellicottville – The village of Ellicottville is in the southwest corner of the town on US Route 219 and NY Route 242.
Fancy Tract – A location on the eastern town line in the north part of the town.
Holiday Valley – A ski resort south of Ellicottville village.
HoliMont – A semi-private ski resort west of Ellicottville village.
Plato – The hamlet is in the northwest corner of the town on County Road 75.
Points of interest
Nannen Arboretum – An arboretum north of Ellicottville village.
References
New York (state) portal
^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
^ a b c d Bureau, US Census. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 2/19/13 through 2/22/13. National Park Service. March 1, 2013.
^ Place, Rich (March 21, 2014). Ellicottville Burger King to close. Olean Times Herald. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
^ "A familiar name at Ellicottville rodeo | Sports | oleantimesherald.com".
^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Ellicottville town, Cattaraugus County, New York". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
^ "Climate Statistics for Ellicottville, NY". Retrieved January 29, 2012.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ellicottville.
Official website – Town and Village of Ellicottville, New York
Ellicottville Chamber of Commerce
Nannen Arboretum
Early history of Ellicottville, NY
vteMunicipalities and communities of Cattaraugus County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: Little ValleyCities
Olean
Salamanca
Towns
Allegany
Ashford
Carrollton
Coldspring
Conewango
Dayton
East Otto
Ellicottville
Farmersville
Franklinville
Freedom
Great Valley
Hinsdale
Humphrey
Ischua
Leon
Little Valley
Lyndon
Machias
Mansfield
Napoli
New Albion
Olean
Otto
Perrysburg
Persia
Portville
Randolph
Red House
Salamanca
South Valley
Yorkshire
Villages
Allegany
Cattaraugus
Delevan
Ellicottville
Franklinville
Gowanda‡
Little Valley
Portville
South Dayton
CDPs
East Randolph
Lime Lake
Limestone
Machias
Perrysburg
Randolph
St. Bonaventure
West Valley
Weston Mills
Yorkshire
Otherhamlets
Bedford Corners
Farmersville Station
Jimerson Town
Kill Buck
Sandusky
Steamburg
Versailles
Indianreservations
Allegany Reservation
Cattaraugus Reservation‡
Oil Springs Reservation‡
Ghost towns
Quaker Bridge
Footnotes
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
New York portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellicottville (village), New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellicottville_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Town"},{"link_name":"Cattaraugus County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattaraugus_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensusEst2020-2021-2"},{"link_name":"Joseph Ellicott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ellicott"},{"link_name":"Holland Land Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Land_Company"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Village"},{"link_name":"Ellicottville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellicottville_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca_(city),_New_York"}],"text":"For the village located within this town, see Ellicottville (village), New York.Town in New York, United StatesEllicottville is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 1,317 at the 2020 census.[2] The town is named after Joseph Ellicott, principal land agent of the Holland Land Company.The town of Ellicottville includes a village also called Ellicottville. The town is in the north-central part of the county, north of the city of Salamanca.","title":"Ellicottville, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franklinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklinville_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ashford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford,_New_York"},{"link_name":"East Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Otto,_New_York"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Little Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Valley_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"John J. Aiken House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Aiken_House"},{"link_name":"Bryant Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_Hill_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-4"}],"text":"The town was first settled circa 1815.The Town of Ellicottville was established in 1820 from the town of Franklinville (then known as Ischua). The town lost some of its territory when the town of Ashford was formed in 1824. In 1858, a small part of the town was taken to aid the formation of the town of East Otto.The Village of Ellicottville was formerly the county seat for Cattaraugus County. The county seat moved to Little Valley in May 1868.The John J. Aiken House and Bryant Hill Cemetery are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holiday Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_Valley_(ski_resort)"},{"link_name":"gentrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"zoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rodeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodeo"},{"link_name":"Independence Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Since the establishments of the Holimont and Holiday Valley ski resorts in the town, Ellicottville has seen massive gentrification as mostly Canadian ski enthusiasts have taken up part-time residences in the town. Property values in the town are significantly higher than in the rest of the county. Because the village has restrictive zoning laws that discourage national franchises from entering the village, these types of restaurants have located just outside the village limits.[5] Also in Ellicottville is an unnamed dual-purpose venue that hosts the Ellicottville Championship Rodeo each Independence Day weekend[6] and the Nightmare Hayrides in October.","title":"Gentrification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-7"},{"link_name":"Allegheny River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_River"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_219_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 242","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_242"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_240"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 45.2 square miles (117.0 km2), of which 45.1 square miles (116.8 km2) is land and 0.08 square miles (0.2 km2), or 0.21%, is water.[7]Great Valley Creek, a tributary of the Allegheny River, flows through the town. U.S. Route 219, linking the town to the suburbs of Buffalo to the north and to Salamanca to the south, passes through the town. New York State Route 242 runs east–west through the town, intersecting US 219 in the village of Ellicottville. New York State Route 240 ends at NY 242 in the hamlet of Ashford, in the northeast part of the town.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford,_New_York"},{"link_name":"East Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Otto,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Great Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Valley,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Franklinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklinville_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Machias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machias,_New_York"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent towns and areas","text":"Ellicottville is south of the town of Ashford. The west town line is shared with the towns of East Otto and Mansfield. Ellicottville is north of the town of Great Valley. Ellicottville's east town line is shared with the towns of Franklinville and Machias.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Ellicottville, NY\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n70(21)\n\n67(19)\n\n80(27)\n\n88(31)\n\n89(32)\n\n95(35)\n\n96(36)\n\n94(34)\n\n95(35)\n\n86(30)\n\n77(25)\n\n71(22)\n\n96(36)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n30(−1)\n\n33(1)\n\n41(5)\n\n55(13)\n\n66(19)\n\n75(24)\n\n78(26)\n\n77(25)\n\n70(21)\n\n58(14)\n\n47(8)\n\n34(1)\n\n55(13)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n22(−6)\n\n23(−5)\n\n31(−1)\n\n44(7)\n\n54(12)\n\n63(17)\n\n67(19)\n\n66(19)\n\n59(15)\n\n48(9)\n\n39(4)\n\n27(−3)\n\n45(7)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n13(−11)\n\n13(−11)\n\n20(−7)\n\n32(0)\n\n41(5)\n\n51(11)\n\n55(13)\n\n54(12)\n\n47(8)\n\n37(3)\n\n30(−1)\n\n20(−7)\n\n34(1)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−26(−32)\n\n−28(−33)\n\n−18(−28)\n\n5(−15)\n\n20(−7)\n\n29(−2)\n\n34(1)\n\n31(−1)\n\n22(−6)\n\n14(−10)\n\n−5(−21)\n\n−22(−30)\n\n−28(−33)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n3.75(95)\n\n2.85(72)\n\n3.45(88)\n\n3.68(93)\n\n3.73(95)\n\n4.48(114)\n\n4.72(120)\n\n4.19(106)\n\n4.53(115)\n\n4.19(106)\n\n4.31(109)\n\n4.09(104)\n\n48.0(1,220)\n\n\nSource: The Weather Channel (Historical Monthly Averages) [8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-10"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[10] of 2000, there were 1,738 people, 770 households, and 462 families residing in the town. The population density was 38.5 inhabitants per square mile (14.9/km2). There were 2,097 housing units at an average density of 46.5 per square mile (18.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.16% White, 0.17% Black or African American, 0.69% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 0.23% from other races, and 0.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.86% of the population.There were 770 households, out of which 22.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 34.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.86.In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.2% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 29.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.9 males.The median income for a household in the town was $43,571, and the median income for a family was $50,813. Males had a median income of $40,000 versus $21,818 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,291. About 5.5% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.9% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"NY Route 240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_240"},{"link_name":"NY Route 242","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_242"},{"link_name":"Ellicottville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellicottville_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Holiday Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_Valley_(ski_resort)"},{"link_name":"private ski resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_ski_area_(North_America)"}],"text":"Ashford Junction – A hamlet near the east town line at the junction of NY Route 240 and NY Route 242.\nEllicottville – The village of Ellicottville is in the southwest corner of the town on US Route 219 and NY Route 242.\nFancy Tract – A location on the eastern town line in the north part of the town.\nHoliday Valley – A ski resort south of Ellicottville village.\nHoliMont – A semi-private ski resort west of Ellicottville village.\nPlato – The hamlet is in the northwest corner of the town on County Road 75.","title":"Communities and locations in the Town of Ellicottville"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nannen Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannen_Arboretum"}],"sub_title":"Points of interest","text":"Nannen Arboretum – An arboretum north of Ellicottville village.","title":"Communities and locations in the Town of Ellicottville"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Cattaraugus_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Cattaraugus_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_36.txt","url_text":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 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Retrieved October 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212162643/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US3600924031","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Ellicottville town, Cattaraugus County, New York\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US3600924031","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Climate Statistics for Ellicottville, NY\". Retrieved January 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/USNY0458","url_text":"\"Climate Statistics for Ellicottville, NY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoseynabad-e_Jangal,_Razavi_Khorasan | Hoseynabad-e Jangal, Razavi Khorasan | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 36°02′13″N 58°22′59″E / 36.03694°N 58.38306°E / 36.03694; 58.38306Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranHoseynabad-e Jangal
حسين ابادجنگلvillageHoseynabad-e JangalCoordinates: 36°02′13″N 58°22′59″E / 36.03694°N 58.38306°E / 36.03694; 58.38306Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyNishapurBakhshMiyan JolgehRural DistrictGhazaliPopulation (2006) • Total627Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)For other places with similar names, see Hoseynabad.Hoseynabad-e Jangal (Persian: حسين ابادجنگل, also Romanized as Ḩoseynābād-e Jangal; also known as Ḩasanābād) is a village in Ghazali Rural District, Miyan Jolgeh District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 627, in 149 families.
References
^ Hoseynabad-e Jangal can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3066989" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Nishapur CountyCapital
Nishapur
DistrictsCentralCities
Nishapur
Rural Districts and villagesBinalud
Aliabad
Andar Ab
Baqi
Barag Shahi
Bojnu-ye Olya
Bormahan
Chahar Gushli
Dahaneh-ye Heydari
Farsiyeh
Fazelabad
Gardan
Heydarabad
Kalateh-ye Abuzar
Kalateh-ye Ali Morad
Kalateh-ye Mohammad Jan
Karan
Karji
Khar Barreh
Khorramabad
Marusk
Nasirabad
Qaruneh
Sar Chah
Sar Gerik
Seyyedabad-e Asadollah Khan
Seyyedabad-e Bar Madan
Tangeh-ye Olya
Telli
Tijan
Zarandeh
Darbqazi
Abirabad
Ahmadabad
Aliabad-e Shahid
Amirabad
Bagh-e Jafarabad
Bahman
Bahrudi
Boshruy
Daghi
Deh Now-e Lakzi
Ebrahimabad-e Muri
Emamiyeh
Eqbali
Eshqabad-e Kohneh
Eslamabad-e Arab
Fazl
Ferdows
Haqqiyeh
Hoseynabad-e Chaghuki
Hoseyni
Jalandeh
Jijabad
Jilu
Juri
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This Nishapur County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hoseynabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoseynabad_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ghazali Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazali_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Miyan Jolgeh District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyan_Jolgeh_District"},{"link_name":"Nishapur County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishapur_County"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranFor other places with similar names, see Hoseynabad.Hoseynabad-e Jangal (Persian: حسين ابادجنگل, also Romanized as Ḩoseynābād-e Jangal; also known as Ḩasanābād)[1] is a village in Ghazali Rural District, Miyan Jolgeh District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 627, in 149 families.[2]","title":"Hoseynabad-e Jangal, Razavi Khorasan"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hoseynabad-e_Jangal,_Razavi_Khorasan¶ms=36_02_13_N_58_22_59_E_region:IR_type:city(627)","external_links_name":"36°02′13″N 58°22′59″E / 36.03694°N 58.38306°E / 36.03694; 58.38306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hoseynabad-e_Jangal,_Razavi_Khorasan¶ms=36_02_13_N_58_22_59_E_region:IR_type:city(627)","external_links_name":"36°02′13″N 58°22′59″E / 36.03694°N 58.38306°E / 36.03694; 58.38306"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoseynabad-e_Jangal,_Razavi_Khorasan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_equality_and_fraternity | Liberté, égalité, fraternité | ["1 Origins during the French Revolution","2 19th century","2.1 1848 Revolution","2.2 Paris Commune and Third Republic","3 20th century","4 Other nations","5 Culture","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | National motto of France and Haiti
Official logo of the French Republic used on government documents with the slogan "Liberté, égalité, fraternité"
A propaganda poster from 1793 representing the French First Republic with the slogan "Unity and Indivisibility of the Republic. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity or Death", together with symbols such as tricolour flags, phrygian cap and gallic rooster
Liberté, égalité, fraternité (French pronunciation: ), French for 'liberty, equality, fraternity', is the national motto of France and the Republic of Haiti, and is an example of a tripartite motto. Although it finds its origins in the French Revolution, it was then only one motto among others and was not institutionalized until the Third Republic at the end of the 19th century. Debates concerning the compatibility and order of the three terms began at the same time as the Revolution. It is also the motto of the Grand Orient and the Grande Loge de France.
Origins during the French Revolution
Text displayed on a placard announcing the sale of expropriated property (1793). Soon after the Revolution, the motto was often written as "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, or Death." "Death" was later dropped for being too strongly associated with the excesses of the revolution.
The French Tricolour has been seen as embodying all the principles of the Revolution—Liberté, égalité, fraternité.
Some claim that Camille Desmoulins in number 35 of Révolutions de France et de Brabant, published on July 26, 1790, invented the phrase, however it is not confirmed as this is only the first official mention of the phrase. Speaking of the festival of July 14, 1790, he described "the citizen-soldiers rushing into each other's arms, promising each other liberty, equality, fraternity." (French: les soldats-citoyens se précipiter dans les bras l’un de l’autre, en se promettant liberté, égalité, fraternité.)
Several months later, Maximilien Robespierre popularized the phrase in his speech "On the organization of the National Guard" (French: Discours sur l'organisation des gardes nationales), on 5 December 1790, article XVI, which was disseminated widely throughout France by the popular Societies.
Discours sur l'organisation des gardes nationalesArticle XVI.On their uniforms engraved these words: THE FRENCH PEOPLE, & below: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY. The same words are inscribed on flags which bear the three colors of the nation.(French: XVI. Elles porteront sur leur poitrine ces mots gravés : LE PEUPLE FRANÇAIS, & au-dessous : LIBERTÉ, ÉGALITÉ, FRATERNITÉ. Les mêmes mots seront inscrits sur leurs drapeaux, qui porteront les trois couleurs de la nation.)— Maximilien Robespierre, 1790
Credit for the motto has been given also to Antoine-François Momoro (1756–1794), a Parisian printer and Hébertist organizer, though in different context of foreign invasion and Federalist revolts in 1793,
it was modified to "Unity, indivisibility of the Republic; liberty, equality, brotherhood or death" (French: Unité, Indivisibilité de la République; Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité ou la mort) and suggested by a resolution of the Paris Commune (of which Momoro was elected member by his section du Théâtre-Français) on 29 June 1793 to be inscribed on Parisian house-fronts and imitated by the inhabitants of other cities. In 1839, the philosopher Pierre Leroux claimed it had been an anonymous and popular creation. The historian Mona Ozouf underlines that, although Liberté and Égalité were associated as a motto during the 18th century, Fraternité wasn't always included in it, and other terms, such as Amitié (Friendship), Charité (Charity) or Union were often added in its place.
The emphasis on Fraternité during the French Revolution led Olympe de Gouges, a female journalist, to write the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen as a response. The tripartite motto was neither a creative collection, nor really institutionalized by the Revolution. As soon as 1789, other terms were used, such as "la Nation, la Loi, le Roi" (The Nation, The Law, The King), or "Union, Force, Vertu" (Union, Strength, Virtue), a slogan used beforehand by masonic lodges, or "Force, Égalité, Justice" (Strength, Equality, Justice), "Liberté, Sûreté, Propriété" (Liberty, Security, Property), etc.
In other words, liberté, égalité, fraternité was only one slogan among many others. During the Jacobin revolutionary period, various mottos were used, such as liberté, unité, égalité (liberty, unity, equality); liberté, égalité, justice (liberty, equality, justice); liberté, raison, égalité (liberty, reason, equality), etc. The only solid association was that of liberté and égalité, fraternité being ignored by the Cahiers de doléances as well as by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It was only alluded to in the 1791 Constitution, as well as in Robespierre's draft Declaration of 1793, placed under the invocation of (in that order) égalité, liberté, sûreté and propriété (equality, liberty, safety, property—though it was used not as a motto, but as articles of declaration), as the possibility of a universal extension of the Declaration of Rights: "Men of all countries are brothers, he who oppresses one nation declares himself the enemy of all." It did not figure in the August 1793 Declaration.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 defined liberty in Article 4 as follows:
Liberty consists of being able to do anything that does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of every man or woman has no bounds other than those that guarantee other members of society the enjoyment of these same rights.
Equality, on the other hand, was defined by the Declaration in terms of judicial equality and merit-based entry to government (art. 6):
must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in its eyes, shall be equally eligible to all high offices, public positions and employments, according to their ability, and without other distinction than that of their virtues and talents.
Liberté, égalité, fraternité actually finds its origins in a May 1791 proposition by the Club des Cordeliers, following a speech on the Army by the Marquis de Guichardin. A British marine held prisoner on the French ship Le Marat in 1794 wrote home in letters published in 1796:
The republican spirit is inculcated not in songs only, for in every part of the ship I find emblems purposely displayed to awaken it. All the orders relating to the discipline of the crew are hung up, and prefaced by the words Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, ou la Mort, written in capital letters.
The compatibility of liberté and égalité was not in doubt in the first days of the Revolution, and the problem of the antecedence of one term on the other not lifted. Thus, the Abbé Sieyès considered that only liberty ensured equality, unless the latter was to be the equality of all dominated by a despot; while liberty followed equality ensured by the rule of law. The abstract generality of law (theorized by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his 1762 book The Social Contract) thus ensured the identification of liberty to equality, liberty being negatively defined as an independence from arbitrary rule, and equality considered abstractly in its judicial form.
This identification of liberty and equality became problematic during the Jacobin period, when equality was redefined (for instance by François-Noël Babeuf) as equality of results, and not only judicial equality of rights. Thus, Marc Antoine Baudot considered that French temperament inclined rather to equality than liberty, a theme which would be re-used by Pierre Louis Roederer and Alexis de Tocqueville, while Jacques Necker considered that an equal society could only be found on coercion.
Alsatian sign, 1792: Freiheit Gleichheit Brüderlichk. od. Tod (Liberty Equality Fraternity or Death) Tod den Tyranen (Death to Tyrants) Heil den Völkern (Long live the Peoples)
The third term, fraternité, was the most problematic to insert in the triad, as it belonged to another sphere, that of moral obligations rather than rights, links rather than statutes, harmony rather than contract, and community rather than individuality. Various interpretations of fraternité existed. The first one, according to Mona Ozouf, was one of "fraternité de rébellion" (Fraternity of Rebellion), that is the union of the deputies in the Jeu de Paume Oath of June 1789, refusing the dissolution ordered by the King Louis XVI: "We swear never to separate ourselves from the National Assembly, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is drawn up and fixed upon solid foundations." Fraternity was thus issued from Liberty and oriented by a common cause.
Another form of fraternité was that of the patriotic Church, which identified social links with religious links and based fraternity on Christian brotherhood. In this second sense, fraternité preceded both liberté and égalité, instead of following them as in the first sense. Thus, two senses of Fraternity: "one, that followed liberty and equality, was the object of a free pact; the other preceded liberty and equality as the mark on its work of the divine craftsman."
Another hesitation concerning the compatibility of the three terms arose from the opposition between liberty and equality as individualistic values, and fraternity as the realization of a happy community, devoid of any conflicts and opposed to any form of egotism. This fusional interpretation of Fraternity opposed it to the project of individual autonomy and manifested the precedence of Fraternity on individual will.
In this sense, it was sometimes associated with death, as in Fraternité, ou la Mort! (Fraternity or Death!), excluding liberty and even equality, by establishing a strong dichotomy between those who were brothers and those who were not (in the sense of "you are with me or against me", brother or foe). Louis de Saint-Just thus stigmatized Anarchasis Cloots' cosmopolitanism, declaring "Cloots liked the universe, except France."
With Thermidor and the execution of Robespierre, fraternité disappeared from the slogan, reduced to the two terms of liberty and equality, re-defined again as simple judicial equality and not as the equality upheld by the sentiment of fraternity. The First Consul (Napoleon Bonaparte) then established the motto liberté, ordre public (liberty, public order).
19th century
Following Napoleon's rule, the triptych dissolved itself, as none believed it possible to conciliate individual liberty and equality of rights with equality of results and fraternity. The idea of individual sovereignty and of natural rights possessed by man before being united in the collectivity contradicted the possibility of establishing a transparent and fraternal community. Liberals accepted liberty and equality, defining the latter as equality of rights and ignoring fraternity.
Early socialists rejected an independent conception of liberty, opposed to the social, and also despised equality, as they considered, as Fourier, that one had only to orchestrate individual discordances, to harmonize them, or they believed, as Saint-Simon, that equality contradicted equity by a brutal levelling of individualities. Utopian socialism thus only valued fraternity, which was, in Cabet's Icarie the sole commandment.
This opposition between liberals and socialists was mirrored in rival historical interpretations of the Revolution, liberals admiring 1789, and socialists 1793. The July Revolution of 1830, establishing a constitutional monarchy headed by Louis-Philippe, substituted ordre et liberté (order and liberty) to the Napoleonic motto Liberté, Ordre public. Despite this apparent disappearance of the triptych, the latter was still being thought in some underground circles, in Republican secret societies, masonic lodges such as the "Indivisible Trinity," far-left booklets or during the Canuts Revolt in Lyon. In 1834, the lawyer of the Society of the Rights of Man (Société des droits de l'homme), Dupont, a liberal sitting in the far-left during the July Monarchy, associated the three terms together in the Revue Républicaine which he edited:
Any man aspires to liberty, to equality, but he can not achieve it without the assistance of other men, without fraternity
The triptych resurfaced during the 1847 Campagne des Banquets, upheld for example in Lille by Ledru-Rollin.
Two interpretations had attempted to conciliate the three terms, beyond the antagonism between liberals and socialists. One was upheld by Catholic traditionalists, such as Chateaubriand or Ballanche, the other by socialist and republican such as Pierre Leroux. Chateaubriand thus gave a Christian interpretation of the revolutionary motto, stating in the 1841 conclusion to his Mémoires d'outre-tombe:
Far from being at its term, the religion of the Liberator is now only just entering its third phase, the political period, liberty, equality, fraternity
Neither Chateaubriand nor Ballanche considered the three terms to be antagonistic. Rather, they took them for being the achievement of Christianity. On the other hand, Pierre Leroux did not disguise the difficulties of associating the three terms, but superated it by considering liberty as the aim, equality as the principle and fraternity as the means. Leroux thus ordered the motto as Liberty, Fraternity, Equality, an order also supported by Christian socialists, such as Buchez.
Against this new order of the triptych, Michelet supported the traditional order, maintaining the primordial importance of an original individualistic right. Michelet attempted to conciliate a rational communication with a fraternal communication, "right beyond right", and thus the rival traditions of socialism and liberalism. The republican tradition would strongly inspire itself from Michelet's synchretism.
1848 Revolution
Liberté, égalité, fraternité on French coins5-franc piece, 184920-franc piece, 1851
With the 1848 February Revolution, the motto was officially adopted, mainly under the pressure of the people who had attempted to impose the red flag over the tricolor flag (the 1791 red flag was, however, the symbol of martial law and of order, not of insurrection). Lamartine opposed popular aspirations, and in exchange of the maintaining of the tricolor flag, conceded the Republican motto of Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, written on the flag, on which a red rosette was also to be added.
Fraternity was then considered to resume and to contain both Liberty and Equality, being a form of civil religion (which, far from opposing itself to Christianity, was associated with it in 1848) establishing social links (as called for by Rousseau in the conclusion of the Social Contract).
However, Fraternity was not devoid of its previous sense of opposition between brothers and foes, images of blood haunting revolutionary Christian publications, taking in Lamennais' themes. Thus, the newspaper Le Christ républicain (The Republican Christ) developed the idea of the Christ bringing forth peace to the poor and war to the rich.
As soon as 6 January 1852, the future Napoleon III, first President of the Republic, ordered all prefects to erase the triptych from all official documents and buildings, conflated with insurrection and disorder. Auguste Comte applauded Napoleon, claiming equality to be the "symbol of metaphysical anarchism", and preferring to it his diptych "ordre et progrès" ("order and progress", which would then become the motto of Brazil, Ordem e Progresso). On the other hand, Proudhon criticized fraternity as an empty word, which he associated with idealistic dreams of Romanticism. He preferred to it the sole term of liberty.
Paris Commune and Third Republic
Pache, mayor of the Paris Commune, painted the formula "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, ou la mort" on the walls of the commune. It was only under the Third Republic that the motto was made official. It was then not dissociated with insurrection and revolutionary ardours, Opportunist Republicans such as Jules Ferry or Gambetta adapting it to the new political conditions. Larousse's Dictionnaire universel deprived fraternity of its "evangelistic halo" (Mona Ozouf), conflating it with solidarity and the welfare role of the state.
Some still opposed the Republican motto, such as the nationalist Charles Maurras in his Dictionnaire politique et critique, who claimed liberty to be an empty dream, equality an insanity, and only kept fraternity. Charles Péguy, renewing with Lamennais' thought, kept fraternity and liberty, excluding equality, seen as an abstract repartition between individuals reduced to homogeneity, opposing "fraternity" as a sentiment put in motion by "misery", while equality only interested itself, according to him, to the mathematical solution of the problem of "poverty."
Péguy identified Christian charity and socialist solidarity in this conception of fraternity. On the other hand, Georges Vacher de Lapouge, the most important French author of pseudo-scientific racism and supporter of eugenism, completely rejected the republican triptych, adopting another motto, "déterminisme, inégalité, sélection" (determinism, inequality, selection). But, according to Ozouf, the sole use of a triptych was the sign of the influence of the republican motto, despite it being corrupted in its opposite.
20th century
The Coat of arms of France (1905–present) depicts a ribbon with the motto "Liberté, égalité, fraternité".
During the German occupation of France in World War II, this motto was replaced by the reactionary phrase "travail, famille, patrie" (work, family, fatherland) by Marshal Pétain, who became the leader of the new Vichy French government in 1940. Pétain had taken this motto from the colonel de la Rocque's Parti social français (PSF), although the latter considered it more appropriate for a movement than for a regime.
Indian polymath and social reformer B.R. Ambedkar is to have said, "I like the religion that teaches 'liberty, equality, and fraternity'".
Following the Liberation, the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) re-established the Republican motto Liberté, égalité, fraternité, which is incorporated into both the 1946 and the 1958 French constitutions.
Other nations
Many other nations have adopted the French slogan of "liberty, equality, and fraternity" as an ideal. B.R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution of India, included these words in the preamble to the Constitution of India, in the year 1950. Since its founding, "Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood" has been the lemma of the Social Democratic Party of Denmark. In the United Kingdom the political party the Liberal Democrats refer to "the fundamental values of liberty, equality and community" in the preamble of the party's Federal Constitution, and this is printed on party membership cards.
Slogan in Czech "Rovnost, volnost, bratrství" also became motto of Czech national gymnastics organization Sokol at the end of the 19th century. Liberal values of the fraternal organization manifested themselves especially in Czech independence movement during the World War I, when many Sokol members joined armies of the Allies and formed the Czechoslovak Legion to form independent Czechoslovakia in 1918.
The Philippine National Flag has a rectangular design that
consists of a white equilateral triangle, symbolizing liberty,
equality, and fraternity; a horizontal blue stripe for peace,
truth, and justice; and a horizontal red stripe for patriotism
and valor. In the center of the white triangle is an eight-
rayed golden sun symbolizing unity, freedom, people's
democracy, and sovereignty.
Some former colonies of the French Republic (such as Haiti, Chad, Niger, and Gabon) have adopted similar three-word mottos.
The idea of the slogan "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" has also given an influence as natural law to the First Article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Culture
The term is referred to in the 1993-94 film trilogy Three Colours by Krzysztof Kieślowski.
"Libertad! Igualdad! Fraternidad!" is the title of an English-language poem by William Carlos Williams.
See also
List of political slogans
Give me liberty or give me death
Life, liberty, and property
Brotherhood and unity
Three Principles of the People
Travail, famille, patrie – the national motto of Vichy France
La Nation, la Loi, le Roi
Salazar's Estado Novo's motto Deus, Pátria e Família (meaning "God, Fatherland, and Family")
Notes
^ French: "Les hommes de tous les pays sont frères, celui qui opprime une seule nation se déclare l'ennemi de toutes."
^ French: "Tout homme aspire à la liberté, à l'égalité, mais on ne peut y atteindre sans le secours des autres hommes, sans la fraternité."
^ French: "Loin d'être à son terme, la religion du Libérateur entre à peine dans sa troisième période, la période politique, liberté, égalité, fraternité."
References
^ a b c "Liberty, Égalité, Fraternité". Embassy of France in the US. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg Ozouf, Mona (1997), "Liberté, égalité, fraternité stands for peace country and war", in Nora, Pierre (ed.), Lieux de Mémoire (in French), vol. tome III, Quarto Gallimard, pp. 4353–89 (abridged translation, Realms of Memory, Columbia University Press, 1996–98).
^ "Flag of France | History & Meaning".
^ Hervé Leuwers, Camille et Lucile Desmoulins, Un rêve de république, p. 162
^ Camille Desmoulins, Révolutions de France et de Brabant, Number 35, p. 515
^ Robespierre, Maximilien (1950). OEUVRES DE MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE. Vol. Tome VI. PRESSES UNIVERSITAIRES DE FRANCE. p. 643. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
^ From Robespierre's speech to the National Assembly on 5 December 1790. Cited in Triomphe et mort du droit naturel en Révolution, 1789-1795-1802, Florence Gauthier, éd. PUF/ pratiques théoriques, 1992, p. 129
^ Latham, Edward (1906). Famous Sayings and Their Authors. London: Swan Sonnenschein. pp. 147. OCLC 4697187.
^ de Barante, Amable Guillaume P. Brugière (1851). Histoire de la Convention nationale (in French). Langlois & Leclercq. p. 322. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
^ Thacher, John Boyd (1905). Outlines of the French revolution told in autographs. Weed-Parsons Printing Co. p. 8. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
^ Ellis; Esler, "The Modern Era", World History (textbook).
^ Tench, Watkin (1796), Letters Written in France: To a Friend in London, Between the Month of November 1794, and the Month of May 1795, London: J Johnson, p. 15.
^ "The symbols of the Republic and Bastille Day". French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2006.
^ Le Christ républicain n°7, quoted by Mona Ozouf: "Nous, pauvres prolétaires, nous sommes rouges, parce que le Christ a versé son sang pour nous racheter, son sang par lequel nous voulons nous régénérer. Nous sommes rouges, parce que l'ange exterminateur a marqué le haut de nos portes avec le sang de l'agneau, pour distinguer, au jour de la vengeance, les élus d'avec les réprouvés.
^ "Bandeiras e significados" , História net (in Portuguese), retrieved 9 October 2010.
^ Ozouf p 584.
^ "Vichy Government". World History. DE: KMLA. Retrieved 1 May 2007.
^ "Federal Constitution". UK: Liberal Democrats. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
^ Sláma, Karel. "Z historie Sokola - díl 1.: Svoboda, rovnost, bratrství". www.sokol-zastavka.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 28 August 2023.
^ "Article 1", The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
^ "Libertad! Igualdad! Fraternidad! By William Carlos Williams". 24 April 2021.
Further reading
Mathijsen, Marita. "The emancipation of the past, as due to the Revolutionary French ideology of Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité." Free Access to the Past ed Lotte Jensen (Brill, 2010). 20–40.
Roth, Guenther. "Durkheim and the principles of 1789: the issue of gender equality." Telos 1989.82 (1989): 71–88.
Sénac, Réjane. "The Contemporary Conversation about the French Connection "Liberté, égalité, fraternité": Neoliberal Equality and "Non-brothers." Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique. French Journal of British Studies 21.XXI-1 (2016). online
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberté, égalité, fraternité.
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity on the website of the French Presidency
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Liberté, égalité, fraternité
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of the Citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Robespierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robespierre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen"},{"link_name":"Club des Cordeliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordeliers"},{"link_name":"Marquis de Guichardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquis_de_Guichardin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Abbé Sieyès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Siey%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"despot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"The Social Contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Contract"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"François-Noël Babeuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf"},{"link_name":"equality of results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_of_outcome"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Marc Antoine Baudot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Antoine_Baudot"},{"link_name":"Pierre Louis Roederer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Roederer"},{"link_name":"Alexis de Tocqueville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville"},{"link_name":"Jacques Necker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Necker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enseigne_Alsacienne_revolutionnaire.jpg"},{"link_name":"contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_contract"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Jeu de Paume Oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"individualistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism"},{"link_name":"egotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egotism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"individual autonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-ownership"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"you are with me or against me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_either_with_us,_or_against_us"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Louis de Saint-Just","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Saint-Just"},{"link_name":"Anarchasis Cloots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchasis_Cloots"},{"link_name":"cosmopolitanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitanism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Thermidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"First Consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Consul"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte"}],"text":"Text displayed on a placard announcing the sale of expropriated property (1793). Soon after the Revolution, the motto was often written as \"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, or Death.\" \"Death\" was later dropped for being too strongly associated with the excesses of the revolution.The French Tricolour has been seen as embodying all the principles of the Revolution—Liberté, égalité, fraternité.[3]Some claim that Camille Desmoulins in number 35 of Révolutions de France et de Brabant, published on July 26, 1790,[4] invented the phrase, however it is not confirmed as this is only the first official mention of the phrase. Speaking of the festival of July 14, 1790, he described \"the citizen-soldiers rushing into each other's arms, promising each other liberty, equality, fraternity.\" (French: les soldats-citoyens se précipiter dans les bras l’un de l’autre, en se promettant liberté, égalité, fraternité.)[5]Several months later, Maximilien Robespierre popularized the phrase in his speech \"On the organization of the National Guard\" (French: Discours sur l'organisation des gardes nationales), on 5 December 1790, article XVI, which was disseminated widely throughout France by the popular Societies.Discours sur l'organisation des gardes nationalesArticle XVI.On their uniforms engraved these words: THE FRENCH PEOPLE, & below: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY. The same words are inscribed on flags which bear the three colors of the nation.(French: XVI. Elles porteront sur leur poitrine ces mots gravés : LE PEUPLE FRANÇAIS, & au-dessous : LIBERTÉ, ÉGALITÉ, FRATERNITÉ. Les mêmes mots seront inscrits sur leurs drapeaux, qui porteront les trois couleurs de la nation.)— Maximilien Robespierre, 1790[1][6][7]Credit for the motto has been given also to Antoine-François Momoro (1756–1794), a Parisian printer and Hébertist organizer,[8][9][10] though in different context of foreign invasion and Federalist revolts in 1793, \nit was modified to \"Unity, indivisibility of the Republic; liberty, equality, brotherhood or death\" (French: Unité, Indivisibilité de la République; Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité ou la mort) and suggested by a resolution of the Paris Commune (of which Momoro was elected member by his section du Théâtre-Français) on 29 June 1793 to be inscribed on Parisian house-fronts and imitated by the inhabitants of other cities. In 1839, the philosopher Pierre Leroux claimed it had been an anonymous and popular creation.[2][page needed] The historian Mona Ozouf underlines that, although Liberté and Égalité were associated as a motto during the 18th century, Fraternité wasn't always included in it, and other terms, such as Amitié (Friendship), Charité (Charity) or Union were often added in its place.[2]The emphasis on Fraternité during the French Revolution led Olympe de Gouges, a female journalist, to write the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen[11][page needed] as a response. The tripartite motto was neither a creative collection, nor really institutionalized by the Revolution.[2] As soon as 1789, other terms were used, such as \"la Nation, la Loi, le Roi\" (The Nation, The Law, The King), or \"Union, Force, Vertu\" (Union, Strength, Virtue), a slogan used beforehand by masonic lodges, or \"Force, Égalité, Justice\" (Strength, Equality, Justice), \"Liberté, Sûreté, Propriété\" (Liberty, Security, Property), etc.[2]In other words, liberté, égalité, fraternité was only one slogan among many others.[2] During the Jacobin revolutionary period, various mottos were used, such as liberté, unité, égalité (liberty, unity, equality); liberté, égalité, justice (liberty, equality, justice); liberté, raison, égalité (liberty, reason, equality), etc.[2] The only solid association was that of liberté and égalité, fraternité being ignored by the Cahiers de doléances as well as by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It was only alluded to in the 1791 Constitution, as well as in Robespierre's draft Declaration of 1793, placed under the invocation of (in that order) égalité, liberté, sûreté and propriété (equality, liberty, safety, property—though it was used not as a motto, but as articles of declaration), as the possibility of a universal extension of the Declaration of Rights: \"Men of all countries are brothers, he who oppresses one nation declares himself the enemy of all.\"[2][a] It did not figure in the August 1793 Declaration.[2]The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 defined liberty in Article 4 as follows:Liberty consists of being able to do anything that does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of every man or woman has no bounds other than those that guarantee other members of society the enjoyment of these same rights.Equality, on the other hand, was defined by the Declaration in terms of judicial equality and merit-based entry to government (art. 6):[The law] must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in its eyes, shall be equally eligible to all high offices, public positions and employments, according to their ability, and without other distinction than that of their virtues and talents.Liberté, égalité, fraternité actually finds its origins in a May 1791 proposition by the Club des Cordeliers, following a speech on the Army by the Marquis de Guichardin.[2] A British marine held prisoner on the French ship Le Marat in 1794 wrote home in letters published in 1796:[12]The republican spirit is inculcated not in songs only, for in every part of the ship I find emblems purposely displayed to awaken it. All the orders relating to the discipline of the crew are hung up, and prefaced by the words Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, ou la Mort, written in capital letters.The compatibility of liberté and égalité was not in doubt in the first days of the Revolution, and the problem of the antecedence of one term on the other not lifted.[2] Thus, the Abbé Sieyès considered that only liberty ensured equality, unless the latter was to be the equality of all dominated by a despot; while liberty followed equality ensured by the rule of law.[2] The abstract generality of law (theorized by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his 1762 book The Social Contract) thus ensured the identification of liberty to equality, liberty being negatively defined as an independence from arbitrary rule, and equality considered abstractly in its judicial form.[2]This identification of liberty and equality became problematic during the Jacobin period, when equality was redefined (for instance by François-Noël Babeuf) as equality of results, and not only judicial equality of rights.[2] Thus, Marc Antoine Baudot considered that French temperament inclined rather to equality than liberty, a theme which would be re-used by Pierre Louis Roederer and Alexis de Tocqueville, while Jacques Necker considered that an equal society could only be found on coercion.[2]Alsatian sign, 1792: Freiheit Gleichheit Brüderlichk. od. Tod (Liberty Equality Fraternity or Death) Tod den Tyranen (Death to Tyrants) Heil den Völkern (Long live the Peoples)The third term, fraternité, was the most problematic to insert in the triad, as it belonged to another sphere, that of moral obligations rather than rights, links rather than statutes, harmony rather than contract, and community rather than individuality.[2] Various interpretations of fraternité existed. The first one, according to Mona Ozouf, was one of \"fraternité de rébellion\" (Fraternity of Rebellion),[2] that is the union of the deputies in the Jeu de Paume Oath of June 1789, refusing the dissolution ordered by the King Louis XVI: \"We swear never to separate ourselves from the National Assembly, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is drawn up and fixed upon solid foundations.\" Fraternity was thus issued from Liberty and oriented by a common cause.[2]Another form of fraternité was that of the patriotic Church, which identified social links with religious links and based fraternity on Christian brotherhood.[2] In this second sense, fraternité preceded both liberté and égalité, instead of following them as in the first sense.[2][page needed] Thus, two senses of Fraternity: \"one, that followed liberty and equality, was the object of a free pact; the other preceded liberty and equality as the mark on its work of the divine craftsman.\"[2]Another hesitation concerning the compatibility of the three terms arose from the opposition between liberty and equality as individualistic values, and fraternity as the realization of a happy community, devoid of any conflicts and opposed to any form of egotism.[2] This fusional interpretation of Fraternity opposed it to the project of individual autonomy and manifested the precedence of Fraternity on individual will.[2]In this sense, it was sometimes associated with death, as in Fraternité, ou la Mort! (Fraternity or Death!), excluding liberty and even equality, by establishing a strong dichotomy between those who were brothers and those who were not (in the sense of \"you are with me or against me\", brother or foe).[2][page needed] Louis de Saint-Just thus stigmatized Anarchasis Cloots' cosmopolitanism, declaring \"Cloots liked the universe, except France.\"[2]With Thermidor and the execution of Robespierre, fraternité disappeared from the slogan, reduced to the two terms of liberty and equality, re-defined again as simple judicial equality and not as the equality upheld by the sentiment of fraternity.[2] The First Consul (Napoleon Bonaparte) then established the motto liberté, ordre public (liberty, public order).","title":"Origins during the French Revolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"equality of results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_of_outcome"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"individual sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-ownership"},{"link_name":"natural rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rights"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Early socialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_socialism"},{"link_name":"Fourier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fourier"},{"link_name":"Saint-Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Henri_de_Rouvroy,_comte_de_Saint-Simon"},{"link_name":"equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Cabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne_Cabet"},{"link_name":"Icarie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icarians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"July Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Louis-Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_of_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"secret societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_societies"},{"link_name":"Canuts Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canuts_Revolt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Society of the Rights of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Rights_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Dupont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_l%27Eure"},{"link_name":"July Monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy"},{"link_name":"Revue Républicaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revue_R%C3%A9publicaine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Campagne des Banquets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_des_Banquets"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille"},{"link_name":"Ledru-Rollin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledru-Rollin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Chateaubriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateaubriand"},{"link_name":"Ballanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballanche"},{"link_name":"Pierre Leroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Leroux"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Christian socialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_socialism"},{"link_name":"Buchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchez"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Michelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Michelet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"}],"text":"Following Napoleon's rule, the triptych dissolved itself, as none believed it possible to conciliate individual liberty and equality of rights with equality of results and fraternity.[2] The idea of individual sovereignty and of natural rights possessed by man before being united in the collectivity contradicted the possibility of establishing a transparent and fraternal community.[2] Liberals accepted liberty and equality, defining the latter as equality of rights and ignoring fraternity.[2]Early socialists rejected an independent conception of liberty, opposed to the social, and also despised equality, as they considered, as Fourier, that one had only to orchestrate individual discordances, to harmonize them, or they believed, as Saint-Simon, that equality contradicted equity by a brutal levelling of individualities.[2] Utopian socialism thus only valued fraternity, which was, in Cabet's Icarie the sole commandment.[2]This opposition between liberals and socialists was mirrored in rival historical interpretations of the Revolution, liberals admiring 1789, and socialists 1793.[2] The July Revolution of 1830, establishing a constitutional monarchy headed by Louis-Philippe, substituted ordre et liberté (order and liberty) to the Napoleonic motto Liberté, Ordre public.[2] Despite this apparent disappearance of the triptych, the latter was still being thought in some underground circles, in Republican secret societies, masonic lodges such as the \"Indivisible Trinity,\" far-left booklets or during the Canuts Revolt in Lyon.[2] In 1834, the lawyer of the Society of the Rights of Man (Société des droits de l'homme), Dupont, a liberal sitting in the far-left during the July Monarchy, associated the three terms together in the Revue Républicaine which he edited:Any man aspires to liberty, to equality, but he can not achieve it without the assistance of other men, without fraternity[2][b]The triptych resurfaced during the 1847 Campagne des Banquets, upheld for example in Lille by Ledru-Rollin.[2]Two interpretations had attempted to conciliate the three terms, beyond the antagonism between liberals and socialists. One was upheld by Catholic traditionalists, such as Chateaubriand or Ballanche, the other by socialist and republican such as Pierre Leroux.[2] Chateaubriand thus gave a Christian interpretation of the revolutionary motto, stating in the 1841 conclusion to his Mémoires d'outre-tombe:Far from being at its term, the religion of the Liberator is now only just entering its third phase, the political period, liberty, equality, fraternity[2][c]Neither Chateaubriand nor Ballanche considered the three terms to be antagonistic. Rather, they took them for being the achievement of Christianity. On the other hand, Pierre Leroux did not disguise the difficulties of associating the three terms, but superated it by considering liberty as the aim, equality as the principle and fraternity as the means.[2] Leroux thus ordered the motto as Liberty, Fraternity, Equality,[2] an order also supported by Christian socialists, such as Buchez.[2]Against this new order of the triptych, Michelet supported the traditional order, maintaining the primordial importance of an original individualistic right.[2] Michelet attempted to conciliate a rational communication with a fraternal communication, \"right beyond right\",[2][page needed] and thus the rival traditions of socialism and liberalism.[2] The republican tradition would strongly inspire itself from Michelet's synchretism.[2]","title":"19th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:France_5_francs_1849.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:France_20_francs_1851.jpg"},{"link_name":"1848 February Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848_February_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchsymbols-16"},{"link_name":"red flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)"},{"link_name":"tricolor flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Lamartine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamartine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Lamennais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamennais"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Le Christ républicain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Christ_r%C3%A9publicain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"prefects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefects_of_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Auguste Comte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comte"},{"link_name":"Ordem e Progresso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordem_e_Progresso"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historianet-18"},{"link_name":"Proudhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proudhon"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"}],"sub_title":"1848 Revolution","text":"Liberté, égalité, fraternité on French coins5-franc piece, 184920-franc piece, 1851With the 1848 February Revolution, the motto was officially adopted,[13] mainly under the pressure of the people who had attempted to impose the red flag over the tricolor flag (the 1791 red flag was, however, the symbol of martial law and of order, not of insurrection).[2] Lamartine opposed popular aspirations, and in exchange of the maintaining of the tricolor flag, conceded the Republican motto of Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, written on the flag, on which a red rosette was also to be added.[2]Fraternity was then considered to resume and to contain both Liberty and Equality, being a form of civil religion (which, far from opposing itself to Christianity, was associated with it in 1848[2][page needed]) establishing social links (as called for by Rousseau in the conclusion of the Social Contract).[2]However, Fraternity was not devoid of its previous sense of opposition between brothers and foes, images of blood haunting revolutionary Christian publications, taking in Lamennais' themes.[2] Thus, the newspaper Le Christ républicain (The Republican Christ) developed the idea of the Christ bringing forth peace to the poor and war to the rich.[2][14]As soon as 6 January 1852, the future Napoleon III, first President of the Republic, ordered all prefects to erase the triptych from all official documents and buildings, conflated with insurrection and disorder.[2] Auguste Comte applauded Napoleon, claiming equality to be the \"symbol of metaphysical anarchism\", and preferring to it his diptych \"ordre et progrès\" (\"order and progress\", which would then become the motto of Brazil, Ordem e Progresso).[15] On the other hand, Proudhon criticized fraternity as an empty word, which he associated with idealistic dreams of Romanticism.[2] He preferred to it the sole term of liberty.","title":"19th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris Commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune"},{"link_name":"Third Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"Opportunist Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunist_Republicans"},{"link_name":"Jules Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Gambetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Larousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Larousse"},{"link_name":"welfare role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Maurras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Péguy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_P%C3%A9guy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Georges Vacher de Lapouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge"},{"link_name":"pseudo-scientific racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism"},{"link_name":"eugenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"}],"sub_title":"Paris Commune and Third Republic","text":"Pache, mayor of the Paris Commune, painted the formula \"Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, ou la mort\" on the walls of the commune. It was only under the Third Republic that the motto was made official. It was then not dissociated with insurrection and revolutionary ardours, Opportunist Republicans such as Jules Ferry or Gambetta adapting it to the new political conditions.[16] Larousse's Dictionnaire universel deprived fraternity of its \"evangelistic halo\" (Mona Ozouf), conflating it with solidarity and the welfare role of the state.[2]Some still opposed the Republican motto, such as the nationalist Charles Maurras in his Dictionnaire politique et critique, who claimed liberty to be an empty dream, equality an insanity, and only kept fraternity.[2] Charles Péguy, renewing with Lamennais' thought, kept fraternity and liberty, excluding equality, seen as an abstract repartition between individuals reduced to homogeneity, opposing \"fraternity\" as a sentiment put in motion by \"misery\", while equality only interested itself, according to him, to the mathematical solution of the problem of \"poverty.\"[2]Péguy identified Christian charity and socialist solidarity in this conception of fraternity.[2] On the other hand, Georges Vacher de Lapouge, the most important French author of pseudo-scientific racism and supporter of eugenism, completely rejected the republican triptych, adopting another motto, \"déterminisme, inégalité, sélection\" (determinism, inequality, selection). But, according to Ozouf, the sole use of a triptych was the sign of the influence of the republican motto, despite it being corrupted in its opposite.[2]","title":"19th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France"},{"link_name":"German occupation of France in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"travail, famille, patrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travail,_famille,_patrie"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHKLMA-20"},{"link_name":"Marshal Pétain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain"},{"link_name":"Vichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"colonel de la Rocque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_de_la_Rocque"},{"link_name":"Parti social français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_social_fran%C3%A7ais"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"B.R. Ambedkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.R._Ambedkar"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of the French Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrEmb-1"}],"text":"The Coat of arms of France (1905–present) depicts a ribbon with the motto \"Liberté, égalité, fraternité\".During the German occupation of France in World War II, this motto was replaced by the reactionary phrase \"travail, famille, patrie\" (work, family, fatherland)[17] by Marshal Pétain, who became the leader of the new Vichy French government in 1940. Pétain had taken this motto from the colonel de la Rocque's Parti social français (PSF), although the latter considered it more appropriate for a movement than for a regime.[2]Indian polymath and social reformer B.R. Ambedkar is to have said, \"I like the religion that teaches 'liberty, equality, and fraternity'\".Following the Liberation, the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) re-established the Republican motto Liberté, égalité, fraternité, which is incorporated into both the 1946 and the 1958 French constitutions.[1]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B.R. Ambedkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.R._Ambedkar"},{"link_name":"preamble to the Constitution of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LDFC-21"},{"link_name":"Sokol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokol_(sport_organization)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legion"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Philippine National Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"natural law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law"},{"link_name":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Many other nations have adopted the French slogan of \"liberty, equality, and fraternity\" as an ideal. B.R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution of India, included these words in the preamble to the Constitution of India, in the year 1950. Since its founding, \"Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood\" has been the lemma of the Social Democratic Party of Denmark. In the United Kingdom the political party the Liberal Democrats refer to \"the fundamental values of liberty, equality and community\" in the preamble of the party's Federal Constitution, and this is printed on party membership cards.[18]Slogan in Czech \"Rovnost, volnost, bratrství\" also became motto of Czech national gymnastics organization Sokol at the end of the 19th century. Liberal values of the fraternal organization manifested themselves especially in Czech independence movement during the World War I, when many Sokol members joined armies of the Allies and formed the Czechoslovak Legion to form independent Czechoslovakia in 1918.[19]The Philippine National Flag has a rectangular design that\nconsists of a white equilateral triangle, symbolizing liberty,\nequality, and fraternity; a horizontal blue stripe for peace,\ntruth, and justice; and a horizontal red stripe for patriotism\nand valor. In the center of the white triangle is an eight-\nrayed golden sun symbolizing unity, freedom, people's\ndemocracy, and sovereignty.Some former colonies of the French Republic (such as Haiti, Chad, Niger, and Gabon) have adopted similar three-word mottos.The idea of the slogan \"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity\" has also given an influence as natural law to the First Article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.[20]","title":"Other nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Three Colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Colours"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Kieślowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski"},{"link_name":"William Carlos Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The term is referred to in the 1993-94 film trilogy Three Colours by Krzysztof Kieślowski.\"Libertad! Igualdad! Fraternidad!\" is the title of an English-language poem by William Carlos Williams.[21]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"}],"text":"^ French: \"Les hommes de tous les pays sont frères, celui qui opprime une seule nation se déclare l'ennemi de toutes.\"\n\n^ French: \"Tout homme aspire à la liberté, à l'égalité, mais on ne peut y atteindre sans le secours des autres hommes, sans la fraternité.\"\n\n^ French: \"Loin d'être à son terme, la religion du Libérateur entre à peine dans sa troisième période, la période politique, liberté, égalité, fraternité.\"","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sénac, Réjane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9jane_S%C3%A9nac"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//journals.openedition.org/rfcb/840"}],"text":"Mathijsen, Marita. \"The emancipation of the past, as due to the Revolutionary French ideology of Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité.\" Free Access to the Past ed Lotte Jensen (Brill, 2010). 20–40.\nRoth, Guenther. \"Durkheim and the principles of 1789: the issue of gender equality.\" Telos 1989.82 (1989): 71–88.\nSénac, Réjane. \"The Contemporary Conversation about the French Connection \"Liberté, égalité, fraternité\": Neoliberal Equality and \"Non-brothers.\" Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique. French Journal of British Studies 21.XXI-1 (2016). online","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Official logo of the French Republic used on government documents with the slogan \"Liberté, égalité, fraternité\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Logo_RF.svg/220px-Logo_RF.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A propaganda poster from 1793 representing the French First Republic with the slogan \"Unity and Indivisibility of the Republic. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity or Death\", together with symbols such as tricolour flags, phrygian cap and gallic rooster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Unit%C3%A9_Indivisibilit%C3%A9_de_la_R%C3%A9publique.jpg/220px-Unit%C3%A9_Indivisibilit%C3%A9_de_la_R%C3%A9publique.jpg"},{"image_text":"Text displayed on a placard announcing the sale of expropriated property (1793). Soon after the Revolution, the motto was often written as \"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, or Death.\" \"Death\" was later dropped for being too strongly associated with the excesses of the revolution.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/LibertyEqualityorDeath.jpg/220px-LibertyEqualityorDeath.jpg"},{"image_text":"The French Tricolour has been seen as embodying all the principles of the Revolution—Liberté, égalité, fraternité.[3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/220px-Flag_of_France.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Alsatian sign, 1792: Freiheit Gleichheit Brüderlichk. od. Tod (Liberty Equality Fraternity or Death) Tod den Tyranen (Death to Tyrants) Heil den Völkern (Long live the Peoples)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Enseigne_Alsacienne_revolutionnaire.jpg/170px-Enseigne_Alsacienne_revolutionnaire.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Coat of arms of France (1905–present) depicts a ribbon with the motto \"Liberté, égalité, fraternité\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/220px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"List of political slogans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_slogans"},{"title":"Give me liberty or give me death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_me_liberty_or_give_me_death"},{"title":"Life, liberty, and property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life,_liberty,_and_property"},{"title":"Brotherhood and unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity"},{"title":"Three Principles of the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People"},{"title":"Travail, famille, patrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travail,_famille,_patrie"},{"title":"Vichy France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"title":"La Nation, la Loi, le Roi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Nation,_la_Loi,_le_Roi"},{"title":"Estado Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Liberty, Égalité, Fraternité\". Embassy of France in the US. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141018141249/http://www.ambafrance-us.org/spip.php?article620","url_text":"\"Liberty, Égalité, Fraternité\""},{"url":"http://www.ambafrance-us.org/spip.php?article620","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ozouf, Mona (1997), \"Liberté, égalité, fraternité stands for peace country and war\", in Nora, Pierre (ed.), Lieux de Mémoire [Places of memory] (in French), vol. tome III, Quarto Gallimard, pp. 4353–89","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Ozouf","url_text":"Ozouf, Mona"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Nora","url_text":"Nora, Pierre"}]},{"reference":"\"Flag of France | History & Meaning\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-France","url_text":"\"Flag of France | History & Meaning\""}]},{"reference":"Robespierre, Maximilien (1950). OEUVRES DE MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE. Vol. Tome VI. PRESSES UNIVERSITAIRES DE FRANCE. p. 643. Retrieved 19 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oeuvrescomplte06robeuoft","url_text":"OEUVRES DE MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oeuvrescomplte06robeuoft/page/643","url_text":"643"}]},{"reference":"Latham, Edward (1906). Famous Sayings and Their Authors. London: Swan Sonnenschein. pp. 147. OCLC 4697187.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/famoussayingsan00lathgoog","url_text":"Famous Sayings and Their Authors"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/famoussayingsan00lathgoog/page/n166","url_text":"147"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4697187","url_text":"4697187"}]},{"reference":"de Barante, Amable Guillaume P. Brugière (1851). Histoire de la Convention nationale [History of the National convention] (in French). Langlois & Leclercq. p. 322. Retrieved 31 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=llsFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA322","url_text":"Histoire de la Convention nationale"}]},{"reference":"Thacher, John Boyd (1905). Outlines of the French revolution told in autographs. Weed-Parsons Printing Co. p. 8. Retrieved 31 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924032226684","url_text":"Outlines of the French revolution told in autographs"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924032226684/page/n15","url_text":"8"}]},{"reference":"Ellis; Esler, \"The Modern Era\", World History (textbook)","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tench, Watkin (1796), Letters Written in France: To a Friend in London, Between the Month of November 1794, and the Month of May 1795, London: J Johnson, p. 15","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ztMuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA15","url_text":"Letters Written in France: To a Friend in London, Between the Month of November 1794, and the Month of May 1795"}]},{"reference":"\"The symbols of the Republic and Bastille Day\". French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/discovering-france_2005/france-from-to-z_1978/the-symbols-of-the-republic-and-bastille-day_2002/","url_text":"\"The symbols of the Republic and Bastille Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)","url_text":"French Ministry of Foreign Affairs"}]},{"reference":"\"Bandeiras e significados\" [Flags & meanings], História net (in Portuguese), retrieved 9 October 2010","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historianet.com.br/conteudo/default.aspx?codigo=934","url_text":"\"Bandeiras e significados\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vichy Government\". World History. DE: KMLA. Retrieved 1 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/france/vichy.html","url_text":"\"Vichy Government\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany","url_text":"DE"}]},{"reference":"\"Federal Constitution\". UK: Liberal Democrats. Retrieved 22 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.libdems.org.uk/constitution.aspx","url_text":"\"Federal Constitution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom","url_text":"UK"}]},{"reference":"Sláma, Karel. \"Z historie Sokola - díl 1.: Svoboda, rovnost, bratrství\". www.sokol-zastavka.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sokol-zastavka.cz/kronika/soubor-historickych-clanku-br-slamy/z-historie-sokola-dil-1-svoboda-rovnost-bratrstvi/","url_text":"\"Z historie Sokola - díl 1.: Svoboda, rovnost, bratrství\""}]},{"reference":"\"Article 1\", The Universal Declaration of Human Rights","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights","url_text":"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights"}]},{"reference":"\"Libertad! Igualdad! Fraternidad! By William Carlos Williams\". 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://poemfull.com/william-carlos-williams/libertad-igualdad-fraternidad-2/index.html","url_text":"\"Libertad! Igualdad! Fraternidad! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetson,_Kentucky | Jetson, Kentucky | ["1 Geography and location","2 Education","3 Places of worship","4 Post office","5 References"] | Coordinates: 37°14′57″N 86°31′55″W / 37.24917°N 86.53194°W / 37.24917; -86.53194Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United States
Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesJetson, KentuckyUnincorporated communityJetsonShow map of KentuckyJetsonShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 37°14′57″N 86°31′55″W / 37.24917°N 86.53194°W / 37.24917; -86.53194CountryUnited StatesStateKentuckyCountyButlerElevation630 ft (190 m)Population (2020) • Total1,695 • Density17.7/sq mi (6.8/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code42252Area code(s)270 & 364GNIS feature ID508342Jetson is home to the Fourth District Volunteer Fire Department.
Jetson is an unincorporated community in Butler County, Kentucky, United States.
Geography and location
The community is located at 37°14′57″N 86°31′55″W / 37.24917°N 86.53194°W / 37.24917; -86.53194, along Kentucky Route 70 at its junction with KY 1328 (Leonard Oak Road) and KY 411 (Love Lee Road) in eastern Butler County. KY 70 leads about 9.5 miles (15.3 km) west to the Morgantown/Aberdeen area, and 5.8 miles (9.3 km) east to Roundhill and the county's eastern boundary with Edmonson County.
Education
Students in Reedyville attend Butler County Schools in Morgantown, including Butler County Middle and high schools. Since early 2005, the closest elementary school to the community is North Butler Elementary, located along KY 70 about halfway between Aberdeen and Jetson. Elementary students previously attended Fourth District Elementary School, which was based in Jetson. It, along with Fifth District Elementary in Welcome, consolidated to establish North Butler Elementary in the fall of 2005. Temple Hill General Baptist Church purchased the old Fourth District building in 2007 and has converted to a church.
Places of worship
Green Valley Church of Christ
Jetson Community Church
Temple Hill General Baptist Church
Temple View General Baptist Church
Post office
Jetson has a post office with ZIP code 42252. Not all of Jetson is in the 42252 ZIP code; approximately half the community is in Morgantown's 42261 ZIP code.
References
^ a b "Jetson". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ DeLorme (2010). Kentucky Atlas & Gazetteer (Map). 1:150000. Yarmouth, ME: DeLorme. p. 64. § D2. ISBN 0-89933-340-0.
^ United States Postal Service. "USPS - Look Up a ZIP Code". Retrieved April 15, 2017.
^ "Postmaster Finder - Post Offices by ZIP Code". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Butler County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: MorgantownCities
Morgantown
Rochester
Woodbury
Location of Butler County, KentuckyUnincorporatedcommunities
Aberdeen
Davis Crossroads
Dexterville
Dimple
Dunbar
Eden
Gilstrap
Huntsville
Jetson
Leetown
Logansport
Love
Mining City
Neafus‡
Provo
Quality
Reedyville
Richelieu‡
Roundhill‡
Silver City
Welchs Creek
Welcome
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Kentucky portal
United States portal
This Butler County, Kentucky state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Butler County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesUnincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesJetson is an unincorporated community in Butler County, Kentucky, United States.[1]","title":"Jetson, Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"37°14′57″N 86°31′55″W / 37.24917°N 86.53194°W / 37.24917; -86.53194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jetson,_Kentucky¶ms=37_14_57_N_86_31_55_W_type:city_region:US-KY"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Route 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Route_70"},{"link_name":"KY 1328","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Route_1328"},{"link_name":"KY 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Route_411"},{"link_name":"Morgantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgantown,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Roundhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhill,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Edmonson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonson_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The community is located at 37°14′57″N 86°31′55″W / 37.24917°N 86.53194°W / 37.24917; -86.53194, along Kentucky Route 70 at its junction with KY 1328 (Leonard Oak Road) and KY 411 (Love Lee Road) in eastern Butler County. KY 70 leads about 9.5 miles (15.3 km) west to the Morgantown/Aberdeen area, and 5.8 miles (9.3 km) east to Roundhill and the county's eastern boundary with Edmonson County.[2]","title":"Geography and location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Butler County Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_County_Schools_(Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Morgantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgantown,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"high schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_County_High_School"},{"link_name":"KY 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Route_70"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Welcome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome,_Kentucky"}],"text":"Students in Reedyville attend Butler County Schools in Morgantown, including Butler County Middle and high schools. Since early 2005, the closest elementary school to the community is North Butler Elementary, located along KY 70 about halfway between Aberdeen and Jetson. Elementary students previously attended Fourth District Elementary School, which was based in Jetson. It, along with Fifth District Elementary in Welcome, consolidated to establish North Butler Elementary in the fall of 2005. Temple Hill General Baptist Church purchased the old Fourth District building in 2007 and has converted to a church.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Green Valley Church of Christ\nJetson Community Church\nTemple Hill General Baptist Church\nTemple View General Baptist Church","title":"Places of worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"ZIP code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_code"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Jetson has a post office with ZIP code 42252. Not all of Jetson is in the 42252 ZIP code; approximately half the community is in Morgantown's 42261 ZIP code.[3][4]","title":"Post office"}] | [{"image_text":"Location of Butler County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Butler_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Butler_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Jetson\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/508342","url_text":"\"Jetson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"DeLorme (2010). Kentucky Atlas & Gazetteer (Map). 1:150000. Yarmouth, ME: DeLorme. p. 64. § D2. ISBN 0-89933-340-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLorme","url_text":"DeLorme"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89933-340-0","url_text":"0-89933-340-0"}]},{"reference":"United States Postal Service. \"USPS - Look Up a ZIP Code\". Retrieved April 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action","url_text":"\"USPS - Look Up a ZIP Code\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postmaster Finder - Post Offices by ZIP Code\". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved April 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190428153255/https://webpmt.usps.gov/pmt008.cfm","url_text":"\"Postmaster Finder - Post Offices by ZIP Code\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service","url_text":"United States Postal Service"},{"url":"http://webpmt.usps.gov/pmt008.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jetson,_Kentucky¶ms=37_14_57_N_86_31_55_W_region:US-KY_type:city(1695)","external_links_name":"37°14′57″N 86°31′55″W / 37.24917°N 86.53194°W / 37.24917; -86.53194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jetson,_Kentucky¶ms=37_14_57_N_86_31_55_W_region:US-KY_type:city(1695)","external_links_name":"37°14′57″N 86°31′55″W / 37.24917°N 86.53194°W / 37.24917; -86.53194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jetson,_Kentucky¶ms=37_14_57_N_86_31_55_W_type:city_region:US-KY","external_links_name":"37°14′57″N 86°31′55″W / 37.24917°N 86.53194°W / 37.24917; -86.53194"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/508342","external_links_name":"\"Jetson\""},{"Link":"http://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action","external_links_name":"\"USPS - Look Up a ZIP Code\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190428153255/https://webpmt.usps.gov/pmt008.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Postmaster Finder - Post Offices by ZIP Code\""},{"Link":"http://webpmt.usps.gov/pmt008.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jetson,_Kentucky&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamisaitama_District,_Saitama | Minami-Saitama District, Saitama | ["1 Towns and villages","2 District timeline","3 References"] | Coordinates: 36°01′36″N 139°40′52″E / 36.0266°N 139.681°E / 36.0266; 139.681Minami-Saitama (南埼玉郡, Minami-Saitama-gun) is a district located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2012, the district has an estimated population of 33,405 and a density of 2,090 persons per km2. The total area is 15.95 km2.
Towns and villages
Miyashiro
District timeline
1871 (first wave of prefectural mergers): The part of Saitama District that would later become Minami-Saitama becomes completely part of Saitama Prefecture which is named after the district.
1879 (reactivation and reorganization of ancient provincial districts as modern prefectural subdivision): Saitama District is split into North- (Kita-) and South (Minami-) Saitama, the district government of South Saitama is set up in Iwatsuki
1889 administrative map of five districts in Southeastern Saitama with the municipalities (numbers) and municipal associations (chōson kumiai; letters) of South Saitama District; colours indicate current/recent (2011) municipalities. 1. represents Iwatsuki Town, the district seat. Miyashiro Town, the last remaining municipality after the Great Heisei mergers, was created in 1955 by the merger of 39. Monma Village (百間村) and 40. Suka Village (須賀村).
1889 (Great Meiji mergers & introduction of modern municipalities): Minami-Saitama is subdivided into 6 towns and 44 villages
1923: The Minami-Saitama district assembly is abolished.
1926: The Minami-Saitama district government is abolished, and it becomes a purely geographical unit.
November 3, 1954
The town of Iwatsuki gained city status.
The town of Koshigaya was created by merging with 2 towns and 8 villages.
January 1, 1955 - The town of Washinomiya merged with the village of Sakurada from Kitakatsushika District to form the town of Washinomiya in Kitakatsushika District.
July 20, 1955 - The villages of Momoki and Suka merged to form the town of Miyashiro.
August 1, 1955 - The village of Kawayanagi merged into the town of Soka in Kitaadachi District (now the city of Soka).
November 3, 1955 - Parts of the town of Soka in Kitaadachi District merged into the town of Koshigaya.
January 1, 1956 - Parts of the city of Iwatsuki merged into the town of Hasuda.
September 28, 1956
Parts of the village of Hachijo merged with the villages of Yawata and Shiodomari to form the village of Yashio.
The remaining parts of Hachijo merged into the town of Soka in Kitaadachi District.
November 3, 1958 - The town of Koshigaya gained city status.
October 1, 1964 - The village of Yashio gained town status.
October 1, 1971 - The town of Kuki gained city status.
January 15, 1972 - The town of Yashio gained city status.
October 1, 1972 - The town of Hasuda gained city status.
March 23, 2010 - The town of Shōbu, along with the towns of Kurihashi and Washimiya, both from Kitakatsushika District, merged with the city of Kuki to form the new city of Kuki.
October 1, 2012 - The town of Shiraoka gained city status. This leaves Minami Saitama District with one municipality.
References
^ "市町村合併情報 埼玉県 ＜国土地理協会＞". Archived from the original on 2008-04-18. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
^ 白岡町：来年１０月１日、白岡市発足へ 町議会が可決 Archived 2012-07-12 at archive.today by Mainichi Shimbun, December 9, 2011(in Japanese)
vte Saitama PrefectureSaitama (capital)SaitamaWards
Chūō
Iwatsuki
Kita
Midori
Minami
Minuma
Nishi
Ōmiya
Sakura
Urawa
Core cities
Kawagoe
Kawaguchi
Koshigaya
Special cities
Kasukabe
Kumagaya
Tokorozawa
Sōka
Cities
Ageo
Asaka
Chichibu
Fujimi
Fujimino
Fukaya
Gyōda
Hannō
Hanyū
Hasuda
Hidaka
Higashimatsuyama
Honjō
Iruma
Kazo
Kitamoto
Kōnosu
Kuki
Misato
Niiza
Okegawa
Sakado
Satte
Sayama
Shiki
Shiraoka
Toda
Tsurugashima
Wakō
Warabi
Yashio
Yoshikawa
Districts
Chichibu District
Higashichichibu
Minano
Nagatoro
Ogano
Yokoze
Hiki District
Hatoyama
Kawajima
Namegawa
Ogawa
Ranzan
Tokigawa
Yoshimi
Iruma District
Miyoshi
Moroyama
Ogose
Kitaadachi District
Ina
Kitakatsushika District
Matsubushi
Sugito
Kodama District
Kamikawa
Kamisato
Misato
Minamisaitama District
Miyashiro
Ōsato District
Yorii
List of mergers in Saitama Prefecture
36°01′36″N 139°40′52″E / 36.0266°N 139.681°E / 36.0266; 139.681
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Japan
This Saitama Prefecture location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Saitama Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minami-Saitama_District,_Saitama&action=edit"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"}],"text":"Minami-Saitama (南埼玉郡, Minami-Saitama-gun) is a district located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan.As of 2012[update], the district has an estimated population of 33,405 and a density of 2,090 persons per km2. The total area is 15.95 km2.","title":"Minami-Saitama District, Saitama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miyashiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyashiro,_Saitama"}],"text":"Miyashiro","title":"Towns and villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saitama District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saitama_District,_Saitama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saitama Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"ancient provincial districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"North- (Kita-)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita-Saitama_District,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Iwatsuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwatsuki,_Saitama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saitama_MinamiSaitama-gun_1889.png"},{"link_name":"modern municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Kitakatsushika District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitakatsushika_District,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Washinomiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washinomiya,_Saitama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kitakatsushika District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitakatsushika_District,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Miyashiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyashiro,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Kitaadachi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaadachi_District,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Soka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soka,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Kitaadachi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaadachi_District,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Iwatsuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwatsuki,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Kitaadachi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaadachi_District,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Shōbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dbu,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Kurihashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurihashi,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Washimiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washimiya,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Kitakatsushika District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitakatsushika_District,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Kuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Kuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Shiraoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraoka,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"1871 (first wave of prefectural mergers): The part of Saitama District that would later become Minami-Saitama becomes completely part of Saitama Prefecture which is named after the district.\n1879 (reactivation and reorganization of ancient provincial districts as modern prefectural subdivision): Saitama District is split into North- (Kita-) and South (Minami-) Saitama, the district government of South Saitama is set up in Iwatsuki1889 administrative map of five districts in Southeastern Saitama with the municipalities (numbers) and municipal associations (chōson kumiai; letters) of South Saitama District; colours indicate current/recent (2011) municipalities. 1. represents Iwatsuki Town, the district seat. Miyashiro Town, the last remaining municipality after the Great Heisei mergers, was created in 1955 by the merger of 39. Monma Village (百間村) and 40. Suka Village (須賀村).1889 (Great Meiji mergers & introduction of modern municipalities): Minami-Saitama is subdivided into 6 towns and 44 villages\n1923: The Minami-Saitama district assembly is abolished.\n1926: The Minami-Saitama district government is abolished, and it becomes a purely geographical unit.\nNovember 3, 1954\nThe town of Iwatsuki gained city status.\nThe town of Koshigaya was created by merging with 2 towns and 8 villages.\nJanuary 1, 1955 - The town of Washinomiya merged with the village of Sakurada from Kitakatsushika District to form the town of Washinomiya in Kitakatsushika District.\nJuly 20, 1955 - The villages of Momoki and Suka merged to form the town of Miyashiro.\nAugust 1, 1955 - The village of Kawayanagi merged into the town of Soka in Kitaadachi District (now the city of Soka).\nNovember 3, 1955 - Parts of the town of Soka in Kitaadachi District merged into the town of Koshigaya.\nJanuary 1, 1956 - Parts of the city of Iwatsuki merged into the town of Hasuda.\nSeptember 28, 1956\nParts of the village of Hachijo merged with the villages of Yawata and Shiodomari to form the village of Yashio.\nThe remaining parts of Hachijo merged into the town of Soka in Kitaadachi District.\nNovember 3, 1958 - The town of Koshigaya gained city status.\nOctober 1, 1964 - The village of Yashio gained town status.\nOctober 1, 1971 - The town of Kuki gained city status.\nJanuary 15, 1972 - The town of Yashio gained city status.\nOctober 1, 1972 - The town of Hasuda gained city status.\nMarch 23, 2010 - The town of Shōbu, along with the towns of Kurihashi and Washimiya, both from Kitakatsushika District, merged with the city of Kuki to form the new city of Kuki.[1]\nOctober 1, 2012 - The town of Shiraoka gained city status. This leaves Minami Saitama District with one municipality.[2]","title":"District timeline"}] | [{"image_text":"1889 administrative map of five districts in Southeastern Saitama with the municipalities (numbers) and municipal associations (chōson kumiai; letters) of South Saitama District; colours indicate current/recent (2011) municipalities. 1. represents Iwatsuki Town, the district seat. Miyashiro Town, the last remaining municipality after the Great Heisei mergers, was created in 1955 by the merger of 39. Monma Village (百間村) and 40. Suka Village (須賀村).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Saitama_MinamiSaitama-gun_1889.png/220px-Saitama_MinamiSaitama-gun_1889.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"市町村合併情報 埼玉県 ＜国土地理協会＞\". Archived from the original on 2008-04-18. Retrieved 2008-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080418104721/http://www.kokudo.or.jp/new/cities/sub/kanto/11.htm","url_text":"\"市町村合併情報 埼玉県 ＜国土地理協会＞\""},{"url":"http://www.kokudo.or.jp/new/cities/sub/kanto/11.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Minami-Saitama_District,_Saitama¶ms=36.0266_N_139.681_E_type:landmark_source:itwiki","external_links_name":"36°01′36″N 139°40′52″E / 36.0266°N 139.681°E / 36.0266; 139.681"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minami-Saitama_District,_Saitama&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080418104721/http://www.kokudo.or.jp/new/cities/sub/kanto/11.htm","external_links_name":"\"市町村合併情報 埼玉県 ＜国土地理協会＞\""},{"Link":"http://www.kokudo.or.jp/new/cities/sub/kanto/11.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://mainichi.jp/area/saitama/news/20111209ddlk11010295000c.html","external_links_name":"白岡町：来年１０月１日、白岡市発足へ 町議会が可決"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120712221248/http://mainichi.jp/area/saitama/news/20111209ddlk11010295000c.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Minami-Saitama_District,_Saitama¶ms=36.0266_N_139.681_E_type:landmark_source:itwiki","external_links_name":"36°01′36″N 139°40′52″E / 36.0266°N 139.681°E / 36.0266; 139.681"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/258736000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00405317","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minami-Saitama_District,_Saitama&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(Free_Nationals,_Mac_Miller_and_Kali_Uchis_song) | Time (Free Nationals, Mac Miller and Kali Uchis song) | ["1 Music Video","2 Charts","3 Kate Stewart version","4 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Time" Free Nationals, Mac Miller and Kali Uchis song – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
2019 single by Free Nationals, Mac Miller and Kali Uchis
"Time"Single by Free Nationals, Mac Miller and Kali Uchisfrom the album Free Nationals ReleasedJune 12, 2019 (2019-06-12)Recorded2018Length3:30Label
OBE
Empire
Songwriter(s)
Malcolm McCormick
Karly-Marina Loaiza
Producer(s)Free NationalsFree Nationals singles chronology
"Beauty & Essex" (2018)
"Time" (2019)
"On Sight" (2019)
Mac Miller singles chronology
"What's the Use?"(2018)
"Time"(2019)
"That's Life"(2019)
Kali Uchis singles chronology
"Just a Stranger"(2018)
"Time"(2019)
"Solita"(2019)
Music video"Time" on YouTube
"Time" is a song recorded by American R&B band Free Nationals, American rapper Mac Miller, and American singer Kali Uchis. It was released as a single from the Free Nationals's self-titled debut album on June 12, 2019. It is the first official posthumous release by Miller since his death on September 7, 2018.
Music Video
The music video for 'Time' was published to the band's YouTube channel on August 1, 2019. The colorful video was animated by BABEKÜHL, a Sydney based creative studio.
Charts
Chart (2019)
Peakposition
New Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ)
22
Kate Stewart version
"Time (Kate Stewart Remix)"Single by Free Nationals, Kate Stewart and Kali UchisReleasedJuly 2, 2020 (2020-07-02)Genre
Contemporary R&B
Length2:32Label
OBE
Empire
Songwriter(s)
Kali Uchis
Kate Stewart
Producer(s)
Free Nationals
Kate Stewart singles chronology
"Spoiled Your Fun" (2020)
"Time (Kate Stewart Remix)" (2020)
A remixed version of the song with British singer-songwriter Kate Stewart was announced on her Twitter account 2 days before its official release. The remix of the single "Time", was released on July 2, 2020; Stewart shared with the link to the song in her SoundCloud account.
References
^ "Time – Single by Free Nationals, Mac Miller & Kali Uchis". OBE / Empire Distribution. Retrieved June 13, 2019 – via iTunes Store.
^ "Free Nationals by Free Nationals". Apple Music. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
^ "Mac Miller's first posthumous release drops". Hollywood.com. June 12, 2019.
^ "Free Nationals Release "Time" Video ft. Mac Miller and Kali Uchis". Highsnobiety. August 5, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. June 24, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
^ Time (Kate Stewart Remix), retrieved December 15, 2021
vteMac Miller
Discography
Production discography
Studio albums
Blue Slide Park
Watching Movies with the Sound Off
GO:OD AM
The Divine Feminine
Swimming
Circles
Live albums
Live from Space
EPs
On and On and Beyond
Mixtapes
K.I.D.S.
Best Day Ever
I Love Life, Thank You
Macadelic
Stolen Youth
Delusional Thomas
Faces
Singles
"Donald Trump"
"Frick Park Market"
"Party on Fifth Ave."
"Loud"
"S.D.S."
"Watching Movies"
"Goosebumpz"
"100 Grandkids"
"Weekend"
"Dang!"
"My Favorite Part"
"Self Care"
"Time"
"Good News"
"Blue World"
Featured singles
"Moves Like Jagger"
"Middle Finger"
"The Way"
"That's Life"
Related articles
Mac Miller and the Most Dope Family
vteKali Uchis
Discography
Albums
Isolation
Sin Miedo (del Amor y Otros Demonios)
Red Moon in Venus
Orquídeas
EPs
Por Vida
To Feel Alive
Singles
"Lottery"
"After the Storm"
"Time"
"Solita"
"Aquí Yo Mando"
"La Luz"
"Telepatía"
"I Wish You Roses"
"Moonlight"
"Muñekita"
"Labios Mordidos"
"Igual que un Ángel"
Featured singles
"Get You"
"See You Again"
"Sad Girlz Luv Money"
This 2019 single–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Nationals"},{"link_name":"Mac Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Miller"},{"link_name":"Kali Uchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Uchis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"self-titled debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Nationals_(album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"posthumous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/posthumous"},{"link_name":"his death on September 7, 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Miller#Death"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"2019 single by Free Nationals, Mac Miller and Kali Uchis\"Time\" is a song recorded by American R&B band Free Nationals, American rapper Mac Miller, and American singer Kali Uchis.[1] It was released as a single from the Free Nationals's self-titled debut album on June 12, 2019.[2] It is the first official posthumous release by Miller since his death on September 7, 2018.[3]","title":"Time (Free Nationals, Mac Miller and Kali Uchis song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The music video for 'Time' was published to the band's YouTube channel on August 1, 2019. The colorful video was animated by BABEKÜHL, a Sydney based creative studio.[4]","title":"Music Video"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kate Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Stewart"},{"link_name":"SoundCloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A remixed version of the song with British singer-songwriter Kate Stewart was announced on her Twitter account 2 days before its official release. The remix of the single \"Time\", was released on July 2, 2020; Stewart shared with the link to the song in her SoundCloud account.[6]","title":"Kate Stewart version"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Time – Single by Free Nationals, Mac Miller & Kali Uchis\". OBE / Empire Distribution. Retrieved June 13, 2019 – via iTunes Store.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/time-single/1467076480","url_text":"\"Time – Single by Free Nationals, Mac Miller & Kali Uchis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Distribution","url_text":"Empire Distribution"}]},{"reference":"\"Free Nationals by Free Nationals\". Apple Music. Retrieved December 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/free-nationals/1485339428","url_text":"\"Free Nationals by Free Nationals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Mac Miller's first posthumous release drops\". Hollywood.com. June 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywood.com/general/mac-millers-first-posthumous-release-drops-60753884/","url_text":"\"Mac Miller's first posthumous release drops\""}]},{"reference":"\"Free Nationals Release \"Time\" Video ft. Mac Miller and Kali Uchis\". Highsnobiety. August 5, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/free-nationals-mac-miller-kali-uchis-time-video/","url_text":"\"Free Nationals Release \"Time\" Video ft. Mac Miller and Kali Uchis\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Hot Singles Chart\". Recorded Music NZ. June 24, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4654","url_text":"\"NZ Hot Singles Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"Time (Kate Stewart Remix), retrieved December 15, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/kstewartmusic/time-kate-stewart-remix","url_text":"Time (Kate Stewart Remix)"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Time%22+Free+Nationals%2C+Mac+Miller+and+Kali+Uchis+song","external_links_name":"\"Time\" Free Nationals, Mac Miller and Kali Uchis song"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Time%22+Free+Nationals%2C+Mac+Miller+and+Kali+Uchis+song+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Time%22+Free+Nationals%2C+Mac+Miller+and+Kali+Uchis+song&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Time%22+Free+Nationals%2C+Mac+Miller+and+Kali+Uchis+song+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Time%22+Free+Nationals%2C+Mac+Miller+and+Kali+Uchis+song","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Time%22+Free+Nationals%2C+Mac+Miller+and+Kali+Uchis+song&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bgP2vqgl934","external_links_name":"\"Time\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/time-single/1467076480","external_links_name":"\"Time – Single by Free Nationals, Mac Miller & Kali Uchis\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/free-nationals/1485339428","external_links_name":"\"Free Nationals by Free Nationals\""},{"Link":"http://www.hollywood.com/general/mac-millers-first-posthumous-release-drops-60753884/","external_links_name":"\"Mac Miller's first posthumous release drops\""},{"Link":"https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/free-nationals-mac-miller-kali-uchis-time-video/","external_links_name":"\"Free Nationals Release \"Time\" Video ft. Mac Miller and Kali Uchis\""},{"Link":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4654","external_links_name":"\"NZ Hot Singles Chart\""},{"Link":"https://soundcloud.com/kstewartmusic/time-kate-stewart-remix","external_links_name":"Time (Kate Stewart Remix)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_(Free_Nationals,_Mac_Miller_and_Kali_Uchis_song)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinistino,_Saskatchewan | Kinistino | ["1 Geography","1.1 Climate","2 Demographics","3 Government","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°57′N 105°02′W / 52.95°N 105.03°W / 52.95; -105.03Town in Saskatchewan, Canada
For other uses, see Kinistino (disambiguation).
Town in Saskatchewan, CanadaKinistinoTownNickname: K-TownKinistinoLocation of Kinistino in SaskatchewanShow map of SaskatchewanKinistinoKinistino (Canada)Show map of CanadaCoordinates: 52°57′N 105°02′W / 52.95°N 105.03°W / 52.95; -105.03CountryCanadaProvinceSaskatchewanCensus divisionNo. 11Rural municipalityKinistinoPost office Founded1883Government • MayorLeonard Margolis • Town ManagerTodd Ilnisky • Governing bodyKinistino Town Council • MLA BatocheDelbert Kirsch • MP Prince AlbertRandy HobackArea • Total0.98 km2 (0.38 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total743 • Density758.8/km2 (1,965/sq mi)Time zoneUTC−6 (CST)Postal codeS0J 1H0Area code306HighwaysHighway 3WaterwaysCarrot RiverWebsitetownofkinistino.ca
Kinistino /kɪˈnɪstɪnoʊ/ is a town in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Kinistino is situated in north-central Saskatchewan. It lies on rich agricultural soil in the valley of the Carrot River, which flows a mile east of the town.
Kinistino is located 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Melfort on Highway 3 and 65 kilometres (40 mi) southeast of Prince Albert.
Geography
The town of Kinistino rests upon a bedrock of shale in an area of maximum glacial lake coverage.
Kinistino is located in the Aspen parkland biome. The immediate area is one of moderate rolling hills and level stretches. The excellent soil is interspersed occasionally with bluffs of aspen and some sloughs. To the southwest lies the Waterhen Marsh and Lake (now drained and utilized for various farming purposes), while to the north approximately 20 miles (32 km) the Saskatchewan River and the Forks of the North and South branches provide a beautiful spot of coniferous forest growth.
Climate
Like in the rest of Saskatchewan, Kinistino experiences a high variance in the seasonal temperatures. However, Kinistino is not in an area of high storm activity and usually experiences only 3 blizzards per year (as compared to Saskatoon 7, and Qu'Appelle 14). Fewer thunderstorms are experienced in Kinistino than in the south of Saskatchewan.
The frost-free period extends, on a 30-year average, from June 1 to September 6; hours of sunshine amount to 2,280. The precipitation averages are: rain 271.0 millimetres (10.67 in); and snowfall 131.0 centimetres (51.6 in).
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Kinistino had a population of 671 living in 265 of its 305 total private dwellings, a change of 2.6% from its 2016 population of 654. With a land area of 1.58 km2 (0.61 sq mi), it had a population density of 424.7/km2 (1,099.9/sq mi) in 2021.
Canada census – Kinistino community profile
20212011
Population671 (+2.6% from 2016)743 (+15.6% from 2006)
Land area1.58 km2 (0.61 sq mi)0.98 km2 (0.38 sq mi)
Population density426/km2 (1,100/sq mi)758.8/km2 (1,965/sq mi)
Median age43.2 (M: 42.8, F: 44.0)46.6 (M: 42.5, F: 48.8)
Private dwellings305 (total) 265 (occupied)305 (total)
Median household income$72,000
References: 2021 2011 earlier
Government
Kinistino (Saskatchewan provincial electoral district), formerly used
See also
List of communities in Saskatchewan
List of place names in Canada of Indigenous origin
List of towns in Saskatchewan
References
^ "2011 Community Profiles". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
^ National Archives, Archivia Net. "Post Offices and Postmasters". Archived from the original on 6 October 2006. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
^ Government of Saskatchewan, MRD Home. "Municipal Directory System". Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
^ "2021 Community Profiles". 2021 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
^ "2011 Community Profiles". 2011 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
^ "2006 Community Profiles". 2006 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. 20 August 2019.
^ "2001 Community Profiles". 2001 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. 18 July 2021.
External links
Official website
Places adjacent to Kinistino
Weldon
James Smith First Nation
Brockington
Birch Hills
Kinistino
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Invergordon No. 430
Meskanaw
Beatty
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52°57′N 105°02′W / 52.95°N 105.03°W / 52.95; -105.03 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kinistino (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinistino_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/kɪˈnɪstɪnoʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Canadian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Carrot River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot_River_(Saskatchewan)"},{"link_name":"Melfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melfort,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Highway 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_3"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert,_Saskatchewan"}],"text":"Town in Saskatchewan, CanadaFor other uses, see Kinistino (disambiguation).Town in Saskatchewan, CanadaKinistino /kɪˈnɪstɪnoʊ/ is a town in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Kinistino is situated in north-central Saskatchewan. It lies on rich agricultural soil in the valley of the Carrot River, which flows a mile east of the town.\nKinistino is located 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Melfort on Highway 3 and 65 kilometres (40 mi) southeast of Prince Albert.","title":"Kinistino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aspen parkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_parkland"},{"link_name":"biome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome"},{"link_name":"sloughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_River"},{"link_name":"Forks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_River_Forks"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Saskatchewan_River"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The town of Kinistino rests upon a bedrock of shale in an area of maximum glacial lake coverage.Kinistino is located in the Aspen parkland biome. The immediate area is one of moderate rolling hills and level stretches. The excellent soil is interspersed occasionally with bluffs of aspen and some sloughs. To the southwest lies the Waterhen Marsh and Lake (now drained and utilized for various farming purposes), while to the north approximately 20 miles (32 km) the Saskatchewan River and the Forks of the North and South branches provide a beautiful spot of coniferous forest growth.[citation needed]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saskatoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatoon,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Qu'Appelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%27Appelle,_Saskatchewan"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Like in the rest of Saskatchewan, Kinistino experiences a high variance in the seasonal temperatures. However, Kinistino is not in an area of high storm activity and usually experiences only 3 blizzards per year (as compared to Saskatoon 7, and Qu'Appelle 14). Fewer thunderstorms are experienced in Kinistino than in the south of Saskatchewan.The frost-free period extends, on a 30-year average, from June 1 to September 6; hours of sunshine amount to 2,280. The precipitation averages are: rain 271.0 millimetres (10.67 in); and snowfall 131.0 centimetres (51.6 in).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-4"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2021-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2011-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2006-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2001-8"}],"text":"In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Kinistino had a population of 671 living in 265 of its 305 total private dwellings, a change of 2.6% from its 2016 population of 654. With a land area of 1.58 km2 (0.61 sq mi), it had a population density of 424.7/km2 (1,099.9/sq mi) in 2021.[4]Canada census – Kinistino community profile\n\n\n20212011\n\n\nPopulation671 (+2.6% from 2016)743 (+15.6% from 2006)\n\n\nLand area1.58 km2 (0.61 sq mi)0.98 km2 (0.38 sq mi)\n\n\nPopulation density426/km2 (1,100/sq mi)758.8/km2 (1,965/sq mi)\n\n\nMedian age43.2 (M: 42.8, F: 44.0)46.6 (M: 42.5, F: 48.8)\n\n\nPrivate dwellings305 (total) 265 (occupied)305 (total) \n\n\nMedian household income$72,000\n\n\n References: 2021[5] 2011[6] earlier[7][8]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kinistino (Saskatchewan provincial electoral district)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinistino_(Saskatchewan_provincial_electoral_district)"}],"text":"Kinistino (Saskatchewan provincial electoral district), formerly used","title":"Government"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of communities in Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Saskatchewan"},{"title":"List of place names in Canada of Indigenous origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_place_names_in_Canada_of_Indigenous_origin"},{"title":"List of towns in Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Saskatchewan"}] | [{"reference":"\"2011 Community Profiles\". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226131643/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E%0A","url_text":"\"2011 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"National Archives, Archivia Net. \"Post Offices and Postmasters\". Archived from the original on 6 October 2006. Retrieved 5 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061006045957/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/archivianet/post-offices/001001-100.01-e.php","url_text":"\"Post Offices and Postmasters\""},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.ca/archivianet/post-offices/001001-100.01-e.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Government of Saskatchewan, MRD Home. \"Municipal Directory System\". Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160115125115/http://www.mds.gov.sk.ca/apps/Pub/MDS/welcome.aspx","url_text":"\"Municipal Directory System\""},{"url":"http://www.mds.gov.sk.ca/apps/Pub/MDS/welcome.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan\". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000247","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Community Profiles\". 2021 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDlist=2021A00054715074","url_text":"\"2021 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2021 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Community Profiles\". 2011 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"2011 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2011 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Community Profiles\". 2006 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"2006 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2006 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"\"2001 Community Profiles\". 2001 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"2001 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2001 Canadian Census"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kinistino¶ms=52.95_N_105.03_W_type:city_region:CA_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"52°57′N 105°02′W / 52.95°N 105.03°W / 52.95; -105.03"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kinistino¶ms=52.95_N_105.03_W_region:CA-SK_type:city(743)","external_links_name":"52°57′N 105°02′W / 52.95°N 105.03°W / 52.95; -105.03"},{"Link":"https://townofkinistino.ca/","external_links_name":"townofkinistino.ca"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226131643/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E%0A","external_links_name":"\"2011 Community Profiles\""},{"Link":"http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061006045957/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/archivianet/post-offices/001001-100.01-e.php","external_links_name":"\"Post Offices and Postmasters\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.ca/archivianet/post-offices/001001-100.01-e.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160115125115/http://www.mds.gov.sk.ca/apps/Pub/MDS/welcome.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Municipal Directory System\""},{"Link":"http://www.mds.gov.sk.ca/apps/Pub/MDS/welcome.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000247","external_links_name":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan\""},{"Link":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDlist=2021A00054715074","external_links_name":"\"2021 Community Profiles\""},{"Link":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E","external_links_name":"\"2011 Community Profiles\""},{"Link":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E","external_links_name":"\"2006 Community Profiles\""},{"Link":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Index.cfm?Lang=E","external_links_name":"\"2001 Community Profiles\""},{"Link":"https://townofkinistino.ca/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kinistino¶ms=52.95_N_105.03_W_type:city_region:CA_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"52°57′N 105°02′W / 52.95°N 105.03°W / 52.95; -105.03"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miklos_Horthy,_Jr. | Miklós Horthy Jr. | ["1 Biography","2 References"] | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Hungarian. (July 2023) Click for important translation instructions.
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The native form of this personal name is Ifjabb vitéz nagybányai Horthy Miklós. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.
VitézMiklós Horthyde Nagybányain 1935Personal detailsBornMiklós László János Benedek Horthy de Nagybánya(1907-02-14)14 February 1907Pola, Austria-HungaryDied28 March 1993(1993-03-28) (aged 86)Estoril, PortugalChildren2
The Horthy family in 1936: István Horthy, Gyula Károlyi, Magdolna and Miklós Horthy, Paulette Horthy, Miklós Horthy Jr.
Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya II (14 February 1907 – 28 March 1993) was the younger son of Hungarian regent Admiral Miklós Horthy and, until the end of World War II, a politician.
Biography
In his youth, Miklós Horthy Jr. and his older brother, István, were active members of a Roman Catholic Scout troop of the Hungarian Scout Association (Magyar Cserkészszövetség), although they were both Protestant.
For a time, Miklós Jr. was the Hungarian ambassador to Brazil.
After the death of István in 1942, Miklós Jr. became more powerful in his father's government and supported his efforts to end the involvement of the Kingdom of Hungary with the Axis Powers. But on October 15, 1944, Nazi Germany launched Operation Panzerfaust (also known as Operation Mickey Mouse). As part of this operation, Miklós Jr. was kidnapped by German commandos led by Otto Skorzeny, and threatened with death unless his father surrendered and agreed to appoint the Arrow Cross Party as the new government. His father complied, and Horthy Jr. survived the war (he became the only of Horthy’s four children to outlive their father).
While his father was placed under house arrest in Bavaria, the younger Miklós was sent to the Dachau concentration camp. Late in April 1945, Miklós Jr. was taken to the Tyrol with other prominent inmates of Dachau. There the SS abandoned their prisoners as Allied forces advanced. The younger Miklós Horthy was liberated by the Fifth U.S. Army on May 5, 1945.
Father and son went into exile in Portugal, where Miklós Horthy Jr. lived almost fifty years before dying at Estoril, near Lisbon, in 1993. He had two daughters with his first wife Countess Mária Consueló Károlyi (1905–1976), Zsófia Horthy (1928–2004, Mrs Henry Freytag, then Mrs Charles Filliettaz) and Nicolette Horthy (1929–1990, Baroness Georg Bachofen von Echt). He was also a founding partner of Hovione, a Portuguese pharmaceutical company.
References
^ John S. Wilson: Scouting Round the World, first edition, London, Blandford Press, 1959, 81.
^ Peter Koblank: Die Befreiung der Sonder- und Sippenhäftlinge in Südtirol, Online-Edition Mythos Elser 2006 (in German)
^ Hovione website: (in English)
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This article about a Hungarian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name"},{"link_name":"Western name order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_%C3%A9s_csal%C3%A1dja.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gyula Károlyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyula_K%C3%A1rolyi_(politician,_1907%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Magdolna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdolna_Purgly"},{"link_name":"Hungarian regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Miklós Horthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"The native form of this personal name is Ifjabb vitéz nagybányai Horthy Miklós. 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But on October 15, 1944, Nazi Germany launched Operation Panzerfaust (also known as Operation Mickey Mouse). As part of this operation, Miklós Jr. was kidnapped by German commandos led by Otto Skorzeny, and threatened with death unless his father surrendered and agreed to appoint the Arrow Cross Party as the new government. His father complied, and Horthy Jr. survived the war (he became the only of Horthy’s four children to outlive their father).While his father was placed under house arrest in Bavaria, the younger Miklós was sent to the Dachau concentration camp. Late in April 1945, Miklós Jr. was taken to the Tyrol with other prominent inmates of Dachau. There the SS abandoned their prisoners as Allied forces advanced. The younger Miklós Horthy was liberated by the Fifth U.S. Army on May 5, 1945.[2]Father and son went into exile in Portugal, where Miklós Horthy Jr. lived almost fifty years before dying at Estoril, near Lisbon, in 1993. He had two daughters with his first wife Countess Mária Consueló Károlyi (1905–1976), Zsófia Horthy (1928–2004, Mrs Henry Freytag, then Mrs Charles Filliettaz) and Nicolette Horthy (1929–1990, Baroness Georg Bachofen von Echt). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Church,_Tartu | St. John's Church, Tartu | ["1 History","2 Description","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 58°22′57.72″N 26°43′12.72″E / 58.3827000°N 26.7202000°E / 58.3827000; 26.7202000Church building in Tartu, Estonia
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Estonian. (August 2023) Click for important translation instructions.
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Church in Tartu, EstoniaSt John's Church, TartuParish Church of Saint John the Baptist, TartuEstonian: Tartu Jaani kirik58°22′57.72″N 26°43′12.72″E / 58.3827000°N 26.7202000°E / 58.3827000; 26.7202000LocationTartuAddressJaani 5Country EstoniaLanguage(s)EstonianDenominationLutheranPrevious denominationCatholicWebsitejaanikirik.eeHistoryStatusActiveFounded12th centuryDedicationJohn the BaptistArchitectureFunctional statusParish churchHeritage designationKultuurimälestis (no. 6916)Designated16 September 1997Architectural typeBasilicaStyleGothicYears built14th centuryGroundbreaking12th centurySpecificationsNumber of towers1Tower height63 metres (206 ft 8 in)MaterialsBrickTerracotta (façade)Bells3AdministrationDioceseSouthern RegionDeaneryTartuParishSt John's in TartuClergyBishop(s)Joel LuhametsRectorTriin KäppNaatan Haamer
St. John's Church, Tartu (Estonian: Jaani kirik, German: St. Johanniskirche zu Dorpat) is a Brick Gothic Lutheran church, one of the landmarks of the city of Tartu, Estonia. It is dedicated to John the Baptist.
History
Initially, St John's was a Catholic church, as the oldest parts of the current building originate from the 14th century. Before that, there has been a church building on the same place at least since the first half of the 13th century. Archaeological investigations have indicated that there may well have been a wooden church here in the 12th century. This is particularly remarkable because the national Christianisation did not take place until much later. The red brick building has seen extensive changes, as it was largely rebuilt after both the Great Northern War and World War II. Baroque chapels were added in 1746 and 1769. The church is now part of the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church.
The Great Fire of Tartu started near the church in 1775 and the church and nearby Uppsala House were spared the destruction which destroyed nearly two hundred houses.
At the end of the 19th century the church supplied primary education. The actress Amalie Konsa received her only schooling here.
Description
The most outstanding feature of St. John's is its wealth of terracotta figurines surrounding the church's exterior. Originally, there were more than a thousand hand-made figurines, each different from the others; now, about 200 have survived. The large number of individual figurines has given birth to the hypotheses that they might have been modelled after citizens of Tartu; on the other hand, some of them wear crowns, which hints they might depict someone else.
Since 1999, St John's Church has two new bells named Peetrus and Paulus after city's two patron saints (respectively, St. Peter and St. Paul).
See also
Architecture of Estonia
List of Brick Gothic buildings
References
^ Johannes Frey (1902). Die St. Johanniskirche zu Dorpat: ein interessantes Denkmal mittelalterlicher Baukunst (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
^ Tartu Jaani, tartu.ee, retrieved 28 December 2013
^ St Johns Church, Visit Estonia, retrieved 27 December 2013
^ Metz, M; et al. (2013). Pile Foundations Baltic Piling Days 2012. CRC Pr I Llc. p. 38. ISBN 0415643341.
^ "Konsa, Amalie - Eesti Entsüklopeedia". etbl.teatriliit.ee. Retrieved 2020-01-30.
External links
Media related to St. John's Church, Tartu at Wikimedia Commons
Church website (in English).
Remote view of the church from Emajõe Tower
St. John's Church in 1860 by Louis Höflinger
The church in 1794
Interior view
Altar
Entrance
vte Tartu landmarksBuildings and structures
Emajõe Business Centre
University main building
Raadi Manor
St. John's Church
St. Paul's Church
Supreme Court of Estonia
Tartu Cathedral
Tartu Old Observatory
Town Hall
Town Hall Square
Snail Tower (Tigutorn)
Uppsala House
Von Bock House
Precincts
City Centre
Supilinn
Karlova
Tammelinn
Nature and parks
Toomemägi
Botanical Garden
Emajõgi
Anne Canal
Raadi cemetery
Cultural institutions
Vanemuine
Estonian National Museum
Estonian Literary Museum
Estonian Sports and Olympic Museum
Tartu Art Museum
Tartu Toy Museum
Science and education
University of Tartu
Estonian Biocentre
Tartu Observatory
Baltic Defence College
Estonian Aviation Academy
Estonian University of Life Sciences (Estonian Institute of Zoology and Botany)
Estonian Military Academy
Pallas University of Applied Sciences
Sports
Tamme Stadium
Transportation
Tartu Airport
Railway station
Bus
Entertainment
AHHAA
Aura Center
Authority control databases International
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United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz place | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Brick Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Tartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"}],"text":"Church building in Tartu, EstoniaChurch in Tartu, EstoniaSt. John's Church, Tartu (Estonian: Jaani kirik, German: St. Johanniskirche zu Dorpat[1]) is a Brick Gothic Lutheran church, one of the landmarks of the city of Tartu, Estonia. 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The actress Amalie Konsa received her only schooling here.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"terracotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta"},{"link_name":"bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_bell"},{"link_name":"patron saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"St. Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul"}],"text":"The most outstanding feature of St. John's is its wealth of terracotta figurines surrounding the church's exterior. Originally, there were more than a thousand hand-made figurines, each different from the others; now, about 200 have survived. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mitford,_1st_Baron_Redesdale | John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale | ["1 Background","2 Career","3 Family","4 Arms","5 References","6 External links"] | British politician
"John Freeman-Mitford" redirects here. For other uses, see John Freeman-Mitford (disambiguation).
The Right HonourableThe Lord RedesdalePC KC FRSSir John Mitford by Sir Thomas LawrenceSpeaker of the House of Commonsof the United KingdomIn office11 February 1801 – 9 February 1802MonarchGeorge IIIPreceded byHenry AddingtonSucceeded byCharles AbbotLord High Chancellor of IrelandIn office1802–1806MonarchGeorge IIIPrime MinisterHenry AddingtonWilliam Pitt the YoungerPreceded byThe Earl of ClareSucceeded byGeorge Ponsonby
Personal detailsBornJohn Mitford(1748-08-18)18 August 1748London, EnglandDied16 January 1830(1830-01-16) (aged 81)Batsford Park, Gloucestershire, EnglandSpouse
Lady Frances Perceval
(m. 1803; died 1817)
John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale, PC, KC, FRS (18 August 1748 – 16 January 1830), known as Sir John Mitford between 1793 and 1802, was an English lawyer and politician. He was Speaker of the House of Commons between 1801 and 1802 and Lord Chancellor of Ireland between 1802 and 1806.
Background
Born in London, Mitford was the younger son of John Mitford (d. 1761) of Exbury, Hampshire,
and Philadelphia, daughter of Willey Reveley of Newton Underwood, Northumberland. The historian William Mitford was his elder brother. He was educated at Cheam School and studied law at the Inner Temple from 1772, being called to the bar in 1777.
Career
Having become a barrister of the Inner Temple in 1777, Mitford wrote A Treatise on the Pleadings in Suits in the Court of Chancery by English Bill, a work reprinted several times in England, Ireland, and America. He was made a King's Counsel in 1789.
In 1788, he became Member of Parliament for the borough of Bere Alston in Devon, and in 1791 he successfully introduced a bill for the relief of Roman Catholics, despite being himself a committed Anglican. In 1793 he succeeded Sir John Scott as Solicitor-General for England (receiving the customary knighthood at the same time), becoming Attorney General six years later, when he was returned to parliament as member for East Looe in Cornwall.
In 1794, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
In February 1801, Mitford was chosen Speaker of the House of Commons and sworn of the Privy Council. Exactly a year later, he was appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland and raised to the peerage as Baron Redesdale, of Redesdale in the County of Northumberland. Being an outspoken opponent of Catholic Emancipation, Redesdale was unpopular in Ireland. He had little support from his own colleagues: he was the subject of scurrilous attacks by "Juverna", who was later discovered to be a senior judge, Robert Johnson, who was convicted of seditious libel and forced to resign from the Bench as a result. In February 1806, Redesdale was dismissed on the formation of the Ministry of All the Talents.
Although Lord Redesdale declined to return to official life, he was an active member of the House of Lords on its political and its judicial sides. In 1813, he secured the passing of acts for the relief of insolvent debtors, and became an opponent of the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts and other popular measures of reform.
Family
Lord Redesdale married Lady Frances Perceval, daughter of John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont, and sister of Prime Minister Spencer Perceval, in 1803. He took the additional name of Freeman in 1809 by royal licence on succeeding to the estates of his relative Thomas Edwards-Freeman (the heir of a previous Lord Chancellor of Ireland,
Richard Freeman. Lady Redesdale died in August 1817. Lord Redesdale survived her by thirteen years and died at Batsford Park, near Moreton-in-the-Marsh, Gloucestershire, in January 1830, aged 81. He was succeeded in the barony by his only son, John, who was created Earl of Redesdale in 1877.
Arms
Coat of arms of John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale
Crest
1st: two Hands couped at the wrist proper grasping a Sword erect piercing a Boar's Head erased Sable (Mitford); 2nd: a Demi Wolf Argent charged on the shoulder with a Fess dancetty Gules and holding between the paws a Lozenge Or (Freeman)
Escutcheon
Quarterly: 1st and 4th, Argent a Fess between three Moles Sable (Mitford); 2nd and 3rd, Azure three Lozenges conjoined in fess Or a Canton Ermine (Freeman)
Supporters
On either side an Eagle wings expanded Sable beaked and membered Or charged on the breast with a Lozenge also Or and gorged with a wreath of Shamrock Vert
Motto
God Careth For Us
References
^ a b c d e f g h Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood (107 ed.). Burke's Peerage & Gentry. p. 3305. ISBN 0-9711966-2-1.
^ a b c d royalsociety.org Freeman-Mitford; John (1748–1830); 1st Baron Redesdale
^ "MITFORD, John (1748-1830), of Lincoln's Inn, London". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
^ a b c d
Greer, D. S. (2004). "Mitford, John Freeman-, first Baron Redesdale (1748–1830)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18857. Retrieved 20 March 2013. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "No. 13115". The London Gazette. 18 July 1789. p. 501.
^ "leighrayment.com House of Commons: Bedford to Berwick upon Tweed". Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "No. 13502". The London Gazette. 12 February 1793. p. 127.
^ "leighrayment.com House of Commons: Ealing to Elgin". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Fellows Details". Royal Society. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
^ "No. 15338". The London Gazette. 17 February 1801. p. 201.
^ a b "No. 15452". The London Gazette. 9 February 1802. p. 140.
^ "No. 16224". The London Gazette. 28 January 1809. p. 131.
^ Anon (n.d.). "Redesdale, Baron (UK, 1902)". Cracroft's Peerage. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Redesdale, John Freeman-Mitford, Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 968.
External links
Media related to John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale at Wikimedia Commons
Parliament of Great Britain
Preceded byViscount FeildingCharles Rainsford
Member of Parliament for Bere Alstonwith Viscount Feilding 1788–1790Sir George Beaumont, Bt 1790–1796William Mitford 1796–1799 1788–1799
Succeeded byWilliam MitfordLord Lovaine
Preceded byWilliam Frederick BullerJohn Smith
Member of Parliament for East Looewith William Frederick Buller 1799–1801
Succeeded byParliament of the United Kingdom
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byParliament of Great Britain
Member of Parliament for East Looewith William Frederick Buller 1801–1802
Succeeded byWilliam Frederick BullerJames Buller
Legal offices
Preceded byJohn Scott
Chancellor of Durham 1788–1791
Succeeded bySir Thomas Manners-Sutton
Solicitor General 1793–1799
Succeeded bySir William Grant
Attorney General 1799–1801
Succeeded bySir Edward Law
Political offices
Preceded byHenry Addington
Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom 1801–1802
Succeeded byCharles Abbot
Preceded byThe Earl of Clare
Lord High Chancellor of Ireland 1802–1806
Succeeded byGeorge Ponsonby
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation
Baron Redesdale 1802–1830
Succeeded byJohn Freeman-Mitford
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Freeman-Mitford (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Freeman-Mitford_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"KC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland"}],"text":"\"John Freeman-Mitford\" redirects here. For other uses, see John Freeman-Mitford (disambiguation).John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale, PC, KC, FRS (18 August 1748 – 16 January 1830), known as Sir John Mitford between 1793 and 1802, was an English lawyer and politician. He was Speaker of the House of Commons between 1801 and 1802 and Lord Chancellor of Ireland between 1802 and 1806.","title":"John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exbury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-2"},{"link_name":"William Mitford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mitford"},{"link_name":"Cheam School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheam_School"},{"link_name":"Inner Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple"},{"link_name":"called to the bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_to_the_bar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Born in London, Mitford was the younger son of John Mitford (d. 1761) of Exbury, Hampshire,[1]\n[2] and Philadelphia, daughter of Willey Reveley of Newton Underwood, Northumberland.[2] The historian William Mitford was his elder brother. He was educated at Cheam School and studied law at the Inner Temple from 1772, being called to the bar in 1777.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inner Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-2"},{"link_name":"Court of Chancery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Chancery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-4"},{"link_name":"King's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_and_pocket_boroughs"},{"link_name":"Bere Alston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bere_Alston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-4"},{"link_name":"John Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott,_1st_Earl_of_Eldon"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_for_England"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"knighthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-1"},{"link_name":"East Looe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Looe_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-1"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette-11"},{"link_name":"Catholic Emancipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation"},{"link_name":"Robert Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(1745-1833)"},{"link_name":"seditious libel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seditious_libel"},{"link_name":"Ministry of All the Talents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_All_the_Talents"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-4"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-4"}],"text":"Having become a barrister of the Inner Temple in 1777,[2] Mitford wrote A Treatise on the Pleadings in Suits in the Court of Chancery by English Bill, a work reprinted several times in England, Ireland, and America.[4] He was made a King's Counsel in 1789.[5]In 1788, he became Member of Parliament for the borough of Bere Alston in Devon,[1][6] and in 1791 he successfully introduced a bill for the relief of Roman Catholics, despite being himself a committed Anglican.[4] In 1793 he succeeded Sir John Scott as Solicitor-General for England[7] (receiving the customary knighthood at the same time), becoming Attorney General six years later,[1] when he was returned to parliament as member for East Looe in Cornwall.[1][8]In 1794, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.[9]In February 1801, Mitford was chosen Speaker of the House of Commons[1] and sworn of the Privy Council.[10] Exactly a year later, he was appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland[11] and raised to the peerage as Baron Redesdale, of Redesdale in the County of Northumberland.[11] Being an outspoken opponent of Catholic Emancipation, Redesdale was unpopular in Ireland. He had little support from his own colleagues: he was the subject of scurrilous attacks by \"Juverna\", who was later discovered to be a senior judge, Robert Johnson, who was convicted of seditious libel and forced to resign from the Bench as a result. In February 1806, Redesdale was dismissed on the formation of the Ministry of All the Talents.[4]Although Lord Redesdale declined to return to official life, he was an active member of the House of Lords on its political and its judicial sides. In 1813, he secured the passing of acts for the relief of insolvent debtors, and became an opponent of the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts and other popular measures of reform.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Perceval,_2nd_Earl_of_Egmont"},{"link_name":"Spencer Perceval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Perceval"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edwards-Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edwards-Freeman"},{"link_name":"Richard Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Freeman_(Irish_judge)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-1"},{"link_name":"Batsford Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsford_Park"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-2"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Freeman-Mitford,_1st_Earl_of_Redesdale"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-1"}],"text":"Lord Redesdale married Lady Frances Perceval, daughter of John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont, and sister of Prime Minister Spencer Perceval, in 1803.[1] He took the additional name of Freeman in 1809 by royal licence on succeeding to the estates of his relative Thomas Edwards-Freeman (the heir of a previous Lord Chancellor of Ireland,\nRichard Freeman.[12] Lady Redesdale died in August 1817.[1] Lord Redesdale survived her by thirteen years and died at Batsford Park, near Moreton-in-the-Marsh, Gloucestershire,[2] in January 1830, aged 81. He was succeeded in the barony by his only son, John, who was created Earl of Redesdale in 1877.[1]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arms"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Redesdale_Escutcheon.png/200px-Redesdale_Escutcheon.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood (107 ed.). Burke's Peerage & Gentry. p. 3305. 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Retrieved 20 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18857","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F18857","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/18857"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 13115\". The London Gazette. 18 July 1789. p. 501.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13115/page/501","url_text":"\"No. 13115\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"leighrayment.com House of Commons: Bedford to Berwick upon Tweed\". Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 968.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Redesdale,_John_Freeman-Mitford,_Baron","url_text":"Redesdale, John Freeman-Mitford, Baron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27Redesdale%27%29","external_links_name":"royalsociety.org Freeman-Mitford; John (1748–1830); 1st Baron Redesdale"},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/mitford-john-1748-1830","external_links_name":"\"MITFORD, John (1748-1830), of Lincoln's Inn, London\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18857","external_links_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F18857","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/18857"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13115/page/501","external_links_name":"\"No. 13115\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181015041700/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Bcommons2.htm","external_links_name":"\"leighrayment.com House of Commons: Bedford to Berwick upon Tweed\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13502/page/127","external_links_name":"\"No. 13502\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190716/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Ecommons1.htm","external_links_name":"\"leighrayment.com House of Commons: Ealing to Elgin\""},{"Link":"https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Persons&dsqSearch=Code==%27NA2891%27&dsqCmd=Show.tcl","external_links_name":"\"Fellows Details\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15338/page/201","external_links_name":"\"No. 15338\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15452/page/140","external_links_name":"\"No. 15452\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16224/page/131","external_links_name":"\"No. 16224\""},{"Link":"http://cracroftspeerage.co.uk/redesdale1902.htm","external_links_name":"\"Redesdale, Baron (UK, 1902)\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/116856/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000063002047","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/33376589","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1055332707","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007317391605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14113382","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83159527","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35910520","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record149992","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p134975022","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/223354","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.005842.v1","external_links_name":"Ireland"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1141997","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rj5pbt","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kanawha_County,_West_Virginia | National Register of Historic Places listings in Kanawha County, West Virginia | [] | Location of Kanawha County in West Virginia
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Kanawha County, West Virginia.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Kanawha County, West Virginia, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.
There are 88 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 9, 2024.
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
Contents: Counties in West Virginia
Barbour -
Berkeley -
Boone -
Braxton -
Brooke -
Cabell -
Calhoun -
Clay -
Doddridge -
Fayette -
Gilmer -
Grant -
Greenbrier -
Hampshire -
Hancock -
Hardy -
Harrison -
Jackson -
Jefferson -
Kanawha -
Lewis -
Lincoln -
Logan -
Marion -
Marshall -
Mason -
McDowell -
Mercer -
Mineral -
Mingo -
Monongalia -
Monroe -
Morgan -
Nicholas -
Ohio -
Pendleton -
Pleasants -
Pocahontas -
Preston -
Putnam -
Raleigh -
Randolph -
Ritchie -
Roane -
Summers -
Taylor -
Tucker -
Tyler -
Upshur -
Wayne -
Webster -
Wetzel -
Wirt -
Wood -
Wyoming
Current listings
Name on the Register
Image
Date listed
Location
City or town
Description
1
African Zion Baptist Church
African Zion Baptist Church More images
December 27, 1974(#74002010)
4104 Malden Dr. 38°17′58″N 81°33′26″W / 38.2994°N 81.5572°W / 38.2994; -81.5572 (African Zion Baptist Church)
Malden
2
Bank of St. Albans Building
Bank of St. Albans Building
February 1, 1988(#87002518)
80 Olde Main Plaza 38°23′11″N 81°50′21″W / 38.3864°N 81.8392°W / 38.3864; -81.8392 (Bank of St. Albans Building)
St. Albans
3
Barnes-Wellford House
Barnes-Wellford House
October 26, 1984(#84000390)
66 Abney Circle 38°20′18″N 81°38′28″W / 38.3383°N 81.6411°W / 38.3383; -81.6411 (Barnes-Wellford House)
Charleston
4
The Beeches
The Beeches
April 20, 1979(#79002586)
805 Kanawha Ter. 38°22′55″N 81°49′49″W / 38.3819°N 81.8303°W / 38.3819; -81.8303 (The Beeches)
St. Albans
5
Bird Haven
Bird Haven
October 26, 1984(#84000393)
733 Myrtle Rd. 38°20′12″N 81°38′35″W / 38.3367°N 81.6431°W / 38.3367; -81.6431 (Bird Haven)
Charleston
6
Daniel Boone Hotel
Daniel Boone Hotel
August 21, 1984(#84003602)
405 Capitol St. 38°21′05″N 81°37′56″W / 38.3514°N 81.6322°W / 38.3514; -81.6322 (Daniel Boone Hotel)
Charleston
7
Bougemont Complex
Bougemont Complex
October 26, 1984(#84000395)
Bougemont Dr. 38°20′25″N 81°38′03″W / 38.3403°N 81.6342°W / 38.3403; -81.6342 (Bougemont Complex)
Charleston
8
Breezemont
Breezemont
April 15, 1982(#82004324)
915 Breezemont Dr. 38°21′48″N 81°38′16″W / 38.3633°N 81.6378°W / 38.3633; -81.6378 (Breezemont)
Charleston
9
Briarwood
Briarwood
October 26, 1984(#84000396)
1240 Staunton Rd. 38°20′13″N 81°38′07″W / 38.3369°N 81.6353°W / 38.3369; -81.6353 (Briarwood)
Charleston
10
Canty House
Canty House More images
September 23, 1988(#88001587)
WV 25 38°22′57″N 81°45′48″W / 38.3825°N 81.7633°W / 38.3825; -81.7633 (Canty House)
Institute
11
Cedar Grove
Cedar Grove
March 10, 1975(#75001893)
Southeast of the junction of U.S. Route 60 and Kanawha and James River Turnpike 38°13′17″N 81°25′41″W / 38.2214°N 81.4281°W / 38.2214; -81.4281 (Cedar Grove)
Cedar Grove
12
Charleston Baptist Temple
Charleston Baptist Temple More images
April 4, 2000(#00000252)
209 Morris St. 38°20′43″N 81°37′44″W / 38.3453°N 81.6289°W / 38.3453; -81.6289 (Charleston Baptist Temple)
Charleston
13
Charleston City Hall
Charleston City Hall
June 6, 1988(#88000639)
Court and Virginia Sts. 38°21′02″N 81°38′20″W / 38.3506°N 81.6389°W / 38.3506; -81.6389 (Charleston City Hall)
Charleston
14
Charleston Municipal Auditorium
Charleston Municipal Auditorium More images
November 22, 1999(#99001398)
224-232 Virginia St. E. 38°21′10″N 81°38′24″W / 38.3528°N 81.64°W / 38.3528; -81.64 (Charleston Municipal Auditorium)
Charleston
15
Charmco Building
Charmco Building
November 30, 2020(#100005828)
606 Morris St. 38°20′55″N 81°37′27″W / 38.3486°N 81.6243°W / 38.3486; -81.6243 (Charmco Building)
Charleston
16
Chesapeake and Ohio Depot
Chesapeake and Ohio Depot More images
October 26, 1984(#84000782)
305 MacCorkle Ave. 38°20′47″N 81°38′18″W / 38.3464°N 81.6383°W / 38.3464; -81.6383 (Chesapeake and Ohio Depot)
Charleston
17
Chilton House
Chilton House
April 29, 1977(#77001376)
Off U.S. Route 60 38°23′13″N 81°50′24″W / 38.3869°N 81.84°W / 38.3869; -81.84 (Chilton House)
St. Albans
18
W.E. Chilton II House
W.E. Chilton II House
October 26, 1984(#84000397)
1266 Louden Heights Rd. 38°19′57″N 81°38′40″W / 38.3325°N 81.6444°W / 38.3325; -81.6444 (W.E. Chilton II House)
Charleston
19
Clendenin Historic District
Clendenin Historic District
May 2, 1996(#96000442)
Roughly bounded by First Ave. and Kanawha Ave. between 5th St. and French St. 38°29′22″N 81°20′51″W / 38.4894°N 81.3475°W / 38.4894; -81.3475 (Clendenin Historic District)
Clendenin
20
Coal River Locks, Dams, and Log Booms Archeological District
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November 24, 1997(#97001417)
Address Restricted
Alum Creek
21
Cox-Morton House
Cox-Morton House
October 26, 1984(#84000399)
640 Holley Rd. 38°20′51″N 81°38′41″W / 38.3475°N 81.6447°W / 38.3475; -81.6447 (Cox-Morton House)
Charleston
22
Cox-Parks House
Cox-Parks House
October 26, 1984(#84000400)
710 Myrtle Rd. 38°20′47″N 81°38′43″W / 38.346389°N 81.645278°W / 38.346389; -81.645278 (Cox-Parks House)
Charleston
23
Craik-Patton House
Craik-Patton House More images
August 12, 1970(#75001894)
U.S. Route 60 in Daniel Boone Roadside Park 38°19′54″N 81°35′10″W / 38.331667°N 81.586111°W / 38.331667; -81.586111 (Craik-Patton House)
Charleston
24
Crawford-Gardner House
Crawford-Gardner House
October 26, 1984(#84000401)
743 Myrtle Rd. 38°20′43″N 81°38′34″W / 38.345278°N 81.642778°W / 38.345278; -81.642778 (Crawford-Gardner House)
Charleston
25
Dalgain
Dalgain
October 26, 1984(#84000404)
1223 Staunton Rd. 38°20′18″N 81°38′15″W / 38.338333°N 81.6375°W / 38.338333; -81.6375 (Dalgain)
Charleston
26
Danner-Fletcher House
Danner-Fletcher House
October 26, 1984(#84000405)
626 Holley Rd. 38°20′52″N 81°38′46″W / 38.347778°N 81.646111°W / 38.347778; -81.646111 (Danner-Fletcher House)
Charleston
27
Downtown Charleston Historic District
Downtown Charleston Historic District More images
March 24, 2006(#06000166)
Roughly bounded by Washington St. E, Leon Sullivan Way, Kanawha Blvd., and Summers St. 38°21′02″N 81°38′03″W / 38.350556°N 81.634167°W / 38.350556; -81.634167 (Downtown Charleston Historic District)
Charleston
28
Dutch Hollow Wine Cellars
Dutch Hollow Wine Cellars More images
December 18, 1970(#70000654)
Dutch Hollow Rd. 38°22′20″N 81°44′24″W / 38.372222°N 81.74°W / 38.372222; -81.74 (Dutch Hollow Wine Cellars)
Dunbar
29
East End Historic District
East End Historic District
April 20, 1978(#78002800)
Roughly bounded by the Kanawha River, Bradford, Quarrier, and Greenbrier Sts.; also roughly bounded by Dixie, Greenbrier, and Lee Sts., and East and Shelton Alleys 38°20′16″N 81°36′53″W / 38.337778°N 81.614722°W / 38.337778; -81.614722 (East End Historic District)
Charleston
Second set of addresses represent a boundary increase of December 16, 2014
30
East Hall
East Hall
September 26, 1988(#88001585)
West Quadrangle, West Virginia State University 38°22′44″N 81°46′07″W / 38.378889°N 81.768611°W / 38.378889; -81.768611 (East Hall)
Institute
31
Ebenezer Chapel
Ebenezer Chapel More images
December 16, 1974(#74002011)
Ohio Ave. S. at Hillview Dr. 38°14′30″N 81°33′59″W / 38.241667°N 81.566389°W / 38.241667; -81.566389 (Ebenezer Chapel)
Marmet
32
Edgewood Historic District
Edgewood Historic District
November 9, 1989(#89001800)
Roughly bounded by Edgewood Dr., Highland, Beech, Chester, and Lower Chester 38°22′03″N 81°38′42″W / 38.3675°N 81.645°W / 38.3675; -81.645 (Edgewood Historic District)
Charleston
33
William H. & William S. Edwards House
Upload image
May 11, 1990(#90000713)
WV 61 northeast of Cabin Creek 38°12′13″N 81°27′56″W / 38.203611°N 81.465556°W / 38.203611; -81.465556 (William H. & William S. Edwards House)
Coalburg
34
Five Corners Historic District
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March 8, 2022(#100007165)
Virginia St. West, Central Ave., 6th St., Elm St., Delaware Ave. 38°21′43″N 81°38′56″W / 38.3619°N 81.6489°W / 38.3619; -81.6489 (Five Corners Historic District)
Charleston
35
Fort Scammon
Fort Scammon
March 26, 1976(#76001939)
Atop Fort Hill 38°21′07″N 81°39′18″W / 38.351944°N 81.655000°W / 38.351944; -81.655000 (Fort Scammon)
Charleston
36
Garnet High School
Garnet High School More images
July 24, 1990(#90001068)
422 Dickinson St. 38°21′04″N 81°37′48″W / 38.351111°N 81.63°W / 38.351111; -81.63 (Garnet High School)
Charleston
37
William S. Gilliland Log Cabin and Cemetery
William S. Gilliland Log Cabin and Cemetery
October 26, 1984(#84000407)
Louden Heights and Bridge Rd. 38°19′47″N 81°38′48″W / 38.329722°N 81.646667°W / 38.329722; -81.646667 (William S. Gilliland Log Cabin and Cemetery)
Charleston
Demolished in 2016 "Deteriorated 1840s WV log cabins coming down"
38
Elizabeth Harden Gilmore House
Elizabeth Harden Gilmore House
September 17, 1988(#88001462)
514 Broad St. (now Leon Sullivan Way) 38°21′03″N 81°37′39″W / 38.350833°N 81.6275°W / 38.350833; -81.6275 (Elizabeth Harden Gilmore House)
Charleston
39
Good Shepherd Church
Good Shepherd Church
April 26, 1990(#90000712)
WV 61 southwest of East Bank 38°12′37″N 81°27′22″W / 38.210278°N 81.456111°W / 38.210278; -81.456111 (Good Shepherd Church)
Coalburg
40
Grosscup Road Historic District
Grosscup Road Historic District
January 26, 1984(#84003607)
Grosscup, Roscommon, Roller, and Bridge Rds. 38°20′35″N 81°38′15″W / 38.343056°N 81.6375°W / 38.343056; -81.6375 (Grosscup Road Historic District)
Charleston
41
Felix G. Hansford House
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January 12, 1984(#84003611)
Centre and 14th Sts. 38°12′20″N 81°23′39″W / 38.205556°N 81.394167°W / 38.205556; -81.394167 (Felix G. Hansford House)
Hansford
42
John Harriman House
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December 15, 1978(#78002803)
2233 3rd Ave. 38°12′59″N 81°26′27″W / 38.216389°N 81.440833°W / 38.216389; -81.440833 (John Harriman House)
East Bank
43
Holly Grove Mansion
Holly Grove Mansion
August 28, 1974(#74002007)
1710 E. Kanawha Blvd. 38°20′10″N 81°36′54″W / 38.336111°N 81.615°W / 38.336111; -81.615 (Holly Grove Mansion)
Charleston
44
Kanawha County Courthouse
Kanawha County Courthouse More images
September 6, 1978(#78002801)
Virginia and Court Sts. 38°21′03″N 81°38′22″W / 38.350833°N 81.639444°W / 38.350833; -81.639444 (Kanawha County Courthouse)
Charleston
45
Kanawha State Forest Historic District
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March 25, 1993(#93000228)
County Route 42/43 2.6 miles (4.2 km) south of Charleston 38°15′56″N 81°43′37″W / 38.265556°N 81.726944°W / 38.265556; -81.726944 (Kanawha State Forest Historic District)
Loudendale
46
Kearse Theater
Kearse Theater
November 28, 1980(#80004026)
161, 165, and 167 Summers St. 38°21′04″N 81°38′07″W / 38.351111°N 81.635278°W / 38.351111; -81.635278 (Kearse Theater)
Charleston
Demolished in 1982.
47
Laidley-Summers-Quarrier House
Laidley-Summers-Quarrier House More images
December 13, 1978(#78002802)
800 Orchard St. 38°22′06″N 81°39′02″W / 38.368333°N 81.650556°W / 38.368333; -81.650556 (Laidley-Summers-Quarrier House)
Charleston
48
Mattie V. Lee Home
Mattie V. Lee Home
June 16, 1992(#92000303)
810 Donnally St. 38°21′06″N 81°37′51″W / 38.351667°N 81.630833°W / 38.351667; -81.630833 (Mattie V. Lee Home)
Charleston
49
Little Brick Church
Little Brick Church More images
December 16, 1974(#74002006)
0.75 miles (1.21 km) east of Kelley's Creek on U.S. Route 60 38°13′03″N 81°25′34″W / 38.2175°N 81.426111°W / 38.2175; -81.426111 (Little Brick Church)
Cedar Grove
50
Littlepage Stone Mansion
Littlepage Stone Mansion
September 2, 1982(#82004325)
1809 W. Washington St. 38°22′34″N 81°39′58″W / 38.376111°N 81.666111°W / 38.376111; -81.666111 (Littlepage Stone Mansion)
Charleston
51
Loewenstein and Sons Hardware Building
Loewenstein and Sons Hardware Building
November 1, 1985(#85003475)
223-225 Capitol St. 38°21′02″N 81°38′05″W / 38.3506°N 81.6347°W / 38.3506; -81.6347 (Loewenstein and Sons Hardware Building)
Charleston
52
Luna Park Historic District
Luna Park Historic District
April 3, 2012(#12000181)
Roughly bounded by Main St., Glenwood Ave., Delaware Ave., & Kanawha Blvd. W. 38°21′41″N 81°39′11″W / 38.3615°N 81.6530°W / 38.3615; -81.6530 (Luna Park Historic District)
Charleston
53
MacFarland House
MacFarland House
December 10, 1979(#79002585)
1310 Kanawha Boulevard 38°20′35″N 81°37′49″W / 38.3431°N 81.6303°W / 38.3431; -81.6303 (MacFarland House)
Charleston
54
Malden Historic District
Malden Historic District
July 18, 1980(#80004028)
Roughly bounded by railroad tracks, the Kanawha River, Georges Dr., and U.S. Route 60 38°17′49″N 81°33′35″W / 38.2969°N 81.5597°W / 38.2969; -81.5597 (Malden Historic District)
Malden
55
Maple Terrace Court and Walton Apartments
Maple Terrace Court and Walton Apartments
August 22, 2002(#02000885)
Maple Terrace Court 38°20′42″N 81°37′39″W / 38.345°N 81.6275°W / 38.345; -81.6275 (Maple Terrace Court and Walton Apartments)
Charleston
56
McAndrews-Gallaher House
McAndrews-Gallaher House
October 26, 1984(#84000409)
601 Briarwood Rd. 38°20′46″N 81°38′52″W / 38.3461°N 81.6478°W / 38.3461; -81.6478 (McAndrews-Gallaher House)
Charleston
57
William E. Mohler House
William E. Mohler House
February 10, 1983(#83003242)
819 Pennsylvania Ave. 38°23′07″N 81°50′12″W / 38.3853°N 81.8367°W / 38.3853; -81.8367 (William E. Mohler House)
St. Albans
58
Plaza Theatre
Plaza Theatre
October 30, 1985(#85003408)
123 Summers St. 38°21′00″N 81°38′08″W / 38.35°N 81.6356°W / 38.35; -81.6356 (Plaza Theatre)
Charleston
59
Pratt Historic District
Pratt Historic District
January 12, 1984(#84003615)
Roughly bounded by Ferry St., the Kanawha River, and Charles and Pratt Aves., including the cemetery 38°12′32″N 81°22′52″W / 38.2089°N 81.3811°W / 38.2089; -81.3811 (Pratt Historic District)
Pratt
60
St. Albans Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Depot
St. Albans Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Depot
July 9, 1997(#97000785)
410 4th Ave. 38°23′16″N 81°49′57″W / 38.3878°N 81.8325°W / 38.3878; -81.8325 (St. Albans Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Depot)
St. Albans
61
St. Albans Main Street Historic District
St. Albans Main Street Historic District
November 2, 2000(#00001315)
Roughly bounded by Main St. between Second St. and B St. 38°23′11″N 81°50′13″W / 38.3864°N 81.8369°W / 38.3864; -81.8369 (St. Albans Main Street Historic District)
St. Albans
62
St. Albans Post Office
St. Albans Post Office
November 4, 1994(#94001285)
202 Sixth Ave. 38°23′11″N 81°50′09″W / 38.3864°N 81.8358°W / 38.3864; -81.8358 (St. Albans Post Office)
St. Albans
63
St. Albans Railroad Industry Historic District
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March 10, 2021(#100005412)
4th and 5th Aves., 2nd - 6th Sts. 38°23′15″N 81°50′00″W / 38.3874°N 81.8332°W / 38.3874; -81.8332 (St. Albans Railroad Industry Historic District)
St. Albans
64
St. Albans Site
St. Albans Site
May 3, 1974(#74002012)
U.S. Route 60 along the Kanawha River 38°23′09″N 81°48′29″W / 38.3858°N 81.8081°W / 38.3858; -81.8081 (St. Albans Site)
St. Albans
65
St. John's Episcopal Church
St. John's Episcopal Church More images
November 2, 1989(#89001782)
11105 Quarrier St. 38°20′49″N 81°37′56″W / 38.3469°N 81.6322°W / 38.3469; -81.6322 (St. John's Episcopal Church)
Charleston
66
St. Mark's Episcopal Church
St. Mark's Episcopal Church
November 7, 1977(#77001377)
405-407 B St. 38°23′18″N 81°50′19″W / 38.3883°N 81.8386°W / 38.3883; -81.8386 (St. Mark's Episcopal Church)
St. Albans
67
St. Paul Baptist Church
St. Paul Baptist Church
April 13, 1998(#98000285)
821 B St. 38°23′04″N 81°50′20″W / 38.3844°N 81.8389°W / 38.3844; -81.8389 (St. Paul Baptist Church)
St. Albans
68
Samuel Shrewsbury, Sr. House
Samuel Shrewsbury, Sr. House
November 2, 1978(#78002799)
310 Stubb Dr. 38°14′15″N 81°32′39″W / 38.2375°N 81.5442°W / 38.2375; -81.5442 (Samuel Shrewsbury, Sr. House)
Belle
69
Simpson Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church
Simpson Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church
August 5, 1991(#91001011)
607 Shrewsbury St. 38°21′06″N 81°37′44″W / 38.3517°N 81.6289°W / 38.3517; -81.6289 (Simpson Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church)
Charleston
70
Smith-Giltinan House
Smith-Giltinan House
March 20, 2002(#02000253)
1223 Virginia St., E. 38°20′39″N 81°37′51″W / 38.3442°N 81.6308°W / 38.3442; -81.6308 (Smith-Giltinan House)
Charleston
71
South Charleston Mound
South Charleston Mound More images
October 15, 1970(#70000655)
U.S. Route 60, in city park 38°22′07″N 81°41′48″W / 38.3686°N 81.6967°W / 38.3686; -81.6967 (South Charleston Mound)
South Charleston
72
Spring Hill Cemetery Historic District
Spring Hill Cemetery Historic District
October 18, 1985(#85003360)
1554 Farnsworth Dr. 38°21′11″N 81°36′57″W / 38.3531°N 81.6158°W / 38.3531; -81.6158 (Spring Hill Cemetery Historic District)
Charleston
73
Samuel Starks House
Samuel Starks House
February 1, 1988(#87002526)
413 Shrewsbury St. 38°21′02″N 81°37′50″W / 38.3506°N 81.6306°W / 38.3506; -81.6306 (Samuel Starks House)
Charleston
74
Sterrett Brothers' Dry Goods Store
Sterrett Brothers' Dry Goods Store
November 29, 2001(#01001329)
112 Capitol St. 38°20′58″N 81°38′08″W / 38.3494°N 81.6356°W / 38.3494; -81.6356 (Sterrett Brothers' Dry Goods Store)
Charleston
75
Stoneleigh
Stoneleigh
October 26, 1984(#84000411)
909 Ridgeway Rd. 38°20′17″N 81°38′19″W / 38.3381°N 81.6386°W / 38.3381; -81.6386 (Stoneleigh)
Charleston
76
Summers House
Summers House
November 24, 2015(#15000841)
805 Loudon Heights Rd. 38°20′25″N 81°38′14″W / 38.3403°N 81.6372°W / 38.3403; -81.6372 (Summers House)
Charleston
77
Sunrise
Sunrise More images
July 24, 1974(#74002008)
746 Myrtle Rd. 38°20′44″N 81°38′29″W / 38.3456°N 81.6414°W / 38.3456; -81.6414 (Sunrise)
Charleston
78
Thomas-McJunkin-Love House
Thomas-McJunkin-Love House
October 26, 1984(#84000413)
920 Newton Rd. 38°20′26″N 81°38′23″W / 38.3406°N 81.6397°W / 38.3406; -81.6397 (Thomas-McJunkin-Love House)
Charleston
79
Tiskelwah School
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April 5, 2023(#100008821)
600 Florida St. 38°22′08″N 81°39′32″W / 38.3688°N 81.6588°W / 38.3688; -81.6588 (Tiskelwah School)
Charleston
80
United Carbon Building
United Carbon Building More images
July 15, 1994(#94000720)
1018 Kanawha Blvd., E. 38°20′46″N 81°38′04″W / 38.3461°N 81.6344°W / 38.3461; -81.6344 (United Carbon Building)
Charleston
81
Booker T. Washington High School
Booker T. Washington High School
December 3, 1999(#99001399)
Wyatt St. off U.S. Route 60 38°12′04″N 81°22′17″W / 38.2011°N 81.3714°W / 38.2011; -81.3714 (Booker T. Washington High School)
London
82
James Weimer House
James Weimer House
April 14, 2004(#04000309)
411 8th Ave. 38°23′03″N 81°50′03″W / 38.3842°N 81.8342°W / 38.3842; -81.8342 (James Weimer House)
St. Albans
83
West Virginia Capitol Complex
West Virginia Capitol Complex More images
December 31, 1974(#74002009)
Along Kanawha Boulevard, E. 38°20′11″N 81°36′44″W / 38.3364°N 81.6122°W / 38.3364; -81.6122 (West Virginia Capitol Complex)
Charleston
The West Virginia Capitol Complex consists of two primary sites, the West Virginia State Capitol and West Virginia Governor's Mansion.
84
West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf & Blind
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March 31, 2021(#100004950)
Barron Dr. 38°22′51″N 81°46′04″W / 38.3808°N 81.7679°W / 38.3808; -81.7679 (West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf & Blind)
Institute
85
West Virginia State University Faculty House Historic District
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April 19, 2021(#100006395)
Faculty and Staff Cir. 38°22′38″N 81°46′10″W / 38.3773°N 81.7695°W / 38.3773; -81.7695 (West Virginia State University Faculty House Historic District)
Institute
86
Col. Henry Hewitt Wood House
Col. Henry Hewitt Wood House
November 28, 1980(#80004027)
6560 Roosevelt Ave., SE. 38°18′00″N 81°33′46″W / 38.3°N 81.5628°W / 38.3; -81.5628 (Col. Henry Hewitt Wood House)
Charleston
87
Woodrums' Building
Woodrums' Building
April 18, 1996(#96000439)
602 E. Virginia St. 38°21′01″N 81°38′15″W / 38.3503°N 81.6375°W / 38.3503; -81.6375 (Woodrums' Building)
Charleston
88
Young-Noyes House
Young-Noyes House
April 25, 1991(#91000446)
2122 Kanawha Ave. 38°20′02″N 81°37′05″W / 38.333889°N 81.618056°W / 38.333889; -81.618056 (Young-Noyes House)
Charleston
Former listing
Name on the Register
Image
Date listedDate removed
Location
City or town
Description
1
Mother Jones Prison
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April 27, 1992(#92001876)September 22, 1997
305 Center Street 38°12′38″N 81°23′01″W / 38.2106°N 81.3837°W / 38.2106; -81.3837 (Mother Jones Prison)
Pratt
Added on April 27, 1992 as National Historic Landmark, delisted in 1997 after demolition in 1996. Included in Pratt Historic District.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Register of Historic Places in Kanawha County, West Virginia.
List of National Historic Landmarks in West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places listings in West Virginia
References
^ The latitude and longitude information provided in this table was derived originally from the National Register Information System, which has been found to be fairly accurate for about 99% of listings. Some locations in this table may have been corrected to current GPS standards.
^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 9, 2024.
^ a b Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects.
^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number.
^ Cook, Roy Bird. "The Civil War Comes to Charleston", West Virginia History 23.2 (1962): 153-167.
^ Broyles, Bettye J., and James E. Harding. National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: St. Albans Site. National Park Service, 1974-02-07, 2.
^ "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form" (PDF). West Virginia Capitol Complex. State of West Virginia, West Virginia Division of Culture and History, Historic Preservation. 2009-04-04.
vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in West VirginiaTopics
Contributing property
Keeper of the Register
Historic district
History of the National Register of Historic Places
National Park Service
Property types
Lists bycounty
Barbour
Berkeley
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabell
Calhoun
Clay
Doddridge
Fayette
Gilmer
Grant
Greenbrier
Hampshire
Hancock
Hardy
Harrison
Jackson
Jefferson
Kanawha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
Marion
Marshall
Mason
McDowell
Mercer
Mineral
Mingo
Monongalia
Monroe
Morgan
Nicholas
Ohio
Pendleton
Pleasants
Pocahontas
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Ritchie
Roane
Summers
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
Upshur
Wayne
Webster
Wetzel
Wirt
Wood
Wyoming
Other lists
Bridges
National Historic Landmarks
Category:National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
Portal:National Register of Historic Places
vteMunicipalities and communities of Kanawha County, West Virginia, United StatesCounty seat: CharlestonCities
Charleston
Dunbar
Marmet
Montgomery‡
Nitro‡
St. Albans
Smithers‡
South Charleston
Kanawha County mapTowns
Belle
Cedar Grove
Chesapeake
Clendenin
East Bank
Glasgow
Handley
Pratt
CDPs
Alum Creek‡
Big Chimney
Chelyan
Coal Fork
Cross Lanes
Dupont City
Elkview
Eskdale
Hansford
Hollygrove
Institute
Jefferson
Malden
Pinch
Rand
Shrewsbury
Sissonville
Tornado
West Dunbar
Othercommunities
Aarons
Acme
Acup
Amandaville
Amelia
Annfred
Apgah
Barren Creek
Blackhawk
Blakeley
Blount
Blue Creek
Blundon
Bream
Brounland
Burnwell
Cabin Creek
Carbon
Carney
Cinco
Coalburg
Coalridge
Coco
Copenhaver
Corton
Crede
Crown Hill
Davis Creek
Dawes
Decota
Dial
Diamond
Dickinson
Donwood‡
Dry Branch
Dungriff
East Nitro
East Side
Edgewood
Elk
Elk Forest
Elk Hills
Emmons‡
Etowah
Falling Rock
Ferrell
Fivemile
Forest Hills
Forks of Coal
Fort Hill
Frame
Fuquay
Gallagher
Gazil
Giles
Green Valley
Greencastle
Grippe
Guthrie
Heatherman
Hernshaw
Hicumbottom
Highlawn
Hillsdale
Hitop
Holly
Hollyhurst
Hugheston
Indian
Island Branch
Ivydale
Jarrett
Jarretts Ford
Joplin
Kayford
Kelly Hill
Kendalia
Laing
Leewood
Legg
Lico
Lincoln
Livingston
London
Loudendale
Lower Belle
Lower Falls
Mammoth
Meadowbrook
Miami
Milliken
Mink Shoals
Monarch
Mound
Notomine
Nuckolls
Ohley
Olcott
Pentacre
Pocatalico
Pond Gap
Port Amherst
Putney
Quarrier
Quick
Reamer
Red Warrior
Rensford
Republic
River Bend
Riverside
Rocky Fork
Rock Lake Village
Ronda
Rosina
Ruth
Ruthdale
Rutledge
Sanderson
Sandy
Sattes
Schrader
Sharon
Snow Hill
Sproul
Standard
Tad
Three Mile
Turner
Twomile
Tyler Heights
Tyler Mountain
United
Victor
Walgrove
Wallace
Ward
Weir
Wellford
Wevaco
Whittaker
Wilson
Winifrede
Youngs Bottom
Ghost towns
Morris
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
West Virginia portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_West_Virginia_highlighting_Kanawha_County.svg"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Kanawha County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanawha_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"NPS recent listings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Location of Kanawha County in West VirginiaThis is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Kanawha County, West Virginia.This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Kanawha County, West Virginia, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.[1]There are 88 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 9, 2024.[2]","title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Kanawha County, West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former listing"}] | [{"image_text":"Location of Kanawha County in West Virginia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_West_Virginia_highlighting_Kanawha_County.svg/220px-Map_of_West_Virginia_highlighting_Kanawha_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"African Zion Baptist Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/African_Zion_Baptist_Church.jpg/100px-African_Zion_Baptist_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bank of St. Albans Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bank_of_St._Albans_Building.jpg/100px-Bank_of_St._Albans_Building.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barnes-Wellford House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barnes-Wellford_House_Apr_09.JPG/100px-Barnes-Wellford_House_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Beeches","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Beeches_%28St._Albans%2C_West_Virginia.jpg/100px-The_Beeches_%28St._Albans%2C_West_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bird Haven","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bird_Haven%2C_Charleston.jpg/100px-Bird_Haven%2C_Charleston.jpg"},{"image_text":"Daniel Boone Hotel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Daniel_Boone_Hotel_Correct_Apr_09.JPG/100px-Daniel_Boone_Hotel_Correct_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bougemont Complex","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/BOUGEMONT_COMPLEX%2C_CHARLESTON%2C_KANAWHA_COUNTY%2C_WV.jpg/100px-BOUGEMONT_COMPLEX%2C_CHARLESTON%2C_KANAWHA_COUNTY%2C_WV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Breezemont","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BREEZEMONT%2C_CHARLESTON%2C_KANAWHA_COUNTY%2C_WV.jpg/100px-BREEZEMONT%2C_CHARLESTON%2C_KANAWHA_COUNTY%2C_WV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Briarwood","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/BRIARWOOD%2C_CHARLESTON%2C_KANAWHA_COUNTY%2C_WV.jpg/100px-BRIARWOOD%2C_CHARLESTON%2C_KANAWHA_COUNTY%2C_WV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Canty House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Canty_House.jpg/100px-Canty_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cedar Grove","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cedar_Grove_%28William_Tompkins_House%29%2C_Cedar_Grove%2C_West_Virginia.jpg/100px-Cedar_Grove_%28William_Tompkins_House%29%2C_Cedar_Grove%2C_West_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charleston Baptist Temple","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Charleston_Baptist_Temple_Apr_09.JPG/100px-Charleston_Baptist_Temple_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"Charleston City Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Charleston_City_Hall_Apr_09.JPG/100px-Charleston_City_Hall_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"Charleston Municipal Auditorium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Charleston_Aud_Apr_09.JPG/100px-Charleston_Aud_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"Charmco Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Charmco_Building.jpg/100px-Charmco_Building.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chesapeake and Ohio Depot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Charleston_Amtrak_Station_Apr_09.jpg/100px-Charleston_Amtrak_Station_Apr_09.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chilton House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Chilton_House.jpg/100px-Chilton_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"W.E. Chilton II House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Chilton_House_Apr_09.JPG/100px-Chilton_House_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"Clendenin Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Clendenin_West_Virginia.jpg/100px-Clendenin_West_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cox-Morton House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cox-Morton_House_Apr_09.JPG/100px-Cox-Morton_House_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"Cox-Parks House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cox-Parks_House_Apr_09.JPG/100px-Cox-Parks_House_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"Craik-Patton House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Craik-Patton_House_Apr_09.JPG/100px-Craik-Patton_House_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"Crawford-Gardner House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CRAWFORD-GARDNER_HOUSE_CHARLESTON%2C_KANAWHA_COUNTY%2C_WV.jpg/100px-CRAWFORD-GARDNER_HOUSE_CHARLESTON%2C_KANAWHA_COUNTY%2C_WV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dalgain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dalgain_Apr_09.JPG/100px-Dalgain_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"Danner-Fletcher House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Danner-Fletcher_House_Apr_09.JPG/100px-Danner-Fletcher_House_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"Downtown Charleston Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Capitolstcharlestonwv.JPG/100px-Capitolstcharlestonwv.JPG"},{"image_text":"Dutch Hollow Wine Cellars","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1800-wine-cellar-winter-sepia_ForestWander.jpg/100px-1800-wine-cellar-winter-sepia_ForestWander.jpg"},{"image_text":"East End Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/East_End_Homes_Apr_09.JPG/100px-East_End_Homes_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"East Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/New_East_Hall.jpg/100px-New_East_Hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ebenezer Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ebenezer_Chapel.jpg/100px-Ebenezer_Chapel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Edgewood Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/EDGEWOOD_HISTORIC_DISTRICT%2C_CHARLESTON%2C_KANAWHA_COUNTY%2C_WV.jpg/100px-EDGEWOOD_HISTORIC_DISTRICT%2C_CHARLESTON%2C_KANAWHA_COUNTY%2C_WV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fort Scammon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/FORT_SCAMMON%2C_CHARLESTON%2C_KANAWHA_COUNTY%2C_WV.jpg/100px-FORT_SCAMMON%2C_CHARLESTON%2C_KANAWHA_COUNTY%2C_WV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Garnet High School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Garnet_High_School_Apr_09.JPG/100px-Garnet_High_School_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"William S. Gilliland Log Cabin and Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gilliland_Cabin_Apr_09.JPG/100px-Gilliland_Cabin_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"Elizabeth Harden Gilmore House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gilmore_House_Apr_09.jpg/100px-Gilmore_House_Apr_09.jpg"},{"image_text":"Good Shepherd Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Good_Shepherd_Church%2C_Coalburg%2C_West_Virginia.jpg/100px-Good_Shepherd_Church%2C_Coalburg%2C_West_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grosscup Road Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Grosscup_Road_Homes_Apr_09.JPG/100px-Grosscup_Road_Homes_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"Holly Grove Mansion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Holly_Grove_Mansion_Apr_09.JPG/100px-Holly_Grove_Mansion_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kanawha County Courthouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kanawha_Cty_Apr_09.JPG/100px-Kanawha_Cty_Apr_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kearse Theater","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Summers_Square_and_parking_lot.jpg/100px-Summers_Square_and_parking_lot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Laidley-Summers-Quarrier House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Laidley-Summers-Quarrier_House_HABS_WV1.jpg/100px-Laidley-Summers-Quarrier_House_HABS_WV1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mattie V. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown,_Queensland_(Toowoomba) | Newtown, Queensland (Toowoomba) | ["1 Geography","2 History","3 Heritage listings","4 Education","5 Facilities","6 References"] | Coordinates: 27°33′15″S 151°55′48″E / 27.5541°S 151.93°E / -27.5541; 151.93 (Newtown (centre of suburb))Not to be confused with Newtown, Queensland (Ipswich).
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Suburb of Toowoomba, Queensland, AustraliaNewtownToowoomba, QueenslandCircular drive in front of Glennie Memorial School, circa 1925NewtownCoordinates27°33′15″S 151°55′48″E / 27.5541°S 151.93°E / -27.5541; 151.93 (Newtown (centre of suburb))Population10,039 (SAL 2021)Postcode(s)4350Area5.5 km2 (2.1 sq mi)Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)Location2 km (1 mi) W of ToowoombaLGA(s)Toowoomba RegionState electorate(s) Toowoomba North Toowoomba SouthFederal division(s)Groom
Suburbs around Newtown:
Wilsonton
Rockville
HarlaxtonNorth Toowoomba
Glenvale
Newtown
Toowoomba City
Harristown
Harristown
South Toowoomba
Newtown is a residential locality in Toowoomba in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Newtown had a population of 10,039 people.
Geography
Newtown is located immediately west of the Toowoomba city centre.
The eastern end of the Gore Highway starts at an intersection with the Warrego Highway in Newtown.
History
The area was the first outside the city centre to be subdivided for residential purposes in 1865.
On 26 February 1899, the foundation stone for St Mary's College was laid by the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane Robert Dunne. The school opened on 2 October 1899 with 120 students. It was operated by the Christian Brothers until 1997 when the first lay principal was appointed.
Spreydon College commenced on 4 February 1908 in the now-heritage listed Spreydon house. Under the patronage of the Presbyterian Church, the school became The Presbyterian Ladies' College in January 1915. The primary school moved to the house Fairholme in East Toowoomba in July 1917 with the secondary school following in 1918; it is now known as Fairholme College.
Glennie Memorial School was opened on 27 August 1908 by the Anglican Church. Establishing schools had been a long-term ambition of Benjamin Glennie, the first Anglican priest on the Darling Downs, and he had raised funds for this purpose for many years, but had not achieved his aim before his death in 1900. Glennie was highly respected by the community and the Anglican Synod continued with his fund raising campaign to establish a school to be named in his honour. The school was subsequently renamed The Glennie School.
The Newtown Methodist Church opened in 1911 at 202 Russell Street (27°33′24″S 151°56′07″E / 27.5566°S 151.9352°E / -27.5566; 151.9352 (Newtown Methodist/Uniting Church (former))). With the amalgamation of the Methodist Church into the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977, it became the Newtown Uniting Church.The property was sold in December 2013 for $748,000 as part of an amalgamation of three Uniting Church congregations (Newtown, Scots and Westbrook) into the Lifeworks Uniting Church congreation, which opened its first church in Glenvale circa July 2017. The former Newtown Methodist Church is now a childcare centre.
From 1913 to 1917, Newtown had its own local government, the Town of Newtown.
Newtown State School opened on 6 October 1924.
St Ursula's College was established on 2 February 1931 by the Sisters of St Ursula.
The foundation stone for Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Primary School was laid on Sunday 26 November 1939 by Roman Catholic Bishop of Toowoomba Joseph Roper. The school opened on 6 February 1940 operated by the Sisters of St Ursula.
Toowoomba West Special School opened on 4 October 1975.
Clifford Park Special School opened in 1990 in Robb Street. A second campus (the Denise Kable campus) opened at 58 Ramsay Street, Centenary Heights, in January 1998.
In the 2016 census, Newtown had a population of 9,596 people.
In the 2021 census, Newtown had a population of 10,039 people.
Heritage listings
Newtown has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
24 Anzac Avenue: Elphin (residence)
1B-3 Gladstone Street: Gladstone House and Cottage
11 Mort Street: Toowoomba Maltings
15 Newmarket Street: Ascot House
396 Tor Street: Tor
427 Tor Street: Weetwood
7 Warra Street & 30 Rome Street: Oak Lodge and Spreydon
Education
Newtown State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 24 Albert Street (27°33′31″S 151°56′07″E / 27.5586°S 151.9352°E / -27.5586; 151.9352 (Newtown State School)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 409 students with 33 teachers (28 full-time equivalent) and 28 non-teaching staff (16 full-time equivalent).
Toowoomba West Special School is a special primary (Early Childhood-6) school for boys and girls at 26 Gladstone Street (27°32′51″S 151°56′27″E / 27.5476°S 151.9407°E / -27.5476; 151.9407 (Toowoomba West Special School)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 66 students with 27 teachers (22 full-time equivalent) and 41 non-teaching staff (25 full-time equivalent).
Clifford Park Special School is a special secondary (7-12) school for boys and girls at Rob Street (27°33′50″S 151°55′30″E / 27.5638°S 151.9250°E / -27.5638; 151.9250 (Clifford Park Special School)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 120 students with 33 teachers (28 full-time equivalent) and 51 non-teaching staff (31 full-time equivalent). The school has a second campus (the Denise Kable campus) at 58 Ramsay Street in Centenary Heights.
Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 2 Ascot Street (27°33′25″S 151°55′57″E / 27.5570°S 151.9326°E / -27.5570; 151.9326 (Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 378 students with 23 teachers (20 full-time equivalent) and 15 non-teaching staff (7 full-time equivalent).
St Mary's College is a Catholic primary and secondary (5-12) school for boys at 129 West Street (27°33′37″S 151°56′35″E / 27.5604°S 151.9431°E / -27.5604; 151.9431 (St Mary's College)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 820 students with 68 teachers (65 full-time equivalent) and 38 non-teaching staff (31 full-time equivalent).
St Ursula's College is a Catholic secondary (7-12) school for girls at 38 Taylor Street (27°33′20″S 151°56′28″E / 27.5555°S 151.9410°E / -27.5555; 151.9410 (St Ursula's College)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 633 students with 60 teachers (58 full-time equivalent) and 40 non-teaching staff (34 full-time equivalent).
The Glennie School is a private primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for girls at 246-248 Herries Street (27°33′44″S 151°56′10″E / 27.5623°S 151.9361°E / -27.5623; 151.9361 (The Glennie School)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 783 students with 70 teachers (64 full-time equivalent) and 58 non-teaching staff (46 full-time equivalent).
Facilities
Clifford Gardens Shopping Centre (Big W, Woolworths Supermarkets, Coles Supermarkets, Best & Less, Australia Post)
Clifford Park Racecourse, home to the Toowoomba Turf Club, established in 1862.
Pure Land Learning College (Buddhist, 2001)
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Newtown, Queensland (Toowoomba).
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Newtown (Toowoomba - Qld) (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
^ a b "Newtown – locality in Toowoomba Region (entry 48024)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Newtown (SAL)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
^ a b c d e f g Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0
^ "History and Tradition". St Mary's College Toowoomba. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ "A Brief History of Fairholme College Toowoomba". Fairholme College. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
^ Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0
^ "Glennie's History | About Us". The Glennie School. Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ "From the Archives - Back to 1909 | eNews Archive | Connect". The Glennie School. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ "Lifeworks Uniting Church". Churches Australia. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Newtown Uniting Church - Former". Churches Australia. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
^ Blake, Thom. "Child Care centre (Former Methodist Church Newtown)". Queensland religious places database. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "202 Russell Street, Newtown". Google Maps. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
^ "NEW TOOWOOMBA CATHOLIC SCHOOL". The Courier-mail. No. 1946. Queensland, Australia. 27 November 1939. p. 7. Retrieved 3 December 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Newtown (SSC)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
^ "Elphin (entry 601326)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
^ "Gladstone House and Cottage (entry 601303)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
^ "Toowoomba Maltings (entry 600852)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
^ "Ascot House (entry 600853)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
^ "Tor (entry 601325)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
^ "Weetwood (entry 600870)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
^ "Oak Lodge and Spreydon (entry 601312)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
^ a b c d e f g "State and non-state school details". Queensland Government. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "Newtown State School". Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ a b c d e f g "ACARA School Profile 2017". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
^ "Toowoomba West Special School". Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "Clifford Park Special School". Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "Our school". Clifford Park Special School. 6 January 2014. Archived from the original on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ "Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School". Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "St Mary's College". Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "St Ursula's College". Archived from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "The Glennie School". Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ Clifford Gardens. "Map of Clifford Gardens". Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
vteSuburbs and towns in the Toowoomba Region, Darling Downs, QueenslandToowoombaInner Toowoomba
Blue Mountain Heights
Centenary Heights
Cotswold Hills
Cranley
Darling Heights
Drayton
East Toowoomba
Glenvale
Harlaxton
Harristown
Kearneys Spring
Middle Ridge
Mount Kynoch
Mount Lofty
Mount Rascal
Newtown
North Toowoomba
Prince Henry Heights
Rangeville
Redwood
Rockville
South Toowoomba
Toowoomba City
Torrington
Wilsonton
Wilsonton Heights
Outer Toowoomba
Birnam
Charlton
Finnie
Gowrie Junction
Highfields
Hodgson Vale
Preston
Spring Bluff
Top Camp
Vale View
Wellcamp
Westbrook
Towns
Acland
Aubigny
Biddeston
Bowenville
Brookstead
Cabarlah
Cambooya
Cecil Plains
Clifton
Cooyar
Crows Nest
East Greenmount
Evergreen
Goombungee
Gowrie
Greenmount
Haden
Hampton
Jondaryan
Kingsthorpe
Kooroongarra
Kulpi
Maclagan
Millmerran
Mount Tyson
Nangwee
Nobby
Oakey
Pechey
Peranga
Pilton
Pittsworth
Quinalow
Southbrook
Turallin
Wyreema
Yarraman
Other areas
Anduramba
Ascot
Athol
Back Plains
Balgowan
Bergen
Boodua
Bongeen
Branchview
Bringalily
Broxburn
Brymaroo
Budgee
Bulli Creek
Canning Creek
Captains Mountain
Cattle Creek
Cawdor
Cherry Creek
Clontarf
Coalbank
Condamine Farms
Condamine Plains
Cressbrook Creek
Cutella
Cypress Gardens
Devon Park
Djuan
Doctor Creek
Domville
Douglas
Dunmore
East Cooyar
Ellangowan
Elphinstone
Emu Creek
Evanslea
Felton
Felton South
Forest Ridge
Formartin
Geham
Gilla
Glenaven
Glencoe
Googa Creek
Gowrie Little Plain
Gowrie Mountain
Grapetree
Grassdale
Grays Gate
Greenwood
Groomsville
Halliford
Headington Hill
Highgrove
Highland Plains
Hirstglen
Irongate
Irvingdale
Jones Gully
Kelvinhaugh
Kilbirnie
Kincora
Kings Creek
Kings Siding
Kleinton
Kooralgin
Kurrowah
Lavelle
Lemontree
Leyburn
Lilyvale
Linthorpe
Malling
Malu
Manapouri
Meringandan
Meringandan West
Merritts Creek
Millmerran Downs
Millmerran Woods
Millwood
Missen Flat
Motley
Mount Binga
Mount Darry
Mount Emlyn
Mount Irving
Mount Luke
Mount Molar
Mount Moriah
Mountain Camp
Muldu
Muniganeen
Narko
Nevilton
Norwin
North Branch
North Maclagan
Nutgrove
Palmtree
Pampas
Purrawunda
Perseverance
Pierces Creek
Pinelands
Plainby
Punchs Creek
Ramsay
Rangemore
Ravensbourne
Rocky Creek
Rosalie Plains
Rossvale
Ryeford
Sabine
Sandy Camp
Scrubby Mountain
Silverleigh
Spring Creek
Springside
St Aubyn
St Helens
St Ruth
Stonehenge
Stoneleigh
The Bluff
The Pines
Thornville
Tipton
Tummaville
Umbiram
Upper Cooyar Creek
Upper Pilton
Upper Pinelands
Upper Yarraman
Victoria Hill
Wainui
Wattle Ridge
West Haldon
West Prairie
Western Creek
Whichello
Woodleigh
Woolmer
Woondul
Wutul
Yalangur
Yandilla
Yargullen
Yarranlea
Main Article: Local government areas of Queensland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newtown, Queensland (Ipswich)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown,_Queensland_(Ipswich)"},{"link_name":"locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs_and_localities_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Toowoomba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toowoomba"},{"link_name":"Toowoomba Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toowoomba_Region"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnl-2"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2021-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Newtown, Queensland (Ipswich).Suburb of Toowoomba, Queensland, AustraliaNewtown is a residential locality in Toowoomba in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia.[2] In the 2021 census, Newtown had a population of 10,039 people.[3]","title":"Newtown, Queensland (Toowoomba)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toowoomba city centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toowoomba_city_centre"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gore Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Highway"},{"link_name":"Warrego Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrego_Highway"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Newtown is located immediately west of the Toowoomba city centre.[citation needed]The eastern end of the Gore Highway starts at an intersection with the Warrego Highway in Newtown.[citation needed]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnl-2"},{"link_name":"St Mary's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_Toowoomba"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archbishop_of_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Robert Dunne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dunne"},{"link_name":"Christian Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers"},{"link_name":"lay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Spreydon house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Lodge_and_Spreydon"},{"link_name":"East Toowoomba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Toowoomba"},{"link_name":"Fairholme College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairholme_College"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs2-7"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Glennie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Glennie"},{"link_name":"Darling Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darling_Downs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-4"},{"link_name":"The Glennie School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glennie_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"27°33′24″S 151°56′07″E / 27.5566°S 151.9352°E / -27.5566; 151.9352 (Newtown Methodist/Uniting Church (former))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newtown,_Queensland_(Toowoomba)¶ms=27.5566_S_151.9352_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Newtown+Methodist%2FUniting+Church+%28former%29"},{"link_name":"Uniting Church in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Westbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbrook,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Glenvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenvale,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Town of Newtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_of_Newtown"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-4"},{"link_name":"St Ursula's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ursula%27s_College,_Toowoomba"},{"link_name":"Sisters of St Ursula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursulines"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-4"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Bishop of Toowoomba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Bishop_of_Toowoomba"},{"link_name":"Joseph Roper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Basil_Roper"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-4"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-15"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2021-3"}],"text":"The area was the first outside the city centre to be subdivided for residential purposes in 1865.[2]On 26 February 1899, the foundation stone for St Mary's College was laid by the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane Robert Dunne. The school opened on 2 October 1899 with 120 students. It was operated by the Christian Brothers until 1997 when the first lay principal was appointed.[4][5]Spreydon College commenced on 4 February 1908 in the now-heritage listed Spreydon house. Under the patronage of the Presbyterian Church, the school became The Presbyterian Ladies' College in January 1915. The primary school moved to the house Fairholme in East Toowoomba in July 1917 with the secondary school following in 1918; it is now known as Fairholme College.[6][7]Glennie Memorial School was opened on 27 August 1908 by the Anglican Church. Establishing schools had been a long-term ambition of Benjamin Glennie, the first Anglican priest on the Darling Downs, and he had raised funds for this purpose for many years, but had not achieved his aim before his death in 1900. Glennie was highly respected by the community and the Anglican Synod continued with his fund raising campaign to establish a school to be named in his honour.[4] The school was subsequently renamed The Glennie School.[8][9]The Newtown Methodist Church opened in 1911 at 202 Russell Street (27°33′24″S 151°56′07″E / 27.5566°S 151.9352°E / -27.5566; 151.9352 (Newtown Methodist/Uniting Church (former))). With the amalgamation of the Methodist Church into the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977, it became the Newtown Uniting Church.The property was sold in December 2013 for $748,000 as part of an amalgamation of three Uniting Church congregations (Newtown, Scots and Westbrook) into the Lifeworks Uniting Church congreation, which opened its first church in Glenvale circa July 2017. The former Newtown Methodist Church is now a childcare centre.[10][11][12][13]From 1913 to 1917, Newtown had its own local government, the Town of Newtown.Newtown State School opened on 6 October 1924.[4]St Ursula's College was established on 2 February 1931 by the Sisters of St Ursula.[4]The foundation stone for Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Primary School was laid on Sunday 26 November 1939 by Roman Catholic Bishop of Toowoomba Joseph Roper. The school opened on 6 February 1940 operated by the Sisters of St Ursula.[4][14]Toowoomba West Special School opened on 4 October 1975.[4]Clifford Park Special School opened in 1990 in Robb Street. A second campus (the Denise Kable campus) opened at 58 Ramsay Street, Centenary Heights, in January 1998.[4]In the 2016 census, Newtown had a population of 9,596 people.[15]In the 2021 census, Newtown had a population of 10,039 people.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heritage-listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage-listed"},{"link_name":"Elphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elphin,_Toowoomba"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Gladstone House and Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone_House_and_Cottage"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Toowoomba Maltings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toowoomba_Maltings"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ascot House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_House"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Tor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor,_Toowoomba"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Weetwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weetwood,_Toowoomba"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Oak Lodge and Spreydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Lodge_and_Spreydon"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Newtown has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:24 Anzac Avenue: Elphin (residence)[16]\n1B-3 Gladstone Street: Gladstone House and Cottage[17]\n11 Mort Street: Toowoomba Maltings[18]\n15 Newmarket Street: Ascot House[19]\n396 Tor Street: Tor[20]\n427 Tor Street: Weetwood[21]\n7 Warra Street & 30 Rome Street: Oak Lodge and Spreydon[22]","title":"Heritage listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"27°33′31″S 151°56′07″E / 27.5586°S 151.9352°E / -27.5586; 151.9352 (Newtown State School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newtown,_Queensland_(Toowoomba)¶ms=27.5586_S_151.9352_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Newtown+State+School"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2017-25"},{"link_name":"27°32′51″S 151°56′27″E / 27.5476°S 151.9407°E / -27.5476; 151.9407 (Toowoomba West Special School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newtown,_Queensland_(Toowoomba)¶ms=27.5476_S_151.9407_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Toowoomba+West+Special+School"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2017-25"},{"link_name":"27°33′50″S 151°55′30″E / 27.5638°S 151.9250°E / -27.5638; 151.9250 (Clifford Park Special School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newtown,_Queensland_(Toowoomba)¶ms=27.5638_S_151.925_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Clifford+Park+Special+School"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2017-25"},{"link_name":"Centenary Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenary_Heights"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"27°33′25″S 151°55′57″E / 27.5570°S 151.9326°E / -27.5570; 151.9326 (Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newtown,_Queensland_(Toowoomba)¶ms=27.557_S_151.9326_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Our+Lady+of+Lourdes+Primary+School"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-23"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2017-25"},{"link_name":"27°33′37″S 151°56′35″E / 27.5604°S 151.9431°E / -27.5604; 151.9431 (St Mary's College)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newtown,_Queensland_(Toowoomba)¶ms=27.5604_S_151.9431_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=St+Mary%27s+College"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-23"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2017-25"},{"link_name":"27°33′20″S 151°56′28″E / 27.5555°S 151.9410°E / -27.5555; 151.9410 (St Ursula's College)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newtown,_Queensland_(Toowoomba)¶ms=27.5555_S_151.941_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=St+Ursula%27s+College"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-23"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2017-25"},{"link_name":"27°33′44″S 151°56′10″E / 27.5623°S 151.9361°E / -27.5623; 151.9361 (The Glennie School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newtown,_Queensland_(Toowoomba)¶ms=27.5623_S_151.9361_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=The+Glennie+School"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-23"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2017-25"}],"text":"Newtown State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 24 Albert Street (27°33′31″S 151°56′07″E / 27.5586°S 151.9352°E / -27.5586; 151.9352 (Newtown State School)).[23][24] In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 409 students with 33 teachers (28 full-time equivalent) and 28 non-teaching staff (16 full-time equivalent).[25]Toowoomba West Special School is a special primary (Early Childhood-6) school for boys and girls at 26 Gladstone Street (27°32′51″S 151°56′27″E / 27.5476°S 151.9407°E / -27.5476; 151.9407 (Toowoomba West Special School)).[23][26] In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 66 students with 27 teachers (22 full-time equivalent) and 41 non-teaching staff (25 full-time equivalent).[25]Clifford Park Special School is a special secondary (7-12) school for boys and girls at Rob Street (27°33′50″S 151°55′30″E / 27.5638°S 151.9250°E / -27.5638; 151.9250 (Clifford Park Special School)).[23][27] In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 120 students with 33 teachers (28 full-time equivalent) and 51 non-teaching staff (31 full-time equivalent).[25] The school has a second campus (the Denise Kable campus) at 58 Ramsay Street in Centenary Heights.[28]Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 2 Ascot Street (27°33′25″S 151°55′57″E / 27.5570°S 151.9326°E / -27.5570; 151.9326 (Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School)).[23][29] In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 378 students with 23 teachers (20 full-time equivalent) and 15 non-teaching staff (7 full-time equivalent).[25]St Mary's College is a Catholic primary and secondary (5-12) school for boys at 129 West Street (27°33′37″S 151°56′35″E / 27.5604°S 151.9431°E / -27.5604; 151.9431 (St Mary's College)).[23][30] In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 820 students with 68 teachers (65 full-time equivalent) and 38 non-teaching staff (31 full-time equivalent).[25]St Ursula's College is a Catholic secondary (7-12) school for girls at 38 Taylor Street (27°33′20″S 151°56′28″E / 27.5555°S 151.9410°E / -27.5555; 151.9410 (St Ursula's College)).[23][31] In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 633 students with 60 teachers (58 full-time equivalent) and 40 non-teaching staff (34 full-time equivalent).[25]The Glennie School is a private primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for girls at 246-248 Herries Street (27°33′44″S 151°56′10″E / 27.5623°S 151.9361°E / -27.5623; 151.9361 (The Glennie School)).[23][32] In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 783 students with 70 teachers (64 full-time equivalent) and 58 non-teaching staff (46 full-time equivalent).[25]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_W"},{"link_name":"Woolworths Supermarkets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolworths_Supermarkets"},{"link_name":"Coles Supermarkets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coles_Supermarkets"},{"link_name":"Australia Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Post"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Clifford Gardens Shopping Centre (Big W, Woolworths Supermarkets, Coles Supermarkets, Best & Less, Australia Post)[33]\nClifford Park Racecourse, home to the Toowoomba Turf Club, established in 1862.[citation needed]\nPure Land Learning College (Buddhist, 2001)[citation needed]","title":"Facilities"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Newtown (Toowoomba - Qld) (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL32139","url_text":"\"Newtown (Toowoomba - Qld) (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newtown – locality in Toowoomba Region (entry 48024)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Newtown&types=0&place=Newtown48024","url_text":"\"Newtown – locality in Toowoomba Region (entry 48024)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Newtown (SAL)\". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 28 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL32139","url_text":"\"Newtown (SAL)\""}]},{"reference":"Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Family_History_Society","url_text":"Queensland Family History Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921171-26-0","url_text":"978-1-921171-26-0"}]},{"reference":"\"History and Tradition\". St Mary's College Toowoomba. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stmaryscollege.com/our-college/history-and-tradition/","url_text":"\"History and Tradition\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History of Fairholme College Toowoomba\". Fairholme College. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairholme.qld.edu.au/brief-history-of-fairholme-college","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Fairholme College Toowoomba\""}]},{"reference":"Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Family_History_Society","url_text":"Queensland Family History Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921171-26-0","url_text":"978-1-921171-26-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Glennie's History | About Us\". The Glennie School. Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glennie.qld.edu.au/about-us/glennie-s-history/","url_text":"\"Glennie's History | About Us\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190308004502/https://www.glennie.qld.edu.au/about-us/glennie-s-history/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"From the Archives - Back to 1909 | eNews Archive | Connect\". The Glennie School. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glennie.qld.edu.au/connect/enews-archive/from-the-archives-back-to-1909/","url_text":"\"From the Archives - Back to 1909 | eNews Archive | Connect\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190307235033/https://www.glennie.qld.edu.au/connect/enews-archive/from-the-archives-back-to-1909/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lifeworks Uniting Church\". Churches Australia. Retrieved 3 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list-of-churches/denominations/uniting-church-in-australia/directory/2526-lifeworks-uniting-church","url_text":"\"Lifeworks Uniting Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newtown Uniting Church - Former\". Churches Australia. Retrieved 4 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list-of-churches/denominations/uniting-church-in-australia/directory/1925-newtown-uniting-church-former","url_text":"\"Newtown Uniting Church - Former\""}]},{"reference":"Blake, Thom. \"Child Care centre (Former Methodist Church Newtown)\". Queensland religious places database. Retrieved 3 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thomblake.com.au/qc_new/view_p.php?id=753","url_text":"\"Child Care centre (Former Methodist Church Newtown)\""}]},{"reference":"\"202 Russell Street, Newtown\". Google Maps. Retrieved 4 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com.au/maps/@-27.5563708,151.9351676,3a,37.5y,166.79h,91.75t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1s8swkxKeINGw0wo5f5iZ5KA!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?shorturl=1","url_text":"\"202 Russell Street, Newtown\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEW TOOWOOMBA CATHOLIC SCHOOL\". The Courier-mail. No. 1946. Queensland, Australia. 27 November 1939. p. 7. Retrieved 3 December 2019 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40894821","url_text":"\"NEW TOOWOOMBA CATHOLIC SCHOOL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-mail","url_text":"The Courier-mail"}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Newtown (SSC)\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC32158","url_text":"\"Newtown (SSC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elphin (entry 601326)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 15 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=601326","url_text":"\"Elphin (entry 601326)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Gladstone House and Cottage (entry 601303)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 15 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=601303","url_text":"\"Gladstone House and Cottage (entry 601303)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Toowoomba Maltings (entry 600852)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 15 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600852","url_text":"\"Toowoomba Maltings (entry 600852)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Ascot House (entry 600853)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 15 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600853","url_text":"\"Ascot House (entry 600853)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Tor (entry 601325)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 15 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=601325","url_text":"\"Tor (entry 601325)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Weetwood (entry 600870)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 15 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600870","url_text":"\"Weetwood (entry 600870)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Oak Lodge and Spreydon (entry 601312)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 15 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=601312","url_text":"\"Oak Lodge and Spreydon (entry 601312)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"State and non-state school details\". Queensland Government. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997","url_text":"\"State and non-state school details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121065959/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Newtown State School\". Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newtownss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Newtown State School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120502110301/http://newtownss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ACARA School Profile 2017\". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0","url_text":"\"ACARA School Profile 2017\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010027/http://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Toowoomba West Special School\". Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toowwestspecs.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Toowoomba West Special School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120620162633/http://www.toowwestspecs.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Clifford Park Special School\". Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clifparkspecs.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Clifford Park Special School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120603062400/http://www.clifparkspecs.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Our school\". Clifford Park Special School. 6 January 2014. Archived from the original on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cliffordparkspecs.eq.edu.au/Ourschool/Pages/Ourschool.aspx","url_text":"\"Our school\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190320024710/https://cliffordparkspecs.eq.edu.au/Ourschool/Pages/Ourschool.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School\". Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ololtwb.catholic.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181216105855/https://www.ololtwb.catholic.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"St Mary's College\". Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stmaryscollege.com/","url_text":"\"St Mary's College\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181127192849/http://www.stmaryscollege.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"St Ursula's College\". Archived from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.st-ursula.qld.edu.au/","url_text":"\"St Ursula's College\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095306/https://www.st-ursula.qld.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Glennie School\". Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glennie.qld.edu.au/","url_text":"\"The Glennie School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903130211/https://www.glennie.qld.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clifford Gardens. \"Map of Clifford Gardens\". Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140125230806/http://www.cliffordgardensshopping.com.au/Centre-Info/Map/","url_text":"\"Map of Clifford Gardens\""},{"url":"http://www.cliffordgardensshopping.com.au/Centre-Info/Map/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newtown,_Queensland_(Toowoomba)¶ms=27.5541_S_151.93_E_type:city_region:AU-QLD&title=Newtown+%28centre+of+suburb%29","external_links_name":"27°33′15″S 151°55′48″E / 27.5541°S 151.93°E / -27.5541; 151.93 (Newtown (centre of suburb))"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Newtown%2C_Queensland_%28Toowoomba%29","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Newtown,_Queensland_(Toowoomba)","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Newtown,_Queensland_(Toowoomba)","external_links_name":"GPX (all 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%27s_House,_Toowoomba | Bishop's House, Toowoomba | ["1 History","2 Description","3 Heritage listing","4 References","4.1 Attribution","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 27°33′42″S 151°57′53″E / 27.5618°S 151.9646°E / -27.5618; 151.9646
Historic site in Queensland, AustraliaBishop's House, ToowoombaBishop's House, 1996Location73 Margaret Street, East Toowoomba, Toowoomba, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, AustraliaCoordinates27°33′42″S 151°57′53″E / 27.5618°S 151.9646°E / -27.5618; 151.9646Design period1900–1914 (early 20th century)Built1910–c. 1911 – 1939–c. 1940ArchitectHenry Marks
Queensland Heritage RegisterOfficial nameBishop's House, Dalmally, KilallahTypestate heritage (landscape, built)Designated21 October 1992Reference no.600845Significant period1910s, 1939–c. 1940 (fabric)1910s, 1939 – late 20th century (historical)Significant componentsloggia/s, service wing, lead light/s, chimney/chimney stack, trees/plantings, garden/grounds, residential accommodation – main house, clerestory, fence/wall – perimeter
Location of Bishop's House, Toowoomba in QueenslandShow map of QueenslandBishop's House, Toowoomba (Australia)Show map of Australia
Bishop's House is a heritage-listed villa at 73 Margaret Street, East Toowoomba, Toowoomba, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Henry Marks and built from 1910 to c. 1911 and from 1939 to c. 1940. It is also known as Dalmally and Kilallah. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.
History
Bishop's House, designed by Henry Marks, was constructed in 1911 as the home of Toowoomba businessman, William Charles Peak. In 1939 the house was purchased by the Roman Catholic Church and became home to the Bishop of the recently created Toowoomba Diocese.
Settlement of what was to become the Toowoomba area commenced at Drayton, now a suburb of Toowoomba, in the early 1840s. Thomas Alford opened a general store in the area in 1843. In the same year, residents of Drayton petitioned the Governor to form a township. A survey of the town was prepared in 1849. In laying out Drayton, Government Surveyor James Charles Burnett was instructed to mark out "suburban allotments for Garden and Agricultural purposes". The ideal site for what was known as the "Drayton Swamp Agricultural Reserve", later to become Toowoomba, was an area approximately three to four miles northeast of Drayton where two swampy creeks joined to form the headwaters of Gowrie Creek. The Agricultural Reserve included 12 allotments bounded by the left bank of the west swamp, and the present Bridge, West and Stephen streets.
Six of the 12 "Swamp allotments" were first offered at auction in November 1849, however some were not sold until 1853. By late 1857, the name "Toowoomba" had gradually taken over from "The Swamp", as the town continued to expand. At the time of its incorporation into a municipality in November 1860, Toowoomba had well outgrown Drayton. Toowoomba continued to develop as the service centre for the upper Darling Downs. It became the urban home of many pastoralists and businessman during the early twentieth century.
One of the many people who constructed houses during this period of expansion was William Charles Peak, born in Drayton in 1867 as the eldest son of a local councillor WJ Peak. In 1881 William Peak entered the company of Wilcox Bros, general merchants of Toowoomba and within fifteen years was the owner. He took an interest in the development of Toowoomba and held many positions in local industry and development including President of the local Chamber of Commerce (1914–15); Chairman of the Toowoomba Permanent Society; as well as being the instigator of the Greenmount Dairy Factory Co Ltd, who established one of the first cheese factories in the state. He was involved with the foundation of the Anderson Malting Company, the Darling Downs Building Society; the Toowoomba Steam Laundry and the Security Trust Company. Peak's other local involvements included the Royal Agricultural Society; the local Cricket Union and the Traders' Association. Today, two memorials to Peak are found in Toowoomba, one at the Toowoomba showground and another in Queen's Park where a drinking fountain is named in his honour.
In about 1910 as a reflection of his importance in the local community, WC Peak commissioned local architect Henry J Marks to design a house, initially known as Kilallah, for the Peak family at the corner of Lindsay and Margaret Streets, Toowoomba, adjacent to Queen's Park.
Henry Marks was a member of a prominent Toowoomba architectural family. James Marks, Henry's father, arrived in Queensland from England in 1866 and practised as an architect and builder in Dalby before starting his successful family practice in Toowoomba in the 1870s which remained active until 1962. Henry joined his father in practice in 1892 when the business became known as James Marks and Son.
Henry Marks was an innovative and creative architect, who invented and patented several products including pot-bellied ventilation flues and chimney shafts, windows and a walling system. He employed his inventions on many of his buildings and this helps to identify the buildings for which he was responsible. Several of these innovations are found at Kilallah, now known as the Bishop's House, including window openings and chimney stacks. Marks designed windows which allowed maximum opening capacity and also directed airflow around the opening. The windows designed for the end bays of the Bishop's House were extendable casements. Also on the house were several of Marks' patented design for "Improved Chimney Top and Ventilator" introducing a rounded base to the shaft of the chimney top directing air flow and with a V-shaped catchment plate and run-off for rainwater.
The planning of the Bishop's House reflects Marks' concern with air flow and natural lighting; a large ventilated roof light over the intersection of the entrance hall and the transverse corridor terminated at the east and west ends of the building with semi-open octagonal bays.
In her thesis on the Marks family architectural practice in Toowoomba, Morag Papi, describes the building as "one of the best examples of Harry Mark's work". Certainly the sophistication of the detailing, the composition of the exterior and regard to environmental issues suggest that this is a well considered building. His other numerous Toowoomba buildings include the halls at both St Luke's and St James' Churches (St James hall is known as the James Taylor Memorial Institute) St Mary's Christian Brothers building; Holy Name Convent; buildings at the General Hospital; White Horse Hotel; Union Bank and City Chambers.
The Peak family remained at Kilallah for only a few years when the house was purchased by a Mr Horrigan who sold it to the Fletcher family. The house was then rented out to a number of people until its purchase by the Roman Catholic Church of Toowoomba as a Bishop's residence in 1939.
The Catholic Church was established in Toowoomba in the early 1860s when a pastor was appointed. Robert Dunne, later Archbishop of Brisbane, was appointed as a parish priest in Toowoomba in 1868. The Roman Catholic Church in Queensland developed with the population increases and by 1928 Archbishop James Duhig announced that two new dioceses, Toowoomba and Townsville were to be created, raising the number of diocese to four, alongside Brisbane and Rockhampton.
The first Bishop appointed to Toowoomba was James Byrne, born in Ireland in 1840 and educated at St Patrick's College, Thurles, County Tipperary. Byrne was ordained by the Archbishop of Cashel on 21 July 1896 and volunteered to work in the Archdiocese of Brisbane. After work in Brisbane for many years he was appointed Domestic Prelate in 1923 and then was appointed as the Bishop of Toowoomba in 1929. St Patrick's Church in Toowoomba, constructed in 1883–89 to a design by James Marks, was consecrated as a cathedral on 1 September 1929.
The residence originally used by James Byrne was the brick presbytery alongside St Patrick's Cathedral, constructed in 1927 for a parish priest before the archdiocese was formed, to a design by Jack Donoghue. This was deemed too small to house both the bishop, parish priests and administrators of the growing parish and therefore a dedicated residence for the bishop was found in "Unara" in 1939. Previously, Unara was the residence of Sir Littleton Groom, Member of the Australian House of Representatives for the Darling Downs and was leased from Lady Groom by the Diocese for one year with the option of purchase at the end of this time. However, because the location of Unara, near the eastern boundary of the Diocese, was considered inconvenient the purchase option was not exercised.
Instead the Diocese bought WC Peak's 1911 residence, then known as "Dalmally", along with a timber house on property adjoining the main house on Lindsay Street. The house was called Dalmally by a lessee, Captain Serisier, in remembrance of a village in Scotland.
To facilitate the use of the house as a Bishop's residence extensive internal alterations and some external renovations were carried out to a design by local architects, Messrs Hodgen and Hodgen, a partnership of William Hodgen Jnr and his son. Hodgen was born in Toowoomba where he did an apprenticeship in the building trade before joining the Queensland Colonial Architect's Office as a cadet in 1886. He then travelled to London to broaden his professional experience and returned to Queensland in 1896 and began private practice in Toowoomba in February 1897 where he remained until his death in 1943.
The alterations designed by Hodgen for the Bishop's House, as it became known after its purchase by the Roman Catholic Church, were principally internal. Pressed metal ceilings by Wunderlich used in most of the rooms were retained along with the general floor plan of the building. Changes introduced included forming an entrance vestibule on the front loggia/verandah; alterations of the semi-octagonal end bays with the removal and bricking up of several sash windows; a room was planned as a chapel; a bathroom was added to the eastern end of the house in an extension designed for that purpose and some internal rearrangement of existing walls and doors was carried out to facilitate access to this extension. External signage, "BISHOP'S HOUSE" was added to the pediment above the entrance doors and sections of the front verandah/loggia were enclosed with glazing. Internally almost every room of the house was wall-papered to the picture rail.
Alterations to the grounds around the house included the demolition of the stables and replacement with a skillion roofed garage and construction of new entrance gates off Lindsay Street for motor-car access. A timber and concrete laundry was erected to the northwest of the house.
The various Bishops of Toowoomba remained at Bishop's House until recently, when another residence was constructed to the rear, northeast side of the building. Bishop's House has been refurnished as offices for the diocesan administration and the Catholic Education Office.
Description
Bishop's House, located opposite Queen's Park on the corner of Lindsay Street fronting Margaret Street to the south, is a single-storeyed masonry building with rendered quoining and detailing. The building has a corrugated iron roof with projecting gables, a central clerestory surmounted by a cross, and three HJ Marks patented pot bellied chimney stacks.
The symmetrical south elevation has a central enclosed loggia consisting of five arches with rendered voussoirs, keystones and columns, supporting a parapet wall surmounted by two small triangular projections either side of a central gable with the name BISHOP'S HOUSE in raised lettering. The loggia is flanked by projecting bays at either end, and is enclosed with arched sash window units and masonry panels on the western side, and sliding aluminium window units on the eastern side of the entry. The central entry has steps leading to a timber door with leadlight panel insert, sidelights and fanlight depicting a crest. The projecting bays have sash windows, but evidence of the original HJ Marks patented extendable casement windows is visible. The bays are surmounted by projecting boarded gables, above which are semi-circular windows with rendered voussoirs in the gable to the roof.
The north elevation has an enclosed verandah with an accommodation wing attached at the northwest corner, which consists of a masonry section with a timber framed and fibrous cement clad addition with concrete stumps. The verandah is enclosed with vertically jointed boarding to sill height and multi-paned sliding timber windows with fixed green glass panels above. The east and west ends have a projecting five-sided bay room with masonry to sill height and extendable casement windows above. These windows have been replaced by aluminium sliding windows on the west bay. A small brick addition with a parapet wall and sash window has been constructed on the southern side of the east bay room.
Internally, the building has plastered walls with wide east–west and north–south halls which intersect below a central clerestory. Principal rooms open to the south enclosed loggia, with French doors and an arched sash window with rendered voussoirs. However, the original loggia wall to the west of the entry has been removed to create one large office into the loggia space. Secondary rooms open to the north enclosed verandah which is lined with fibrous cement and has a sash window painted to imitate stained glass opening from the former chapel. A large arched doorway containing a timber door with leadlight sidelights and fanlight opens to the rear of the central hall. The foyer has timber wall panelling, and throughout the building many of the doors, architraves and skirtings have an obscure grained finish. Ceilings are pressed metal of various designs, most of the doors and windows have patterned glass panels, and fireplace surrounds are of narrow face brick. At either end of the east–west hall are panelled timber doors with leadlight panel insert, sidelights and fanlight. The east bay room has coloured glass door and windows, and a partition wall has been constructed to create a hall leading to the south addition.
The northwest accommodation wing contains an office and kitchen in the masonry section, with a bedroom and bathroom in the fibrous cement section. The masonry section has rendered walls with boarded ceilings, and the addition has timber framed fibrous cement walls and ceiling.
The site has a low brick fence along the south and west boundaries, with driveway access at the southeast and to the northwest of the building. A metal front gate is located at the corner of Lindsay and Margaret Streets, with a path leading to the main entrance. The grounds contain substantial mature trees to the south and southwest, with a bitumen carpark to the southeast and carports to the northwest.
The site also contains the Marian Community Centre, a single-storeyed masonry building to the northwest, and a two-storeyed masonry residence for the Bishop to the northeast of the building.
Heritage listing
Bishop's House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
Constructed in 1911, Bishop's House is a substantial brick house which demonstrates the growth of this area of Toowoomba during the 1910s, a period of commercial and social expansion for the town following closer settlement. The building's use by the Roman Catholic Church illustrates the development of the church in Queensland, in particular internal growth which saw the establishment of another two dioceses in 1929.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
The building is a very good example of the work of architect Henry Marks, combining much of his innovative detailing with a general concern for ventilation and natural lighting.
The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
Bishop's House, together with its mature plantings, makes a significant aesthetic contribution to the Margaret Street streetscape and Toowoomba townscape. The form and fabric of the building illustrate a creative and skilled design approach, and the detailing of the materials and finishes reflects a fine quality of workmanship.
The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.
The use of the extendable casement window and pot-bellied chimney stacks, as patented designs, are important in demonstrating a high degree of technical achievement by the architect Henry Marks during the early twentieth century.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The building is important to members of the Roman Catholic community in Toowoomba as the home of the Bishop of their Diocese for many years.
The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.
The building is associated with Henry Marks, a prominent and prolific local architect; with WC Peak an important early Toowoomba businessman for whom it was constructed, and with the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church in Toowoomba who have owned the building as their principal residence since 1939.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "Bishop's House (entry 600845)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
^ Papi, Morag; Queensland Institute of Technology. Department of Architecture and Industrial Design (1987), James Marks and Sons, Architects, Toowoomba : an architectural study, retrieved 3 November 2016
^ "£3400 HOME FOR BISHOP OF TOOWOOMBA". Western Star And Roma Advertiser. No. 6853. Queensland, Australia. 13 May 1939. p. 3. Retrieved 3 November 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
Attribution
This Wikipedia article was originally based on "The Queensland heritage register" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the "Queensland heritage register boundaries" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).
External links
Media related to Bishop's House, Toowoomba at Wikimedia Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa"},{"link_name":"East Toowoomba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Toowoomba,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Toowoomba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toowoomba,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Toowoomba Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toowoomba_Region"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Henry Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Marks_(Queensland_architect)"},{"link_name":"Queensland Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"text":"Historic site in Queensland, AustraliaBishop's House is a heritage-listed villa at 73 Margaret Street, East Toowoomba, Toowoomba, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Henry Marks and built from 1910 to c. 1911 and from 1939 to c. 1940. It is also known as Dalmally and Kilallah. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.[1]","title":"Bishop's House, Toowoomba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toowoomba Diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Toowoomba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drayton,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Thomas Alford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alford_(Queensland_pioneer)"},{"link_name":"James Charles Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Charles_Burnett"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Darling Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darling_Downs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Greenmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenmount,_Queensland_(Toowoomba_Region)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Dalby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalby,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Robert Dunne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dunne"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archbishop_of_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"James Duhig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Duhig"},{"link_name":"Townsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Townsville"},{"link_name":"Rockhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rockhampton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"James Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Byrne_(Bishop_of_Toowoomba)"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_College,_Townsville"},{"link_name":"Thurles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurles"},{"link_name":"County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Cashel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cashel"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Toowoomba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Littleton Groom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleton_Groom"},{"link_name":"Australian House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Darling Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Darling_Downs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Hodgen and Hodgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgen_and_Hodgen"},{"link_name":"William Hodgen Jnr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hodgen"},{"link_name":"Queensland Colonial Architect's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Colonial_Architect%27s_Office"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Pressed metal ceilings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressed_metal_ceiling"},{"link_name":"Wunderlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wunderlich_(panels)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"text":"Bishop's House, designed by Henry Marks, was constructed in 1911 as the home of Toowoomba businessman, William Charles Peak. In 1939 the house was purchased by the Roman Catholic Church and became home to the Bishop of the recently created Toowoomba Diocese.[1]Settlement of what was to become the Toowoomba area commenced at Drayton, now a suburb of Toowoomba, in the early 1840s. Thomas Alford opened a general store in the area in 1843. In the same year, residents of Drayton petitioned the Governor to form a township. A survey of the town was prepared in 1849. In laying out Drayton, Government Surveyor James Charles Burnett was instructed to mark out \"suburban allotments for Garden and Agricultural purposes\". The ideal site for what was known as the \"Drayton Swamp Agricultural Reserve\", later to become Toowoomba, was an area approximately three to four miles northeast of Drayton where two swampy creeks joined to form the headwaters of Gowrie Creek. The Agricultural Reserve included 12 allotments bounded by the left bank of the west swamp, and the present Bridge, West and Stephen streets.[1]Six of the 12 \"Swamp allotments\" were first offered at auction in November 1849, however some were not sold until 1853. By late 1857, the name \"Toowoomba\" had gradually taken over from \"The Swamp\", as the town continued to expand. At the time of its incorporation into a municipality in November 1860, Toowoomba had well outgrown Drayton. Toowoomba continued to develop as the service centre for the upper Darling Downs. It became the urban home of many pastoralists and businessman during the early twentieth century.[1]One of the many people who constructed houses during this period of expansion was William Charles Peak, born in Drayton in 1867 as the eldest son of a local councillor WJ Peak. In 1881 William Peak entered the company of Wilcox Bros, general merchants of Toowoomba and within fifteen years was the owner. He took an interest in the development of Toowoomba and held many positions in local industry and development including President of the local Chamber of Commerce (1914–15); Chairman of the Toowoomba Permanent Society; as well as being the instigator of the Greenmount Dairy Factory Co Ltd, who established one of the first cheese factories in the state. He was involved with the foundation of the Anderson Malting Company, the Darling Downs Building Society; the Toowoomba Steam Laundry and the Security Trust Company. Peak's other local involvements included the Royal Agricultural Society; the local Cricket Union and the Traders' Association. Today, two memorials to Peak are found in Toowoomba, one at the Toowoomba showground and another in Queen's Park where a drinking fountain is named in his honour.[1]In about 1910 as a reflection of his importance in the local community, WC Peak commissioned local architect Henry J Marks to design a house, initially known as Kilallah, for the Peak family at the corner of Lindsay and Margaret Streets, Toowoomba, adjacent to Queen's Park.[1]Henry Marks was a member of a prominent Toowoomba architectural family. James Marks, Henry's father, arrived in Queensland from England in 1866 and practised as an architect and builder in Dalby before starting his successful family practice in Toowoomba in the 1870s which remained active until 1962. Henry joined his father in practice in 1892 when the business became known as James Marks and Son.[1]Henry Marks was an innovative and creative architect, who invented and patented several products including pot-bellied ventilation flues and chimney shafts, windows and a walling system. He employed his inventions on many of his buildings and this helps to identify the buildings for which he was responsible. Several of these innovations are found at Kilallah, now known as the Bishop's House, including window openings and chimney stacks. Marks designed windows which allowed maximum opening capacity and also directed airflow around the opening. The windows designed for the end bays of the Bishop's House were extendable casements. Also on the house were several of Marks' patented design for \"Improved Chimney Top and Ventilator\" introducing a rounded base to the shaft of the chimney top directing air flow and with a V-shaped catchment plate and run-off for rainwater.[1]The planning of the Bishop's House reflects Marks' concern with air flow and natural lighting; a large ventilated roof light over the intersection of the entrance hall and the transverse corridor terminated at the east and west ends of the building with semi-open octagonal bays.[1]In her thesis on the Marks family architectural practice in Toowoomba, Morag Papi, describes the building as \"one of the best examples of Harry Mark's work\".[2] Certainly the sophistication of the detailing, the composition of the exterior and regard to environmental issues suggest that this is a well considered building. His other numerous Toowoomba buildings include the halls at both St Luke's and St James' Churches (St James hall is known as the James Taylor Memorial Institute) St Mary's Christian Brothers building; Holy Name Convent; buildings at the General Hospital; White Horse Hotel; Union Bank and City Chambers.[1]The Peak family remained at Kilallah for only a few years when the house was purchased by a Mr Horrigan who sold it to the Fletcher family. The house was then rented out to a number of people until its purchase by the Roman Catholic Church of Toowoomba as a Bishop's residence in 1939.[1][3]The Catholic Church was established in Toowoomba in the early 1860s when a pastor was appointed. Robert Dunne, later Archbishop of Brisbane, was appointed as a parish priest in Toowoomba in 1868. The Roman Catholic Church in Queensland developed with the population increases and by 1928 Archbishop James Duhig announced that two new dioceses, Toowoomba and Townsville were to be created, raising the number of diocese to four, alongside Brisbane and Rockhampton.[1]The first Bishop appointed to Toowoomba was James Byrne, born in Ireland in 1840 and educated at St Patrick's College, Thurles, County Tipperary. Byrne was ordained by the Archbishop of Cashel on 21 July 1896 and volunteered to work in the Archdiocese of Brisbane. After work in Brisbane for many years he was appointed Domestic Prelate in 1923 and then was appointed as the Bishop of Toowoomba in 1929. St Patrick's Church in Toowoomba, constructed in 1883–89 to a design by James Marks, was consecrated as a cathedral on 1 September 1929.[1]The residence originally used by James Byrne was the brick presbytery alongside St Patrick's Cathedral, constructed in 1927 for a parish priest before the archdiocese was formed, to a design by Jack Donoghue. This was deemed too small to house both the bishop, parish priests and administrators of the growing parish and therefore a dedicated residence for the bishop was found in \"Unara\" in 1939. Previously, Unara was the residence of Sir Littleton Groom, Member of the Australian House of Representatives for the Darling Downs and was leased from Lady Groom by the Diocese for one year with the option of purchase at the end of this time. However, because the location of Unara, near the eastern boundary of the Diocese, was considered inconvenient the purchase option was not exercised.[1]Instead the Diocese bought WC Peak's 1911 residence, then known as \"Dalmally\", along with a timber house on property adjoining the main house on Lindsay Street. The house was called Dalmally by a lessee, Captain Serisier, in remembrance of a village in Scotland.[1]To facilitate the use of the house as a Bishop's residence extensive internal alterations and some external renovations were carried out to a design by local architects, Messrs Hodgen and Hodgen, a partnership of William Hodgen Jnr and his son. Hodgen was born in Toowoomba where he did an apprenticeship in the building trade before joining the Queensland Colonial Architect's Office as a cadet in 1886. He then travelled to London to broaden his professional experience and returned to Queensland in 1896 and began private practice in Toowoomba in February 1897 where he remained until his death in 1943.[1]The alterations designed by Hodgen for the Bishop's House, as it became known after its purchase by the Roman Catholic Church, were principally internal. Pressed metal ceilings by Wunderlich used in most of the rooms were retained along with the general floor plan of the building. Changes introduced included forming an entrance vestibule on the front loggia/verandah; alterations of the semi-octagonal end bays with the removal and bricking up of several sash windows; a room was planned as a chapel; a bathroom was added to the eastern end of the house in an extension designed for that purpose and some internal rearrangement of existing walls and doors was carried out to facilitate access to this extension. External signage, \"BISHOP'S HOUSE\" was added to the pediment above the entrance doors and sections of the front verandah/loggia were enclosed with glazing. Internally almost every room of the house was wall-papered to the picture rail.[1]Alterations to the grounds around the house included the demolition of the stables and replacement with a skillion roofed garage and construction of new entrance gates off Lindsay Street for motor-car access. A timber and concrete laundry was erected to the northwest of the house.[1]The various Bishops of Toowoomba remained at Bishop's House until recently, when another residence was constructed to the rear, northeast side of the building. Bishop's House has been refurnished as offices for the diocesan administration and the Catholic Education Office.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gable"},{"link_name":"clerestory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerestory"},{"link_name":"chimney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"loggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggia"},{"link_name":"voussoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voussoir"},{"link_name":"keystones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column"},{"link_name":"sidelights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidelight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"architraves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architrave"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"driveway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driveway"},{"link_name":"carports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"text":"Bishop's House, located opposite Queen's Park on the corner of Lindsay Street fronting Margaret Street to the south, is a single-storeyed masonry building with rendered quoining and detailing. The building has a corrugated iron roof with projecting gables, a central clerestory surmounted by a cross, and three HJ Marks patented pot bellied chimney stacks.[1]The symmetrical south elevation has a central enclosed loggia consisting of five arches with rendered voussoirs, keystones and columns, supporting a parapet wall surmounted by two small triangular projections either side of a central gable with the name BISHOP'S HOUSE in raised lettering. The loggia is flanked by projecting bays at either end, and is enclosed with arched sash window units and masonry panels on the western side, and sliding aluminium window units on the eastern side of the entry. The central entry has steps leading to a timber door with leadlight panel insert, sidelights and fanlight depicting a crest. The projecting bays have sash windows, but evidence of the original HJ Marks patented extendable casement windows is visible. The bays are surmounted by projecting boarded gables, above which are semi-circular windows with rendered voussoirs in the gable to the roof.[1]The north elevation has an enclosed verandah with an accommodation wing attached at the northwest corner, which consists of a masonry section with a timber framed and fibrous cement clad addition with concrete stumps. The verandah is enclosed with vertically jointed boarding to sill height and multi-paned sliding timber windows with fixed green glass panels above. The east and west ends have a projecting five-sided bay room with masonry to sill height and extendable casement windows above. These windows have been replaced by aluminium sliding windows on the west bay. A small brick addition with a parapet wall and sash window has been constructed on the southern side of the east bay room.[1]Internally, the building has plastered walls with wide east–west and north–south halls which intersect below a central clerestory. Principal rooms open to the south enclosed loggia, with French doors and an arched sash window with rendered voussoirs. However, the original loggia wall to the west of the entry has been removed to create one large office into the loggia space. Secondary rooms open to the north enclosed verandah which is lined with fibrous cement and has a sash window painted to imitate stained glass opening from the former chapel. A large arched doorway containing a timber door with leadlight sidelights and fanlight opens to the rear of the central hall. The foyer has timber wall panelling, and throughout the building many of the doors, architraves and skirtings have an obscure grained finish. Ceilings are pressed metal of various designs, most of the doors and windows have patterned glass panels, and fireplace surrounds are of narrow face brick. At either end of the east–west hall are panelled timber doors with leadlight panel insert, sidelights and fanlight. The east bay room has coloured glass door and windows, and a partition wall has been constructed to create a hall leading to the south addition.[1]The northwest accommodation wing contains an office and kitchen in the masonry section, with a bedroom and bathroom in the fibrous cement section. The masonry section has rendered walls with boarded ceilings, and the addition has timber framed fibrous cement walls and ceiling.[1]The site has a low brick fence along the south and west boundaries, with driveway access at the southeast and to the northwest of the building. A metal front gate is located at the corner of Lindsay and Margaret Streets, with a path leading to the main entrance. The grounds contain substantial mature trees to the south and southwest, with a bitumen carpark to the southeast and carports to the northwest.[1]The site also contains the Marian Community Centre, a single-storeyed masonry building to the northwest, and a two-storeyed masonry residence for the Bishop to the northeast of the building.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensland Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"text":"Bishop's House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.[1]The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.Constructed in 1911, Bishop's House is a substantial brick house which demonstrates the growth of this area of Toowoomba during the 1910s, a period of commercial and social expansion for the town following closer settlement. The building's use by the Roman Catholic Church illustrates the development of the church in Queensland, in particular internal growth which saw the establishment of another two dioceses in 1929.[1]The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.The building is a very good example of the work of architect Henry Marks, combining much of his innovative detailing with a general concern for ventilation and natural lighting.[1]The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.Bishop's House, together with its mature plantings, makes a significant aesthetic contribution to the Margaret Street streetscape and Toowoomba townscape. The form and fabric of the building illustrate a creative and skilled design approach, and the detailing of the materials and finishes reflects a fine quality of workmanship.[1]The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.The use of the extendable casement window and pot-bellied chimney stacks, as patented designs, are important in demonstrating a high degree of technical achievement by the architect Henry Marks during the early twentieth century.[1]The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.The building is important to members of the Roman Catholic community in Toowoomba as the home of the Bishop of their Diocese for many years.[1]The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.The building is associated with Henry Marks, a prominent and prolific local architect; with WC Peak an important early Toowoomba businessman for whom it was constructed, and with the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church in Toowoomba who have owned the building as their principal residence since 1939.[1]","title":"Heritage listing"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bishop's House (entry 600845)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600845","url_text":"\"Bishop's House (entry 600845)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"Papi, Morag; Queensland Institute of Technology. Department of Architecture and Industrial Design (1987), James Marks and Sons, Architects, Toowoomba : an architectural study, retrieved 3 November 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34779958","url_text":"James Marks and Sons, Architects, Toowoomba : an architectural study"}]},{"reference":"\"£3400 HOME FOR BISHOP OF TOOWOOMBA\". Western Star And Roma Advertiser. No. 6853. Queensland, Australia. 13 May 1939. p. 3. Retrieved 3 November 2016 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98080421","url_text":"\"£3400 HOME FOR BISHOP OF TOOWOOMBA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Star_And_Roma_Advertiser","url_text":"Western Star And Roma Advertiser"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bishop%27s_House,_Toowoomba¶ms=27.5618_S_151.9646_E_region:AU-QLD_type:landmark","external_links_name":"27°33′42″S 151°57′53″E / 27.5618°S 151.9646°E / -27.5618; 151.9646"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bishop%27s_House,_Toowoomba¶ms=27.5618_S_151.9646_E_region:AU-QLD_type:landmark","external_links_name":"27°33′42″S 151°57′53″E / 27.5618°S 151.9646°E / -27.5618; 151.9646"},{"Link":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600845","external_links_name":"\"Bishop's House (entry 600845)\""},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34779958","external_links_name":"James Marks and Sons, Architects, Toowoomba : an architectural study"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98080421","external_links_name":"\"£3400 HOME FOR BISHOP OF TOOWOOMBA\""},{"Link":"https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/the-queensland-heritage-register","external_links_name":"\"The Queensland heritage register\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 3.0 AU"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141008094804/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/the-queensland-heritage-register","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-heritage-register-boundaries","external_links_name":"\"Queensland heritage register boundaries\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 3.0 AU"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015223514/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-heritage-register-boundaries","external_links_name":"archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_mayoral_election,_2013 | 2013 Houston mayoral election | ["1 Candidates","2 Endorsements","3 Results","4 See also","5 References"] | 2013 Houston mayoral election
← 2011
November 5, 2013
2015 →
Candidate
Annise Parker
Ben Hall
Eric Dick
Popular vote
97,009
46,775
18,302
Percentage
57.22%
27.59%
10.79%
Mayor before election
Annise Parker
Elected Mayor
Annise Parker
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Governmentvte
The Houston mayoral election of 2013 took place on November 5, 2013. The incumbent Mayor Annise Parker was re-elected to a third, and final, two-year term in office.
Candidates
Declared candidates included:
Don Cook (Green)
Eric Dick (Republican)
Keryl Burgess Douglas
Michael J. Fitzsimmons (Socialist)
Ben Hall, former City Attorney (Democratic)
Victoria Lane
Annise Parker, incumbent Mayor (Democratic)
Endorsements
List of people who endorsed Annise Parker
Parker's endorsers included:
Organizations:
American Council of Engineering Companies – Houston
Annie's List
Christians For Better Government
Democracy For America
Democracy for Houston
EMILY's List
Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund
Greater Harris County Democrats
Greater Houston Home Builders' Association
Harris County AFL-CIO
Harris County Council of Organizations
Harris County Tejano Democrats
Houston Apartment Association
Houston Association of Realtors
Houston Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA)
Houston Contractor's Association
Houston Educational Support Personnel (HESP) Union, Local 6315
Houston Police Officers Union
Houston Stonewall Young Democrats
Houstonians for Responsible Growth
Human Rights Campaign
Ironworkers Local 84
Key PAC
LPAC
Montrose Area Democrats
Planned Parenthood
Planned Parenthood Gulf Coast Action Fund
Reinforcing Iron Workers Local 847
Small Independent Motel Owners Association
UNITE HERE! Local 23
Women's Campaign Fund
Newspapers:
Houston Chronicle
Individuals:
Jay K. Aiyer, former HCC Trustee
Chris Bell, former Congressman
Peter Brown, former Councilmember
Ryan Chase, radio host of 104.1 KRBE
Roula Christie, radio host of 104.1 KRBE
Ellen Cohen, Councilmember
Garnet Coleman, State Rep.
Stephen Costello, Councilmember
Debra Danburg, former State Rep.
Anna Eastman, HISD Trustee
Ada Edwards, former Councilmember
Jessica Farrar, State Rep.
Sylvia Garcia, State Sen.
Ed Gonzalez, Councilmember
Paula Harris, HISD Trustee
Ana Hernandez, State Rep.
Al Hoang, Councilmember
Scott Hochberg, former State Rep.
Dwight Jefferson, former State District Judge
Debby Kerner, HCDE Trustee
Erica Lee, HCDE Trustee
Glen Maxey, former State Rep.
Borris Miles, State Rep.
Richard Morrison, Ft. Bend County Commissioner
Danny Nguyen, Missouri City Councilmember
Barack Obama, U.S. President
James Rodriguez, Councilmember
Vince Ryan, Harris County Attorney
Graciela Saen, former Councilmember
Arthur Schechter, Ambassador
Juliet Stipeche, HISD Trustee
Kristi Thibaut, former State Rep.
Diane Trautman, HCDE Trustee
Gene Wu, State Rep.
List of people who endorsed Ben Hall
Hall's endorsers included:
Organizations:
African-American Police Officers League
Individuals:
Yolanda Adams
Levi Benton, former judge
Clarence Bradford, City Councilmember
Lee P. Brown, former mayor
Reuben Davis, Constable
Carol Mims Galloway, HISD Trustee
Al Green, Congressman
Jarvis Johnson, former City Councilmember
Michael Kubosh, City Council candidate
Drayton McLane, former Houston Astros owner
Chris Oliver, HCC Trustee
Solomon Ortiz, former Congressman
Rod Paige, former United States Secretary of Education
Alan Rosen, Constable
Mary Walker, Constable
Walton and Johnson of KPRC 950, radio hosts
Craig Washington, former Congressman
David West, former judge
Michael P. Williams, HCC Trustee
Alvin Zimmerman, former judge
Results
Candidate
Vote number
Vote percentage
Annise D. Parker (inc.)
97,009
57.22%
Ben Hall
46,775
27.59%
Eric B. Dick
18,302
10.79%
Victoria Lane
1,782
1.05%
Don Cook
1,720
1.01%
Keryl Burgess Douglas
1,192
0.70%
Michael Fitzsimmons
1,179
0.70%
Derek A. Jenkins
823
0.49%
Charyl L. Drab
767
0.45%
See also
Politics of Houston
Houston City Council
References
^ "Don Cook for Mayor of Houston". www.facebook.com. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
^ "Home". Archived from the original on September 4, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
^ "KERYL DOUGLAS FOR MAYOR". Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
^ "Check out Edwin and Andrea Haynes, Jimmy and Cheryl Coleman, Ben Hall and Mayor Annise Parker".
^ Ben Hall websitebenhallformayor.com Archived June 16, 2013, at archive.today
^ "victorialaneformayor.com". Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
^ "Harris County GOP - November 5, 2013 Elections". Archived from the original on August 30, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
^ "Annise Parker for Houston City Controller". Archived from the original on February 10, 2006. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
^ "Chron: Our pick for mayor of Houston | Re-Elect Houston Mayor Annise Parker!". Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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This Texas elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Houston_Mayors"},{"link_name":"Annise Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annise_Parker"}],"text":"The Houston mayoral election of 2013 took place on November 5, 2013. The incumbent Mayor Annise Parker was re-elected to a third, and final, two-year term in office.","title":"2013 Houston mayoral election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Annise Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annise_Parker"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(U.S.)"}],"text":"Declared candidates included:Don Cook[1] (Green)\nEric Dick[2] (Republican)\nKeryl Burgess Douglas[3]\nMichael J. Fitzsimmons[4] (Socialist)\nBen Hall,[5] former City Attorney (Democratic)\nVictoria Lane[6][7]\nAnnise Parker,[8] incumbent Mayor (Democratic)","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Council of Engineering Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Council_of_Engineering_Companies"},{"link_name":"Annie's List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie%27s_List"},{"link_name":"Christians For Better Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christians_For_Better_Government&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Democracy For America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_For_America"},{"link_name":"EMILY's List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMILY%27s_List"},{"link_name":"Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_%26_Lesbian_Victory_Fund"},{"link_name":"Greater Harris County Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater_Harris_County_Democrats&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AFL-CIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL-CIO"},{"link_name":"Houston Apartment Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston_Apartment_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Houston Association of Realtors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston_Association_of_Realtors&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Houston Contractor's Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston_Contractor%27s_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Houston Police Officers Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston_Police_Officers_Union&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stonewall Young Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Key PAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Key_PAC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LPAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPAC"},{"link_name":"Planned Parenthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood"},{"link_name":"Women's Campaign Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Campaign_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Houston Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Chris Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Bell_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Peter Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hoyt_Brown"},{"link_name":"Ellen Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Garnet Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Stephen Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Costello"},{"link_name":"Debra Danburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_Danburg"},{"link_name":"Ada Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ada_Edwards&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jessica Farrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Farrar"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Ana Hernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Hernandez"},{"link_name":"Al Hoang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hoang"},{"link_name":"Scott Hochberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hochberg"},{"link_name":"Dwight Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwight_Jefferson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glen Maxey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Maxey"},{"link_name":"Borris Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borris_Miles"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"James Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"Graciela Saen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graciela_Saen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arthur Schechter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schechter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kristi Thibaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristi_Thibaut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gene Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Wu"},{"link_name":"African-American Police Officers League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African-American_Police_Officers_League&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yolanda Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolanda_Adams"},{"link_name":"Levi Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levi_Benton_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clarence Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Bradford"},{"link_name":"Lee P. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_P._Brown"},{"link_name":"Carol Mims Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carol_Mims_Galloway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Green_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Jarvis Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarvis_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Drayton McLane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drayton_McLane"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"Solomon Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Rod Paige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Paige"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Craig Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Washington"},{"link_name":"Michael P. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_P._Williams&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alvin Zimmerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alvin_Zimmerman&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"List of people who endorsed Annise Parker\nParker's endorsers included:\nOrganizations:\n\nAmerican Council of Engineering Companies – Houston\nAnnie's List\nChristians For Better Government\nDemocracy For America\nDemocracy for Houston\nEMILY's List\nGay & Lesbian Victory Fund\nGreater Harris County Democrats\nGreater Houston Home Builders' Association\nHarris County AFL-CIO\nHarris County Council of Organizations\nHarris County Tejano Democrats\nHouston Apartment Association\nHouston Association of Realtors\nHouston Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA)\nHouston Contractor's Association\nHouston Educational Support Personnel (HESP) Union, Local 6315\nHouston Police Officers Union\nHouston Stonewall Young Democrats\nHoustonians for Responsible Growth\nHuman Rights Campaign\nIronworkers Local 84\nKey PAC\nLPAC\nMontrose Area Democrats\nPlanned Parenthood\nPlanned Parenthood Gulf Coast Action Fund\nReinforcing Iron Workers Local 847\nSmall Independent Motel Owners Association\nUNITE HERE! Local 23\nWomen's Campaign Fund\nNewspapers:\n\nHouston Chronicle[9]\nIndividuals:\n\nJay K. Aiyer, former HCC Trustee\nChris Bell, former Congressman\nPeter Brown, former Councilmember\nRyan Chase, radio host of 104.1 KRBE\nRoula Christie, radio host of 104.1 KRBE\nEllen Cohen, Councilmember\nGarnet Coleman, State Rep.\nStephen Costello, Councilmember\nDebra Danburg, former State Rep.\nAnna Eastman, HISD Trustee\nAda Edwards, former Councilmember\nJessica Farrar, State Rep.\nSylvia Garcia, State Sen.\nEd Gonzalez, Councilmember\nPaula Harris, HISD Trustee\nAna Hernandez, State Rep.\nAl Hoang, Councilmember\nScott Hochberg, former State Rep.\nDwight Jefferson, former State District Judge\nDebby Kerner, HCDE Trustee\nErica Lee, HCDE Trustee\nGlen Maxey, former State Rep.\nBorris Miles, State Rep.\nRichard Morrison, Ft. Bend County Commissioner\nDanny Nguyen, Missouri City Councilmember\nBarack Obama, U.S. President\nJames Rodriguez, Councilmember\nVince Ryan, Harris County Attorney\nGraciela Saen, former Councilmember\nArthur Schechter, Ambassador\nJuliet Stipeche, HISD Trustee\nKristi Thibaut, former State Rep.\nDiane Trautman, HCDE Trustee\nGene Wu, State Rep.List of people who endorsed Ben Hall\nHall's endorsers included:\nOrganizations:\n\nAfrican-American Police Officers League\nIndividuals:\n\nYolanda Adams\nLevi Benton, former judge\nClarence Bradford, City Councilmember\nLee P. Brown, former mayor\nReuben Davis, Constable\nCarol Mims Galloway, HISD Trustee\nAl Green, Congressman\nJarvis Johnson, former City Councilmember\nMichael Kubosh, City Council candidate\nDrayton McLane, former Houston Astros owner\nChris Oliver, HCC Trustee\nSolomon Ortiz, former Congressman\nRod Paige, former United States Secretary of Education\nAlan Rosen, Constable\nMary Walker, Constable\nWalton and Johnson of KPRC 950, radio hosts\nCraig Washington, former Congressman\nDavid West, former judge\nMichael P. Williams, HCC Trustee\nAlvin Zimmerman, former judge","title":"Endorsements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}] | [] | [{"title":"Politics of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Houston"},{"title":"Houston City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_City_Council"}] | [{"reference":"\"Don Cook for Mayor of Houston\". www.facebook.com. Retrieved December 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/people/Don-Cook-for-Mayor-of-Houston/100066596833057/","url_text":"\"Don Cook for Mayor of Houston\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Archived from the original on September 4, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130904123549/https://ericdickformayor.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""},{"url":"https://www.ericdickformayor.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"KERYL DOUGLAS FOR MAYOR\". Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921140637/http://www.keryldouglasformayor.com/","url_text":"\"KERYL DOUGLAS FOR MAYOR\""},{"url":"http://www.keryldouglasformayor.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Check out Edwin and Andrea Haynes, Jimmy and Cheryl Coleman, Ben Hall and Mayor Annise Parker\".","urls":[{"url":"http://issuu.com/houstonbusinessconnections/docs/september_houston_business_connecti/32?e=2038325/4756846","url_text":"\"Check out Edwin and Andrea Haynes, Jimmy and Cheryl Coleman, Ben Hall and Mayor Annise Parker\""}]},{"reference":"\"victorialaneformayor.com\". Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130925192913/http://www.victorialaneformayor.com/","url_text":"\"victorialaneformayor.com\""},{"url":"http://www.victorialaneformayor.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Harris County GOP - November 5, 2013 Elections\". Archived from the original on August 30, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130830024147/http://www.harriscountygop.com/ElectionsNov13.asp#Ballot","url_text":"\"Harris County GOP - November 5, 2013 Elections\""},{"url":"http://www.harriscountygop.com/ElectionsNov13.asp#Ballot","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Annise Parker for Houston City Controller\". Archived from the original on February 10, 2006. Retrieved March 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060210005648/http://anniseparker.com/","url_text":"\"Annise Parker for Houston City Controller\""},{"url":"http://www.anniseparker.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chron: Our pick for mayor of Houston | Re-Elect Houston Mayor Annise Parker!\". Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131016155257/http://www.anniseparker.com/chron-our-pick-for-mayor-of-houston/","url_text":"\"Chron: Our pick for mayor of Houston | Re-Elect Houston Mayor Annise Parker!\""},{"url":"http://www.anniseparker.com/chron-our-pick-for-mayor-of-houston/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131114104824/http://www.election.co.harris.tx.us/Cumulative/cumulative.htm","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.election.co.harris.tx.us/Cumulative/cumulative.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/people/Don-Cook-for-Mayor-of-Houston/100066596833057/","external_links_name":"\"Don Cook for Mayor of Houston\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130904123549/https://ericdickformayor.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.ericdickformayor.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921140637/http://www.keryldouglasformayor.com/","external_links_name":"\"KERYL DOUGLAS FOR MAYOR\""},{"Link":"http://www.keryldouglasformayor.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://issuu.com/houstonbusinessconnections/docs/september_houston_business_connecti/32?e=2038325/4756846","external_links_name":"\"Check out Edwin and Andrea Haynes, Jimmy and Cheryl Coleman, Ben Hall and Mayor Annise Parker\""},{"Link":"http://www.benhallformayor.com/","external_links_name":"Ben Hall website"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130616103849/http://www.benhallformayor.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130925192913/http://www.victorialaneformayor.com/","external_links_name":"\"victorialaneformayor.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.victorialaneformayor.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130830024147/http://www.harriscountygop.com/ElectionsNov13.asp#Ballot","external_links_name":"\"Harris County GOP - November 5, 2013 Elections\""},{"Link":"http://www.harriscountygop.com/ElectionsNov13.asp#Ballot","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060210005648/http://anniseparker.com/","external_links_name":"\"Annise Parker for Houston City Controller\""},{"Link":"http://www.anniseparker.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131016155257/http://www.anniseparker.com/chron-our-pick-for-mayor-of-houston/","external_links_name":"\"Chron: Our pick for mayor of Houston | Re-Elect Houston Mayor Annise Parker!\""},{"Link":"http://www.anniseparker.com/chron-our-pick-for-mayor-of-houston/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131114104824/http://www.election.co.harris.tx.us/Cumulative/cumulative.htm","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.election.co.harris.tx.us/Cumulative/cumulative.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013_Houston_mayoral_election&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Limber_Priory,_Limber_Magna | Great Limber Priory, Limber Magna | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 53°33′39″N 0°16′59″W / 53.5607°N 0.2830°W / 53.5607; -0.2830
Great Limber Priory, Limber Magna was a priory in Great Limber (or Limber Magna), Lincolnshire, England.
The manor and church of Great Limber were granted by Richard de Humet, constable of Normandy, France, and Agnes his wife, to the Cistercian abbey of Aunay in Normandy, and their charter was confirmed by King Henry II in 1157. It is uncertain whether it was a priory or a grange. The manor and church were sold by the abbot of Aunay in 1393 to the priory of St. Anne at Coventry.
see also
Great Limber Preceptory, Limber Magna
References
^ "Great Limber Priory". British History Online. Victoria County History. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
vteMonasteries in LincolnshireAugustinian
Boston Austin Friars
Bourne Abbey
Elsham Priory
Grimsby Abbey
Grimsby Nunnery
Grimsby Austin Friars
Hough Priory
Hirst Priory
Kyme Priory
Lincoln Austin Friars
Markby Priory
Newstead Priory
Nocton Priory
Stamford Austin Friars
Thornholme Priory
Thornton Abbey
Thwaite Priory
Torksey Priory
Wilsford Priory
Benedictine
Alkborough Priory
Bardney Abbey
Barrow Monastery
Bonby Priory
Boston Priory
Burwell Priory
Covenham Priory
Croyland Abbey
Deeping St James Priory
Freiston Priory
Haugham Priory
Henes Cell
Humberston Abbey
Ikanho monastery
Lincoln - St Mary Magdalene Priory
Minting Priory
North Hykeham Priory
Partney Cell
Repingas Monastery
Sandtoft Priory
Skendleby Priory
Spalding Priory
Stainfield Priory
Stamford All Saints' College
Stamford Cell in Burghley Park
Stamford - St Leonard's Priory
Stixwould Priory
Stow Abbey
Throckenholt Priory
Wilsford Priory
Winghale Priory
Brothers of Penitence
Lincoln Friars of the Sack
Stamford Friars of the Sack
Carmelite
Boston Whitefriars
Lincoln Whitefriars
Stamford Whitefriars
Carthusian
Axholme Priory
Haugham Priory
Cistercian
Bytham Abbey
Cammeringham Priory
Fosse Priory
Gokewell Priory
Great Limber Priory, Limber Magna
Greenfield Priory
Haverholme Priory
Kirkstead Abbey
Knaith Priory
Legbourne Priory
Long Bennington Priory
Louth Park Abbey
Nuncotham Priory
Revesby Abbey
Stixwould Priory
Swineshead Abbey
Vaudey Abbey
Crutched Friars
Whaplode Friary
Dominican
Boston Blackfriars
Lincoln Blackfriars
Stamford Blackfriars
Franciscan
Boston Greyfriars
Grantham Greyfriars
Grimsby Greyfriars
Lincoln Greyfriars
Stamford Greyfriars
Gilbertine
Alvingham Priory
Bridge End Priory
Bullington Priory
Catley Priory
Haverholme Priory
Lincoln - St Catherine's Priory
Newstead-on-Ancholme Priory
North Ormsby Priory
Sempringham Priory
Sixhills Priory
Tunstall Priory
Knights Hospitaller
Aslackby Preceptory
Bottesford Preceptory
Eagle Preceptory
Great Limber Preceptory, Limber Magna
Maltby Preceptory
Skirbeck Commandery
Temple Bruer Preceptory
Willoughton Preceptory
Witham Preceptory
Knights Templar
Aslackby Preceptory
Bottesford Preceptory
Eagle Preceptory
Horkstow Camera
Lincoln Commandery
Temple Bruer Preceptory
Willoughton Preceptory
Witham Preceptory
Premonstratensian
Barlings Abbey
Broadholme Priory
Cammeringham Priory
Hagnaby Abbey
Newbo Abbey
Newsham Abbey
Orford Priory
Stixwould Priory
Tupholme Abbey
West Ravendale Priory
Savigniac
Revesby Abbey
Swineshead Abbey
Tironensian
Humberston Abbey
Independent
Partney Monastery
Stamford Monastery
St Æthelreda's nunnery, Stow Green
Threekingham Nunnery
53°33′39″N 0°16′59″W / 53.5607°N 0.2830°W / 53.5607; -0.2830
This article about a Lincolnshire building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a British Christian monastery, abbey, priory or other religious house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Limber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Limber"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Normandy, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy,_France"},{"link_name":"Aunay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunay-sur-Odon"},{"link_name":"King Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priory"},{"link_name":"grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange_(monastic_building)"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Great Limber Preceptory, Limber Magna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Limber_Preceptory,_Limber_Magna"}],"text":"Great Limber Priory, Limber Magna was a priory in Great Limber (or Limber Magna), Lincolnshire, England.The manor and church of Great Limber were granted by Richard de Humet, constable of Normandy, France, and Agnes his wife, to the Cistercian abbey of Aunay in Normandy, and their charter was confirmed by King Henry II in 1157. It is uncertain whether it was a priory or a grange. The manor and church were sold by the abbot of Aunay in 1393 to the priory of St. Anne at Coventry.[1]see alsoGreat Limber Preceptory, Limber Magna","title":"Great Limber Priory, Limber Magna"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Great Limber Priory\". British History Online. Victoria County History. Retrieved 9 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=38085&strquery=great%20limber","url_text":"\"Great Limber Priory\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Limber_Priory,_Limber_Magna¶ms=53.5607_N_0.2830_W_","external_links_name":"53°33′39″N 0°16′59″W / 53.5607°N 0.2830°W / 53.5607; -0.2830"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=38085&strquery=great%20limber","external_links_name":"\"Great Limber Priory\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Limber_Priory,_Limber_Magna¶ms=53.5607_N_0.2830_W_","external_links_name":"53°33′39″N 0°16′59″W / 53.5607°N 0.2830°W / 53.5607; -0.2830"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Limber_Priory,_Limber_Magna&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Limber_Priory,_Limber_Magna&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierna_Lehota,_Ro%C5%BE%C5%88ava_District | Čierna Lehota, Rožňava District | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Ethnicity","4 Culture","5 Genealogical resources","6 See also","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 48°43′20″N 20°15′00″E / 48.72222°N 20.25000°E / 48.72222; 20.25000Village and municipality in Slovakia
Location of Rožňava District in the Košice Region
Čierna Lehota (Hungarian: Szabados) is a village and municipality in the Rožňava District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1389.
Geography
The village lies at an altitude of 521 metres and covers an area of 31.864 km².
It has a population of about 575 people.
Ethnicity
The population is about 96% Slovak in ethnicity.
Culture
The village has a small public library, a football pitch and a food store.
Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Banska Bystrica, Kosice, Slovakia"
Greek Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1818-1895 (parish B)
Lutheran church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1785-1947 (parish A)
See also
List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Surnames of living people in Cierna Lehota
vteMunicipalities of Rožňava District
Dobšiná
Rožňava
Ardovo
Betliar
Bohúňovo
Bôrka
Brdárka
Bretka
Brzotín
Čierna Lehota
Čoltovo
Čučma
Dedinky
Dlhá Ves
Drnava
Gemerská Hôrka
Gemerská Panica
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Gočaltovo
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Henckovce
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Jovice
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Krásnohorské Podhradie
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Petrovo
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Roštár
Rozložná
Rožňavské Bystré
Rudná
Silica
Silická Brezová
Silická Jablonica
Slavec
Slavoška
Slavošovce
Stratená
Štítnik
Vlachovo
Vyšná Slaná
48°43′20″N 20°15′00″E / 48.72222°N 20.25000°E / 48.72222; 20.25000
This Rožňava District geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okres_roznava.png"},{"link_name":"Rožňava District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%BE%C5%88ava_District"},{"link_name":"Košice Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice_Region"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Rožňava District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%BE%C5%88ava_District"},{"link_name":"Košice Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice_Region"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"}],"text":"Village and municipality in SlovakiaLocation of Rožňava District in the Košice RegionČierna Lehota (Hungarian: Szabados) is a village and municipality in the Rožňava District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia.","title":"Čierna Lehota, Rožňava District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"}],"text":"In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1389.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"altitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude"},{"link_name":"area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"}],"text":"The village lies at an altitude of 521 metres and covers an area of 31.864 km².\nIt has a population of about 575 people.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"},{"link_name":"ethnicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicity"}],"text":"The population is about 96% Slovak in ethnicity.","title":"Ethnicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"The village has a small public library, a football pitch and a food store.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive \"Statny Archiv in Banska Bystrica, Kosice, Slovakia\"Greek Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1818-1895 (parish B)\nLutheran church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1785-1947 (parish A)","title":"Genealogical resources"}] | [{"image_text":"Location of Rožňava District in the Košice Region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Okres_roznava.png/300px-Okres_roznava.png"}] | [{"title":"List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_and_towns_in_Slovakia"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C4%8Cierna_Lehota,_Ro%C5%BE%C5%88ava_District¶ms=48_43_20_N_20_15_00_E_source:huwiki_region:SK_type:city","external_links_name":"48°43′20″N 20°15′00″E / 48.72222°N 20.25000°E / 48.72222; 20.25000"},{"Link":"http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html","external_links_name":"http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html"},{"Link":"http://www.cisarik.com/0_Cierna_Lehota_Roznava_KI_Gomor_Gemer.html","external_links_name":"Surnames of living people in Cierna Lehota"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C4%8Cierna_Lehota,_Ro%C5%BE%C5%88ava_District¶ms=48_43_20_N_20_15_00_E_source:huwiki_region:SK_type:city","external_links_name":"48°43′20″N 20°15′00″E / 48.72222°N 20.25000°E / 48.72222; 20.25000"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Cierna_Lehota,_Ro%C5%BE%C5%88ava_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church_(Easton,_Maryland) | All Saints' Church (Easton, Maryland) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°50′46″N 76°4′53″W / 38.84611°N 76.08139°W / 38.84611; -76.08139Historic church in Maryland, United States
United States historic placeAll Saints' ChurchU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Show map of MarylandShow map of the United StatesLocation10806 Longwoods Road (MD 662), Easton, MarylandCoordinates38°50′46″N 76°4′53″W / 38.84611°N 76.08139°W / 38.84611; -76.08139Area3.8 acres (1.5 ha)Built1900 (1900)Architectural styleGothic, Queen AnneNRHP reference No.83002962Added to NRHPMay 27, 1983
All Saints' Church is a historic Carpenter Gothic style Episcopal church at Easton, Talbot County, Maryland, United States. It is a small rectangular frame church constructed in 1900–1901. The exterior features of the church include a three-stage bell tower with a shingled spire. The interior features imported stained glass windows from Munich, Germany, along with decorative tile floors, a darkly stained exposed timber roof structure, and intricately carved church furniture. The church was designed by New York architect, Henry Martyn Congdon.
All Saints' Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ Dicran A. Berberian (March 1983). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: All Saints' Church" (PDF). Maryland Historical Trust. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
External links
Media related to All Saints Church (Easton, Maryland) at Wikimedia Commons
All Saints' Church, Talbot County, including photo from 1970, at Maryland Historical Trust
vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in MarylandTopics
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This article about a Registered Historic Place in Talbot County, Maryland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a church or other Christian place of worship in Maryland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carpenter Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Episcopal church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Talbot County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"bell tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tower"},{"link_name":"stained glass windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass_window"},{"link_name":"Munich, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Henry Martyn Congdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Martyn_Congdon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mht_ihp-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"Historic church in Maryland, United StatesUnited States historic placeAll Saints' Church is a historic Carpenter Gothic style Episcopal church at Easton, Talbot County, Maryland, United States. It is a small rectangular frame church constructed in 1900–1901. The exterior features of the church include a three-stage bell tower with a shingled spire. The interior features imported stained glass windows from Munich, Germany, along with decorative tile floors, a darkly stained exposed timber roof structure, and intricately carved church furniture. The church was designed by New York architect, Henry Martyn Congdon.[2]All Saints' Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.[1]","title":"All Saints' Church (Easton, Maryland)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Dicran A. Berberian (March 1983). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration: All Saints' Church\" (PDF). Maryland Historical Trust. Retrieved 2016-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/NR_PDFs/NR-741.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: All Saints' Church\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=All_Saints%27_Church_(Easton,_Maryland)¶ms=38_50_46_N_76_4_53_W_type:landmark_region:US-MD","external_links_name":"38°50′46″N 76°4′53″W / 38.84611°N 76.08139°W / 38.84611; -76.08139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=All_Saints%27_Church_(Easton,_Maryland)¶ms=38_50_46_N_76_4_53_W_type:landmark_region:US-MD","external_links_name":"38°50′46″N 76°4′53″W / 38.84611°N 76.08139°W / 38.84611; -76.08139"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/83002962","external_links_name":"83002962"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/NR_PDFs/NR-741.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: All Saints' Church\""},{"Link":"https://apps.mht.maryland.gov/nr/NRDetail.aspx?NRID=743","external_links_name":"All Saints' Church, Talbot County"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Saints%27_Church_(Easton,_Maryland)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Saints%27_Church_(Easton,_Maryland)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_High_School_(Midland,_Texas) | Legacy High School (Midland, Texas) | ["1 History","2 Athletics","2.1 Football","3 Demographics","4 Notable alumni","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 32°00′43″N 102°07′44″W / 32.01188°N 102.12878°W / 32.01188; -102.12878Public secondary school in Midland, Texas, United StatesLegacy High SchoolAddress3500 Neely AveMidland, Texas 79707United StatesCoordinates32°00′43″N 102°07′44″W / 32.01188°N 102.12878°W / 32.01188; -102.12878InformationTypePublic secondary schoolEstablished1961; 63 years ago (1961)School districtMidland ISDPrincipalMich EtzelTeaching staff126.39 (FTE) (2018–19)Grades10–12Enrollment2,339 (2022–2023)Student to teacher ratio18.10 (2018–19)Color(s) Maroon Gray WhiteAthletics conferenceUIL District 2-6ANicknameRebelsWebsitewww.midlandisd.net/lhs
Legacy High School, formerly known as Robert E. Lee High School, is a public, co-educational secondary school in Midland, Texas. Legacy High School is a part of the Midland Independent School District.
History
The school originally opened its doors in 1961, seven years before the city’s high schools integrated. The Midland ISD board vote to rename had six board members voting for, and one voting against the school's name change. In October 2020, the Midland school board voted to rename the school "Legacy High School".
Athletics
Football
State championships: 1998, 1999, 2000
Demographics
The demographic breakdown of the 2,288 students enrolled for 2018-19 was:
Male - 53.2%
Female - 46.8%
Native American/Alaskan - 0.4%
Asian - 2.8%
Black - 8.3%
Hispanic - 61.2%
White - 26.0%
Multiracial - 1.3%
30.3% of the students were eligible for free or reduced-cost lunch.
Notable alumni
This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (October 2020)
Cedric Benson, National Football League (NFL) running back
Laura Bush, First Lady of the United States
Dustin Butler, journalist
Tommy Franks, General in the United States Army
Susan Graham, opera singer
K. C. Jones, NFL center
Tommy Lee Jones, actor and director
Austin Ligon, business executive
Junior Miller, NFL tight end
Tyrone Thurman, college football wide receiver
Rex Tucker, NFL offensive lineman
Ryan Tucker, NFL offensive lineman
Randy Velarde, Major League Baseball (MLB) infielder
Michael L. Williams, politician
Allen Wilson, high school football coach
Eric Winston, NFL offensive tackle
Jake Young, college football center
References
^ "After 59 Years, Midland ISD Agrees to Change the Name of Robert e. Lee High". 3 August 2020.
^ a b c d
"Search for Public Schools - LEE H S (483057003445)". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
^ "2018-20 Official District Alignment Football and 2018-19 Basketball Conference 6A" (PDF). University Interscholastic League. January 25, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
^ "After 59 Years, Midland ISD Agrees to Change the Name of Robert E. Lee High". 3 August 2020.
^ Doreen, Stewart (October 14, 2020). "Board selects Legacy HS as school's new name". Midland Reporter-Telegram.
^ "After 59 Years, Midland ISD Agrees To Change The Name Of Robert E. Lee High". Texas Standard. 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2021-11-16.
^
"Bush Family History". bushchildhoodhome.org. George W. Bush Childhood Home, Inc. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
^
"Laura Welch Bush". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
^ "Randy Velarde - The Baseball Cube". www.thebaseballcube.com. The Baseball Cube. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
External links
Texas portalSchools portal
Official website
vteMidland, TexasHistory
Timeline
Avery v. Midland County
Midland train crash
2019 shooting spree
Education
Midland ISD
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Midland HS
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Midland County LibraryClosed
Carver HS
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Astound Broadband Stadium
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Yucca Theater
Transportation
Midland International Air and Space Port
Media
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Midland-Odessa Sockers FC
Summer Mummers
People
This list is incomplete.CAF Airpower Museum was in Midland from 1991 until 2015.
vteEducation in Midland County, TexasPublic high schoolsMidland ISD
Legacy HS (formerly Robert E. Lee HS)
Midland HSClosed
George Washington Carver HS
Greenwood ISD
Greenwood HS
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Private high schoolsReligious
Midland Christian School
TertiaryCommunity colleges
Midland College
Libraries
Midland County Library
vteTexas University Interscholastic League (UIL) high school athletic regionsTexas 6ARegion 1District 1
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Houston Bridgeland
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Clute Brazoswood
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Frisco
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Denison
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Forney
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Brenham
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Houston Austin
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Crosby
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District 22
Baytown Goose Creek Memorial
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Angleton
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Region 4District 25
Austin Vandegrift
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Austin Crockett
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District 27
Boerne Champion
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District 28
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District 29
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District 30
Alice
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Corpus Christi Miller
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Gregory-Portland
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District 31
Edinburg Vela
Mission Sharyland
Mission Veterans Memorial
Pharr Valley View
Rio Grande City
Roma
Mission Sharyland
District 32
Brownsville Pace
Brownsville Porter
Donna
Donna North
Edcouch-Elsa
Mercedes
Pharr-San Juan-Alamo
Pharr-San Juan-Alamo Southwest
Texas 4A: Division IRegion 1District 1
Borger
Levelland
Lubbock Estacado
Pampa
Seminole
District 2
Andrews
Clint
Clint Mountain View
Fabens
San Elizario
District 3
Abilene Wylie
Big Spring
Brownwood
Snyder
Stephenville
District 4
Burkburnett
Decatur
Gainesville
Graham
Mineral Wells
Wichita Falls Hirschi
Region 2District 5
Alvarado
Fort Worth Diamond Hill-Jarvis
Lake Worth
River Oaks Castleberry
Springtown
District 6
Argyle
Carrollton Ranchview
Dallas Carter
Dallas Hutchins
Dallas Pinkston
Sanger
District 7
Paris
Paris North Lamar
Pittsburg
Princeton
Quinlan Ford
Texarkana Liberty-Eylau
District 8
Athens
Crandall
Kaufman
Mabank
Van
Wills Point
Region 3District 9
Brownsboro
Carthage
Henderson
Kilgore
Palestine
Tyler Chapel Hill
District 10
Bridge City
Cleveland
Huffman Hargrave
Jasper
Orange Little Cypress- Mauriceville
Silsbee
Splendora
District 11
Houston Furr
Houston Sterling
Houston Washington
Houston Wheatley
Navasota
Sealy
District 12
Bay City
El Campo
Freeport Brazosport
Needville
Stafford
West Columbia Columbia
Region 4District 13
Burnet
China Spring
Gatesville
Lampasas
Robinson
Waco La Vega
District 14
Bandera
Boerne
Comal Canyon Lake
Fredericksburg
Liberty Hill
Taylor
District 15
Beeville Jones
Gonzales
La Vernia
Pleasanton
Robstown
Rockport-Fulton
District 16
Hidalgo Early College
Kingsville King
La Feria
Rio Grande City Grulla
Zapata
Texas 4A: Division IIRegion 1District 1
Bushland
Dalhart
Iowa Park
Perryton
Vernon
District 2
Fort Stockton
Lamesa
Midland Greenwood
Monahans
Pecos
Sweetwater
District 3
Anna
Aubrey
Bonham
Bridgeport
Celina
Krum
District 4
Dallas Lincoln
Dallas Madison
Dallas Roosevelt
Ferris
Godley
Venus
Region 2District 5
Bullard
Canton
Emory Rains
Gilmer
Melissa
Nevada Community
District 6
Atlanta
Center
Gladewater
Longview Spring Hill
Tatum
Texarkana Pleasant
Grove
District 7
Fairfield
Groesbeck
Lorena
Mexia
Rusk
Waco Connally
District 8
Cleveland Tarkington
Coldspring-Oakhurst
Diboll
Huntington
Madisonville
Shepherd
Region 3District 9
Hamshire-Fannett
Liberty
Orangefield
Sour Lake HardinJefferson
West Orange-Stark
District 10
Houston Jones
Houston Kashmere
Houston Scarborough
Houston Worthing
La Marque
District 11
Caldwell
Giddings
La Grange
Salado
Smithville
District 12
Bellville
Columbus
Royal
Sweeny
Wharton
Region 4District 13
Geronimo Navarro
Hondo
Llano
Lytle
Wimberley
District 14
Carrizo Springs
Crystal City
Devine
Pearsall
Poteet
District 15
Cuero
Ingleside
Jourdanton
Sinton
Yoakum
District 16
Corpus Christi West Oso
Orange Grove
Port Isabel
Progreso
Raymondville
Rio Hondo
Texas 3A: Division IRegion 1District 1
Amarillo River Road
Childress
Dimmitt
Friona
Littlefield
Muleshoe
District 2
Brownfield
Denver City
Kermit
Shallowater
Slaton
Tornillo
District 3
Bangs
Brady
Clyde
Early
Merkel
Tuscola Jim Ned
Wall
District 4
Bowie
Boyd
Breckenridge
Brock
Paradise
Ponder
Region 2District 5
Callisburg
Farmersville
Pilot Point
Pottsboro
Van Alstyne
Whitesboro
District 6
Caddo Mills
Commerce
Dallas Life Oak Cliff
Red Oak Life
Scurry-Rosser
Sunnyvale
District 7
Daingerfield
Mount Vernon
New Boston
Pattonville Prairiland
Redwater
Winnsboro
District 8
Big Sandy Harmony
Gladewater Sabine
Jefferson
Mineola
Quitman
White Oak
Region 3District 9
Comanche
Glen Rose
Grandview
Hillsboro
McGregor
West
Whitney
District 10
Cameron Yoe
Florence
Lago Vista
Little River Academy
Rockdale
Troy
District 11
Elkhart
Eustace
Kemp
Malakoff
Palestine Westwood
Teague
District 12
Anahuac
Buna
Hardin
Kirbyville
Kountze
Warren
Winnie East Chambers
Woodville
Region 4District 13
Comfort
Ingram Moore
Luling
Marion
San Antonio Cole
Universal City Randolph
District 14
Altair Rice
Edna
Hempstead
Hitchcock
Palacios
Vanderbilt Industrial
District 15
George West
Goliad
Hallettsville
Mathis
San Antonio Brooks Academy Science & Engineering
District 16
Aransas Pass
Bishop
Falfurrias
Lyford
San Diego
Santa Rosa
Texas 3A: Division IIRegion 1District 1
Amarillo Highland Park
Idalou
Lubbock Roosevelt
Sanford-Fritch
Spearman
Tulia
District 2
Cisco
Eastland
Henrietta
Holliday
Jacksboro
Millsap
Nocona
Wichita Falls City View
District 3
Ballinger
Coahoma
Colorado City
Post
Stanton
District 4
Alpine
Big Lake Reagan County
Crane
San Angelo Grape Creek
San Angelo Texas Leadership Charter Academy
Sonora
Region 2District 5
Gunter
Howe
Leonard
Sadler & Southmayd Consolidated
Tom Bean
Whitewright
District 6
Alba-Golden
Cooper
Edgewood
Grand Saline
Lone Oak
Paris Chisum
District 7
De Kalb
Hooks
Hughes Springs
Linden-Kildare
Omaha Pewitt
Queen City
District 8
Diana New Diana
Elysian Fields
Frankston
New London West Rusk
Troup
Waskom
Winona
Region 3District 9
Blooming Grove
Maypearl
Mildred
Palmer
Rice
Rio Vista
District 10
Bruceville-Eddy
Clifton
Dublin
Jarrell
Marlin
Rogers
District 11
Corrigan-Camden
Crockett
Deweyville
Garrison
Hemphill
Newton
District 12
Buffalo
Franklin
Hearne
Jewett Leon
Lexington
New Waverly
Trinity
Region 4District 13
Boling
Danbury
East Bernard
El Maton Tidehaven
Van Vleck
Wallis Brazos
District 14
Blanco
Karnes City
Natalia
Nixon Smiley
Poth
Stockdale
District 15
Banquete
Bloomington
Odem
Santa Gertrudis Acd
Skidmore-Tynan
Taft
District 16
Cotulla
Dilley
Freer
Hebbronville
Monte Alto
Texas 2A: Division IRegion 1District 1
Boys Ranch
Canadian
Panhandle
Stinnett West Texas
Stratford
Wellington
District 2
Abernathy
Floydada
Hale Center
New Deal
Olton
Tahoka
District 3
Anthony
Christoval
Forsan
McCamey
Ozona
District 4
Anson
Archer City
Hawley
Olney
Stamford
Windthorst
Region 2District 5
Alvord
Bells
Blue Ridge
Chico
Trenton
Valley View
District 6
Bogata Rivercrest
Clarksville
Como-Pickton
Honey Grove
Quinlan Boles
Wolfe City
District 7
De Leon
Goldthwaite
Hamilton
Hico
San Saba
Tolar
District 8
Axtell
Bosqueville
Crawford
Itasca
Mart
Valley Mills
Region 3District 9
Big Sandy
Gladewater Union
Grove
Harleton
Hawkins
Ore City
Simms Bowie
District 10
Beckville
Cushing
Joaquin
Pineland West Sabine
San Augustine
Shelbyville
District 11
Alto
Cayuga
Grapeland
Kerens
Malakoff Cross Roads
Price Carlisle
District 12
Anderson-Shiro
Centerville
Groveton
Hull-Daisetta
Lovelady
Saratoga West Hardin
Region 4District 13
Holland
Moody
Riesel
Rosebud-Lott
Thorndale
Thrall
District 14
Brackettville Brackett
Center Point
Harper
Johnson City LBJ
Junction
Mason
Sabinal
District 15
Flatonia
Ganado
Refugio
Schulenburg
Shiner
Weimar
District 16
Ben Bolt-Palito Blanco
Corpus Christi London
La Villa
Riviera Kaufer
Santa Maria
Three Rivers
Texas 2A: Division IIRegion 1District 1
Booker
Claude
Gruver
Shamrock
Sunray
Wheeler
District 2
Bovina
Earth Springlake
Farwell
Sudan
Vega
District 3
Clarendon
Crosbyton
Lockney
Memphis
Quanah
Ralls
District 4
Morton
Plains
Seagraves
Smyer
Sundown
Region 2District 5
Alvord
Eldorado
Iraan
Mertzon Irion County
Van Horn
Wink
District 6
Bronte
Menard
Miles
Roby
Roscoe Collegiate
Winters
District 7
Electra
Hamlin
Haskell
Munday
Petrolia
Seymour
District 8
Albany
Baird
Cross Plains
Gorman
Perrin-Whitt
Ranger
Santo
Region 3District 9
Celeste
Collinsville
Cumby
Detroit
Era
Lindsay
Muenster
District 10
Chilton
Dallas Gateway
Dawson
Frost
Hubbard
Italy
Meridian
Wortham
District 11
Fruitvale
Maud
Mount Enterprise
Overton
Tenaha
Timpson
District 12
Burkeville
Colmesneil
Evadale
Iola
Normangee
Sabine Pass
Region 4District 13
Bartlett
Bremond
Burton
Granger
Milano
Snook
Somerville
District 14
Falls City
Kenedy
Louise
Runge
Yorktown
District 15
Barksdale Nueces
Canyon
Charlotte
D’Hanis
La Pryor
Leakey
Rocksprings
District 16
Agua Dulce
Benavides
Bruni
Pettus
Woodsboro
Texas 1A: 6-Man Division IRegion 1District 1
Happy
Hart
Miami
Nazareth
White Deer
District 2
Lorenzo
Petersburg
Spur
Turkey Valley
District 3
Anton
Meadow
New Home
Ropesville Ropes
Whiteface
District 4
Gail Borden
Lamesa Klondike
Lenorah Grady
O'Donnell
Region 2District 5
Fort Davis
Garden City
Marfa
Rankin
District 6
Robert Lee
Sterling City
Veribest
Water Valley
District 7
Hermleigh
Ira
Roscoe Highland
Westbrook
District 8
Aspermont
Crowell
Knox City
Rotan
Region 3District 9
Bryson
Newcastle
Saint Jo
Tioga
District 10
Gordon
Gustine
Lingleville
May
Strawn
District 11
Evant
Lometa
Santa Anna
Zephyr
District 12
Eden
Medina
Paint Rock
Rochelle
Region 4District 13
Aquilla
Blum
Covington
Gholson
Kopperl
District 14
Abbott
Avalon
Bynum
Coolidge
Milford
Penelope
District 15
Campbell
Gilmer Union Hill
Irving Universal Academy
Savoy
District 16
Apple Springs
Bloomburg
Chester
Laird Hill Leveretts Chapel
Texas 1A: 6-Man Division IIRegion 1District 1
Briscoe Fort Elliott
Follett
Higgins
Lefors
District 2
Groom
Hedley
McLean
Silverton
District 3
Amherst
Cotton Center
Kress
Lazbuddie
District 4
Southland
Wellman-Union
Whitharral
Wilson
Region 2District 5
Balmorhea
Dell City
Marathon
Sanderson
Sierra Blanca
District 6
Ackerly Sands
Grandfalls-Royalty
Imperial Buena Vista
Loop
Welch Dawson
District 7
Blackwell
Loraine
Moran
Trent
District 8
Blanket
Rising Star
Sidney
Valera Panther Creek
Region 3District 9
Afton Patton Springs
Guthrie
Matador Motley County
Paducah
District 10
Haskell Paint Creek
Jayton
Lueders-Avoca
Rule
District 11
Benjamin
Chillicothe
Harrold
Vernon Northside
District 12
Bowie Gold-Burg
Forestburg
Throckmorton
Woodson
Region 4District 13
Brookesmith
Cherokee
Lohn
Mullin
Richland Springs
District 14
Cranfills Gap
Iredell
Jonesboro
Morgan
Oglesby
Walnut Springs
District 15
Karnack
Ladonia Fannindel
Mount Calm
Oakwood
Trinidad
District 16
Buckholts
Calvert
High Island
Prairie Lea
Source: Texas University Interscholastic League (UIL)
Authority control databases: Geographic
NCES | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"co-educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeducation"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Midland, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Midland Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Independent_School_District"}],"text":"Public secondary school in Midland, Texas, United StatesLegacy High School, formerly known as Robert E. Lee High School, is a public, co-educational secondary school in Midland, Texas. Legacy High School is a part of the Midland Independent School District.","title":"Legacy High School (Midland, Texas)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The school originally opened its doors in 1961, seven years before the city’s high schools integrated.[4] The Midland ISD board vote to rename had six board members voting for, and one voting against the school's name change. In October 2020, the Midland school board voted to rename the school \"Legacy High School\".[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Football","text":"State championships: 1998, 1999, 2000[6]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nces_sch-2"}],"text":"The demographic breakdown of the 2,288 students enrolled for 2018-19 was:Male - 53.2%\nFemale - 46.8%\nNative American/Alaskan - 0.4%\nAsian - 2.8%\nBlack - 8.3%\nHispanic - 61.2%\nWhite - 26.0%\nMultiracial - 1.3%30.3% of the students were eligible for free or reduced-cost lunch.[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cedric Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Benson"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"running back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_back"},{"link_name":"Laura Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Bush"},{"link_name":"First Lady of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BritannicaLauraBush-8"},{"link_name":"Dustin Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Butler"},{"link_name":"Tommy Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Franks"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Susan Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Graham"},{"link_name":"K. C. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._C._Jones_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Tommy Lee Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Jones"},{"link_name":"Austin Ligon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Ligon"},{"link_name":"Junior Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Miller"},{"link_name":"tight end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_end"},{"link_name":"Tyrone Thurman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrone_Thurman"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_football"},{"link_name":"wide receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_receiver"},{"link_name":"Rex Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Tucker_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"offensive lineman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineman_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"Ryan Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Tucker"},{"link_name":"offensive lineman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineman_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"Randy Velarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Velarde"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"infielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infielder"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Michael L. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_L._Williams"},{"link_name":"Allen Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Wilson_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Eric Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Winston"},{"link_name":"offensive tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)"},{"link_name":"Jake Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Young_(American_football)"}],"text":"Cedric Benson, National Football League (NFL) running back\nLaura Bush, First Lady of the United States[7][8]\nDustin Butler, journalist\nTommy Franks, General in the United States Army\nSusan Graham, opera singer\nK. C. Jones, NFL center\nTommy Lee Jones, actor and director\nAustin Ligon, business executive\nJunior Miller, NFL tight end\nTyrone Thurman, college football wide receiver\nRex Tucker, NFL offensive lineman\nRyan Tucker, NFL offensive lineman\nRandy Velarde, Major League Baseball (MLB) infielder[9]\nMichael L. Williams, politician\nAllen Wilson, high school football coach\nEric Winston, NFL offensive tackle\nJake Young, college football center","title":"Notable alumni"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"After 59 Years, Midland ISD Agrees to Change the Name of Robert e. Lee High\". 3 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/after-59-years-midland-isd-agrees-to-change-the-name-of-robert-e-lee-high/","url_text":"\"After 59 Years, Midland ISD Agrees to Change the Name of Robert e. Lee High\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search for Public Schools - LEE H S (483057003445)\". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved May 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&ID=483057003445","url_text":"\"Search for Public Schools - LEE H S (483057003445)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics","url_text":"National Center for Education Statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences","url_text":"Institute of Education Sciences"}]},{"reference":"\"2018-20 Official District Alignment Football and 2018-19 Basketball Conference 6A\" (PDF). University Interscholastic League. January 25, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uiltexas.org/files/alignments/6ABBFB.pdf","url_text":"\"2018-20 Official District Alignment Football and 2018-19 Basketball Conference 6A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Interscholastic_League","url_text":"University Interscholastic League"}]},{"reference":"\"After 59 Years, Midland ISD Agrees to Change the Name of Robert E. Lee High\". 3 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/after-59-years-midland-isd-agrees-to-change-the-name-of-robert-e-lee-high/","url_text":"\"After 59 Years, Midland ISD Agrees to Change the Name of Robert E. Lee High\""}]},{"reference":"Doreen, Stewart (October 14, 2020). \"Board selects Legacy HS as school's new name\". Midland Reporter-Telegram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mrt.com/news/article/Board-selects-Legacy-HS-as-school-s-new-name-15648892.php","url_text":"\"Board selects Legacy HS as school's new name\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Reporter-Telegram","url_text":"Midland Reporter-Telegram"}]},{"reference":"\"After 59 Years, Midland ISD Agrees To Change The Name Of Robert E. Lee High\". Texas Standard. 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2021-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/after-59-years-midland-isd-agrees-to-change-the-name-of-robert-e-lee-high/","url_text":"\"After 59 Years, Midland ISD Agrees To Change The Name Of Robert E. Lee High\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bush Family History\". bushchildhoodhome.org. George W. Bush Childhood Home, Inc. Retrieved January 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bushchildhoodhome.org/family_history","url_text":"\"Bush Family History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laura Welch Bush\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9345365/Laura-Welch-Bush","url_text":"\"Laura Welch Bush\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Randy Velarde - The Baseball Cube\". www.thebaseballcube.com. The Baseball Cube. Retrieved January 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebaseballcube.com/players/profile.asp?ID=339","url_text":"\"Randy Velarde - The Baseball Cube\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Legacy_High_School_(Midland,_Texas)¶ms=32.01188_N_102.12878_W_type:edu_region:US-TX","external_links_name":"32°00′43″N 102°07′44″W / 32.01188°N 102.12878°W / 32.01188; -102.12878"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Legacy_High_School_(Midland,_Texas)¶ms=32.01188_N_102.12878_W_type:edu_region:US-TX","external_links_name":"32°00′43″N 102°07′44″W / 32.01188°N 102.12878°W / 32.01188; -102.12878"},{"Link":"http://www.midlandisd.net/lhs","external_links_name":"www.midlandisd.net/lhs"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legacy_High_School_(Midland,_Texas)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/after-59-years-midland-isd-agrees-to-change-the-name-of-robert-e-lee-high/","external_links_name":"\"After 59 Years, Midland ISD Agrees to Change the Name of Robert e. Lee High\""},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&ID=483057003445","external_links_name":"\"Search for Public Schools - LEE H S (483057003445)\""},{"Link":"https://www.uiltexas.org/files/alignments/6ABBFB.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2018-20 Official District Alignment Football and 2018-19 Basketball Conference 6A\""},{"Link":"https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/after-59-years-midland-isd-agrees-to-change-the-name-of-robert-e-lee-high/","external_links_name":"\"After 59 Years, Midland ISD Agrees to Change the Name of Robert E. Lee High\""},{"Link":"https://www.mrt.com/news/article/Board-selects-Legacy-HS-as-school-s-new-name-15648892.php","external_links_name":"\"Board selects Legacy HS as school's new name\""},{"Link":"https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/after-59-years-midland-isd-agrees-to-change-the-name-of-robert-e-lee-high/","external_links_name":"\"After 59 Years, Midland ISD Agrees To Change The Name Of Robert E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team | 1946 Michigan Wolverines football team | ["1 Schedule","2 Rankings","3 Season summary","3.1 Pre-season","3.2 Week 1: Indiana","3.3 Week 2: Iowa","3.4 Week 3: Army","3.5 Week 4: Northwestern","3.6 Week 5: Illinois","3.7 Week 6: at Minnesota","3.8 Week 7: Michigan State","3.9 Week 8: Wisconsin","3.10 Week 9: at Ohio State","3.11 Scoring summary","3.12 Post-season","4 Players","4.1 Varsity letter winners","4.2 Reserves","4.3 Awards and honors","4.4 NFL and AAFC drafts","5 Coaching staff","6 References","7 External links"] | American college football season
1946 Michigan Wolverines footballConferenceBig Nine ConferenceRankingAPNo. 6Record6–2–1 (5–1–1 Big Nine)Head coachFritz Crisler (9th season)Offensive schemeSingle-wingMVPBob ChappuisCaptainArt RennerHome stadiumMichigan StadiumSeasons← 19451947 →
1946 Big Nine Conference football standings
vte
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
T
W
L
T
No. 5 Illinois $
6
–
1
–
0
8
–
2
–
0
No. 6 Michigan
5
–
1
–
1
6
–
2
–
1
No. 20 Indiana
4
–
2
–
0
6
–
3
–
0
Iowa
3
–
3
–
0
5
–
4
–
0
Minnesota
3
–
4
–
0
5
–
4
–
0
Ohio State
2
–
3
–
1
4
–
3
–
2
Northwestern
2
–
3
–
1
4
–
4
–
1
Wisconsin
2
–
5
–
0
4
–
5
–
0
Purdue
0
–
5
–
1
2
–
6
–
1
$ – Conference championRankings from AP Poll
The 1946 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1946 Big Nine Conference football season. In their ninth year under head coach was Fritz Crisler, the Wolverines compiled a 6–2–1 record (5–1–1 Big Nine), outscored opponents 233 to 73, and finished the season in second place in the Big Nine Conference and ranked No. 6 in the final 1946 AP poll. The team's two losses came against an undefeated Army team that was ranked No. 2 in the final AP poll and against an Illinois team that won the Big Nine championship and was ranked No. 5 in the final AP poll. Michigan won its last four games by a combined score of 162 to 19, starting a 25-game winning streak that continued for nearly three years until October 8, 1949. In the final game of the 1946 season, Michigan defeated Ohio State, 58–6, the Buckeyes' worst defeat since joining the conference in 1913.
Halfback Bob Chappuis passed for 735 yards, the most since Benny Friedman set the school record with 760 passing yards in 1925. Chappuis also rushed for 548 yards, received second-team All-American and first-team All-Big Nine honors, and was selected as Michigan's Most Valuable Player for the 1946 season. Chappuis also ranked fifth nationally with 1,265 yards of total offense (531 rushing, 734 passing).
The only Michigan player to receive first-team All-American honors in 1946 was end Elmer Madar. Center Jim Brieske was the team's leading scorer with 32 points having kicked 29 points after touchdown and one field goal. Bob Mann led the team in touchdowns with five. End Art Renner was the team captain.
Schedule
DateOpponentRankSiteResultAttendanceSeptember 28IndianaMichigan StadiumAnn Arbor, MIW 21–071,660
October 5IowaMichigan StadiumAnn Arbor, MIW 14–756,515
October 12No. 2 Army*No. 4Michigan StadiumAnn Arbor, MIL 13–2085,938
October 19No. 10 NorthwesternNo. 5Michigan StadiumAnn Arbor, MI (rivalry)T 14–1474,089
October 26IllinoisNo. 8Michigan StadiumAnn Arbor, MI (series)L 9–1385,938
November 2at MinnesotaNo. 13Memorial StadiumMinneapolis, MN (Little Brown Jug)W 21–058,476
November 9Michigan State*No. 11Michigan StadiumAnn Arbor, MI (rivalry)W 55–776,373
November 16WisconsinNo. 10Michigan StadiumAnn Arbor, MIW 28–664,085
November 23at Ohio StateNo. 8Ohio StadiumColumbus, OH (rivalry)W 58–679,735
*Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from AP Poll released prior to the game
Rankings
See also: 1946 NCAA football rankings
Ranking movementsLegend: ██ Increase in ranking ██ Decrease in ranking т = Tied with team above or belowWeekPoll12345678FinalAP458т131110866
Season summary
Pre-season
Head coach Fritz Crisler
1946 Michigan MVP Bob Chappuis
In early January 1946, Biggie Munn, who had been Michigan's line coach since 1938, was hired as the head football coach at Syracuse. Jack Blott took over Munn's role as line coach. Earl Martineau, who had been Michigan's backfield coach since 1938, also left the program in early 1946 with Bennie Oosterbaan taking over responsibility for coaching the backfield.
In April and May 1946, Michigan conducted a six-week spring football practice. It was Michigan's "first peacetime practice session since 1941." More than 140 players, the largest group ever to report for a Michigan football practice to that time, showed up for spring practice.
Although World War II ended in August 1945, three of the starters from the 1945 squad were inducted into the military in early 1946. They were: Wally Teninga, who started seven games at left halfback and was the team's leading scorer in 1945; Donovan Hershberger, who started eight games at end in 1945; and Gene Hinton, who started all 10 games at right tackle in 1945. Bob Ballau, a tackle from New York, was awarded the Chicago Alumni Club trophy as the team'smost improved player during spring practice.
However, as some left for military service, others returned to Michigan after completing their military service. The returnees included:
Bob Chappuis, who had played for Michigan in 1942, returned to the team in 1946 after three years of military service and being shot down in Italy in 1945.
Gene Derricotte, who had started nine games at halfback in 1944, returned as a starting halfback.
Bruce Hilkene, who had started nine games at end in 1944 and been elected captain of the 1945 team before being inducted into the military, returned for the 1946 season, though he was switched to the tackle position.
Quentin Sickels, who had started 10 games at guard in 1944, returned from military service.
Paul White, who had been captain of the 1943 Michigan team before joining the Marine Corps, notified coach Crisler in April 1946 that he would be returning in time for the 1946 season.
Bob Wiese, who had played at fullback and led Michigan in scoring in 1944, returned to the fullback position in 1946 after being inducted into the military in November 1945.
The 1946 pre-season was also marked by the loss of Fielding H. Yost, head football coach at Michigan from 1901 to 1926 and athletic director from 1921 to 1940. Yost sustained a stroke on May 14, 1946, and died at his home in Ann Arbor on August 20, 1946. He was buried at Forest Hill Cemetery near the campus, with pallbearers including Bennie Oosterbaan, Robert J. Brown, and Paul G. Goebel.
After one week of fall practice in late August 1946, coach Crisler opined "we're not quite as good as we're cracked up to be." A week later, Crisler hedged on his team's prospects, stating that the 1946 squad might be he greatest, but then adding that, on the other hand, "we may lose all of our games." On September 6, 1946, Joe Ponsetto, who had been Michigan's starting quarterback in 1944 and 1945, voted by his teammates as captain of the 1946 team, and undergone knee surgery in the off-season, announced that he would not play in 1946 due to a recurrence of the injury to his knee.
The 1946 team featured three sets of brothers: Pete and Elliott from Bloomington, Illinois; guards Charles and Walter Freihofer from Indianapolis; and center J. T. White and halfback Paul White from River Rouge, Michigan.
Week 1: Indiana
Week 1: Indiana at Michigan
1
234Total
Indiana
0
000
0
• Michigan
7
0014
21
Date: September 28, 1946Location: Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor, MIGame attendance: 74,600Referee: Rollie Barnum (Wisconsin)
After losing to the Indiana Hoosiers in both 1944 and 1945, Michigan opened its 1946 season on September 28, 1946, with a 21 to 0 victory over the Hoosiers. The game was played at Michigan Stadium on a warm, sunshiny day and attracted 74,600 spectators, the largest crowd to that time for a Michigan season opener and the largest crowd ever to watch an Indiana football game.
Michigan opened the scoring with a 54-yard drive in the first quarter, capped by a 13-yard touchdown pass from Gene Derricotte to Paul White. In the fourth quarter, the Wolverines scored twice, on an 18-yard touchdown pass from Pete Elliott to Len Ford, and later on Derricotte's 51-yard sprint down the sideline. Jim Brieske kicked all three points after touchdown for Michigan. Displaying tremendous depth, 45 Michigan players saw action in the Indiana game. The Wolverines gained 190 rushing yards and 52 passing yards on four complete passes. Defensively, Michigan held Indiana to only 51 rushing yards. However, the Wolverines also gave up six interceptions on ten forward passes attempted and allowed Indiana to rack up 172 passing yards, leading head coach Fritz Crisler to describe his team's play as "ragged and sloppy."
Michigan's starting lineup against Indiana was Len Ford (left end), Bruce Hilkene (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), Harold Watts (center), George Kraeger (right guard), Bill Pritula (right tackle), Art Renner (right end), Howard Yerges (quarterback), Henry Fonde (left halfback), Ralph Chubb (right halfback), and Jack Weisenburger (fullback).
Week 2: Iowa
Week 2: Iowa at Michigan
1
234Total
Iowa
0
070
7
• Michigan
7
700
14
Date: October 5, 1946Location: Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor, MIGame attendance: 54,200Referee: Lloyd Larson (Wisconsin)
On October 5, 1946, Michigan defeated Iowa by a 14 to 7 score at Michigan Stadium. The Wolverines scored both of their touchdowns in the first half to take a 14 to 0 lead. Bob Chappuis scored both Michigan touchdowns on runs of eight and 12 yards, while rushing for 123 yards on 20 carries in the game. Jim Brieske kicking both points after touchdown. The first half lead could have been significantly greater, but one drive was stopped by a fumble at Iowa's four-yard line, and another ended with an intercepted pass at the Iowa four-yard line. In the second half, Michigan was held scoreless and managed only two first downs. Iowa mounted a 65-yard touchdown drive in the third quarter, and another drive in the fourth quarter was stopped at Michigan's 14-yard line when the Wolverines' defense regained the ball on downs. In all, Michigan gained 224 rushing yards and 43 passing yards. Iowa gained 148 rushing yards and 12 passing yards.
Michigan's starting lineup against Iowa was Len Ford (left end), Robert Derleth (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), J. T. White (center), Quentin Sickels (right guard), Jack Carpenter (right tackle), Art Renner (right end), Bob Wiese (quarterback), Dan Dworsky (left halfback), Paul White (right halfback), and Jack Weisenburger (fullback).
Week 3: Army
Week 3: Army at Michigan
1
234Total
• Army
7
607
20
Michigan
7
060
13
Date: October 12, 1946Location: Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor, MIGame attendance: 87,993Referee: Lloyd Larson (Wisconsin)
On October 12, 1946, Michigan, ranked #4 in the AP Poll, played an Army team that was ranked #2 at Michigan Stadium. Army, favored to win the game by 12 points after winning 21 straight games dating back to the 1943 season, won by seven points with a score of 20 to 13.
Michigan took a 7 to 0 lead in the first quarter on a 13-yard touchdown pass from Bob Chappuis to Howard Yerges with the point after touchdown being converted by Jim Brieske. Glenn Davis, the 1946 Heisman Trophy winner, played all 60 minutes for Army and was so dominant that the Chicago Tribune wrote that he may have earned All-American honors in one game. Davis tied the game on a 58-yard run in the first quarter. He then passed 31 yards to Bob Folson for Army's second touchdown in the second quarter. On the opening kickoff in the third quarter, Michigan drove 83 yards, and Paul White scored on a reverse from Bob Wiese. Michigan had a chance to take the lead, but Brieske's kick for the extra point was partially blocked and fell short. At the end of the third quarter, the game was tied 13 to 13. With a short touchdown run by Doc Blanchard in the fourth quarter, Army regained the lead. With less than a minute remaining, Michigan drove to Army's 10-yard line, but the game ended as Army intercepted a Michigan pass. The ground game was relatively even (152 rushing yards for Army to 141 for Michigan), but Army dominated in the air (211 passing yards to 95 for Michigan).
Michigan's starting lineup against Army was Len Ford (left end), Robert Derleth (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), J. T. White (center), George Kraeger (right guard), Bill Pritula (right tackle), Elmer Madar (right end), Yerges (quarterback), Chappuis (left halfback), Paul White (right halfback), and Wiese (fullback).
Week 4: Northwestern
Week 4: Northwestern at Michigan
1
234Total
Northwestern
0
1400
14
Michigan
7
007
14
Date: October 19, 1946Location: Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor, MIGame attendance: 74,500Referee: Mike Layden (Notre Dame)
On October 19, 1946, Michigan, ranked #5 in the AP Poll, played a Northwestern team that was ranked #10. The two teams played to a 14-14 tie at Michigan Stadium. Bump Elliott scored both of Michigan's touchdowns, and Jim Brieske kicked both of the points after touchdown. Late in the game, Michigan blocked a Northwestern attempt at field goal and then drove to the Northwestern three-yard line, but the ball was then intercepted in the end zone drive. Northwestern out-gained Michigan on the ground (202 rushing yards for Northwestern and 80 for Michigan) with Michigan out-gaining the Wildcats in the air (149 passing yards to 110).
Michigan's starting lineup against Northwestern was Ed McNeill (left end), Bruce Hilkene (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), J. T. White (center), George Kraeger (right guard), Bill Pritula (right tackle), Elmer Madar (right end), Howard Yerges (quarterback), Gene Derricotte (left halfback), Paul White (right halfback), and Bob Wiese (fullback).
Week 5: Illinois
Week 5: Illinois at Michigan
1
234Total
• Illinois
0
760
13
Michigan
0
702
9
Date: October 26, 1946Location: Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor, MIGame attendance: 86,938Referee: Rollie Barnum (Wisconsin)
On October 26, 1946, at Michigan's first homecoming game since 1942, Michigan lost to Illinois by a score of 13 to 9. In the second quarter, Bob Wiese ran for the game's first touchdown, and Jim Brieske kicked the point after touchdown. On the kickoff following Michigan's touchdown, Illinois drove 95 yards and scored on a 16-yard run by Paul Patterson. In the third quarter, Illinois end Sam Zatkoff intercepted a pass thrown by Bob Chappuis and ran 53 yards for a touchdown. Illinois' attempt at extra point was blocked by Quentin Sickels. In the fourth quarter, Michigan twice drove deep into Illinois territory (once to the 17-yard line and then to the eight-yard line), but Michigan's only points in the quarter were scored a safety as Bruce Hilkene blocked a punt into the end zone. Michigan out-gained Illinois in rushing yardage, 190 yards to 112, and in passing yardage, 142 yards to 39. However, Michigan fumbled the ball 12 times in the game. The game was Michigan's last defeat until October 8, 1949, a span of nearly three years during which the Wolverines won 25 consecutive games.
Michigan's starting lineup against Illinois was Len Ford (left end), Robert Derleth (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), J. T. White (center), Sickels (right guard), Jack Carpenter (right tackle), Elmer Madar (right end), Jack Weisenburger (quarterback), Chappuis (left halfback), Bump Elliott (right halfback), and Wiese (fullback).
Week 6: at Minnesota
Week 6: Michigan at Minnesota
1
234Total
• Michigan
0
777
21
Minnesota
0
000
0
Date: November 2, 1946Location: Memorial Stadium, Minneapolis, MNGame attendance: 58,575Referee: William Blake (Loras)
On November 2, 1946, Michigan defeated Minnesota by a score of 21 to 0. In the second quarter, Michigan relied on the passing game in its first touchdown drive, as Bob Chappuis completed a pass for 43 yards to Elmer Madar and Bump Elliott then ran two yards for the touchdown on a fourth-down play. Elliott scored again in the third quarter on a 10-yard run. In the fourth quarter, Gene Derricotte threw a pass to Bob Mann that was good for 42 yards and a touchdown. Jim Brieske kicked all three points after touchdown. Michigan gained 183 rushing yards and 174 passing yards, while holding Minnesota to 130 rushing yards and 40 passing yards. The game marked the beginning of a 25-game winning streak for the Wolverines lasting until October 1949.
Michigan's starting lineup against Minnesota was Len Ford (left end), Robert Derleth (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), J. T. White (center), Quentin Sickels (right guard), Jack Carpenter (right tackle), Elmer Madar (right end), Jack Weisenburger (quarterback), Gene Derricotte (left halfback), Ralph Chubb (right halfback), and Dan Dworsky (fullback).
Week 7: Michigan State
Week 7: Michigan State at Michigan
1
234Total
Michigan State
0
070
7
• Michigan
14
141314
55
Date: November 9, 1946Location: Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor, MIGame attendance: 77,134Referee: Lyle Clarno (Bradley)
On November 9, 1946, Michigan defeated Michigan State by a score of 55 to 7. With attendance at 77,134, the game drew the largest crowd to that date in the history of the Michigan–Michigan State football rivalry.
Michigan scored twice in each quarter with touchdowns by eight players: Bob Chappuis (run in first quarter), Pete Elliott (pass from Chappuis in first quarter), Gene Derricotte (three-yard run in second quarter), Elmer Madar (four-yard interception return), Paul White (pass from Derricotte in third quarter), Don Robinson (run in third quarter), Jack Weisenburger (three-yard run in fourth quarter), and Tony Momsen (24-yard interception return in fourth quarter). Jim Brieske kicked six points after touchdown. Len Ford scored another after Brieske's kick was blocked in the first quarter; Don Robinson recovered the loose ball and tossed to Ford who fell across the goal line. Another extra point attempt was blocked, this one by Lynn Chandnois, in the third quarter. Michigan State's touchdown came on a pass from Horace Smith to Frank Waters covering 77 yards in the third quarter. Michigan gained 500 yards in the game, 293 on the ground and 207 in the air. Michigan was held to 212 yards of which only 47 yards were gained by rushing.
Michigan's starting lineup against Michigan State was Bob Mann (left end), Bruce Hilkene (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), J. T. White (center), Quentin Sickels (right guard), Bill Pritula (right tackle), Madar (right end), Pete Elliott (quarterback), Chappuis (left halfback), Bump Elliott (right halfback), and Weisenburger (fullback).
Week 8: Wisconsin
Week 8: Wisconsin at Michigan
1
234Total
Wisconsin
0
070
7
• Michigan
14
0014
28
Date: November 16, 1946Location: Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor, MI
On November 16, 1946, Michigan defeated Wisconsin by a score of 28 to 6. Michigan scored four touchdowns: 13-yard pass from Pete Elliott to Bob Mann in the first quarter; 27-yard pass from Bob Chappuis to Mann in the first quarter; three-yard run by Dan Dworsky in fourth quarter; and one-yard "end-around maneuver" by Len Ford in the fourth quarter. Center Jim Brieske kicked all four points after touchdown. Michigan gained 305 rushing yards and 146 passing yards. The Badgers were held to 99 rushing yards and 47 passing yards.
Michigan's starting lineup against Wisconsin was Ed McNeill (left end), Robert Derleth (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), Brieske (center), F. Stuart Wilkins (right guard), Jack Carpenter (right tackle), Elmer Madar (right end), Howard Yerges (quarterback), Chappuis (left halfback), Bump Elliott (right halfback), and Bob Wiese (fullback).
Week 9: at Ohio State
Week 9: Michigan at Ohio State
1
234Total
• Michigan
7
201417
58
Ohio State
0
006
6
Date: November 23, 1946Location: Ohio Stadium, Columbus, OHGame attendance: 78,634Referee: Rollie Barnum (Wisconsin)
On November 23, 1946, Michigan defeated Ohio State by a score of 58 to 6. The 52-point spread was Ohio State's worst margin of defeat since joining the Big Ten Conference in 1913. The game was viewed by 78,634 spectators, the fourth largest crowd in Ohio Stadium history to that point.
Michigan's touchdowns were scored by Henry Fonde (2), Bob Mann (2), Bob Chappuis, Paul White, Dick Rifenburg, and Bill Culligan. Jim Brieske kicked seven points after touchdown and a field goal. Bob Chappuis passed for gains totaling 244 yards. In all, the Wolverines gained 509 yards, 300 passing and 209 rushing. A writer covering the game for the Chicago Tribune opined "few teams ever have been so impotent as Ohio State was this afternoon." In the last minute of the game, with Michigan's fourth-string backs in the game, Ohio State avoided the shutout with a touchdown pass from Bill Doolittle to Rodney Swinehart covering 77 yards.
Michigan's starting lineup against Ohio State was Ed McNeill (left end), Bruce Hilkene (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), J. T. White (center), George Kraeger (right guard), Bill Pritula (right tackle), Elmer Madar (right end), Howard Yerges (quarterback), Gene Derricotte (left halfback), Bump Elliott (right halfback), and Jack Weisenburger (fullback).
Scoring summary
Player
Touchdowns
Extra points
Field goals
Points
Jim Brieske
0
29
1
32
Bob Mann
5
0
0
30
Bob Chappuis
4
0
0
24
Bump Elliott
4
0
0
24
Paul White
4
0
0
24
Len Ford
2
1
0
13
Gene Derricotte
2
0
0
12
Henry Fonde
2
0
0
12
Bill Culligan
1
0
0
6
Dan Dworsky
1
0
0
6
Pete Elliott
1
0
0
6
Elmer Madar
1
0
0
6
Tony Momsen
1
0
0
6
Dick Rifenburg
1
0
0
6
Don Robinson
1
0
0
6
Jack Weisenburger
1
0
0
6
Bob Wiese
1
0
0
6
Howard Yerges
1
0
0
6
Totals
33
30
1
233
Post-season
1946 All-American Elmer Madar
The Associated Press released its final poll in early December 1946. The two teams that defeated the Michigan Wolverines finished among the top five. Undefeated Army was ranked #2 with 48 voters picking them as the #1 team, narrowly missing its third consecutive national championship with 1,659-1/2 points. Big Nine Conference champion Illinois was ranked #5. The Wolverines were ranked #6.
The Wolverines finished the season ranked fifth in total offense with 3,122 yards gained in nine games, an average of 366.9 yards per game. They also ranked fifth in passing offense with 1,322 passing yards, an average of 146.9 yards per game.
In the selection of All-America teams at the end of the 1946 season, three Michigan players received recognition:
End Elmer Madar was selected by the Associated Press (AP) as a first-team All-American, by the International News Service (INS) as a second-team All-American, and by the Central Press Association (CP) as a third-team All-American.
Halfback Bob Chappuis was selected by the INS as a second-team All-American and by the CP as a third-team All-American.
End Len Ford was selected by the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) as a third-team All-American.
Both the AP and United Press (UP) selected 1946 All-Big Nine Conference football teams. Elmer Madar and Bob Chappuis were consensus first-team picks by both the AP and UP Tackle Jack Carpenter received first-team honors from the UP, and guard Dominic Tomasi received second-team honors from the UP.
Bob Chappuis was also selected as the Most Valuable Player on the 1946 Michigan team, and finished second behind Illinois guard Alex Agase in voting for the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Most Valuable Player in the Big Nine Conference.
Players
Varsity letter winners
Jim Brieske, the leading scorer on the 1946 team with 32 points.
The following players received varsity letters for their participation on the 1946 Michigan football team. Players who started at least half of the games are shown in bold.
Edward H. Bahlow, Springfield, Illinois - end
Robert M. Ballou, Chester, Vermont - tackle
Jim Brieske, Harbor Beach, Michigan - placekicker, and 1 game as starter at center
George Burg, Winnetka, Illinois - guard
Bob Callahan, St. Louis, Missouri - center
Jack Carpenter, Kansas City, Missouri - started 4 games at right tackle
Bob Chappuis, Toledo, Ohio - started 4 games at left halfback
Ralph L. Chubb, Ann Arbor, Michigan - started 2 games at right halfback
Fenwick J. Crane, Pleasant Ridge, Michigan - tackle
William L. Culligan, Detroit - halfback
Robert Derleth, Marquette, Michigan - started 3 games at left tackle
Gene Derricotte, Defiance, Ohio - started 5 games at left halfback
Dan Dworsky, Sioux Falls, South Dakota - started 1 game at fullback
Bump Elliott, Bloomington, Illinois - started 3 games at right halfback
Pete Elliott, Bloomington, Illinois - started 1 game at quarterback
Henry Fonde, Knoxville, Tennessee - halfback
Len Ford, Washington, D.C. - started 4 games at left end
Donovan P. Hershberger, Freeport, Illinois - end
Bruce Hilkene, Indianapolis, Indiana - started 6 games at left tackle
George Kraeger, Indianapolis, Indiana - started 5 games at right guard
John F. Lintol, Detroit - guard
Elmer Madar, Detroit - started 7 games at right end
Bob Mann, New Bern, North Carolina - started 2 games at left end
Edward D. McNeill, Toledo, Ohio - started 3 games at left end
Tony Momsen, Toledo, Ohio -
Bill Pritula, Detroit - started 5 games at right tackle
Art Renner, Sturgis, Michigan - started 2 games at right end
Dick Rifenburg, Saginaw, Michigan - end
Don Robinson, Detroit - quarterback
Quentin Sickels, Benton Harbor, Michigan - started 3 games at right guard
Joe Soboleski, Grand Rapids, Michigan - guard
Dominic Tomasi, Flint, Michigan - started 9 games at left guard
Robert W. Vernier, Toledo, Ohio - quarterback
Harold Watts, Birmingham, Michigan - started 2 games at center
Jack Weisenburger, Muskegon Heights, Michigan - started 3 games at quarterback, 2 games at fullback, 1 game at right halfback
J. T. White, River Rouge, Michigan - started 6 games at center
Paul White, River Rouge, Michigan - started 3 games at right halfback
Bob Wiese, Jamestown, North Dakota - started 6 games at fullback
F. Stuart Wilkins, Canton, Ohio - started 1 game at right guard
Howard Yerges, Point Pleasant, West Virginia - started 5 games at quarterback
Reserves
The following players had "reserve" status on the 1946 Michigan football team.
Bruce Beatty, Canton, Ohio - halfback
Richard Brown, Detroit - tackle
Louis Brunsting, Jr., Rochester, Minnesota - quarterback
John Eizonas, Detroit - tackle
Robert Erben, Akron, Ohio - center
Alan Fitch, Kensington, Michigan - guard
Walter Freihofer, Indianapolis, Indiana - guard
John Ghindia, Ecorse, Michigan - quarterback
Lloyd Heneveld, Holland, Michigan - guard
James Holgate, Milwaukee, Wisconsin - halfback
Charles Huebler, Plymouth, Michigan - tackle
Norman Jackson, Canton, Ohio - fullback
Kurt Kampe, Jr., Detroit - guard
Walter Keeler, Bay City, Michigan - center
Frank Kiser, Lakewood, Ohio - guard
Donald Kuick, Midland, Michigan - halfback
Donald Labenda, Detroit - tackle
Charles Lentz, Toledo, Ohio - halfback
John Maturo, Hamden, Connecticut - guard
James Morrish, Pleasant Ridge, Michigan - halfback
Alton Noble, Detroit - halfback
Elmer Phillips, Big Bend, West Virginia - guard
Harold Raymond, Flint, Michigan - end
Richard Strauss, Lansing, Michigan - tackle
Alan Traugott, Indianapolis - halfback
Irv Wisniewski, Lambertville, Michigan - center
John Witherspoon, Detroit - guard
Michael Yedniak, Flint, Michigan - fullback
Awards and honors
1946 All-Americans: Elmer Madar (AP-1, INS-2), Bob Chappuis (INS-2)
All-Conference: Elmer Madar (AP-1, UP-1), Bob Chappuis (AP-1, UP-1), Jack Carpenter (UP-1), Dominic Tomasi (UP-2)
Most Valuable Player: Bob Chappuis
Meyer Morton Award: Bob Ballou
NFL and AAFC drafts
Len Ford was later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Dan Dworsky played in the AAFC with the Los Angeles Dons.
The following 23 players from the 1946 Michigan football team were drafted to play and/or actually played in the National Football League (NFL) and/or the All-America Football Conference (AAFC):
Jim Brieske: Brieske was selected by the Baltimore Colts with the 81st pick in the 1947 AAFC Draft, and by the New York Giants with the 97th pick in the 1948 NFL Draft.
Bob Callahan: Callahan was selected by the Chicago Cardinals with the 289th pick in the 1947 NFL Draft. He played for the Buffalo Bills in 1948.
Jack Carpenter: Carpenter was selected by the Cleveland Browns with the 24th pick in the 1947 AAFC Draft, and by the Chicago Cardinals with the 143rd pick in the 1944 NFL Draft. He played for the Buffalo Bills and San Francisco 49ers from 1947 to 1949.
Bob Chappuis: Chappuis was selected by the Cleveland Browns with the eight pick in the 1947 AAFC Draft, and by Detroit Lions with the 26th pick in the 1947 NFL Draft. He played for the Brooklyn Dodgers and Chicago Hornets in 1948 and 1949.
Ralph Chubb: Chubb was selected by the Los Angeles Rams with the 143rd pick in the 1947 NFL Draft.
Robert Derleth: Derleth was selected by the Chicago Rockets with the 20th pick in the 1947 AAFC Draft, and by the Detroit Lions with the 29th pick in the 1944 NFL Draft. He played for the Lions in 1947.
Gene Derricotte: Derricotte was selected by the Cleveland Browns with the eight pick of the AAFC's secret draft held in July 1948, but he was injured during training camp with the Browns at the end of July 1949 while standing along the sidelines playing catch with a teammate.
Dan Dworsky: Dworsky was drafted by the Los Angeles Dons with the fifth pick in the AAFC's secret draft held in July 1948, and by the Green Bay Packers with the 15th pick in the 1949 NFL Draft. He played for the Dons in 1949.
Bump Elliott: Elliott was drafted by the Detroit Lions with the 76th pick in the 1947 NFL Draft. He opted instead to pursue a career in coaching. In 1949, brothers Bump and Pete Elliott worked together as assistant coaches at Oregon State. Bump was the head coach at Michigan from 1959 to 1968.
Pete Elliott: Elliott was drafted by the Chicago Hornets with the third pick in the AAFC's secret draft held in July 1948, and by the Detroit Lions with the 127th pick in the 1948 NFL Draft. He opted instead to pursue a career in coaching starting in 1949 as an assistant coach at Oregon State and later serving as a head coach at Nebraska, California, Illinois, and Miami. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1994.
Len Ford: Ford was drafted by the Los Angeles Dons with the 14th pick in the 1948 AAFC Draft. He played 11 years in the NFL from 1948 to 1958 and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1976.
Elmer Madar: Madar was selected by the Baltimore Colts with the first pick in the 1947 AAFC Draft, and by the Detroit Lions with the 176th pick in the 1947 NFL Draft. He played for the Colts in 1947.
Bob Mann: Mann played for the Detroit Lions (1948–1949) and Green Bay Packers (1950–1954). He was the first African-American player for both teams.
Ed McNeill: McNeill was drafted by the Cleveland Browns with the 37th pick in the 1949 AAFC Draft, and by the Washington Redskins with the 88th pick in the 1949 NFL Draft.
Tony Momsen: Momsen was selected by the Los Angeles Rams with the 59th pick in the 1951 NFL Draft, and played in the NFL during the 1951 and 1952 seasons.
Bill Pritula: Pritula was selected by the San Francisco 49ers with the 118th pick in the 1948 AAFC Draft.
Art Renner: Renner was selected by the Green Bay Packers with the 56th pick in the 1946 NFL Draft.
Dick Rifenburg: Rifenburg was selected by the New York Yankees with the 24th pick in the 1949 AAFC Draft, and by Philadelphia Eagles with the 132nd pick in the 1948 NFL Draft. He played for the Detroit Lions in 1950.
Quentin Sickels: Sickels was selected by the Detroit Lions with the 147th pick in the 1948 NFL Draft.
Joe Soboleski: Soboleski was selected by the Cleveland Browns with the 192nd pick in the 1949 AAFC Draft, and by the New York Giants with the 86th pick in the 1949 NFL Draft. He played professional football in the AAFC and NFL for four years from 1949 to 1952.
Jack Weisenburger: Weisenburger was selected by the Washington Redskins with the 38th pick in the 1948 NFL Draft. He was also selected by the New York Yankees with the 64th pick in the 1948 AAFC Draft.
J. T. White: White was selected by the Brooklyn Dodgers with the 84th pick in the 1947 AAFC Draft, and by the Detroit Lions with the 186th pick in the 1947 NFL Draft.
Bob Wiese: Wiese was selected by the San Francisco 49ers with the 14th pick in the 1947 AAFC Draft, and by the Detroit Lions with the 39th pick in the 1945 NFL Draft. He played for the Lions in 1947 and 1948.
Coaching staff
Head coach: Fritz Crisler
Assistant coaches
Backfield coach: Bennie Oosterbaan
Line coach: Jack Blott assisted by Forrest "Butch" Jordan
End coach: Arthur Valpey
"B" squad coach: Wally Weber, assisted by head wrestling coach Cliff Keen and Jack Petoskey
Chief scout, assistant coach and assistant athletic director: Ernest McCoy, appointed to the new post in January 1946
Trainer: Ray Roberts
Manager: Max Kogen
References
^ W.J. Bingham, ed. (1947). The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide including the Official Rules 1947. A.S. Barnes and Company. p. 79.
^ "Biggie Munn To Syracuse As Grid Boss". The News-Palladium, Benton Harbor, Michigan. January 7, 1946. p. 6.
^ a b "Fifteen Lettermen Report at Michigan's First Grid Drills". Ironwood Daily Globe. April 5, 1946. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "Oosterbaan and Jack Blott To Speak At Football Banquet Here". The Escanaba (Mich.) Daily Press. November 16, 1946. p. 9.
^ a b c "126 Report For U. of Michigan Spring Football". The News-Palladium. April 2, 1946. p. 6.
^ a b "Michigan Opens Grid Practice: Crisler Calls for Candidates April 1". Ironwood Daily Globe. March 26, 1946. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Donn Hershberger Inducted Into Navy". Freeport-Journal Standard. March 1, 1946. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Michigan Gets 3rd Large Jolt". The Coshocton (Ohio) News. March 8, 1946. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Chicago Alumni Honor Michigan Grid Star". The News-Palladium. May 10, 1946. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "Crisler Says Michigan Eleven Over Rated". The Pantagraph. September 1, 1946. p. 7.
^ "Yost Is Ill". Traverse City (Mich.) Record-Eagle. May 31, 1946. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Funeral Services Held for Fielding H. Yost". The Cumberland News. August 23, 1946. p. 18.
^ "May Lose All Games, Coach Fritz Crisler Underestimates". Ironwood Daily Globe. September 7, 1946. p. 8.
^ "Joe Ponsetto Lost to Michigan Squad". The Escanaba (Mich.) Daily Press. September 7, 1946. p. 10.
^ "Michigan Football Squad Has Three Sets of Brothers". The Escanaba (Mich.) Daily Press. September 14, 1946. p. 12.
^ a b c d e James Segreti (September 29, 1946). "Wolverines Roll Over Indiana's Hope of Retaining Title, 21 to 0". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.
^ a b c "Crisler Terms 'M' 11 'Sloppy' In Indiana Win". The News-Palladium. September 28, 1946. p. 6.
^ a b c d Wilfrid Smith (October 6, 1946). "Wolverines Beat Hawkeye Eleven, 14 to 7". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.
^ a b c Wilfrid Smith (October 13, 1946). "Army Beats Michigan: 87,993 Watch Cadets Score 20-13 Triumph: Glenn Davis' Speed Balks Wolverines". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.
^ a b c Wilfrid Smith (October 20, 1946). "N.U. and Michigan Battle To 14-14 Tie: Co-Leaders of Big Nine Thrill 74,500 Throng". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.
^ a b c Edward Burns (October 27, 1946). "Zatkoff Races 53 Yards As Illinois Beats Michigan, 13-9". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.
^ a b c Wilfrid Smith (November 3, 1946). "Wolverines Top Gophers, 21-0; Take 2d". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.
^ a b c d Charles Bartlett (November 10, 1946). "State Loses To Wolverine Eleven, 55 to 7". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.
^ a b Irving Vaughan (November 17, 1946). "Badgers Lose To Wolverine Passes, 28 to 6". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.
^ a b c d e Wilfrid Smith (November 24, 1946). "Michigan Routs Ohio, 58 to 6; Wolverines Turn On Power Before 78,634; Buckeyes Score in Final Minute". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.
^ Two of Michigan's points were scored on a safety in the Illinois game.
^ "Writers Pick Irish As The Best Eleven". Santa Cruz Sentinel-News. December 5, 1946. p. 4.
^ W.J. Bingham, ed. (1947). The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide including the Official Rules 1947. A.S. Barnes and Company. p. 73.
^ W.J. Bingham, ed. (1947). The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide including the Official Rules 1947. A.S. Barnes and Company. p. 75.
^ a b "Davis, Blanchard Earn All-America Positions". The Milwaukee Journal. December 4, 1946.
^ a b c Lawton Carver (December 3, 1946). "INS Names Four Irish on All-America Team". St. Petersburg Times. p. 10.
^ a b "Army, Irish Place Two Each On Captains' All American". Wisconsin State Journal. December 3, 1946.
^ "NEA 1946 All Americas". Anniston Star. November 24, 1946.
^ "NEA 1946 All-Americans". The Pittsburgh Press. November 23, 1946.
^ a b "Indiana Places Three on Big Ten All-Stars". The Milwaukee Journal (AP story). November 26, 1946. p. 6.
^ a b "Michigan Gets Three Places On UP Team". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (UP story). November 30, 1946. p. 13.
^ a b c d e f g "1946 Football Team". Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
^ "Agase Adjudged Most Valuable". The Decatur Herald. December 15, 1946. p. 19.
^ a b "1946 Michigan Football Roster". University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library.
^ Ralph L. Chubb, born March 24, 1924, died February 25, 2002, SSN issued Michigan, last address Green Valley, Arizona
^ Edward D. McNeill, born October 13, 1927, died September 7, 1999, SSN issued Ohio, last address Swanton, Ohio
^ a b c d e f g "1947 AAFC Draft". The Pro Football Archive. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
^ a b c d "1948 NFL Draft". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
^ a b c d "1947 NFL Draft". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
^ "Bob Callahan". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
^ "1944 NFL Draft". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
^ "Jack Carpenter". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
^ "Bob Chappuis". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
^ "Robert Derleth". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
^ a b c d e "1949 AAFC Draft". The Pro Football Archive. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
^ "Cleveland Releases Gene Derricotte". Los Angeles Times. August 7, 1949.
^ a b c d "1948 AAFC Draft". The Pro Football Archive. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
^ a b c "1949 NFL Draft". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
^ "Dan Dworsky". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
^ "Bump Elliott Selected 'Coach of the Week'". The Holland, Michigan Evening Sentinel. November 13, 1963.
^ "Pete Elliott". National Football Foundation.
^ "Len Ford". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
^ "Elmer Madar". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
^ "Bob Mann". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
^ "Tony Momsen". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
^ "1946 NFL Draft". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
^ "Dick Rifenburg". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
^ "Joe Soboleski". pro-football-reference.com.
^ "Bob Wiese". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
^ a b c d e Joe Karshner (July 14, 1946). "Gridiron Staff Intact at U.M." The Escanaba Daily Press. p. 6.
^ "Elks To Have Valpey Speak At Grid Fete". The News-Palladium. December 4, 1946. p. 14.
^ "Weber's 'B' Squad Faces Seven Games". The News-Palladium. September 24, 1946. p. 6.
^ "New U-M Line Mentor To Be Named Soon: Work of Chief Scout Rewarded by Creation Of New Post". The Herald-Press, St. Joseph, Michigan. January 24, 1946. p. 9.
External links
1946 Football Team -- Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan Athletics History
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National championship seasons in bold | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"1946 Big Nine Conference football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Big_Nine_Conference_football_season"},{"link_name":"Fritz Crisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Crisler"},{"link_name":"Big Nine Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference"},{"link_name":"final 1946 AP poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_NCAA_football_rankings"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Army_Cadets_football_team"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football"},{"link_name":"Ohio State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bob Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chappuis"},{"link_name":"Benny Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Friedman"},{"link_name":"All-Big Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_All-Big_Ten_Conference_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_College_Football_All-America_Team"},{"link_name":"end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"Elmer Madar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Madar"},{"link_name":"Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"Jim Brieske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brieske"},{"link_name":"points after touchdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"field goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_goal"},{"link_name":"Bob Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mann_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Art Renner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Renner"}],"text":"The 1946 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1946 Big Nine Conference football season. In their ninth year under head coach was Fritz Crisler, the Wolverines compiled a 6–2–1 record (5–1–1 Big Nine), outscored opponents 233 to 73, and finished the season in second place in the Big Nine Conference and ranked No. 6 in the final 1946 AP poll. The team's two losses came against an undefeated Army team that was ranked No. 2 in the final AP poll and against an Illinois team that won the Big Nine championship and was ranked No. 5 in the final AP poll. Michigan won its last four games by a combined score of 162 to 19, starting a 25-game winning streak that continued for nearly three years until October 8, 1949. In the final game of the 1946 season, Michigan defeated Ohio State, 58–6, the Buckeyes' worst defeat since joining the conference in 1913.Halfback Bob Chappuis passed for 735 yards, the most since Benny Friedman set the school record with 760 passing yards in 1925. Chappuis also rushed for 548 yards, received second-team All-American and first-team All-Big Nine honors, and was selected as Michigan's Most Valuable Player for the 1946 season. Chappuis also ranked fifth nationally with 1,265 yards of total offense (531 rushing, 734 passing).[1]The only Michigan player to receive first-team All-American honors in 1946 was end Elmer Madar. Center Jim Brieske was the team's leading scorer with 32 points having kicked 29 points after touchdown and one field goal. Bob Mann led the team in touchdowns with five. End Art Renner was the team captain.","title":"1946 Michigan Wolverines football team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1946 NCAA football rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_NCAA_football_rankings"}],"text":"See also: 1946 NCAA football rankings","title":"Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fritz_Crisler.png"},{"link_name":"Fritz Crisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Crisler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bob_Chappuis.png"},{"link_name":"Bob Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chappuis"},{"link_name":"Biggie Munn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggie_Munn"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_football"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jack Blott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Blott"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fif-3"},{"link_name":"Earl Martineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Martineau"},{"link_name":"Bennie Oosterbaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oos-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rep-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOG-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fif-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Wally Teninga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Teninga"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOG-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bob Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chappuis"},{"link_name":"Gene Derricotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Derricotte"},{"link_name":"Bruce Hilkene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Hilkene"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSM-10"},{"link_name":"Quentin Sickels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Sickels"},{"link_name":"Paul White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_White_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rep-5"},{"link_name":"Bob Wiese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wiese"},{"link_name":"Fielding H. Yost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_H._Yost"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bennie Oosterbaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan"},{"link_name":"Robert J. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Brown"},{"link_name":"Paul G. Goebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_G._Goebel"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSM-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Joe Ponsetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ponsetto"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Pete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Bloomington, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"J. T. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._White"},{"link_name":"Paul White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_White_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"River Rouge, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Rouge,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Pre-season","text":"Head coach Fritz Crisler1946 Michigan MVP Bob ChappuisIn early January 1946, Biggie Munn, who had been Michigan's line coach since 1938, was hired as the head football coach at Syracuse.[2] Jack Blott took over Munn's role as line coach.[3] Earl Martineau, who had been Michigan's backfield coach since 1938, also left the program in early 1946 with Bennie Oosterbaan taking over responsibility for coaching the backfield.[4][5]In April and May 1946, Michigan conducted a six-week spring football practice. It was Michigan's \"first peacetime practice session since 1941.\"[6] More than 140 players, the largest group ever to report for a Michigan football practice to that time, showed up for spring practice.[3]Although World War II ended in August 1945, three of the starters from the 1945 squad were inducted into the military in early 1946. They were: Wally Teninga, who started seven games at left halfback and was the team's leading scorer in 1945; Donovan Hershberger, who started eight games at end in 1945; and Gene Hinton, who started all 10 games at right tackle in 1945.[6][7][8] Bob Ballau, a tackle from New York, was awarded the Chicago Alumni Club trophy as the team'smost improved player during spring practice.[9]However, as some left for military service, others returned to Michigan after completing their military service. The returnees included:Bob Chappuis, who had played for Michigan in 1942, returned to the team in 1946 after three years of military service and being shot down in Italy in 1945.\nGene Derricotte, who had started nine games at halfback in 1944, returned as a starting halfback.\nBruce Hilkene, who had started nine games at end in 1944 and been elected captain of the 1945 team before being inducted into the military, returned for the 1946 season, though he was switched to the tackle position.[10]\nQuentin Sickels, who had started 10 games at guard in 1944, returned from military service.\nPaul White, who had been captain of the 1943 Michigan team before joining the Marine Corps, notified coach Crisler in April 1946 that he would be returning in time for the 1946 season.[5]\nBob Wiese, who had played at fullback and led Michigan in scoring in 1944, returned to the fullback position in 1946 after being inducted into the military in November 1945.The 1946 pre-season was also marked by the loss of Fielding H. Yost, head football coach at Michigan from 1901 to 1926 and athletic director from 1921 to 1940. Yost sustained a stroke on May 14, 1946,[11] and died at his home in Ann Arbor on August 20, 1946. He was buried at Forest Hill Cemetery near the campus, with pallbearers including Bennie Oosterbaan, Robert J. Brown, and Paul G. Goebel.[12]After one week of fall practice in late August 1946, coach Crisler opined \"we're not quite as good as we're cracked up to be.\"[10] A week later, Crisler hedged on his team's prospects, stating that the 1946 squad might be he greatest, but then adding that, on the other hand, \"we may lose all of our games.\"[13] On September 6, 1946, Joe Ponsetto, who had been Michigan's starting quarterback in 1944 and 1945, voted by his teammates as captain of the 1946 team, and undergone knee surgery in the off-season, announced that he would not play in 1946 due to a recurrence of the injury to his knee.[14]The 1946 team featured three sets of brothers: Pete and Elliott from Bloomington, Illinois; guards Charles and Walter Freihofer from Indianapolis; and center J. T. White and halfback Paul White from River Rouge, Michigan.[15]","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indiana Hoosiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers_football"},{"link_name":"Michigan Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPI-17"},{"link_name":"Gene Derricotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Derricotte"},{"link_name":"Paul White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_White_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Pete Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Len Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Ford"},{"link_name":"Jim Brieske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brieske"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTInd-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPI-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTInd-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTInd-16"},{"link_name":"Fritz Crisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Crisler"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPI-17"},{"link_name":"Len Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Ford"},{"link_name":"Bruce Hilkene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Hilkene"},{"link_name":"Dominic Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"Harold Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Watts"},{"link_name":"Bill Pritula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Pritula"},{"link_name":"Art Renner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Renner"},{"link_name":"Howard Yerges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Yerges"},{"link_name":"Henry Fonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fonde"},{"link_name":"Jack Weisenburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Weisenburger"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTInd-16"}],"sub_title":"Week 1: Indiana","text":"After losing to the Indiana Hoosiers in both 1944 and 1945, Michigan opened its 1946 season on September 28, 1946, with a 21 to 0 victory over the Hoosiers. The game was played at Michigan Stadium on a warm, sunshiny day and attracted 74,600 spectators, the largest crowd to that time for a Michigan season opener and the largest crowd ever to watch an Indiana football game.[17]Michigan opened the scoring with a 54-yard drive in the first quarter, capped by a 13-yard touchdown pass from Gene Derricotte to Paul White. In the fourth quarter, the Wolverines scored twice, on an 18-yard touchdown pass from Pete Elliott to Len Ford, and later on Derricotte's 51-yard sprint down the sideline. Jim Brieske kicked all three points after touchdown for Michigan.[16] Displaying tremendous depth, 45 Michigan players saw action in the Indiana game.[17] The Wolverines gained 190 rushing yards and 52 passing yards on four complete passes. Defensively, Michigan held Indiana to only 51 rushing yards.[16] However, the Wolverines also gave up six interceptions on ten forward passes attempted and allowed Indiana to rack up 172 passing yards,[16] leading head coach Fritz Crisler to describe his team's play as \"ragged and sloppy.\"[17]Michigan's starting lineup against Indiana was Len Ford (left end), Bruce Hilkene (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), Harold Watts (center), George Kraeger (right guard), Bill Pritula (right tackle), Art Renner (right end), Howard Yerges (quarterback), Henry Fonde (left halfback), Ralph Chubb (right halfback), and Jack Weisenburger (fullback).[16]","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Iowa_Hawkeyes_football_team"},{"link_name":"Michigan Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bob Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chappuis"},{"link_name":"Jim Brieske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brieske"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTIowa-18"},{"link_name":"Len Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Ford"},{"link_name":"Robert Derleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Derleth"},{"link_name":"Dominic Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"J. T. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._White"},{"link_name":"Quentin Sickels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Sickels"},{"link_name":"Art Renner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Renner"},{"link_name":"Bob Wiese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wiese"},{"link_name":"Dan Dworsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dworsky"},{"link_name":"Paul White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_White_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Jack Weisenburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Weisenburger"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTIowa-18"}],"sub_title":"Week 2: Iowa","text":"On October 5, 1946, Michigan defeated Iowa by a 14 to 7 score at Michigan Stadium. The Wolverines scored both of their touchdowns in the first half to take a 14 to 0 lead. Bob Chappuis scored both Michigan touchdowns on runs of eight and 12 yards, while rushing for 123 yards on 20 carries in the game. Jim Brieske kicking both points after touchdown. The first half lead could have been significantly greater, but one drive was stopped by a fumble at Iowa's four-yard line, and another ended with an intercepted pass at the Iowa four-yard line. In the second half, Michigan was held scoreless and managed only two first downs. Iowa mounted a 65-yard touchdown drive in the third quarter, and another drive in the fourth quarter was stopped at Michigan's 14-yard line when the Wolverines' defense regained the ball on downs. In all, Michigan gained 224 rushing yards and 43 passing yards. Iowa gained 148 rushing yards and 12 passing yards.[18]Michigan's starting lineup against Iowa was Len Ford (left end), Robert Derleth (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), J. T. White (center), Quentin Sickels (right guard), Jack Carpenter (right tackle), Art Renner (right end), Bob Wiese (quarterback), Dan Dworsky (left halfback), Paul White (right halfback), and Jack Weisenburger (fullback).[18]","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AP Poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Poll"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Army_Cadets_football_team"},{"link_name":"Michigan Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTArmy-19"},{"link_name":"Bob Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chappuis"},{"link_name":"Howard Yerges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Yerges"},{"link_name":"Jim Brieske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brieske"},{"link_name":"Glenn Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Davis_(halfback)"},{"link_name":"Heisman Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisman_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Paul White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_White_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Bob Wiese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wiese"},{"link_name":"Doc Blanchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Blanchard"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTArmy-19"},{"link_name":"Len Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Ford"},{"link_name":"Robert Derleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Derleth"},{"link_name":"Dominic Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"J. T. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._White"},{"link_name":"Bill Pritula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Pritula"},{"link_name":"Elmer Madar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Madar"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTArmy-19"}],"sub_title":"Week 3: Army","text":"On October 12, 1946, Michigan, ranked #4 in the AP Poll, played an Army team that was ranked #2 at Michigan Stadium. Army, favored to win the game by 12 points after winning 21 straight games dating back to the 1943 season, won by seven points with a score of 20 to 13.[19]Michigan took a 7 to 0 lead in the first quarter on a 13-yard touchdown pass from Bob Chappuis to Howard Yerges with the point after touchdown being converted by Jim Brieske. Glenn Davis, the 1946 Heisman Trophy winner, played all 60 minutes for Army and was so dominant that the Chicago Tribune wrote that he may have earned All-American honors in one game. Davis tied the game on a 58-yard run in the first quarter. He then passed 31 yards to Bob Folson for Army's second touchdown in the second quarter. On the opening kickoff in the third quarter, Michigan drove 83 yards, and Paul White scored on a reverse from Bob Wiese. Michigan had a chance to take the lead, but Brieske's kick for the extra point was partially blocked and fell short. At the end of the third quarter, the game was tied 13 to 13. With a short touchdown run by Doc Blanchard in the fourth quarter, Army regained the lead. With less than a minute remaining, Michigan drove to Army's 10-yard line, but the game ended as Army intercepted a Michigan pass. The ground game was relatively even (152 rushing yards for Army to 141 for Michigan), but Army dominated in the air (211 passing yards to 95 for Michigan).[19]Michigan's starting lineup against Army was Len Ford (left end), Robert Derleth (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), J. T. White (center), George Kraeger (right guard), Bill Pritula (right tackle), Elmer Madar (right end), Yerges (quarterback), Chappuis (left halfback), Paul White (right halfback), and Wiese (fullback).[19]","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AP Poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Poll"},{"link_name":"Northwestern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Northwestern_Wildcats_football_team"},{"link_name":"Michigan Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bump Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Jim Brieske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brieske"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTNW-20"},{"link_name":"Bruce Hilkene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Hilkene"},{"link_name":"Dominic Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"J. T. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._White"},{"link_name":"Bill Pritula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Pritula"},{"link_name":"Elmer Madar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Madar"},{"link_name":"Howard Yerges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Yerges"},{"link_name":"Gene Derricotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Derricotte"},{"link_name":"Paul White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_White_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Bob Wiese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wiese"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTNW-20"}],"sub_title":"Week 4: Northwestern","text":"On October 19, 1946, Michigan, ranked #5 in the AP Poll, played a Northwestern team that was ranked #10. The two teams played to a 14-14 tie at Michigan Stadium. Bump Elliott scored both of Michigan's touchdowns, and Jim Brieske kicked both of the points after touchdown. Late in the game, Michigan blocked a Northwestern attempt at field goal and then drove to the Northwestern three-yard line, but the ball was then intercepted in the end zone drive. Northwestern out-gained Michigan on the ground (202 rushing yards for Northwestern and 80 for Michigan) with Michigan out-gaining the Wildcats in the air (149 passing yards to 110).[20]Michigan's starting lineup against Northwestern was Ed McNeill (left end), Bruce Hilkene (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), J. T. White (center), George Kraeger (right guard), Bill Pritula (right tackle), Elmer Madar (right end), Howard Yerges (quarterback), Gene Derricotte (left halfback), Paul White (right halfback), and Bob Wiese (fullback).[20]","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bob Wiese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wiese"},{"link_name":"Jim Brieske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brieske"},{"link_name":"Bob Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chappuis"},{"link_name":"Quentin Sickels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Sickels"},{"link_name":"Bruce Hilkene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Hilkene"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTIll-21"},{"link_name":"Len Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Ford"},{"link_name":"Robert Derleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Derleth"},{"link_name":"Dominic Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"J. T. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._White"},{"link_name":"Elmer Madar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Madar"},{"link_name":"Jack Weisenburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Weisenburger"},{"link_name":"Bump Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_Elliott"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTIll-21"}],"sub_title":"Week 5: Illinois","text":"On October 26, 1946, at Michigan's first homecoming game since 1942, Michigan lost to Illinois by a score of 13 to 9. In the second quarter, Bob Wiese ran for the game's first touchdown, and Jim Brieske kicked the point after touchdown. On the kickoff following Michigan's touchdown, Illinois drove 95 yards and scored on a 16-yard run by Paul Patterson. In the third quarter, Illinois end Sam Zatkoff intercepted a pass thrown by Bob Chappuis and ran 53 yards for a touchdown. Illinois' attempt at extra point was blocked by Quentin Sickels. In the fourth quarter, Michigan twice drove deep into Illinois territory (once to the 17-yard line and then to the eight-yard line), but Michigan's only points in the quarter were scored a safety as Bruce Hilkene blocked a punt into the end zone. Michigan out-gained Illinois in rushing yardage, 190 yards to 112, and in passing yardage, 142 yards to 39. However, Michigan fumbled the ball 12 times in the game.[21] The game was Michigan's last defeat until October 8, 1949, a span of nearly three years during which the Wolverines won 25 consecutive games.Michigan's starting lineup against Illinois was Len Ford (left end), Robert Derleth (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), J. T. White (center), Sickels (right guard), Jack Carpenter (right tackle), Elmer Madar (right end), Jack Weisenburger (quarterback), Chappuis (left halfback), Bump Elliott (right halfback), and Wiese (fullback).[21]","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bob Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chappuis"},{"link_name":"Elmer Madar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Madar"},{"link_name":"Bump Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Gene Derricotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Derricotte"},{"link_name":"Bob Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mann_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Jim Brieske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brieske"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTMN-22"},{"link_name":"Len Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Ford"},{"link_name":"Robert Derleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Derleth"},{"link_name":"Dominic Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"J. T. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._White"},{"link_name":"Quentin Sickels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Sickels"},{"link_name":"Elmer Madar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Madar"},{"link_name":"Jack Weisenburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Weisenburger"},{"link_name":"Gene Derricotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Derricotte"},{"link_name":"Dan Dworsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dworsky"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTMN-22"}],"sub_title":"Week 6: at Minnesota","text":"On November 2, 1946, Michigan defeated Minnesota by a score of 21 to 0. In the second quarter, Michigan relied on the passing game in its first touchdown drive, as Bob Chappuis completed a pass for 43 yards to Elmer Madar and Bump Elliott then ran two yards for the touchdown on a fourth-down play. Elliott scored again in the third quarter on a 10-yard run. In the fourth quarter, Gene Derricotte threw a pass to Bob Mann that was good for 42 yards and a touchdown. Jim Brieske kicked all three points after touchdown. Michigan gained 183 rushing yards and 174 passing yards, while holding Minnesota to 130 rushing yards and 40 passing yards.[22] The game marked the beginning of a 25-game winning streak for the Wolverines lasting until October 1949.Michigan's starting lineup against Minnesota was Len Ford (left end), Robert Derleth (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), J. T. White (center), Quentin Sickels (right guard), Jack Carpenter (right tackle), Elmer Madar (right end), Jack Weisenburger (quarterback), Gene Derricotte (left halfback), Ralph Chubb (right halfback), and Dan Dworsky (fullback).[22]","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Michigan_State_Spartans_football_team"},{"link_name":"Michigan–Michigan State football rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%E2%80%93Michigan_State_football_rivalry"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTMS-23"},{"link_name":"Bob Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chappuis"},{"link_name":"Pete Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Gene Derricotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Derricotte"},{"link_name":"Elmer Madar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Madar"},{"link_name":"Paul White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_White_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Don Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Robinson_(American_football_player)"},{"link_name":"Jack Weisenburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Weisenburger"},{"link_name":"Tony Momsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Momsen"},{"link_name":"Jim Brieske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brieske"},{"link_name":"Len Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Ford"},{"link_name":"Lynn Chandnois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Chandnois"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTMS-23"},{"link_name":"Bob Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mann_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Hilkene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Hilkene"},{"link_name":"Dominic Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"J. T. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._White"},{"link_name":"Quentin Sickels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Sickels"},{"link_name":"Bill Pritula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Pritula"},{"link_name":"Bump Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_Elliott"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTMS-23"}],"sub_title":"Week 7: Michigan State","text":"On November 9, 1946, Michigan defeated Michigan State by a score of 55 to 7. With attendance at 77,134, the game drew the largest crowd to that date in the history of the Michigan–Michigan State football rivalry.[23]Michigan scored twice in each quarter with touchdowns by eight players: Bob Chappuis (run in first quarter), Pete Elliott (pass from Chappuis in first quarter), Gene Derricotte (three-yard run in second quarter), Elmer Madar (four-yard interception return), Paul White (pass from Derricotte in third quarter), Don Robinson (run in third quarter), Jack Weisenburger (three-yard run in fourth quarter), and Tony Momsen (24-yard interception return in fourth quarter). Jim Brieske kicked six points after touchdown. Len Ford scored another after Brieske's kick was blocked in the first quarter; Don Robinson recovered the loose ball and tossed to Ford who fell across the goal line. Another extra point attempt was blocked, this one by Lynn Chandnois, in the third quarter. Michigan State's touchdown came on a pass from Horace Smith to Frank Waters covering 77 yards in the third quarter. Michigan gained 500 yards in the game, 293 on the ground and 207 in the air. Michigan was held to 212 yards of which only 47 yards were gained by rushing.[23]Michigan's starting lineup against Michigan State was Bob Mann (left end), Bruce Hilkene (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), J. T. White (center), Quentin Sickels (right guard), Bill Pritula (right tackle), Madar (right end), Pete Elliott (quarterback), Chappuis (left halfback), Bump Elliott (right halfback), and Weisenburger (fullback).[23]","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Wisconsin_Badgers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Pete Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Bob Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mann_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Bob Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chappuis"},{"link_name":"Dan Dworsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dworsky"},{"link_name":"Len Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Ford"},{"link_name":"Jim Brieske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brieske"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTW-24"},{"link_name":"Robert Derleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Derleth"},{"link_name":"Dominic Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"F. Stuart Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Stuart_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"Elmer Madar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Madar"},{"link_name":"Howard Yerges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Yerges"},{"link_name":"Bump Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Bob Wiese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wiese"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTW-24"}],"sub_title":"Week 8: Wisconsin","text":"On November 16, 1946, Michigan defeated Wisconsin by a score of 28 to 6. Michigan scored four touchdowns: 13-yard pass from Pete Elliott to Bob Mann in the first quarter; 27-yard pass from Bob Chappuis to Mann in the first quarter; three-yard run by Dan Dworsky in fourth quarter; and one-yard \"end-around maneuver\" by Len Ford in the fourth quarter. Center Jim Brieske kicked all four points after touchdown. Michigan gained 305 rushing yards and 146 passing yards. The Badgers were held to 99 rushing yards and 47 passing yards.[24]Michigan's starting lineup against Wisconsin was Ed McNeill (left end), Robert Derleth (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), Brieske (center), F. Stuart Wilkins (right guard), Jack Carpenter (right tackle), Elmer Madar (right end), Howard Yerges (quarterback), Chappuis (left halfback), Bump Elliott (right halfback), and Bob Wiese (fullback).[24]","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team"},{"link_name":"Big Ten Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference"},{"link_name":"Ohio Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTO-25"},{"link_name":"Henry Fonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fonde"},{"link_name":"Bob Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mann_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Bob Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chappuis"},{"link_name":"Paul White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_White_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Dick Rifenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Rifenburg"},{"link_name":"Jim Brieske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brieske"},{"link_name":"Bob Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chappuis"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTO-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTO-25"},{"link_name":"Bruce Hilkene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Hilkene"},{"link_name":"Dominic Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"J. T. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._White"},{"link_name":"Bill Pritula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Pritula"},{"link_name":"Elmer Madar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Madar"},{"link_name":"Howard Yerges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Yerges"},{"link_name":"Gene Derricotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Derricotte"},{"link_name":"Bump Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Jack Weisenburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Weisenburger"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTO-25"}],"sub_title":"Week 9: at Ohio State","text":"On November 23, 1946, Michigan defeated Ohio State by a score of 58 to 6. The 52-point spread was Ohio State's worst margin of defeat since joining the Big Ten Conference in 1913. The game was viewed by 78,634 spectators, the fourth largest crowd in Ohio Stadium history to that point.[25]Michigan's touchdowns were scored by Henry Fonde (2), Bob Mann (2), Bob Chappuis, Paul White, Dick Rifenburg, and Bill Culligan. Jim Brieske kicked seven points after touchdown and a field goal. Bob Chappuis passed for gains totaling 244 yards. In all, the Wolverines gained 509 yards, 300 passing and 209 rushing. A writer covering the game for the Chicago Tribune opined \"few teams ever have been so impotent as Ohio State was this afternoon.\"[25] In the last minute of the game, with Michigan's fourth-string backs in the game, Ohio State avoided the shutout with a touchdown pass from Bill Doolittle to Rodney Swinehart covering 77 yards.[25]Michigan's starting lineup against Ohio State was Ed McNeill (left end), Bruce Hilkene (left tackle), Dominic Tomasi (left guard), J. T. White (center), George Kraeger (right guard), Bill Pritula (right tackle), Elmer Madar (right end), Howard Yerges (quarterback), Gene Derricotte (left halfback), Bump Elliott (right halfback), and Jack Weisenburger (fullback).[25]","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Scoring summary","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elmer_Madar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elmer Madar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Madar"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"final poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_NCAA_football_rankings"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Army_Cadets_football_team"},{"link_name":"Big Nine Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p73-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p75-29"},{"link_name":"Elmer Madar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Madar"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.google.com-30"},{"link_name":"International News Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_News_Service"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INS-31"},{"link_name":"Central Press Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Press_Association"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CP-32"},{"link_name":"Bob Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chappuis"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INS-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CP-32"},{"link_name":"Len Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Ford"},{"link_name":"Newspaper Enterprise Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_Enterprise_Association"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"United Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press"},{"link_name":"1946 All-Big Nine Conference football teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_All-Big_Nine_Conference_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jack Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Carpenter_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Dominic Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APB-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPB-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t46-37"},{"link_name":"Alex Agase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Agase"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune Silver Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune_Silver_Football"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Post-season","text":"1946 All-American Elmer MadarThe Associated Press released its final poll in early December 1946. The two teams that defeated the Michigan Wolverines finished among the top five. Undefeated Army was ranked #2 with 48 voters picking them as the #1 team, narrowly missing its third consecutive national championship with 1,659-1/2 points. Big Nine Conference champion Illinois was ranked #5. The Wolverines were ranked #6.[27]The Wolverines finished the season ranked fifth in total offense with 3,122 yards gained in nine games, an average of 366.9 yards per game.[28] They also ranked fifth in passing offense with 1,322 passing yards, an average of 146.9 yards per game.[29]In the selection of All-America teams at the end of the 1946 season, three Michigan players received recognition:End Elmer Madar was selected by the Associated Press (AP) as a first-team All-American,[30] by the International News Service (INS) as a second-team All-American,[31] and by the Central Press Association (CP) as a third-team All-American.[32]\nHalfback Bob Chappuis was selected by the INS as a second-team All-American and by the CP as a third-team All-American.[31][32]\nEnd Len Ford was selected by the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) as a third-team All-American.[33][34]Both the AP and United Press (UP) selected 1946 All-Big Nine Conference football teams. Elmer Madar and Bob Chappuis were consensus first-team picks by both the AP and UP Tackle Jack Carpenter received first-team honors from the UP, and guard Dominic Tomasi received second-team honors from the UP.[35][36]Bob Chappuis was also selected as the Most Valuable Player on the 1946 Michigan team,[37] and finished second behind Illinois guard Alex Agase in voting for the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Most Valuable Player in the Big Nine Conference.[38]","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jim_Brieske.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jim Brieske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brieske"},{"link_name":"varsity letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_letter"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roster-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t46-37"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chester, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Jim Brieske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brieske"},{"link_name":"Harbor Beach, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_Beach,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Winnetka, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnetka,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Bob Callahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Callahan_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Bob Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chappuis"},{"link_name":"Toledo, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Ann Arbor, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Pleasant Ridge, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Ridge,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Robert Derleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Derleth"},{"link_name":"Marquette, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Gene Derricotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Derricotte"},{"link_name":"Defiance, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiance,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Dan Dworsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dworsky"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Bump Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Bloomington, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Pete Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Bloomington, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Henry Fonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fonde"},{"link_name":"Knoxville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Len Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Ford"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Freeport, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Bruce Hilkene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Hilkene"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Elmer Madar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Madar"},{"link_name":"Bob Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mann_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"New Bern, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Toledo, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Tony Momsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Momsen"},{"link_name":"Bill Pritula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Pritula"},{"link_name":"Art Renner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Renner"},{"link_name":"Sturgis, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgis,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Dick Rifenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Rifenburg"},{"link_name":"Saginaw, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Don Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Robinson_(American_football_player)"},{"link_name":"Quentin Sickels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Sickels"},{"link_name":"Benton Harbor, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton_Harbor,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Joe Soboleski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Soboleski"},{"link_name":"Grand Rapids, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Dominic Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"Flint, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Harold Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Watts"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Jack Weisenburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Weisenburger"},{"link_name":"Muskegon Heights, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon_Heights,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"J. T. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._White"},{"link_name":"River Rouge, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Rouge,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Paul White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_White_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Bob Wiese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wiese"},{"link_name":"Jamestown, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"F. Stuart Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Stuart_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"Canton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Howard Yerges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Yerges"},{"link_name":"Point Pleasant, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Pleasant,_West_Virginia"}],"sub_title":"Varsity letter winners","text":"Jim Brieske, the leading scorer on the 1946 team with 32 points.The following players received varsity letters for their participation on the 1946 Michigan football team.[39] Players who started at least half of the games are shown in bold.[37]Edward H. Bahlow, Springfield, Illinois - end\nRobert M. Ballou, Chester, Vermont - tackle\nJim Brieske, Harbor Beach, Michigan - placekicker, and 1 game as starter at center\nGeorge Burg, Winnetka, Illinois - guard\nBob Callahan, St. Louis, Missouri - center\nJack Carpenter, Kansas City, Missouri - started 4 games at right tackle\nBob Chappuis, Toledo, Ohio - started 4 games at left halfback\nRalph L. Chubb,[40] Ann Arbor, Michigan - started 2 games at right halfback\nFenwick J. Crane, Pleasant Ridge, Michigan - tackle\nWilliam L. Culligan, Detroit - halfback\nRobert Derleth, Marquette, Michigan - started 3 games at left tackle\nGene Derricotte, Defiance, Ohio - started 5 games at left halfback\nDan Dworsky, Sioux Falls, South Dakota - started 1 game at fullback\nBump Elliott, Bloomington, Illinois - started 3 games at right halfback\nPete Elliott, Bloomington, Illinois - started 1 game at quarterback\nHenry Fonde, Knoxville, Tennessee - halfback\nLen Ford, Washington, D.C. - started 4 games at left end\nDonovan P. Hershberger, Freeport, Illinois - end\nBruce Hilkene, Indianapolis, Indiana - started 6 games at left tackle\nGeorge Kraeger, Indianapolis, Indiana - started 5 games at right guard\nJohn F. Lintol, Detroit - guard\nElmer Madar, Detroit - started 7 games at right end\nBob Mann, New Bern, North Carolina - started 2 games at left end\nEdward D. McNeill,[41] Toledo, Ohio - started 3 games at left end\nTony Momsen, Toledo, Ohio -\nBill Pritula, Detroit - started 5 games at right tackle\nArt Renner, Sturgis, Michigan - started 2 games at right end\nDick Rifenburg, Saginaw, Michigan - end\nDon Robinson, Detroit - quarterback\nQuentin Sickels, Benton Harbor, Michigan - started 3 games at right guard\nJoe Soboleski, Grand Rapids, Michigan - guard\nDominic Tomasi, Flint, Michigan - started 9 games at left guard\nRobert W. Vernier, Toledo, Ohio - quarterback\nHarold Watts, Birmingham, Michigan - started 2 games at center\nJack Weisenburger, Muskegon Heights, Michigan - started 3 games at quarterback, 2 games at fullback, 1 game at right halfback\nJ. T. White, River Rouge, Michigan - started 6 games at center\nPaul White, River Rouge, Michigan - started 3 games at right halfback\nBob Wiese, Jamestown, North Dakota - started 6 games at fullback\nF. Stuart Wilkins, Canton, Ohio - started 1 game at right guard\nHoward Yerges, Point Pleasant, West Virginia - started 5 games at quarterback","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roster-39"},{"link_name":"Rochester, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Akron, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Kensington, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"John Ghindia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ghindia"},{"link_name":"Ecorse, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecorse,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Holland, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Plymouth, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Bay City, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Lakewood, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Midland, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Hamden, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamden,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Pleasant Ridge, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Ridge,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Big Bend, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bend,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Irv Wisniewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irv_Wisniewski"},{"link_name":"Lambertville, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambertville,_Michigan"}],"sub_title":"Reserves","text":"The following players had \"reserve\" status on the 1946 Michigan football team.[39]Bruce Beatty, Canton, Ohio - halfback\nRichard Brown, Detroit - tackle\nLouis Brunsting, Jr., Rochester, Minnesota - quarterback\nJohn Eizonas, Detroit - tackle\nRobert Erben, Akron, Ohio - center\nAlan Fitch, Kensington, Michigan - guard\nWalter Freihofer, Indianapolis, Indiana - guard\nJohn Ghindia, Ecorse, Michigan - quarterback\nLloyd Heneveld, Holland, Michigan - guard\nJames Holgate, Milwaukee, Wisconsin - halfback\nCharles Huebler, Plymouth, Michigan - tackle\nNorman Jackson, Canton, Ohio - fullback\nKurt Kampe, Jr., Detroit - guard\nWalter Keeler, Bay City, Michigan - center\nFrank Kiser, Lakewood, Ohio - guard\nDonald Kuick, Midland, Michigan - halfback\nDonald Labenda, Detroit - tackle\nCharles Lentz, Toledo, Ohio - halfback\nJohn Maturo, Hamden, Connecticut - guard\nJames Morrish, Pleasant Ridge, Michigan - halfback\nAlton Noble, Detroit - halfback\nElmer Phillips, Big Bend, West Virginia - guard\nHarold Raymond, Flint, Michigan - end\nRichard Strauss, Lansing, Michigan - tackle\nAlan Traugott, Indianapolis - halfback\nIrv Wisniewski, Lambertville, Michigan - center\nJohn Witherspoon, Detroit - guard\nMichael Yedniak, Flint, Michigan - fullback","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1946 All-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_College_Football_All-America_Team"},{"link_name":"Elmer Madar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Madar"},{"link_name":"Bob Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chappuis"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.google.com-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INS-31"},{"link_name":"All-Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_All-Big_Nine_Conference_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bob Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chappuis"},{"link_name":"Jack Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Carpenter_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Dominic Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APB-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPB-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t46-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t46-37"}],"sub_title":"Awards and honors","text":"1946 All-Americans: Elmer Madar (AP-1, INS-2), Bob Chappuis (INS-2)[30][31]\nAll-Conference: Elmer Madar (AP-1, UP-1), Bob Chappuis (AP-1, UP-1), Jack Carpenter (UP-1), Dominic Tomasi (UP-2)[35][36]\nMost Valuable Player: Bob Chappuis[37]\nMeyer Morton Award: Bob Ballou[37]","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Len_Ford_from_1948_Michiganensian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Len Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Ford"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dan_Dworsky_of_Michigan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dan Dworsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dworsky"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dons"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"All-America Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-America_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"Jim Brieske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brieske"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Colts_(1947%E2%80%9350)"},{"link_name":"1947 AAFC Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_AAFC_Draft"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad47-42"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"1948 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d48-43"},{"link_name":"Bob Callahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Callahan_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Chicago_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"1947 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d47-44"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills_(AAFC)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Jack Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Carpenter_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"1947 AAFC Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_AAFC_Draft"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad47-42"},{"link_name":"1944 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d44-46"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Bob Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chappuis"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"1947 AAFC Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_AAFC_Draft"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad47-42"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"1947 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"1947 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d47-44"},{"link_name":"Robert Derleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Derleth"},{"link_name":"Chicago Rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Rockets"},{"link_name":"1947 AAFC Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_AAFC_Draft"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad47-42"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"1944 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Gene Derricotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Derricotte"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad49-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Dan Dworsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dworsky"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dons"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad48-52"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"1949 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d49-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Bump Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_Elliott"},{"link_name":"1947 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d47-44"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brothers-55"},{"link_name":"Pete Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Chicago Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Hornets"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad49-50"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"1948 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d48-43"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Len Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Ford"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dons"},{"link_name":"1948 AAFC Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_AAFC_Draft"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad48-52"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Elmer Madar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Madar"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Colts_(1947%E2%80%9350)"},{"link_name":"1947 AAFC Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_AAFC_Draft"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad47-42"},{"link_name":"1947 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Bob Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mann_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"1949 AAFC Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_AAFC_Draft"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad49-50"},{"link_name":"1949 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d49-53"},{"link_name":"Tony Momsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Momsen"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"1951 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Bill Pritula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Pritula"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"1948 AAFC Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_AAFC_Draft"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad48-52"},{"link_name":"Art Renner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Renner"},{"link_name":"1946 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d46-61"},{"link_name":"Dick Rifenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Rifenburg"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees_(AAFC)"},{"link_name":"1949 AAFC Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_AAFC_Draft"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad49-50"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"},{"link_name":"1948 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Quentin Sickels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Sickels"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"1948 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d48-43"},{"link_name":"Joe Soboleski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Soboleski"},{"link_name":"1949 AAFC Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_AAFC_Draft"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad49-50"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"1949 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d49-53"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Jack Weisenburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Weisenburger"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"1948 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d48-43"},{"link_name":"1948 AAFC Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_AAFC_Draft"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad48-52"},{"link_name":"J. T. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._White"},{"link_name":"1947 AAFC Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_AAFC_Draft"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad47-42"},{"link_name":"1947 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d47-44"},{"link_name":"Bob Wiese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wiese"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"1947 AAFC Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_AAFC_Draft"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad47-42"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"1945 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"NFL and AAFC drafts","text":"Len Ford was later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.Dan Dworsky played in the AAFC with the Los Angeles Dons.The following 23 players from the 1946 Michigan football team were drafted to play and/or actually played in the National Football League (NFL) and/or the All-America Football Conference (AAFC):Jim Brieske: Brieske was selected by the Baltimore Colts with the 81st pick in the 1947 AAFC Draft,[42] and by the New York Giants with the 97th pick in the 1948 NFL Draft.[43]\nBob Callahan: Callahan was selected by the Chicago Cardinals with the 289th pick in the 1947 NFL Draft.[44] He played for the Buffalo Bills in 1948.[45]\nJack Carpenter: Carpenter was selected by the Cleveland Browns with the 24th pick in the 1947 AAFC Draft,[42] and by the Chicago Cardinals with the 143rd pick in the 1944 NFL Draft.[46] He played for the Buffalo Bills and San Francisco 49ers from 1947 to 1949.[47]\nBob Chappuis: Chappuis was selected by the Cleveland Browns with the eight pick in the 1947 AAFC Draft,[42] and by Detroit Lions with the 26th pick in the 1947 NFL Draft. He played for the Brooklyn Dodgers and Chicago Hornets in 1948 and 1949.[48]\nRalph Chubb: Chubb was selected by the Los Angeles Rams with the 143rd pick in the 1947 NFL Draft.[44]\nRobert Derleth: Derleth was selected by the Chicago Rockets with the 20th pick in the 1947 AAFC Draft,[42] and by the Detroit Lions with the 29th pick in the 1944 NFL Draft. He played for the Lions in 1947.[49]\nGene Derricotte: Derricotte was selected by the Cleveland Browns with the eight pick of the AAFC's secret draft held in July 1948,[50] but he was injured during training camp with the Browns at the end of July 1949 while standing along the sidelines playing catch with a teammate.[51]\nDan Dworsky: Dworsky was drafted by the Los Angeles Dons with the fifth pick in the AAFC's secret draft held in July 1948,[52] and by the Green Bay Packers with the 15th pick in the 1949 NFL Draft.[53] He played for the Dons in 1949.[54]\nBump Elliott: Elliott was drafted by the Detroit Lions with the 76th pick in the 1947 NFL Draft.[44] He opted instead to pursue a career in coaching. In 1949, brothers Bump and Pete Elliott worked together as assistant coaches at Oregon State.[55] Bump was the head coach at Michigan from 1959 to 1968.\nPete Elliott: Elliott was drafted by the Chicago Hornets with the third pick in the AAFC's secret draft held in July 1948,[50] and by the Detroit Lions with the 127th pick in the 1948 NFL Draft.[43] He opted instead to pursue a career in coaching starting in 1949 as an assistant coach at Oregon State and later serving as a head coach at Nebraska, California, Illinois, and Miami. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1994.[56]\nLen Ford: Ford was drafted by the Los Angeles Dons with the 14th pick in the 1948 AAFC Draft.[52] He played 11 years in the NFL from 1948 to 1958 and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1976.[57]\nElmer Madar: Madar was selected by the Baltimore Colts with the first pick in the 1947 AAFC Draft,[42] and by the Detroit Lions with the 176th pick in the 1947 NFL Draft. He played for the Colts in 1947.[58]\nBob Mann: Mann played for the Detroit Lions (1948–1949) and Green Bay Packers (1950–1954).[59] He was the first African-American player for both teams.\nEd McNeill: McNeill was drafted by the Cleveland Browns with the 37th pick in the 1949 AAFC Draft,[50] and by the Washington Redskins with the 88th pick in the 1949 NFL Draft.[53]\nTony Momsen: Momsen was selected by the Los Angeles Rams with the 59th pick in the 1951 NFL Draft, and played in the NFL during the 1951 and 1952 seasons.[60]\nBill Pritula: Pritula was selected by the San Francisco 49ers with the 118th pick in the 1948 AAFC Draft.[52]\nArt Renner: Renner was selected by the Green Bay Packers with the 56th pick in the 1946 NFL Draft.[61]\nDick Rifenburg: Rifenburg was selected by the New York Yankees with the 24th pick in the 1949 AAFC Draft,[50] and by Philadelphia Eagles with the 132nd pick in the 1948 NFL Draft. He played for the Detroit Lions in 1950.[62]\nQuentin Sickels: Sickels was selected by the Detroit Lions with the 147th pick in the 1948 NFL Draft.[43]\nJoe Soboleski: Soboleski was selected by the Cleveland Browns with the 192nd pick in the 1949 AAFC Draft,[50] and by the New York Giants with the 86th pick in the 1949 NFL Draft.[53] He played professional football in the AAFC and NFL for four years from 1949 to 1952.[63]\nJack Weisenburger: Weisenburger was selected by the Washington Redskins with the 38th pick in the 1948 NFL Draft.[43] He was also selected by the New York Yankees with the 64th pick in the 1948 AAFC Draft.[52]\nJ. T. White: White was selected by the Brooklyn Dodgers with the 84th pick in the 1947 AAFC Draft,[42] and by the Detroit Lions with the 186th pick in the 1947 NFL Draft.[44]\nBob Wiese: Wiese was selected by the San Francisco 49ers with the 14th pick in the 1947 AAFC Draft,[42] and by the Detroit Lions with the 39th pick in the 1945 NFL Draft. He played for the Lions in 1947 and 1948.[64]","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fritz Crisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Crisler"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t46-37"},{"link_name":"Bennie Oosterbaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oos-4"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intact-65"},{"link_name":"Jack Blott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Blott"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rep-5"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intact-65"},{"link_name":"Arthur Valpey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Valpey"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intact-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Wally Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Weber"},{"link_name":"Cliff Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Keen"},{"link_name":"Jack Petoskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Petoskey"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intact-65"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Ernest McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_McCoy_(athletic_director)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intact-65"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t46-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t46-37"}],"text":"Head coach: Fritz Crisler[37]\nAssistant coachesBackfield coach: Bennie Oosterbaan[4][65]\nLine coach: Jack Blott[5] assisted by Forrest \"Butch\" Jordan[65]\nEnd coach: Arthur Valpey[65][66]\n\"B\" squad coach: Wally Weber, assisted by head wrestling coach Cliff Keen and Jack Petoskey[65][67]\nChief scout, assistant coach and assistant athletic director: Ernest McCoy, appointed to the new post in January 1946[65][68]Trainer: Ray Roberts[37]\nManager: Max Kogen[37]","title":"Coaching staff"}] | [{"image_text":"Head coach Fritz Crisler","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fritz_Crisler.png/180px-Fritz_Crisler.png"},{"image_text":"1946 Michigan MVP Bob Chappuis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bob_Chappuis.png/180px-Bob_Chappuis.png"},{"image_text":"1946 All-American Elmer Madar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Elmer_Madar.jpg/180px-Elmer_Madar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jim Brieske, the leading scorer on the 1946 team with 32 points.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Jim_Brieske.jpg/180px-Jim_Brieske.jpg"},{"image_text":"Len Ford was later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Len_Ford_from_1948_Michiganensian.jpg/180px-Len_Ford_from_1948_Michiganensian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dan Dworsky played in the AAFC with the Los Angeles Dons.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dan_Dworsky_of_Michigan.jpg/180px-Dan_Dworsky_of_Michigan.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"W.J. Bingham, ed. (1947). The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide including the Official Rules 1947. A.S. Barnes and Company. p. 79.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Biggie Munn To Syracuse As Grid Boss\". The News-Palladium, Benton Harbor, Michigan. January 7, 1946. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2738443/biggie_munn_to_syracuse_as_grid_boss/","url_text":"\"Biggie Munn To Syracuse As Grid Boss\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fifteen Lettermen Report at Michigan's First Grid Drills\". Ironwood Daily Globe. April 5, 1946. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2738702/fifteen_lettermen_report_at_michigans/","url_text":"\"Fifteen Lettermen Report at Michigan's First Grid Drills\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Oosterbaan and Jack Blott To Speak At Football Banquet Here\". The Escanaba (Mich.) Daily Press. November 16, 1946. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/51043487/","url_text":"\"Oosterbaan and Jack Blott To Speak At Football Banquet Here\""}]},{"reference":"\"126 Report For U. of Michigan Spring Football\". The News-Palladium. April 2, 1946. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20950873/","url_text":"\"126 Report For U. of Michigan Spring Football\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michigan Opens Grid Practice: Crisler Calls for Candidates April 1\". Ironwood Daily Globe. March 26, 1946. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2738408/michigan_opens_grid_practice/","url_text":"\"Michigan Opens Grid Practice: Crisler Calls for Candidates April 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Donn Hershberger Inducted Into Navy\". Freeport-Journal Standard. March 1, 1946. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/3988725/","url_text":"\"Donn Hershberger Inducted Into Navy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Michigan Gets 3rd Large Jolt\". The Coshocton (Ohio) News. March 8, 1946. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2738514/michigan_gets_3rd_large_jolt/","url_text":"\"Michigan Gets 3rd Large Jolt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago Alumni Honor Michigan Grid Star\". The News-Palladium. May 10, 1946. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2738661/chicago_alumni_honor_michigan_grid_star/","url_text":"\"Chicago Alumni Honor Michigan Grid Star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Crisler Says Michigan Eleven Over Rated\". The Pantagraph. September 1, 1946. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2739091/crisler_says_michigan_eleven_over_rated/","url_text":"\"Crisler Says Michigan Eleven Over Rated\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yost Is Ill\". Traverse City (Mich.) Record-Eagle. May 31, 1946. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2738638/yost_is_ill/","url_text":"\"Yost Is Ill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Funeral Services Held for Fielding H. Yost\". The Cumberland News. August 23, 1946. p. 18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2738392/funeral_services_held_for_fielding_h/","url_text":"\"Funeral Services Held for Fielding H. Yost\""}]},{"reference":"\"May Lose All Games, Coach Fritz Crisler Underestimates\". Ironwood Daily Globe. September 7, 1946. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2739226/may_lose_all_games_coach_fritz_crisler/","url_text":"\"May Lose All Games, Coach Fritz Crisler Underestimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joe Ponsetto Lost to Michigan Squad\". The Escanaba (Mich.) Daily Press. September 7, 1946. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2739200/joe_ponsetto_lost_to_michigan_squad/","url_text":"\"Joe Ponsetto Lost to Michigan Squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michigan Football Squad Has Three Sets of Brothers\". The Escanaba (Mich.) Daily Press. September 14, 1946. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2739162/michigan_football_squad_has_three_sets/","url_text":"\"Michigan Football Squad Has Three Sets of Brothers\""}]},{"reference":"James Segreti (September 29, 1946). \"Wolverines Roll Over Indiana's Hope of Retaining Title, 21 to 0\". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1946/09/29/page/41/article/wolverines-roll-over-indianas-hope-of-retaining-title-21-to-0","url_text":"\"Wolverines Roll Over Indiana's Hope of Retaining Title, 21 to 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crisler Terms 'M' 11 'Sloppy' In Indiana Win\". The News-Palladium. September 28, 1946. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2750181/crisler_terms_m_11_sloppy_in/","url_text":"\"Crisler Terms 'M' 11 'Sloppy' In Indiana Win\""}]},{"reference":"Wilfrid Smith (October 6, 1946). \"Wolverines Beat Hawkeye Eleven, 14 to 7\". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1946/10/06/page/59/article/wolverines-leat-hawkeye-eleven-14-to-7","url_text":"\"Wolverines Beat Hawkeye Eleven, 14 to 7\""}]},{"reference":"Wilfrid Smith (October 13, 1946). \"Army Beats Michigan: 87,993 Watch Cadets Score 20-13 Triumph: Glenn Davis' Speed Balks Wolverines\". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1946/10/13/page/67/article/87-993-watch-cadets-score-20-13-triumph","url_text":"\"Army Beats Michigan: 87,993 Watch Cadets Score 20-13 Triumph: Glenn Davis' Speed Balks Wolverines\""}]},{"reference":"Wilfrid Smith (October 20, 1946). \"N.U. and Michigan Battle To 14-14 Tie: Co-Leaders of Big Nine Thrill 74,500 Throng\". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1946/10/20/page/63/article/n-u-and-michigan-battle-t0-14-14-tie","url_text":"\"N.U. and Michigan Battle To 14-14 Tie: Co-Leaders of Big Nine Thrill 74,500 Throng\""}]},{"reference":"Edward Burns (October 27, 1946). \"Zatkoff Races 53 Yards As Illinois Beats Michigan, 13-9\". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1946/10/27/page/63/article/zatkoff-races-53-yards-as-illinois-beats-michigan-13-9","url_text":"\"Zatkoff Races 53 Yards As Illinois Beats Michigan, 13-9\""}]},{"reference":"Wilfrid Smith (November 3, 1946). \"Wolverines Top Gophers, 21-0; Take 2d\". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1946/11/03/page/67/article/wolverines-top-gophers-21-0-take-2d","url_text":"\"Wolverines Top Gophers, 21-0; Take 2d\""}]},{"reference":"Charles Bartlett (November 10, 1946). \"State Loses To Wolverine Eleven, 55 to 7\". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1946/11/10/page/69/article/state-loses-to-wolverine-eleven-55-to-7","url_text":"\"State Loses To Wolverine Eleven, 55 to 7\""}]},{"reference":"Irving Vaughan (November 17, 1946). \"Badgers Lose To Wolverine Passes, 28 to 6\". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1946/11/17/page/69/article/badgers-lose-to-wolverine-passes-28-to-6","url_text":"\"Badgers Lose To Wolverine Passes, 28 to 6\""}]},{"reference":"Wilfrid Smith (November 24, 1946). \"Michigan Routs Ohio, 58 to 6; Wolverines Turn On Power Before 78,634; Buckeyes Score in Final Minute\". Chicago Tribune. p. 2-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1946/11/24/page/67/article/michigan-routs-ohio-58-6-indiana-minnesota-win","url_text":"\"Michigan Routs Ohio, 58 to 6; Wolverines Turn On Power Before 78,634; Buckeyes Score in Final Minute\""}]},{"reference":"\"Writers Pick Irish As The Best Eleven\". Santa Cruz Sentinel-News. December 5, 1946. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2745247/writers_pick_irish_as_the_best_eleven/","url_text":"\"Writers Pick Irish As The Best Eleven\""}]},{"reference":"W.J. Bingham, ed. (1947). The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide including the Official Rules 1947. A.S. Barnes and Company. p. 73.","urls":[]},{"reference":"W.J. Bingham, ed. (1947). The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide including the Official Rules 1947. A.S. Barnes and Company. p. 75.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Davis, Blanchard Earn All-America Positions\". The Milwaukee Journal. December 4, 1946.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19461204&id=Mi0aAAAAIBAJ&pg=5666,2452230","url_text":"\"Davis, Blanchard Earn All-America Positions\""}]},{"reference":"Lawton Carver (December 3, 1946). \"INS Names Four Irish on All-America Team\". St. Petersburg Times. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19461203&id=q70wAAAAIBAJ&pg=3924,7295129","url_text":"\"INS Names Four Irish on All-America Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Army, Irish Place Two Each On Captains' All American\". Wisconsin State Journal. December 3, 1946.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"NEA 1946 All Americas\". Anniston Star. November 24, 1946.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"NEA 1946 All-Americans\". The Pittsburgh Press. November 23, 1946.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19461123&id=qVkbAAAAIBAJ&pg=4860,2728511","url_text":"\"NEA 1946 All-Americans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiana Places Three on Big Ten All-Stars\". The Milwaukee Journal (AP story). November 26, 1946. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19461126&id=7x4aAAAAIBAJ&pg=2234,5527982","url_text":"\"Indiana Places Three on Big Ten All-Stars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michigan Gets Three Places On UP Team\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (UP story). November 30, 1946. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19461130&id=C8MwAAAAIBAJ&pg=2707,5888639","url_text":"\"Michigan Gets Three Places On UP Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"1946 Football Team\". Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.","urls":[{"url":"https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1946fbt.htm","url_text":"\"1946 Football Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agase Adjudged Most Valuable\". The Decatur Herald. December 15, 1946. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2750063/agase_judged_most_valuable/","url_text":"\"Agase Adjudged Most Valuable\""}]},{"reference":"\"1946 Michigan Football Roster\". University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/search.php?data=football&year_option=equals&year=1946&sortby=lastname%2C+firstname%2C+year&find=FIND","url_text":"\"1946 Michigan Football Roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"1947 AAFC Draft\". The Pro Football Archive. Retrieved July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.profootballarchives.com/1947AAFCDraft.html","url_text":"\"1947 AAFC Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"1948 NFL Draft\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1948/draft.htm","url_text":"\"1948 NFL Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"1947 NFL Draft\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1947/draft.htm","url_text":"\"1947 NFL Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Callahan\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/C/CallBo20.htm","url_text":"\"Bob Callahan\""}]},{"reference":"\"1944 NFL Draft\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1944/draft.htm","url_text":"\"1944 NFL Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Carpenter\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/C/CarpJa20.htm","url_text":"\"Jack Carpenter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Chappuis\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/C/ChapBo20.htm","url_text":"\"Bob Chappuis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Derleth\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/D/DerlRo20.htm","url_text":"\"Robert Derleth\""}]},{"reference":"\"1949 AAFC Draft\". The Pro Football Archive. Retrieved July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.profootballarchives.com/1949AAFCDraft.html","url_text":"\"1949 AAFC Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cleveland Releases Gene Derricotte\". Los Angeles Times. August 7, 1949.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"1948 AAFC Draft\". The Pro Football Archive. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131207061319/http://www.profootballarchives.com/1948AAFCDraft.html","url_text":"\"1948 AAFC Draft\""},{"url":"http://www.profootballarchives.com/1948AAFCDraft.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1949 NFL Draft\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1949/draft.htm","url_text":"\"1949 NFL Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Dworsky\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/D/DworDa20.htm","url_text":"\"Dan Dworsky\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bump Elliott Selected 'Coach of the Week'\". The Holland, Michigan Evening Sentinel. November 13, 1963.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Pete Elliott\". National Football Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1718","url_text":"\"Pete Elliott\""}]},{"reference":"\"Len Ford\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/F/FordLe00.htm","url_text":"\"Len Ford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elmer Madar\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MadaEl20.htm","url_text":"\"Elmer Madar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Mann\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MannBo00.htm","url_text":"\"Bob Mann\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tony Momsen\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MomsTo20.htm","url_text":"\"Tony Momsen\""}]},{"reference":"\"1946 NFL Draft\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1946/draft.htm","url_text":"\"1946 NFL Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dick Rifenburg\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RifeDi20.htm","url_text":"\"Dick Rifenburg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joe Soboleski\". pro-football-reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/S/SoboJo20.htm","url_text":"\"Joe Soboleski\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Wiese\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WiesBo20.htm","url_text":"\"Bob Wiese\""}]},{"reference":"Joe Karshner (July 14, 1946). \"Gridiron Staff Intact at U.M.\" The Escanaba Daily Press. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2739047/gridiron_staff_intact_at_um/","url_text":"\"Gridiron Staff Intact at U.M.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elks To Have Valpey Speak At Grid Fete\". The News-Palladium. December 4, 1946. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20994061/","url_text":"\"Elks To Have Valpey Speak At Grid Fete\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weber's 'B' Squad Faces Seven Games\". The News-Palladium. September 24, 1946. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20983577/","url_text":"\"Weber's 'B' Squad Faces Seven Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"New U-M Line Mentor To Be Named Soon: Work of Chief Scout Rewarded by Creation Of New Post\". The Herald-Press, St. Joseph, Michigan. January 24, 1946. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/34699411/","url_text":"\"New U-M Line Mentor To Be Named Soon: Work of Chief Scout Rewarded by Creation Of New Post\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2738443/biggie_munn_to_syracuse_as_grid_boss/","external_links_name":"\"Biggie Munn To Syracuse As Grid Boss\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2738702/fifteen_lettermen_report_at_michigans/","external_links_name":"\"Fifteen Lettermen Report at Michigan's First Grid Drills\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/51043487/","external_links_name":"\"Oosterbaan and Jack Blott To Speak At Football Banquet Here\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20950873/","external_links_name":"\"126 Report For U. of Michigan Spring Football\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2738408/michigan_opens_grid_practice/","external_links_name":"\"Michigan Opens Grid Practice: Crisler Calls for Candidates April 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/3988725/","external_links_name":"\"Donn Hershberger Inducted Into Navy\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2738514/michigan_gets_3rd_large_jolt/","external_links_name":"\"Michigan Gets 3rd Large Jolt\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2738661/chicago_alumni_honor_michigan_grid_star/","external_links_name":"\"Chicago Alumni Honor Michigan Grid Star\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2739091/crisler_says_michigan_eleven_over_rated/","external_links_name":"\"Crisler Says Michigan Eleven Over Rated\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2738638/yost_is_ill/","external_links_name":"\"Yost Is Ill\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2738392/funeral_services_held_for_fielding_h/","external_links_name":"\"Funeral Services Held for Fielding H. Yost\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2739226/may_lose_all_games_coach_fritz_crisler/","external_links_name":"\"May Lose All Games, Coach Fritz Crisler Underestimates\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2739200/joe_ponsetto_lost_to_michigan_squad/","external_links_name":"\"Joe Ponsetto Lost to Michigan Squad\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2739162/michigan_football_squad_has_three_sets/","external_links_name":"\"Michigan Football Squad Has Three Sets of Brothers\""},{"Link":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1946/09/29/page/41/article/wolverines-roll-over-indianas-hope-of-retaining-title-21-to-0","external_links_name":"\"Wolverines Roll Over Indiana's Hope of Retaining Title, 21 to 0\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2750181/crisler_terms_m_11_sloppy_in/","external_links_name":"\"Crisler Terms 'M' 11 'Sloppy' In Indiana 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolley_(company) | Tolley (company) | ["1 History","2 Products","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | British publishing company
Tolley is a British publishing company that publishes reference books on tax.
History
The company was established in 1916 by Charles H. Tolley.
In the 1970s Tolley was part of the Benn Group of companies. The Benn companies were taken over by the Extel Group in June 1983, which itself was taken over by United Newspapers in 1987. In 1996 the company was acquired by the publisher Butterworths, part of the Reed Elsevier group of companies, which now exists as LexisNexis UK but continues to publish under the Butterworths imprint.
Products
Tolley's Tax Guide, a full UK tax reference
Tolley Guidance and Tolley Library (online) - UK tax legislation and tax cases
See also
Taxation in the United Kingdom
References
^ "Firms Out of Business". Harry Ransom Center. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
^ Tingley, Kenneth Raymond (1989). Tolley's retirement relief. p. i. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
^ a b Eric L Harvey, A Short History of Tolley, p 4
^ "United leaves Benn to Extel". The Glasgow Herald. 20 May 1983. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
^ Watts, Robert. "How family money embarrassed Hilary Benn". The Daily Telegraph.
^ "Reed Elsevier to Buy Tolley Publishing for $155 Million". AP News. 8 August 1996. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
^ McKay, Robert (28 February 2018). "Driving Mister Butterworth – 200 Years of Law Publishing". Slaw. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
External links
Tolley
LexisNexis | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"publishing company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing_company"},{"link_name":"reference books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_work"},{"link_name":"tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax"}],"text":"Tolley is a British publishing company that publishes reference books on tax.","title":"Tolley (company)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Benn Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Benn_Limited"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Extel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eric_L_Harvey_p_4-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Newspapers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eric_L_Harvey_p_4-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Reed Elsevier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Elsevier"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"LexisNexis UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LexisNexis#LexisNexis_UK"}],"text":"The company was established in 1916 by Charles H. Tolley.[1]In the 1970s Tolley was part of the Benn Group of companies.[2] The Benn companies were taken over by the Extel Group in June 1983,[3][4] which itself was taken over by United Newspapers in 1987.[3][5] In 1996 the company was acquired by the publisher Butterworths, part of the Reed Elsevier group of companies,[6][7] which now exists as LexisNexis UK but continues to publish under the Butterworths imprint.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Tolley's Tax Guide, a full UK tax reference\nTolley Guidance and Tolley Library (online) - UK tax legislation and tax cases","title":"Products"}] | [] | [{"title":"Taxation in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom"}] | [{"reference":"\"Firms Out of Business\". Harry Ransom Center. 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The Daily Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1551371/How-family-money-embarrassed-Hilary-Benn.html","url_text":"\"How family money embarrassed Hilary Benn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reed Elsevier to Buy Tolley Publishing for $155 Million\". AP News. 8 August 1996. Retrieved 30 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/8e99784b5f21c727566654a9abc0cd45","url_text":"\"Reed Elsevier to Buy Tolley Publishing for $155 Million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News","url_text":"AP News"}]},{"reference":"McKay, Robert (28 February 2018). \"Driving Mister Butterworth – 200 Years of Law Publishing\". Slaw. Retrieved 30 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slaw.ca/2018/02/28/driving-mister-butterworth-200-years-of-law-publishing/","url_text":"\"Driving Mister Butterworth – 200 Years of Law Publishing\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/Watch/fob_search_results_next.cfm?FOBFirmName=P&FOBNote=&locSTARTROW=371","external_links_name":"\"Firms Out of Business\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/tolleysretiremen0000ting/","external_links_name":"Tolley's retirement relief"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oMRAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9qUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1804%2C4120195","external_links_name":"\"United leaves Benn to Extel\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1551371/How-family-money-embarrassed-Hilary-Benn.html","external_links_name":"\"How family money embarrassed Hilary Benn\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/8e99784b5f21c727566654a9abc0cd45","external_links_name":"\"Reed Elsevier to Buy Tolley Publishing for $155 Million\""},{"Link":"http://www.slaw.ca/2018/02/28/driving-mister-butterworth-200-years-of-law-publishing/","external_links_name":"\"Driving Mister Butterworth – 200 Years of Law Publishing\""},{"Link":"https://www.tolley.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Tolley"},{"Link":"http://www.lexisnexis.co.uk/en-uk/home.page","external_links_name":"LexisNexis"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_hat | Ushanka | ["1 Furs and materials","2 History","3 Current use","4 Similar hats","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"] | Russian fur cap with ear flaps
Sheepskin ushanka winter hat with earflaps
An ushanka (Russian: ушанка, Russian pronunciation: , from уши, 'ears'), also called an ushanka-hat (Russian: шапка-ушанка, romanized: shapka-ushanka, ), is a Russian fur hat with ear-covering flaps that can be tied up on the crown of the cap, or fastened at the chin to protect the ears, jaw, and lower chin from the cold. An alternative way to wear is to bend the flaps back and tie them behind the head, which is called "ski-style" — this offers less protection from the elements, but much better visibility, essential for high-speed skiing. The dense fur also offers some protection against blunt impacts to the head. They are also traditionally worn in the Baltic region including Sweden, Finland, Norway and the whole eastern European region.
Earflaps down
Ushanka hat with earflaps tighten behind: ski-style
Front look of a hat with earflaps behind
back of an ushanka hat with earflaps down
lining of an ushanka hat
Furs and materials
Ushanka hats are made from sheepskin (tsigeyka or mouton), karakul, rabbit, muskrat, mink and many other furs. Artificial fur hats are also manufactured and are referred to as "fish fur" since the material is not from any real animal. The simplest "fish fur" of ushankas was made of wool pile with cloth substrate and cloth top, with the exception of the flaps, which had the pile exposed. Mink fur ushankas are widely used in the Arctic regions of Russia, protecting the ears and chin of the wearer even from "deep frost", which is around −70 to −40 °C (−94 to −40 °F).
History
Hats with fur earflaps have been known for centuries, especially in the Balkan countries Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, as well as in Northeastern Italy, in the Julian March, Trieste, and surrounding areas where there has been a large Slavic population for centuries. Such hats are also seen in Nordic countries Sweden, Norway and Finland, in the Eurasian and European Slavic countries Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Moldova and in Caucasus region in Georgia and Armenia. The design of ushanka with a perfectly round crown was developed in the 17th century when in central and northern Russia a hat with two earflaps and a backflap called treukh ("three-eared") was worn. The modern ushanka design from 1917 is also inspired by the Norwegian norvezhka, a hat which was invented by Norwegian arctic explorers. The main difference from the treukh is that the earflaps of the norvezhka were much longer. In addition, Cossacks of the Kuban have influenced the design of modern Ushanka through interaction with peoples from Central Asia and Caucasus.
In 1917 during the Russian Civil War, the ruler of Siberia, Aleksandr Kolchak, introduced a winter uniform hat, commonly referred to as a kolchakovka, c. 1918. It was similar to the ushanka. However, Kolchak and the White Army lost the war, and their headgear was not adopted in the new Soviet Union.
Red Army soldiers instead wore the budenovka, which was made of felt. It was designed to resemble historical bogatyr helmets, and did not provide much protection from the cold.
During the Winter War against Finland, organizational failures and inadequate equipment left many Soviet troops vulnerable to cold, and many died of exposure. The Finnish army had much better equipment including an ushanka-style fur hat, the turkislakki M36 , introduced in 1936. In 1939, shortly before the Winter War, the slightly improved turkislakki M39 was introduced, and is still in use today. After the Winter War, the Red Army received completely redesigned winter uniforms. Budenovkas were finally replaced with ushankas based on the Finnish example. Officers were issued fur ushankas; other ranks received ushankas made with plush or "fish fur". When they experienced the harsh Russian winter, for example during the Battle of Moscow, German soldiers started to wear ushankas and other Soviet-type winter gear, as their uniforms did not provide adequate protection from the extreme cold.
The ushanka became a symbol and media icon of the Soviet Union and later the Russian Federation. Photographs of U.S. President Gerald Ford wearing the cap during a 1974 visit to the Soviet Union were seen as a possible sign of détente.
Alexander Kolchak decorating his troops wearing kolchakovkas
General Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim of the Finnish Army wearing white turkislakki in 1938
Finnish Army Captain Aarne Juutilainen in the Battle of Kollaa during Winter War in 1939
Finland's president Urho Kekkonen visit Zavidovo, Russia in 1965
Gerald Ford (left) wearing an ushanka, with Leonid Brezhnev (right) wearing a gogol
Current use
Identified with Soviet rule and issued in all Warsaw Pact armies, the ushanka has since become a part of the winter uniform for military and police forces in Canada and other Western countries with a cold winter. Gray (American civilian police), green (for camouflage), blue (police, United States Coast Guard, and United States Post Office) and black versions are in current usage. In 2013, the Russian army announced that soldiers will get a new ushanka with a rounder crown and small sealable openings in the flaps for wearing headphones. It is also still used by the Polish armed forces.
The ushanka was used by the East German authorities before German reunification, and remained part of the German police uniform in winter afterwards. In the Finnish Defence Forces, a gray hat is used with M62 uniform and a green one of different design is a part of M91 and M05 winter dress. Armoured troops have a black hat (M92), while generals may wear a white M39 hat. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police use a "regulation hat" (between an ushanka and an aviator hat), made of muskrat fur. This replaced the former Canadian military fur wedge cap. Similar ones are used by Toronto Transit Commission staff during winter.
A similar type of headgear is worn in China's People's Liberation Army's winter uniform. Featured in an iconic propaganda image of Lei Feng, this type of hat is often called by Chinese "the Lei Feng hat" (雷锋帽, Lei Feng mao).
It is claimed that British wartime airmen visiting the Kola Inlet to help to protect the Arctic convoys quickly started to wear ushankas because their own uniform hats were not warm enough, but "kept the ear flaps tied up to the crown as any Russian would, because it was considered unmanly to wear them down." However, in the Russian military up to this day, the way of wearing the ushanka — up flaps, down flaps or ski-style — is considered a part of uniform of the day and is usually decided by a unit commander at reveille.
Similar hats
Trapper hats are "a sort of hybrid between the aviator cap and the ushanka—they combine the style of the former with the furriness of the latter". They are considered more casual than the military-derived ushanka.
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police use muskrat ushankas.
Gallery
Soviet soldier wearing the ushanka with the winter version of the afghanka; both the afghanka collar and the ushanka are made from "fish fur"
The Presidential change of the Finland in 2012
East German border guards stand atop the Berlin Wall
Czech Guard of the Prague castle
See also
Aviator hat
Canadian military fur wedge cap
Chullo, an Andean hat of similar design
Deerstalker, a double-brimmed cap with earflaps
Malahai and tumaq , a similar Central Asian headgear
Papakha, a Caucasian fur hat without ear flaps
Telogreika
Valenki
Bearskin
Notes
^ 'turkis'+'lakki' literally means "fur hat" in Finnish
References
^ a b Zaloga, Steven (1989). Red Army of the Great Patriotic War 1941–5. Osprey Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 0-85045-939-7.
^ "Ushanka - Different Types of Russian Winter Caps". www.historyofhats.net. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
^ Fedorova, Inna; RBTH, special to (2014-01-28). "Russian winter hats: Ushanka, kubanka, petushok". www.rbth.com. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
^ "Finnish Army website". Puolustusvoimat.fi. Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
^ Mirouze, Laurent (1993). Infanteristen des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Düsseldorf: Verlag Karl-Heinz Dissberger. p. 28. ISBN 3-924753-27-X.
^ Färber, Mathias (1990). Zweiter Weltkrieg. Unipart-Verlag, Stuttgart. p. 556. ISBN 3-8122-3001-1.
^ Pike, John (2013). "Russian Army Says Goodbye to Earflaps". www.globalsecurity.org.
^ "RCMP hats". Furbeardefenders.com.
^ a b Crawford, Alison (October 4, 2017). "Politics: Wanted by the Mounties: 4,470 muskrat hats". CBC News. Retrieved December 23, 2022. RCMP considered phasing out its fur hats, but says muskrat is best for cold, wet conditions
^ Alexander, Kristen (1 October 2010). Jack Davenport. ReadHowYouWant.com. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-4596-0378-3.
^ "Men Winter Hat Guide". Artofmanliness.com. 2013.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ushankas.
Look up ushanka in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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Tula pryanik
Vyazma pryanik | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray-lambskin-ushanka-hat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[ʊˈʂankə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat"},{"link_name":"[ˈʂapkə ʊˈʂankə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_clothing"},{"link_name":"fur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_clothing"},{"link_name":"crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski"},{"link_name":"Baltic region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_region"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray-sheepskin-hat.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earflaps_behind.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ushanka_hat_look_from_the_front_with_earflaps_behind.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Back_of_an_ushanka_hat.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lining_of_an_ushanka_hat.jpg"}],"text":"Sheepskin ushanka winter hat with earflapsAn ushanka (Russian: ушанка, Russian pronunciation: [ʊˈʂankə], from уши, 'ears'), also called an ushanka-hat (Russian: шапка-ушанка, romanized: shapka-ushanka, [ˈʂapkə ʊˈʂankə]), is a Russian fur hat with ear-covering flaps that can be tied up on the crown of the cap, or fastened at the chin to protect the ears, jaw, and lower chin from the cold. An alternative way to wear is to bend the flaps back and tie them behind the head, which is called \"ski-style\" — this offers less protection from the elements, but much better visibility, essential for high-speed skiing. The dense fur also offers some protection against blunt impacts to the head. They are also traditionally worn in the Baltic region including Sweden, Finland, Norway and the whole eastern European region.Earflaps down\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUshanka hat with earflaps tighten behind: ski-style\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFront look of a hat with earflaps behind\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tback of an ushanka hat with earflaps down\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tlining of an ushanka hat","title":"Ushanka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sheepskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheepskin"},{"link_name":"karakul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakul_sheep"},{"link_name":"rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit"},{"link_name":"muskrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat"},{"link_name":"mink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mink_fur"},{"link_name":"Artificial fur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_fur"},{"link_name":"fish fur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_fur"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zaloga-1"},{"link_name":"wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool"},{"link_name":"pile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pile_(textile)"},{"link_name":"Mink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mink"}],"text":"Ushanka hats are made from sheepskin (tsigeyka or mouton), karakul, rabbit, muskrat, mink and many other furs. Artificial fur hats are also manufactured and are referred to as \"fish fur\" since the material is not from any real animal.[1] The simplest \"fish fur\" of ushankas was made of wool pile with cloth substrate and cloth top, with the exception of the flaps, which had the pile exposed. Mink fur ushankas are widely used in the Arctic regions of Russia, protecting the ears and chin of the wearer even from \"deep frost\", which is around −70 to −40 °C (−94 to −40 °F).","title":"Furs and materials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Julian March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_March"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"Nordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Eurasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat#Hat_design"},{"link_name":"central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Russia"},{"link_name":"northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_North"},{"link_name":"treukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treukh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%85"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Kuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Kolchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kolchak"},{"link_name":"White Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Army"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"budenovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budenovka"},{"link_name":"bogatyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogatyr"},{"link_name":"Winter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War"},{"link_name":"Finnish army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_army"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Budenovkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budenovka"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"plush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plush"},{"link_name":"fish fur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_fur"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zaloga-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"détente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tente"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kolchak_decorating_troops.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kolchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kukkia_Mannerheimille.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aarne-edward-juutilainen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aarne Juutilainen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarne_Juutilainen"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kollaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kollaa"},{"link_name":"Winter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kekkonen_aseellinen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Urho Kekkonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Gerald_Ford_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Leonid_Brezhnev_upon_Ford%27s_Arrival_at_Vozdvizhenka_Air_Base,_near_Vladivostok,_U.S.S.R._-_NARA_-_7157128.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"Leonid Brezhnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev"},{"link_name":"gogol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gogol_(hat)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0)"}],"text":"Hats with fur earflaps have been known for centuries, especially in the Balkan countries Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, as well as in Northeastern Italy, in the Julian March, Trieste, and surrounding areas where there has been a large Slavic population for centuries. Such hats are also seen in Nordic countries Sweden, Norway and Finland, in the Eurasian and European Slavic countries Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Moldova and in Caucasus region in Georgia and Armenia.[2] The design of ushanka with a perfectly round crown was developed in the 17th century when in central and northern Russia a hat with two earflaps and a backflap called treukh [ru] (\"three-eared\") was worn.[3] The modern ushanka design from 1917 is also inspired by the Norwegian norvezhka, a hat which was invented by Norwegian arctic explorers. The main difference from the treukh is that the earflaps of the norvezhka were much longer. In addition, Cossacks of the Kuban have influenced the design of modern Ushanka through interaction with peoples from Central Asia and Caucasus.In 1917 during the Russian Civil War, the ruler of Siberia, Aleksandr Kolchak, introduced a winter uniform hat, commonly referred to as a kolchakovka, c. 1918. It was similar to the ushanka. However, Kolchak and the White Army lost the war, and their headgear was not adopted in the new Soviet Union.Red Army soldiers instead wore the budenovka, which was made of felt. It was designed to resemble historical bogatyr helmets, and did not provide much protection from the cold.During the Winter War against Finland, organizational failures and inadequate equipment left many Soviet troops vulnerable to cold, and many died of exposure. The Finnish army had much better equipment including an ushanka-style fur hat, the turkislakki M36 [a], introduced in 1936. In 1939, shortly before the Winter War, the slightly improved turkislakki M39 was introduced, and is still in use today.[4] After the Winter War, the Red Army received completely redesigned winter uniforms. Budenovkas were finally replaced with ushankas based on the Finnish example.[5] Officers were issued fur ushankas; other ranks received ushankas made with plush or \"fish fur\".[1] When they experienced the harsh Russian winter, for example during the Battle of Moscow, German soldiers started to wear ushankas and other Soviet-type winter gear, as their uniforms did not provide adequate protection from the extreme cold.[6]The ushanka became a symbol and media icon of the Soviet Union and later the Russian Federation. Photographs of U.S. President Gerald Ford wearing the cap during a 1974 visit to the Soviet Union were seen as a possible sign of détente.Alexander Kolchak decorating his troops wearing kolchakovkas\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeneral Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim of the Finnish Army wearing white turkislakki in 1938\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFinnish Army Captain Aarne Juutilainen in the Battle of Kollaa during Winter War in 1939\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFinland's president Urho Kekkonen visit Zavidovo, Russia in 1965\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGerald Ford (left) wearing an ushanka, with Leonid Brezhnev (right) wearing a gogol [ru]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact"},{"link_name":"headphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphones"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"Finnish Defence Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"aviator hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator_hat"},{"link_name":"muskrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-10"},{"link_name":"Canadian military fur wedge cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_military_fur_wedge_cap"},{"link_name":"Toronto Transit Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Lei Feng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_Feng"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kola Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Arctic convoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_convoys"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alexander2010-11"},{"link_name":"uniform of the day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_of_the_day"},{"link_name":"reveille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reveille"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Identified with Soviet rule and issued in all Warsaw Pact armies, the ushanka has since become a part of the winter uniform for military and police forces in Canada and other Western countries with a cold winter. Gray (American civilian police), green (for camouflage), blue (police, United States Coast Guard, and United States Post Office) and black versions are in current usage. In 2013, the Russian army announced that soldiers will get a new ushanka with a rounder crown and small sealable openings in the flaps for wearing headphones.[7] It is also still used by the Polish armed forces.The ushanka was used by the East German authorities before German reunification, and remained part of the German police uniform in winter afterwards. In the Finnish Defence Forces, a gray hat is used with M62 uniform and a green one of different design is a part of M91 and M05 winter dress. Armoured troops have a black hat (M92), while generals may wear a white M39 hat. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police use a \"regulation hat\" (between an ushanka and an aviator hat), made of muskrat fur.[8][9] This replaced the former Canadian military fur wedge cap. Similar ones are used by Toronto Transit Commission staff during winter.A similar type of headgear is worn in China's People's Liberation Army's winter uniform. Featured in an iconic propaganda image of Lei Feng, this type of hat is often called by Chinese \"the Lei Feng hat\" (雷锋帽, Lei Feng mao).[citation needed]It is claimed that British wartime airmen visiting the Kola Inlet to help to protect the Arctic convoys quickly started to wear ushankas because their own uniform hats were not warm enough, but \"kept the ear flaps tied up to the crown as any Russian would, because it was considered unmanly to wear them down.\"[10] However, in the Russian military up to this day, the way of wearing the ushanka — up flaps, down flaps or ski-style — is considered a part of uniform of the day and is usually decided by a unit commander at reveille.[citation needed]","title":"Current use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"muskrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-10"}],"text":"Trapper hats are \"a sort of hybrid between the aviator cap and the ushanka—they combine the style of the former with the furriness of the latter\". They are considered more casual than the military-derived ushanka.[11]The Royal Canadian Mounted Police use muskrat ushankas.[9]","title":"Similar hats"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_soldier_DN-SC-92-04942.jpg"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"afghanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanka"},{"link_name":"fish fur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_fur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tasavallanpresidentinvaihdos2012_07.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Police_on_the_Berlin_Wall.JPEG"},{"link_name":"East German border guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Troops_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guard_Prague_castle_5768.jpg"}],"text":"Soviet soldier wearing the ushanka with the winter version of the afghanka; both the afghanka collar and the ushanka are made from \"fish fur\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Presidential change of the Finland in 2012\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEast German border guards stand atop the Berlin Wall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCzech Guard of the Prague castle","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ 'turkis'+'lakki' literally means \"fur hat\" in Finnish","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Sheepskin ushanka winter hat with earflaps","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gray-lambskin-ushanka-hat.jpg/300px-Gray-lambskin-ushanka-hat.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Aviator hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator_hat"},{"title":"Canadian military fur wedge cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_wedge_cap"},{"title":"Chullo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chullo"},{"title":"Andean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean"},{"title":"Deerstalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerstalker"},{"title":"Malahai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malahai"},{"title":"tumaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tumaq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"kk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B"},{"title":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%85"},{"title":"Papakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papakha"},{"title":"Telogreika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telogreika"},{"title":"Valenki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenki"},{"title":"Bearskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearskin"}] | [{"reference":"Zaloga, Steven (1989). Red Army of the Great Patriotic War 1941–5. Osprey Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 0-85045-939-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Zaloga","url_text":"Zaloga, Steven"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GWNrGXNvFGMC&q=%22fish+fur%22+ushanka+-wikipedia.org&pg=PA43","url_text":"Red Army of the Great Patriotic War 1941–5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing","url_text":"Osprey Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-939-7","url_text":"0-85045-939-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Ushanka - Different Types of Russian Winter Caps\". www.historyofhats.net. Retrieved 2019-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofhats.net/hat-history/ushanka/","url_text":"\"Ushanka - Different Types of Russian Winter Caps\""}]},{"reference":"Fedorova, Inna; RBTH, special to (2014-01-28). \"Russian winter hats: Ushanka, kubanka, petushok\". www.rbth.com. Retrieved 2019-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/01/28/russian_winter_hats_ushanka_kubanka_petushok_33635.html","url_text":"\"Russian winter hats: Ushanka, kubanka, petushok\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finnish Army website\". Puolustusvoimat.fi. Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2018-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140819104619/http://www.puolustusvoimat.fi/wcm/erikoissivustot/sotilaspuvut/suomeksi/ilmavoimien+sotilaspuvut/palveluspuku","url_text":"\"Finnish Army website\""},{"url":"http://www.puolustusvoimat.fi/wcm/erikoissivustot/sotilaspuvut/suomeksi/ilmavoimien+sotilaspuvut/palveluspuku","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mirouze, Laurent (1993). Infanteristen des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Düsseldorf: Verlag Karl-Heinz Dissberger. p. 28. ISBN 3-924753-27-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-924753-27-X","url_text":"3-924753-27-X"}]},{"reference":"Färber, Mathias (1990). Zweiter Weltkrieg. Unipart-Verlag, Stuttgart. p. 556. ISBN 3-8122-3001-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8122-3001-1","url_text":"3-8122-3001-1"}]},{"reference":"Pike, John (2013). \"Russian Army Says Goodbye to Earflaps\". www.globalsecurity.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/russia/2013/russia-130118-rianovosti02.htm","url_text":"\"Russian Army Says Goodbye to Earflaps\""}]},{"reference":"\"RCMP hats\". Furbeardefenders.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://furbearerdefenders.com/campaigns/rcmp-hats","url_text":"\"RCMP hats\""}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Alison (October 4, 2017). \"Politics: Wanted by the Mounties: 4,470 muskrat hats\". CBC News. Retrieved December 23, 2022. RCMP considered phasing out its fur hats, but says muskrat is best for cold, wet conditions","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/rcmp-mounties-muskrat-hats-1.4327556","url_text":"\"Politics: Wanted by the Mounties: 4,470 muskrat hats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Kristen (1 October 2010). Jack Davenport. ReadHowYouWant.com. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-4596-0378-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jOZKWUPUNBIC&pg=PA143","url_text":"Jack Davenport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4596-0378-3","url_text":"978-1-4596-0378-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Men Winter Hat Guide\". Artofmanliness.com. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artofmanliness.com/2013/01/22/men-winter-hat-guide/","url_text":"\"Men Winter Hat Guide\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GWNrGXNvFGMC&q=%22fish+fur%22+ushanka+-wikipedia.org&pg=PA43","external_links_name":"Red Army of the Great Patriotic War 1941–5"},{"Link":"http://www.historyofhats.net/hat-history/ushanka/","external_links_name":"\"Ushanka - Different Types of Russian Winter Caps\""},{"Link":"https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/01/28/russian_winter_hats_ushanka_kubanka_petushok_33635.html","external_links_name":"\"Russian winter hats: Ushanka, kubanka, petushok\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140819104619/http://www.puolustusvoimat.fi/wcm/erikoissivustot/sotilaspuvut/suomeksi/ilmavoimien+sotilaspuvut/palveluspuku","external_links_name":"\"Finnish Army website\""},{"Link":"http://www.puolustusvoimat.fi/wcm/erikoissivustot/sotilaspuvut/suomeksi/ilmavoimien+sotilaspuvut/palveluspuku","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/russia/2013/russia-130118-rianovosti02.htm","external_links_name":"\"Russian Army Says Goodbye to Earflaps\""},{"Link":"http://furbearerdefenders.com/campaigns/rcmp-hats","external_links_name":"\"RCMP hats\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/rcmp-mounties-muskrat-hats-1.4327556","external_links_name":"\"Politics: Wanted by the Mounties: 4,470 muskrat hats\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jOZKWUPUNBIC&pg=PA143","external_links_name":"Jack Davenport"},{"Link":"http://www.artofmanliness.com/2013/01/22/men-winter-hat-guide/","external_links_name":"\"Men Winter Hat Guide\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.M._Ispahani | M. M. Ispahani Limited | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Bangladeshi conglomerate headquartered in Chittagong
M.M. Ispahani LimitedCompany typePrivateIndustryConglomeratePredecessorM.M. Ispahani & SonsFounded1820; 204 years ago (1820)FounderMirza Mohammed IspahaniHeadquartersChittagong, BangladeshKey peopleMirza Salman Ispahani (Chairman)ProductsTea, consumer goods, seeds, textiles, yarn, jute, real estate, ISPServicesShipping, healthcareOwnerIspahani familySubsidiariesIspahani Foods Limited Ispahani Agro LimitedPahartali Textile and Hosiery MillsBroad Band Telecom Services LimitedSouth East Trading Limited Islamia Eye Hospital Orient AirwaysWebsitewww.ispahanibd.comIspahani Tea website
M.M. Ispahani Limited (Bengali: এম এম ইস্পাহানি লিমিটেড), also known as The Ispahani Group, is a Bangladeshi conglomerate headquartered in Chittagong. It is the oldest company in Bangladesh, founded in 1820, and owned by the Ispahani family. The group owns Bangladesh's leading tea company, as well as other food brands in the country. It also has interests in real estate, textiles, agriculture, shipping, jute, packaging and hospitality.
See also
Mirza Ahmad Ispahani, Chairman (1934–1949)
Mirza Mehdy Ispahani (Sadri Ispahani), Chairman (1949–2004)
Yar Mohammad Khan, Director (1958)
Mirza Ali Behrouze Ispahani, Chairman (2004–2017)
Godrej family and Tata family, other Indo-Persian business families
References
^ Milad, Masud (2022-01-13). "A 202-year-old iconic family business". Prothomalo. Retrieved 2024-05-31.
^ "Behrouze Ispahani passes away". Prothom Alo. Retrieved 2017-07-29.
^ "Where Are the Oldest Companies in Existence?". Retrieved 2020-05-29.
^ "Ispahani Group boss Mirza Ali Behrouze Ispahani passes away". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 2017-07-29.
^ "Companies | Ispahani Group of Companies". Retrieved 2024-05-31.
External links
Official Website
Ispahani Tea Website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ispahani family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispahani_family"},{"link_name":"real estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate"},{"link_name":"textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping"},{"link_name":"jute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jute"},{"link_name":"packaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging"},{"link_name":"hospitality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"M.M. Ispahani Limited (Bengali: এম এম ইস্পাহানি লিমিটেড), also known as The Ispahani Group, is a Bangladeshi conglomerate headquartered in Chittagong.[1][2] It is the oldest company in Bangladesh, founded in 1820,[3] and owned by the Ispahani family. The group owns Bangladesh's leading tea company, as well as other food brands in the country. It also has interests in real estate, textiles, agriculture, shipping, jute, packaging and hospitality.[4][5]","title":"M. M. Ispahani Limited"}] | [] | [{"title":"Mirza Ahmad Ispahani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ahmad_Ispahani"},{"title":"Mirza Mehdy Ispahani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Mehdy_Ispahani"},{"title":"Yar Mohammad Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yar_Mohammad_Khan"},{"title":"Mirza Ali Behrouze Ispahani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ali_Behrouze_Ispahani"},{"title":"Godrej family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godrej_family"},{"title":"Tata family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_family"}] | [{"reference":"Milad, Masud (2022-01-13). \"A 202-year-old iconic family business\". Prothomalo. Retrieved 2024-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.prothomalo.com/business/a-202-year-old-iconic-family-business","url_text":"\"A 202-year-old iconic family business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Behrouze Ispahani passes away\". Prothom Alo. Retrieved 2017-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.prothom-alo.com/corporate/news/136887/Behrouze-Ispahani-passes-away","url_text":"\"Behrouze Ispahani passes away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Where Are the Oldest Companies in Existence?\". Retrieved 2020-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visualcapitalist.com/oldest-companies/","url_text":"\"Where Are the Oldest Companies in Existence?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ispahani Group boss Mirza Ali Behrouze Ispahani passes away\". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 2017-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://bdnews24.com/business/2017/01/23/ispahani-group-boss-mirza-ali-behrouze-ispahani-passes-away","url_text":"\"Ispahani Group boss Mirza Ali Behrouze Ispahani passes away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Companies | Ispahani Group of Companies\". Retrieved 2024-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ispahanibd.com/companies/","url_text":"\"Companies | Ispahani Group of Companies\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ispahanibd.com/","external_links_name":"www.ispahanibd.com"},{"Link":"http://www.ispahanitea.com/","external_links_name":"Ispahani Tea website"},{"Link":"https://en.prothomalo.com/business/a-202-year-old-iconic-family-business","external_links_name":"\"A 202-year-old iconic family business\""},{"Link":"http://en.prothom-alo.com/corporate/news/136887/Behrouze-Ispahani-passes-away","external_links_name":"\"Behrouze Ispahani passes away\""},{"Link":"https://www.visualcapitalist.com/oldest-companies/","external_links_name":"\"Where Are the Oldest Companies in Existence?\""},{"Link":"http://bdnews24.com/business/2017/01/23/ispahani-group-boss-mirza-ali-behrouze-ispahani-passes-away","external_links_name":"\"Ispahani Group boss Mirza Ali Behrouze Ispahani passes away\""},{"Link":"https://www.ispahanibd.com/companies/","external_links_name":"\"Companies | Ispahani Group of Companies\""},{"Link":"http://www.ispahanibd.com/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.ispahanitea.com/","external_links_name":"Ispahani Tea Website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Chan_(theologian) | Simon Chan (theologian) | ["1 Biography","2 Works","3 References"] | Simon Chan is a Singaporean Chinese Christian theologian and ordained minister of the Assemblies of God.
Biography
Chan received his M.Div. from Asian Theological Seminary and his MTheol in Systematic Theology from South East Asia Graduate School of Theology. He then completed his Ph.D. in Historical Theology from Cambridge University
Until 2016, Chan was the Earnest Lau Professor of Systematic Theology and dean of studies at Trinity Theological College, Singapore. From 1997 to 2013, he edited the seminary's Trinity Theological Journal. Since 2016, he has been the editor of the Asian Journal of Theology.
Works
Chan, Simon (1997). Man and Sin: An Independent-Study Textbook. Springfield, MO: Global University System Berean. ISBN 9781906256739
Chan, Simon (1998). Spiritual Theology: A Systematic Study of the Christian Life. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830876990
Chan, Simon (2000). Pentecostal Theology and the Christian Spiritual Tradition. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 9781841271446
Chan, Simon (2006). Liturgical Theology: The Church as Worshiping Community. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic. ISBN 9780830876204
Chan, Simon (2014). Grassroots Asian Theology: Thinking the Faith from the Ground Up. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic. ISBN 9780830840489
References
^ a b "Asia Journal of Theology Editor". Association for Theological Education in South East Asia. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
^ "Rev Dr Simon Chan". Trinity Theological College. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017.
^ "Simon Chan". InterVarsity Press. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
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This Singaporean biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Christian theologian is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Simon Chan (theologian)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M.Div.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"Asian Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"MTheol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Theology"},{"link_name":"Systematic Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_theology"},{"link_name":"South East Asia Graduate School of Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Asia_Graduate_School_of_Theology"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Historical Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_theology"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Systematic Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_theology"},{"link_name":"Trinity Theological College, Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Theological_College,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Chan received his M.Div. from Asian Theological Seminary and his MTheol in Systematic Theology from South East Asia Graduate School of Theology. 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Man and Sin: An Independent-Study Textbook. Springfield, MO: Global University System Berean. ISBN 9781906256739\nChan, Simon (1998). Spiritual Theology: A Systematic Study of the Christian Life. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830876990\nChan, Simon (2000). Pentecostal Theology and the Christian Spiritual Tradition. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 9781841271446\nChan, Simon (2006). Liturgical Theology: The Church as Worshiping Community. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic. ISBN 9780830876204\nChan, Simon (2014). Grassroots Asian Theology: Thinking the Faith from the Ground Up. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic. ISBN 9780830840489","title":"Works"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Chan, Simon (1997). Man and Sin: An Independent-Study Textbook. Springfield, MO: Global University System Berean.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chan, Simon (1998). Spiritual Theology: A Systematic Study of the Christian Life. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Somalia | LGBT rights in Somalia | ["1 History","1.1 British Somali Coast Protectorate","1.2 Italian East Africa","1.3 Somali Republic","2 Legality of same-sex sexual activity","2.1 Somali Democratic Republic","3 Living conditions","3.1 LGBT organizations","3.2 Civil war","4 HIV/AIDS","4.1 Prevention","4.2 HIV prevalence by region","5 Summary table","6 Prominent LGBT+ activists/advocates","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading"] | See also: LGBT rights in Somaliland
LGBT rights in SomaliaCurrent (September 2023) political and military control in Somali Civil War (2009–present)StatusIllegal since 1899:Civil, Sharia, or local customary law may be applied in Federal Republic of SomaliaPenaltySharia: Capital punishmentCivil law: Prison sentences from 3 months – 3 yearsGender identityNoMilitaryNoDiscrimination protectionsNoFamily rightsRecognition of relationshipsNo recognition of same-sex unionsAdoptionNo
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Somalia face severe challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Consensual same-sex sexual activity is illegal for both men and women. In areas controlled by al-Shabab, and in Jubaland, capital punishment is imposed for such sexual activity. In other areas, where Sharia does not apply, the civil law code specifies prison sentences of up to three years as penalty. LGBT people are regularly prosecuted by the government and additionally face stigmatization among the broader population. Stigmatization and criminalisation of homosexuality in Somalia occur in a legal and cultural context where 99% of the population follow Islam as their religion, while the country has had an unstable government and has been subjected to a civil war for decades.
History
British Somali Coast Protectorate
Prior to independence from the British, Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code of 1860 was applied in British Somali Coast protectorate in 1899. In the United Kingdom itself, sodomy laws were abolished in 1967. It has since legalized homosexuality, civil partnership, and same-sex marriage. The influence of Section 377 throughout former British colonies has widely come to be seen as leaving a legacy of discrimination, violence, and death, that persists in many places to this day.
Italian East Africa
In 1940, Italy conquered British Somaliland and annexed it into the Italian East Africa. While Italy had been free of sodomy laws since 1890, the Fascist regime still punished homosexuals. In 1941, the British reconquered British Somaliland and re-instated their sodomy laws.
Somali Republic
In 1964, a new penal code came into force in the Somali Republic. The code states that "Whoever has carnal intercourse with a person of the same sex shall be punished, where the act does not constitute a more serious crime, with imprisonment from three months to three years. Where the act committed is an act of lust different from carnal intercourse, the punishment imposed shall be reduced by one-third."
Legality of same-sex sexual activity
Somali Democratic Republic
Under Article 409 of the Somali Penal Code introduced by the Somali Democratic Republic in 1973, sexual intercourse with a person of the same sex is punishable by imprisonment from three months to three years. An "act of lust" other than sexual intercourse is punishable by a prison term of two months to two years. Under Article 410 of the Somali Penal Code, an additional security measure may accompany sentences for homosexual acts, usually coming in the form of police surveillance to prevent "re-offending".
Living conditions
The U.S. Department of State's 2010 Human Rights Report found that "sexual orientation was considered a taboo topic, and there was no public discussion of this issue in any region of the country," and that "there were no reports of societal violence or discrimination based on sexual orientation." The 2022 edition similarly reported that "due to severe societal stigma that prevented LGBTQI+ individuals from making their sexual orientation or gender identity known publicly", there was little-to-no reporting of discrimination. In addition, the report stated: "There remained a pervasive social stigma against same-sex relationships, and the law does not prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity."
LGBT organizations
As of 2004, one group reportedly existed for LGBT people in Somalia. However lots of Somali immigrants have formed majority Somali or even solely Somali LGBT organizations in Canada. The US Department of State reported in 2022 that: "There were few, very discreet, and mostly online-based LGBTQI+ organizations that held events."
Civil war
See also: Somali Civil War (2009–present)
In territories controlled by Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen in Somalia, the terrorist organization enacts a strict interpretation of shariah which explicitly criminalises homosexual activity. The punishment for those found guilty is at a judge's discretion and may be punished by death The ILGA reported in 2021 that it had information on enforcement by al-Shabaab, or other non-state armed groups, killing individuals for alleged homosexual activity: An 18-year-old man in 2013; a 15-year-old boy, together with a man aged 20 in 2017; and in 2018, another "young man". Verification of the incidents, independent from information supplied by the insurgent groups, was generally not available. The exact nature of the supposed offences was not clear in all cases. A number of human rights and LGBT activists, and those accused of "homosexuality", have been forced to flee the country for fear of execution or assassination.
HIV/AIDS
Prevention
Family planning services are hard to access, as is fact-based information on human sexuality. Humanitarian workers have stated that Islamic social mores often make it difficult to publicly talk about how the virus can be spread. Since 1999, much of the AIDS/HIV education and care has come from international organizations such as the United Nations.
Despite this, Somalia and neighbouring Ethiopia has one of the lowest HIV infection rates on the continent. While the estimated HIV prevalence rate in Somalia in 1987 (the first case report year) was one percent of adults, a more recent estimate from 2007 now places it at only 0.5 percent of the nation's adult population.
HIV prevalence by region
The HIV prevalence in 2004 - sentinel sites of the three regional zones
Region/Zone and Sentinel Site
Number Tested
Number Positive
Percentage Positive
Somaliland
Hargeisa
499
8
1.6
Berbera
350
8
2.29
Borama
362
4
1.10
Burco
350
2
0.57
Mean - Somaliland
1561
22
1.41
Puntland
Bosaso
324
3
0.93
Garowe
284
2
1.70
Mean - Puntland
897
9
1.00
Galmudug
Galkayo
289
4
1.38
South Central
Mogadishu
1232
11
0.89
Merca
350
0
0.0
Jowhar
351
1
0.28
Hudur
351
1
0.29
Mean - South Central
2165
13
0.60
Mean - Overall
4732
44
0.93
Summary table
Same-sex sexual activity legal
Illegal:
: Capital punishment ; Imprisonment from 3 months to 3 years
Equal age of consent
Anti-discrimination laws in employment
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)
Same-sex marriage
Recognition of same-sex couples
Step-child adoption by same-sex couples
Joint adoption by same-sex couples
Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military
Right to change legal gender
Access to IVF for lesbians
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples
MSMs allowed to donate blood
Prominent LGBT+ activists/advocates
Amal Aden
Farah Abdullahi Abdi
Sumaya Dalmar
Yusuf Abdullahi
See also
LGBT portalSomalia portalTransgender portal
LGBT in Islam
LGBT rights in Africa
LGBT rights in Somaliland
Human rights in Somalia
Capital punishment for homosexuality
Capital punishment in Somalia
References
^ a b Han, Enze (3 May 2018). British Colonialism and the Criminalization of Homosexuality. Routledge. ISBN 9781351256186.
^ a b c ILGA World; Lucas Ramon Mendos; Kellyn Botha; Rafael Carrano Lelis; Enrique López de la Peña; Ilia Savelev; Daron Tan (14 December 2020). State-Sponsored Homophobia report: 2020 global legislation overview update (PDF) (Report) (14th ed.). Geneva: ILGA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2020.
^ a b "Young Somali activist sentenced to death for being a lesbian". The Independent. 2016.
^ a b "'Don't come back, they'll kill you for being gay'". BBC News. 2020.
^ a b "Map Shows Where It's Illegal to be Gay – 30 Years Since WHO Declassified Homosexuality as Disease". Forbes.
^ "Somalia LGBT Laws". Pride Legal. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ a b Botha, Kellyn; ILGA World (December 2021). "Somalia". In Lucas Ramón Mendos (ed.). Our identities under arrest: A global overview on the enforcement of laws criminalising consensual same-sex sexual acts between adults and diverse gender expressions (PDF) (Report) (in English and Spanish) (First ed.). Geneva: ILGA. pp. 100–101. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023.
^ Sarrubba, Stefania. "Death penalties if you're gay". Gay Star News — The Central Voice. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ a b "Somalia". Human Dignity Trust. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
^ "Islam in Somalia". rpl.hds.harvard.edu. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
^ a b "Somaliland Criminal Law". www.somalilandlaw.com. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
^ a b c LEGISLATIVE DECREE NO. 5 OF 16 December 1962
^ Rao, Rahul (2020). Out of Time: The Queer Politics of Postcoloniality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 7–9. ISBN 9780190865535.
^ a b "STATE-SPONSORED HOMOPHOBIA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
^ "Entry #485: Homosexual activity in Somalia". Equaldex. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld – Somalia Country Assessment" (PDF). Refworld.
^ Noor Ali (7 July 2013). "Gay Somali refugees face death threats". Al Jazeera.
^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2010). 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Somalia (PDF) (Report). United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011.
^ a b This article incorporates public domain material from 2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Somalia. United States Department of State.Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2022). "Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses". 2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Somalia (Report). United States Department of State.
^ "Death Hangs Over Somali Queers". sodomylaws.org. 3 May 2004. Archived from the original on 11 August 2004. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
^ "Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea: Sexual Minority Resources - Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, MSM, Homo-Sex". www.ucalgary.ca. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
^ Colin Stewart (16 February 2016). "Report: Somalia too risky for LGBT people". 76crimes.com
^ a b c "United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS" (PDF). Retrieved 15 January 2020.
^ Velayati, Ali-Akbar; Bakayev, Valeri; et al. (October 2007). "Religious and Cultural Traits in HIV/AIDS Epidemics in Sub-Saharan Africa". Archives of Iranian Medicine. 10 (4): 486–497. PMID 17903054. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
^ "Somalia". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 14 May 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
Further reading
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2021). "Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses". 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Somalia (Report). United States Department of State.
Afdhere Jama (n.d.) "Soulmates: The Price of Being Gay in Somalia" Afrol News. (Archived).
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Portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LGBT rights in Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"al-Shabab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)"},{"link_name":"Jubaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubaland"},{"link_name":"capital punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-under_arrest-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hdt-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hdt-9"},{"link_name":"stigmatization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmatization"},{"link_name":"criminalisation of homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminalisation_of_homosexuality"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"a civil war for decades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War"}],"text":"See also: LGBT rights in SomalilandLesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Somalia face severe challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Consensual same-sex sexual activity is illegal for both men and women.[6] In areas controlled by al-Shabab, and in Jubaland, capital punishment is imposed for such sexual activity.[7][8] In other areas, where Sharia does not apply, the civil law code specifies prison sentences of up to three years as penalty.[9] LGBT people are regularly prosecuted by the government[9] and additionally face stigmatization among the broader population. Stigmatization and criminalisation of homosexuality in Somalia occur in a legal and cultural context where 99% of the population follow Islam as their religion,[10] while the country has had an unstable government and has been subjected to a civil war for decades.","title":"LGBT rights in Somalia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Section 377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_377"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somaliland-11"},{"link_name":"British Somali Coast protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stlaw-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penal_code-12"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"civil partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_partnership_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penal_code-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"British Somali Coast Protectorate","text":"Prior to independence from the British, Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code of 1860[11] was applied in British Somali Coast protectorate in 1899.[1][12] In the United Kingdom itself, sodomy laws were abolished in 1967. It has since legalized homosexuality, civil partnership, and same-sex marriage.[12] The influence of Section 377 throughout former British colonies has widely come to be seen as leaving a legacy of discrimination, violence, and death, that persists in many places to this day.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conquered British Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"Italian East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_East_Africa"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ILGA-14"}],"sub_title":"Italian East Africa","text":"In 1940, Italy conquered British Somaliland and annexed it into the Italian East Africa. While Italy had been free of sodomy laws since 1890, the Fascist regime still punished homosexuals. In 1941, the British reconquered British Somaliland and re-instated their sodomy laws.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somali Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Republic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somaliland-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penal_code-12"}],"sub_title":"Somali Republic","text":"In 1964, a new penal code came into force in the Somali Republic.[11] The code states that \"Whoever has carnal intercourse with a person of the same sex shall be punished, where the act does not constitute a more serious crime, with imprisonment from three months to three years. Where the act committed is an act of lust different from carnal intercourse, the punishment imposed shall be reduced by one-third.\"[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legality of same-sex sexual activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somali Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ILGA-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noorali-17"}],"sub_title":"Somali Democratic Republic","text":"Under Article 409 of the Somali Penal Code introduced by the Somali Democratic Republic in 1973, sexual intercourse with a person of the same sex is punishable by imprisonment from three months to three years.[15] An \"act of lust\" other than sexual intercourse is punishable by a prison term of two months to two years. Under Article 410 of the Somali Penal Code, an additional security measure may accompany sentences for homosexual acts, usually coming in the form of police surveillance to prevent \"re-offending\".[14][16][17]","title":"Legality of same-sex sexual activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022_US_State-19"}],"text":"The U.S. Department of State's 2010 Human Rights Report found that \"sexual orientation was considered a taboo topic, and there was no public discussion of this issue in any region of the country,\" and that \"there were no reports of societal violence or discrimination based on sexual orientation.\"[18] The 2022 edition similarly reported that \"due to severe societal stigma that prevented LGBTQI+ individuals from making their sexual orientation or gender identity known publicly\", there was little-to-no reporting of discrimination. In addition, the report stated: \"There remained a pervasive social stigma against same-sex relationships, and the law does not prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.\"[19]","title":"Living conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022_US_State-19"}],"sub_title":"LGBT organizations","text":"As of 2004, one group reportedly existed for LGBT people in Somalia.[20] However lots of Somali immigrants have formed majority Somali or even solely Somali LGBT organizations in Canada.[21] The US Department of State reported in 2022 that: \"There were few, very discreet, and mostly online-based LGBTQI+ organizations that held events.\"[19]","title":"Living conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somali Civil War (2009–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakat_al-Shabaab_al-Mujahideen"},{"link_name":"shariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariah"},{"link_name":"may be punished by death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-under_arrest-7"}],"sub_title":"Civil war","text":"See also: Somali Civil War (2009–present)In territories controlled by Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen in Somalia, the terrorist organization enacts a strict interpretation of shariah which explicitly criminalises homosexual activity. The punishment for those found guilty is at a judge's discretion and may be punished by death[22] The ILGA reported in 2021 that it had information on enforcement by al-Shabaab, or other non-state armed groups, killing individuals for alleged homosexual activity: An 18-year-old man in 2013; a 15-year-old boy, together with a man aged 20 in 2017; and in 2018, another \"young man\". Verification of the incidents, independent from information supplied by the insurgent groups, was generally not available. The exact nature of the supposed offences was not clear in all cases. A number of human rights and LGBT activists, and those accused of \"homosexuality\", have been forced to flee the country for fear of execution or assassination.[7]","title":"Living conditions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"HIV/AIDS"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-data.unaids.org-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-data.unaids.org-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCTHIV-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009factbook-25"}],"sub_title":"Prevention","text":"Family planning services are hard to access, as is fact-based information on human sexuality. Humanitarian workers have stated that Islamic social mores often make it difficult to publicly talk about how the virus can be spread.[23] Since 1999, much of the AIDS/HIV education and care has come from international organizations such as the United Nations.[23]Despite this, Somalia and neighbouring Ethiopia has one of the lowest HIV infection rates on the continent. While the estimated HIV prevalence rate in Somalia in 1987 (the first case report year) was one percent of adults,[24] a more recent estimate from 2007 now places it at only 0.5 percent of the nation's adult population.[25]","title":"HIV/AIDS"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"HIV prevalence by region","title":"HIV/AIDS"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Summary table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amal Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amal_Aden"},{"link_name":"Farah Abdullahi Abdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farah_Abdullahi_Abdi"},{"link_name":"Sumaya Dalmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumaya_Dalmar"}],"text":"Amal Aden\nFarah Abdullahi Abdi\nSumaya Dalmar\nYusuf Abdullahi","title":"Prominent LGBT+ activists/advocates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/somalia/"},{"link_name":"\"Soulmates: The Price of Being Gay in Somalia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080513114120/http://www.afrol.com/features/10599"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Africa_topic"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights in Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Angola"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Benin"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Botswana"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Burundi"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Chad"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Comoros"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Eswatini"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Gabon"},{"link_name":"The Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"Ivory 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Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Western_Sahara"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Human_rights_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Human_rights_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_rights_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Human rights in Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Child marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Polygamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Demographics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Somalia_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Somalia_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia_topics"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Somalia-related_articles"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Laas Geel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laas_Geel"},{"link_name":"Land of Punt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Punt"},{"link_name":"Walashma dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Adal Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Ajuran Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of the Geledi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi"},{"link_name":"Isaaq Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Majeerteen Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Hobyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Hobyo"},{"link_name":"Warsangali Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Dervish movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)"},{"link_name":"Italian Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"British Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"Trust Territory of Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"Ogaden War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden_War"},{"link_name":"Somaliland War of Independence (1981–1991)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Isaaq genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_genocide"},{"link_name":"Rebellion (1986–1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Piracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)"},{"link_name":"(2009–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Maritime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Postal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Somalia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Wildlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Greater Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Guardafui Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardafui_Channel"},{"link_name":"Hafun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafun"},{"link_name":"Waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Iskushuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskushuban"},{"link_name":"Lamadaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamadaya"},{"link_name":"Mountain ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Cal Madow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Madow"},{"link_name":"Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Bahaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bahaya"},{"link_name":"Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Bajuni Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajuni_Islands"},{"link_name":"Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Awdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awdal"},{"link_name":"Bakool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakool"},{"link_name":"Banaadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaadir"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari,_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay,_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Galguduud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galguduud"},{"link_name":"Gedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedo"},{"link_name":"Sool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sool"},{"link_name":"Sanaag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaag"},{"link_name":"Hiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiran,_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Middle Juba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Juba"},{"link_name":"Lower Juba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Juba"},{"link_name":"Mudug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudug"},{"link_name":"Nugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nugal,_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Middle Shebelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Shebelle"},{"link_name":"Lower Shebelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Shebelle"},{"link_name":"Togdheer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togdheer"},{"link_name":"Woqooyi Galbeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woqooyi_Galbeed"},{"link_name":"States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_regions_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Galmudug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galmudug"},{"link_name":"Khatumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatumo"},{"link_name":"Hirshabelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirshabelle"},{"link_name":"Jubaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubaland"},{"link_name":"Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland"},{"link_name":"Puntland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland"},{"link_name":"South West Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_State_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Foreign relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Judiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Law (Xeer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeer"},{"link_name":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Political history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Political parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Central Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Economic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"EEZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Mineral industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Oil industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_exploration_in_Puntland"},{"link_name":"Shilling (currency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling"},{"link_name":"Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Society_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qolobaa_Calankeed"},{"link_name":"Child marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Demographics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Polygamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Public holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_architecture"},{"link_name":"Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_art"},{"link_name":"Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalian_literature"},{"link_name":"Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Somalia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Somalia"}],"text":"Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2021). \"Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses\". 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Somalia (Report). United States Department of State.\nAfdhere Jama (n.d.) \"Soulmates: The Price of Being Gay in Somalia\" Afrol News. (Archived).vteLGBT rights in Africa Sovereign states\nAlgeria\nAngola\nBenin\nBotswana\nBurkina Faso\nBurundi\nCameroon\nCape Verde\nCentral African Republic\nChad\nComoros\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nRepublic of the Congo\nDjibouti\nEgypt\nEquatorial Guinea\nEritrea\nEswatini\nEthiopia\nGabon\nThe Gambia\nGhana\nGuinea\nGuinea-Bissau\nIvory Coast\nKenya\nLesotho\nLiberia\nLibya\nMadagascar\nMalawi\nMali\nMauritania\nMauritius\nMorocco\nMozambique\nNamibia\nNiger\nNigeria\nRwanda\nSão Tomé and Príncipe\nSenegal\nSeychelles\nSierra Leone\nSomalia\nSouth Africa\nSouth Sudan\nSudan\nTanzania\nTogo\nTunisia\nUganda\nZambia\nZimbabwe\nStates with limitedrecognition\nSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic\nSomaliland\nDependencies andother territories\nCanary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain)\nMadeira (Portugal)\nMayotte / Réunion (France)\nSaint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)\nWestern SaharavteHuman rights in Somalia\nChild marriage\nLGBT rights\nPolygamy\nWomen\nSee also\nDemographicsvteSomalia articlesHistoryChronology\nLaas Geel\nLand of Punt\nWalashma dynasty\nAdal Sultanate\nAjuran Empire\nSultanate of the Geledi\nIsaaq Sultanate\nMajeerteen Sultanate\nSultanate of Hobyo\nWarsangali Sultanate\nDervish movement\nItalian Somaliland\nBritish Somaliland\nTrust Territory of Somaliland\nOgaden War\nSomaliland War of Independence (1981–1991)\nIsaaq genocide\nRebellion (1986–1992)\nPiracy\nCivil War\nEthiopian intervention (2006–2009)\n(2009–present)\nBy topic\nMaritime\nMilitary\nPostal\nGeography\nCities\nClimate\nWildlife\nGreater Somalia\nGuardafui Channel\nHafun\nWaterfalls\nIskushuban\nLamadaya\nMountain ranges\nCal Madow\nMountains\nBahaya\nIsland\nBajuni Islands\nRegions\nAwdal\nBakool\nBanaadir\nBari\nBay\nGalguduud\nGedo\nSool\nSanaag\nHiran\nMiddle Juba\nLower Juba\nMudug\nNugal\nMiddle Shebelle\nLower Shebelle\nTogdheer\nWoqooyi Galbeed\n States\nGalmudug\nKhatumo\nHirshabelle\nJubaland\nSomaliland\nPuntland\nSouth West Somalia\nPolitics\nCabinet\nConstitution\nElections\nForeign relations\nGovernment\nHuman rights\nLGBT rights\nJudiciary\nLaw (Xeer)\nMilitary\nPolitical history\nParliament\nPolitical parties\nPresident\nList\nPrime Minister\nList\nEconomy\nAgriculture\nCentral Bank\nCompanies\nEconomic history\nEEZ\nMineral industry\nOil industry\nShilling (currency)\nCommunications\nTourism\nTransportation\nSociety\nAnthem\nChild marriage\nCoat of arms\nDemographics\nDiaspora\nEducation\nHealth\nFlag\nPolygamy\nPublic holidays\nWomen\nCulture\nArchitecture\nArt\nCinema\nCuisine\nLiterature\nMedia\nMusic\nReligion\nSports\nLanguages\n\n Category\n Portal","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"LGBT portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:LGBT"},{"title":"Somalia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Somalia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portal_Transgender.svg"},{"title":"Transgender portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transgender"},{"title":"LGBT in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam"},{"title":"LGBT rights in Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa"},{"title":"LGBT rights in Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Somaliland"},{"title":"Human rights in Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Somalia"},{"title":"Capital punishment for homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality"},{"title":"Capital punishment in Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Somalia"}] | [{"reference":"Han, Enze (3 May 2018). British Colonialism and the Criminalization of Homosexuality. Routledge. ISBN 9781351256186.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351256186","url_text":"9781351256186"}]},{"reference":"ILGA World; Lucas Ramon Mendos; Kellyn Botha; Rafael Carrano Lelis; Enrique López de la Peña; Ilia Savelev; Daron Tan (14 December 2020). State-Sponsored Homophobia report: 2020 global legislation overview update (PDF) (Report) (14th ed.). Geneva: ILGA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201215114401/https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_World_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_report_global_legislation_overview_update_December_2020.pdf","url_text":"State-Sponsored Homophobia report: 2020 global legislation overview update"},{"url":"https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_World_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_report_global_legislation_overview_update_December_2020.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Young Somali activist sentenced to death for being a lesbian\". The Independent. 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/young-somali-activist-sentenced-to-death-for-being-a-lesbian-a6844216.html","url_text":"\"Young Somali activist sentenced to death for being a lesbian\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Don't come back, they'll kill you for being gay'\". BBC News. 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-53438112","url_text":"\"'Don't come back, they'll kill you for being gay'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Map Shows Where It's Illegal to be Gay – 30 Years Since WHO Declassified Homosexuality as Disease\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiewareham/2020/05/17/map-shows-where-its-illegal-to-be-gay--30-years-since-who-declassified-homosexuality-as-disease/#2d1c1862578a.html","url_text":"\"Map Shows Where It's Illegal to be Gay – 30 Years Since WHO Declassified Homosexuality as Disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"Somalia LGBT Laws\". Pride Legal. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pridelegal.com/somalia-lgbt-laws/","url_text":"\"Somalia LGBT Laws\""}]},{"reference":"Botha, Kellyn; ILGA World (December 2021). \"Somalia\". In Lucas Ramón Mendos (ed.). Our identities under arrest: A global overview on the enforcement of laws criminalising consensual same-sex sexual acts between adults and diverse gender expressions (PDF) (Report) (in English and Spanish) (First ed.). Geneva: ILGA. pp. 100–101. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230608124358/https://ilga.org/downloads/Our_Identities_Under_Arrest_2021.pdf","url_text":"Our identities under arrest: A global overview on the enforcement of laws criminalising consensual same-sex sexual acts between adults and diverse gender expressions"},{"url":"https://ilga.org/our-identities-under-arrest-prosecutions-lgbt-gender-diverse-persons","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sarrubba, Stefania. \"Death penalties if you're gay\". Gay Star News — The Central Voice. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://thecentralvoice.com/stories/death-penalties-if-youre-gay,2246","url_text":"\"Death penalties if you're gay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Somalia\". Human Dignity Trust. Retrieved 31 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country-profile/somalia/","url_text":"\"Somalia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Islam in Somalia\". rpl.hds.harvard.edu. Retrieved 23 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/islam-somalia","url_text":"\"Islam in Somalia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Somaliland Criminal Law\". www.somalilandlaw.com. Retrieved 3 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.somalilandlaw.com/criminal_law.html","url_text":"\"Somaliland Criminal Law\""}]},{"reference":"Rao, Rahul (2020). Out of Time: The Queer Politics of Postcoloniality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 7–9. ISBN 9780190865535.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190865535","url_text":"9780190865535"}]},{"reference":"\"STATE-SPONSORED HOMOPHOBIA\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161020202330/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_SSHR_2014_Eng.pdf","url_text":"\"STATE-SPONSORED HOMOPHOBIA\""},{"url":"http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_SSHR_2014_Eng.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Entry #485: Homosexual activity in Somalia\". Equaldex. Retrieved 3 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equaldex.com/log/485","url_text":"\"Entry #485: Homosexual activity in Somalia\""}]},{"reference":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. \"Refworld – Somalia Country Assessment\" (PDF). Refworld.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/486a52e40.pdf","url_text":"\"Refworld – Somalia Country Assessment\""}]},{"reference":"Noor Ali (7 July 2013). \"Gay Somali refugees face death threats\". Al Jazeera.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/06/2013630131245411453.html","url_text":"\"Gay Somali refugees face death threats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English","url_text":"Al Jazeera"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2010). 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Somalia (PDF) (Report). United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110514181849/http://paei.state.gov/documents/organization/160144.pdf","url_text":"2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Somalia"},{"url":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154369.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Somalia. United States Department of State.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/somalia/","url_text":"2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Somalia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State","url_text":"United States Department of State"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2022). \"Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses\". 2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Somalia (Report). United States Department of State.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/somalia/","url_text":"\"Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Death Hangs Over Somali Queers\". sodomylaws.org. 3 May 2004. Archived from the original on 11 August 2004. Retrieved 23 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/world/somalia/sonews007.htm","url_text":"\"Death Hangs Over Somali Queers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040811193107/http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/somalia/sonews007.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea: Sexual Minority Resources - Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, MSM, Homo-Sex\". www.ucalgary.ca. Retrieved 16 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucalgary.ca/sw/ramsay/africa/somalia-djibouti-eritrea.htm","url_text":"\"Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea: Sexual Minority Resources - Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, MSM, Homo-Sex\""}]},{"reference":"\"United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS\" (PDF). Retrieved 15 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2008/somalia_2008_country_progress_report_en.pdf","url_text":"\"United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS\""}]},{"reference":"Velayati, Ali-Akbar; Bakayev, Valeri; et al. (October 2007). \"Religious and Cultural Traits in HIV/AIDS Epidemics in Sub-Saharan Africa\". Archives of Iranian Medicine. 10 (4): 486–497. PMID 17903054. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://ams.ac.ir/AIM/07104/0012.htm","url_text":"\"Religious and Cultural Traits in HIV/AIDS Epidemics in Sub-Saharan Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17903054","url_text":"17903054"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080413173845/http://ams.ac.ir/aim/07104/0012.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Somalia\". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 14 May 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/","url_text":"\"Somalia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Factbook","url_text":"World Factbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency","url_text":"Central Intelligence Agency"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2021). \"Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses\". 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Somalia (Report). United States Department of State.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/somalia/","url_text":"\"Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201215114401/https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_World_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_report_global_legislation_overview_update_December_2020.pdf","external_links_name":"State-Sponsored Homophobia report: 2020 global legislation overview update"},{"Link":"https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_World_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_report_global_legislation_overview_update_December_2020.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/young-somali-activist-sentenced-to-death-for-being-a-lesbian-a6844216.html","external_links_name":"\"Young Somali activist sentenced to death for being a lesbian\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-53438112","external_links_name":"\"'Don't come back, they'll kill you for being gay'\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiewareham/2020/05/17/map-shows-where-its-illegal-to-be-gay--30-years-since-who-declassified-homosexuality-as-disease/#2d1c1862578a.html","external_links_name":"\"Map Shows Where It's Illegal to be Gay – 30 Years Since WHO Declassified Homosexuality as Disease\""},{"Link":"https://pridelegal.com/somalia-lgbt-laws/","external_links_name":"\"Somalia LGBT Laws\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230608124358/https://ilga.org/downloads/Our_Identities_Under_Arrest_2021.pdf","external_links_name":"Our identities under arrest: A global overview on the enforcement of laws criminalising consensual same-sex sexual acts between adults and diverse gender expressions"},{"Link":"https://ilga.org/our-identities-under-arrest-prosecutions-lgbt-gender-diverse-persons","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://thecentralvoice.com/stories/death-penalties-if-youre-gay,2246","external_links_name":"\"Death penalties if you're gay\""},{"Link":"https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country-profile/somalia/","external_links_name":"\"Somalia\""},{"Link":"https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/islam-somalia","external_links_name":"\"Islam in Somalia\""},{"Link":"http://www.somalilandlaw.com/criminal_law.html","external_links_name":"\"Somaliland Criminal Law\""},{"Link":"http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Penal_Code_English.pdf","external_links_name":"LEGISLATIVE DECREE NO. 5 OF 16 December 1962"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161020202330/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_SSHR_2014_Eng.pdf","external_links_name":"\"STATE-SPONSORED HOMOPHOBIA\""},{"Link":"http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_SSHR_2014_Eng.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.equaldex.com/log/485","external_links_name":"\"Entry #485: Homosexual activity in Somalia\""},{"Link":"http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/486a52e40.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Refworld – Somalia Country Assessment\""},{"Link":"http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/06/2013630131245411453.html","external_links_name":"\"Gay Somali refugees face death threats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110514181849/http://paei.state.gov/documents/organization/160144.pdf","external_links_name":"2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Somalia"},{"Link":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154369.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/somalia/","external_links_name":"2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Somalia"},{"Link":"https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/somalia/","external_links_name":"\"Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses\""},{"Link":"http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/world/somalia/sonews007.htm","external_links_name":"\"Death Hangs Over Somali Queers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040811193107/http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/somalia/sonews007.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ucalgary.ca/sw/ramsay/africa/somalia-djibouti-eritrea.htm","external_links_name":"\"Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea: Sexual Minority Resources - Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, MSM, Homo-Sex\""},{"Link":"https://76crimes.com/2016/02/16/report-somalia-too-risky-for-lgbt-people/","external_links_name":"Colin Stewart (16 February 2016). \"Report: Somalia too risky for LGBT people\". 76crimes.com"},{"Link":"http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2008/somalia_2008_country_progress_report_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS\""},{"Link":"http://ams.ac.ir/AIM/07104/0012.htm","external_links_name":"\"Religious and Cultural Traits in HIV/AIDS Epidemics in Sub-Saharan Africa\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17903054","external_links_name":"17903054"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080413173845/http://ams.ac.ir/aim/07104/0012.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/","external_links_name":"\"Somalia\""},{"Link":"https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/somalia/","external_links_name":"\"Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513114120/http://www.afrol.com/features/10599","external_links_name":"\"Soulmates: The Price of Being Gay in Somalia\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stories | New York Stories | ["1 Plot","1.1 Life Lessons","1.2 Life Without Zöe","1.3 Oedipus Wrecks","2 Cast","3 Soundtracks","3.1 Life Lessons","3.2 Life Without Zoe","3.3 Oedipus Wrecks","4 Reception","4.1 Box office","4.2 Critical response","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | 1989 film by Woody Allen, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese
For the 2010 opera, see New York Stories (opera).
New York StoriesTheatrical release posterDirected by
Woody Allen
Francis Ford Coppola
Martin Scorsese
Written by
Richard Price
Francis Ford Coppola
Sofia Coppola
Woody Allen
Produced by
Jack Rollins
Charles H. Joffe
Robert Greenhut
Barbara De Fina
Fred Roos
Fred Fuchs
Starring
Woody Allen
Rosanna Arquette
Mia Farrow
Giancarlo Giannini
Julie Kavner
Nick Nolte
Talia Shire
Cinematography
Néstor Almendros
Vittorio Storaro
Sven Nykvist
Edited by
Thelma Schoonmaker
Barry Malkin
Susan E. Morse
Music by
Carmine Coppola
Kid Creole and the Coconuts
Productioncompanies
Touchstone Pictures
Silver Screen Partners IV
American Zoetrope
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures Distribution (United States)
Warner Bros. (international)
Release date
March 10, 1989 (1989-03-10) (United States)
Running time124 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$15 millionBox office$10.7 million
New York Stories is a 1989 American anthology film consisting of three segments with the central theme being New York City.
The first is Life Lessons, directed by Martin Scorsese, written by Richard Price and starring Nick Nolte. The second is Life Without Zoë, directed by Francis Ford Coppola and written by Coppola with his daughter, Sofia Coppola. The last is Oedipus Wrecks, directed, written by and starring Woody Allen. In foreign theatrical releases, the order of the three films was altered, Coppola's being first, followed by Allen's, and finishing with Scorsese's. This movie also marks the film debuts of Adrien Brody and Kirsten Dunst.
The film was screened out of competition at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival.
Plot
Life Lessons
Lionel Dobie is an acclaimed abstract artist who finds himself unable to paint during the days before a scheduled gallery exhibition of his new work. Paulette is Lionel's assistant and former lover. Lionel is still infatuated with her, but Paulette wants only his tutelage, which makes things difficult since they live in the same studio-loft. Paulette dates other people, including a performance artist and a painter.
These deliberate provocations on Paulette's part make Lionel insanely jealous—and fuel his creativity. Lionel and Paulette, it becomes clear, have been using each other: Lionel using her sexually, Paulette using him as a means of entry into the higher spheres of the New York social and art scene. Paulette wants to give up and go home to her parents but Lionel persuades her to stay because New York is where a painter needs to be.
Lionel pours his anxiety and repressed passion into his work. Paintings around the studio show visual metaphors from relations past: stormy skies, burning bridges, and tormented clowns. Lionel realizes that he needs the emotional turmoil of his destructive relationships in order to fuel his art. At the art exhibit, Lionel meets another attractive young woman, a struggling painter. He persuades her to become his assistant and potentially his lover, beginning the cycle anew.
Life Without Zöe
Zöe is a 12-year-old schoolgirl who lives in a luxury hotel. She helps return to an Arab princess a valuable piece of jewelry that the princess had given to Zöe's father and had been subsequently stolen and recovered. Zöe tries to reconcile her divorced mother, a photographer, and father, a flautist.
Oedipus Wrecks
New York lawyer Sheldon Mills has problems with his overly critical mother Sadie Millstein. Sheldon complains constantly to his therapist about her, wishing aloud that she would just disappear. Sheldon takes his shiksa fiancée, Lisa, to meet his mother, who immediately embarrasses him. The three, as well as Lisa's children from a previous marriage, go to a magic show. His mother is invited on stage to be a part of the magician's act. She is put inside a box that has swords stuck through it and she disappears, just as she is supposed to, but then she never reappears.
Although he is furious at first, this development turns out to be great for Sheldon because, with her out of his life, he can finally relax. But soon, to his horror, his mother reappears in the sky over New York City. She begins to annoy Sheldon and Lisa (with the whole city now watching) by constantly talking to strangers about his most embarrassing moments. This puts a strain on his relationship with Lisa, who leaves him. Sheldon is persuaded by his psychiatrist to see a psychic, Treva, to try to get his mother back to reality. Treva's experiments fail, but Sheldon falls for her. When he introduces Treva to his mother, she approves and comes back to Earth.
Cast
Life Lessons
Nick Nolte as Lionel Dobie
Rosanna Arquette as Paulette
Steve Buscemi as Gregory Stark
Jesse Borrego as Reuben Toro
Peter Gabriel as Himself
Illeana Douglas as Paulette's Friend
Deborah Harry as Girl At Blind Alley
Life Without Zoë
Heather McComb as Zoë
Talia Shire as Charlotte
Giancarlo Giannini as Claudio
Don Novello as Hector
Adrien Brody as Mel
Chris Elliott as The Robber
Carmine Coppola as Street Musician
Carole Bouquet as Princess Soraya
Holly Marie Combs as Costume Party Guest (uncredited)
Oedipus Wrecks
Woody Allen as Sheldon Mills
Mae Questel as Mother
Mia Farrow as Lisa
Julie Kavner as Treva
George Schindler as Shandu, The Magician
Larry David as Theater Manager
Mike Starr as The Hardhat
Kirsten Dunst as Lisa's Daughter
Ira Wheeler as Mr. Bates
Soundtracks
Life Lessons
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" by Procol Harum
"Politician" by Cream
"The Right Time" by Ray Charles
"Like a Rolling Stone" by Bob Dylan/The Band
"It Could Happen to You" written by Johnny Burke and Jimmy Van Heusen
"That Old Black Magic" written by Johnny Mercer and Harold Arlen
"Stella by Starlight" written by Ned Washington and Victor Young
"Conquistador" by Procol Harum
"Nessun dorma" by Mario Del Monaco
"Sex Kick" by Transvision Vamp
"What Is This Thing Called Love?" performed by The Hot Club of France with Django Reinhardt and Stéphane Grappelli
"Bolero de Django" by The Hot Club of France with Django Reinhardt and Stéphane Grappelli
Life Without Zoe
This segment's music was almost written in its entirety by Kid Creole (August Darnell) and performed by Kid Creole and the Coconuts, except where noted.
"Zoe"
"Daiquiri Daiquira"
"Schoolin"
"Abu"
"The Robbery"
"My Love"
"People Will Talk"
"Party Girl"
"Don't Lead Me On"
"March of the Waiters"
"Takin' a Holiday"
"12th Street" by Thick as Thieves
"Blue Suede Shoes" by Carl Lee Perkins
"Back to School" by Pianosaurus
Oedipus Wrecks
"I Want a Girl (Just Like the Girl That Married Dear Old Dad)" by Frankie Carle
"Mother" by Bernie Leighton
"Sing, Sing, Sing" by Benny Goodman
"In a Persian Market" by Wilbur de Paris
"I'll Be Seeing You" by Liberace
"I've Found a New Baby" by Wilbur de Paris
"All the Things You Are" by David Rose & His Orchestra
"June in January" by David Rose & His Orchestra
Reception
Box office
New York Stories opened on March 10, 1989, earning $432,337 in 12 theaters during its opening weekend. The film went on to gross $10,763,469 domestically playing in 514 theaters.
Critical response
New York Stories holds a 76% "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 25 reviews.
Hal Hinson, writing in The Washington Post, felt that Coppola's segment was "by far the director's worst work yet".
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying, "New York Stories consists of three films, one good, one bad, one disappointing." He further explained, "Of the three films, the only really successful one is Life Lessons, the Scorsese story of a middle-age painter and his young, discontented girlfriend. The Coppola, an updated version of the story of Eloise, the little girl who lived in the Plaza Hotel, is surprisingly thin and unfocused. And the Allen, about a 50-year-old man still dominated by his mother, starts well but then takes a wrong turn about halfway through."
Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote, "The first segment is the best; then comes a sagging second part, during which hope is a thing with ilutieiing feathers; then hope is rewarded—the third part picks up smartly, if not to the level of the first."
Notes
^ Life Without Zoë
References
^ "New York Stories (1989)". BBFC. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
^ "Festival de Cannes: New York Stories". Cannes Film Festival. Archived from the original on June 16, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2009.
^ Harvey, Adam (2007). The Soundtracks of Woody Allen. Macfarland & Company. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-786-42968-4.
^ "Box Office Information for New York Stories". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on May 7, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2014.
^ New York Stories at Rotten Tomatoes
^ Hinson, Hal (March 3, 1989). "New York Stories". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
^ Ebert, Roger (March 3, 1989). "New York Stories". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2014.
^ "Stanley Kauffmann on films". The New Republic. March 27, 1989.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to New York Stories.
John Walker. "New York Stories: Life Lessons film review". Art Monthly/artdesigncafe. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
New York Stories at IMDb
New York Stories at AllMovie
New York Stories at Box Office Mojo
New York Stories at Rotten Tomatoes
The New York Times review
vteWoody Allen
Filmography
Bibliography
Awards and nominations
Featurefilms
What's Up, Tiger Lily? (1966)
Take the Money and Run (1969)
Bananas (1971)
Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) (1972)
Sleeper (1973)
Love and Death (1975)
Annie Hall (1977)
Interiors (1978)
Manhattan (1979)
Stardust Memories (1980)
A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy (1982)
Zelig (1983)
Broadway Danny Rose (1984)
The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985)
Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)
Radio Days (1987)
September (1987)
Another Woman (1988)
New York Stories (segment "Oedipus Wrecks", 1989)
Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989)
Alice (1990)
Shadows and Fog (1991)
Husbands and Wives (1992)
Manhattan Murder Mystery (1993)
Bullets Over Broadway (1994)
Mighty Aphrodite (1995)
Everyone Says I Love You (1996)
Deconstructing Harry (1997)
Celebrity (1998)
Sweet and Lowdown (1999)
Small Time Crooks (2000)
The Curse of the Jade Scorpion (2001)
Hollywood Ending (2002)
Anything Else (2003)
Melinda and Melinda (2004)
Match Point (2005)
Scoop (2006)
Cassandra's Dream (2007)
Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008)
Whatever Works (2009)
You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger (2010)
Midnight in Paris (2011)
To Rome with Love (2012)
Blue Jasmine (2013)
Magic in the Moonlight (2014)
Irrational Man (2015)
Café Society (2016)
Wonder Wheel (2017)
A Rainy Day in New York (2019)
Rifkin's Festival (2020)
Coup de chance (2023)
Short films
Men of Crisis: The Harvey Wallinger Story (1971)
Sounds from a Town I Love (2001)
Television
Don't Drink the Water (1994, film)
Crisis in Six Scenes (2016, series)
Theatre
From A to Z (1960)
Don't Drink the Water (1966)
Play It Again, Sam (1969)
God (1975)
Death (1975)
The Floating Light Bulb (1981)
Central Park West (1995)
Riverside Drive (2003)
Honeymoon Motel (2011)
Bullets Over Broadway (2014)
Books
Getting Even (1971)
Without Feathers (1975)
Side Effects (1980)
Mere Anarchy (2007)
Apropos of Nothing (2020)
Albums
Woody Allen (1964)
Woody Allen Volume 2 (1965)
The Third Woody Allen Album (1968)
Related
Louise Lasser (second wife)
Soon-Yi Previn (third wife)
Ronan Farrow (son)
Letty Aronson (sister)
Inside Woody Allen
Meetin' WA
Wild Man Blues
Woody Allen: A Documentary (2011 miniseries)
Sexual abuse allegation (Allen v. Farrow, 2021 documentary)
Monument (Oviedo, Spain)
Category
vteFrancis Ford Coppola
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Bibliography
Unrealized projects
Filmsdirected
Dementia 13 (1963)
You're a Big Boy Now (1966)
Finian's Rainbow (1968)
The Rain People (1969)
The Godfather (1972)
The Conversation (1974)
The Godfather Part II (1974)
Apocalypse Now (1979; Redux, 2001)
One from the Heart (1982)
The Outsiders (1983)
Rumble Fish (1983)
The Cotton Club (1984)
Captain EO (1986; short film)
Peggy Sue Got Married (1986)
Gardens of Stone (1987)
Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988)
New York Stories (segment "Life Without Zoë", 1989)
The Godfather Part III (1990)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992)
Jack (1996)
The Rainmaker (1997)
Youth Without Youth (2007)
Tetro (2009)
Twixt (2011)
Megalopolis (2024)
Written only
Is Paris Burning? (1966)
This Property Is Condemned (1966)
Patton (1970)
The Great Gatsby (1974)
Produced only
American Graffiti (1973)
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1994)
Don Juan DeMarco (1994)
The Florentine (1999)
The Virgin Suicides (1999)
Enterprises
American Zoetrope
Zoetrope: All-Story
Rubicon Estate Winery
Distant Vision
vteMartin Scorsese
Awards and nominations
Filmography
Bibliography
Unrealized projects
Feature films
Who's That Knocking at My Door (1967)
Boxcar Bertha (1972)
Mean Streets (1973)
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974)
Taxi Driver (1976)
New York, New York (1977)
Raging Bull (1980)
The King of Comedy (1982)
After Hours (1985)
The Color of Money (1986)
The Last Temptation of Christ (1988)
Goodfellas (1990)
Cape Fear (1991)
The Age of Innocence (1993)
Casino (1995)
Kundun (1997)
Bringing Out the Dead (1999)
Gangs of New York (2002)
The Aviator (2004)
The Departed (2006)
Shutter Island (2010)
Hugo (2011)
The Wolf of Wall Street (2013)
Silence (2016)
The Irishman (2019)
Killers of the Flower Moon (2023)
Short films
What's a Nice Girl like You Doing in a Place like This? (1963)
It's Not Just You, Murray! (1964)
The Big Shave (1967)
"Bad" (1987)
New York Stories (segment "Life Lessons", 1989)
Made in Milan (1990)
The Key to Reserva (2007)
The Audition (2015)
Produced only
The Grifters (1990)
Mad Dog and Glory (1993)
Clockers (1995)
The Hi-Lo Country (1998)
The Young Victoria (2009)
Maestro (2023)
Television
"Boardwalk Empire" (2010)
Vinyl (2016)
Pretend It's a City (2021)
Martin Scorsese Presents: The Saints (2024)
An Afternoon with SCTV (TBA)
Documentaries
Street Scenes 1970 (1970)
Italianamerican (1974)
American Boy: A Profile of Steven Prince (1978)
The Last Waltz (1978)
A Personal Journey with Martin Scorsese Through American Movies (1995)
My Voyage to Italy (1999)
The Blues: Feel Like Going Home (2003)
No Direction Home (2005)
Shine a Light (2008)
A Letter to Elia (2010)
Public Speaking (2010)
George Harrison: Living in the Material World (2011)
The 50 Year Argument (2014)
Rolling Thunder Revue: A Bob Dylan Story by Martin Scorsese (2019)
Related
Collaborations
Robert De Niro
Leonardo DiCaprio
Sikelia Productions
Goncharov
vteRichard PriceNovels
The Wanderers (1974)
Bloodbrothers (1976)
Ladies' Man (1978)
The Breaks (1983)
Clockers (1992)
Freedomland (1998)
Samaritan (2003)
Lush Life (2008)
The Whites (2015)
Films written
The Color of Money (1986)
Streets of Gold (1986)
Bad (1987, short)
New York Stories (segment "Life Lessons", 1989)
Sea of Love (1989)
Night and the City (1992)
Mad Dog and Glory (1993)
Clockers (1995)
Kiss of Death (1995)
Ransom (1996)
Shaft (2000)
Freedomland (2006)
Child 44 (2015)
TV series created
NYC 22 (2012)
The Night Of (2016)
The Outsider (2020)
Film adaptations
Bloodbrothers (1978)
The Wanderers (1979)
Sea of Love (1989)
Clockers (1995)
Freedomland (2006)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Stories (opera)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stories_(opera)"},{"link_name":"anthology film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_film"},{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"},{"link_name":"Richard Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Price_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Nick Nolte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Nolte"},{"link_name":"Francis Ford Coppola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola"},{"link_name":"Sofia Coppola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Coppola"},{"link_name":"Woody Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen"},{"link_name":"Adrien Brody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Brody"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Dunst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst"},{"link_name":"1989 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-3"}],"text":"For the 2010 opera, see New York Stories (opera).New York Stories is a 1989 American anthology film consisting of three segments with the central theme being New York City.The first is Life Lessons, directed by Martin Scorsese, written by Richard Price and starring Nick Nolte. The second is Life Without Zoë, directed by Francis Ford Coppola and written by Coppola with his daughter, Sofia Coppola. The last is Oedipus Wrecks, directed, written by and starring Woody Allen. In foreign theatrical releases, the order of the three films was altered, Coppola's being first, followed by Allen's, and finishing with Scorsese's. This movie also marks the film debuts of Adrien Brody and Kirsten Dunst.The film was screened out of competition at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival.[2]","title":"New York Stories"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abstract artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_art"}],"sub_title":"Life Lessons","text":"Lionel Dobie is an acclaimed abstract artist who finds himself unable to paint during the days before a scheduled gallery exhibition of his new work. Paulette is Lionel's assistant and former lover. Lionel is still infatuated with her, but Paulette wants only his tutelage, which makes things difficult since they live in the same studio-loft. Paulette dates other people, including a performance artist and a painter.These deliberate provocations on Paulette's part make Lionel insanely jealous—and fuel his creativity. Lionel and Paulette, it becomes clear, have been using each other: Lionel using her sexually, Paulette using him as a means of entry into the higher spheres of the New York social and art scene. Paulette wants to give up and go home to her parents but Lionel persuades her to stay because New York is where a painter needs to be.Lionel pours his anxiety and repressed passion into his work. Paintings around the studio show visual metaphors from relations past: stormy skies, burning bridges, and tormented clowns. Lionel realizes that he needs the emotional turmoil of his destructive relationships in order to fuel his art. At the art exhibit, Lionel meets another attractive young woman, a struggling painter. He persuades her to become his assistant and potentially his lover, beginning the cycle anew.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Life Without Zöe","text":"Zöe is a 12-year-old schoolgirl who lives in a luxury hotel. She helps return to an Arab princess a valuable piece of jewelry that the princess had given to Zöe's father and had been subsequently stolen and recovered. Zöe tries to reconcile her divorced mother, a photographer, and father, a flautist.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shiksa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiksa"}],"sub_title":"Oedipus Wrecks","text":"New York lawyer Sheldon Mills has problems with his overly critical mother Sadie Millstein. Sheldon complains constantly to his therapist about her, wishing aloud that she would just disappear. Sheldon takes his shiksa fiancée, Lisa, to meet his mother, who immediately embarrasses him. The three, as well as Lisa's children from a previous marriage, go to a magic show. His mother is invited on stage to be a part of the magician's act. She is put inside a box that has swords stuck through it and she disappears, just as she is supposed to, but then she never reappears.Although he is furious at first, this development turns out to be great for Sheldon because, with her out of his life, he can finally relax. But soon, to his horror, his mother reappears in the sky over New York City. She begins to annoy Sheldon and Lisa (with the whole city now watching) by constantly talking to strangers about his most embarrassing moments. This puts a strain on his relationship with Lisa, who leaves him. Sheldon is persuaded by his psychiatrist to see a psychic, Treva, to try to get his mother back to reality. Treva's experiments fail, but Sheldon falls for her. When he introduces Treva to his mother, she approves and comes back to Earth.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nick Nolte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Nolte"},{"link_name":"Rosanna Arquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosanna_Arquette"},{"link_name":"Steve Buscemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Buscemi"},{"link_name":"Jesse Borrego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Borrego"},{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Illeana Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illeana_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Deborah Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Harry"},{"link_name":"Heather McComb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_McComb"},{"link_name":"Talia Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talia_Shire"},{"link_name":"Giancarlo Giannini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Giannini"},{"link_name":"Don Novello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Novello"},{"link_name":"Adrien Brody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Brody"},{"link_name":"Chris Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Carmine Coppola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_Coppola"},{"link_name":"Carole Bouquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Bouquet"},{"link_name":"Holly Marie Combs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Marie_Combs"},{"link_name":"Woody Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen"},{"link_name":"Mae Questel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Questel"},{"link_name":"Mia Farrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Farrow"},{"link_name":"Julie Kavner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Kavner"},{"link_name":"George Schindler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Schindler"},{"link_name":"Larry David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_David"},{"link_name":"Mike Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Starr_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Dunst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst"}],"text":"Life Lessons\n\nNick Nolte as Lionel Dobie\nRosanna Arquette as Paulette\nSteve Buscemi as Gregory Stark\nJesse Borrego as Reuben Toro\nPeter Gabriel as Himself\nIlleana Douglas as Paulette's Friend\nDeborah Harry as Girl At Blind Alley\n\n\nLife Without Zoë\n\nHeather McComb as Zoë\nTalia Shire as Charlotte\nGiancarlo Giannini as Claudio\nDon Novello as Hector\nAdrien Brody as Mel\nChris Elliott as The Robber\nCarmine Coppola as Street Musician\nCarole Bouquet as Princess Soraya\nHolly Marie Combs as Costume Party Guest (uncredited)\n\n\nOedipus Wrecks\n\nWoody Allen as Sheldon Mills\nMae Questel as Mother\nMia Farrow as Lisa\nJulie Kavner as Treva\nGeorge Schindler as Shandu, The Magician\nLarry David as Theater Manager\nMike Starr as The Hardhat\nKirsten Dunst as Lisa's Daughter\nIra Wheeler as Mr. Bates","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Stories&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"A Whiter Shade of Pale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Whiter_Shade_of_Pale"},{"link_name":"Procol Harum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procol_Harum"},{"link_name":"Cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Right Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Time_Is_the_Right_Time"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"Like a Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_a_Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"It Could Happen to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Could_Happen_to_You_(song)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Burke_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Van Heusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Van_Heusen"},{"link_name":"That Old Black Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Old_Black_Magic"},{"link_name":"Johnny Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mercer"},{"link_name":"Harold Arlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Arlen"},{"link_name":"Stella by Starlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_by_Starlight"},{"link_name":"Ned Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Washington"},{"link_name":"Victor Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Young"},{"link_name":"Nessun dorma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessun_dorma"},{"link_name":"Mario Del Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Del_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Transvision Vamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvision_Vamp"},{"link_name":"What Is This Thing Called Love?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_This_Thing_Called_Love%3F"},{"link_name":"Django Reinhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_Reinhardt"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Grappelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Grappelli"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Stories&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"Kid Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Creole"},{"link_name":"Kid Creole and the Coconuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Creole_and_the_Coconuts"},{"link_name":"Blue Suede Shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Suede_Shoes"},{"link_name":"Carl Lee Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Pianosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianosaurus"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Stories&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"I Want a Girl (Just Like the Girl That Married Dear Old Dad)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Want_a_Girl_(Just_Like_the_Girl_That_Married_Dear_Old_Dad)"},{"link_name":"Frankie Carle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Carle"},{"link_name":"Bernie Leighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Leighton"},{"link_name":"Sing, Sing, Sing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing,_Sing,_Sing_(With_a_Swing)"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"},{"link_name":"In a Persian Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_a_Persian_Market"},{"link_name":"Wilbur de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"I'll Be Seeing You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Be_Seeing_You_(song)"},{"link_name":"Liberace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberace"},{"link_name":"I've Found a New Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Found_a_New_Baby"},{"link_name":"All the Things You Are","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Things_You_Are"},{"link_name":"David Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rose_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"June in January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_in_January"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Life Lessons[edit]\n\"A Whiter Shade of Pale\" by Procol Harum\n\"Politician\" by Cream\n\"The Right Time\" by Ray Charles\n\"Like a Rolling Stone\" by Bob Dylan/The Band\n\"It Could Happen to You\" written by Johnny Burke and Jimmy Van Heusen\n\"That Old Black Magic\" written by Johnny Mercer and Harold Arlen\n\"Stella by Starlight\" written by Ned Washington and Victor Young\n\"Conquistador\" by Procol Harum\n\"Nessun dorma\" by Mario Del Monaco\n\"Sex Kick\" by Transvision Vamp\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love?\" performed by The Hot Club of France with Django Reinhardt and Stéphane Grappelli\n\"Bolero de Django\" by The Hot Club of France with Django Reinhardt and Stéphane Grappelli\n\n\nLife Without Zoe[edit]\nThis segment's music was almost written in its entirety by Kid Creole (August Darnell) and performed by Kid Creole and the Coconuts, except where noted.\n\n\"Zoe\"\n\"Daiquiri Daiquira\"\n\"Schoolin\"\n\"Abu\"\n\"The Robbery\"\n\"My Love\"\n\"People Will Talk\"\n\"Party Girl\"\n\"Don't Lead Me On\"\n\"March of the Waiters\"\n\"Takin' a Holiday\"\n\"12th Street\" by Thick as Thieves\n\"Blue Suede Shoes\" by Carl Lee Perkins\n\"Back to School\" by Pianosaurus\n\n\nOedipus Wrecks[edit]\n\"I Want a Girl (Just Like the Girl That Married Dear Old Dad)\" by Frankie Carle\n\"Mother\" by Bernie Leighton\n\"Sing, Sing, Sing\" by Benny Goodman\n\"In a Persian Market\" by Wilbur de Paris\n\"I'll Be Seeing You\" by Liberace\n\"I've Found a New Baby\" by Wilbur de Paris\n\"All the Things You Are\" by David Rose & His Orchestra\n\"June in January\" by David Rose & His Orchestra[3]","title":"Soundtracks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"New York Stories opened on March 10, 1989, earning $432,337 in 12 theaters during its opening weekend. The film went on to gross $10,763,469 domestically playing in 514 theaters.[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hal Hinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Hinson"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"Eloise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloise_(books)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kauffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kauffmann"},{"link_name":"The New Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"New York Stories holds a 76% \"fresh\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 25 reviews.[5]Hal Hinson, writing in The Washington Post, felt that Coppola's segment was \"by far the director's worst work yet\".[6]Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying, \"New York Stories consists of three films, one good, one bad, one disappointing.\" He further explained, \"Of the three films, the only really successful one is Life Lessons, the Scorsese story of a middle-age painter and his young, discontented girlfriend. The Coppola, an updated version of the story of Eloise, the little girl who lived in the Plaza Hotel, is surprisingly thin and unfocused. And the Allen, about a 50-year-old man still dominated by his mother, starts well but then takes a wrong turn about halfway through.\"[7]Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote, \"The first segment is the best; then comes a sagging second part, during which hope is a thing with ilutieiing feathers; then hope is rewarded—the third part picks up smartly, if not to the level of the first.\"[8]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Life Without Zoë","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"New York Stories (1989)\". BBFC. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/new-york-stories-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmtc4nzi","url_text":"\"New York Stories (1989)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBFC","url_text":"BBFC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210729045056/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/new-york-stories-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmtc4nzi","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Festival de Cannes: New York Stories\". Cannes Film Festival. Archived from the original on June 16, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/215/year/1989.html","url_text":"\"Festival de Cannes: New York Stories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival","url_text":"Cannes Film Festival"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120616212409/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/215/year/1989.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Adam (2007). The Soundtracks of Woody Allen. Macfarland & Company. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-786-42968-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-786-42968-4","url_text":"978-0-786-42968-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Box Office Information for New York Stories\". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on May 7, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=newyorkstories.htm","url_text":"\"Box Office Information for New York Stories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140507012100/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=newyorkstories.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hinson, Hal (March 3, 1989). \"New York Stories\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/newyorkstoriespghinson_a0a8de.htm","url_text":"\"New York Stories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120121124824/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/newyorkstoriespghinson_a0a8de.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (March 3, 1989). \"New York Stories\". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Ebert, Roger"},{"url":"http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/new-york-stories-1989","url_text":"\"New York Stories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140708194602/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/new-york-stories-1989","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stanley Kauffmann on films\". The New Republic. March 27, 1989.","urls":[{"url":"https://newrepublic.com/","url_text":"\"Stanley Kauffmann on films\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/new-york-stories-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmtc4nzi","external_links_name":"\"New York Stories (1989)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210729045056/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/new-york-stories-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmtc4nzi","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/215/year/1989.html","external_links_name":"\"Festival de Cannes: New York Stories\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120616212409/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/215/year/1989.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=newyorkstories.htm","external_links_name":"\"Box Office Information for New York Stories\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140507012100/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=newyorkstories.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/new_york_stories","external_links_name":"New York Stories"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/newyorkstoriespghinson_a0a8de.htm","external_links_name":"\"New York Stories\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120121124824/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/newyorkstoriespghinson_a0a8de.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/new-york-stories-1989","external_links_name":"\"New York Stories\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140708194602/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/new-york-stories-1989","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://newrepublic.com/","external_links_name":"\"Stanley Kauffmann on films\""},{"Link":"http://www.artdesigncafe.com/New-York-Stories-Life-Lessons-film-review-1989-Martin-Scorsese-Rosanna-Arquette","external_links_name":"\"New York Stories: Life Lessons film review\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097965/","external_links_name":"New York Stories"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v35083","external_links_name":"New York Stories"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=newyorkstories.htm","external_links_name":"New York Stories"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/new_york_stories","external_links_name":"New York Stories"},{"Link":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=950DE3DA1038F931A25750C0A96F948260&partner=Rotten%20Tomatoes","external_links_name":"The New York Times review"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/177475318","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90702482","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Moral%C3%A9s | Code Lyoko | ["1 Plot","2 Characters","2.1 Lyoko Warriors","2.2 Villains","2.3 Recurring characters","2.4 Supporting characters","3 Development","3.1 Origins","3.2 Writing","3.3 Animation","4 Episodes","5 Telecast and home media","6 Reception","7 Merchandise","7.1 Novels","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"] | French animated television series
Code LyokoGenre
Animation
Action
Adventure
Science fiction
Cyberpunk
Created by
Tania Palumbo
Thomas Romain
Written bySophie DecroisetteDirected byJérôme MouscadetStarring
Raphaëlle Lubansu
Sophie Landresse
Géraldine Frippiat
Marie-Line Landerwijn
Mathieu Moreau
Carole Baillien
Arnaud Léonard
Nathalie Stas
Julie Basecqz
Theme music composer
Franck Keller
Ygal Amar
Opening theme
"Un monde sans danger" ("A World Without Danger") by Julien Lamassonne (French)
Noam Kaniel (English)
Ending theme
"Un monde sans danger" ("A World Without Danger") (Instrumental) Season 1
"Break Away" (Instrumental) by Subdigitals Seasons 2–4
ComposersSerge TavitianHerman MartinCountry of originFranceOriginal languageFrenchNo. of seasons4No. of episodes97 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers
Nicolas Atlan (S2-4)
Christophe di Sabatino
Benoît di Sabatino
ProducerNicolas Altan (S1)Production locations
Paris, FranceBoulogne-Billancourt
Running time26 minutesProduction companiesAntefilms (Season 1)MoonScoop Group (Seasons 2–4)EllipsanimeOriginal releaseNetworkFrance 3Canal JRelease3 September 2003 (2003-09-03) –10 November 2007 (2007-11-10)
Code Lyoko (French pronunciation: ; Stylized as CODE: LYOKO in Season 1 and in all caps starting in Seasons 2 to 4) is a French anime-influenced animated series created by Thomas Romain and Tania Palumbo and produced by Antefilms Production (season 1) and MoonScoop Group (seasons 2–4) for France 3 and Canal J, with the participation of Conseil Général de la Charente, Pôle Image Magelis, Région Poitou-Charentes and Wallimage. The series centers on a group of teenagers who travel to the virtual world of Lyoko to battle against a malignant artificial intelligence known as XANA who threatens Earth with powers to access the real world and cause trouble. The scenes in the real world employ traditional animation with hand-painted backgrounds, while the scenes in Lyoko are presented in 3D CGI animation. The series began its first, 97-episode run on September 3, 2003, on France's France 3, and ended on November 10, 2007 and on Cartoon Network in the United States on April 19, 2004.
A follow-up series, Code Lyoko: Evolution, began airing at the end of 2012. This "sequel" to the series featured live-action sequences for scenes taking place in the real world instead of its traditional 2D animation but retained the iconic CGI for scenes taking place in Lyoko, now with an updated artstyle. The show consisted of 26 episodes with the final episode airing in late 2013, leaving off on a cliffhanger with no second season or other sequel series planned as MoonScoop later filed for bankruptcy in 2014.
Plot
Jeremy Belpois, an 8th grade prodigy attending boarding school at Kadic Academy, discovers a quantum supercomputer in an abandoned factory near his school. Upon activating it, he discovers a virtual world called Lyoko with an artificially intelligent girl named Aelita trapped inside it. Jeremy learns of XANA, a fully autonomous, malevolent, and highly intelligent multi-agent system, that also dwells within the Supercomputer. Using Lyoko's powers, XANA can possess electronics and objects in the real world like a virus to wreak havoc. XANA's primary objective is to eliminate anyone aware of the Supercomputer's existence so that it will be free to conquer the real world and destroy all humanity.
Jeremy works tirelessly to materialize Aelita into the real world and stop attacks caused by XANA. Jeremy is aided by his three friends Odd Della Robbia, Ulrich Stern, and Yumi Ishiyama, who are virtualized into Lyoko to save both worlds from the sinister virtual entity. They achieve this by escorting Aelita to various Towers on Lyoko, which serve as interface terminals between Lyoko and Earth. Once the Tower is deactivated, Jeremy can launch a "Return to the Past" program, which sends the world back in time to undo any damage caused by XANA, while anyone scanned into the Supercomputer retains their memory of the events. In "Code: Earth," Aelita is finally materialized, but the group discovers that XANA had planted a virus inside of her that will kill her if the Supercomputer is turned off. They realize that they cannot destroy XANA, or Aelita will be destroyed along with it.
In Season 2, Aelita adjusts to life in the real world, while Jeremy attempts to develop an antivirus program to liberate her from XANA's power. On Lyoko, a fifth sector is discovered and the group explores more of Lyoko's secrets and mysteries. The gang begins to uncover information about a mysterious man named Franz Hopper, who went missing ten years ago. He supposedly created the Supercomputer, Lyoko, and XANA, and is eventually discovered to be Aelita's father. They finally find out that Franz Hopper is indeed alive somewhere, hiding in the uncharted parts of Lyoko to avoid XANA further. All the while, XANA attempts to steal Aelita's memory to gain the Keys to Lyoko and escape into the internet. At the end of the season, the group discovers that Aelita is actually human and does not have a virus, and instead is missing a fragment of herself. In "The Key," XANA tricks them with a fake and succeeds in stealing Aelita's memory and escaping the Supercomputer. Aelita appears to perish as a result but is revived when Franz Hopper restores her completely, along with her missing fragment: the memories of her life on Earth before she was virtualized on Lyoko.
Season 3 shows that since succeeding in escaping the confinements of the supercomputer, XANA targets the virtual world itself by destroying each of Lyoko's surface sectors, until only Sector Five is left. Initially reluctant, the Lyoko Warriors decide to invite William Dunbar as the sixth member. However, shortly after being virtualized, he is possessed by XANA. Shortly after, he destroys the Core of Lyoko, destroying the entire virtual world and rendering the group unable to fight XANA, putting the entire real world in danger. After what they thought was their defeat, Jeremy receives a coded message from Franz Hopper that allows him to recreate Lyoko and continue the fight against XANA.
In Season 4, Jeremy and Aelita construct a digital submarine, the Skidbladnir, to travel across the Digital Sea to destroy XANA's "Replikas," which are copies of Lyoko's sectors that are linked to XANA-controlled supercomputers on Earth, all created for its goal of world domination. XANA uses William as its general throughout the season to defend the Replikas and target the Lyoko Warriors in any way he can. To prevent suspicion regarding William's disappearance, Jeremy manages to program a specter to take William's place at Kadic, although the clone has low-level intelligence and acts very stupidly. Near the end of the season, XANA decides to draw energy from all of its Replikas to create the Kolossus, a gigantic monster that later destroys the Skidbladnir. Before it is destroyed, Jeremy frees William from XANA's control. After his return, he has a difficult time gaining the trust of the group. While Ulrich defeats the Kolossus, Franz Hopper sacrifices himself to power Jeremy's "anti-XANA program," which destroys XANA forever upon activation. Shortly after, the group, albeit reluctant due to their nostalgia, decides to shut down the Supercomputer.
Characters
Lyoko Warriors
Jeremy Belpois
Voiced by: Raphaëlle Bruneau (French); Sharon Mann (English)
A 12-year-old (later 13-year-old) top-of-the-class student who finds and starts the factory's supercomputer while looking for parts to build a robot. By turning on the Supercomputer, he reawakened Aelita, the virtual world of Lyoko, and the malevolent multi-agent system XANA. His goals are mainly driven by his desire to protect Aelita, whom he has a crush on, and to save her from the Supercomputer and XANA by materializing her on Earth. As part of the group, he specializes in programming new ways to defeat XANA and monitors the group while they are on Lyoko. Because he is not very athletic and is more computer savvy, Jeremy almost never goes to Lyoko, only going there twice and vowing to never go there afterwards. His workaholic attitude occasionally puts a strain on his relationships with the other four members of the group.
Aelita Schaeffer
Voiced by: Sophie Landresse (French); Sharon Mann (English)
Mainly known by her alias Stones, Aelita is the smartest of the group alongside Jeremy. At the beginning of the series, she was trapped within Lyoko, inside the Supercomputer. She was originally thought to be an AI until it was revealed that she's the daughter of Franz Hopper, the creator of the world of Lyoko. As a little girl, she lost her mother. When a group of suited men came to her home, she and her father fled and virtualized themselves on Lyoko. Between the virtualization and Jeremy's discovery of the Supercomputer, XANA stole an important memory fragment that inhibited her from becoming fully human again. After this fragment is retrieved, she is no longer linked to the Supercomputer. After becoming human, she often has nightmares of her past life. She later enrolls as a boarder at Kadic under the alias Aelita Stones, claiming to be Odd's cousin. She reciprocates Jeremy's feelings for her, but he often strains their relationship by overlooking Aelita and her passions in favor of working on the Supercomputer.
Aelita is the only one capable of deactivating towers on Lyoko to completely neutralize X.A.N.A.'s attacks. On Lyoko, she has an elf-like appearance, similar to that of "Mr. Pück," a toy elf from her forgotten childhood. She has the geokinetic ability to create or remove objects, such as rocks or bridges, from the virtual environment, called "creativity" by Jeremie. She had no weapons or defense until season 3 of the show when she developed the ability to create "energy fields," pink balls of plasma that can be thrown or used to block enemy fire from a distance. In the fourth season, Jeremy programmed light pink-white angel wings as part of her new virtual attire, allowing her to fly and carry one other person; the star-shaped bracelet enabling her to activate them by waving her hand over it.
Odd Della Robbia
Voiced by: Raphaëlle Bruneau (French); Christophe Caballero and Matthew Géczy (English)
The comic relief of the group. Odd is credited as having great potential when it comes to school, but rarely uses it, and as a result of this, he gets bad grades due to his lack of studying. He shares a dorm with Ulrich and has a dog named Kiwi, who he hides in a dresser because pets are not allowed at Kadic Academy. He's considered a ladies' man and has dated many of the girls at his school, but his romances tend to last only a few days. Before he attended Kadic, he lived with his parents and his five sisters. Odd's blond hair has a purple spot in the middle and is worn up in a spike since being virtualized on Lyoko for the very first time.
On Lyoko, he is clothed like a cat, with a tail and clawed gloves that shoot "laser arrows." In the first season, he had a precognitive ability he called "Future Flash", but it was deleted before the second season and has been replaced by his defensive ability to create a purple force-field by crossing his arms in front of his body, covering half of his body. Another one of Odd's abilities is being able to use his claws to climb on walls just like a cat and even control monsters upon contact.
Ulrich Stern
Voiced by: Marie-Line Landerwijn (French); Barbara Weber-Scaff (English)
A more reserved member of the group, Ulrich has a hard time sharing his feelings. His parents pressure him to achieve well in school, but he has difficulty learning and living up to their expectations. In his off-time, he practices Pencak silat with Yumi, whom he has a crush on. He suffers from vertigo, which makes it hard to participate in activities such as rock climbing. Due to his many activities, Ulrich has a rather muscular build, thus many girls (particularly Sissi) consider him to be extremely handsome.
On Lyoko, he wears a yellow and brown outfit inspired by Japanese samurai. His main weapon is a katana, and can dual wield them. His "Supersprint" ability allows him to dash at high speed, and his "Triplicate" power lets him create two clones of himself. He can combine these abilities in a technique called "Triangulate," using his clones to form a triangle around an enemy and ambush it from behind when it is distracted.
Yumi Ishiyama
Voiced by: Géraldine Frippiat (French); Mirabelle Kirkland (English)
A fairly reserved student who lives near and attends Kadic. She is the oldest of the group. She is of Japanese descent and has one younger brother, Hiroki. Because of her parents and culture, she must maintain good grades and observe family values. At home, she generally has to deal with marital issues between her parents. She is a friend of William Dunbar, who transferred to Kadic during season 2. She practices pencak silat with Ulrich, whom she has a crush on, though it's not as obvious as Ulrich's crush on her. She always wears black and has enough basic knowledge of the Supercomputer to operate it in Jeremy and Aelita's absence.
On Lyoko, Yumi is dressed in a geisha-inspired outfit with an obi sash. Her main weapon is a Tessen fan, being given an additional one since the second season, and her one-and-only power is telekinesis, allowing her to move objects and levitate her three best friends with her mind alone; it is rarely used as it tires her out pretty quickly. During the fourth season, we see more of this ability being used five more times, this time with more ease and control.
William Dunbar
Voiced by: Mathieu Moreau (French); David Gasman (English)
An overconfident student who starts attending Kadic Academy after he was expelled from his previous school for vandalism. Yumi befriends him and he soon develops feelings for her. He often fights with Ulrich for Yumi's attention and is sometimes disrespectful of Yumi's boundaries, causing her to become frustrated with his unwanted advances. After proving helpful to the group during several XANA attacks, they vote on whether he should be allowed to join the group, but Yumi votes no and his memory is erased. Eventually, however, the vote becomes unanimous when William's membership is deemed necessary.
On his first mission on Lyoko, William is captured and possessed by XANA, who ensnares William as its puppet. From that point on, a clone of William, created by Jeremy, is used to pose as the real William until Jeremy is able to free him. Jeremy's program is imperfect, causing the William clone to act either unintelligent or unpredictable. Near the end of the series, the clone starts developing several human-like traits, which he eventually uses to help the warriors. Towards the end of the series, William is finally released from XANA's control.
On Lyoko, William wears a white outfit and carries a giant sword, which can release shock waves. Under XANA's control, his outfit turns black and he gains a spiked gauntlet on his wrist, which can be used for defense. He has an array of powers including enhanced strength; "Supersmoke," which allows him to transform into a cloud of black smoke and move around at great speed, eventually gaining the ability to fly as well; a second sight allowing him to see across great distances; and levitation. XANA sends William to stop the Lyoko Warriors on the virtual world, and thanks to his natural abilities strengthened even further by the artificial intelligence, he proved to be a formidable opponent. He is finally released in "Down to Earth."
Villains
XANA
Sometimes known as X.A.N.A., is an evil and powerful computer virus based on a multi-agent system. It is merciless, craves destruction, and serves as the central antagonist of the series. It was originally created by Franz Hopper to destroy Project Carthage: a military communications system that Hopper had previously been involved with. He mentions that his motives were to prevent the French government from obtaining access to Project Carthage. Due to Hopper's repeated returns to the past, XANA evolved until it achieved self-awareness, choosing to betray Hopper and trap him and his daughter Aelita inside Lyoko. Hopper has no choice but to shut down the Supercomputer to stop its rampage. After it was reawakened in the present day, XANA continues to wreak havoc on Earth and displays no mercy towards those who stand in its way. It grows smarter and more powerful with every return in time, and can think of greater plans and goals beyond random destruction.
XANA has no actual physical form as a program. Instead, XANA activates Lyoko structures called "Towers" to access the real world to send extensions of its multi-agent system while remaining inside the Supercomputer and can only be stopped by deactivating the Towers. On Earth, XANA can manipulate and channel electromagnetic phenomena and hack networks or manifest ghostly spectres from outlets at will to possess objects or living things like a virus to bend to its will (usually marked with its eye symbol as a sign of its control) to threaten humanity or target its enemies. After evolving further, XANA learns to possess humans or manifest polymorphic spectres to follow its orders as pixelized vessels with its spectral or electrical abilities. On Lyoko, it virtualizes deadly monsters to fight enemies and attack targets, and can alter environments, plant bugs or viruses, manipulate vulnerable warriors, create prisons, program equipment and vehicles, etc.
The only known physical incarnation of XANA appeared in season 1, in the episode titled "Ghost Channel," where after having its disguise as Jeremy being exposed, he transformed into a demonic caricature figure of Jeremy and tried to kill all of the Warriors. XANA's voice was provided by David Gasman in this episode.
As XANA continues to increase its power, its ambition also develops throughout the series. It steals the Keys to Lyoko from Aelita to escape from the Supercomputer and access the world network. Upon its escape, XANA becomes more ruthless and aggressive, now trying to destroy Lyoko to make the team powerless against it (succeeded at the end of the third season but was recreated after) and possessing William to become its weapon. After that, XANA also targets Franz Hopper, the biggest threat and the reason why the group keeps surviving. At the same time, the heroes discover XANA has infected hundreds of other supercomputers in the network to build weapons and technology to conquer the world. Near the end of the series, the group manage to free William and although it succeeded in killing Franz Hopper in the final battle, the team "successfully" destroyed XANA in his entirety in the network with Jeremy's multi-agent program.
Monsters
X.A.N.A. virtualizes many types of monsters on Lyoko to fight enemies, guard Towers, and attack targets. The monsters generally appear to be organic/mechanical creatures based on various animals and insects. XANA's monster types include Kankrelats, Hornets, Bloks, Krabs, Megatanks, Tarantulas, Creepers, and Mantas. These monsters can be destroyed by hitting the Eye of XANA on their bodies. In the Digital Sea, it uses monsters such as Kongers, Sharks, and the Kalamar. It also created the Scyphozoa, which it uses to steal memory or possess warriors. There is also its ultimate monster which appeared in the last three episodes, the Kolossus, a fiery giant with immense strength that is fueled by the combined power of its network Replikas of Lyoko sectors.
In the video games, some monsters are exclusive to fight such as Cyberhoppers, Skarabs and Skorpion from Get Ready to Virtualize!, Insekts, Volkanoids, Mountain Bug, Insekt Lord, Ice Spider, Desert Driller and Magma Worm in Quest for Infinity and Fall of X.A.N.A., other variants are called "Dark Monsters" which are equipped with different abilities when in combat.
Recurring characters
Elisabeth "Sissi" Delmas
Voiced by: Carole Baillien (French); Christine Flowers and Jodi Forrest (English)
The principal's daughter and a Kadic student. She is a mean, spoiled, conceited, but also beautiful and somewhat popular girl who has had a huge crush on Ulrich since before attending Kadic. Sissi and Odd quite often make fun of each other, with Odd making clever comebacks whenever Sissi says something rude or whenever they need her to go away. After Aelita is first materialized, she often does the same. Sissi tends to make fun of and openly insult Yumi in particular, mostly due to Ulrich liking Yumi more than her. Sissi is often followed by Herb and Nicolas, whom she often shows resentment towards, but uses them to her advantage anyway. She was initially part of the gang and knew about Lyoko, but was kicked out after breaking her oath to keep the Supercomputer a secret. Her memories of Lyoko were subsequently erased. She becomes friends with the Lyoko Warriors at the end of the series. Sissi also shows a dislike for her full name, Elisabeth, often making sounds of disgust when it's mentioned.
Herb Pichon
Voiced by: Bruno Mullenaerts (French); David Gasman (English)
An eighth-grader at Kadic and a classmate to the Lyoko Warriors. He is the second-in-command of Sissi's gang, and sometimes even the boss in times of emergency when Sissi proves to be incompetent, as he is the most intelligent member of their group. Herb is also shown to be in love with Sissi, although he doesn't tell her because of her crushes on various boys, most notably Ulrich. He is the second-best student in his class after Jeremy and the two often compete with each other, but Herb is almost always the loser. Herb is also shown to be easily scared off, quick to run away when something troubling happens.
Nicolas Poliakoff
Voiced by: Carole Baillien (French); Matthew Géczy (English)
An eighth-grader at Kadic. He is the third member of Sissi's gang. He usually does not show much intelligence, which is commonly conveyed through his frequent use of pauses and uhs in speech. He usually only does things when Sissi orders him to, and will otherwise not do much on his own. Nicolas also has also been shown to have a crush on Aelita, although he never acts on it. He can play the drums, and was in the Pop Rock Progressives, a band started by Odd. He is generally more tolerant of and less rude toward the Lyoko Warriors than Herb and Sissi are. In some episodes, it is shown that he has at least some degree of intelligence, as he wrote a script for a performance of Romeo and Juliet. Nicolas is also shown to be as easily frightened as Herb is.
Jean-Pierre Delmas
Voiced by: Bruno Mullenaerts (French); Allan Wenger (English)
The principal of Kadic Academy, who is easily controlled by his daughter Sissi. He can be stubborn and incredibly ignorant at times, especially when members of the Lyoko Warriors are trying to convince him of any dangerous activity caused by XANA. His appearance is based on Hayao Miyazaki.
Jim Morales
Voiced by: Frédéric Meaux (French); David Gasman (English)
The physical education teacher at Kadic Academy and the chief disciplinarian. He is frequently mentioned to have had an extensive job history, although whenever it comes up, he almost always ends up dismissing it by saying, "I'd rather not talk about it." Jim is often shown to digress from his lectures as he starts to reminisce on stories of his past, usually before being interrupted by someone or cutting himself off. On several occasions, Jim has discovered the existence of Lyoko or XANA and displayed his helpfulness and willingness to keep it a secret, however, his memories are always erased through the use of a "Return to the Past." One of his more notable secrets is that he once starred in a film called Paco, the King of Disco.
Suzanne Hertz
Voiced by: Nathalie Stas (French); Jodi Forrest (English)
Usually referred to as Mrs. Hertz, she's a science teacher at Kadic. She is the most shown primary academics teacher in the series and appears to teach most branches of science at Kadic. She is also the only faculty member shown to organize field trips, which happens on several occasions. She has been shown to dislike or be disappointed in Odd and Ulrich, but takes a liking to Jeremy, and later Aelita.
Milly Solovieff and Tamiya Diop
Milly voiced by: Mirabelle Kirkland (English)
Tamiya voiced by: Julie Basecqz (French); Barbara Weber-Scaff (English)
The sole members of the Kadic News crew, who are both are in sixth grade and share a dorm room. Tamiya is of Franco-African descent and seems to be less driven by her emotions, which allows her to think more clearly than Milly when bad things happen to them.
Hiroki Ishiyama
Voiced by: Guylaine Gibert (French); Barbara Weber-Scaff (English)
Yumi's younger brother. He is often shown pestering her about things and purposely being annoying, such as asking her to do his homework or mentioning her feelings for Ulrich. He is frequently shown playing on a handheld gaming device, and is often shown with his friend, Johnny Cleary. Hiroki has, on occasion, assisted Yumi when she needed it, although he usually requires some form of bribe.
Takeho and Akiko Ishiyama
Takeho voiced by: David Gasman (English)
Akiko voiced by: Barbara Weber-Scaff (English)
The parents of Yumi and Hiroki. Takeho is shown to be a fairly typical semi-strict busy father and works for a local branch of a Japanese company. Akiko is depicted as a typical non-working housewife and is generally the first one to ask Yumi if something is wrong. When her parents appear in an episode, it usually focuses on Yumi's family issues.
It is implied that Takeho and Akiho have a low-key fractious relationship, with semi-frequent arguments that their children sometimes overhear. This seems to contribute to Yumi's reserve, and possibly, her reticence in pursuing a more serious emotional relationship with Ulrich.
Supporting characters
Waldo Franz Schaeffer
Voiced by: Mathieu Moreau (French); Paul Bandey (season 2), Alan Wenger (season 4) (English)
More commonly known as Franz Hopper (a combination of his middle name and the maiden name of his wife) he is/was the creator of both Lyoko and XANA, and was involved in the creation of Project Carthage. His wife Anthea was kidnapped by men in black suits and he was forced to flee with his young daughter Aelita. The two went to live in a house called the Hermitage, located in a park near Kadic Academy and the abandoned factory. While working as a science teacher at the school, he constructed the Supercomputer in the factory, and programmed XANA. and the virtual world of Lyoko within it. When the men in black suits tracked him down again, he took Aelita to the factory and virtualized her onto Lyoko with him, where he believed they would be safe. However, XANA refused to obey its creator's orders or live in peace alongside Franz and his daughter. Franz was forced to shut the Supercomputer down until it was eventually discovered by Jeremy nearly ten years later. In one of the final episodes of the show, he sacrifices himself to allow Jeremy to finally destroy XANA.
Yolanda Perraudin
Voiced by: Alexandra Correa (French); Jodi Forrest (English)
The school nurse who often aids the students injuries from any incidents, in "XANA's Kiss" Jim was kissed by a Polymorphic Specter disguise as her and attempted to ask her for a date, much to her confusion.
Samantha "Sam" Knight
Voiced by: Jodi Forrest (English)
One of Odd's ex-girlfriends that only appears in two episodes, she first appears in "Rock Bottom?" where Odd hires her as a DJ to Yumi's party but was short lived after XANA caused a earthquake to sink the school. She appears again in "Final Round" where both Odd and her enter a skating competition.
Johnny Cleary
Voiced by: Jodi Forrest (English)
Hiroki's best friend that introduced in Season 3. It is revealed in "The Pretender" that he has a crush on Yumi, despite their age difference and he asks Ulrich for dating advice (which is embarrassing because Ulrich also loves her).
Anthea Hopper-Schaeffer
Voiced by: Sharon Mann (English)
Aelita's pink-haired mother who was kidnapped by a group of Men in Black when they lived at a Mountain Cabin, this traumatized Aelita with nightmares and hallucinations of her imaging the mysterious men as a pack of ravenous wolves while herself resembles her doll Mister Pück.
Development
2001 original promotional poster for Garage Kids
Origins
Code Lyoko originates from the film short Les enfants font leur cinéma ("The children make their movies"), directed by Thomas Romain and produced by a group of students from Parisian visual arts school Gobelins School of the Image. Romain worked with Tania Palumbo, Stanislas Brunet, and Jerome Cottray to create the film, which was screened at the 2000 Annecy International Animated Film Festival. French animation company Antefilms took interest in the film due to its atmosphere and offered Romain and Palumbo a contract to turn it into a series. This led to the development of the pilot, Garage Kids.
Garage Kids was produced in 2001 by Antefilms. The project was created by Palumbo, Romain, and Carlo de Boutiny and developed by Anne de Galard. Its producers were Eric Garnet, Nicolas Atlan, Benoît di Sabatino, and Christophe di Sabatino.
Similar to its succeeding show Code Lyoko, Garage Kids was originally envisioned as a 26-episode miniseries detailing the lives of four French boarding school students who discover the secret of the virtual world of Xanadu; created by a research group headed by a character known as the "Professor". The pilot featured both traditional animation and CGI. The Matrix had "enormous influence" on the pilot according to Romain, citing the concept of a machine allowing the characters to dive in a virtual world, an operator who supervises the trip and the correlation between the action in the real world and the virtual world. Anime also served as inspiration, specifically Serial Experiments Lain for its "worrying digital dimension" and Neon Genesis Evangelion for its dangerous entities to fight. While similarities to Tron have been noted, Romain admitted to not having seen the film yet when the series was being developed.
When the concept on the virtual world was added, Antefilms suggested animating it with CGI to help make the series unique, promote a video game theme and make the separation between the virtual and real worlds clearer. While incorporating it, Palumbo and Romain wanted to avoid making the series "too playful and superficial" and sought to "get around the censoring done by TV channels that tend to soften youth programs" by writing episodes "with tension, suspense, even tragic scenes. Things that are hard to imagine seeing in a cartoon series for kids."
A team of artists were recruited in order to give the backgrounds of the real world a realistic appearance. The factory and boarding schools specifically were modelled after locations in France. The factory was based on a Renault production plant in Boulogne-Billancourt (Île Seguin), which has since been demolished. The school, Kadic Academy, is based on Lycée Lakanal in Sceaux, which Romain had attended. Palumbo and Romain were adamant on keeping the locales based on "the France we knew", as they wanted to avoid what they perceived as "fantastical" or "Americanized" locations other French cartoons used at the time.
Scripting for the series officially began in January 2002, with Frédéric Lenoir, Françoise Charpiat, and Laurent Turner being brought on as writers. It was around then that Aelita was added, who at this point was an AI who lived on the virtual world. When choosing a director, the team wanted "a new generation" to be in charge of the series. Jérôme Mouscadet was hired in June 2002 after having dinner with a friend who worked at Antefilms. While Mouscadet had experience with animation from directing short films at a small company, he never directed a series before. One of his first major contributions was to drop the idea of the characters retaining their powers in the real world, which he decided after wanting to further separate the virtual world from the real world. Progress was slow over the summer of 2002, which Mouscadet attributed to the series' head writer " a lot of vacation". Antefilms reached out to Sophie Decroisette as a replacement, who had recently been a writer for Malo Korrigan and was on a break after giving birth to her first child. Decroisette described this stage of writing as expanding the concept and finding strong motivations for the characters. On Garage Kids' pilot, she said: "I really just saw a teaser that was focusing on imageshere were great ideas in the images, notably the transition from one universe to the other, but plot-wise, it was just "they travel from one universe to the other", with no explanation on "how" and "why". They had no real motivation, they were fighting Xana, which was represented as black spheres, something like this, but none of this was clearly defined. Our job, with the other writers, was to try to introduce "scientific accuracy"". The writers struggled the most with finding a motivation for Jeremy. Charpiat suggested during a meeting that he want to bring Aelita onto Earth, which became the basis for the first season. Another concept emerged from Lenoir in the form of a time travel mechanism to explain how XANA could cause massive damage to Earth, with other people witnessing the destruction, and have the heroes fix it without people becoming suspicious. This eventually turned into the supercomputer's "Return to the Past" function.
Networks were hesitant to Garage Kids due to its serial nature, as they feared it would alienate potential viewers who missed the first episodes and they wanted to rerun the series without worrying about episode order. This lead the writing team to shift to a more episodic format. Romain ultimately chose to leave the series after this change in 2003 to work on the French-Japanese anime series Ōban Star-Racers. Tania Palumbo remained on the series through its conclusion as creative director. She designed and named the main characters, with Jeremy being named after one of her and Romain's classmates at Gobelins. The series' human character designs were primarily influenced by Japanese animator Kōji Morimoto's style.
After the series was sold to France 3 and Canal J, producers felt "Garage Kids" was too unclear for a title and requested it be renamed. Palumbo and production manager Anne de Galard ultimately settled on "Code Lyoko", with Lyoko originating from the Japanese word "ryoko" meaning "travel" to further emphasis the dive into the virtual world. The virtual world was subsequently renamed "Lyoko" as well.
Writing
The writing process for Code Lyoko usually began with the head writer asking the other writers for story pitches. If they liked an idea, it next had to receive approval from the show's director, producers and broadcasters before it could be turned into a 4-page synopsis. After going through the approval process again, it was then expanded into a script and approved one last time to be sent off for production. Writing an episode typically lasted 2–3 weeks, though some took longer if higher-ups were unhappy with the story or it ran into issues. Sophie Decroisette, head writer of Code Lyoko's first three seasons, described Image Problem as "very difficult to write" after its original writer left the show following the synopsis phase, requiring another writer to step in and finish it. The writing team was also mandated by production to approve 4 scripts per month.
Following the success of the first season, the show was able to have more continuous storylines. Decroisette and show director Jérôme Mouscadet wrote the series' backstory during the break between season 1 and 2. Before Romain left the project, the idea of Lyoko being created by a team of researchers had changed to just one: Franz Hopper. However his motivations and identity were never established. Decroisette revealed during production of season 4 that the full backstory would not be told in the show, as she considered it "very complicated... dense and really important to the story."
The show's international success in the United States also affected production. Romance elements were ultimately reduced after season 2 to appease American audiences. Aside from this, Decroisette otherwise noted that she "never felt censored" while working on the series, apart from a self-imposed restriction to write stories appropriate for children. Bruno Regeste became head writer for Code Lyoko's final season after Decroisette stepped down while she was pregnant with her second child, though she continued writing scripts and closely monitored episodes involving Replikas.
Animation
The series' traditional animation was handled overseas by Animation Services Hong Kong Limited. Fantasia Animation and Welkin Animation also worked on the show's first two seasons. Starting around the third season, a team dedicated to Code Lyoko was formed at Hong Kong Limited's studio, who were managed on-site by two members from Antefilms' Paris office. This change stemmed from Mouscadet's desire for a more consistent animation quality, which he described trying to manage it prior to that point as "a little bit like steering an ocean liner with binoculars". The 3D segments were animated in-house by Antefilm's CGI team at their Angoulême office.
Episodes
Main article: List of Code Lyoko episodes
SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired126September 3, 2003 (2003-09-03)February 25, 2004 (2004-02-25)226August 31, 2005 (2005-08-31)December 9, 2005 (2005-12-09)Prequel2October 2, 2006 (2006-10-02)October 3, 2006 (2006-10-03)313September 9, 2006 (2006-09-09)October 23, 2006 (2006-10-23)430May 18, 2007 (2007-05-18)November 10, 2007 (2007-11-10)
Telecast and home media
The show was first premiered on France 3 on 3 September 2003 and ended on 10 November 2007 in France. In the U.S., the show was also premiered on 19 April 2004 on Cartoon Network. The second season started on 19 September 2005. The two-part XANA Awakens prequel aired on 2–3 October 2006, and the third season started a day later on 4 October 2006. The fourth and final season began on 18 May 2007. The final episode aired on Cartoon Network was "Cousins Once Removed", and the remaining seven episodes were released online at Cartoon Network Video. When the show aired on Cartoon Network, it was simultaneously both part of its after-school weekday afternoon action animation lighter-toned programming block, Miguzi from 2004 until 2007, and also a standalone show on its primetime timeslot. The show aired on Kabillion from 2007 to 2015.
The show also aired in Latin America and Japan on Jetix. In Italy, the show aired on Disney Channel, Rai 2, RaiSat Smash, Rai Gulp and was published on DVD by Delta Pictures under the label 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.
In January 2011, all four seasons of Code Lyoko were released on iTunes in the U.S. and France by MoonScoop Holdings, although as of May 2019, only seasons 1 and 2 are available and other seasons have been removed. In October 2011, all four seasons were released on Amazon Instant Streaming and on DVD in the U.S., however, these DVDs are now out of print.
All four seasons were made available on Netflix on 6 August 2012, but were removed for unknown reasons. The show was eventually returned to Netflix on 1 October 2020 after being taken down following MoonScoop's bankruptcy. Since 2015, all of the English-dubbed episodes (including the prequel XANA Awakens) are viewable on YouTube. Since 2019, an upscaled HD version of the series is also available on Amazon Prime Video in the U.S. and the United Kingdom.
Reception
Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the show 4/5 stars, writing: "Kids will like the battles in Lyoko -- each plays out much like a video game", and added: "Strategy and teamwork are themes throughout the series." In a 2020 retrospective of the show for Comic Book Resources, Noah Dominguez wrote: "Whether you're a returning traveler or are only visiting Lyoko for the first time, Code Lyoko still holds up as a unique, easily-accessible gem of the 2000s".
Code Lyoko was voted as the best show by Canal J viewers in France. The series has achieved international fame as well, becoming the #2 show on Cartoon Network's Miguzi block upon its premiere in the United States. It was the block's most popular series in 2005 and Cartoon Network's #3 best performing show overall in 2006. Kabillion had it as #4 in monthly average views in 2010. The show has reached success in Spain as one of Clan TVE's highest-rated shows, on Italy's Rai2 network, and in Finland and the United Kingdom as well. The show also won France's Prix de l'Export 2006 Award for Animation in December 2006.
Merchandise
Several Code Lyoko products have been released, including DVDs, a series of cine-manga by Tokyopop, a series of four novels by Italian publisher Atlantyca Entertainment, apparel, and other accessories. In 2006, Marvel Toys released a line of Code Lyoko toys and action figures.
When the show started to come to an end in 2007, The Game Factory released three video games based on the show: Code Lyoko and Code Lyoko: Fall of X.A.N.A. for the Nintendo DS, and Code Lyoko: Quest for Infinity for the Wii, PSP, and PlayStation 2. The games were met with mixed to positive reviews from critics despite some criticisms of gameplay. There have been other games released through various mediums, one being Facebook.
A series of Clan TVE festivals in Spain included live stage shows based on Code Lyoko among other things. A game show known as Code Lyoko Challenge was planned to be released in late 2012, but fell through.
Novels
A series of four chapter books was released by Atlantyca Entertainment and distributed in Italy and other countries. The novels delve deeper into the unanswered questions of the series. Taking place after the end of the series, XANA has miraculously survived and returns though weakened and initially missing its memories. XANA possesses Eva Skinner, an American girl, and travels to France in order to infiltrate the gang and kill them off. Unaware of their enemy's presence, the group works to find clues about Aelita's past, left by her father Franz Hopper, and confirm whether or not her mother is still alive somewhere. But at the same time, a terrorist group, the Green Phoenix, has become interested in the supercomputer and intend to use both it and the virtual world of Lyoko for evil purposes.
It was confirmed that the series will never be released officially in English, nor the final two books released in French. However, sometime later, a fan community came together and sought to not only finish the series but translate it into more languages, including English. They have since completed their work and made it available for free download in September 2014.
See also
Animation portalFrance portalTelevision portal
List of French animated television series
List of French television series
Code Lyoko: Evolution, a spin-off of Code Lyoko that continues after the events in the show
Tron
The Matrix
Gridman the Hyper Agent
Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad
Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir
Digimon Adventure
Zixx
ReBoot: The Guardian Code
Neon Genesis Evangelion
Sword Art Online
World Trigger
Serial Experiments Lain
Notes
^ Includes the two-part prequel titled "XANA Awakens".
References
^ a b c "Code Lyoko". Mediatoon Distribution. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h ""Code Lyoko" arrive sur Netflix: l'histoire secrète de la série culte". BFMTV (in French). 10 January 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Planète Jeunesse - Code Lyoko". www.planete-jeunesse.com (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2022.
^ "Voxographie – Julie Basecqz – site officiel".
^ a b "Bilan d'apprentissage" . AnimeLand.Com (in French). 1 June 2002. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2011. Aujourd'hui ce projet porte le nom de Garage Kid
^ "Gobelins - Films d'Annecy 1999/2000/2001 (relativement inédits)". Catsuka (in French). 2 April 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
^ "Antefilms presents Garage Kids" (PDF). codelyoko.net. Antefilms. 12 March 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
^ "Sources of inspiration > The factory in real life". CodeLyoko.Fr. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
^ "Sources of inspiration > Lycée Lakanal: Kadic Academy's model". CodeLyoko.Fr. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
^ " S1 - Part 1". CodeLyoko.fr.
^ a b c "Interview - Sophie Decroisette, partie 1". Ces Dessins Animés-Là qui méritent qu'on s'en souvienne. 4 March 2014.
^ a b c "Interview - Sophie Decroisette, partie 2". Ces Dessins Animés-Là qui méritent qu'on s'en souvienne. 11 March 2014.
^ "Avant première Code Lyoko saison 4". CodeLyoko.fr (in French). 5 July 2007.
^ "Les secrets de Code Lyoko racontés par ses créateurs (et on sait pourquoi ils ont des grands fronts)". Konbini (in French). 7 January 2023.
^ a b c d "Interview with Sophie Decroisette". CodeLyoko.fr. 2007.
^ a b "Q&A with Sophie Decroisette". CodeLyoko.fr. 2016.
^ a b "A Bad Turn". Code Lyoko. Season 2. Episode 13. 2005. Event occurs at "23:38".
^ "Agogo Corporation - Programs Library". agogo.com.hk. 2004. Archived from the original on 10 July 2004.
^ "AntonioGenna.net presenta: Il Mondo Dei Doppiatori - Zona Animazione: "Code Lyoko"". www.antoniogenna.net. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
^ "Rai Gulp - Programma - Code Lyoko". www.rai.tv. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
^ "Code Lyoko | Netflix". www.netflix.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
^ "News • Code Lyoko - CodeLyoko.Fr".
^ Ashby, Emily (26 July 2006). "Code Lyoko - TV Review". Common Sense Media. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
^ Dominguez, Noah (9 December 2020). "A World Without Danger: Remembering Code Lyoko". CBR. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
^ "Code Lyoko Game Coming to DS". Nintendo World Report. 30 September 2005.
^ "Une saison 2 attendue après le succès mondial des premiers épisodes de CODE LYOKO" (in French). MoonScoop. 20 September 2005. Archived from the original on 17 October 2005.
^ "CL Presentation MIPTV 2012" (PDF). MoonScoop. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2013.
^ a b c d e f "CL Presentation MIPCOM 09 " (PDF). CodeLyoko.Fr. MoonScoop. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
^ "French TV Prix for three". Hollywood Reporter. 13 December 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
^ "Code Lyoko cracks the social gaming space". Kidscreen. 21 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
^ "El Festival del Clan en vídeo (2011)". Código Lyoko España (in Spanish). 26 January 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
^ Afan, Emily Claire (1 August 2008). "Atlantyca Targets Business Beyond The Master Book Deal". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
^ "Chronicles > Chronicle of a translation". CodeLyoko.Fr. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Code Lyoko.
Code Lyoko at IMDb
vteCode LyokoSeries
Episodes
Code Lyoko: Evolution
episodes
Music
Subdigitals
Video games
Code Lyoko
Code Lyoko: Quest for Infinity
Code Lyoko: Fall of X.A.N.A.
Category
Portals: Animation Speculative fiction/Science fiction | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[kɔd ljɔko]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"anime-influenced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation"},{"link_name":"animated series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_series"},{"link_name":"Thomas Romain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Romain"},{"link_name":"Antefilms Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antefilms_Production"},{"link_name":"MoonScoop Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoonScoop_Group"},{"link_name":"France 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_3"},{"link_name":"Canal J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_J"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"3D CGI animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-3"},{"link_name":"France 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_3"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"Code Lyoko: Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Lyoko:_Evolution"}],"text":"Code Lyoko (French pronunciation: [kɔd ljɔko]; Stylized as CODE: LYOKO in Season 1 and in all caps starting in Seasons 2 to 4) is a French anime-influenced animated series created by Thomas Romain and Tania Palumbo and produced by Antefilms Production (season 1) and MoonScoop Group (seasons 2–4) for France 3 and Canal J, with the participation of Conseil Général de la Charente, Pôle Image Magelis, Région Poitou-Charentes and Wallimage. The series centers on a group of teenagers who travel to the virtual world of Lyoko to battle against a malignant artificial intelligence known as XANA who threatens Earth with powers to access the real world and cause trouble. The scenes in the real world employ traditional animation with hand-painted backgrounds, while the scenes in Lyoko are presented in 3D CGI animation.[2] The series began its first, 97-episode run on September 3, 2003, on France's France 3, and ended on November 10, 2007 and on Cartoon Network in the United States on April 19, 2004.A follow-up series, Code Lyoko: Evolution, began airing at the end of 2012. This \"sequel\" to the series featured live-action sequences for scenes taking place in the real world instead of its traditional 2D animation but retained the iconic CGI for scenes taking place in Lyoko, now with an updated artstyle. The show consisted of 26 episodes with the final episode airing in late 2013, leaving off on a cliffhanger with no second season or other sequel series planned as MoonScoop later filed for bankruptcy in 2014.","title":"Code Lyoko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supercomputer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer"},{"link_name":"artificially intelligent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"multi-agent system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-agent_system"},{"link_name":"Skidbladnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%AD%C3%B0bla%C3%B0nir"}],"text":"Jeremy Belpois, an 8th grade prodigy attending boarding school at Kadic Academy, discovers a quantum supercomputer in an abandoned factory near his school. Upon activating it, he discovers a virtual world called Lyoko with an artificially intelligent girl named Aelita trapped inside it. Jeremy learns of XANA, a fully autonomous, malevolent, and highly intelligent multi-agent system, that also dwells within the Supercomputer. Using Lyoko's powers, XANA can possess electronics and objects in the real world like a virus to wreak havoc. XANA's primary objective is to eliminate anyone aware of the Supercomputer's existence so that it will be free to conquer the real world and destroy all humanity.Jeremy works tirelessly to materialize Aelita into the real world and stop attacks caused by XANA. Jeremy is aided by his three friends Odd Della Robbia, Ulrich Stern, and Yumi Ishiyama, who are virtualized into Lyoko to save both worlds from the sinister virtual entity. They achieve this by escorting Aelita to various Towers on Lyoko, which serve as interface terminals between Lyoko and Earth. Once the Tower is deactivated, Jeremy can launch a \"Return to the Past\" program, which sends the world back in time to undo any damage caused by XANA, while anyone scanned into the Supercomputer retains their memory of the events. In \"Code: Earth,\" Aelita is finally materialized, but the group discovers that XANA had planted a virus inside of her that will kill her if the Supercomputer is turned off. They realize that they cannot destroy XANA, or Aelita will be destroyed along with it.In Season 2, Aelita adjusts to life in the real world, while Jeremy attempts to develop an antivirus program to liberate her from XANA's power. On Lyoko, a fifth sector is discovered and the group explores more of Lyoko's secrets and mysteries. The gang begins to uncover information about a mysterious man named Franz Hopper, who went missing ten years ago. He supposedly created the Supercomputer, Lyoko, and XANA, and is eventually discovered to be Aelita's father. They finally find out that Franz Hopper is indeed alive somewhere, hiding in the uncharted parts of Lyoko to avoid XANA further. All the while, XANA attempts to steal Aelita's memory to gain the Keys to Lyoko and escape into the internet. At the end of the season, the group discovers that Aelita is actually human and does not have a virus, and instead is missing a fragment of herself. In \"The Key,\" XANA tricks them with a fake and succeeds in stealing Aelita's memory and escaping the Supercomputer. Aelita appears to perish as a result but is revived when Franz Hopper restores her completely, along with her missing fragment: the memories of her life on Earth before she was virtualized on Lyoko.Season 3 shows that since succeeding in escaping the confinements of the supercomputer, XANA targets the virtual world itself by destroying each of Lyoko's surface sectors, until only Sector Five is left. Initially reluctant, the Lyoko Warriors decide to invite William Dunbar as the sixth member. However, shortly after being virtualized, he is possessed by XANA. Shortly after, he destroys the Core of Lyoko, destroying the entire virtual world and rendering the group unable to fight XANA, putting the entire real world in danger. After what they thought was their defeat, Jeremy receives a coded message from Franz Hopper that allows him to recreate Lyoko and continue the fight against XANA.In Season 4, Jeremy and Aelita construct a digital submarine, the Skidbladnir, to travel across the Digital Sea to destroy XANA's \"Replikas,\" which are copies of Lyoko's sectors that are linked to XANA-controlled supercomputers on Earth, all created for its goal of world domination. XANA uses William as its general throughout the season to defend the Replikas and target the Lyoko Warriors in any way he can. To prevent suspicion regarding William's disappearance, Jeremy manages to program a specter to take William's place at Kadic, although the clone has low-level intelligence and acts very stupidly. Near the end of the season, XANA decides to draw energy from all of its Replikas to create the Kolossus, a gigantic monster that later destroys the Skidbladnir. Before it is destroyed, Jeremy frees William from XANA's control. After his return, he has a difficult time gaining the trust of the group. While Ulrich defeats the Kolossus, Franz Hopper sacrifices himself to power Jeremy's \"anti-XANA program,\" which destroys XANA forever upon activation. Shortly after, the group, albeit reluctant due to their nostalgia, decides to shut down the Supercomputer.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-french_cast-4"},{"link_name":"supercomputer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer"},{"link_name":"multi-agent system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-agent_system"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-french_cast-4"},{"link_name":"AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-french_cast-4"},{"link_name":"laser arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead"},{"link_name":"precognitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precognition"},{"link_name":"Future Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/premonition"},{"link_name":"force-field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_field_(technology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-french_cast-4"},{"link_name":"Pencak silat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencak_silat"},{"link_name":"vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo"},{"link_name":"samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai"},{"link_name":"katana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-french_cast-4"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people_in_France"},{"link_name":"pencak silat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencak_silat"},{"link_name":"geisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisha"},{"link_name":"obi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi_(sash)"},{"link_name":"telekinesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekinesis"},{"link_name":"levitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitation_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-french_cast-4"},{"link_name":"David Gasman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gasman"},{"link_name":"giant sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweih%C3%A4nder"},{"link_name":"shock waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_waves"},{"link_name":"second sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_sight"},{"link_name":"levitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitation_(physics)"}],"sub_title":"Lyoko Warriors","text":"Jeremy BelpoisVoiced by: Raphaëlle Bruneau (French);[3] Sharon Mann (English)\nA 12-year-old (later 13-year-old) top-of-the-class student who finds and starts the factory's supercomputer while looking for parts to build a robot. By turning on the Supercomputer, he reawakened Aelita, the virtual world of Lyoko, and the malevolent multi-agent system XANA. His goals are mainly driven by his desire to protect Aelita, whom he has a crush on, and to save her from the Supercomputer and XANA by materializing her on Earth. As part of the group, he specializes in programming new ways to defeat XANA and monitors the group while they are on Lyoko. Because he is not very athletic and is more computer savvy, Jeremy almost never goes to Lyoko, only going there twice and vowing to never go there afterwards. His workaholic attitude occasionally puts a strain on his relationships with the other four members of the group.Aelita SchaefferVoiced by: Sophie Landresse (French);[3] Sharon Mann (English)\nMainly known by her alias Stones, Aelita is the smartest of the group alongside Jeremy. At the beginning of the series, she was trapped within Lyoko, inside the Supercomputer. She was originally thought to be an AI until it was revealed that she's the daughter of Franz Hopper, the creator of the world of Lyoko. As a little girl, she lost her mother. When a group of suited men came to her home, she and her father fled and virtualized themselves on Lyoko. Between the virtualization and Jeremy's discovery of the Supercomputer, XANA stole an important memory fragment that inhibited her from becoming fully human again. After this fragment is retrieved, she is no longer linked to the Supercomputer. After becoming human, she often has nightmares of her past life. She later enrolls as a boarder at Kadic under the alias Aelita Stones, claiming to be Odd's cousin. She reciprocates Jeremy's feelings for her, but he often strains their relationship by overlooking Aelita and her passions in favor of working on the Supercomputer.Aelita is the only one capable of deactivating towers on Lyoko to completely neutralize X.A.N.A.'s attacks. On Lyoko, she has an elf-like appearance, similar to that of \"Mr. Pück,\" a toy elf from her forgotten childhood. She has the geokinetic ability to create or remove objects, such as rocks or bridges, from the virtual environment, called \"creativity\" by Jeremie. She had no weapons or defense until season 3 of the show when she developed the ability to create \"energy fields,\" pink balls of plasma that can be thrown or used to block enemy fire from a distance. In the fourth season, Jeremy programmed light pink-white angel wings as part of her new virtual attire, allowing her to fly and carry one other person; the star-shaped bracelet enabling her to activate them by waving her hand over it.Odd Della RobbiaVoiced by: Raphaëlle Bruneau (French);[3] Christophe Caballero and Matthew Géczy (English)\nThe comic relief of the group. Odd is credited as having great potential when it comes to school, but rarely uses it, and as a result of this, he gets bad grades due to his lack of studying. He shares a dorm with Ulrich and has a dog named Kiwi, who he hides in a dresser because pets are not allowed at Kadic Academy. He's considered a ladies' man and has dated many of the girls at his school, but his romances tend to last only a few days. Before he attended Kadic, he lived with his parents and his five sisters. Odd's blond hair has a purple spot in the middle and is worn up in a spike since being virtualized on Lyoko for the very first time.On Lyoko, he is clothed like a cat, with a tail and clawed gloves that shoot \"laser arrows.\" In the first season, he had a precognitive ability he called \"Future Flash\", but it was deleted before the second season and has been replaced by his defensive ability to create a purple force-field by crossing his arms in front of his body, covering half of his body. Another one of Odd's abilities is being able to use his claws to climb on walls just like a cat and even control monsters upon contact.Ulrich SternVoiced by: Marie-Line Landerwijn (French);[3] Barbara Weber-Scaff (English)\nA more reserved member of the group, Ulrich has a hard time sharing his feelings. His parents pressure him to achieve well in school, but he has difficulty learning and living up to their expectations. In his off-time, he practices Pencak silat with Yumi, whom he has a crush on. He suffers from vertigo, which makes it hard to participate in activities such as rock climbing. Due to his many activities, Ulrich has a rather muscular build, thus many girls (particularly Sissi) consider him to be extremely handsome.On Lyoko, he wears a yellow and brown outfit inspired by Japanese samurai. His main weapon is a katana, and can dual wield them. His \"Supersprint\" ability allows him to dash at high speed, and his \"Triplicate\" power lets him create two clones of himself. He can combine these abilities in a technique called \"Triangulate,\" using his clones to form a triangle around an enemy and ambush it from behind when it is distracted.Yumi IshiyamaVoiced by: Géraldine Frippiat (French);[3] Mirabelle Kirkland (English)\nA fairly reserved student who lives near and attends Kadic. She is the oldest of the group. She is of Japanese descent and has one younger brother, Hiroki. Because of her parents and culture, she must maintain good grades and observe family values. At home, she generally has to deal with marital issues between her parents. She is a friend of William Dunbar, who transferred to Kadic during season 2. She practices pencak silat with Ulrich, whom she has a crush on, though it's not as obvious as Ulrich's crush on her. She always wears black and has enough basic knowledge of the Supercomputer to operate it in Jeremy and Aelita's absence.On Lyoko, Yumi is dressed in a geisha-inspired outfit with an obi sash. Her main weapon is a Tessen fan, being given an additional one since the second season, and her one-and-only power is telekinesis, allowing her to move objects and levitate her three best friends with her mind alone; it is rarely used as it tires her out pretty quickly. During the fourth season, we see more of this ability being used five more times, this time with more ease and control.William DunbarVoiced by: Mathieu Moreau (French);[3] David Gasman (English)\nAn overconfident student who starts attending Kadic Academy after he was expelled from his previous school for vandalism. Yumi befriends him and he soon develops feelings for her. He often fights with Ulrich for Yumi's attention and is sometimes disrespectful of Yumi's boundaries, causing her to become frustrated with his unwanted advances. After proving helpful to the group during several XANA attacks, they vote on whether he should be allowed to join the group, but Yumi votes no and his memory is erased. Eventually, however, the vote becomes unanimous when William's membership is deemed necessary.\nOn his first mission on Lyoko, William is captured and possessed by XANA, who ensnares William as its puppet. From that point on, a clone of William, created by Jeremy, is used to pose as the real William until Jeremy is able to free him. Jeremy's program is imperfect, causing the William clone to act either unintelligent or unpredictable. Near the end of the series, the clone starts developing several human-like traits, which he eventually uses to help the warriors. Towards the end of the series, William is finally released from XANA's control.\nOn Lyoko, William wears a white outfit and carries a giant sword, which can release shock waves. Under XANA's control, his outfit turns black and he gains a spiked gauntlet on his wrist, which can be used for defense. He has an array of powers including enhanced strength; \"Supersmoke,\" which allows him to transform into a cloud of black smoke and move around at great speed, eventually gaining the ability to fly as well; a second sight allowing him to see across great distances; and levitation. XANA sends William to stop the Lyoko Warriors on the virtual world, and thanks to his natural abilities strengthened even further by the artificial intelligence, he proved to be a formidable opponent. He is finally released in \"Down to Earth.\"","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caricature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caricature"},{"link_name":"David Gasman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gasman"},{"link_name":"Get Ready to Virtualize!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Lyoko_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Quest for Infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Lyoko:_Quest_for_Infinity"},{"link_name":"Fall of X.A.N.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Lyoko:_Fall_of_X.A.N.A."}],"sub_title":"Villains","text":"XANASometimes known as X.A.N.A., is an evil and powerful computer virus based on a multi-agent system. It is merciless, craves destruction, and serves as the central antagonist of the series. It was originally created by Franz Hopper to destroy Project Carthage: a military communications system that Hopper had previously been involved with. He mentions that his motives were to prevent the French government from obtaining access to Project Carthage. Due to Hopper's repeated returns to the past, XANA evolved until it achieved self-awareness, choosing to betray Hopper and trap him and his daughter Aelita inside Lyoko. Hopper has no choice but to shut down the Supercomputer to stop its rampage. After it was reawakened in the present day, XANA continues to wreak havoc on Earth and displays no mercy towards those who stand in its way. It grows smarter and more powerful with every return in time, and can think of greater plans and goals beyond random destruction.XANA has no actual physical form as a program. Instead, XANA activates Lyoko structures called \"Towers\" to access the real world to send extensions of its multi-agent system while remaining inside the Supercomputer and can only be stopped by deactivating the Towers. On Earth, XANA can manipulate and channel electromagnetic phenomena and hack networks or manifest ghostly spectres from outlets at will to possess objects or living things like a virus to bend to its will (usually marked with its eye symbol as a sign of its control) to threaten humanity or target its enemies. After evolving further, XANA learns to possess humans or manifest polymorphic spectres to follow its orders as pixelized vessels with its spectral or electrical abilities. On Lyoko, it virtualizes deadly monsters to fight enemies and attack targets, and can alter environments, plant bugs or viruses, manipulate vulnerable warriors, create prisons, program equipment and vehicles, etc.The only known physical incarnation of XANA appeared in season 1, in the episode titled \"Ghost Channel,\" where after having its disguise as Jeremy being exposed, he transformed into a demonic caricature figure of Jeremy and tried to kill all of the Warriors. XANA's voice was provided by David Gasman in this episode.As XANA continues to increase its power, its ambition also develops throughout the series. It steals the Keys to Lyoko from Aelita to escape from the Supercomputer and access the world network. Upon its escape, XANA becomes more ruthless and aggressive, now trying to destroy Lyoko to make the team powerless against it (succeeded at the end of the third season but was recreated after) and possessing William to become its weapon. After that, XANA also targets Franz Hopper, the biggest threat and the reason why the group keeps surviving. At the same time, the heroes discover XANA has infected hundreds of other supercomputers in the network to build weapons and technology to conquer the world. Near the end of the series, the group manage to free William and although it succeeded in killing Franz Hopper in the final battle, the team \"successfully\" destroyed XANA in his entirety in the network with Jeremy's multi-agent program.MonstersX.A.N.A. virtualizes many types of monsters on Lyoko to fight enemies, guard Towers, and attack targets. The monsters generally appear to be organic/mechanical creatures based on various animals and insects. XANA's monster types include Kankrelats, Hornets, Bloks, Krabs, Megatanks, Tarantulas, Creepers, and Mantas. These monsters can be destroyed by hitting the Eye of XANA on their bodies. In the Digital Sea, it uses monsters such as Kongers, Sharks, and the Kalamar. It also created the Scyphozoa, which it uses to steal memory or possess warriors. There is also its ultimate monster which appeared in the last three episodes, the Kolossus, a fiery giant with immense strength that is fueled by the combined power of its network Replikas of Lyoko sectors.In the video games, some monsters are exclusive to fight such as Cyberhoppers, Skarabs and Skorpion from Get Ready to Virtualize!, Insekts, Volkanoids, Mountain Bug, Insekt Lord, Ice Spider, Desert Driller and Magma Worm in Quest for Infinity and Fall of X.A.N.A., other variants are called \"Dark Monsters\" which are equipped with different abilities when in combat.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carole Baillien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Baillien"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-french_cast-4"},{"link_name":"Christine Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Flowers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-french_cast-4"},{"link_name":"David Gasman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gasman"},{"link_name":"Carole Baillien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Baillien"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-french_cast-4"},{"link_name":"Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-french_cast-4"},{"link_name":"Hayao Miyazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-french_cast-4"},{"link_name":"David Gasman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gasman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-french_cast-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Franco-African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-French"},{"link_name":"handheld gaming device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"}],"sub_title":"Recurring characters","text":"Elisabeth \"Sissi\" DelmasVoiced by: Carole Baillien (French);[3] Christine Flowers and Jodi Forrest (English)\nThe principal's daughter and a Kadic student. She is a mean, spoiled, conceited, but also beautiful and somewhat popular girl who has had a huge crush on Ulrich since before attending Kadic. Sissi and Odd quite often make fun of each other, with Odd making clever comebacks whenever Sissi says something rude or whenever they need her to go away. After Aelita is first materialized, she often does the same. Sissi tends to make fun of and openly insult Yumi in particular, mostly due to Ulrich liking Yumi more than her. Sissi is often followed by Herb and Nicolas, whom she often shows resentment towards, but uses them to her advantage anyway. She was initially part of the gang and knew about Lyoko, but was kicked out after breaking her oath to keep the Supercomputer a secret. Her memories of Lyoko were subsequently erased. She becomes friends with the Lyoko Warriors at the end of the series. Sissi also shows a dislike for her full name, Elisabeth, often making sounds of disgust when it's mentioned.Herb PichonVoiced by: Bruno Mullenaerts (French);[3] David Gasman (English)\nAn eighth-grader at Kadic and a classmate to the Lyoko Warriors. He is the second-in-command of Sissi's gang, and sometimes even the boss in times of emergency when Sissi proves to be incompetent, as he is the most intelligent member of their group. Herb is also shown to be in love with Sissi, although he doesn't tell her because of her crushes on various boys, most notably Ulrich. He is the second-best student in his class after Jeremy and the two often compete with each other, but Herb is almost always the loser. Herb is also shown to be easily scared off, quick to run away when something troubling happens.Nicolas PoliakoffVoiced by: Carole Baillien (French);[3] Matthew Géczy (English)\nAn eighth-grader at Kadic. He is the third member of Sissi's gang. He usually does not show much intelligence, which is commonly conveyed through his frequent use of pauses and uhs in speech. He usually only does things when Sissi orders him to, and will otherwise not do much on his own. Nicolas also has also been shown to have a crush on Aelita, although he never acts on it. He can play the drums, and was in the Pop Rock Progressives, a band started by Odd. He is generally more tolerant of and less rude toward the Lyoko Warriors than Herb and Sissi are. In some episodes, it is shown that he has at least some degree of intelligence, as he wrote a script for a performance of Romeo and Juliet. Nicolas is also shown to be as easily frightened as Herb is.Jean-Pierre DelmasVoiced by: Bruno Mullenaerts (French);[3] Allan Wenger (English)\nThe principal of Kadic Academy, who is easily controlled by his daughter Sissi. He can be stubborn and incredibly ignorant at times, especially when members of the Lyoko Warriors are trying to convince him of any dangerous activity caused by XANA. His appearance is based on Hayao Miyazaki.Jim MoralesVoiced by: Frédéric Meaux (French);[3] David Gasman (English)\nThe physical education teacher at Kadic Academy and the chief disciplinarian. He is frequently mentioned to have had an extensive job history, although whenever it comes up, he almost always ends up dismissing it by saying, \"I'd rather not talk about it.\" Jim is often shown to digress from his lectures as he starts to reminisce on stories of his past, usually before being interrupted by someone or cutting himself off. On several occasions, Jim has discovered the existence of Lyoko or XANA and displayed his helpfulness and willingness to keep it a secret, however, his memories are always erased through the use of a \"Return to the Past.\" One of his more notable secrets is that he once starred in a film called Paco, the King of Disco.Suzanne HertzVoiced by: Nathalie Stas (French);[3] Jodi Forrest (English)\nUsually referred to as Mrs. Hertz, she's a science teacher at Kadic. She is the most shown primary academics teacher in the series and appears to teach most branches of science at Kadic. She is also the only faculty member shown to organize field trips, which happens on several occasions. She has been shown to dislike or be disappointed in Odd and Ulrich, but takes a liking to Jeremy, and later Aelita.Milly Solovieff and Tamiya DiopMilly voiced by: Mirabelle Kirkland (English)\nTamiya voiced by: Julie Basecqz (French);[4] Barbara Weber-Scaff (English)\nThe sole members of the Kadic News crew, who are both are in sixth grade and share a dorm room. Tamiya is of Franco-African descent and seems to be less driven by her emotions, which allows her to think more clearly than Milly when bad things happen to them.Hiroki IshiyamaVoiced by: Guylaine Gibert (French); Barbara Weber-Scaff (English)\nYumi's younger brother. He is often shown pestering her about things and purposely being annoying, such as asking her to do his homework or mentioning her feelings for Ulrich. He is frequently shown playing on a handheld gaming device, and is often shown with his friend, Johnny Cleary. Hiroki has, on occasion, assisted Yumi when she needed it, although he usually requires some form of bribe.Takeho and Akiko IshiyamaTakeho voiced by: David Gasman (English)\nAkiko voiced by: Barbara Weber-Scaff (English)\nThe parents of Yumi and Hiroki. Takeho is shown to be a fairly typical semi-strict busy father and works for a local branch of a Japanese company. Akiko is depicted as a typical non-working housewife and is generally the first one to ask Yumi if something is wrong. When her parents appear in an episode, it usually focuses on Yumi's family issues.It is implied that Takeho and Akiho have a low-key fractious relationship, with semi-frequent arguments that their children sometimes overhear. This seems to contribute to Yumi's reserve, and possibly, her reticence in pursuing a more serious emotional relationship with Ulrich.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-french_cast-4"}],"sub_title":"Supporting characters","text":"Waldo Franz SchaefferVoiced by: Mathieu Moreau (French);[3] Paul Bandey (season 2), Alan Wenger (season 4) (English)\nMore commonly known as Franz Hopper (a combination of his middle name and the maiden name of his wife) he is/was the creator of both Lyoko and XANA, and was involved in the creation of Project Carthage. His wife Anthea was kidnapped by men in black suits and he was forced to flee with his young daughter Aelita. The two went to live in a house called the Hermitage, located in a park near Kadic Academy and the abandoned factory. While working as a science teacher at the school, he constructed the Supercomputer in the factory, and programmed XANA. and the virtual world of Lyoko within it. When the men in black suits tracked him down again, he took Aelita to the factory and virtualized her onto Lyoko with him, where he believed they would be safe. However, XANA refused to obey its creator's orders or live in peace alongside Franz and his daughter. Franz was forced to shut the Supercomputer down until it was eventually discovered by Jeremy nearly ten years later. In one of the final episodes of the show, he sacrifices himself to allow Jeremy to finally destroy XANA.Yolanda PerraudinVoiced by: Alexandra Correa (French); Jodi Forrest (English)\nThe school nurse who often aids the students injuries from any incidents, in \"XANA's Kiss\" Jim was kissed by a Polymorphic Specter disguise as her and attempted to ask her for a date, much to her confusion.Samantha \"Sam\" KnightVoiced by: Jodi Forrest (English)\nOne of Odd's ex-girlfriends that only appears in two episodes, she first appears in \"Rock Bottom?\" where Odd hires her as a DJ to Yumi's party but was short lived after XANA caused a earthquake to sink the school. She appears again in \"Final Round\" where both Odd and her enter a skating competition.Johnny ClearyVoiced by: Jodi Forrest (English)\nHiroki's best friend that introduced in Season 3. It is revealed in \"The Pretender\" that he has a crush on Yumi, despite their age difference and he asks Ulrich for dating advice (which is embarrassing because Ulrich also loves her).Anthea Hopper-SchaefferVoiced by: Sharon Mann (English)\nAelita's pink-haired mother who was kidnapped by a group of Men in Black when they lived at a Mountain Cabin, this traumatized Aelita with nightmares and hallucinations of her imaging the mysterious men as a pack of ravenous wolves while herself resembles her doll Mister Pück.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GarageKidsPoster.png"}],"text":"2001 original promotional poster for Garage Kids","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Romain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Romain"},{"link_name":"Gobelins School of the Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobelins_School_of_the_Image"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLAnimeland-6"},{"link_name":"2000 Annecy International Animated Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annecy_International_Animated_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Antefilms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoonScoop_Group#Subsidiaries"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLAnimeland-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-3"},{"link_name":"Serial Experiments Lain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Experiments_Lain"},{"link_name":"Neon Genesis Evangelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion"},{"link_name":"Tron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-3"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault"},{"link_name":"Boulogne-Billancourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt"},{"link_name":"Île Seguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Seguin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lycée Lakanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Lakanal"},{"link_name":"Sceaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceaux,_Hauts-de-Seine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sd1-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sd2-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sd2-13"},{"link_name":"Malo Korrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Korrigan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sd1-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sd1-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-3"},{"link_name":"Ōban Star-Racers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cban_Star-Racers"},{"link_name":"Kōji Morimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_Morimoto"},{"link_name":"France 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_3"},{"link_name":"Canal J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_J"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-i-16"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-3"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Code Lyoko originates from the film short Les enfants font leur cinéma (\"The children make their movies\"), directed by Thomas Romain and produced by a group of students from Parisian visual arts school Gobelins School of the Image.[5] Romain worked with Tania Palumbo, Stanislas Brunet, and Jerome Cottray to create the film, which was screened at the 2000 Annecy International Animated Film Festival.[6] French animation company Antefilms took interest in the film due to its atmosphere and offered Romain and Palumbo a contract to turn it into a series.[2] This led to the development of the pilot, Garage Kids.[5]Garage Kids was produced in 2001 by Antefilms. The project was created by Palumbo, Romain, and Carlo de Boutiny and developed by Anne de Galard. Its producers were Eric Garnet, Nicolas Atlan, Benoît di Sabatino, and Christophe di Sabatino.Similar to its succeeding show Code Lyoko, Garage Kids was originally envisioned as a 26-episode miniseries detailing the lives of four French boarding school students who discover the secret of the virtual world of Xanadu; created by a research group headed by a character known as the \"Professor\". The pilot featured both traditional animation and CGI.[7] The Matrix had \"enormous influence\" on the pilot according to Romain, citing the concept of a machine allowing the characters to dive in a virtual world, an operator who supervises the trip and the correlation between the action in the real world and the virtual world.[2] Anime also served as inspiration, specifically Serial Experiments Lain for its \"worrying digital dimension\" and Neon Genesis Evangelion for its dangerous entities to fight. While similarities to Tron have been noted, Romain admitted to not having seen the film yet when the series was being developed.When the concept on the virtual world was added, Antefilms suggested animating it with CGI to help make the series unique, promote a video game theme and make the separation between the virtual and real worlds clearer.[2] While incorporating it, Palumbo and Romain wanted to avoid making the series \"too playful and superficial\" and sought to \"get around the censoring done by TV channels that tend to soften youth programs\" by writing episodes \"with tension, suspense, even tragic scenes. Things that are hard to imagine seeing in a cartoon series for kids.\"A team of artists were recruited in order to give the backgrounds of the real world a realistic appearance. The factory and boarding schools specifically were modelled after locations in France. The factory was based on a Renault production plant in Boulogne-Billancourt (Île Seguin), which has since been demolished.[8] The school, Kadic Academy, is based on Lycée Lakanal in Sceaux, which Romain had attended.[2][9] Palumbo and Romain were adamant on keeping the locales based on \"the France we knew\", as they wanted to avoid what they perceived as \"fantastical\" or \"Americanized\" locations other French cartoons used at the time.[2]Scripting for the series officially began in January 2002, with Frédéric Lenoir, Françoise Charpiat, and Laurent Turner being brought on as writers.[10][11] It was around then that Aelita was added, who at this point was an AI who lived on the virtual world. When choosing a director, the team wanted \"a new generation\" to be in charge of the series.[12] Jérôme Mouscadet was hired in June 2002 after having dinner with a friend who worked at Antefilms. While Mouscadet had experience with animation from directing short films at a small company, he never directed a series before. One of his first major contributions was to drop the idea of the characters retaining their powers in the real world, which he decided after wanting to further separate the virtual world from the real world.[13] Progress was slow over the summer of 2002, which Mouscadet attributed to the series' head writer \"[taking] a lot of vacation\".[12] Antefilms reached out to Sophie Decroisette as a replacement, who had recently been a writer for Malo Korrigan and was on a break after giving birth to her first child.[11] Decroisette described this stage of writing as expanding the concept and finding strong motivations for the characters. On Garage Kids' pilot, she said: \"I really just saw a teaser that was focusing on images[. T]here were great ideas in the images, notably the transition from one universe to the other, but plot-wise, it was just \"they travel from one universe to the other\", with no explanation on \"how\" and \"why\". They had no real motivation, they were fighting Xana, which was represented as black spheres, something like this, but none of this was clearly defined. Our job, with the other writers, was to try to introduce \"scientific accuracy\"\". The writers struggled the most with finding a motivation for Jeremy. Charpiat suggested during a meeting that he want to bring Aelita onto Earth, which became the basis for the first season. Another concept emerged from Lenoir in the form of a time travel mechanism to explain how XANA could cause massive damage to Earth, with other people witnessing the destruction, and have the heroes fix it without people becoming suspicious.[11][14] This eventually turned into the supercomputer's \"Return to the Past\" function.Networks were hesitant to Garage Kids due to its serial nature, as they feared it would alienate potential viewers who missed the first episodes and they wanted to rerun the series without worrying about episode order.[2] This lead the writing team to shift to a more episodic format. Romain ultimately chose to leave the series after this change in 2003 to work on the French-Japanese anime series Ōban Star-Racers. Tania Palumbo remained on the series through its conclusion as creative director. She designed and named the main characters, with Jeremy being named after one of her and Romain's classmates at Gobelins. The series' human character designs were primarily influenced by Japanese animator Kōji Morimoto's style.After the series was sold to France 3 and Canal J, producers felt \"Garage Kids\" was too unclear for a title and requested it be renamed.[15] Palumbo and production manager Anne de Galard ultimately settled on \"Code Lyoko\", with Lyoko originating from the Japanese word \"ryoko\" meaning \"travel\" to further emphasis the dive into the virtual world.[2] The virtual world was subsequently renamed \"Lyoko\" as well.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-i-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-i-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-i-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S-17"}],"sub_title":"Writing","text":"The writing process for Code Lyoko usually began with the head writer asking the other writers for story pitches.[15] If they liked an idea, it next had to receive approval from the show's director, producers and broadcasters before it could be turned into a 4-page synopsis. After going through the approval process again, it was then expanded into a script and approved one last time to be sent off for production. Writing an episode typically lasted 2–3 weeks, though some took longer if higher-ups were unhappy with the story or it ran into issues. Sophie Decroisette, head writer of Code Lyoko's first three seasons, described Image Problem as \"very difficult to write\" after its original writer left the show following the synopsis phase, requiring another writer to step in and finish it. The writing team was also mandated by production to approve 4 scripts per month.Following the success of the first season, the show was able to have more continuous storylines. Decroisette and show director Jérôme Mouscadet wrote the series' backstory during the break between season 1 and 2.[16] Before Romain left the project, the idea of Lyoko being created by a team of researchers had changed to just one: Franz Hopper. However his motivations and identity were never established. Decroisette revealed during production of season 4 that the full backstory would not be told in the show, as she considered it \"very complicated... dense and [not] really important to the story.\"[15]The show's international success in the United States also affected production. Romance elements were ultimately reduced after season 2 to appease American audiences.[15] Aside from this, Decroisette otherwise noted that she \"never felt censored\" while working on the series, apart from a self-imposed restriction to write stories appropriate for children.[16] Bruno Regeste became head writer for Code Lyoko's final season after Decroisette stepped down while she was pregnant with her second child, though she continued writing scripts and closely monitored episodes involving Replikas.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sd2-13"},{"link_name":"Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme"}],"sub_title":"Animation","text":"The series' traditional animation was handled overseas by Animation Services Hong Kong Limited.[17][18] Fantasia Animation and Welkin Animation also worked on the show's first two seasons.[17] Starting around the third season, a team dedicated to Code Lyoko was formed at Hong Kong Limited's studio, who were managed on-site by two members from Antefilms' Paris office.[12] This change stemmed from Mouscadet's desire for a more consistent animation quality, which he described trying to manage it prior to that point as \"a little bit like steering an ocean liner with binoculars\". The 3D segments were animated in-house by Antefilm's CGI team at their Angoulême office.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Code_Lyoko_episodes#Season_1_(2003%E2%80%9304)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Code_Lyoko_episodes#Season_2_(2005%E2%80%9306)"},{"link_name":"Prequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Code_Lyoko_episodes#Prequel_(2006)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Code_Lyoko_episodes#Season_3_(2006)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Code_Lyoko_episodes#Season_4_(2007)"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired126September 3, 2003 (2003-09-03)February 25, 2004 (2004-02-25)226August 31, 2005 (2005-08-31)December 9, 2005 (2005-12-09)Prequel2October 2, 2006 (2006-10-02)October 3, 2006 (2006-10-03)313September 9, 2006 (2006-09-09)October 23, 2006 (2006-10-23)430May 18, 2007 (2007-05-18)November 10, 2007 (2007-11-10)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_3"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"Cousins Once Removed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Code_Lyoko_episodes#ep88"},{"link_name":"Kabillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabillion"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Jetix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetix"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Rai 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_2"},{"link_name":"Rai Gulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_Gulp"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"MoonScoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoonScoop_Group"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Amazon Prime Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The show was first premiered on France 3 on 3 September 2003 and ended on 10 November 2007 in France. In the U.S., the show was also premiered on 19 April 2004 on Cartoon Network. The second season started on 19 September 2005. The two-part XANA Awakens prequel aired on 2–3 October 2006, and the third season started a day later on 4 October 2006. The fourth and final season began on 18 May 2007. The final episode aired on Cartoon Network was \"Cousins Once Removed\", and the remaining seven episodes were released online at Cartoon Network Video. When the show aired on Cartoon Network, it was simultaneously both part of its after-school weekday afternoon action animation lighter-toned programming block, Miguzi from 2004 until 2007, and also a standalone show on its primetime timeslot. The show aired on Kabillion from 2007 to 2015.The show also aired in Latin America and Japan on Jetix. In Italy, the show aired on Disney Channel, Rai 2, RaiSat Smash, Rai Gulp[19][20] and was published on DVD by Delta Pictures under the label 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.In January 2011, all four seasons of Code Lyoko were released on iTunes in the U.S. and France by MoonScoop Holdings, although as of May 2019, only seasons 1 and 2 are available and other seasons have been removed. In October 2011, all four seasons were released on Amazon Instant Streaming and on DVD in the U.S., however, these DVDs are now out of print.[citation needed]All four seasons were made available on Netflix on 6 August 2012, but were removed for unknown reasons. The show was eventually returned to Netflix on 1 October 2020 after being taken down following MoonScoop's bankruptcy.[21] Since 2015, all of the English-dubbed episodes (including the prequel XANA Awakens) are viewable on YouTube. Since 2019, an upscaled HD version of the series is also available on Amazon Prime Video in the U.S. and the United Kingdom.[22]","title":"Telecast and home media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Common Sense Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sense_Media"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Comic Book Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mipcom-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mipcom-29"},{"link_name":"Clan TVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_TVE"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mipcom-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mipcom-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the show 4/5 stars, writing: \"Kids will like the battles in Lyoko -- each plays out much like a video game\", and added: \"Strategy and teamwork are themes throughout the series.\"[23] In a 2020 retrospective of the show for Comic Book Resources, Noah Dominguez wrote: \"Whether you're a returning traveler or are only visiting Lyoko for the first time, Code Lyoko still holds up as a unique, easily-accessible gem of the 2000s\".[24]Code Lyoko was voted as the best show by Canal J viewers in France.[25] The series has achieved international fame as well, becoming the #2 show on Cartoon Network's Miguzi block upon its premiere in the United States.[26] It was the block's most popular series in 2005 and Cartoon Network's #3 best performing show overall in 2006.[27][28] Kabillion had it as #4 in monthly average views in 2010.[28] The show has reached success in Spain as one of Clan TVE's highest-rated shows,[28] on Italy's Rai2 network,[28] and in Finland and the United Kingdom as well. The show also won France's Prix de l'Export 2006 Award for Animation in December 2006.[29]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyopop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyopop"},{"link_name":"The Game Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_Factory"},{"link_name":"Code Lyoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Lyoko_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Code Lyoko: Fall of X.A.N.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Lyoko:_Fall_of_X.A.N.A."},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"Code Lyoko: Quest for Infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Lyoko:_Quest_for_Infinity"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"PSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mipcom-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mipcom-29"}],"text":"Several Code Lyoko products have been released, including DVDs, a series of cine-manga by Tokyopop, a series of four novels by Italian publisher Atlantyca Entertainment, apparel, and other accessories. In 2006, Marvel Toys released a line of Code Lyoko toys and action figures.When the show started to come to an end in 2007, The Game Factory released three video games based on the show: Code Lyoko and Code Lyoko: Fall of X.A.N.A. for the Nintendo DS, and Code Lyoko: Quest for Infinity for the Wii, PSP, and PlayStation 2. The games were met with mixed to positive reviews from critics despite some criticisms of gameplay. There have been other games released through various mediums, one being Facebook.[28][30]A series of Clan TVE festivals in Spain included live stage shows based on Code Lyoko among other things.[31] A game show known as Code Lyoko Challenge was planned to be released in late 2012, but fell through.[28]","title":"Merchandise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"A series of four chapter books was released by Atlantyca Entertainment and distributed in Italy and other countries.[32] The novels delve deeper into the unanswered questions of the series. Taking place after the end of the series, XANA has miraculously survived and returns though weakened and initially missing its memories. XANA possesses Eva Skinner, an American girl, and travels to France in order to infiltrate the gang and kill them off. Unaware of their enemy's presence, the group works to find clues about Aelita's past, left by her father Franz Hopper, and confirm whether or not her mother is still alive somewhere. But at the same time, a terrorist group, the Green Phoenix, has become interested in the supercomputer and intend to use both it and the virtual world of Lyoko for evil purposes.It was confirmed that the series will never be released officially in English, nor the final two books released in French. However, sometime later, a fan community came together and sought to not only finish the series but translate it into more languages, including English. They have since completed their work and made it available for free download in September 2014.[33]","title":"Merchandise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ Includes the two-part prequel titled \"XANA Awakens\".","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"2001 original promotional poster for Garage Kids","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/GarageKidsPoster.png/220px-GarageKidsPoster.png"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animation_disc.svg"},{"title":"Animation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Animation"},{"title":"France portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg"},{"title":"Television portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Television"},{"title":"List of French animated television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_animated_television_series"},{"title":"List of French television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_television_series"},{"title":"Code Lyoko: Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Lyoko:_Evolution"},{"title":"Tron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron"},{"title":"The Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)"},{"title":"Gridman the Hyper Agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridman_the_Hyper_Agent"},{"title":"Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhuman_Samurai_Syber-Squad"},{"title":"Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraculous:_Tales_of_Ladybug_%26_Cat_Noir"},{"title":"Digimon Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digimon_Adventure_(1999_TV_series)"},{"title":"Zixx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zixx"},{"title":"ReBoot: The Guardian Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReBoot:_The_Guardian_Code"},{"title":"Neon Genesis Evangelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion"},{"title":"Sword Art Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online"},{"title":"World Trigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trigger"},{"title":"Serial Experiments Lain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Experiments_Lain"}] | [{"reference":"\"Code Lyoko\". Mediatoon Distribution. Retrieved 26 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mediatoon-distribution.com/en/catalog/186/code-lyoko/","url_text":"\"Code Lyoko\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Code Lyoko\" arrive sur Netflix: l'histoire secrète de la série culte\". BFMTV (in French). 10 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfmtv.com/people/l-histoire-mouvementee-de-code-lyoko-racontees-par-son-co-createur-thomas-romain_AN-202010010067.html","url_text":"\"\"Code Lyoko\" arrive sur Netflix: l'histoire secrète de la série culte\""}]},{"reference":"\"Planète Jeunesse - Code Lyoko\". www.planete-jeunesse.com (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.planete-jeunesse.com/fiche-616-code-lyoko.html","url_text":"\"Planète Jeunesse - Code Lyoko\""}]},{"reference":"\"Voxographie – Julie Basecqz – site officiel\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.juliebasecqz.com/voxographie-2","url_text":"\"Voxographie – Julie Basecqz – site officiel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bilan d'apprentissage\" [Learning Assessment]. AnimeLand.Com (in French). 1 June 2002. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2011. Aujourd'hui ce projet porte le nom de Garage Kid","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923174644/http://www.animeland.com/articles/voir/84/Bilan-d-apprentissage","url_text":"\"Bilan d'apprentissage\""},{"url":"http://www.animeland.com/articles/voir/84/Bilan-d-apprentissage","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gobelins - Films d'Annecy 1999/2000/2001 (relativement inédits)\". Catsuka (in French). 2 April 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catsuka.com/news_detail.php?id=1301754897","url_text":"\"Gobelins - Films d'Annecy 1999/2000/2001 (relativement inédits)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Antefilms presents Garage Kids\" (PDF). codelyoko.net. Antefilms. 12 March 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190112121402/http://www.codelyoko.net/FRA/Garage_Kids/Garage_Kids.pdf","url_text":"\"Antefilms presents Garage Kids\""},{"url":"http://www.codelyoko.net/FRA/Garage_Kids/Garage_Kids.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sources of inspiration > The factory in real life\". CodeLyoko.Fr. Retrieved 11 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.codelyoko.fr/inspirations/usine_renault.cl","url_text":"\"Sources of inspiration > The factory in real life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sources of inspiration > Lycée Lakanal: Kadic Academy's model\". CodeLyoko.Fr. Retrieved 11 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.codelyoko.fr/inspirations/lakanal.cl","url_text":"\"Sources of inspiration > Lycée Lakanal: Kadic Academy's model\""}]},{"reference":"\"[From scripts to episodes] S1 - Part 1\". CodeLyoko.fr.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.codelyoko.fr/scriptsvsepisodes/saison1_part1.cl","url_text":"\"[From scripts to episodes] S1 - Part 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview - Sophie Decroisette, partie 1\". Ces Dessins Animés-Là qui méritent qu'on s'en souvienne. 4 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdal.over-blog.com/article-interview-sophie-decroisette-partie-1-122826682.html","url_text":"\"Interview - Sophie Decroisette, partie 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview - Sophie Decroisette, partie 2\". Ces Dessins Animés-Là qui méritent qu'on s'en souvienne. 11 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdal.over-blog.com/article-interview-sophie-decroisette-partie-2-122910086.html","url_text":"\"Interview - Sophie Decroisette, partie 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Avant première Code Lyoko saison 4\". CodeLyoko.fr (in French). 5 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.codelyoko.fr/events/avantpremieres4.cl#le_producteur_prend_la_parole__de_garage_kids__code_lyoko","url_text":"\"Avant première Code Lyoko saison 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"Les secrets de Code Lyoko racontés par ses créateurs (et on sait pourquoi ils ont des grands fronts)\". Konbini (in French). 7 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOU4AWH3pyY&t=206s","url_text":"\"Les secrets de Code Lyoko racontés par ses créateurs (et on sait pourquoi ils ont des grands fronts)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Sophie Decroisette\". CodeLyoko.fr. 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.codelyoko.fr/interviews/sophie_decroisette.cl","url_text":"\"Interview with Sophie Decroisette\""}]},{"reference":"\"Q&A with Sophie Decroisette\". CodeLyoko.fr. 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.codelyoko.fr/interviews/qr_sophie_decroisette.cl","url_text":"\"Q&A with Sophie Decroisette\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Bad Turn\". Code Lyoko. Season 2. Episode 13. 2005. Event occurs at \"23:38\".","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Agogo Corporation - Programs Library\". agogo.com.hk. 2004. Archived from the original on 10 July 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040710005423/http://agogo.com.hk/series.asp","url_text":"\"Agogo Corporation - Programs Library\""},{"url":"http://agogo.com.hk/series.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AntonioGenna.net presenta: Il Mondo Dei Doppiatori - Zona Animazione: \"Code Lyoko\"\". www.antoniogenna.net. Retrieved 20 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.antoniogenna.net/doppiaggio/anim/codelyoko.htm","url_text":"\"AntonioGenna.net presenta: Il Mondo Dei Doppiatori - Zona Animazione: \"Code Lyoko\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rai Gulp - Programma - Code Lyoko\". www.rai.tv. Retrieved 20 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rai.tv/dl/RaiGulp/programma.html?ContentItem-1d7a2fdc-5c85-4ef0-9816-fd7c5877da09","url_text":"\"Rai Gulp - Programma - Code Lyoko\""}]},{"reference":"\"Code Lyoko | Netflix\". www.netflix.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220121204028/https://www.netflix.com/title/70244568","url_text":"\"Code Lyoko | Netflix\""},{"url":"https://www.netflix.com/title/70244568","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News • Code Lyoko - CodeLyoko.Fr\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.codelyoko.fr/index2.php?page=lirenews&id_news=1967","url_text":"\"News • Code Lyoko - CodeLyoko.Fr\""}]},{"reference":"Ashby, Emily (26 July 2006). \"Code Lyoko - TV Review\". Common Sense Media. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/code-lyoko","url_text":"\"Code Lyoko - TV Review\""}]},{"reference":"Dominguez, Noah (9 December 2020). \"A World Without Danger: Remembering Code Lyoko\". CBR. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/code-lyoko-retrospective/","url_text":"\"A World Without Danger: Remembering Code Lyoko\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201209011046/https://www.cbr.com/code-lyoko-retrospective/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Code Lyoko Game Coming to DS\". Nintendo World Report. 30 September 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/newsArt.cfm?artid=10825","url_text":"\"Code Lyoko Game Coming to DS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Une saison 2 attendue après le succès mondial des premiers épisodes de CODE LYOKO\" (in French). MoonScoop. 20 September 2005. Archived from the original on 17 October 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051017004326/http://www.moonscoop.fr/moonscoop.php?p=actualite&id=7&lang=fr","url_text":"\"Une saison 2 attendue après le succès mondial des premiers épisodes de CODE LYOKO\""},{"url":"http://www.moonscoop.fr/moonscoop.php?p=actualite&id=7&lang=fr","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CL Presentation MIPTV 2012\" (PDF). MoonScoop. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130603194441/http://www.moonscoop.com/files/FREE/CL%20Presentation%20MIPTV%202012.pdf","url_text":"\"CL Presentation MIPTV 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.moonscoop.com/files/FREE/CL%20Presentation%20MIPTV%202012.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CL Presentation MIPCOM 09 [Lecture seule]\" (PDF). CodeLyoko.Fr. MoonScoop. Retrieved 24 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.codelyoko.fr/files/cl_mipcom_09.pdf","url_text":"\"CL Presentation MIPCOM 09 [Lecture seule]\""}]},{"reference":"\"French TV Prix for three\". Hollywood Reporter. 13 December 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/french-tv-prix-three-146256","url_text":"\"French TV Prix for three\""}]},{"reference":"\"Code Lyoko cracks the social gaming space\". Kidscreen. 21 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://kidscreen.com/2011/11/21/code-lyoko-cracks-the-social-gaming-space/","url_text":"\"Code Lyoko cracks the social gaming space\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Festival del Clan en vídeo [Código Lyoko] (2011)\". Código Lyoko España (in Spanish). 26 January 2012. 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Retrieved 11 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.codelyoko.fr/chronicles/chronique.cl","url_text":"\"Chronicles > Chronicle of a translation\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.mediatoon-distribution.com/en/catalog/186/code-lyoko/","external_links_name":"\"Code Lyoko\""},{"Link":"https://www.bfmtv.com/people/l-histoire-mouvementee-de-code-lyoko-racontees-par-son-co-createur-thomas-romain_AN-202010010067.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Code Lyoko\" arrive sur Netflix: l'histoire secrète de la série culte\""},{"Link":"http://www.planete-jeunesse.com/fiche-616-code-lyoko.html","external_links_name":"\"Planète Jeunesse - Code Lyoko\""},{"Link":"https://www.juliebasecqz.com/voxographie-2","external_links_name":"\"Voxographie – Julie Basecqz – site officiel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923174644/http://www.animeland.com/articles/voir/84/Bilan-d-apprentissage","external_links_name":"\"Bilan d'apprentissage\""},{"Link":"http://www.animeland.com/articles/voir/84/Bilan-d-apprentissage","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.catsuka.com/news_detail.php?id=1301754897","external_links_name":"\"Gobelins - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_Kedaro | Shah Jo Risalo | ["1 Surs (chapters)","2 Shah's Heroines","3 Translations","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Book by Shah Abdul Latif
Shah Jo Risalo AuthorShah Abdul Latif BhittaiOriginal title
شاه جو رسالوLanguageSindhiSubjectSufismCultureHistoryGenrePoetryPublisherSindhi Adabi BoardPublication placePakistan
This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Shah Jo Risalo (Sindhi: شاھ جو رسالو) is a book of poems of the Sindhi Sufi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. Shah Abdul Latif's poetry was transmitted orally during his lifetime and compiled after his death and designated as Shah Jo Risalo or Poetry of Shah.
Ernest Trumpp called it Diwan when he edited the Risalo and published it from Leipzig, Germany in 1866.
Shah Abdul Latif was influenced by Maulana Rumi's Mathnawi.
Surs (chapters)
The traditional compilations of Shah Jo Risalo include 30 Surs (chapters). The oldest publications of Shah Jo Risalo contained some 36 Surs, but later most of the linguists discarded 6 Surs, as their language and content did not match the Shah's style. Recently, Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Baloch, a linguist of the Sindhi language, has compiled and printed a new edition after 32 years of research into folk culture, language and the history of Sindhi language. Another poet, Dr. Aurangzeb Siyal, has recently launched a book named "Louk Zangeer".
The word "Sur", from the Sanskrit word Svara, means a mode of singing. The Surs are sung as Ragas. In Indian classical music, its "Ragas" and "Raginis" are sung at different times of day and night. In Risalo the Surs are named according to their subject matter. The underlying theme is how the individual is to cultivate the godly attributes and negate his ego so as to evolve into a better human being.
The traditional 30 Surs included in Shah Jo Risalo are:
Kalyaan
Yaman Kalyaan
Khanbhaat
Suri Raag
Samundi
Sohni
Sassui Aburi
Maazuri
Desi
Kohyari
Husaini
Lilan Chanesar
Momal Rano
Marui
Kaamod
Ghattu
Sorath
Kedaro
Sarang
Asaa
Rippa
Khahori
Barwo Sindhi
Ramkali
Kapati
Purab
Karayal
Pirbhati
Dahar
Bilawal
These Surs contain bayts which Shah Latif sang in a state of ecstasy. These Bayts in the Surs concerning the life-stories of his heroines, viz. Suhni, Sassui, Lila, Mumal, Marui, Nuri and Sorath, are not in chronological sequences, for the Sufi poet in his state of "Wajd" or ecstasy was concerned with the moments in life-stories, which he used as allegories to express his mystical experiences.
Shah's Heroines
Main article: The Seven Queens of Sindh
The heroines of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai's poetry are known as the Eight queens of Sindhi folklore who have been given the status of royalty in Shah Jo Risalo. The Eight Queens are celebrated throughout Sindh for their positive qualities: honesty, integrity, piety and loyalty. They are also valued for their bravery and their willingness to risk their lives in the name of love.
The Seven Queens mentioned in Shah Jo Risalo are Marui, Momal, Sassui, Noori, Sohni, Sorath, and Lila. In his poetry, Shah has alluded in an elaborate way to these characters of Sindhi folktales and used them as metaphors for high spiritual life.
These romantic tales of Bhittai are commonly known as Momal Rano, Umar Marui, Sohni Mehar, Lilan Chanesar, Noori Jam Tamachi, Sassui Punnhun and Sorath Rai Diyach or Seven Queens (ست سورميون) of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai.
Sassui Punnhun and Sohni Mehar aka Sohni Mahiwal in Punjabi are also celebrated in Punjab along with Heer Ranjha and Mirza Sahiban and thus form part of Punjabi traditions. These Ten tragic romances from South Asia (all from present-day Pakistan) have become part of the cultural identity of Pakistan.
Translations
Shah Jo Risalo was first translated into German in 1866 by Ernest Trumpp, a German scholar and missionary who became fascinated by Sindhi language and culture and the jogis and singers who sang Shah Latif’s verses. With the help of Sindhi scholars he compiled a selection of the original verses and called it "Shah Jo Risalo" (the message of Shah). It was first translated in English by Elsa Kazi, the wife of Allama I. I. Kazi, who translated selections of Shah Jo Risalo into English prose. Later in 1940, Dr H.T. Sorley, an English scholar learned Sindhi, and published selections from the Risalo by the Oxford University Press entitled "Shah Abdul Latif of Bhit: His Poetry, Life and Times: A Study of Literary, Social and Economic Conditions in Eighteenth Century Sind".
The most recent work (1994) of translation of Risalo into English is that of Amena Khamisani, a professor in English Literature at the Sindh University. Shaikh Ayaz, the famous Sindhi poet, translated Risalo into Urdu. Risalo is also translated in Punjabi by Kartar Singh Arsh and more recently a French translation was also undertaken by Cultural department of Sindh. Part of Risalo is also translated in Arabic.
There is one more translation of Shah Abdul Latif by name "Seeking The Beloved" translated by Hari Daryani 'Dilgir', a noted Sindhi poet and Anju Makhija. This book was honoured with Sahitya Akademi Award for translation in the year 2011.
See also
Lilan Chanesar
Bhit
Latif Award
References
^ Annemarie Schimmel, Pearls from the Indus:Studies in Sindhi Culture Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan: Sindhi Adabi Board (1986). See pp. 111.
^ "Lila Chanesar: Sindhi Literature: Shah Jo Risalo: Shah Latif: Historic Romance: Sindhi Love Story". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
^ "Sassui Punnun". Archived from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
^ "Love Legends In History of Punjab". punjabiworld.com.
^ Sheikh Ayaz (2016). Risala Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai.
^ "Sahitya Akademi Translation Awards (1989 - 2022) - ENGLISH". August 2023.
External links
Shah Jo Risalo — Full text in Sindhi Language
Shah Jo Risalo Multilingual Android App
Shah Jo Risalo Multilingual IOS App
Bhittaipedia, complete Anthology based on Shah Jo Risalo
Shah Jo Risalo - The Selection, translated by: Elsa Kazi into English
Official Fan Page of Shah Jo Risalo at Facebook in various languages
Shah Jo Risalo Full text in e-book/PDF format
Shah Jo Risalo: Punjabi Translation of Selected verses
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Part of Risalo is also translated in Arabic.\nThere is one more translation of Shah Abdul Latif by name \"Seeking The Beloved\" translated by Hari Daryani 'Dilgir', a noted Sindhi poet and Anju Makhija. This book was honoured with Sahitya Akademi Award for translation in the year 2011.[6]","title":"Translations"}] | [] | [{"title":"Lilan Chanesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilan_Chanesar"},{"title":"Bhit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhit"},{"title":"Latif Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latif_Award"}] | [{"reference":"\"Lila Chanesar: Sindhi Literature: Shah Jo Risalo: Shah Latif: Historic Romance: Sindhi Love Story\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. 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Risala Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/risala-shah-abdul-latif-bhitai","url_text":"Risala Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai"}]},{"reference":"\"Sahitya Akademi Translation Awards (1989 - 2022) - ENGLISH\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachicola_Regional_Airport | Apalachicola Regional Airport | ["1 History","2 Facilities and aircraft","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 29°43′39″N 85°01′39″W / 29.72750°N 85.02750°W / 29.72750; -85.02750Airport in Franklin County, Florida
"KAAF" redirects here. For arabic letter kāf, see Kaph § Arabic kāf.
Apalachicola Regional Airport(former Apalachicola AAF)USGS 2006 orthophotoIATA: AAFICAO: KAAFFAA LID: AAFWMO: 72220SummaryAirport typePublicOwnerFranklin CountyServesApalachicola, FloridaElevation AMSL20 ft / 6 mCoordinates29°43′39″N 85°01′39″W / 29.72750°N 85.02750°W / 29.72750; -85.02750MapAAFLocation of airport in FloridaShow map of FloridaAAFAAF (the United States)Show map of the United StatesRunways
Direction
Length
Surface
ft
m
06/24
5,271
1,607
Concrete
14/32
5,425
1,654
Concrete
18/36
5,251
1,601
Concrete
Statistics (2018)Aircraft operations24,375Based aircraft10Source: Federal Aviation Administration
Apalachicola Regional Airport (IATA: AAF, ICAO: KAAF, FAA LID: AAF) is a county-owned, public-use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) west of the central business district of Apalachicola, a city in Franklin County, Florida, United States. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility. It was previously known as Apalachicola Municipal Airport. The airport supports general aviation activity in the area and provides service via a tenant fixed-base operator (FBO).
History
The current airport was originally constructed in 1939 by the U.S. Army Air Corps. Expanded in February 1942, Apalachicola Army Airfield became a sub base of Tyndall Field, the present day Tyndall Air Force Base. Apalachicola AAF's mission was to support the operations of the Training Command Flexible Gunnery School under the 2136th Army Air Forces Base Unit, and as a sub-base and auxiliary airfield for Tyndall. The Army Airfield was inactivated at the end of World War II on September 30, 1945, and turned over to Army Corps of Engineers on February 2, 1947, as excess. Eventually discharged to the War Assets Administration (WAA), it was deeded to municipality of Apalachicola and became a civil airport.
On March 15, 1964, a pilot with the U.S. Navy's Flight Demonstration Squadron, the Blue Angels, was killed during an attempted emergency landing at Apalachicola Municipal Airport when his F-11A Tiger experienced engine difficulties while transiting from West Palm Beach, Florida, back to the Blue Angels' home base at NAS Pensacola, Florida. LT George L. Neale, USN, age 29, who flew in the Number Four slot position of the diamond formation, was returning from a demonstration at West Palm Beach with one other of the six team jets and an R5D Skymaster support plane when he radioed Tyndall Air Force Base, near Panama City, Florida, that he was declaring an emergency and requesting permission to land at Tyndall AFB when he suffered engine mechanical problems south of Apalachicola. Spotting the Apalachicola Airport, he attempted a landing there, ejecting on final approach at 1115 hrs. as the fighter came down ~250 yards short of the runway. Although he cleared the airframe at ~150–200 feet altitude, his chute did not have sufficient time to deploy and he was killed. He was survived by his wife Donna, of Pensacola, Florida, and his mother, Mrs. Katherine Neale, of Avalon, Pennsylvania. Official Navy press reports at the time said that the cause of the mishap was being investigated.
Facilities and aircraft
Apalachicola Regional Airport covers an area of 1,100 acres (445 ha) at an elevation of 20 feet (6 m) above mean sea level. It has three runways (06/24, 14/32, 18/36) each of which has a concrete surface: 6/24 is 5,271 feet x 150 feet, 14/32 is 5,425 x 150, and 18/36 is 5,251 x 150.
For the 12-month period ending April 3, 2018, the airport had 24,375 aircraft operations, an average of 67 per day: 95% general aviation, 5% air taxi, and <1% military. At that time there were 10 aircraft based at this airport: 10 single-engine.
See also
Aviation portal
Florida World War II Army Airfields
List of airports in Florida
75th Flying Training Wing (World War II)
References
^ a b c d FAA Airport Form 5010 for AAF PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. Effective August 10, 2023.
^
"2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A" (PDF). National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems. Federal Aviation Administration. October 4, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF, 2.03 MB) on 2012-09-27.
^ "Apalachicola Municipal Airport" (PDF). Florida Aviation System Plan (FASP). April 2005.
^ This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
^ Manning, Thomas A. (2005), History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002. Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas OCLC 71006954, 29991467
^ Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), Locating Air Force Base Sites, History’s Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC. OCLC 57007862, 1050653629
^ Basham, Dusty, "Blue Angel Pilot Killed – Jet Fighter Falls Near Apalachicola", Playground Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, Florida, March 16, 1964, Volume 18, Number 27, pp. 1, 2.
External links
"Apalachicola Regional Airport". brochure from CFASPP
Aerial image as of January 1999 from USGS The National Map
FAA Terminal Procedures for AAF, effective June 13, 2024
Resources for this airport:
FAA airport information for AAF
AirNav airport information for KAAF
ASN accident history for AAF
FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures
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Tampa Bay Executive | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaph § Arabic kāf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaph#Arabic_k%C4%81f"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Apalachicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachicola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Franklin County, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Plan_of_Integrated_Airport_Systems"},{"link_name":"categorized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA_airport_categories"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"fixed-base operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-base_operator"}],"text":"Airport in Franklin County, Florida\"KAAF\" redirects here. For arabic letter kāf, see Kaph § Arabic kāf.Apalachicola Regional Airport (IATA: AAF, ICAO: KAAF, FAA LID: AAF) is a county-owned, public-use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) west of the central business district of Apalachicola, a city in Franklin County, Florida, United States.[1] It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.[2] It was previously known as Apalachicola Municipal Airport.[3] The airport supports general aviation activity in the area and provides service via a tenant fixed-base operator (FBO).","title":"Apalachicola Regional Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"Tyndall Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndall_AFB"},{"link_name":"Tyndall Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndall_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"F-11A Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-11_Tiger"},{"link_name":"West Palm Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Palm_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"NAS Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Pensacola"},{"link_name":"R5D Skymaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R5D_Skymaster"},{"link_name":"Tyndall Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndall_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Panama City, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Avalon, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The current airport was originally constructed in 1939 by the U.S. Army Air Corps. Expanded in February 1942, Apalachicola Army Airfield became a sub base of Tyndall Field, the present day Tyndall Air Force Base. Apalachicola AAF's mission was to support the operations of the Training Command Flexible Gunnery School under the 2136th Army Air Forces Base Unit, and as a sub-base and auxiliary airfield for Tyndall. The Army Airfield was inactivated at the end of World War II on September 30, 1945, and turned over to Army Corps of Engineers on February 2, 1947, as excess. Eventually discharged to the War Assets Administration (WAA), it was deeded to municipality of Apalachicola and became a civil airport.[4][5][6]On March 15, 1964, a pilot with the U.S. Navy's Flight Demonstration Squadron, the Blue Angels, was killed during an attempted emergency landing at Apalachicola Municipal Airport when his F-11A Tiger experienced engine difficulties while transiting from West Palm Beach, Florida, back to the Blue Angels' home base at NAS Pensacola, Florida. LT George L. 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Official Navy press reports at the time said that the cause of the mishap was being investigated.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre"},{"link_name":"ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"runways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"air taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_taxi"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aviation"},{"link_name":"engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"}],"text":"Apalachicola Regional Airport covers an area of 1,100 acres (445 ha) at an elevation of 20 feet (6 m) above mean sea level. It has three runways (06/24, 14/32, 18/36) each of which has a concrete surface: 6/24 is 5,271 feet x 150 feet, 14/32 is 5,425 x 150, and 18/36 is 5,251 x 150. [1]For the 12-month period ending April 3, 2018, the airport had 24,375 aircraft operations, an average of 67 per day: 95% general aviation, 5% air taxi, and <1% military. At that time there were 10 aircraft based at this airport: 10 single-engine.[1]","title":"Facilities and aircraft"}] | [] | [{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"Florida World War II Army Airfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_World_War_II_Army_Airfields"},{"title":"List of airports in Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Florida"},{"title":"75th Flying Training Wing (World War II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Flying_Training_Wing_(World_War_II)"}] | [{"reference":"\"2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamism_of_a_Dog_on_a_Leash | Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash | ["1 Description and context","2 Provenance","3 Critical responses","4 Influence outside art","5 See also","6 References"] | 1912 painting by Giacomo Balla
Dynamism of a Dog on a LeashItalian: Dinamismo di un cane al guinzaglioArtistGiacomo BallaYear1912 (1912)Mediumoil on canvasSubjectA dog on a leashDimensions89.8 cm × 109.8 cm (35.4 in × 43.2 in)LocationBuffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo
Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash (Italian: Dinamismo di un cane al guinzaglio), sometimes called Dog on a Leash or Leash in Motion, is a 1912 oil painting by Italian Futurist painter Giacomo Balla. It was influenced by the artist's fascination with chronophotographic studies of animals in motion. It is considered one of his best-known works, and one of the most important works in Futurism, though it received mixed critical reviews. The painting has been in the collection of the Albright–Knox Art Gallery since 1984.
Description and context
The painting depicts a dachshund on a leash and the feet of a lady walking it, both in rapid motion as indicated by the blurring and multiplication of their parts.
Chronophotographic studies of animals in motion, created by scientist Étienne-Jules Marey beginning in the 1880s, led to the introduction in painting of techniques to show motion, such as blurring, multiplication, and superimposition of body parts—perhaps in an effort to imitate these mechanical images. Such multiplication can be seen in Marcel Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, painted the same year as Balla's painting.
Balla's interest in capturing a single moment in a series of planes was inspired by his fascination with chronophotography. In later, more abstract works created during World War I, Balla used planes of color to suggest movement.
The decomposition of movement into moments in time which Balla created in Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash likely inspired the photodynamic technique of Futurist photographer Anton Giulio Bragaglia.
Published in Arthur Jerome Eddy, Cubists and Post-impressionism, A.C. McClurg & Co. Chicago, 1914, p. 165
Provenance
The painting was exhibited in the Galerie Der Sturm's Autumn Salon in Berlin from September to December 1913, accompanied by a photograph of the scene. It was sold by the artist in 1938 to the industrialist Anson Conger Goodyear. Upon his death in 1964, Goodyear bequeathed the painting jointly to his son, George F. Goodyear, with a life interest, and to the Albright–Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York. The gallery acquired the painting in December 1984.
Critical responses
In 1943, artist Cornelia Geer LeBoutillier criticized the painting, comparing it unfavorably with Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase (a work with which it is often compared) and Picasso's Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, calling Balla's work "more crude, less mature, almost childish indeed ... Balla takes himself and his dog so seriously, so studiedly, that it is doubtful that any pleasure has ever come out of it anywhere; certainly no movement has." Writing in 1947, critic Henry R. Hope called Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash "a cliché of modern art". Writer Geoffrey Wagner declared Balla's painting to be anathema to the Vorticist aesthetic of British painter Wyndham Lewis, who criticized Futurism for its "romantic excess" and dynamism. However, S. I. Hayakawa credited Balla's "classic" for its introduction of the time dimension in its representation of its subject.
In 2009, art critic Tom Lubbock declared the painting "one of the most striking" chronophotography-inspired works, pointing to several features which create a comical effect: the "abrupt close-up" on a trivial subject—a "twee prim sausage dog"—which might have been a single detail in an Impressionist street scene; the bathetic juxtaposition of the word dynamism, "with its connotations of heroism, of the mighty modern machine world" against that subject; the cropping of the owner at the knee, giving a dog's view (and anticipating Tom and Jerry cartoons); and the apparently frenetic motion of the dog's limbs and tail coupled with the stillness of its body, suggesting little forward progress. Lubbock describes Balla's motion effects as "creating new sensations and new phenomena", and evoking the motion of shuffling cards and the embodiment of ghosts.
In 2014, art critic Robert C. Morgan declared Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, along with Gino Severini's paintings Blue Dancer and Dynamic Hieroglyphic of the Bal Tabarin, to be "probably the most elegant and accurate works ever painted in the Futurist tradition." He credits these works with "moving status into kinesis, stillness into motion, and thus giving life to culture, bringing it back from the bucolic ornaments of the 19th century."
Influence outside art
A 2002 research paper on machine vision by computer scientists Roman Goldenberg, Ron Kimmel, Ehud Rivlin, and Michael Rudzsky used Futurism's techniques of motion, as embodied by Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, to illustrate the mathematical representation of periodic motion using a small number of eigenshapes.
See also
List of works by Giacomo Balla
References
^ a b c d "Dinamismo di un cane al Guinzaglio, 1912". Albright-Knox Art Gallery. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
^ a b c Hayakawa, S. I. (Summer 1947). "The Revision of Vision: A Note on the Semantics of Modern Art". ETC: A Review of General Semantics. 4 (4): 258–267. JSTOR 42581524.
^ Greer, Thomas H. (January 1969). Music and its Relation to Futurism, Cubism, Dadaism, and Surrealism: 1905 to 1950 (PDF) (PhD dissertation). North Texas State University. p. 16. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h Lubbock, Tom (3 September 2009). "Great Works: Dynamism of A Dog on a Leash (1912) Giacomo Balla". The Independent. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
^ a b c d "Important Art and Artists of Futurism". The Art Story. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
^ a b "Giacomo Balla". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
^ a b LeBoutillier, Cornelia Geer (Fall 1943). "Art as Communication" (PDF). Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 2 (8): 75–84. doi:10.1111/1540_6245.jaac2.8.0076. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ a b Hope, Henry R. (Winter 1947–48). "Black Magic and Modern Art". College Art Journal. 7 (2): 116–120. doi:10.2307/772677. JSTOR 772677. S2CID 194136065.
^ a b c Wagner, Geoffrey (September 1954). "Wyndham Lewis and the Vorticist Aesthetic". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 13 (1): 11. doi:10.2307/427013. JSTOR 427013.
^ a b Morgan, Robert C. (14 March 2014). "Italian Futurism, or the Lessons of Art and Politics". Hyperallergic. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ Bossaglia, Rossana (1990). Astrattismo (in Italian). Giunti Editore. p. 19. ISBN 9788809761476. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ Arthur Jerome Eddy, Cubists and Post-impressionism, A.C. McClurg & Co. Chicago, 1914
^ Berghaus, Günter (21 May 2014). International Yearbook of Futurism Studies 2014. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 312. ISBN 9783110334104. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ Caws, Mary Ann (1 December 2000). Manifesto: A Century of Isms. Bison Books. p. xxx. ISBN 9780803264236. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ Goldenberg, Roman; Kimmel, Ron; Rivlin, Ehud; Rudzsky, Michael (May 2002). "'Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash' or Behavior Classification by Eigen-decomposition of Periodic Motions" (PDF). Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision: 461–475. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-11. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
vteGiacomo BallaList of worksPaintings
Street Light (1909)
Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash (1912)
The Hand of the Violinist (1912)
Girl Running on a Balcony (1912)
Abstract Speed + Sound (1913-14)
Mercury Passing Before the Sun (1914)
Painting series
Iridescent Interpenetration (1912-1914)
Related
Futurism
vteFuturismItalian Futurists
Giacomo Balla (list of works)
"Barbara"
Umberto Boccioni
Anton Bragaglia
Benedetta Cappa
Carlo Carrà
Franco Casavola
Nikolay Diulgheroff
Luigi De Giudici
F. T. Marinetti
Marisa Mori
Bruno Munari
Aldo Palazzeschi
Ugo Piatti
Francesco Balilla Pratella
Antonio Russolo
Luigi Russolo
Antonio Sant'Elia
Gino Severini
Ardengo Soffici
Ego-Futurists
Graal Arelsky
Vasilisk Gnedov
Boris Gusman
Georgy Ivanov
Igor Severyanin
Dmitri Kryuchkov
Konstantin Olimpov
Rurik Ivnev
Pavel Shirokov
Russian Futurists andCubo-Futurists
Alexander Archipenko
Nikolai Aseev
Vladimir Baranoff-Rossine
Lilya Brik
Osip Brik
Alexander Bogomazov
Kseniya Boguslavskaya
David Burliuk
Vladimir Burliuk
Joseph Chaikov
Aleksandra Ekster
Nina Genke-Meller
Natalia Goncharova
Elena Guro
Vasily Kamensky
Velimir Khlebnikov
Ivan Kliun
Aleksei Kruchyonykh
Nikolai Kulbin
Mikhail Larionov
Aristarkh Lentulov
El Lissitzky
Benedikt Livshits
Kazimir Malevich
Mikhail Matyushin
Vladimir Mayakovsky
Boris Pasternak
Victor Palmov
Lyubov Popova
Ivan Puni
Olga Rozanova
Vadim Shershenevich
Nadezhda Udaltsova
Ilia Zdanevich (Iliazd)
Aeropittura
Giacomo Balla
"Barbara"
Benedetta Cappa
Giuseppe Caselli
Tullio Crali
Fortunato Depero
Gerardo Dottori
Fillìa
Sante Monachesi
Marisa Mori
Enrico Prampolini
Other Futurists
Alice Bailly
Mina Loy
José de Almada Negreiros
C. R. W. Nevinson
Emilio Pettoruti
Valentine de Saint-Point
Jules Schmalzigaug
Mykhaylo Semenko
Amadeo de Souza Cardoso
Frances Simpson Stevens
Mary Swanzy
Růžena Zátková
Techniques, sub-genresand inventions
Anti-neutral suit
Intonarumori
Italian futurism in cinema
Futurist architecture
Futurist cooking
Futurist literature
Futurist music
Noise music
Zaum
Selected output
Abstract Speed + Sound
Antigrazioso
The Art of Noises
BÏF§ZF+18
The City Rises
Cyclist
Development of a Bottle in Space
Drama in the Futurists' Cabaret No. 13
Dyr bul shchyl
Dynamism of a Car
Dynamism of a Cyclist
Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash
Dynamism of a Human Body: Boxer
Dynamism of a Soccer Player
Dynamism of a Speeding Horse + Houses
Futurist Painting: Technical Manifesto
The Knifegrinder
Girl Running on a Balcony
The Hand of the Violinist
Lacerba
Manifesto of Futurism
Manifesto of Futurist Musicians
Mercury Passing Before the Sun
The Poem of the End
Poesia
The Street Enters the House
The Street Light
Thaïs
Tango with Cows
Unique Forms of Continuity in Space
Universal War
Victory over the Sun
Vladimir Mayakovsky
Zangezi
Zang Tumb Tumb
Associated people
Luisa, Marchesa Casati
Gabriele D'Annunzio
Sergei Diaghilev
Benito Mussolini
Wyndham Lewis
Léonide Massine
Igor Stravinsky
Groups influenced
Agitprop
Agit-train
Constructivism
Dadaism
Donkey's Tail
Grosvenor School
Jack of Diamonds
Neo-Primitivism
Oberiu
Panfuturism
Precisionism
Rayonism
Soyuz Molodyozhi
Suprematism
Supremus
Vorticism
See also
0,10 Exhibition
5x5=25
Cubism
Divisionism
Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art
Le Chahut
Pointillism
Primitivism
Robert René Meyer-Sée
Russian avant-garde
Russian Ballet
Sackville Gallery
Ukrainian avant-garde
Verbovka Village Folk Centre
Zveno (art) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayakawa-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greer-3"},{"link_name":"Futurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Balla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Balla"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lubbock-4"},{"link_name":"chronophotographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronophotography"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lubbock-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art_story-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brittanica-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art_story-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lubbock-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeBoutillier-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hope-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wagner-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morgan-10"},{"link_name":"Albright–Knox Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albright%E2%80%93Knox_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AK-1"}],"text":"1912 painting by Giacomo BallaDynamism of a Dog on a Leash (Italian: Dinamismo di un cane al guinzaglio), sometimes called Dog on a Leash[2] or Leash in Motion,[3] is a 1912 oil painting by Italian Futurist painter Giacomo Balla.[4] It was influenced by the artist's fascination with chronophotographic studies of animals in motion.[4][5] It is considered one of his best-known works,[6] and one of the most important works in Futurism,[5] though it received mixed critical reviews.[4][7][8][9][10] The painting has been in the collection of the Albright–Knox Art Gallery since 1984.[1]","title":"Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dachshund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachshund"},{"link_name":"leash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leash"},{"link_name":"blurring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_blur"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lubbock-4"},{"link_name":"Étienne-Jules Marey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Jules_Marey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lubbock-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art_story-5"},{"link_name":"Marcel Duchamp's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp"},{"link_name":"Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lubbock-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art_story-5"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brittanica-6"},{"link_name":"Anton Giulio Bragaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Giulio_Bragaglia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bossaglia-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giacomo_Balla,_1912,_Dinamismo_di_un_Cane_al_Guinzaglio_(Dynamism_of_a_Dog_on_a_Leash),_Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arthur Jerome Eddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Jerome_Eddy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The painting depicts a dachshund on a leash and the feet of a lady walking it, both in rapid motion as indicated by the blurring and multiplication of their parts.[4]Chronophotographic studies of animals in motion, created by scientist Étienne-Jules Marey beginning in the 1880s, led to the introduction in painting of techniques to show motion, such as blurring, multiplication, and superimposition of body parts—perhaps in an effort to imitate these mechanical images.[4][5] Such multiplication can be seen in Marcel Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, painted the same year as Balla's painting.[4]Balla's interest in capturing a single moment in a series of planes was inspired by his fascination with chronophotography.[5] In later, more abstract works created during World War I, Balla used planes of color to suggest movement.[6]The decomposition of movement into moments in time which Balla created in Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash likely inspired the photodynamic technique of Futurist photographer Anton Giulio Bragaglia.[11]Published in Arthur Jerome Eddy, Cubists and Post-impressionism, A.C. McClurg & Co. Chicago, 1914, p. 165[12]","title":"Description and context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galerie Der Sturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Der_Sturm"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berghaus-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caws-14"},{"link_name":"Anson Conger Goodyear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anson_Goodyear"},{"link_name":"life interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_interest"},{"link_name":"Albright–Knox Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albright%E2%80%93Knox_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AK-1"}],"text":"The painting was exhibited in the Galerie Der Sturm's Autumn Salon in Berlin from September to December 1913, accompanied by a photograph of the scene.[13][14] It was sold by the artist in 1938 to the industrialist Anson Conger Goodyear. Upon his death in 1964, Goodyear bequeathed the painting jointly to his son, George F. Goodyear, with a life interest, and to the Albright–Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York. The gallery acquired the painting in December 1984.[1]","title":"Provenance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nude Descending a Staircase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lubbock-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayakawa-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wagner-9"},{"link_name":"Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Daniel-Henry_Kahnweiler"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeBoutillier-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hope-8"},{"link_name":"Vorticist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticism"},{"link_name":"Wyndham Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wagner-9"},{"link_name":"S. I. Hayakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._I._Hayakawa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayakawa-2"},{"link_name":"Impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"bathetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bathetic"},{"link_name":"Tom and Jerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry"},{"link_name":"shuffling cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuffling"},{"link_name":"ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lubbock-4"},{"link_name":"Robert C. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Morgan"},{"link_name":"Gino Severini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Severini"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morgan-10"}],"text":"In 1943, artist Cornelia Geer LeBoutillier criticized the painting, comparing it unfavorably with Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase (a work with which it is often compared[4][2][9]) and Picasso's Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, calling Balla's work \"more crude, less mature, almost childish indeed ... Balla takes himself and his dog so seriously, so studiedly, that it is doubtful that any pleasure has ever come out of it anywhere; certainly no movement has.\"[7] Writing in 1947, critic Henry R. Hope called Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash \"a cliché of modern art\".[8] Writer Geoffrey Wagner declared Balla's painting to be anathema to the Vorticist aesthetic of British painter Wyndham Lewis, who criticized Futurism for its \"romantic excess\" and dynamism.[9] However, S. I. Hayakawa credited Balla's \"classic\" for its introduction of the time dimension in its representation of its subject.[2]In 2009, art critic Tom Lubbock declared the painting \"one of the most striking\" chronophotography-inspired works, pointing to several features which create a comical effect: the \"abrupt close-up\" on a trivial subject—a \"twee prim sausage dog\"—which might have been a single detail in an Impressionist street scene; the bathetic juxtaposition of the word dynamism, \"with its connotations of heroism, of the mighty modern machine world\" against that subject; the cropping of the owner at the knee, giving a dog's view (and anticipating Tom and Jerry cartoons); and the apparently frenetic motion of the dog's limbs and tail coupled with the stillness of its body, suggesting little forward progress. Lubbock describes Balla's motion effects as \"creating new sensations and new phenomena\", and evoking the motion of shuffling cards and the embodiment of ghosts.[4]In 2014, art critic Robert C. Morgan declared Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, along with Gino Severini's paintings Blue Dancer and Dynamic Hieroglyphic of the Bal Tabarin, to be \"probably the most elegant and accurate works ever painted in the Futurist tradition.\" He credits these works with \"moving status into kinesis, stillness into motion, and thus giving life to culture, bringing it back from the bucolic ornaments of the 19th century.\"[10]","title":"Critical responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"machine vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_vision"},{"link_name":"computer scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"Ron Kimmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Kimmel"},{"link_name":"periodic motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_motion"},{"link_name":"eigenshapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldenberg-15"}],"text":"A 2002 research paper on machine vision by computer scientists Roman Goldenberg, Ron Kimmel, Ehud Rivlin, and Michael Rudzsky used Futurism's techniques of motion, as embodied by Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, to illustrate the mathematical representation of periodic motion using a small number of eigenshapes.[15]","title":"Influence outside art"}] | [{"image_text":"Published in Arthur Jerome Eddy, Cubists and Post-impressionism, A.C. McClurg & Co. Chicago, 1914, p. 165[12]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/40/Giacomo_Balla%2C_1912%2C_Dinamismo_di_un_Cane_al_Guinzaglio_%28Dynamism_of_a_Dog_on_a_Leash%29%2C_Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery.jpg/220px-Giacomo_Balla%2C_1912%2C_Dinamismo_di_un_Cane_al_Guinzaglio_%28Dynamism_of_a_Dog_on_a_Leash%29%2C_Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of works by Giacomo Balla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Giacomo_Balla"}] | [{"reference":"\"Dinamismo di un cane al Guinzaglio, 1912\". Albright-Knox Art Gallery. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.albrightknox.org/artworks/196416-dinamismo-di-un-cane-al-guinzaglio-dynamism-dog-leash","url_text":"\"Dinamismo di un cane al Guinzaglio, 1912\""}]},{"reference":"Hayakawa, S. I. (Summer 1947). \"The Revision of Vision: A Note on the Semantics of Modern Art\". ETC: A Review of General Semantics. 4 (4): 258–267. JSTOR 42581524.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._I._Hayakawa","url_text":"Hayakawa, S. I."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42581524","url_text":"42581524"}]},{"reference":"Greer, Thomas H. (January 1969). Music and its Relation to Futurism, Cubism, Dadaism, and Surrealism: 1905 to 1950 (PDF) (PhD dissertation). North Texas State University. p. 16. Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504559/m2/1/high_res_d/1002772384-Greer.pdf","url_text":"Music and its Relation to Futurism, Cubism, Dadaism, and Surrealism: 1905 to 1950"}]},{"reference":"Lubbock, Tom (3 September 2009). \"Great Works: Dynamism of A Dog on a Leash (1912) Giacomo Balla\". The Independent. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/great-works-dynamism-of-a-dog-on-a-leash-1912-giacomo-balla-1781174.html","url_text":"\"Great Works: Dynamism of A Dog on a Leash (1912) Giacomo Balla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Important Art and Artists of Futurism\". The Art Story. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theartstory.org/movement-futurism-artworks.htm","url_text":"\"Important Art and Artists of Futurism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Giacomo Balla\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giacomo-Balla#ref106649","url_text":"\"Giacomo Balla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"LeBoutillier, Cornelia Geer (Fall 1943). \"Art as Communication\" (PDF). Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 2 (8): 75–84. doi:10.1111/1540_6245.jaac2.8.0076. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160806170819/http://libarch.nmu.org.ua/bitstream/handle/GenofondUA/19013/e773bdc66ca18d80fce3395516c74624.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"\"Art as Communication\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1540_6245.jaac2.8.0076","url_text":"10.1111/1540_6245.jaac2.8.0076"},{"url":"http://libarch.nmu.org.ua/bitstream/handle/GenofondUA/19013/e773bdc66ca18d80fce3395516c74624.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hope, Henry R. (Winter 1947–48). \"Black Magic and Modern Art\". College Art Journal. 7 (2): 116–120. doi:10.2307/772677. JSTOR 772677. S2CID 194136065.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Journal_(College_Art_Association_journal)","url_text":"College Art Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F772677","url_text":"10.2307/772677"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/772677","url_text":"772677"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194136065","url_text":"194136065"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, Geoffrey (September 1954). \"Wyndham Lewis and the Vorticist Aesthetic\". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 13 (1): 11. doi:10.2307/427013. JSTOR 427013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F427013","url_text":"10.2307/427013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/427013","url_text":"427013"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Robert C. (14 March 2014). \"Italian Futurism, or the Lessons of Art and Politics\". Hyperallergic. Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Morgan","url_text":"Morgan, Robert C."},{"url":"http://hyperallergic.com/114611/italian-futurism-or-the-lessons-of-art-and-politics/","url_text":"\"Italian Futurism, or the Lessons of Art and Politics\""}]},{"reference":"Bossaglia, Rossana (1990). Astrattismo (in Italian). Giunti Editore. p. 19. ISBN 9788809761476. Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E6q3McWxMuEC","url_text":"Astrattismo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788809761476","url_text":"9788809761476"}]},{"reference":"Berghaus, Günter (21 May 2014). International Yearbook of Futurism Studies 2014. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 312. ISBN 9783110334104. Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nQPpBQAAQBAJ","url_text":"International Yearbook of Futurism Studies 2014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110334104","url_text":"9783110334104"}]},{"reference":"Caws, Mary Ann (1 December 2000). Manifesto: A Century of Isms. Bison Books. p. xxx. ISBN 9780803264236. Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lKONAETXi-kC","url_text":"Manifesto: A Century of Isms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_Books","url_text":"Bison Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803264236","url_text":"9780803264236"}]},{"reference":"Goldenberg, Roman; Kimmel, Ron; Rivlin, Ehud; Rudzsky, Michael (May 2002). \"'Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash' or Behavior Classification by Eigen-decomposition of Periodic Motions\" (PDF). Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision: 461–475. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-11. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160911135055/http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/people/romang/online-publications/mobacl_ECCV.pdf","url_text":"\"'Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash' or Behavior Classification by Eigen-decomposition of Periodic Motions\""},{"url":"http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/people/romang/online-publications/mobacl_ECCV.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.albrightknox.org/artworks/196416-dinamismo-di-un-cane-al-guinzaglio-dynamism-dog-leash","external_links_name":"\"Dinamismo di un cane al Guinzaglio, 1912\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42581524","external_links_name":"42581524"},{"Link":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504559/m2/1/high_res_d/1002772384-Greer.pdf","external_links_name":"Music and its Relation to Futurism, Cubism, Dadaism, and Surrealism: 1905 to 1950"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/great-works-dynamism-of-a-dog-on-a-leash-1912-giacomo-balla-1781174.html","external_links_name":"\"Great Works: Dynamism of A Dog on a Leash (1912) Giacomo Balla\""},{"Link":"http://www.theartstory.org/movement-futurism-artworks.htm","external_links_name":"\"Important Art and Artists of Futurism\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giacomo-Balla#ref106649","external_links_name":"\"Giacomo Balla\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160806170819/http://libarch.nmu.org.ua/bitstream/handle/GenofondUA/19013/e773bdc66ca18d80fce3395516c74624.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"\"Art as Communication\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1540_6245.jaac2.8.0076","external_links_name":"10.1111/1540_6245.jaac2.8.0076"},{"Link":"http://libarch.nmu.org.ua/bitstream/handle/GenofondUA/19013/e773bdc66ca18d80fce3395516c74624.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F772677","external_links_name":"10.2307/772677"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/772677","external_links_name":"772677"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194136065","external_links_name":"194136065"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F427013","external_links_name":"10.2307/427013"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/427013","external_links_name":"427013"},{"Link":"http://hyperallergic.com/114611/italian-futurism-or-the-lessons-of-art-and-politics/","external_links_name":"\"Italian Futurism, or the Lessons of Art and Politics\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E6q3McWxMuEC","external_links_name":"Astrattismo"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cubistspostimpre00eddy#page/n218/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Arthur Jerome Eddy, Cubists and Post-impressionism, A.C. McClurg & Co. Chicago, 1914"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nQPpBQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"International Yearbook of Futurism Studies 2014"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lKONAETXi-kC","external_links_name":"Manifesto: A Century of Isms"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160911135055/http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/people/romang/online-publications/mobacl_ECCV.pdf","external_links_name":"\"'Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash' or Behavior Classification by Eigen-decomposition of Periodic Motions\""},{"Link":"http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/people/romang/online-publications/mobacl_ECCV.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihiro_%C5%8Chata | Akihiro Ohata | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Japanese politician
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Akihiro Ohata大畠 章宏Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and TourismIn office14 January 2011 – 2 September 2011Prime MinisterNaoto KanPreceded bySumio MabuchiSucceeded byTakeshi MaedaMinister of Economy, Trade and IndustryIn office17 September 2010 – 14 January 2011Prime MinisterYukio HatoyamaNaoto KanPreceded byMasayuki NaoshimaSucceeded byBanri Kaieda
Personal detailsBorn (1947-10-05) 5 October 1947 (age 76)Jōhoku, Ibaraki, JapanPolitical partyDemocratic PartyAlma materTokyo City UniversityWebsiteOfficial website
Akihiro Ohata (大畠 章宏, Ōhata Akihiro, born October 5, 1947) is a Japanese politician of the Democratic Party of Japan, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). A native of Higashiibaraki District, Ibaraki, he attended the Musashi Institute of Technology as both undergraduate and graduate. He was elected to the assembly of Ibaraki Prefecture where he served for one term and then to the House of Representatives for the first time in 1990 as a member of the Japan Socialist Party.
References
政治家情報 〜大畠 章宏〜 . senkyo.janjan.jp/ (in Japanese). JANJAN. Archived from the original on 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
External links
Official website in Japanese.
Political offices
Preceded bySumio Mabuchi
Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism 2011
Succeeded byTakeshi Maeda
Preceded byMasayuki Naoshima
Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry 2010–2011
Succeeded byBanri Kaieda
House of Representatives (Japan)
Preceded byHideaki Okabe
Representative for Ibaraki 5th district 2000–present
Incumbent
New titleintroduction of proportional representation
Representative for the Northern Kantō PR block 1996–2000
Succeeded byN/A
Preceded bySeiroku KajiyamaToyoji ShirochiShunpei Tsukahara
Representative for Ibaraki 2nd district (multi-member) 1990–1996 Served alongside: Seiroku Kajiyama, Shunpei Tsukahara
District eliminated
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Japan
Academics
CiNii
This article about a Japanese politician born in the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiyomi_Tsujimoto_Akihiro_Ohata_Koichi_Watanabe_and_Toshihiko_Sumino_20110705.jpg"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Higashiibaraki District, Ibaraki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashiibaraki_District,_Ibaraki"},{"link_name":"Musashi Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musashi_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Ibaraki Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibaraki_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Socialist_Party"}],"text":"Akihiro Ohata (大畠 章宏, Ōhata Akihiro, born October 5, 1947) is a Japanese politician of the Democratic Party of Japan[needs update], a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). A native of Higashiibaraki District, Ibaraki, he attended the Musashi Institute of Technology as both undergraduate and graduate. He was elected to the assembly of Ibaraki Prefecture where he served for one term and then to the House of Representatives for the first time in 1990 as a member of the Japan Socialist Party.","title":"Akihiro Ohata"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kiyomi_Tsujimoto_Akihiro_Ohata_Koichi_Watanabe_and_Toshihiko_Sumino_20110705.jpg/220px-Kiyomi_Tsujimoto_Akihiro_Ohata_Koichi_Watanabe_and_Toshihiko_Sumino_20110705.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"政治家情報 〜大畠 章宏〜 [Politician information ~Akihiro Ohata~]. senkyo.janjan.jp/ (in Japanese). JANJAN. Archived from the original on 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2007-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/diet/profile/0000/00000042.html","url_text":"政治家情報 〜大畠 章宏〜"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JANJAN","url_text":"JANJAN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071203093739/http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/diet/profile/0000/00000042.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.oohata.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/diet/profile/0000/00000042.html","external_links_name":"政治家情報 〜大畠 章宏〜"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071203093739/http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/diet/profile/0000/00000042.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110202034041/http://oohata.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000399831471","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/295166242","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrgFVJ8wK4pF4yBjpbWXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2013010330","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001123600","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA17812099?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akihiro_Ohata&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Claustre | Françoise Claustre | ["1 Life and career","2 See also","3 References","4 Books","5 External links"] | French archaeologist
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Françoise Claustre" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Françoise ClaustreBorn8 February 1937Disappeared20 April 1974Bardaï, ChadDied3 September 2006Montauriol, Pyrénées-Orientales, FranceNationalityFrenchOccupationArchaeologistKnown forVictim of kidnapping by Chadian rebels
Françoise Claustre (8 February 1937 – 3 September 2006), was a French archaeologist.
Life and career
Claustre was taken hostage by a group of Chadian rebels, led by Hissène Habré, on 20 April 1974, at Bardaï, in the Tibesti Mountains of northern Chad. At the same time, the rebels also seized a German doctor, Christophe Staewen, and Marc Combe, who was an assistant of Claustre's husband, Pierre.
Marc Combe managed to escape and Staewan was released on 11 June 1974, after a ransom had been paid by the West German government.
Military officer Pierre Galopin was sent to negotiate with the rebels on behalf of the French and Chadian Governments, but he was captured by them in August 1974, and executed in April 1975 after the French government refused to exchange him for arms.
Claustre's husband, a senior French development worker, was away on business when the attack on Bardaï took place. He lobbied strongly to get his wife released, and also attempted to intervene himself, but was captured by the rebels in August 1975. Habré then threatened to kill the Claustres unless a large ransom was paid. A sum of 10 million French Francs was paid by the French government, but this was insufficient to secure the release of the hostages.
France then resorted to diplomacy, seeking support from the Libyan leader, Muammar al-Gaddafi. Gaddafi's intervention led to the release of Pierre and Françoise Claustre, in Tripoli, on 1 February 1977.
After her release, Claustre returned to working as an archaeologist in France. In an interview with Paris Match, she said that she wanted to return to anonymity. In 1990, her story was made into a film by Raymond Depardon, La Captive du désert, starring Sandrine Bonnaire. Depardon had also visited the rebels and interviewed Claustre during her captivity. The resulting broadcast had generated considerable public interest, encouraging the subsequent action by the French government.
Claustre, who was born in Paris, died at her home in Montauriol, Pyrénées-Orientales, France, in September 2006, at the age of 69.
See also
List of kidnappings
List of solved missing person cases
References
^ Times, James F. Clarity Special to The New York (1975-09-14). "French Stirred by Chad Captive". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
Books
Combe, Marc (1976). Otage Au Tibesti (in French). Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 978-2-08065-018-4.
External links
"Une des plus longues prises d'otage du XXe siècle". Le Figaro (in French). 5 September 2006. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007.
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Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeology"}],"text":"Françoise Claustre (8 February 1937 – 3 September 2006), was a French archaeologist.","title":"Françoise Claustre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hissène Habré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Bardaï","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barda%C3%AF,_Chad"},{"link_name":"Tibesti Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Christophe Staewen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Staewen"},{"link_name":"Marc Combe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marc_Combe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierre Galopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Galopin"},{"link_name":"French Francs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_franc"},{"link_name":"Muammar al-Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"Paris Match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Match"},{"link_name":"Raymond Depardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Depardon"},{"link_name":"La Captive du désert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Captive_du_d%C3%A9sert"},{"link_name":"Sandrine Bonnaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrine_Bonnaire"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Montauriol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauriol,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales"},{"link_name":"Pyrénées-Orientales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales"}],"text":"Claustre was taken hostage[1] by a group of Chadian rebels, led by Hissène Habré, on 20 April 1974, at Bardaï, in the Tibesti Mountains of northern Chad. At the same time, the rebels also seized a German doctor, Christophe Staewen, and Marc Combe, who was an assistant of Claustre's husband, Pierre.\nMarc Combe managed to escape and Staewan was released on 11 June 1974, after a ransom had been paid by the West German government.Military officer Pierre Galopin was sent to negotiate with the rebels on behalf of the French and Chadian Governments, but he was captured by them in August 1974, and executed in April 1975 after the French government refused to exchange him for arms.Claustre's husband, a senior French development worker, was away on business when the attack on Bardaï took place. He lobbied strongly to get his wife released, and also attempted to intervene himself, but was captured by the rebels in August 1975. Habré then threatened to kill the Claustres unless a large ransom was paid. A sum of 10 million French Francs was paid by the French government, but this was insufficient to secure the release of the hostages.France then resorted to diplomacy, seeking support from the Libyan leader, Muammar al-Gaddafi. Gaddafi's intervention led to the release of Pierre and Françoise Claustre, in Tripoli, on 1 February 1977.After her release, Claustre returned to working as an archaeologist in France. In an interview with Paris Match, she said that she wanted to return to anonymity. In 1990, her story was made into a film by Raymond Depardon, La Captive du désert, starring Sandrine Bonnaire. Depardon had also visited the rebels and interviewed Claustre during her captivity. The resulting broadcast had generated considerable public interest, encouraging the subsequent action by the French government.Claustre, who was born in Paris, died at her home in Montauriol, Pyrénées-Orientales, France, in September 2006, at the age of 69.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flammarion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Flammarion"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-08065-018-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-08065-018-4"}],"text":"Combe, Marc (1976). Otage Au Tibesti (in French). Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 978-2-08065-018-4.","title":"Books"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of kidnappings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kidnappings"},{"title":"List of solved missing person cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solved_missing_person_cases:_pre-2000"}] | [{"reference":"Times, James F. Clarity Special to The New York (1975-09-14). \"French Stirred by Chad Captive\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/14/archives/french-stirred-by-chad-captive-french-are-stirred-by-plight-of.html","url_text":"\"French Stirred by Chad Captive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Combe, Marc (1976). Otage Au Tibesti (in French). Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 978-2-08065-018-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Flammarion","url_text":"Flammarion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-08065-018-4","url_text":"978-2-08065-018-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Une des plus longues prises d'otage du XXe siècle\". Le Figaro (in French). 5 September 2006. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iago_(fish) | Iago (fish) | ["1 Species","2 References"] | Genus of sharks
Iago
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Chondrichthyes
Subclass:
Elasmobranchii
Subdivision:
Selachimorpha
Order:
Carcharhiniformes
Family:
Triakidae
Genus:
IagoL. J. V. Compagno & S. Springer, 1971
Sharks portal
Iago is a genus of houndsharks in the family Triakidae. The name comes from the villain in William Shakespeare´s Othello. Also known as Iago omanensis is a small, placental viviparous shark that is found abundantly in the deep waters of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. It can be found at the depths of 150-1500 meters.
Species
Two recognized extant species are in this genus:
I. garricki Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979 (longnose houndshark)
I. omanensis Norman, 1939 (bigeye houndshark)
References
^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2015). Species of Iago in FishBase. April 2015 version.
Ramirez- Herrejon, JP. (2014). Long term changes in the fish fauna of Lago de Patzcuaro in Central Mexico. Retrieved from
webofknowledge.com
Fishelson, Lev, and Avi Baranes. “Ocular Development in the Oman shark,Iago Omanensis (Triakidae), Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea.” The Anatomical Record., vol. 256, no. 4, publisher not identified, 1999, pp. 389–402, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(19991201)256:4<389::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-L.
Fishelson, Lev, and Avi Baranes. “Morphological and Cytological Ontogenesis of the Ampullae of Lorenzini and Lateral Line Canals in the Oman shark,Iago Omanensis Norman 1939 (Triakidae), from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea.” The Anatomical Record., vol. 252, no. 4, publisher not identified, 1998, pp. 532–45, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199812)252:4<532::AID-AR4>3.0.CO;2-G.
Fishelson, L., et al. “Morphogenesis of the Salt Gland in the Viviparous Oman Shark, Iago Omanensis (Triakidae) from the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea).” Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom., vol. 84, no. 2, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 433–37, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315404009403h.
Taxon identifiersIago
Wikidata: Q621171
Wikispecies: Iago
ADW: Iago
AFD: Iago
BOLD: 97505
CoL: 5383
GBIF: 2418279
iNaturalist: 89046
IRMNG: 1102951
ITIS: 160550
NCBI: 376631
Open Tree of Life: 1037426
Plazi: 3376D46B-7339-DFE7-FDDE-5F5919172D9E
WoRMS: 205317
ZooBank: 4695B835-36A0-4E77-A07D-5004DD1B75A8
This shark-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greyreefsharksmall2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sharks portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sharks"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"houndsharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houndshark"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Othello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello"}],"text":"Sharks portalIago is a genus of houndsharks in the family Triakidae.[1] The name comes from the villain in William Shakespeare´s Othello. Also known as Iago omanensis is a small, placental viviparous shark that is found abundantly in the deep waters of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. It can be found at the depths of 150-1500 meters.","title":"Iago (fish)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I. garricki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longnose_houndshark"},{"link_name":"Fourmanoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fourmanoir"},{"link_name":"Rivaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Rivaton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"I. omanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigeye_houndshark"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roxborough_Norman"}],"text":"Two recognized extant species are in this genus:I. garricki Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979 (longnose houndshark)\nI. omanensis Norman, 1939 (bigeye houndshark)","title":"Species"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Iago","external_links_name":"Species of Iago"},{"Link":"https://apps.webofknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=25&SID=7BdIg8AQLi5uNk8VuJj&page=1&doc=3","external_links_name":"webofknowledge.com"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Iago/","external_links_name":"Iago"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Iago","external_links_name":"Iago"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=97505","external_links_name":"97505"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5383","external_links_name":"5383"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2418279","external_links_name":"2418279"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/89046","external_links_name":"89046"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1102951","external_links_name":"1102951"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=160550","external_links_name":"160550"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=376631","external_links_name":"376631"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1037426","external_links_name":"1037426"},{"Link":"https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3376D46B-7339-DFE7-FDDE-5F5919172D9E","external_links_name":"3376D46B-7339-DFE7-FDDE-5F5919172D9E"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=205317","external_links_name":"205317"},{"Link":"https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/4695B835-36A0-4E77-A07D-5004DD1B75A8","external_links_name":"4695B835-36A0-4E77-A07D-5004DD1B75A8"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iago_(fish)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yoko_Factor | The Yoko Factor | ["1 Plot","2 Critical reception","3 References","4 External links"] | This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
20th episode of the 4th season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer
"The Yoko Factor"Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodeEpisode no.Season 4Episode 20Directed byDavid GrossmanWritten byDoug PetrieProduction code4ABB20Original air dateMay 9, 2000 (2000-05-09)Guest appearances
Amber Benson as Tara Maclay
Leonard Roberts as Forrest Gates
Conor O'Farrell as Colonel McNamara
George Hertzberg as Adam
Emma Caulfield as Anya
David Boreanaz as Angel
Bob Fimiani as Mr. Ward
Jade Carter as Lieutenant
Episode chronology
← Previous"New Moon Rising"
Next →"Primeval"
Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 4List of episodes
"The Yoko Factor" is the 20th episode of season 4 of the television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The episode aired on May 9, 2000 on The WB.
Spike, now allied with the hybrid demon/cyborg monster Adam, gleefully separates the Scoobies from each other: Buffy and Riley have some tension when Angel briefly visits Sunnydale; Xander feels unwanted since he is not in college; Willow thinks the others are hostile toward her romantic relationship with Tara; Giles feels unneeded by the others.
Plot
This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Colonel McNamara discusses with a superior how to get Riley back in the Initiative and how to deal with Buffy. Spike tells Adam that Buffy should not be underestimated. Spike has killed two Slayers (Xin Rong and Nikki Wood), yet is unable to harm Buffy because of the Initiative chip in his head. The two plan to separate Buffy from her Slayerette friends.
Still upset about what happened between her and Angel during her visit to Los Angeles, Buffy returns from L.A. to her empty dorm room. Xander brings Riley some clothes, and they talk about their mutual distaste for Angel, Riley having been told by Buffy about her previous relationship with him. However, it emerges that she has not told him the whole truth; while Riley was aware that Angel lost his soul and became Angelus, Xander tells Riley that having sex with Buffy was the trigger that set Angelus free.
Spike visits Giles at home and offers him files from inside the Initiative. He says that Buffy does not respect her former Watcher anymore, which upsets Giles and causes him to turn to drink. Willow and Tara play with their new kitten, Miss Kitty Fantastico, while planning their class schedule for next year. They also talk about future housing plans, as Willow feels that her friendship with Buffy has become shaky.
Spike convinces Xander that the rest of the gang think he's useless and should join the Army. Riley visits Buffy; using a radio, he is listening to the Initiative's plans. She leaves to seek Adam. In the woods, Buffy encounters Forrest; they argue as they enter a cave and find Adam, who launches a surprise attack. Buffy and Adam fight; Forrest shoots Adam with his stun rifle. However, the voltage energizes Adam, who fatally stabs Forrest with his arm bone skewer. Buffy flees, but trips and strikes her head on a rock, knocking her unconscious.
Meanwhile, having supposedly sneaked into the Initiative to steal information, Spike charges into Giles's place with the disks. Giles is drunk, so Willow tries to decrypt the disks. Spike talks to Willow and Tara about their Wicca interest and how her friends think it is just a passing phase, but Willow takes this to mean their lesbian relationship.
Riley hears of rampaging demon trouble on the streets through his radio. In an alley he finds Angel fighting the commandos, and Riley refuses to let Angel go see Buffy. The two fight, and Angel is clearly the victor. Both run off when a military truck arrives.
Buffy returns to her dorm room and Angel shows up. As Angel speaks with Buffy, Riley barges in and raises a gun to Angel. Angel taunts Riley and the two come to blows again. Buffy separates them and wants to talk to Angel alone. They mutually apologize and part on friendly terms. Riley is worried that Buffy has reunited with Angel, whom he thinks is evil again, or at least "all Mister Billowy Coat King of Pain." They profess their love to each other, but Buffy must give him the bad news that Forrest is dead. Riley is distraught and leaves.
Spike reports back to Adam, happy to have split up the Scooby Gang, and the damage becomes clear when their meeting at Giles's home turns into a fight. While Tara and Anya hide in the bathroom, Buffy scolds Xander for telling Riley details about her and Angel's relationship and argues that she is going to take on Adam alone. Xander complains that his friends do not need him and Willow complains that Buffy does not accept Tara, revealing their relationship, for the first time, to Xander and Giles. While Giles goes to sleep the alcohol off, Buffy leaves, telling her friends that she cannot use them in battle, but does have someone else she can depend on – little realizing that Riley has gone to Adam's lair.
Critical reception
Vox, ranking it at #96 of all 144 episodes on their "Worst to Best" list, writes, "Every so often, Buffy would be like, 'Hey, audience, do you remember that Spike is a villainous, treacherous killer?' and the audience would be like, 'LOL, no!' Then the show would try to remind viewers that Spike was not to be trusted. That's the conceit of this episode, in which season four's Big Bad, Adam, tries to get Spike to turn the Scooby Gang against each other. It doesn’t really work, and the episode flails trying to make it work. At this point, though, Buffy could do these 'time to fight the main villain' episodes in its sleep, and 'Yoko' uses that momentum to its advantage."
Paste Magazine, in a similar list, ranked it at #86 and wrote, "Damned almost as often as it is praised, for me 'The Yoko Factor' lies somewhere in between. It's a clever title, and Spike and Adam's divide-and-conquer strategy is basic, but ingenious... Buffy breaking up the fight between Riley and Angel was funny... This is also the first appearance of Miss Kitty Fantastico..."
A commenter for Critically Touched Reviews praised "the successful payoff we've been waiting for all season," an "extremely well acted" and "potent" argument scene at the end, and "great characterization;" he described some scenes as "very funny and well-written" and "simply wonderful."
Noel Murray of The A.V. Club, whose "Community Grade" gave the episode an A−, wrote, "The first fifteen minutes of The Yoko Factor is like the Inglourious Basterds of Buffy episodes, offering six long, winding, evenly paced conversations, punctuated by a quiet interlude and a kitschy-but-oddly-moving musical number... he episode is always at its strongest when people are just talking to each other, either because they're enjoying each other's company or trying to figure out each other out . It's nice, for example, that... writer Doug Petrie found time to show Willow and Tara talking about their plans for sophomore year, while playing with the cutest kitten ever born." While he thought "this crossover seemed a little forced," he also "felt like all the extended chatter in The Yoko Factor rang essentially true."
Two reviewers for the BBC Buffy review pages said, "This what we've been waiting for. No, not the culmination of the Initiative plot. Riley vs Angel: mano a vampo. The five star celebrity un-death match... It's all great fun" and "A very cunning and different episode from Doug Petrie. Yes, Adam may still be a bit pants as a villain, but it's great seeing him and Spike plan to destroy Buffy by making her friends fight. Suddenly, all the little quirks of this season - Xander's jobs, Giles's drinking, Tara and Willow - all come together in a big, messy splat of a squabble. Magnificent stuff. It's also really great seeing Angel back in Buffy - even if it is just to see him pummelling and smirking at Riley."
References
^ a b Petrie, Doug (May 12, 2000). "04x20 - The Yoko Factor". Forever Dreaming. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
^ VanDerWerff, Emily (March 10, 2017). "In honor of Buffy's 20th anniversary, we ranked it from worst to best episode". Vox. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
^ Rabinowitz, Mark (May 19, 2023). "The Best Buffy the Vampire Slayer Episodes: Every Episode Ranked". Paste Magazine.com. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
^ Marinaro, Mikelangelo (March 27, 2006). "4x20: The Yoko Factor". Critically Touched Reviews. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
^ Murray, Noel (September 4, 2009). "The Yoko Factor etc". The A.V. Club. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
^ Stephen and James (September 2005). "The Yoko Factor". www.bbc.co.uk/cult/buffy. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to The Yoko Factor.
"The Yoko Factor" at IMDb
vteBuffy the Vampire Slayer episodesSeason 1
Unaired pilot
"Welcome to the Hellmouth"
"The Harvest"
"Witch"
"Teacher's Pet"
"Never Kill a Boy on the First Date"
"The Pack"
"Angel"
"I, Robot... You, Jane"
"The Puppet Show"
"Nightmares"
"Out of Mind, Out of Sight"
"Prophecy Girl"
Season 2
"When She Was Bad"
"Some Assembly Required"
"Inca Mummy Girl"
"Lie to Me"
"The Dark Age"
"What's My Line, Parts One and Two"
"Bad Eggs"
"Surprise"
"Innocence"
"Phases"
"Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered"
"Passion"
"Killed by Death"
"I Only Have Eyes for You"
"Go Fish"
"Becoming, Parts One and Two"
Season 3
"Anne"
"Dead Man's Party"
"Faith, Hope & Trick"
"Beauty and the Beasts"
"Homecoming"
"Band Candy"
"Revelations"
"Lovers Walk"
"The Wish"
"Amends"
"Gingerbread"
"Helpless"
"The Zeppo"
"Bad Girls"
"Consequences"
"Doppelgangland"
"Earshot"
"Choices"
"Graduation Day, Parts One and Two"
Season 4
"Living Conditions"
"Beer Bad"
"Pangs"
"Something Blue"
"Hush"
"The I in Team"
"Goodbye Iowa"
"This Year's Girl"
"Who Are You?"
"Superstar"
"The Yoko Factor"
"Restless"
Season 5
"Buffy vs. Dracula"
"Real Me"
"The Replacement"
"Out of My Mind"
"Checkpoint"
"The Body"
"Tough Love"
"Spiral"
"The Weight of the World"
"The Gift"
Season 6
"Bargaining, Parts One and Two"
"After Life"
"Life Serial"
"All the Way"
"Once More, with Feeling"
"Tabula Rasa"
"Smashed"
"Wrecked"
"As You Were"
"Hell's Bells"
"Normal Again"
"Entropy"
"Seeing Red"
"Villains"
"Two to Go"
"Grave"
Season 7
"Lessons"
"Beneath You"
"Same Time, Same Place"
"Help"
"Selfless"
"Him"
"Conversations with Dead People"
"Sleeper"
"Never Leave Me"
"Bring On the Night"
"Showtime"
"Potential"
"The Killer in Me"
"First Date"
"Get It Done"
"Storyteller"
"Lies My Parents Told Me"
"Dirty Girls"
"Empty Places"
"Touched"
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The episode aired on May 9, 2000 on The WB.Spike, now allied with the hybrid demon/cyborg monster Adam, gleefully separates the Scoobies from each other: Buffy and Riley have some tension when Angel briefly visits Sunnydale; Xander feels unwanted since he is not in college; Willow thinks the others are hostile toward her romantic relationship with Tara; Giles feels unneeded by the others.","title":"The Yoko Factor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_Finn"},{"link_name":"Buffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_Summers"},{"link_name":"Spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Xin Rong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_characters#Xin_Rong"},{"link_name":"Nikki Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_characters#Nikki_Wood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trans-1"},{"link_name":"Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"her visit to Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_(Angel)"},{"link_name":"Xander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xander_Harris"},{"link_name":"Angelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Giles"},{"link_name":"Willow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Tara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Maclay"},{"link_name":"Miss Kitty Fantastico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_characters#Miss_Kitty_Fantastico"},{"link_name":"Wicca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trans-1"}],"text":"Colonel McNamara discusses with a superior how to get Riley back in the Initiative and how to deal with Buffy. Spike tells Adam that Buffy should not be underestimated. Spike has killed two Slayers (Xin Rong and Nikki Wood), yet is unable to harm Buffy because of the Initiative chip in his head. The two plan to separate Buffy from her Slayerette friends.[1]Still upset about what happened between her and Angel during her visit to Los Angeles, Buffy returns from L.A. to her empty dorm room. Xander brings Riley some clothes, and they talk about their mutual distaste for Angel, Riley having been told by Buffy about her previous relationship with him. However, it emerges that she has not told him the whole truth; while Riley was aware that Angel lost his soul and became Angelus, Xander tells Riley that having sex with Buffy was the trigger that set Angelus free.Spike visits Giles at home and offers him files from inside the Initiative. He says that Buffy does not respect her former Watcher anymore, which upsets Giles and causes him to turn to drink. Willow and Tara play with their new kitten, Miss Kitty Fantastico, while planning their class schedule for next year. They also talk about future housing plans, as Willow feels that her friendship with Buffy has become shaky.Spike convinces Xander that the rest of the gang think he's useless and should join the Army. Riley visits Buffy; using a radio, he is listening to the Initiative's plans. She leaves to seek Adam. In the woods, Buffy encounters Forrest; they argue as they enter a cave and find Adam, who launches a surprise attack. Buffy and Adam fight; Forrest shoots Adam with his stun rifle. However, the voltage energizes Adam, who fatally stabs Forrest with his arm bone skewer. Buffy flees, but trips and strikes her head on a rock, knocking her unconscious.Meanwhile, having supposedly sneaked into the Initiative to steal information, Spike charges into Giles's place with the disks. Giles is drunk, so Willow tries to decrypt the disks. Spike talks to Willow and Tara about their Wicca interest and how her friends think it is just a passing phase, but Willow takes this to mean their lesbian relationship.Riley hears of rampaging demon trouble on the streets through his radio. In an alley he finds Angel fighting the commandos, and Riley refuses to let Angel go see Buffy. The two fight, and Angel is clearly the victor. Both run off when a military truck arrives.Buffy returns to her dorm room and Angel shows up. As Angel speaks with Buffy, Riley barges in and raises a gun to Angel. Angel taunts Riley and the two come to blows again. Buffy separates them and wants to talk to Angel alone. They mutually apologize and part on friendly terms. Riley is worried that Buffy has reunited with Angel, whom he thinks is evil again, or at least \"all Mister Billowy Coat King of Pain.\"[1] They profess their love to each other, but Buffy must give him the bad news that Forrest is dead. Riley is distraught and leaves.Spike reports back to Adam, happy to have split up the Scooby Gang, and the damage becomes clear when their meeting at Giles's home turns into a fight. While Tara and Anya hide in the bathroom, Buffy scolds Xander for telling Riley details about her and Angel's relationship and argues that she is going to take on Adam alone. Xander complains that his friends do not need him and Willow complains that Buffy does not accept Tara, revealing their relationship, for the first time, to Xander and Giles. While Giles goes to sleep the alcohol off, Buffy leaves, telling her friends that she cannot use them in battle, but does have someone else she can depend on – little realizing that Riley has gone to Adam's lair.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)"},{"link_name":"Big Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Paste Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTR-4"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Vox, ranking it at #96 of all 144 episodes on their \"Worst to Best\" list, writes, \"Every so often, Buffy would be like, 'Hey, audience, do you remember that Spike is a villainous, treacherous killer?' and the audience would be like, 'LOL, no!' Then the show would try to remind viewers that Spike was not to be trusted. That's the conceit of this episode, in which season four's Big Bad, Adam, tries to get Spike to turn the Scooby Gang against each other. It doesn’t really work, and the episode flails trying to make it work. At this point, though, Buffy could do these 'time to fight the main villain' episodes in its sleep, and 'Yoko' uses that momentum to its advantage.\"[2]Paste Magazine, in a similar list, ranked it at #86 and wrote, \"Damned almost as often as it is praised, for me 'The Yoko Factor' lies somewhere in between. It's a clever title, and Spike and Adam's divide-and-conquer strategy is basic, but ingenious... Buffy breaking up the fight between Riley and Angel was funny... This is also the first appearance of Miss Kitty Fantastico...\"[3]A commenter for Critically Touched Reviews praised \"the successful payoff we've been waiting for all season,\" an \"extremely well acted\" and \"potent\" argument scene at the end, and \"great characterization;\" he described some scenes as \"very funny and well-written\" and \"simply wonderful.\"[4]Noel Murray of The A.V. Club, whose \"Community Grade\" gave the episode an A−, wrote, \"The first fifteen minutes of The Yoko Factor is like the Inglourious Basterds of Buffy episodes, offering six long, winding, evenly paced conversations, punctuated by a quiet interlude and a kitschy-but-oddly-moving musical number... [T]he episode is always at its strongest when people are just talking to each other, either because they're enjoying each other's company or trying to figure out each other out [sic]. It's nice, for example, that... writer Doug Petrie found time to show Willow and Tara talking about their plans for sophomore year, while playing with the cutest kitten ever born.\" While he thought \"this crossover seemed a little forced,\" he also \"felt like all the extended chatter in The Yoko Factor rang essentially true.\"[5]Two reviewers for the BBC Buffy review pages said, \"This [is] what we've been waiting for. No, not the culmination of the Initiative plot. Riley vs Angel: mano a vampo. The five star celebrity un-death match... It's all great fun\" and \"A very cunning and different episode from Doug Petrie. Yes, Adam may still be a bit pants as a villain, but it's great seeing him and Spike plan to destroy Buffy by making her friends fight. Suddenly, all the little quirks of this season - Xander's jobs, Giles's drinking, Tara and Willow - all come together in a big, messy splat of a squabble. Magnificent stuff. It's also really great seeing Angel back in Buffy - even if it is just to see him pummelling and smirking at Riley.\"[6]","title":"Critical reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Petrie, Doug (May 12, 2000). \"04x20 - The Yoko Factor\". Forever Dreaming. Retrieved February 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Petrie","url_text":"Petrie, Doug"},{"url":"https://transcripts.foreverdreaming.org/viewtopic.php?t=8380","url_text":"\"04x20 - The Yoko Factor\""}]},{"reference":"VanDerWerff, Emily (March 10, 2017). \"In honor of Buffy's 20th anniversary, we ranked it from worst to best episode\". Vox. Retrieved February 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/3/10/14807808/buffy-the-vampire-slayer-every-episode-ranked-20th-anniversary","url_text":"\"In honor of Buffy's 20th anniversary, we ranked it from worst to best episode\""}]},{"reference":"Rabinowitz, Mark (May 19, 2023). \"The Best Buffy the Vampire Slayer Episodes: Every Episode Ranked\". Paste Magazine.com. Retrieved 2022-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/tv/buffy-the-vampire-slayer/every-episode-of-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-ranked/","url_text":"\"The Best Buffy the Vampire Slayer Episodes: Every Episode Ranked\""}]},{"reference":"Marinaro, Mikelangelo (March 27, 2006). \"4x20: The Yoko Factor\". Critically Touched Reviews. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021003740/http://www.criticallytouched.com/buffy/4x20_the_yoko_factor.php","url_text":"\"4x20: The Yoko Factor\""},{"url":"http://www.criticallytouched.com/buffy/4x20_the_yoko_factor.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Noel (September 4, 2009). \"The Yoko Factor etc\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved September 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/the-yoko-factor-etc,32544/","url_text":"\"The Yoko Factor etc\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Stephen and James (September 2005). \"The Yoko Factor\". www.bbc.co.uk/cult/buffy. Retrieved September 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/buffy/indetail/yokofactor/reviews.shtml","url_text":"\"The Yoko Factor\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Yoko_Factor&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Yoko_Factor&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://transcripts.foreverdreaming.org/viewtopic.php?t=8380","external_links_name":"\"04x20 - The Yoko Factor\""},{"Link":"https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/3/10/14807808/buffy-the-vampire-slayer-every-episode-ranked-20th-anniversary","external_links_name":"\"In honor of Buffy's 20th anniversary, we ranked it from worst to best episode\""},{"Link":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/tv/buffy-the-vampire-slayer/every-episode-of-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-ranked/","external_links_name":"\"The Best Buffy the Vampire Slayer Episodes: Every Episode Ranked\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021003740/http://www.criticallytouched.com/buffy/4x20_the_yoko_factor.php","external_links_name":"\"4x20: The Yoko Factor\""},{"Link":"http://www.criticallytouched.com/buffy/4x20_the_yoko_factor.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/the-yoko-factor-etc,32544/","external_links_name":"\"The Yoko Factor etc\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/buffy/indetail/yokofactor/reviews.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The Yoko Factor\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0533511/","external_links_name":"\"The Yoko Factor\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traitor%27s_Gate_(film) | Traitor's Gate (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"] | 1964 film
Traitor's GateOriginal British film posterDirected byFreddie FrancisWritten byJimmy SangsterEdgar Wallace (novel)Produced byTed LloydHorst WendlandtStarringAlbert LievenGary RaymondKlaus KinskiCinematographyDenys CoopRay HearneEdited byOswald HafenrichterMusic byPeter ThomasProductioncompaniesRialto Film, Summit Film Productions Ltd.Distributed byColumbia PicturesConstantin FilmRelease date
18 December 1964 (1964-12-18)
Running time87 minutesCountriesWest GermanyUnited KingdomLanguagesEnglishGerman
Traitor's Gate (German: Das Verrätertor) is a 1964 West German-British co-production of a black-and-white crime film directed by Freddie Francis and starring Albert Lieven, Gary Raymond, Catherine Schell and Klaus Kinski. It was made by Rialto Film using Hammer Films' Freddie Francis and screenwriter Jimmy Sangster updating the 1927 novel The Traitor's Gate by Edgar Wallace to the mid-1960s. The film features a group of criminals planning to steal the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom from the Tower of London. It was shot at Twickenham Studios and on location around London. The film's sets were designed by the art director Tony Inglis.
Plot
This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cast
Albert Lieven as Trayne
Gary Raymond as Graham / Dick
Margot Trooger as Dinah
Catherine Schell as Hope Joyner
Eddi Arent as Hector
Klaus Kinski as Kane
Anthony James as John
Tim Barrett as Lloyd
Heinz Bernard as Martin
David Birks as Spider
Edward Underdown as Inspector Adams
Alec Ross as Sergeant Ross
Julie Mendez as Stripper
Peter Porteous as Kelly
Katy Wild as Mary
Harry Baird as Mate on Tramp Steamer
Joe Ritchie as News Vendor
Frank Sieman as Yeoman Warden Guide
Frank Forsyth as Chief Yeoman Warden
Caron Gardner as Blonde
Maurice Good as King
Robert Hunter as Captain
Marianne Stone as Cashier at Dandy Club
Hedger Wallace as Detective Sergeant Alexander
Beresford Williams as Warden
Reception
In Germany, the FSK gave the film a rating of "12 and up" and found it not appropriate for screenings on public holidays. It premiered on 18 December 1964.
References
^ Hal Erickson (2008). "New York Times: Traitor's Gate". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
^ "Filmportal: Das Verrätertor". Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
External links
Traitor's Gate at IMDb
Traitor's Gate at AllMovie
Traitor's Gate at the TCM Movie Database
vteFilms directed by Freddie Francis
Two and Two Make Six (1962)
The Brain (1962)
Paranoiac (1963)
Nightmare (1964)
The Evil of Frankenstein (1964)
Traitor's Gate (1964)
Dr. Terror's House of Horrors (1965)
Hysteria (1965)
The Skull (1965)
The Psychopath (1966)
The Deadly Bees (1967)
They Came from Beyond Space (1967)
Torture Garden (1967)
Dracula Has Risen from the Grave (1968)
Mumsy, Nanny, Sonny and Girly (1970)
Trog (1970)
The Vampire Happening (1971)
Tales from the Crypt (1972)
The Creeping Flesh (1973)
Tales That Witness Madness (1973)
Son of Dracula (1974)
Craze (1974)
Legend of the Werewolf (1975)
The Ghoul (1975)
The Doctor and the Devils (1985)
Dark Tower (1987)
vteEdgar WallaceNovels
The Four Just Men (1905)
Angel Esquire (1908)
The Council of Justice (1908)
Captain Tatham (1909)
The Duke in the Suburbs (1909)
The Nine Bears (1910)
Private Selby (1912)
The Fourth Plague (1913)
Grey Timothy (1913)
The River of Stars (1913)
The Man Who Bought London (1915)
The Melody of Death (1915)
A Debt Discharged (1916)
The Tomb of Ts'in (1916)
The Just Men of Cordova (1917)
The Secret House (1917)
The Clue of the Twisted Candle (1918)
Down Under Donovan (1918)
The Man Who Knew (1918)
Those Folk of Bulboro (1918)
The Green Rust (1919)
Kate Plus Ten (1919)
The Daffodil Mystery (1920)
Jack O'Judgment (1920)
The Book of All Power (1921)
The Law of the Four Just Men (1921)
The Angel of Terror (1922)
The Crimson Circle (1922)
The Flying Fifty-Five (1922)
Mr. Justice Maxell (1922)
The Valley of Ghosts (1922)
The Clue of the New Pin (1923)
The Green Archer (1923)
The Missing Million (1923)
The Dark Eyes of London (1924)
Double Dan (1924)
The Face in the Night (1924)
Room 13 (1924)
The Sinister Man (1924)
The Three Oak Mystery (1924)
Blue Hand (1925)
The Fellowship of the Frog (1925)
The Mind of Mr. J. G. Reeder (1925)
The Strange Countess (1925)
The Three Just Men (1925)
The Avenger (1926)
Barbara on Her Own (1926)
The Black Abbot (1926)
The Northing Tramp (1926)
The Terrible People (1926)
The Yellow Snake (1926)
The Big Foot (1927)
Terror Keep (1927)
The Traitor's Gate (1927)
The Squeaker (1927)
The Forger (1927)
Again the Three (1928)
The Gunner (1928)
Four Square Jane (1929)
The Green Ribbon (1929)
The India-Rubber Men (1929)
The Calendar (1930)
The Clue of the Silver Key (1930)
The Lady of Ascot (1930)
The Man at the Carlton (1931)
The Guv'nor and Other Short Stories (1932)
Plays
An African Millionaire (1904)
M'Lady (1921)
Double Dan (1927)
The Terror (1927)
The Man Who Changed His Name (1928)
The Calendar (1929)
Persons Unknown (1929)
On the Spot (1930)
The Mouthpiece (1930)
Smoky Cell (1930)
The Old Man (1931)
Screenplays
The Valley of Ghosts (1928)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1932)
King Kong (1933)
AdaptationsJ. G. Reeder
Mr. Reeder in Room 13 (1938)
The Mind of Mr. Reeder (1939)
The Missing People (1940)
The Mind of Mr. J.G. Reeder (1969, TV series)
The Four Just Men
The Four Just Men (1921)
The Four Just Men (1939)
The Four Just Men (1959, TV series)
Edgar Wallace Mysteries
Urge to Kill (1960)
Clue of the Twisted Candle (1960)
The Malpas Mystery (1960)
Marriage of Convenience (1960)
The Clue of the New Pin (1961)
Man at the Carlton Tower (1961)
The Fourth Square (1961)
Man Detained (1961)
Attempt to Kill (1961)
Clue of the Silver Key (1961)
Never Back Losers (1961)
Partners in Crime (1961)
The Sinister Man (1961)
Time to Remember (1962)
Playback (1962)
Solo for Sparrow (1962)
Locker Sixty-Nine (1962)
Incident at Midnight (1963)
Return to Sender (1963)
Ricochet (1963)
Accidental Death (1963)
Five to One (1963)
The Verdict (1964)
We Shall See (1964)
Act of Murder (1964)
Change Partners (1965)
Rialto Films
Der Frosch mit der Maske (1959)
The Crimson Circle (1960)
The Avenger (1960)
The Terrible People (1960)
The Green Archer (1961)
The Dead Eyes of London (1961)
The Devil's Daffodil (1961)
The Forger of London (1961)
The Strange Countess (1961)
The Puzzle of the Red Orchid (1962)
The Door with Seven Locks (1962)
The Inn on the River (1962)
The Curse of the Yellow Snake (1963)
The Squeaker (1963)
The Black Abbot (1963)
The Indian Scarf (1963)
Room 13 (1964)
The Curse of the Hidden Vault (1964)
Der Hexer (1964)
The Traitor's Gate (1964)
Neues vom Hexer (1965)
The Sinister Monk (1965)
The Hunchback of Soho (1966)
The Trygon Factor (1966)
Creature with the Blue Hand (1967)
The Monk with the Whip (1967)
The Hound of Blackwood Castle (1968)
Im Banne des Unheimlichen (1968)
The Gorilla of Soho (1968)
Double Face (1969)
The Man with the Glass Eye (1969)
The Body in the Thames (1971)
Other
The Man Who Bought London (1916)
The Green Terror (1919)
Pallard the Punter (1919)
Angel Esquire (1919)
Wanted at Headquarters (1920)
The River of Stars (1921)
The Crimson Circle (1922)
Down Under Donovan (1922)
Melody of Death (1922)
The Diamond Man (1924)
The Flying Fifty-Five (1924)
The Green Archer (1925 serial)
The Great Unknown (1927)
The Terror (1928)
Mark of the Frog (1928 serial)
Chick (1928)
The Forger (1928)
The Terrible People (1928 serial)
The Ringer (1928)
The Man Who Changed His Name (1928)
The Flying Squad (1929)
The Crimson Circle (1929)
The Clue of the New Pin (1929)
Red Aces (1930)
The Squeaker (1930)
The Yellow Mask (1930)
The Ringer (1931)
To Oblige a Lady (1931)
The Calendar (1931)
The Old Man (1931)
The Squeaker (1931)
The Flying Squad (1932)
The Frightened Lady (1932)
The Ringer (1932)
The Menace (1932)
White Face (1932)
Giallo (1933)
The Jewel (1933)
Before Dawn (1933)
The Double (1934)
Mystery Liner (1934)
The Green Pack (1934)
The Feathered Serpent (1934)
The Lad (1935)
Sanders of the River (1935)
Born to Gamble (1935)
Chick (1936)
Educated Evans (1936)
The Crimson Circle (1936)
Prison Breaker (1936)
Strangers on Honeymoon (1936)
The Frog (1937)
The Squeaker (1937)
The Gaunt Stranger (1938)
Dangerous to Know (1938)
Kate Plus Ten (1938)
Thank Evans (1938)
The Terror (1938)
The Return of the Frog (1938)
Flying Fifty-Five (1939)
The Dark Eyes of London (1939)
The Case of the Frightened Lady (1940)
The Door with Seven Locks (1940)
The Flying Squad (1940)
The Green Archer (1940 serial)
The Missing Million (1942)
The Calendar (1948)
The Ringer (1952)
The Avenger (1960)
Death Drums Along the River (1963)
Coast of Skeletons (1964)
Circus of Fear (1966)
Five Golden Dragons (1967)
The Devil Came from Akasava (1970)
The Bloodstained Butterfly (1971)
What Have You Done to Solange? (1972)
Seven Blood-Stained Orchids (1972)
Television
Educated Evans (1957–58)
The Mixer (1992)
Family
Mary Jane Richards (mother)
Marriott Edgar (half-brother)
Bryan Edgar Wallace (son) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"co-production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-production_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"crime film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"Freddie Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Francis"},{"link_name":"Albert Lieven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lieven"},{"link_name":"Gary Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Raymond"},{"link_name":"Klaus Kinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Kinski"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times-1"},{"link_name":"Rialto Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialto_Film"},{"link_name":"Hammer Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_Films"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Sangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Sangster"},{"link_name":"The Traitor's Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Traitor%27s_Gate"},{"link_name":"Edgar Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Twickenham Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Studios"},{"link_name":"on location","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_shooting"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Tony Inglis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Inglis"}],"text":"Traitor's Gate (German: Das Verrätertor) is a 1964 West German-British co-production of a black-and-white crime film directed by Freddie Francis and starring Albert Lieven, Gary Raymond, Catherine Schell and Klaus Kinski.[1] It was made by Rialto Film using Hammer Films' Freddie Francis and screenwriter Jimmy Sangster updating the 1927 novel The Traitor's Gate by Edgar Wallace to the mid-1960s. The film features a group of criminals planning to steal the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom from the Tower of London. It was shot at Twickenham Studios and on location around London. The film's sets were designed by the art director Tony Inglis.","title":"Traitor's Gate (film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Lieven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lieven"},{"link_name":"Gary Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Raymond"},{"link_name":"Margot Trooger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Trooger"},{"link_name":"Catherine Schell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Schell"},{"link_name":"Eddi Arent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddi_Arent"},{"link_name":"Klaus Kinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Kinski"},{"link_name":"Tim Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Barrett_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Heinz Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Bernard"},{"link_name":"David Birks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Birks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edward Underdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Underdown"},{"link_name":"Alec Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alec_Ross_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Julie Mendez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julie_Mendez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter Porteous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Porteous&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Katy Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katy_Wild&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harry Baird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Baird_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Joe Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Ritchie_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frank Sieman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sieman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frank Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Forsyth"},{"link_name":"Caron Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caron_Gardner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maurice Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Good&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hunter_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marianne Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Stone"},{"link_name":"Hedger Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hedger_Wallace&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beresford Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beresford_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Albert Lieven as Trayne\nGary Raymond as Graham / Dick\nMargot Trooger as Dinah\nCatherine Schell as Hope Joyner\nEddi Arent as Hector\nKlaus Kinski as Kane\nAnthony James as John\nTim Barrett as Lloyd\nHeinz Bernard as Martin\nDavid Birks as Spider\nEdward Underdown as Inspector Adams\nAlec Ross as Sergeant Ross\nJulie Mendez as Stripper\nPeter Porteous as Kelly\nKaty Wild as Mary\nHarry Baird as Mate on Tramp Steamer\nJoe Ritchie as News Vendor\nFrank Sieman as Yeoman Warden Guide\nFrank Forsyth as Chief Yeoman Warden\nCaron Gardner as Blonde\nMaurice Good as King\nRobert Hunter as Captain\nMarianne Stone as Cashier at Dandy Club\nHedger Wallace as Detective Sergeant Alexander\nBeresford Williams as Warden","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FSK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiwillige_Selbstkontrolle_der_Filmwirtschaft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filmportal-2"}],"text":"In Germany, the FSK gave the film a rating of \"12 and up\" and found it not appropriate for screenings on public holidays. It premiered on 18 December 1964.[2]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hal Erickson (2008). \"New York Times: Traitor's Gate\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Erickson_(author)","url_text":"Hal Erickson"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080612041851/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/114331/Traitor-s-Gate/overview","url_text":"\"New York Times: Traitor's Gate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/114331/Traitor-s-Gate/overview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Filmportal: Das Verrätertor\". Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Control_2 | Star Control II | ["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development","3.1 Concept","3.2 Technology","3.3 Fictional universe","3.4 Deadline and budget","4 Reception","4.1 Reviews and awards","4.2 \"Greatest game\" lists","4.3 \"Greatest design\" lists","5 Legacy","5.1 The Ur-Quan Masters","5.2 Sequel and continuity","6 References","7 External links"] | 1992 video game
"Sa-Matra" redirects here. For the village in India, see Samatra.
1992 video gameStar Control IIMS-DOS cover artDeveloper(s)Toys for BobPublisher(s)AccoladeCrystal Dynamics (3DO)Producer(s)Pam LevinsDesigner(s)Fred FordPaul Reiche IIISeriesStar ControlPlatform(s)MS-DOS, 3DOReleaseNovember 1992: MS-DOS1994: 3DOGenre(s)Adventure, shoot 'em upMode(s)Single player, multiplayer
Star Control II: The Ur-Quan Masters is a 1992 video game, the sequel to Star Control. It was developed by Toys for Bob (Fred Ford and Paul Reiche III) and originally published by Accolade in 1992 for MS-DOS. The game includes exoplanet-abundant star systems, hyperspace travel, extraterrestrial life, and interstellar diplomacy. There are 25 alien races with which communication is possible.
Released to critical acclaim, Star Control II is widely viewed today as one of the greatest PC games ever made. It has appeared on lists of the greatest video games of all time.
The game was ported to 3DO by Crystal Dynamics in 1994 with an enhanced multimedia presentation. The source code of the 3DO port was licensed under GPL-2.0-or-later in 2002, the game content under CC-BY-NC-SA-2.5. The 3DO source code was the basis of the open source game The Ur-Quan Masters.
A sequel, Star Control 3, was released in 1996.
Gameplay
The Captain's ship enters the Solar System at the beginning of the game.
Star Control II is an action-adventure science fiction game, set in an open universe. It features ship-to-ship combat based on the original Star Control, but removes the first game's strategy gameplay to focus on story and dialog, as seen in other adventure games. The player's goal is to free Earth from the evil Ur-Quan, by recruiting aliens to help. The main gameplay elements are exploring the galaxy, gathering resources, building a fleet, defeating enemy ships, and conversing with aliens.
One-on-one spaceship battles take place in real-time, based on the core gameplay of the original Star Control. Each ship has unique weapons, maneuvers, and secondary abilities, and winning a battle requires a combination of ship selection and skill. This combat mode can be played separately in a two-player battle mode called Super Melee. In the story mode, the player is limited to the ships they can gain from sympathetic alien races, whereas Super Melee includes every ship in both Star Control games. The only ship unique to the story mode is the player's capital ship, which is upgraded as the player gains new technology and resources.
After a brief opening sequence, the player is given near total freedom to explore the galaxy at large. Exploration often involves travelling to stars, landing on planets, and gathering resources. The player navigates their star map, with over 500 stars and 3800 planets to potentially visit. Players must manage their risk as they explore, as planets with more dangerous hazards usually feature more valuable resources, which are vital to upgrade the player's fleet. More rarely, a planet will feature an interactive alien race, who the player can engage with as a potential friend or foe. The interactive dialog options help advance the story, with branching conversations similar to other adventure games. These conversations also reveal secrets and information about the galaxy. The game vastly expands on the characters and backstory from the first game, with each species having their own characteristic conversational quirks, music, and even display fonts.
Plot
Discussion with various characters is an important aspect in the game, and advances the game's story.
Whereas the first Star Control stores most of its lore in the instruction manual, Star Control II continues the story with a rich in-game experience, playing through events after the Alliance is defeated by the Hierarchy. In the last phase of the war between the Alliance of Free Stars and the Hierarchy of Battle Thralls, an Earthling ship discovered an ancient Precursor subterranean installation in the Vela star system. A massive Hierarchy offensive forced the Alliance fleets to retreat beyond Vela, stranding the science expedition, who went in to hiding. Decades later, with the help of a genius child born on the planet, the colonists activated the Precursor machinery and found out that it was programmed to build a highly advanced but unfinished starship, which could be piloted only by the now grown genius child, who alone could interact with the Precursor central computer. The new ship set out to Sol to make contact with Earth, but shortly before reaching Sol the little fleet was attacked by an unknown probe; The expedition commander, captaining the expedition's Earthling Cruiser, intercepted the alien ship before it could damage the defenseless Precursor starship, but was killed in the short fight, leaving the genius young man in command.
The player begins the game as the commander of the Precursor starship, who returns to Earth to find it enslaved by the Ur-Quan. The Captain gains the support of the skeleton crew of Earth's caretaker starbase and ventures out to contact the other races to find out what's happened since the end of the war and try to recruit allies in to a New Alliance of Free Stars against the Ur-Quan. The Captain quickly discovers that the rest of the humans' allies in the war against the Ur-Quan have either been eradicated, put under slave shields, or put into service as Ur-Quan battle thralls. As the player progresses, it is revealed that the Ur-Quan are fighting an internecine war with the Kohr-Ah, a subspecies of Ur-Quan who believe in eradicating all life in the galaxy, as opposed to enslaving it. The winner of this war will gain access to the Sa-Matra, a Precursor battle platform of unparalleled power. The player must take advantage of the Ur-Quans' distraction to contact and recruit alien races into a new alliance, gather resources and build a fleet, and find a way to destroy the Sa-Matra, before the Ur-Quan finish their war and become unstoppable.
The Captain resolves issues several of the races are facing, or exploits their weaknesses, to get them on their side. Notably the Captain finds the Chenjesu and Mmrnmhrm on Procyon undergoing their own plan to merge in to a composite species powerful enough to defeat the Ur-Quan, and captures a psychic alien Dnyarri, which the Captain discovers is a member of the race that brutally enslaved the galaxy millennia ago, causing the Ur-Quan's hegemonic and genocidal rampage around the galaxy. The Captain uses a Precursor Sun Device to accelerate the merging of the Chenjesu and Mmrnmhrm to create the Chmmr, who amplify a Precursor terraforming bomb, allowing the Captain to sacrifice his ship to destroy the Sa-Matra and defeat the Ur-Quan.
Development
Concept
Paul Reiche III, Fred Ford, and Rob Dubbin give a postmortem of the game's development at GDC 2015.
Star Control II began as a more ambitious project than the original Star Control, with Reiche and Ford hoping to go beyond ship combat to develop a "science fiction adventure role-playing game". The team credits the pre-existing combat from the original Star Control with giving them a strong core to build a larger game around. The sequel would develop into a much more detailed adventure than the first edition. Ford explains that the original Star Control had "some story there, but it was mostly in the manual. In Star Control II, we made a conscious decision to tell more of a story". The duo would downplay the scale of the game when pitching it to their publisher Accolade, and the game's development would eventually go over schedule.
Reiche and Ford drew inspiration from many science-fiction authors, as well as peers in the game industry. A few years earlier, Reiche had been friends with Greg Johnson during the creation of Starflight, inspiring Reiche to offer creative input on Johnson's expansive science fiction game. Once Reiche and Ford conceived Star Control 2, they would draw large inspiration from Starflight. This friendship and mutual admiration even led to hiring Greg Johnson, whom they credit as "one of the most significant contributors to Star Control II". Ford also cites their shared love of author Jack Vance from their childhood, and were intrigued by the idea of exaggerated societies taken to their extremes, and intelligent characters committed to an interesting agenda. Reiche would cite the influence of numerous fiction authors over the Star Control series, including Jack Vance, Orson Scott Card, Robert Heinlein, David Brin, and Andre Norton. David Brin's Uplift Universe and Larry Niven's Known Space series are often mentioned as inspiration for Star Control II.
Technology
The creators started by asking "what people do when they go out and have an adventure in space", while keeping in mind what they could actually implement. This led them to create numerous stars and planets, through a combination of procedural generation and handcrafted assets. Despite the fact that exoplanets had yet to be fully discovered, Reiche initially took on the challenge of simulating planetary systems based on scientific principles. They ultimately decided to bypass some details of the simulation, due to its lack of distinct planets to explore. Instead, they imagined cracked planets with magma chasms, ruby planets with precious zirconium, and even rainbow colored planets. The planets were created with a procedurally generated height map, which required difficult programming solutions to simulate the appearance of a 3D sphere. They additionally simulated 3D asteroids by digitizing images of pumice they had taken from a parking lot.
The Star Control II team also invented their own fictional, flat version of space, so that the stars could be arranged in a more clear and interesting way. The algorithmically-assisted generation of the star map helped to create a vast, mysterious setting for players to explore. The map also added circles of influence for the aliens, not just to describe their location, but to provide narrative hints about their changing power, relationships, and stories.
Fictional universe
Reiche and Ford wanted their new game to further investigate their self-described "superficial" stories and aliens from the original Star Control. Thus, the story for Star Control II would greatly expand on those original characters, and add a few more.
This was the last time that Reiche would design a game using pen and paper, including dozens of flow charts for the major plot points, player choices, and dialog trees. Paul Reiche III describes this creative process, "I know it probably sounds weird, but when I design a game like this, I make drawings of the characters and stare at them. I hold little conversations with them. 'What do you guys do?' And they tell me." Early in the process, they used the first game's character and ship images to create simple visual stories about the two main sides of the conflict. The main antagonist the Ur-Quan were already understood as a race of slavers in Star Control, so Reiche developed their motivation by writing their backstory as slaves themselves. To justify the Mycon's organic structures and high energy plasma, they decided that the Mycon lived beneath the planet's crust, and must have been artificially created to survive there. Fred Ford inspired the character design for the Earth starbase commander, as well as the Pkunk's insult ability, while the Spathi were inspired by a running joke about Paul Reiche's desire for self-preservation. The rich storytelling was a contrast to the first game's emphasis on player versus player combat, but they realized that their combat artificial intelligence could give story-loving players an option to delegate battles.
Once Reiche and Ford imagined the different alien personalities, Reiche hand-drew a flow chart for each alien's dialog options, which Ford would implement into the game with placeholder tags. However, the sheer quantity of writing and art proved to be challenging for the game's epic scale. Fred Ford surprised the team with his prolific coding, and it was the rest of the team who needed to catch-up with art, writing, music, and other assets. They quickly enlisted the help of friends and family to create game content. One crucial friend was Starflight creator Greg Johnson, who Reiche had previously helped on Starflight while sharing office space. Johnson ended up writing dialog for several aliens, as well as creating most of the artwork for the alien spaceships. They were also able to hire fantasy artist George Barr through mutual friends, who had inspired the game's "pulp science-fiction" feel, and happened to be living nearby. Long-time friend Erol Otus was another collaborator, who Reiche describes as contributing the widest range of content, including music, text, art, illustrations for the game manual, and (later) voice-acting.
The largest number of collaborators were needed for the game's numerous dialog options. The creators were admirers of the Monkey Island games, and aimed to achieve the same level of player choice and humor. Reiche felt that each character needed their own font to match their distinct personality, and built a font-editing system to achieve this.
Deadline and budget
Reiche and Ford felt it was difficult to maintain Accolade's interest in the game. In fact, Accolade had played a version of the game with placeholder dialog, and was content to ship the game with the "cryptic" text as-is. This led to an industry legend that the duo absconded to Alaska to finish the game without Accolade's interference. The creators later clarified that Accolade did not interfere with development and was satisfied to publish the game in any form, and that this was important to their creative freedom and artistic success. As the project went over schedule, their payment from Accolade came to an end. Fred Ford decided to financially support the team for the final months of development, and they were ultimately able to finish the project with the help of numerous family, friends, and other collaborators.
The team stretched their music budget by holding a contest to create the game's soundtrack. Reiche and Ford had previously discovered the sample-based MOD file format while porting the first Star Control's music to consoles. They posted the music contest to a newsgroup for Amiga users, despite the fact that the game was for PC, because Amiga hobbyists were the main community of MOD-tracker users in that time. The contest attracted people from around the world, due to the popularity of the MOD format in the largely European demoscene. The contest also led them to discover a teenager named Dan Nicholson, who they hired to create additional music as needed. Further music came from existing team member Erol Otus, who first composed the Ur-Quan theme on a synthesizer before it was re-sampled and exported to the MOD file format. The critically acclaimed soundtrack would include music from Aaron Grier, Erol Otus, Eric Berge, Riku Nuottajärvi, and Dan Nicholson.
Months after its release, the team would create hours of voice dialog for the 3DO version of the game, taking advantage of space afforded by CD-ROM technology, while bucking the trend of CD-based games with full motion video. Game Developer Magazine featured the game in its list of open source space games, praising its scale and charm, as well as its new features. In the end, the 3DO version would feature 11 hours of voice audio, including performances from Reiche, as well as friends Greg Johnson and Erol Otus.
Reception
Star Control II received a positive reception around its release, as well as several awards. Soon after, Star Control II began to appear on many "all time best" lists for players and industry figures, a reputation that has continued ever since.
Reviews and awards
ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreAllGame (PC)Computer Gaming World (PC)Dragon (PC)Electronic Gaming Monthly8.25/10 (3DO)Game Players (PC)GamePro (3DO)Next Generation (3DO)3DO Magazine (3DO)Pelit96/100 (PC)AwardsPublicationAwardPelit1993 Game of the YearGDCClass of '93 HonorCGW1993 Adventure Game of the YearVideoGamesBest Adventure Game
Computer Gaming World stated that Star Control II was as much a sequel to Starflight as to Star Control. The reviewer praised the VGA graphics and wrote that the game "has some of the best dialogue ever encountered in this genre". He concluded that the game "has been placed on this reviewer's top ten list of all time ... one of the most enjoyable games to review all year. It is not often that a perfect balance is struck between role playing, adventure, and action/arcade". In their 1994 survey of strategic space games set in the future, they gave the game four-plus stars out of five, stating that "it offers hours of 'simple, hot and deep' play". Dragon gave the game a full five-star review, telling their readers that "if you are a science-fiction gamer who enjoys a superb game environment, a high dollar-to-play ratio, and numerous challenges, SC2 is a definite must-have for your software library". Questbusters called it the "best science-fiction role-playing game since Starflight", and "best RPG of the year". Giving the game four out of five stars, Game Players described the game's epic scale, where "there's so much to do -- so many planets to explore and mysteries to solve and battles to fight -- that the game may dominate your spare time". PC Games noted the game's "rich history", describing the game as "part arcade, part role-play, Star Control II is all science fiction, with an emphasis on fiction." COMPUTE! suggested that the game "gives you exactly what you want in a space adventure", also giving the strongest praise for the music and sound as "among the best done for any game on the market." The game was also rated 96/100 by Finnish magazine Pelit, who immediately hailed it as one of the best games of the year.
Reviewing the 3DO version, GamePro remarked that the user-friendly interface makes the complicated gameplay easy to handle. They also praised the impressive graphics and the voice acting's use of unique vocal inflections for each alien race, and concluded that the game is "an addicting epic sci-fi adventure that will have patient space explorers and zero-gravity tacticians glued to their screens for a million hours. All others should stay away." The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly likewise praised the accessible interface and impressive graphics, but complained that the alien voices are sometimes difficult to understand. They cited the CD-quality audio and the Melee mode as other strong points, and one of them commented that it "blows out of the water." They gave it an 8.25 out of 10. Next Generation reviewed the 3DO version of the game, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "if you've the patience to spend hours digging for minerals, the game is addictive, but not state of the art."
The year of its release, the Game Developers Conference honored Star Control II as an exceptional game among their "Class of '93", calling it a "perfect blend of action and adventure", as well as "sound that is exceptional enough to make gamers think they've upgraded their sound boards". The game also received Pelit magazine's first "Game of the Year" award, and an award from Computer Gaming World, naming it the magazine's 1993 Adventure Game of the Year (a co-honor with Eric the Unready).
"Greatest game" lists
Star Control II quickly began to appear on "all-time favorite" lists, a practice that continued for many years. In 1994, PC Gamer US named Star Control II as the 21st best computer game ever. The editors called it "an epic" and "thoroughly enjoyable to play and look at." That same year, PC Gamer UK named it the 33rd best computer game of all time. The editors wrote, "If ever a game deserved an award for being underrated, it's Star Control II." The next year, players voted the game into PC Gamer's Readers Top 40. Computer Gaming World created their own list in 1996, ranking Star Control II as the 29th best PC game of all time, calling it "a stunning mix of adventure, action, and humor." In 1999, Next Generation also ranked it among their top 50 games of all time.
This acclaim continued well into the next millennium. In 2000, GameSpy inducted Star Control II into their Hall of Fame, and ranked it the 26th best game of all time just one year later. The Sydney Morning Herald noted Star Control II on its 2002 list, ranking the game as the 26th best game of all time. In 2003, GameSpot included Star Control II on their list of greatest games of all time. In the same year, IGN named Star Control II as their 53rd greatest game of all time, and ranked it again at 17th greatest in 2005. In 2006, Computer Gaming World inducted Star Control II into their Hall of Fame, explaining that "what made Star Control II stand out, though, was the incredible amount of backstory and interaction with all the alien species". PC Gamer listed Star Control II the 52nd greatest PC game in their 2011 rankings, and Hardcore Gaming 101 listed it among their 2015 rankings of 200 best video games of all time.
Compared to classic games from the same period, Star Control II is also ranked on several "best of" lists. Hardcore Gaming selected the game for their 2007 list of favorite classics, with "a combination of sandbox space travel and arcade-style combat, a plotline equal to any space opera you can name, hundreds of pages' worth of interactive dialog and dozens of memorable, unique races, it's easy to see why most reviews of Star Control II quickly turn into love letters." When Kotaku compiled their 2013 list of "Classic PC Games You Must Play", Star Control II reached the very top of the list. In 2014, USGamer mentioned the game as one of the landmark titles from the 1990s. Retro Gamer remembers Star Control II as one of the top 10 games made for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, and later listed it among their top 100 retro games at the 68th position. Den of Geek also ranked it at #37 among their list of classic DOS games. Its status as a classic game would lead IGN to list the series among the top 10 franchises that needed to be resurrected. Comparing it to the original Star Control, Cinema Blend celebrates Star Control II in their short list of sequels that progressed well beyond their predecessors.
"Greatest design" lists
Star Control II is also recognized for its excellence in several creative areas, including writing, design, and music. In 1996, Computer Gaming World ranked Star Control II among their top 15 most rewarding game endings, proclaiming that the game "entertains right down to the end, with the some of the funniest credits since Monty Python's Holy Grail". The game's ending was similarly ranked as the third greatest of all time according to GameSpot's editors, with their readers ranking it the sixth greatest ending. Moreover, GameSpot twice acclaimed the Ur-Quan among their top ten game villains, mentioning them at the top of one 1999 list as "one of the very best villains. Even now, we are hard-pressed to find a race of adversaries as complex and three-dimensional as the Ur-Quan." The A.V. Club also included the Ur-Quan in their 2021 list of best aliens in pop culture, describing them as "tremendous sci-fi villains, importing heady old-school concepts into Star Control's relentlessly fun space-based action".
The world design of Star Control II is also celebrated, with Paste magazine giving it top ranking on their list of "games that capture the infinite potential of space". GameSpot ranked the Star Control II universe among their top ten game worlds, whereas GameRant listed Star Control II as the third largest open world map, also noting it as "perhaps the most underrated game of all time".
The game's music is remembered as the 37th greatest game soundtrack by the music magazine FACT, describing it as "a lost 80s treasure trove of unreleased techno, synth pop and Italo". The music of Star Control II was similarly listed as the second greatest game soundtrack according to GameSpot's editors, which was echoed once again by their readers.
Legacy
Long after its release, Star Control II continues to garner acclaim across the game industry. Responding to film critics who criticized video games as a superficial medium, The Escapist magazine highlighted Star Control II as "the scripting was second to none. Don't be fooled by the fantastical setting - the story maturely dealt with wide ranging issues, from genocide to religious extremism, and still remained terrifying, touching, and damn funny in places." The magazine would revisit this in a 2014 retrospective, calling it a "must play for space loving gamers", offering "a massive experience filled with exploration, action and some of the funniest aliens you'll run into any video game". Rock Paper Shotgun featured the game in 2016, celebrating "some of the most memorable aliens ever put in a game, and still some of the best written." In a 2018 retrospective of the entire series, Hardcore Gaming 101 notes that "there are aspects of Star Control II that are rough around the edges..., ut once you surmount those obstacles, it reveals itself as one of the smartest, funniest, most adventure-filled science fiction games ever made". In a multi-part feature on the history of video games, VGChartz noted that Star Control II is "often considered one of the greatest games ever made". Kotaku referred to it as "one of the early '90s most revolutionary sci-fi games", and game historian Rusel DeMaria describes it as one of the best games ever written. Additionally, The Dickinson Press called it "one of the best PC games ever", and The Completist notes it as "one of the greatest games ever made".
Indeed, Star Control II is admired and influential amongst notable developers in the game industry. Tim Cain credits Star Control II with inspiring his open-ended design in both Fallout and Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura, calling it his personal favorite RPG of all time and one of the best computer games ever developed. Founder of BioWare Ray Muzyka also cites Star Control as an inspiration, stating that "the uncharted worlds in Mass Effect comes from imagining what a freely explorable universe would be like inside a very realistic next-gen game." Indeed, journalists have noted heavy similarities in the story, characters, and overall experience of Mass Effect, even calling Star Control II a spiritual predecessor. FACT notes that Star Control II's "galaxy-spanning sci-fi setting whose adventure elements foreshadowed Mass Effect by a good 15 years". PCGamesN explains further, that "while Star Control II is a little clunky and esoteric by modern standards, this was the Mass Effect of its era, defining many of the elements you might have taken for granted in Bioware's classic sci-fi RPG series. ... Star Control's weird and wonderful alien races are far more exciting than anything Bioware gave us." Henrik Fahraeus of Paradox Interactive credits Star Control II as a major influence on strategy game Stellaris, after expressing disappointment that the Mass Effect series lacked the exploration and openness of Star Control II. Game writer and narrative designer Zoë Quinn called Star Control II a childhood obsession, describing how she "filled several notebooks with notes and maps as I constantly explored Fake Space, trying to see everything and uncover all the secrets in the game." Vice President of Insomniac Games Brian Hastings ranked Star Control II as one of his top games, and one of "the most original and perfectly executed games ever". Alexx Kay of Irrational Games hailed Star Control II as the best game "by a mile", noting that it was "one of the first story-based games where your actions had clear consequences". In Joshua Bycer's book "20 Essential Games to Study", his first chapter is devoted to analyzing Star Control II, as an unprecedented open world game far ahead of its contemporaries.
Star Control II is sometimes credited as a spiritual successor to Starflight, inheriting its legacy as a genre-defining space exploration game.
The Ur-Quan Masters
Main article: The Ur-Quan Masters
The Ur-Quan Masters is a modified open-source release of Star Control 2, based on a freely available version of the original 3DO code.
Sequel and continuity
In 2017, Reiche and Ford announced plans to create a direct sequel to The Ur-Quan Masters, which would effectively bypass the story from Star Control 3, created by the now defunct Legend Entertainment. This announcement comes after years of fan requests for a sequel. Due to disagreements between the trademark owner of Star Control and the ownership of the intellectual property within the games previously sold under the trademark, the game development was halted. A settlement has been reached, and work resumed in the fall of 2020.
Main article: Free Stars: Children of Infinity
After leaving Toys for Bob, Fred Ford and Paul Reiche III co-founded Pistol Shrimp Games alongside Ken Ford and Dan Gerstein, under which they are currently developing Free Stars: Children of Infinity. On April 4, 2024, the official trailer for this project was released on the Gamespot channel on Youtube. The campaign to fund the game launched on Kickstarter on April 16, 2024 and has ended on May 18, 2024, collecting more than 650 000$.
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^ a b Sep 24th 2013 - 9am, Dickinson Press Staff | (24 September 2013). "Patrick Hope: Into the vault with little-known Ur-Quan Masters". The Dickinson Press. Retrieved 2020-05-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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^ Cain, Tim (September 2019). Pepe, Felipe (ed.). The CRPG Book: A Guide to Computer Role-Playing Games. Bitmap Books. ISBN 978-1-9993533-0-8. Since its release in 1992, Star Control 2 has been considered one of the best computer game ever developed, and for me, it remains my favorite CRPG of all time. You can see its influence in the open-endedness of Fallout and Arcanum, and I will always remember this game fondly. Alt URL Archived 2020-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
^ "The CRPG Book Project - "1992 – Star Control 2" from Tim Cain
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External links
Star Control II at MobyGames
The Ur-Quan Masters open source project
Star Control II Development History
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Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samatra"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Star Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Control"},{"link_name":"Toys for Bob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_for_Bob"},{"link_name":"Fred Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Ford_(programmer)"},{"link_name":"Paul Reiche III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reiche_III"},{"link_name":"Accolade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accolade_(company)"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"exoplanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"the greatest video games of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_games_considered_the_best"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bestclassic2-3"},{"link_name":"3DO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer"},{"link_name":"Crystal Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"GPL-2.0-or-later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oreilly2005-4"},{"link_name":"CC-BY-NC-SA-2.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_license"},{"link_name":"The Ur-Quan Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ur-Quan_Masters"},{"link_name":"Star Control 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Control_3"}],"text":"\"Sa-Matra\" redirects here. For the village in India, see Samatra.1992 video gameStar Control II: The Ur-Quan Masters is a 1992 video game, the sequel to Star Control. It was developed by Toys for Bob (Fred Ford and Paul Reiche III) and originally published by Accolade in 1992 for MS-DOS. The game includes exoplanet-abundant star systems, hyperspace travel, extraterrestrial life, and interstellar diplomacy. There are 25 alien races with which communication is possible.[1]Released to critical acclaim, Star Control II is widely viewed today as one of the greatest PC games ever made.[2] It has appeared on lists of the greatest video games of all time.[3]The game was ported to 3DO by Crystal Dynamics in 1994 with an enhanced multimedia presentation. The source code of the 3DO port was licensed under GPL-2.0-or-later in 2002,[4] the game content under CC-BY-NC-SA-2.5. The 3DO source code was the basis of the open source game The Ur-Quan Masters.A sequel, Star Control 3, was released in 1996.","title":"Star Control II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StarControl2_Entering_Sol_System.png"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"action-adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action-adventure_game"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_world"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bestclassic2-3"},{"link_name":"Star Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Control"},{"link_name":"strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_video_game"},{"link_name":"adventure games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_game"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101series2-5"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Ur-Quan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur-Quan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bycer20182-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101series2-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bycer20182-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bycer20182-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101series2-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101series2-5"}],"text":"The Captain's ship enters the Solar System at the beginning of the game.Star Control II is an action-adventure science fiction game, set in an open universe.[3] It features ship-to-ship combat based on the original Star Control, but removes the first game's strategy gameplay to focus on story and dialog, as seen in other adventure games.[5] The player's goal is to free Earth from the evil Ur-Quan, by recruiting aliens to help.[6] The main gameplay elements are exploring the galaxy, gathering resources, building a fleet, defeating enemy ships, and conversing with aliens.[7][8]One-on-one spaceship battles take place in real-time, based on the core gameplay of the original Star Control.[9] Each ship has unique weapons, maneuvers, and secondary abilities,[6] and winning a battle requires a combination of ship selection and skill.[7] This combat mode can be played separately in a two-player battle mode called Super Melee.[10] In the story mode, the player is limited to the ships they can gain from sympathetic alien races, whereas Super Melee includes every ship in both Star Control games.[5] The only ship unique to the story mode is the player's capital ship, which is upgraded as the player gains new technology and resources.[10]After a brief opening sequence, the player is given near total freedom to explore the galaxy at large.[8] Exploration often involves travelling to stars, landing on planets, and gathering resources.[7] The player navigates their star map, with over 500 stars and 3800 planets to potentially visit.[11] Players must manage their risk as they explore, as planets with more dangerous hazards usually feature more valuable resources, which are vital to upgrade the player's fleet.[10] More rarely, a planet will feature an interactive alien race, who the player can engage with as a potential friend or foe.[7] The interactive dialog options help advance the story, with branching conversations similar to other adventure games.[5] These conversations also reveal secrets and information about the galaxy.[7] The game vastly expands on the characters and backstory from the first game, with each species having their own characteristic conversational quirks, music, and even display fonts.[5]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StarControlII_Screenshot.png"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101series2-5"},{"link_name":"Precursor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_(Star_Control)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"terraforming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraforming"}],"text":"Discussion with various characters is an important aspect in the game, and advances the game's story.Whereas the first Star Control stores most of its lore in the instruction manual, Star Control II continues the story with a rich in-game experience, playing through events after the Alliance is defeated by the Hierarchy.[5] In the last phase of the war between the Alliance of Free Stars and the Hierarchy of Battle Thralls, an Earthling ship discovered an ancient Precursor subterranean installation in the Vela star system. A massive Hierarchy offensive forced the Alliance fleets to retreat beyond Vela, stranding the science expedition, who went in to hiding. Decades later, with the help of a genius child born on the planet, the colonists activated the Precursor machinery and found out that it was programmed to build a highly advanced but unfinished starship, which could be piloted only by the now grown genius child, who alone could interact with the Precursor central computer. The new ship set out to Sol to make contact with Earth, but shortly before reaching Sol the little fleet was attacked by an unknown probe; The expedition commander, captaining the expedition's Earthling Cruiser, intercepted the alien ship before it could damage the defenseless Precursor starship, but was killed in the short fight, leaving the genius young man in command.[12]The player begins the game as the commander of the Precursor starship, who returns to Earth to find it enslaved by the Ur-Quan. The Captain gains the support of the skeleton crew of Earth's caretaker starbase and ventures out to contact the other races to find out what's happened since the end of the war and try to recruit allies in to a New Alliance of Free Stars against the Ur-Quan. The Captain quickly discovers that the rest of the humans' allies in the war against the Ur-Quan have either been eradicated, put under slave shields, or put into service as Ur-Quan battle thralls. As the player progresses, it is revealed that the Ur-Quan are fighting an internecine war with the Kohr-Ah, a subspecies of Ur-Quan who believe in eradicating all life in the galaxy, as opposed to enslaving it. The winner of this war will gain access to the Sa-Matra, a Precursor battle platform of unparalleled power. The player must take advantage of the Ur-Quans' distraction to contact and recruit alien races into a new alliance, gather resources and build a fleet, and find a way to destroy the Sa-Matra, before the Ur-Quan finish their war and become unstoppable.The Captain resolves issues several of the races are facing, or exploits their weaknesses, to get them on their side. Notably the Captain finds the Chenjesu and Mmrnmhrm on Procyon undergoing their own plan to merge in to a composite species powerful enough to defeat the Ur-Quan, and captures a psychic alien Dnyarri, which the Captain discovers is a member of the race that brutally enslaved the galaxy millennia ago, causing the Ur-Quan's hegemonic and genocidal rampage around the galaxy. The Captain uses a Precursor Sun Device to accelerate the merging of the Chenjesu and Mmrnmhrm to create the Chmmr, who amplify a Precursor terraforming bomb, allowing the Captain to sacrifice his ship to destroy the Sa-Matra and defeat the Ur-Quan.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Classic_Game_Postmortem-_Star_Control_(16552069930).jpg"},{"link_name":"GDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barton2016-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101series2-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barton2016-13"},{"link_name":"Accolade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accolade_(company)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"Greg Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Johnson_(game_designer)"},{"link_name":"Starflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starflight"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-escapist-20102-15"},{"link_name":"Starflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starflight"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespotinterview-16"},{"link_name":"Jack Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Vance"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"Orson Scott Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card"},{"link_name":"Robert Heinlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Heinlein"},{"link_name":"David Brin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brin"},{"link_name":"Andre Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Norton"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespotinterview-16"},{"link_name":"David Brin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brin"},{"link_name":"Uplift Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uplift_Universe"},{"link_name":"Larry Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Niven"},{"link_name":"Known Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_Space"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tringham2014-17"}],"sub_title":"Concept","text":"Paul Reiche III, Fred Ford, and Rob Dubbin give a postmortem of the game's development at GDC 2015.Star Control II began as a more ambitious project than the original Star Control, with Reiche and Ford hoping to go beyond ship combat to develop a \"science fiction adventure role-playing game\".[13] The team credits the pre-existing combat from the original Star Control with giving them a strong core to build a larger game around.[14] The sequel would develop into a much more detailed adventure than the first edition.[5] Ford explains that the original Star Control had \"some story there, but it was mostly in the manual. In Star Control II, we made a conscious decision to tell more of a story\".[13] The duo would downplay the scale of the game when pitching it to their publisher Accolade, and the game's development would eventually go over schedule.[14]Reiche and Ford drew inspiration from many science-fiction authors, as well as peers in the game industry. A few years earlier, Reiche had been friends with Greg Johnson during the creation of Starflight, inspiring Reiche to offer creative input on Johnson's expansive science fiction game.[15] Once Reiche and Ford conceived Star Control 2, they would draw large inspiration from Starflight.[14] This friendship and mutual admiration even led to hiring Greg Johnson, whom they credit as \"one of the most significant contributors to Star Control II\".[16] Ford also cites their shared love of author Jack Vance from their childhood, and were intrigued by the idea of exaggerated societies taken to their extremes, and intelligent characters committed to an interesting agenda.[14] Reiche would cite the influence of numerous fiction authors over the Star Control series, including Jack Vance, Orson Scott Card, Robert Heinlein, David Brin, and Andre Norton.[16] David Brin's Uplift Universe and Larry Niven's Known Space series are often mentioned as inspiration for Star Control II.[17]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warstories-18"},{"link_name":"procedural generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_generation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bycer20182-10"},{"link_name":"exoplanets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanets"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warstories-18"},{"link_name":"planetary systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_systems"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeMaria2018-20"},{"link_name":"zirconium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warstories-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"pumice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumice"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"}],"sub_title":"Technology","text":"The creators started by asking \"what people do when they go out and have an adventure in space\", while keeping in mind what they could actually implement.[18] This led them to create numerous stars and planets, through a combination of procedural generation and handcrafted assets.[10] Despite the fact that exoplanets had yet to be fully discovered,[18] Reiche initially took on the challenge of simulating planetary systems based on scientific principles.[19] They ultimately decided to bypass some details of the simulation, due to its lack of distinct planets to explore.[20] Instead, they imagined cracked planets with magma chasms, ruby planets with precious zirconium, and even rainbow colored planets.[18] The planets were created with a procedurally generated height map, which required difficult programming solutions to simulate the appearance of a 3D sphere.[14] They additionally simulated 3D asteroids by digitizing images of pumice they had taken from a parking lot.[14]The Star Control II team also invented their own fictional, flat version of space, so that the stars could be arranged in a more clear and interesting way.[14] The algorithmically-assisted generation of the star map helped to create a vast, mysterious setting for players to explore.[21] The map also added circles of influence for the aliens, not just to describe their location, but to provide narrative hints about their changing power, relationships, and stories.[14]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warstories-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barton2016-13"},{"link_name":"pen and paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen-and-paper_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"dialog trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue_tree"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeMaria2018-20"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barton2016-13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeMaria2018-20"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barton2016-13"},{"link_name":"starbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_station"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barton2016-13"},{"link_name":"player versus player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_versus_player"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-22"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespotinterview-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespotinterview-16"},{"link_name":"Starflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starflight"},{"link_name":"Greg Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Johnson_(game_designer)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist"},{"link_name":"George Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Barr_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"pulp science-fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"Erol Otus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erol_Otus"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"Monkey Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_Island_(series)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeMaria2018-20"},{"link_name":"font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"}],"sub_title":"Fictional universe","text":"Reiche and Ford wanted their new game to further investigate their self-described \"superficial\" stories and aliens from the original Star Control.[18] Thus, the story for Star Control II would greatly expand on those original characters, and add a few more.[13]This was the last time that Reiche would design a game using pen and paper, including dozens of flow charts for the major plot points, player choices, and dialog trees.[22] Paul Reiche III describes this creative process, \"I know it probably sounds weird, but when I design a game like this, I make drawings of the characters and stare at them. I hold little conversations with them. 'What do you guys do?' And they tell me.\"[20] Early in the process, they used the first game's character and ship images to create simple visual stories about the two main sides of the conflict.[13] The main antagonist the Ur-Quan were already understood as a race of slavers in Star Control, so Reiche developed their motivation by writing their backstory as slaves themselves.[20] To justify the Mycon's organic structures and high energy plasma, they decided that the Mycon lived beneath the planet's crust, and must have been artificially created to survive there.[13] Fred Ford inspired the character design for the Earth starbase commander, as well as the Pkunk's insult ability, while the Spathi were inspired by a running joke about Paul Reiche's desire for self-preservation.[13] The rich storytelling was a contrast to the first game's emphasis on player versus player combat, but they realized that their combat artificial intelligence could give story-loving players an option to delegate battles.[14]Once Reiche and Ford imagined the different alien personalities, Reiche hand-drew a flow chart for each alien's dialog options, which Ford would implement into the game with placeholder tags.[22] However, the sheer quantity of writing and art proved to be challenging for the game's epic scale.[16] Fred Ford surprised the team with his prolific coding, and it was the rest of the team who needed to catch-up with art, writing, music, and other assets.[14] They quickly enlisted the help of friends and family to create game content.[16] One crucial friend was Starflight creator Greg Johnson, who Reiche had previously helped on Starflight while sharing office space.[14] Johnson ended up writing dialog for several aliens, as well as creating most of the artwork for the alien spaceships.[23] They were also able to hire fantasy artist George Barr through mutual friends,[24][25] who had inspired the game's \"pulp science-fiction\" feel, and happened to be living nearby.[14] Long-time friend Erol Otus was another collaborator,[26] who Reiche describes as contributing the widest range of content, including music, text, art, illustrations for the game manual, and (later) voice-acting.[14]The largest number of collaborators were needed for the game's numerous dialog options.[14] The creators were admirers of the Monkey Island games, and aimed to achieve the same level of player choice and humor.[20] Reiche felt that each character needed their own font to match their distinct personality, and built a font-editing system to achieve this.[14]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespotinterview-16"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-22"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barton2016-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pelit-28"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespotinterview-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barton2016-13"},{"link_name":"MOD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOD_(file_format)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"newsgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgroup"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"tracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracker_music"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"demoscene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoscene"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"Dan Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmic_Free_Music_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barton2016-13"},{"link_name":"Erol Otus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erol_Otus"},{"link_name":"Ur-Quan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur-Quan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FACTmag-30"},{"link_name":"3DO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer"},{"link_name":"CD-ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM"},{"link_name":"full motion video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_motion_video"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retrogamer14-31"},{"link_name":"Game Developer Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developer_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDC2015-14"}],"sub_title":"Deadline and budget","text":"Reiche and Ford felt it was difficult to maintain Accolade's interest in the game.[16] In fact, Accolade had played a version of the game with placeholder dialog, and was content to ship the game with the \"cryptic\" text as-is.[22] This led to an industry legend that the duo absconded to Alaska to finish the game without Accolade's interference.[27] The creators later clarified that Accolade did not interfere with development and was satisfied to publish the game in any form, and that this was important to their creative freedom and artistic success.[13] As the project went over schedule, their payment from Accolade came to an end.[14] Fred Ford decided to financially support the team for the final months of development,[28] and they were ultimately able to finish the project with the help of numerous family, friends, and other collaborators.[16]The team stretched their music budget by holding a contest to create the game's soundtrack.[13] Reiche and Ford had previously discovered the sample-based MOD file format while porting the first Star Control's music to consoles.[14] They posted the music contest to a newsgroup for Amiga users, despite the fact that the game was for PC, because Amiga hobbyists were the main community of MOD-tracker users in that time.[29] The contest attracted people from around the world, due to the popularity of the MOD format in the largely European demoscene.[14] The contest also led them to discover a teenager named Dan Nicholson, who they hired to create additional music as needed.[13] Further music came from existing team member Erol Otus, who first composed the Ur-Quan theme on a synthesizer before it was re-sampled and exported to the MOD file format.[14] The critically acclaimed soundtrack would include music from Aaron Grier, Erol Otus, Eric Berge, Riku Nuottajärvi, and Dan Nicholson.[30]Months after its release, the team would create hours of voice dialog for the 3DO version of the game, taking advantage of space afforded by CD-ROM technology, while bucking the trend of CD-based games with full motion video.[31] Game Developer Magazine featured the game in its list of open source space games, praising its scale and charm, as well as its new features.[32] In the end, the 3DO version would feature 11 hours of voice audio, including performances from Reiche, as well as friends Greg Johnson and Erol Otus.[14]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC3preview2-33"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bestclassic2-3"}],"text":"Star Control II received a positive reception around its release, as well as several awards. Soon after, Star Control II began to appear on many \"all time best\" lists for players and industry figures,[33] a reputation that has continued ever since.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allgamereview-34"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brooks1994052-35"},{"link_name":"Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon1952-36"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-egm1994102-37"},{"link_name":"Game Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Players"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gameplayers-38"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamepro1994-39"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NG2-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Pelit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelit"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pelit1993-42"},{"link_name":"Pelit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelit"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pelit-28"},{"link_name":"GDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw1993072-43"},{"link_name":"CGW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw1993102-44"},{"link_name":"VideoGames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VideoGames_%26_Computer_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG74-45"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"VGA graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA_graphics"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trevena1993032-46"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brooks1994052-35"},{"link_name":"Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon1952-36"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Game Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Players"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gameplayers-38"},{"link_name":"PC Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCGames"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"COMPUTE!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compute!"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Pelit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelit"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pelit1993-42"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamepro1994-39"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-egm1994102-37"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NG2-40"},{"link_name":"Game Developers Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw1993072-43"},{"link_name":"Pelit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelit"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pelit-28"},{"link_name":"Eric the Unready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_the_Unready"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw1993102-44"}],"sub_title":"Reviews and awards","text":"ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreAllGame (PC)[34]Computer Gaming World (PC)[35]Dragon (PC)[36]Electronic Gaming Monthly8.25/10[37] (3DO)Game Players (PC)[38]GamePro[39] (3DO)Next Generation[40] (3DO)3DO Magazine (3DO)[41]Pelit96/100 (PC)[42]AwardsPublicationAwardPelit[28]1993 Game of the YearGDC[43]Class of '93 HonorCGW[44]1993 Adventure Game of the YearVideoGamesBest Adventure Game[45]Computer Gaming World stated that Star Control II was as much a sequel to Starflight as to Star Control. The reviewer praised the VGA graphics and wrote that the game \"has some of the best dialogue ever encountered in this genre\". He concluded that the game \"has been placed on this reviewer's top ten list of all time ... one of the most enjoyable games to review all year. It is not often that a perfect balance is struck between role playing, adventure, and action/arcade\".[46] In their 1994 survey of strategic space games set in the future, they gave the game four-plus stars out of five, stating that \"it offers hours of 'simple, hot and deep' play\".[35] Dragon gave the game a full five-star review, telling their readers that \"if you are a science-fiction gamer who enjoys a superb game environment, a high dollar-to-play ratio, and numerous challenges, SC2 is a definite must-have for your software library\".[36] Questbusters called it the \"best science-fiction role-playing game since Starflight\", and \"best RPG of the year\".[47] Giving the game four out of five stars, Game Players described the game's epic scale, where \"there's so much to do -- so many planets to explore and mysteries to solve and battles to fight -- that the game may dominate your spare time\".[38] PC Games noted the game's \"rich history\", describing the game as \"part arcade, part role-play, Star Control II is all science fiction, with an emphasis on fiction.\"[48] COMPUTE! suggested that the game \"gives you exactly what you want in a space adventure\", also giving the strongest praise for the music and sound as \"among the best done for any game on the market.\"[49] The game was also rated 96/100 by Finnish magazine Pelit, who immediately hailed it as one of the best games of the year.[42]Reviewing the 3DO version, GamePro remarked that the user-friendly interface makes the complicated gameplay easy to handle. They also praised the impressive graphics and the voice acting's use of unique vocal inflections for each alien race, and concluded that the game is \"an addicting epic sci-fi adventure that will have patient space explorers and zero-gravity tacticians glued to their screens for a million hours. All others should stay away.\"[39] The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly likewise praised the accessible interface and impressive graphics, but complained that the alien voices are sometimes difficult to understand. They cited the CD-quality audio and the Melee mode as other strong points, and one of them commented that it \"blows [the PC version] out of the water.\" They gave it an 8.25 out of 10.[37] Next Generation reviewed the 3DO version of the game, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that \"if you've the patience to spend hours digging for minerals, the game is addictive, but not state of the art.\"[40]The year of its release, the Game Developers Conference honored Star Control II as an exceptional game among their \"Class of '93\", calling it a \"perfect blend of action and adventure\", as well as \"sound that is exceptional enough to make gamers think they've upgraded their sound boards\".[43] The game also received Pelit magazine's first \"Game of the Year\" award,[28] and an award from Computer Gaming World, naming it the magazine's 1993 Adventure Game of the Year (a co-honor with Eric the Unready).[44]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC3preview2-33"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_US"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamerustop402-50"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_UK"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgameruktop502-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw199611best2-53"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NextGen19992-54"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:63-56"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamespot2-58"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN2003%222-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Hardcore Gaming 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_Gaming_101"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Kotaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bestclassic2-3"},{"link_name":"USGamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamer_Network"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"3DO Interactive Multiplayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"retro games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrogaming"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Den of Geek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNfranchises2-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-71"}],"sub_title":"\"Greatest game\" lists","text":"Star Control II quickly began to appear on \"all-time favorite\" lists, a practice that continued for many years.[33] In 1994, PC Gamer US named Star Control II as the 21st best computer game ever. The editors called it \"an epic\" and \"thoroughly enjoyable to play and look at.\"[50] That same year, PC Gamer UK named it the 33rd best computer game of all time. The editors wrote, \"If ever a game deserved an award for being underrated, it's Star Control II.\"[51] The next year, players voted the game into PC Gamer's Readers Top 40.[52] Computer Gaming World created their own list in 1996, ranking Star Control II as the 29th best PC game of all time, calling it \"a stunning mix of adventure, action, and humor.\"[53] In 1999, Next Generation also ranked it among their top 50 games of all time.[54]This acclaim continued well into the next millennium. In 2000, GameSpy inducted Star Control II into their Hall of Fame,[55] and ranked it the 26th best game of all time just one year later.[56] The Sydney Morning Herald noted Star Control II on its 2002 list, ranking the game as the 26th best game of all time.[57] In 2003, GameSpot included Star Control II on their list of greatest games of all time.[58] In the same year, IGN named Star Control II as their 53rd greatest game of all time,[59] and ranked it again at 17th greatest in 2005.[60] In 2006, Computer Gaming World inducted Star Control II into their Hall of Fame, explaining that \"what made Star Control II stand out, though, was the incredible amount of backstory and interaction with all the alien species\".[61] PC Gamer listed Star Control II the 52nd greatest PC game in their 2011 rankings,[62] and Hardcore Gaming 101 listed it among their 2015 rankings of 200 best video games of all time.[63]Compared to classic games from the same period, Star Control II is also ranked on several \"best of\" lists. Hardcore Gaming selected the game for their 2007 list of favorite classics, with \"a combination of sandbox space travel and arcade-style combat, a plotline equal to any space opera you can name, hundreds of pages' worth of interactive dialog and dozens of memorable, unique races, it's easy to see why most reviews of Star Control II quickly turn into love letters.\"[64] When Kotaku compiled their 2013 list of \"Classic PC Games You Must Play\", Star Control II reached the very top of the list.[3] In 2014, USGamer mentioned the game as one of the landmark titles from the 1990s.[65] Retro Gamer remembers Star Control II as one of the top 10 games made for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer,[66] and later listed it among their top 100 retro games at the 68th position.[67] Den of Geek also ranked it at #37 among their list of classic DOS games.[68] Its status as a classic game would lead IGN to list the series among the top 10 franchises that needed to be resurrected.[69][70] Comparing it to the original Star Control, Cinema Blend celebrates Star Control II in their short list of sequels that progressed well beyond their predecessors.[71]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monty Python's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python"},{"link_name":"Holy Grail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw199611best2-53"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamespotTop10Endings2-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Ur-Quan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur-Quan"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamespotTop10Worlds2-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-79"},{"link_name":"FACT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact_(UK_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FACTmag3-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"\"Greatest design\" lists","text":"Star Control II is also recognized for its excellence in several creative areas, including writing, design, and music. In 1996, Computer Gaming World ranked Star Control II among their top 15 most rewarding game endings, proclaiming that the game \"entertains right down to the end, with the some of the funniest credits since Monty Python's Holy Grail\".[53] The game's ending was similarly ranked as the third greatest of all time according to GameSpot's editors,[72] with their readers ranking it the sixth greatest ending.[73] Moreover, GameSpot twice acclaimed the Ur-Quan among their top ten game villains, mentioning them at the top of one 1999 list as \"one of the very best villains. Even now, we are hard-pressed to find a race of adversaries as complex and three-dimensional as the Ur-Quan.\"[74][75] The A.V. Club also included the Ur-Quan in their 2021 list of best aliens in pop culture, describing them as \"tremendous sci-fi villains, importing heady old-school concepts into Star Control's relentlessly fun space-based action\".[76]The world design of Star Control II is also celebrated, with Paste magazine giving it top ranking on their list of \"games that capture the infinite potential of space\".[77] GameSpot ranked the Star Control II universe among their top ten game worlds,[78] whereas GameRant listed Star Control II as the third largest open world map, also noting it as \"perhaps the most underrated game of all time\".[79]The game's music is remembered as the 37th greatest game soundtrack by the music magazine FACT, describing it as \"a lost 80s treasure trove of unreleased techno, synth pop and Italo\".[80] The music of Star Control II was similarly listed as the second greatest game soundtrack according to GameSpot's editors,[81] which was echoed once again by their readers.[82]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Escapist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Escapist_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-84"},{"link_name":"Rock Paper Shotgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Paper_Shotgun"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPSretro2-85"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101series2-5"},{"link_name":"history of video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_games"},{"link_name":"VGChartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGChartz"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"90s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-87"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeMaria2018-20"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:43-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"game industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_industry"},{"link_name":"Tim Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Cain"},{"link_name":"Fallout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcanum:_Of_Steamworks_and_Magick_Obscura"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"BioWare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioWare"},{"link_name":"Ray Muzyka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Muzyka"},{"link_name":"Mass Effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Effect"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGNHD2-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bestclassic4-95"},{"link_name":"spiritual predecessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_successor"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:43-88"},{"link_name":"FACT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact_(UK_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FACTmag3-80"},{"link_name":"PCGamesN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCGamesN"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Paradox Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_Interactive"},{"link_name":"strategy game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_video_game"},{"link_name":"Stellaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellaris_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:04-98"},{"link_name":"Zoë Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Quinn"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Insomniac Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomniac_Games"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Irrational Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_Games"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:63-56"},{"link_name":"open world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_world"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bycer20183-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"text":"Long after its release, Star Control II continues to garner acclaim across the game industry. Responding to film critics who criticized video games as a superficial medium, The Escapist magazine highlighted Star Control II as \"the scripting was second to none. Don't be fooled by the fantastical setting - the story maturely dealt with wide ranging issues, from genocide to religious extremism, and still remained terrifying, touching, and damn funny in places.\"[83] The magazine would revisit this in a 2014 retrospective, calling it a \"must play for space loving gamers\", offering \"a massive experience filled with exploration, action and some of the funniest aliens you'll run into any video game\".[84] Rock Paper Shotgun featured the game in 2016, celebrating \"some of the most memorable aliens ever put in a game, and still some of the best written.\"[85] In a 2018 retrospective of the entire series, Hardcore Gaming 101 notes that \"there are aspects of Star Control II that are rough around the edges..., [b]ut once you surmount those obstacles, it reveals itself as one of the smartest, funniest, most adventure-filled science fiction games ever made\".[5] In a multi-part feature on the history of video games, VGChartz noted that Star Control II is \"often considered one of the greatest games ever made\".[86] Kotaku referred to it as \"one of the early '90s most revolutionary sci-fi games\",[87] and game historian Rusel DeMaria describes it as one of the best games ever written.[20] Additionally, The Dickinson Press called it \"one of the best PC games ever\",[88] and The Completist notes it as \"one of the greatest games ever made\".[89]Indeed, Star Control II is admired and influential amongst notable developers in the game industry. Tim Cain credits Star Control II with inspiring his open-ended design in both Fallout and Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura, calling it his personal favorite RPG of all time and one of the best computer games ever developed.[90][91] Founder of BioWare Ray Muzyka also cites Star Control as an inspiration, stating that \"the uncharted worlds in Mass Effect comes from imagining what a freely explorable universe would be like inside a very realistic next-gen game.\"[92] Indeed, journalists have noted heavy similarities in the story, characters, and overall experience of Mass Effect,[93][94][95] even calling Star Control II a spiritual predecessor.[88] FACT notes that Star Control II's \"galaxy-spanning sci-fi setting whose adventure elements foreshadowed Mass Effect by a good 15 years\".[80] PCGamesN explains further, that \"while Star Control II is a little clunky and esoteric by modern standards, this was the Mass Effect of its era, defining many of the elements you might have taken for granted in Bioware's classic sci-fi RPG series. ... Star Control's weird and wonderful alien races are far more exciting than anything Bioware gave us.\"[96] Henrik Fahraeus of Paradox Interactive credits Star Control II as a major influence on strategy game Stellaris,[97] after expressing disappointment that the Mass Effect series lacked the exploration and openness of Star Control II.[98] Game writer and narrative designer Zoë Quinn called Star Control II a childhood obsession, describing how she \"filled several notebooks with notes and maps as I constantly explored Fake Space, trying to see everything and uncover all the secrets in the game.\"[99] Vice President of Insomniac Games Brian Hastings ranked Star Control II as one of his top games, and one of \"the most original and perfectly executed games ever\".[100] Alexx Kay of Irrational Games hailed Star Control II as the best game \"by a mile\", noting that it was \"one of the first story-based games where your actions had clear consequences\".[56] In Joshua Bycer's book \"20 Essential Games to Study\", his first chapter is devoted to analyzing Star Control II, as an unprecedented open world game far ahead of its contemporaries.[101]Star Control II is sometimes credited as a spiritual successor to Starflight, inheriting its legacy as a genre-defining space exploration game.[102]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3DO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101series2-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tringham2014-17"}],"sub_title":"The Ur-Quan Masters","text":"The Ur-Quan Masters is a modified open-source release of Star Control 2, based on a freely available version of the original 3DO code.[5][17]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UQMTM-103"},{"link_name":"Star Control 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Control_3"},{"link_name":"Legend Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Toys for Bob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_for_Bob"},{"link_name":"Fred Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Ford_(programmer)"},{"link_name":"Paul Reiche III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reiche_III"},{"link_name":"Ken Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Ford_(programmer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dan Gerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Gerstein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Free Stars: Children of Infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Stars:_Children_of_Infinity"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Gamespot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"Youtube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"sub_title":"Sequel and continuity","text":"In 2017, Reiche and Ford announced plans to create a direct sequel to The Ur-Quan Masters,[103] which would effectively bypass the story from Star Control 3, created by the now defunct Legend Entertainment.[104][105] This announcement comes after years of fan requests for a sequel.[106] Due to disagreements between the trademark owner of Star Control and the ownership of the intellectual property within the games previously sold under the trademark, the game development was halted. A settlement has been reached, and work resumed in the fall of 2020.[107]After leaving Toys for Bob, Fred Ford and Paul Reiche III co-founded Pistol Shrimp Games alongside Ken Ford and Dan Gerstein, under which they are currently developing Free Stars: Children of Infinity.[108] On April 4, 2024, the official trailer for this project was released on the Gamespot channel on Youtube.[109] The campaign to fund the game launched on Kickstarter on April 16, 2024 and has ended on May 18, 2024, collecting more than 650 000$.[110]","title":"Legacy"}] | [{"image_text":"The Captain's ship enters the Solar System at the beginning of the game.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/StarControl2_Entering_Sol_System.png/220px-StarControl2_Entering_Sol_System.png"},{"image_text":"Discussion with various characters is an important aspect in the game, and advances the game's story.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/StarControlII_Screenshot.png/220px-StarControlII_Screenshot.png"},{"image_text":"Paul Reiche III, Fred Ford, and Rob Dubbin give a postmortem of the game's development at GDC 2015.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Classic_Game_Postmortem-_Star_Control_%2816552069930%29.jpg/220px-Classic_Game_Postmortem-_Star_Control_%2816552069930%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Sa-Matra - Star Control 2 Quotes\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sa-matra.net/quotes/","url_text":"\"The Sa-Matra - Star Control 2 Quotes\""}]},{"reference":"Hutchinson, Lee (23 October 2018). \"Video: How Star Control II was almost a much more boring game\". Ars Technica.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2018/10/video-how-star-control-ii-was-almost-a-much-more-boring-game/","url_text":"\"Video: How Star Control II was almost a much more boring game\""}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Kirk (September 19, 2013). \"The Game That \"Won\" Our Classic PC Games List (If It Had A Winner)\". Kotaku. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/the-game-that-won-our-classic-pc-games-list-if-it-ha-1349952997","url_text":"\"The Game That \"Won\" Our Classic PC Games List (If It Had A Winner)\""}]},{"reference":"Wen, Howard (August 11, 2005). \"The Ur-Quan Masters\". O'Reilly Media. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160316091529/http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2005/08/11/ur-quan.html","url_text":"\"The Ur-Quan Masters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media","url_text":"O'Reilly Media"},{"url":"http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2005/08/11/ur-quan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kalata, Kurt (September 11, 2018). \"Star Control II\". Hardcore Gaming 101. Retrieved October 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/star-control-ii/","url_text":"\"Star Control II\""}]},{"reference":"Hayward, David (May 9, 2019). \"50 Underrated DOS Games\". Den of Geek.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denofgeek.com/games/underrated-dos-games/","url_text":"\"50 Underrated DOS Games\""}]},{"reference":"Shearer, Stew (December 6, 2014). \"Star Control 2 - Interstellar Awesome\". The Escapist. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. 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Expanded: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games 3rd Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-77139-2","url_text":"978-0-429-77139-2"}]},{"reference":"John, Harris (January 1, 2008). \"Game Design Essentials: 20 Mysterious Games\". Gamasutra. Retrieved October 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/131892/game_design_essentials_20_.php?page=10","url_text":"\"Game Design Essentials: 20 Mysterious Games\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Alex (July 14, 2020). \"Star Control 2 Was Designed And Built Entirely On Hand-Drawn Flowcharts\". Kotaku Australia. Retrieved July 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kotaku.com.au/2020/07/star-control-2-was-designed-and-built-entirely-on-hand-drawn-flowcharts/","url_text":"\"Star Control 2 Was Designed And Built Entirely On Hand-Drawn Flowcharts\""}]},{"reference":"Horowitz, Ken (February 22, 2005). \"Interview: Greg Johnson\". Sega 16. Archived from the original on March 17, 2007. Retrieved October 22, 2020. Greg Johnson: Star Control wasn't my game. I did help out on it, but that was really done by two good friends of mine Paul Reiche and Fred Ford. Paul and Fred run a game development studio called Toys For Bob. Back in the old days a bunch of us who developed games used to share a suite of offices, and basically just help each other out on our respective games. Paul let me write the dialogue for a number of the races in Star Control 2 and I think I did the artwork for most of the spaceships, but that's it. It was Paul's design. To this day Star Control Melee continues to be one of the games I play the most. I think Paul is one of the most amazing game designers ever.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070317223632/https://www.sega-16.com/Interview-%20Greg%20Johnson.php","url_text":"\"Interview: Greg Johnson\""},{"url":"https://www.sega-16.com/Interview-%20Greg%20Johnson.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hutchinson, Lee (October 26, 2018). \"Video: The people who helped make Star Control 2 did a ton of other stuff\". Ars Technica. Retrieved October 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/1e42a2c2-df36-44c3-8c94-b8c7994f7954mezzanine.txt","url_text":"\"Video: The people who helped make Star Control 2 did a ton of other stuff\""}]},{"reference":"GameSpy Staff (February 3, 2001). \"Interview with George Barr\". GameSpy. Archived from the original on March 13, 2006. 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Retrieved October 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1994&pub=2&id=118","url_text":"\"Never Trust A Gazfluvian Flingschnogger!\""}]},{"reference":"Lesser, Hartley; Lesser, Patricia; Lesser, Kirk (July 1993). \"The Role of Computers\" (PDF). Dragon. No. 195. pp. 57–64. Retrieved October 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://annarchive.com/files/Drmg195.pdf","url_text":"\"The Role of Computers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review Crew: Star Control II\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 63. Ziff Davis. October 1994. p. 38. Retrieved October 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly_63/page/n39/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Review Crew: Star Control II\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"}]},{"reference":"Firme, Matthew A. (March 1993). Reviews - Star Control II. Game Players PC Entertainment - Volume 6 Issue 2. pp. 61–64. Retrieved October 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/Game_Players_PC_Entertainment_Vol.6_No.2_March-April_1993_U","url_text":"Reviews - Star Control II"}]},{"reference":"\"ProReview: Star Control II\". GamePro. No. 64. IDG. November 1994. p. 174. Retrieved October 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/GamePro_Issue_064_November_1994/page/n183/mode/2up","url_text":"\"ProReview: Star Control II\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"IDG"}]},{"reference":"\"Finals\". Next Generation. No. 1. Imagine Media. January 1995. p. 91.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"Next Generation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_US","url_text":"Imagine Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Star Control II Review\". 3DO Magazine (1). Paragon publishing: 49. December 1994. Retrieved April 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/3-do-01/page/48/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Star Control II Review\""}]},{"reference":"Mantylahti, Ossi (January 1993). \"Star Control II\". Pelit. Retrieved October 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pelit199301/page/n39/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Star Control II\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 7th International Computer Game Developers Conference\". Computer Gaming World. July 1993. p. 34. Retrieved July 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1993&pub=2&id=108","url_text":"\"The 7th International Computer Game Developers Conference\""}]},{"reference":"\"Computer Gaming World's Game of the Year Awards\". Computer Gaming World. October 1993. pp. 70–74. 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Dogar And Kazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dogarandkazon.com/blog/2021/6/17/i-seriously-considered-adding-a-cow-to-this-image","url_text":"\"I Seriously Considered Adding A Cow To This Image\""}]},{"reference":"Yarwood, Jack (April 23, 2024). \"\"We've Finally Sighted Land\" - Free Stars, The Star Control Successor 30 Years In The Making\". Timeextenstion.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeextension.com/features/interview-werve-finally-sighted-land-free-stars-the-star-control-successor-30-years-in-the-making","url_text":"\"\"We've Finally Sighted Land\" - Free Stars, The Star Control Successor 30 Years In The Making\""}]},{"reference":"Makuch, Eddie (April 4, 2024). \"Free Stars: Children Of Infinity Trailer Debuts, Kickstarter Coming Soon\". GameSpot.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/free-stars-children-of-infinity-trailer-debuts-kickstarter-coming-soon/1100-6522370/","url_text":"\"Free Stars: Children Of Infinity Trailer Debuts, Kickstarter Coming Soon\""}]},{"reference":"Chalk, Andy (April 20, 2024). \"The long-awaited sequel to The Ur-Quan Masters hits its crowdfunding target in less than four hours, and they're not kidding about that $4.4 million stretch goal\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequesquite | Tequesquite | ["1 History","2 In cooking","3 Other uses","4 References"] | For the BRT station in Mexico, see Tequesquite (Mexibús).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tequesquite" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Tequesquite or tequexquite (from Nahuatl tequixquitl) is a natural mineral salt containing compounds of sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, and sodium sulphate, used in Mexico since pre-Hispanic times mainly as a food seasoning. It is found naturally in central Mexico particularly in previously lacustrine environments where the mineral salt forms a sedimentary crust.
Chemically it is an alkaline rock composed of various minerals, which changes its ratio according to where it is obtained. It consists mainly of sodium bicarbonate and common salt (sodium chloride), but also contains potassium carbonate, sodium sulfate and clay. Its appearance is similar to that of common table salt in coarseness, but with a more greyish color.
It is classified into four types: mousse, confitillo, husk and dust. The first two are obtained from the recession of water, and the latter two as natural efflorescence. The latter contain more dirt, so the other two are preferred.
In industry it is also used with fats - saponified to make soap and prepare canvases.
Some locations in Mexico where it is mined are Lake Texcoco, Tequixquiac and Tequexquinahuac in the state of Mexico, Laguna Tequesquitengo in the state of Morelos, Nopalucan and Tequexquitla, in the state of Tlaxcala , Tequisquiapan, in the state of Querétaro, Tequesquite, in the state of Jalisco, Totolcingo lagoon in the state of Puebla and La Salada, in the state of Zacatecas.
Sometimes it is confused with Potassium nitrate, but its chemical composition is completely different.
History
At the time of the Aztecs, was obtained from Lake Texcoco, especially in the dry season. This lake is salt water, and when the water level of the lake fell or retreated, the water evaporates remained as sediment in some wells tequesquite salt. It is also found as efflorescent natural formation, leaving the soil by capillarity. Another place where salt was abundant was Iztapalapa, which also traded salt. For the Aztecs, salt was a luxury, so the lower classes could not afford it easily.
As of 2020, it can be bought in the markets of some towns in Mexico; it is still an ingredient used in many dishes. However, baking soda and table salt may be used as a substitute, but tradition dictates that the taste of tequesquite cannot be replaced.
In cooking
Tequesquite has many uses as an ingredient in traditional Mexican dishes. It is mainly used in products made from corn, such as tamales, to accentuate their flavor. The corn is usually boiled with it. It is also used for cooking nopales and other vegetables as it retains their bright green color; to soften dried beans; and as a meat tenderizer, similar to sodium bicarbonate.
It is used as a leavening agent by boiling with a solid tequestuite stone and the shells of ten tomatillos in a cup of water and strained.
In the novel Como agua para chocolate (Like Water for Chocolate) by Mexican author Laura Esquivel, tequesquite is used in the dish frijoles gordos con chile a la tezcucano (fat beans with chili Tezcucano style).
Other uses
Tequesquite is also used in the preparation of cobalt blue and orange that is used to decorate handmade pieces, especially in Puebla Talavera.
References
^ Diana Kennedy. My Mexico: A Culinary Odyssey with Recipes. University of Texas Press, Oct 20, 2013 p. 213
^ Eduardo Williams. La sal de la tierra: etnoarqueología de la producción salinera en el occidente de México. El Colegio de Michoacán A.C., Jan 1, 2003
^ Esquivel, Laura (2010-10-27). Como agua para chocolate (in Spanish). Vintage Español. ISBN 978-0-307-77401-9. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tequesquite (Mexibús)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequesquite_(Mexib%C3%BAs)"},{"link_name":"Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"mineral salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_salt"},{"link_name":"sodium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride"},{"link_name":"sodium carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"sodium sulphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulphate"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"lacustrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacustrine_deposits"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"alkaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline"},{"link_name":"sodium bicarbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate"},{"link_name":"potassium carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"sodium sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"confitillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confitillo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tequixquiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequixquiac"},{"link_name":"Tequexquinahuac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequexquinahuac"},{"link_name":"Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelos"},{"link_name":"Nopalucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nopalucan"},{"link_name":"state of Tlaxcala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_(Nahua_state)"},{"link_name":"Tequisquiapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequisquiapan"},{"link_name":"Querétaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro"},{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla"},{"link_name":"Zacatecas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacatecas"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"For the BRT station in Mexico, see Tequesquite (Mexibús).Tequesquite or tequexquite (from Nahuatl tequixquitl) is a natural mineral salt containing compounds of sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, and sodium sulphate, used in Mexico since pre-Hispanic times mainly as a food seasoning. It is found naturally in central Mexico particularly in previously lacustrine environments where the mineral salt forms a sedimentary crust.[1][2]Chemically it is an alkaline rock composed of various minerals, which changes its ratio according to where it is obtained. It consists mainly of sodium bicarbonate and common salt (sodium chloride), but also contains potassium carbonate, sodium sulfate and clay. Its appearance is similar to that of common table salt in coarseness, but with a more greyish color.[citation needed]It is classified into four types: mousse, confitillo, husk and dust. The first two are obtained from the recession of water, and the latter two as natural efflorescence. The latter contain more dirt, so the other two are preferred.[citation needed]In industry it is also used with fats - saponified to make soap and prepare canvases.[citation needed]Some locations in Mexico where it is mined are Lake Texcoco, Tequixquiac and Tequexquinahuac in the state of Mexico, Laguna Tequesquitengo in the state of Morelos, Nopalucan and Tequexquitla, in the state of Tlaxcala , Tequisquiapan, in the state of Querétaro, Tequesquite, in the state of Jalisco, Totolcingo lagoon in the state of Puebla and La Salada, in the state of Zacatecas.[citation needed]Sometimes it is confused with Potassium nitrate, but its chemical composition is completely different.","title":"Tequesquite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iztapalapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa"}],"text":"At the time of the Aztecs, was obtained from Lake Texcoco, especially in the dry season. This lake is salt water, and when the water level of the lake fell or retreated, the water evaporates remained as sediment in some wells tequesquite salt. It is also found as efflorescent natural formation, leaving the soil by capillarity. Another place where salt was abundant was Iztapalapa, which also traded salt. For the Aztecs, salt was a luxury, so the lower classes could not afford it easily.As of 2020, it can be bought in the markets of some towns in Mexico; it is still an ingredient used in many dishes. However, baking soda and table salt may be used as a substitute, but tradition dictates that the taste of tequesquite cannot be replaced.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Tequesquite has many uses as an ingredient in traditional Mexican dishes. It is mainly used in products made from corn, such as tamales, to accentuate their flavor. The corn is usually boiled with it. It is also used for cooking nopales and other vegetables as it retains their bright green color; to soften dried beans; and as a meat tenderizer, similar to sodium bicarbonate.[citation needed]It is used as a leavening agent by boiling with a solid tequestuite stone and the shells of ten tomatillos in a cup of water and strained.In the novel Como agua para chocolate (Like Water for Chocolate) by Mexican author Laura Esquivel, tequesquite is used in the dish frijoles gordos con chile a la tezcucano (fat beans with chili Tezcucano style).[3]","title":"In cooking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Tequesquite is also used in the preparation of cobalt blue and orange that is used to decorate handmade pieces, especially in Puebla Talavera.[citation needed]","title":"Other uses"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Esquivel, Laura (2010-10-27). Como agua para chocolate [Like Water for Chocolate] (in Spanish). Vintage Español. ISBN 978-0-307-77401-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77401-9","url_text":"978-0-307-77401-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tequesquite%22","external_links_name":"\"Tequesquite\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tequesquite%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tequesquite%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tequesquite%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tequesquite%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tequesquite%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manassas_High_School | Manassas High School | ["1 Alumni","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 35°10′15″N 90°01′57″W / 35.1707°N 90.0325°W / 35.1707; -90.0325For schools in Manassas, Virginia, see Osbourn High School and Manassas Regional High School.
Public schoolManassas High SchoolAddress1111 N Manassas StMemphis, TennesseeInformationTypePublicEstablished1900School districtMemphis City SchoolsNCES District ID4700148NCES School ID470014801113PrincipalEric CooperGrades9-12Enrollment331Student to teacher ratio12.35Color(s)Gold and blue Team nameTigersWebsite
Manassas High School is in Memphis, Tennessee. It was established in 1900. As of 2022 the school had about 420 students 96 percent of whom were black. The high school produced several prominent jazz musicians. In the 1920s, it was one of two high schools in Memphis for African Americans.
It received Rosenwald School funding. Cora Taylor was its principal. In 1940 it was listed as a "Negro" school that taught Service Occupations. In 1954 it was listed as instructing auto mechanics. In 1946 the Tennessee Negro Athletic Association met in Nashville with the school's J. A. Hayes leading it. Boxer Joe Louis attended the school's 1948 football game against Booker T. Washington High School.
In 1952 a study of the intelligence of the school's students was published. In 1953, a report on the reasons for drop-outs given by students, teachers and parents from the school was published. In 1971 a study of female students attitude towards physical education at the school was published. Louis B. Hobson was principal in 1972 when plans to make it a middle school in the wake of desegregation were proposed.
Robert Samuel White Sr. wes the school's principal for 14 years during the 1980s and 1990s.
The 2011 documentary film Undefeated is about the school's football team and its former coach, Bill Courtney. Its football team has made 12 championship appearances and won twice.
Alumni
Elma Stuckey, politician
Barbara Cooper, politician
Hank Crawford, musician
Earl Wright, signer and songwriter
Clara Brawner, doctor
Will Redmond, football player
George Clarke (jazz musician), saxophonist
Dee Dee Bridgewater, musician
Burl Toler, football player
Jimmie Lunceford, musician
Booker Little, musician
Harold Mabern, musician
Ernest Withers, photojournalist
Isaac Hayes, did not graduate
Christopher E. Beavers, chef
Phineas Newborn Jr., jazz pianist
George Porter
Charles Lloyd, jazz multi-instrumentalist
Frank Strozier, jazz saxophonist
Fred L. Davis
Houston Antwine, football player
See also
Hyde Park, Memphis
List of high schools in Tennessee
Memphis City Schools
References
^ a b "Manassas High School". Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
^ https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/tennessee/districts/shelby-county-schools/manassas-high-school-18096
^ a b c d e f g "Respect for an Unsung Hero of Jazz: Jimmie Lunceford".
^ Kernodle, Tammy L.; Maxile, Horace (December 17, 2010). Encyclopedia of African American Music . ISBN 9780313342004.
^ Wilkinson, Christopher (February 1, 2012). Big Band Jazz in Black West Virginia, 1930–1942. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-62846-751-2.
^ Gritter, Elizabeth (February 17, 2014). River of Hope: Black Politics and the Memphis Freedom Movement, 1865–1954. ISBN 9780813144740.
^ Coxen, James Reason (1940). Directory of Federally Aided All-day Trade and Industrial Education Programs. U.S. Office of Education, Federal Security Agency.
^ Education, United States Division of Vocational (1954). Directory of All-day Trade and Industrial Education Programs Qualified for Federal Aid.
^ Convention Dates of Negro Organizations. 1943.
^ Lovett, Bobby L. (2005). The Civil Rights Movement in Tennessee: A Narrative History. Univ. of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1-57233-443-4.
^ A Study of the Intelligence of the Pupils of Manassas High School, Memphis, Tennessee. Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State University. 1952.
^ Some of the Reasons Given by Parents, Teachers, and Students for Drop-outs from Manassas High School, 1946-1950. Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State University. 1953.
^ An Attitude Study of High School Girls Toward Physical Education as an Activity Course at Manassas High School, Memphis, Tennessee. Tennessee State University. 1971.
^ The Michigan Alumnus. Alumni Association of the University of Michigan. 1972.
^ "Longtime Memphian Bobby White out as official at state-run turnaround district". April 18, 2019.
^ "Coach Bill Courtney and Manassas make 'Undefeated' a true underdog story - MaxPreps".
^ "Local hero: Football coach works to keep kids safe and off the streets".
^ Northouse, Peter G. (November 5, 2019). Introduction to Leadership: Concepts and Practice. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-5443-5161-2.
^ "Manassas High School Championship History".
^ "Longtime state Rep. Barbara Cooper dies at 93".
^ "Master Chef Takes Cooking to a Higher Level". February 2, 2023.
^ "Fred L. Davis, longtime Memphis businessman and civic leader, dies". May 12, 2020.
35°10′15″N 90°01′57″W / 35.1707°N 90.0325°W / 35.1707; -90.0325
This Tennessee school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osbourn High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osbourn_High_School"},{"link_name":"Manassas Regional High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manassas_Regional_High_School"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jazz-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rosenwald School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenwald_School"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Joe Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis"},{"link_name":"Booker T. Washington High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_High_School_(Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Undefeated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undefeated_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"Bill Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Courtney_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"For schools in Manassas, Virginia, see Osbourn High School and Manassas Regional High School.Public schoolManassas High School is in Memphis, Tennessee. It was established in 1900. As of 2022 the school had about 420 students 96 percent of whom were black.[2] The high school produced several prominent jazz musicians.[3][4] In the 1920s, it was one of two high schools in Memphis for African Americans.[5]It received Rosenwald School funding. Cora Taylor was its principal.[6] In 1940 it was listed as a \"Negro\" school that taught Service Occupations.[7] In 1954 it was listed as instructing auto mechanics.[8] In 1946 the Tennessee Negro Athletic Association met in Nashville with the school's J. A. Hayes leading it.[9] Boxer Joe Louis attended the school's 1948 football game against Booker T. Washington High School.[10]In 1952 a study of the intelligence of the school's students was published.[11] In 1953, a report on the reasons for drop-outs given by students, teachers and parents from the school was published.[12] In 1971 a study of female students attitude towards physical education at the school was published.[13] Louis B. Hobson was principal in 1972 when plans to make it a middle school in the wake of desegregation were proposed.[14]Robert Samuel White Sr. wes the school's principal for 14 years during the 1980s and 1990s.[15]The 2011 documentary film Undefeated is about the school's football team and its former coach, Bill Courtney.[16][17][18] Its football team has made 12 championship appearances and won twice.[19]","title":"Manassas High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elma Stuckey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elma_Stuckey"},{"link_name":"Barbara Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Cooper_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Hank Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Earl Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Wright"},{"link_name":"Clara Brawner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Brawner"},{"link_name":"Will Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Redmond"},{"link_name":"George Clarke (jazz musician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clarke_(jazz_musician)"},{"link_name":"Dee Dee Bridgewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Dee_Bridgewater"},{"link_name":"Burl Toler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burl_Toler"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Lunceford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Lunceford"},{"link_name":"Booker Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_Little"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jazz-3"},{"link_name":"Harold Mabern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Mabern"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jazz-3"},{"link_name":"Ernest Withers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Withers"},{"link_name":"Isaac Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Christopher E. Beavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_E._Beavers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Phineas Newborn Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Newborn_Jr."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jazz-3"},{"link_name":"George Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Porter_(Memphis_jazz_musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jazz-3"},{"link_name":"Charles Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lloyd_(jazz_musician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jazz-3"},{"link_name":"Frank Strozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Strozier"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jazz-3"},{"link_name":"Fred L. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_L._Davis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Houston Antwine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Antwine"}],"text":"Elma Stuckey, politician\nBarbara Cooper, politician[20]\nHank Crawford, musician\nEarl Wright, signer and songwriter\nClara Brawner, doctor\nWill Redmond, football player\nGeorge Clarke (jazz musician), saxophonist\nDee Dee Bridgewater, musician\nBurl Toler, football player\nJimmie Lunceford, musician\nBooker Little, musician[3]\nHarold Mabern, musician[3]\nErnest Withers, photojournalist\nIsaac Hayes, did not graduate\nChristopher E. Beavers, chef[21]\nPhineas Newborn Jr., jazz pianist[3]\nGeorge Porter[3]\nCharles Lloyd, jazz multi-instrumentalist[3]\nFrank Strozier, jazz saxophonist[3]\nFred L. Davis[22]\nHouston Antwine, football player","title":"Alumni"}] | [] | [{"title":"Hyde Park, Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Memphis"},{"title":"List of high schools in Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_Tennessee"},{"title":"Memphis City Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_City_Schools"}] | [{"reference":"\"Manassas High School\". Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association. Retrieved March 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://portal.tssaa.org/common/directory/?id=306","url_text":"\"Manassas High School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Respect for an Unsung Hero of Jazz: Jimmie Lunceford\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.memphisflyer.com/respect-for-an-unsung-hero-of-jazz-jimmie-lunceford","url_text":"\"Respect for an Unsung Hero of Jazz: Jimmie Lunceford\""}]},{"reference":"Kernodle, Tammy L.; Maxile, Horace (December 17, 2010). Encyclopedia of African American Music [3 volumes]. ISBN 9780313342004.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nVxgs_E57_EC&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=PA484","url_text":"Encyclopedia of African American Music [3 volumes]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313342004","url_text":"9780313342004"}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Christopher (February 1, 2012). Big Band Jazz in Black West Virginia, 1930–1942. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-62846-751-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-vGZEAAAQBAJ&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=PT156","url_text":"Big Band Jazz in Black West Virginia, 1930–1942"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62846-751-2","url_text":"978-1-62846-751-2"}]},{"reference":"Gritter, Elizabeth (February 17, 2014). River of Hope: Black Politics and the Memphis Freedom Movement, 1865–1954. ISBN 9780813144740.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zpb3AgAAQBAJ&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=PT69","url_text":"River of Hope: Black Politics and the Memphis Freedom Movement, 1865–1954"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813144740","url_text":"9780813144740"}]},{"reference":"Coxen, James Reason (1940). Directory of Federally Aided All-day Trade and Industrial Education Programs. U.S. Office of Education, Federal Security Agency.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T1g_AAAAYAAJ&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=PA183","url_text":"Directory of Federally Aided All-day Trade and Industrial Education Programs"}]},{"reference":"Education, United States Division of Vocational (1954). Directory of All-day Trade and Industrial Education Programs Qualified for Federal Aid.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O0PuAAAAMAAJ&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=PA153","url_text":"Directory of All-day Trade and Industrial Education Programs Qualified for Federal Aid"}]},{"reference":"Convention Dates of Negro Organizations. 1943.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IBr7_L_SmbUC&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=PP23","url_text":"Convention Dates of Negro Organizations"}]},{"reference":"Lovett, Bobby L. (2005). The Civil Rights Movement in Tennessee: A Narrative History. Univ. of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1-57233-443-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CvOmLHUjaXkC&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=PA252","url_text":"The Civil Rights Movement in Tennessee: A Narrative History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-443-4","url_text":"978-1-57233-443-4"}]},{"reference":"A Study of the Intelligence of the Pupils of Manassas High School, Memphis, Tennessee. Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State University. 1952.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1ug1OAAACAAJ","url_text":"A Study of the Intelligence of the Pupils of Manassas High School, Memphis, Tennessee"}]},{"reference":"Some of the Reasons Given by Parents, Teachers, and Students for Drop-outs from Manassas High School, 1946-1950. Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State University. 1953.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J9I_NwAACAAJ","url_text":"Some of the Reasons Given by Parents, Teachers, and Students for Drop-outs from Manassas High School, 1946-1950"}]},{"reference":"An Attitude Study of High School Girls Toward Physical Education as an Activity Course at Manassas High School, Memphis, Tennessee. Tennessee State University. 1971.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9ysMrgEACAAJ","url_text":"An Attitude Study of High School Girls Toward Physical Education as an Activity Course at Manassas High School, Memphis, Tennessee"}]},{"reference":"The Michigan Alumnus. Alumni Association of the University of Michigan. 1972.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C_jhAAAAMAAJ&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=RA1-PA9","url_text":"The Michigan Alumnus"}]},{"reference":"\"Longtime Memphian Bobby White out as official at state-run turnaround district\". April 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tn.chalkbeat.org/2019/4/18/21107963/longtime-memphian-bobby-white-out-as-official-at-state-run-turnaround-district?_amp=true","url_text":"\"Longtime Memphian Bobby White out as official at state-run turnaround district\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coach Bill Courtney and Manassas make 'Undefeated' a true underdog story - MaxPreps\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maxpreps.com/m/news/pPAP2YAMCEmkJtpd2TK7Bg/coach-bill-courtney-and-manassas-make-undefeated-a-true-underdog-story.htm","url_text":"\"Coach Bill Courtney and Manassas make 'Undefeated' a true underdog story - MaxPreps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local hero: Football coach works to keep kids safe and off the streets\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fox13memphis.com/archives/local-hero-football-coach-works-to-keep-kids-safe-and-off-the-streets/article_f7cda59e-9fa0-571d-b998-ea4ae328641a.html","url_text":"\"Local hero: Football coach works to keep kids safe and off the streets\""}]},{"reference":"Northouse, Peter G. (November 5, 2019). Introduction to Leadership: Concepts and Practice. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-5443-5161-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TeTFDwAAQBAJ&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=PT560","url_text":"Introduction to Leadership: Concepts and Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5443-5161-2","url_text":"978-1-5443-5161-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Manassas High School Championship History\".","urls":[{"url":"https://tssaasports.com/school/?id=306&sportid=1","url_text":"\"Manassas High School Championship History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Longtime state Rep. Barbara Cooper dies at 93\".","urls":[{"url":"https://tennesseelookout.com/briefs/longtime-state-rep-barbara-cooper-dies-at-93/","url_text":"\"Longtime state Rep. Barbara Cooper dies at 93\""}]},{"reference":"\"Master Chef Takes Cooking to a Higher Level\". February 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tntribune.com/master-chef-takes-cooking-to-a-higher-level/","url_text":"\"Master Chef Takes Cooking to a Higher Level\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fred L. Davis, longtime Memphis businessman and civic leader, dies\". May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wreg.com/news/fred-l-davis-longtime-memphis-businessman-and-civic-leader-dies/","url_text":"\"Fred L. Davis, longtime Memphis businessman and civic leader, dies\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manassas_High_School¶ms=35.1707_N_90.0325_W_type:landmark_region:US-TN","external_links_name":"35°10′15″N 90°01′57″W / 35.1707°N 90.0325°W / 35.1707; -90.0325"},{"Link":"https://schools.scsk12.org/manassas-hs","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://portal.tssaa.org/common/directory/?id=306","external_links_name":"\"Manassas High School\""},{"Link":"https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/tennessee/districts/shelby-county-schools/manassas-high-school-18096","external_links_name":"https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/tennessee/districts/shelby-county-schools/manassas-high-school-18096"},{"Link":"https://www.memphisflyer.com/respect-for-an-unsung-hero-of-jazz-jimmie-lunceford","external_links_name":"\"Respect for an Unsung Hero of Jazz: Jimmie Lunceford\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nVxgs_E57_EC&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=PA484","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of African American Music [3 volumes]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-vGZEAAAQBAJ&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=PT156","external_links_name":"Big Band Jazz in Black West Virginia, 1930–1942"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zpb3AgAAQBAJ&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=PT69","external_links_name":"River of Hope: Black Politics and the Memphis Freedom Movement, 1865–1954"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T1g_AAAAYAAJ&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=PA183","external_links_name":"Directory of Federally Aided All-day Trade and Industrial Education Programs"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O0PuAAAAMAAJ&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=PA153","external_links_name":"Directory of All-day Trade and Industrial Education Programs Qualified for Federal Aid"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IBr7_L_SmbUC&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=PP23","external_links_name":"Convention Dates of Negro Organizations"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CvOmLHUjaXkC&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=PA252","external_links_name":"The Civil Rights Movement in Tennessee: A Narrative History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1ug1OAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"A Study of the Intelligence of the Pupils of Manassas High School, Memphis, Tennessee"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J9I_NwAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Some of the Reasons Given by Parents, Teachers, and Students for Drop-outs from Manassas High School, 1946-1950"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9ysMrgEACAAJ","external_links_name":"An Attitude Study of High School Girls Toward Physical Education as an Activity Course at Manassas High School, Memphis, Tennessee"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C_jhAAAAMAAJ&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=RA1-PA9","external_links_name":"The Michigan Alumnus"},{"Link":"https://tn.chalkbeat.org/2019/4/18/21107963/longtime-memphian-bobby-white-out-as-official-at-state-run-turnaround-district?_amp=true","external_links_name":"\"Longtime Memphian Bobby White out as official at state-run turnaround district\""},{"Link":"https://www.maxpreps.com/m/news/pPAP2YAMCEmkJtpd2TK7Bg/coach-bill-courtney-and-manassas-make-undefeated-a-true-underdog-story.htm","external_links_name":"\"Coach Bill Courtney and Manassas make 'Undefeated' a true underdog story - MaxPreps\""},{"Link":"https://www.fox13memphis.com/archives/local-hero-football-coach-works-to-keep-kids-safe-and-off-the-streets/article_f7cda59e-9fa0-571d-b998-ea4ae328641a.html","external_links_name":"\"Local hero: Football coach works to keep kids safe and off the streets\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TeTFDwAAQBAJ&dq=manassas.high+school.tennessee&pg=PT560","external_links_name":"Introduction to Leadership: Concepts and Practice"},{"Link":"https://tssaasports.com/school/?id=306&sportid=1","external_links_name":"\"Manassas High School Championship History\""},{"Link":"https://tennesseelookout.com/briefs/longtime-state-rep-barbara-cooper-dies-at-93/","external_links_name":"\"Longtime state Rep. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Students | Hong Kong Federation of Students | ["1 1970s","2 1980s and 1990s","3 2000s","4 2010s","5 Members","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 22°19′12.1″N 114°09′58.5″E / 22.320028°N 114.166250°E / 22.320028; 114.166250This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Hong Kong Federation of StudentsFormationMay 1958Location9/F., Waitex House, 7-9 Mongkok Road, Kowloon, Hong KongCoordinates22°19′12.1″N 114°09′58.5″E / 22.320028°N 114.166250°E / 22.320028; 114.166250Secretary-GeneralTimothy H. L. LeeAffiliationsPan-democracy campWebsitehkfs.org.hk
Hong Kong Federation of StudentsTraditional Chinese香港專上學生聯會Simplified Chinese香港专上学生联会TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinXiānggǎng Zhuānshàng Xuésheng LiánhuìYue: CantoneseJyutpingHoeng1 gong2 zyun1 soeng6 hok6 saang1 lyun4 wui6*2HKFSTraditional Chinese學聯Simplified Chinese学联TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinXuéliánYue: CantoneseJyutpinghok6 lyun4
Part of the Politics series onStudents' rights
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The Hong Kong Federation of Students (HKFS, Chinese: 香港專上學生聯會 or 學聯) is a student organisation founded in May 1958 by the student unions of four higher education institutions in Hong Kong. The inaugural committee had seven members representing the four schools. The purpose of the HKFS is to promote student movements and to enhance the student body's engagement in society. Since the 1990s, the federation has taken an interest in daily events in Hong Kong, and no longer restricts itself to the areas of education and politics.
The HKFS council (代表會) is convened by representatives of the university student unions. The representatives are elected by the university students. A standing committee is appointed by the council.
1970s
See also: Baodiao movement
In 1971, the Senkaku Islands dispute arose. The administration of the Senkaku/Diaoyutai Islands was transferred from the United States to Japan. On 14 February 1971, Hong Kong students established the Hong Kong Action Committee in Defence of the Diaoyutai Islands (香港保衛釣魚台行動委員會/香港保卫钓鱼台行动委员会). The Action Committee held demonstrations in front of the Japanese consulate in Hong Kong. Twenty-one people were arrested, seven of whom were university students. On 17 April, the Hong Kong University Students' Union held a peaceful demonstration involving about 1000 students. On 7 July, the HKFS held a demonstration on a larger scale. In 1971, the HKFS was an illegal organisation and some students were arrested by the Royal Hong Kong Police. On 13 May 1975, the federation held its last protest over the issue.
During 1975 and 1976, the standing committee of the HKFS voiced its support for the Cultural Revolution in mainland China. The committee criticised Mak Chung Man, who led students to protest against the communists and said he was "against all the Chinese". Students resented this statement and the issue became the main topic of debate during the HKFS elections of 1976.
In April 1977, the Hong Kong University Students' Union suggested the removal of the words "anti-right wing" from the action guide of the HKFS but the standing committee refused to vote. All delegates from the Hong Kong University Students' Union withdrew from the HKFS in protest.
In April 1979, the HKFS commemorated the May Fourth Movement. The event was poorly attended.
1980s and 1990s
See also: Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and Hong Kong 1 July marches
During the 1980s, the HKFS began to support democracy in Taiwan and mainland China. In 1981, the Hong Kong Standard revealed that the HKFS had been placed on a "Red List" in a classified Standing Committee on Pressure Groups (SCOPG) report for being "pro-communist". In March 1983, the HKFS reported the Shue Yan College to the Hong Kong Independent Commission against Corruption but no prosecution was launched. After 1984, the HKFS changed from supporting communism to fully supporting democratic development.
In February 1989, about 4000 students boycotted their classes to protest against the policy of the Hong Kong Education Department. During the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the HKFS took part in China-wide demonstrations and strikes. On 20 May, when the tropical cyclone signal number 8 was hoisted, thousands of students took part in a massive demonstration. After the 4 June massacre, all of the HKFS represented university students stopped attending classes. In 1991, there were protests (said by police to be illegal) to support the dissident, Wang Dan.
2000s
In 2003, 2004 and 2005, the HKFS took an active part in the 1 July marches.
2010s
See also: 2014 Hong Kong protests
In 2014, the HKFS, led by Alex Chow and Lester Shum, was a participating organisation in the Umbrella Movement. The movement demanded genuine democracy in future chief executive elections. Admiralty, Causeway Bay and Mong Kok were occupied by suffragists for two months.
Some democratic activists criticised the HKFS for failing to lead the movement. In early 2015, five of the member organisations held disaffiliation referendums. Four passed, reducing the number of member organisations from eight to four. The results are as follows:
Referendums on disaffiliation from the Hong Kong Federation of Students
Voting period
Member
Yes %
No %
Abstain %
Invalid %
Total #
Turnout
Result
9-13 Feb 2015
HKUSU
41.4
37.4
21.2
–
6093
38.4%
Disaffiliate
10-12 Mar 2015
LUSU
34.0
56.9
8.2
0.9
1067
30.0%
Affiliate
16-22 Apr 2015
HKPUSU
68.7
23.3
7.3
0.8
1733
10.4%
Disaffiliate
20-23 Apr 2015
HKBUSU
55.7
36.5
6.4
1.4
1678
14.4%
Disaffiliate
28 Apr – 6 May 2015
CityUSU
76.1
16.3
5.4
2.2
3237
19.3%
Disaffiliate
Amidst this push for localism in Hong Kong, the HKFS was, for the first time, absent from the Victoria Park candlelight vigil commemorating the 1989 Tiananmen Massacre.
Members
The Hong Kong Federation of Students is formed by the student unions of four institutions:
Chinese University Students' Union
Lingnan University Students' Union
Hong Kong Shue Yan University Students' Union
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Students' Union
Former members were:
Hong Kong University Students' Union
Hong Kong Baptist University Students' Union
City University Students' Union
Hong Kong Polytechnic University Students' Union
Period
Years
Secretariat
Representative Council
Standing committee
Secretary-General
Other members
Chairman
Vice Chairman
Secretary
Central Representatives
54th
2011-12
Daisy Chan
-
Sam Wong
Leo Tang
-
Fredrik Fan
-
55th
2012-13
Samuel Li
Ben Lam (Deputy)
Jacky Lai
Rowan Tang
Leo Tang
Queenie ChuDaisy ChanSam Wong
-
56th
2013-14
Eddie Chan
Willis Ho (Deputy)Johnson Yeung (Deputy)
Chan Man-fai
Law Kun-kit
Lam Siu-kit
Rowan Tang
-
57th
2014-15
Alex Chow
Lester Shum (Deputy)
-
Law Cheuk Yiu Ivan
-
Lai Choi Yin
Chio Ka Fai
Yvonne Leung (HKUSU)
Gary Fong (CUSU)
Victor Wong (BUSU)
Lai Wai-kin (PUSU)
Dennis Yip (HKUSTSU)
Nathan Law Kwun-chung (LUSU)
Ting Ka-ki (CityUSU)
Chan Kok-hin (SYUSU)
58th
2015-16
Nathan Law Kwun-chung
Victor Wong (Deputy)
Wong Ka-fai (Deputy)
Lai Wai-kin
Shek Pui-yin
-
Law Wai-lun
Ding Ka-Kat
Kwok Chui-ying (CUSU)
Sunny Cheung (BUSU)
Flora Wong (PUSU)
Sunny Leung Hiu-yeung (CityUSU)
Shek Tsz-kin (HKUSTSU)
Katherine Ko (LUSU)
Shui Ling Tjhan (SYUSU)
59th
2016-17
Jacky Chan Man-hei
-
Wong Kin-long
Shui Ling Tjhan
-
Chan Kok-hin
Kwok Chui-ying
Wong Chee-yan (CUSU)
Andy Lam (HKUSTSU)
Alice Cheung (LUSU)
Liu Chun-sing (SYUSU)
References
^ Jenni Ryall, “Hong Kong Protesters: We'll Occupy Buildings if Demands Not Met”, Mashable, 1 October 2014
^ "嶺大學生會「公投」否決退出學聯". RTHK, 13 March 2015
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NPCSC decision | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"}],"text":"The Hong Kong Federation of Students (HKFS, Chinese: 香港專上學生聯會 or 學聯) is a student organisation founded in May 1958 by the student unions of four higher education institutions in Hong Kong. The inaugural committee had seven members representing the four schools. The purpose of the HKFS is to promote student movements and to enhance the student body's engagement in society. Since the 1990s, the federation has taken an interest in daily events in Hong Kong, and no longer restricts itself to the areas of education and politics.\nThe HKFS council (代表會) is convened by representatives of the university student unions. The representatives are elected by the university students. A standing committee is appointed by the council.","title":"Hong Kong Federation of Students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baodiao movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baodiao_movement"},{"link_name":"Senkaku Islands dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islands_dispute"},{"link_name":"Senkaku/Diaoyutai Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islands"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong University Students' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Students%27_Union"},{"link_name":"Royal Hong Kong Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Police"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"May Fourth Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement"}],"text":"See also: Baodiao movementIn 1971, the Senkaku Islands dispute arose. The administration of the Senkaku/Diaoyutai Islands was transferred from the United States to Japan. On 14 February 1971, Hong Kong students established the Hong Kong Action Committee in Defence of the Diaoyutai Islands (香港保衛釣魚台行動委員會/香港保卫钓鱼台行动委员会).[citation needed] The Action Committee held demonstrations in front of the Japanese consulate in Hong Kong. Twenty-one people were arrested, seven of whom were university students. On 17 April, the Hong Kong University Students' Union held a peaceful demonstration involving about 1000 students. On 7 July, the HKFS held a demonstration on a larger scale. In 1971, the HKFS was an illegal organisation and some students were arrested by the Royal Hong Kong Police. On 13 May 1975, the federation held its last protest over the issue.During 1975 and 1976, the standing committee of the HKFS voiced its support for the Cultural Revolution in mainland China. The committee criticised Mak Chung Man, who led students to protest against the communists and said he was \"against all the Chinese\". Students resented this statement and the issue became the main topic of debate during the HKFS elections of 1976.In April 1977, the Hong Kong University Students' Union suggested the removal of the words \"anti-right wing\" from the action guide of the HKFS but the standing committee refused to vote. All delegates from the Hong Kong University Students' Union withdrew from the HKFS in protest.In April 1979, the HKFS commemorated the May Fourth Movement. The event was poorly attended.","title":"1970s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tiananmen Square protests of 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong 1 July marches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Standard"},{"link_name":"Standing Committee on Pressure Groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_on_Pressure_Groups"},{"link_name":"Shue Yan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shue_Yan_College"},{"link_name":"Independent Commission against Corruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"Education Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Department_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Tiananmen Square protests of 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989"},{"link_name":"tropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"Wang Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)"}],"text":"See also: Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and Hong Kong 1 July marchesDuring the 1980s, the HKFS began to support democracy in Taiwan and mainland China. In 1981, the Hong Kong Standard revealed that the HKFS had been placed on a \"Red List\" in a classified Standing Committee on Pressure Groups (SCOPG) report for being \"pro-communist\". In March 1983, the HKFS reported the Shue Yan College to the Hong Kong Independent Commission against Corruption but no prosecution was launched. After 1984, the HKFS changed from supporting communism to fully supporting democratic development.In February 1989, about 4000 students boycotted their classes to protest against the policy of the Hong Kong Education Department. During the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the HKFS took part in China-wide demonstrations and strikes. On 20 May, when the tropical cyclone signal number 8 was hoisted, thousands of students took part in a massive demonstration. After the 4 June massacre, all of the HKFS represented university students stopped attending classes. In 1991, there were protests (said by police to be illegal) to support the dissident, Wang Dan.","title":"1980s and 1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 July marches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches"}],"text":"In 2003, 2004 and 2005, the HKFS took an active part in the 1 July marches.","title":"2000s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 Hong Kong protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests"},{"link_name":"Alex Chow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Chow"},{"link_name":"Lester Shum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Shum"},{"link_name":"Umbrella Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_Movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Causeway Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_Bay"},{"link_name":"Mong Kok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong_Kok"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"localism in Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localism_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Victoria Park candlelight vigil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorials_for_the_Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989"},{"link_name":"Tiananmen Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Massacre"}],"text":"See also: 2014 Hong Kong protestsIn 2014, the HKFS, led by Alex Chow and Lester Shum, was a participating organisation in the Umbrella Movement. The movement demanded genuine democracy in future chief executive elections.[1] Admiralty, Causeway Bay and Mong Kok were occupied by suffragists for two months.Some democratic activists criticised the HKFS for failing to lead the movement. In early 2015, five of the member organisations held disaffiliation referendums. Four passed, reducing the number of member organisations from eight to four. The results are as follows:[2]Amidst this push for localism in Hong Kong, the HKFS was, for the first time, absent from the Victoria Park candlelight vigil commemorating the 1989 Tiananmen Massacre.","title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"student unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students%27_union"},{"link_name":"Chinese University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Lingnan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingnan_University_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Shue Yan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Shue_Yan_University"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Students' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_of_Science_and_Technology_Students%27_Union"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong University Students' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Students%27_Union"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Baptist_University"},{"link_name":"City University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Polytechnic_University"}],"text":"The Hong Kong Federation of Students is formed by the student unions of four institutions:Chinese University Students' Union\nLingnan University Students' Union\nHong Kong Shue Yan University Students' Union\nHong Kong University of Science and Technology Students' UnionFormer members were:Hong Kong University Students' Union\nHong Kong Baptist University Students' Union\nCity University Students' Union\nHong Kong Polytechnic University Students' Union","title":"Members"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Students¶ms=22_19_12.1_N_114_09_58.5_E_","external_links_name":"22°19′12.1″N 114°09′58.5″E / 22.320028°N 114.166250°E / 22.320028; 114.166250"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Students&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hong+Kong+Federation+of+Students%22","external_links_name":"\"Hong Kong Federation of Students\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hong+Kong+Federation+of+Students%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hong+Kong+Federation+of+Students%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hong+Kong+Federation+of+Students%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hong+Kong+Federation+of+Students%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hong+Kong+Federation+of+Students%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Students&action=edit","external_links_name":"add more content"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Students¶ms=22_19_12.1_N_114_09_58.5_E_","external_links_name":"22°19′12.1″N 114°09′58.5″E / 22.320028°N 114.166250°E / 22.320028; 114.166250"},{"Link":"http://hkfs.org.hk/","external_links_name":"hkfs.org.hk"},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2014/10/01/scholarism-occupy-buildings-hong-kong/","external_links_name":"Jenni Ryall, “Hong Kong Protesters: We'll Occupy Buildings if Demands Not Met”, Mashable, 1 October 2014"},{"Link":"https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E5%B6%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E6%9C%83-%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95-%E5%90%A6%E6%B1%BA%E9%80%80%E5%87%BA%E5%AD%B8%E8%81%AF-194400889.html","external_links_name":"\"嶺大學生會「公投」否決退出學聯\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006160445/http://www.hkfs.org.hk/","external_links_name":"Official Website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mansur_Battalion | Sheikh Mansur Battalion | ["1 Creation","2 Structure","3 Participation in the Russo-Ukrainian War","4 Sanctions","5 Commanders","6 See also","7 References"] | Anti-Russian Chechen volunteer unit
Main article: Chechen volunteers on the side of Ukraine
Sheikh Mansur BattalionUkrainian: Чеченський миротворчий батальйон імені шейха МансураInsignia of the BattalionFounded
2014-2019 (initial formation)
March 2022-present (reestablished)
Country UkraineAllegiance Ukrainian Volunteer Corps (2014–2019) Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Ministry of DefenseTypeLight infantryRoleAnti-tank warfareArtillery observerClose-quarters combatCold-weather warfareCounterinsurgencyGuerrilla warfareMountain warfarePatrollingRaidingReconnaissanceUrban warfareSizeBattalionMotto(s)Marşo ya joƶalla ("Freedom or Death")Colors Ukraine Chechen Republic of IchkeriaEngagements
War in Donbas
Shyrokyne standoff
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Northern Ukraine campaign
Battle of Kyiv
Eastern Ukraine campaign
Battle of Mariupol
Battle of Sievierodonetsk
Battle of Bakhmut
Battle of Soledar
Southern Ukraine campaign
CommandersCurrentcommanderMuslim Cheberloevsky Military unit
The Sheikh Mansur Chechen Peacekeeping Battalion (Ukrainian: Чеченський миротворчий батальйон імені шейха Мансура) or simply the Sheikh Mansur Battalion is one of several Chechen volunteer Armed Formations participating in the Russian-Ukrainian war on the side of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The battalion is named in honour of Sheikh Mansur, a Chechen military commander and an Islamic leader who fought against the expansion of the Russian Empire into the Caucasus during the late 18th century.
The battalion has been active since 2014 and is made up of mostly Chechen volunteers, many of whom are veterans of the First Chechen War and Second Chechen War.
Creation
The battalion was founded in 2014, in Denmark. It was created by the Free Caucasus Organization, which was created in 2006 in Denmark by political emigrants from countries/regions in the Caucasus and in Europe. In October 2014, the Free Caucasus GPA Presidium announced the creation of a battalion named after Sheikh Mansur in order to participate in the war in eastern Ukraine commanded by Muslim Cheberloevsky (a veteran of the two Chechen-Russian wars).
The battalion was formed upon the splitting off of a faction from the Dudayev battalion, due to leaders deciding the need to act at two important fronts which at the time were Kramatorsk and Mariupol. It was the second Chechen battalion, after the previously formed Dzhokhar Dudayev battalion, which was proven itself well and received approval and support from the Ukrainian authorities.
For a time, the Battalion operated under the command of the Ukrainian Volunteer Corps, an independent volunteer battalion of the far-right party Right Sector.
Sheikh Mansur's battalion is also distinguished by the decision for not being part of the International Legion and sign contracts with the Ukrainian army. The unit maintains itself and takes care of its own forces, soldiers do not receive salaries, supplies, and after the end of the war will not have any legal status as participants in hostilities. According to the units spokesperson, for the Chechen soldiers Ukraine's victory in the war will only be an intermediate step, the ultimate goal is to liberate their own homeland from Russian occupation.
Although the core of the battalion consists of Chechens and Ukrainians, there are also Turkmen, Kartvels, Azerbaijanis and Uzbeks in the battalion.
Structure
As of 2023 the battalion's structure is as follows:
Sheikh Mansur Battalion
Aerial Reconnaissance Group BShM
3rd Company “Makhno”. A special group of the battalion with many ethnic Ukrainians
Participation in the Russo-Ukrainian War
The battalion has since 2014 participated in the war in Donbas. During the Shyrokyne standoff, the Sheikh Mansur battalion together with other Ukrainian forces fought against Russian-backed separatists in the village of Shyrokyne, east of Mariupol in 2015. The battalion handed in its weapons in September 2019; as one of the last units composed purely of volunteer soldiers.
The battalion was reported to be active again during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. A video released by the battalion in March 2022 showing intense fighting against Russian forces outside of Kyiv confirmed the presence of the Sheikh Mansur battalion in Ukraine. The Sheikh Mansur Battalion as well as the Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion held the defense near Kyiv and participated in partisan operations, ambushes, sabotage work and mining during the Battle of Kyiv. They had previously fought in the Battle of Mariupol, but they left for Kyiv as they deemed it was more important to defend the capital city.
After pushing Russian forces out of Kyiv, fighters of the battalion followed the Russian troops and fought in the Sumy region during the Northern Ukraine campaign. Since then, the battalion has fought in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, most notably taking part during the Battle of Sievierodonetsk since at least June 2022. In July 2022, they declared an insurgency in Chechnya.
From September to November of 2022, the battalion has been in battles with Russian forces on the Zaporizhzhian front.
The battalion has been fighting in the Battle of Bakhmut and Battle of Soledar since at least November 2022, which as of December 2022 is experiencing the scenes of intense fighting.
Sanctions
The Ukrainian Government imposed sanctions against fighters from the battalion in 2021.
In 2018 Timur Tumgoev, a veteran of the Donbas war and member of the battalion was extradited to Russia. According to several reports he was tortured and sentenced to 16 years in prison. Several fighters are still threatened with extradition, such as Akhmed Ilaev and Ali Bakaev. These extraditions and sanctions have been criticized by several Ukrainian commanders such as Dmytro Yarosh, who blamed the Russian FSB and elements within the Ukrainian government.
"I believe that the Kremlin agents, which are infiltrated into Ukrainian power structures and authorities, are conducting a special operation to destabilize the situation within the state, with the aim of further expanding aggression and a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. That is why the Kremlin agents put thieves, bandits, anti-Ukrainian elements. People who, side by side with us, have walked the military path since 2014, defending our freedom and independence. I warn the authorities: we, our Chechen Brothers, will not be betrayed by the enemy. If it is necessary to use force to protect them, we will do it."— Dmytro Yarosh, Censor.net
Commanders
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Former insignia of the battalion.
Battalion Commander - Muslim Cheberloyevsky
Chief of Staff of the battalion - Muslim Idrisov
See also
Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion
Separate Special Purpose Battalion
References
^ a b "Чеченський батальйон Шейха Мансура на захисті українців - Офіційний сайт "Правого сектору"". 27 May 2017. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
^ a b Krikunenko, Iryna (7 April 2022). "Брат по зброї. Командир чеченських добровольців, який воює за Україну, розповідає про свої три війни з Росією". NV (in Ukrainian).
^ https://english.nv.ua/nation/sheikh-mansur-battalion-fighter-tells-story-of-traitor-who-switched-to-supporting-kadyrov-50325958.html
^ a b "Foreign Fighters: Taking the Fight to Russia in Ukraine". Balkan Insight. 22 March 2022. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
^ Fedor, Julie (11 October 2016). Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society: 2016/2: Violence in the Post-Soviet Space. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-3-8382-6948-1.
^ ""Вільний Кавказ" створив батальйон добровольців імені Шейха Мансура". Гречка - інформаційний портал кіровоградщини.
^ Admin. "Чеченский батальон имени Шейха Мансура" (in Russian). Golos Ichkerii. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
^ a b "Čečėnų batalionas atsisakė sutarčių su Ukrainos kariuomene: kaunamės už tėvynės laisvę, o ne už algas". 25 November 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
^ "Sheikh Mansur Battalion".
^ "Volunteer Battalions Hand in Their Weapons in Eastern Ukraine". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 13 September 2019. Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
^ "Krigen som aldri slutter". VG. 3 April 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Chechen and Tatar Muslims take up arms to fight for Ukraine | DW | 24.03.2022". DW.COM. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
^ "'We have only one enemy — this is Russia': the Chechens taking up arms for Ukraine". OC Media. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
^ "Captured tank of the Chechen battalion named after Sheikh Mansur. Sumy region, Ukraine". (video). Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ "Chechen battalion named after Sheikh Mansour. Chemical plant. Sieverodonetsk, Ukraine". (video). Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ "Problems await a weakened Russia. Chechens are preparing resistance". Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^ "The use of Russian phosphorous bombs in Ukraine". (video). Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ "Fighters of the Chechen battalion named after Sheikh Mansur is on the front line. Part 1". (video). Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ Волонтеры на передовой. Запорожье, Украина. Ноябрь 2022. , retrieved 15 June 2023
^ "Окупанти показали відео з "кадирівцями" в Бахмуті. Насправді на кадрах — чеченські добровольці ЗСУ (ВІДЕО, ФОТО)". Вільне Радіо. December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ "The Chechen battalion in Bakhmut. Muslim Cheberloevsky: - Our fighters are ready!". (video). Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ "Reconnaissance of the Chechen battalion named after Sheikh Mansur. Soledar. Bakhmut region". (video). Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ "Opinion | Ukraine has a duty to remove North Caucasian volunteer fighters from the sanctions list".
^ ""Чеченцы – это люди, которые за нас". Представитель президента Украины – о добровольцах и экстрадициях".
^ "В "санкционные списки СНБО" попали наши братья-чеченцы из добровольческого батальона им. шейха Мансура. Это спецоперация РФ, - Ярош".
vteUkrainian volunteer battalionsArmed Forces
131 ORB "UNSO"
3 ODSB "Phoenix"
46 ODSB "Donbas"
"Wild Duck"
Territorial defence battalions
1st "Volyn"
2nd "Goryn"
3rd "Volya"
4th "Zakarpattya"
6th "Zbruch"
8th "Podillya"
9th "Vinnytsia"
10th "Polissya"
11th "Kievan Rus"
12th "Kyiv"
13th "Chernihiv-1"
15th "Sumy"
16th "Poltava"
17th "Kirovograd"
20th "Dnipropetrovsk"
21st "Sarmat"
22nd "Kharkiv"
23rd "Khortytsia"
24th "Aidar"
25th "Kyivska Rus"
34th "Batkivshchyna"
37th "Zaporizhzhya"
42nd "Rukh Oporu"
43rd "Patriot"
Reformed
7th "Khmelnytskyi"
14th "Cherkasy"
18th "Odesa"
19th "Mykolayiv"
39th "Dnipro-2"
41st "Chernihiv-2"
Disbanded
5th "Prykarpattya"
40th "Kryvbas"
Special Tasks Patrol Police
"Berda"
"Bogdan"
"Bolgrad"
"Vinnytsia"
"Dnipro-1"
"Ivano-Frankivsk"
"Kyiv"
"Kryvbas"
"Crimea"
"Luhansk-1"
"Lviv"
"Mykolaiv"
"Peacemaker"
"Poltava"
"Svityaz"
"Svyatoslav"
"Sicheslav"
"Scythian"
"Sumy"
"Eastern Corps"
"Ternopil"
"Kharkiv"
"Kherson"
"Chernihiv"
"Storm"
Reformed
"Azov"
"Harpoon"
"Donetsk-1"
"Golden Gate"
"Cascade"
"Kyiv-1"
"Kyiv-2"
"Kyivshchyna"
"Kremenchuk"
"Mirny"
"Sich"
"Temur"
"Kharkiv-1"
"Kharkiv-2"
Disbanded
"Artemivsk"
"Donetsk-2"
"Poltavshchyna"
"St. Mary's"
"Slobozhanshchyna"
"Tornado"
"Fog"
"Shakhtarsk"
National Guard
"Serhiy Kulchytsky"
"Donbas"
"Raven"
"Azov"
Independent formations
"Dzhokhar Dudayev"
"Kastuś Kalinoŭski"
"Noman Çelebicihan"
"Sheikh Mansur"
Caucasus Legion
Imam Shamil
"T. Shevchenko"
"Sarmat"
Ukrainian Volunteer Corps
"Pechersk"
"Pahonia"
"RUYAN"
"North"
Tactical group "Belarus"
Ukrainian Volunteer Army
5th Battalion
8th Battalion "Aratta"
"Black Fog"
Jewish Company
"Wolf"
"Volyn"
"Hospitallers"
"Freedom of Russia"
"Kayfariki Group"
"Resistance Committee"
"Polish Volunteer Corps"
Reformed
Georgian Legion
"Carpathian Sich"
"Kholodnyy Yar"
"OUN"
NGOs supporting military
Aerorozvidka
Self-disbanded units are marked in italics.
vteRusso-Ukrainian WarBackground
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Budapest Memorandum
2003 Tuzla Island conflict
Orange Revolution
2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin
Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
Euromaidan
Revolution of Dignity
Putinism
Foundations of Geopolitics
Novorossiya
Ruscism
Russian irredentism
Russian imperialism
Main events
Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
timeline
2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
Historical background
timeline
2014 Odesa clashes
War in Donbas
timeline
List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine
Kerch Strait incident
Wagnergate
Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
reactions
Russian invasion of Ukraine
timeline
2022 Russian annexation referendums
2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions
destruction of the Kakhovka Dam
Impact and reactions
International sanctions
sanctioned people and organisations
2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute
Military aid to Ukraine
OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine
Act of 2014
China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
ICJ case
ORDLO
ATO
International reactions to the war in Donbas
Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War
journalists killed
Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War
2014 Crimean status referendum
Political status of Crimea
2021 Black Sea incident
2021–2023 global supply chain crisis
Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Eurointegration of Ukraine
Soviet imagery
Lend-Lease (2022)
Diplomatic expulsions
Russian spies
ICC arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin
Wagner Group rebellion
LGBT people
Cyberwarfare
2015 Ukraine power grid hack
2016 Kyiv cyberattack
2016 Surkov leaks
2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks
2022 Ukraine cyberattacks
IT Army of Ukraine
2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia
Media
Little green men
Social media
Media portrayal
Disinformation in the 2022 invasion
Propaganda in Russia
Films
Related
Russia–Ukraine relations
Russian language in Ukraine
Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine
2014 anti-war protests in Russia
Ruscism
2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism
Control of cities
Aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War
Ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War
Moldova and the Russo-Ukrainian War
Forced transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia
Category
vteWar in Donbas (2014–2022)
Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War
Followed by the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Generaltopics
Aircraft losses
Humanitarian situation
International reactions
Sanctions
Sanctioned people
OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine
Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine
Civil volunteer movement
Little green men
Anti-terrorist Operation Zone
Civil–military administrations
Timeline
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Battles
Battle of Artemivsk
Siege of Sloviansk
Battle of Kramatorsk
Battle of Mariupol
Battles of Sievierodonetsk
Battle of Karlivka
1st Battle of Donetsk Airport
Siege of the Luhansk Border Base
Battle of Krasnyi Lyman
Zelenopillia rocket attack
Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion
Battle of Horlivka
Battle of Ilovaisk
Novosvitlivka refugee convoy attack
Battle of Novoazovsk
Mariupol offensive
2nd Battle of Donetsk Airport
Battle of Debaltseve
Shyrokyne standoff
Battle of Marinka
Battle of Svitlodarsk
Battle of Avdiivka (2017)
Otherevents
Donbas status referendums
Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown
Shelling of Donetsk, Russia
2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine
MH17 shoot-down
reactions
UNSC Resolution 2166
NATO summit in Wales
Minsk Protocol
Donbas general elections
2014 G20 Brisbane summit
Volnovakha bus attack
Mariupol rocket attack
Kramatorsk rocket attack
Minsk II ceasefire agreement
Kharkiv bombing
Assassination of Alexander Zakharchenko
Donbas general elections
No to capitulation!
Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing
Self-proclaimedstates
Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022)
Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022)
Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015)
International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic
(Pro-)RussianOrganizations
Russian Armed Forces
Wagner Group
Separatist forces
List of equipment
Army of the South-East
Russian Orthodox Army
Vostok Battalion
Kalmius Brigade
Sparta Battalion
Somalia Battalion
Prizrak Brigade
Political parties and movements
Donetsk Republic
New Russia Party
Communist Party of DPR
Peace to Luhanshchina
Borotba
Antifascist Committee of Ukraine
Ukrainian Choice
The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov
Eurasian Youth Union
Night Wolves
Don Cossacks
Internet Research Agency
Russian Imperial Movement
Lead figures
Russian
Vladimir Putin
Dmitry Medvedev
Vladislav Surkov
Sergei Shoigu
Crimean
Sergey Aksyonov
Vladimir Konstantinov
Natalia Poklonskaya
Donetsk
Vladimir Antyufeyev
Eduard Basurin
Fyodor Berezin
Igor Bezler
Alexander Borodai
Mikhail Chumachenko
Igor Girkin
Pavel Gubarev
Ekaterina Gubareva
Igor Khakimzyanov
Alexander Khodakovsky
Vladimir Kononov
Arsen Pavlov†
Vyacheslav Ponomarev
Andrei Purgin
Denis Pushilin
Mikhail Tolstykh†
Alexander Zakharchenko†
Sergei Zhurikov
Luhansk
Alexander Bednov†
Valery Bolotov†
Aleksey Karyakin
Aleksandr Kharitonov
Arsen Klinchaev
Sergey Kozlov
Aleksey Mozgovoy†
Leonid Pasechnik
Igor Plotnitsky
Gennadiy Tsypkalov†
Kharkiv
Yevhen Zhylin†
Others
Aleksandr Dugin
Nelya Shtepa
Oleg Tsaryov
UkrainianOrganizations
Government of Ukraine
1st Yatsenyuk
2nd Yatsenyuk
Groysman
Ministry of Internal Affairs
National Guard
Azov
Donbas
Patrol Police
Dnipro-1
Armed Forces of Ukraine
Ukrainian Ground Forces
Territorial defense battalions
Aidar
Dnipro-2
Kryvbas
Rukh Oporu
Ukrainian Air Force
Ukrainian Air Assault Forces
Security Service of Ukraine
Alpha Group
Euromaidan Press
State Border Guard Service of Ukraine
Volunteer battalions
Right Sector
Lead figures
Petro Poroshenko
Oleksandr Turchynov
Arseniy Yatsenyuk
Volodymyr Groysman
Andriy Parubiy
Arsen Avakov
Vitali Klitschko
Oleh Tyahnybok
Yuriy Lutsenko
Valentyn Nalyvaichenko
Valeriy Heletey
Stepan Poltorak
Mykhailo Koval
Mykhailo Kutsyn
Oleh Makhnitskyi
Viktor Muzhenko
Vitaly Yarema
Oleh Liashko
Dmytro Yarosh
Rinat Akhmetov
Ihor Kolomoyskyi
Serhiy Taruta
Ihor Baluta
Semen Semenchenko
Hennadiy Moskal
Nadiya Savchenko
George Tuka
Pavlo Zhebrivskyi
vteRussian invasion of UkrainePart of the Russo-Ukrainian WarOverviewGeneral
Outline
Timeline
Prelude
Feb – Apr 2022
Apr – Aug 2022
Aug – Nov 2022
Nov 2022 – Jun 2023
Jun – Aug 2023
Sep – Nov 2023
Dec 2023 – Mar 2024
Apr 2024 – present
Aerial warfare
Defense lines
Foreign fighters
Information war
Naval warfare
Legality
Map
Order of battle
Peace negotiations
Ukraine's Peace Formula
China peace proposal
June 2024 peace summit
Proposed no-fly zone
Red lines
Reparations
Territorial control
Women
Prelude
Reactions
Disinformation
Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction
2021 Russia–United States summit
2021 Black Sea incident
Belarus–European Union border crisis
"On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians"
Crimea Platform
Zapad 2021
December 2021 ultimatum
2022 Ukraine cyberattacks
Zametil 2022
Union Resolve 2022
Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing
British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact
Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
"Address concerning the events in Ukraine"
"On conducting a special military operation"
Background
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
historical background
Annexation of Crimea
reactions
War in Donbas
2022 timeline
Minsk agreements
humanitarian situation
international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
Putinism
Foundations of Geopolitics
Novorossiya
Ruscism
Russian irredentism
Russian imperialism
Foreignrelations
Russia–Ukraine
Belarus–Ukraine
Belarus–Russia
Russia–United States
Ukraine–United States
Russia–NATO
Ukraine–NATO
enlargement of NATO
eastward expansion controversy in Russia
open door policy
Military engagementsSouthernUkraine
Snake Island campaign
Siege of Mariupol
Battle of Kherson
Battle of Melitopol
Battle of Mykolaiv
Battle of Enerhodar
Battle of Voznesensk
Battle of Huliaipole
Battle of Orikhiv
Battle of Davydiv Brid
Kherson counteroffensive
Liberation of Kherson
Dnieper campaign
Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam
EasternUkraine
Battle of Marinka
Battle of Volnovakha
Battle of Kharkiv
Battle of Izium
Battle of Rubizhne
Battle of Popasna
Battle of Donbas
Battle of the Siverskyi Donets
Battle of Sievierodonetsk
First battle of Lyman
Battle of Sviatohirsk
Battle of Lysychansk
Battle of Pisky
Battle of Bakhmut
Battle of Soledar
Battle of Vuhledar
Kharkiv counteroffensive
Battle of Kupiansk
Second battle of Lyman
Luhansk Oblast campaign
Battle of Avdiivka
NorthernUkraine
Battle of Antonov Airport
Capture of Chernobyl
Battle of Kyiv
Battle of Hostomel
Battle of Vasylkiv
Battle of Bucha
Battle of Irpin
Battle of Makariv
Russian Kyiv convoy
Battle of Moshchun
Battle of Brovary
Battle of Slavutych
Battle of Sumy
Siege of Chernihiv
Battle of Okhtyrka
Battle of Lebedyn
Northeastern border skirmishes
Airstrikes by city
Chernihiv strikes
Dnipro strikes
Ivano-Frankivsk strikes
Kharkiv strikes
Kherson strikes
Khmelnytskyi strikes
Kryvyi Rih strikes
Kyiv strikes
Lviv strikes
Mykolaiv strikes
Odesa strikes
Rivne strikes
Vinnytsia strikes
Zaporizhzhia strikes
Zhytomyr strikes
Airstrikes onmilitary targets
Chuhuiv air base attack
Millerovo air base attack
Chornobaivka attacks
7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack
Yavoriv military base attack
18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack
Berdiansk port attack
Sinking of the Moskva
Desna barracks airstrike
Attack on Nova Kakhovka
Crimea attacks
Novofedorivka explosions
Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base
Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters
Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks
Makiivka military quarters shelling
Machulishchy air base attack
Zarichne barracks airstrike
ResistanceRussian-occupied Ukraine
Popular Resistance of Ukraine
Berdiansk Partisan Army
Yellow Ribbon
Atesh
Belarus and Russia
Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky
Civic Council
Irpin Declaration
Killing of Darya Dugina
National Republican Army
Military commissariats arsons
Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting
Black Bridge
Rail war in Russia
Stop the Wagons
Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists
Rail war in Belarus
Busly liaciać
BYPOL
Community of Railway Workers
Cyber Partisans
Russianoccupations
Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine
Ongoing
Annexation referendums
Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts
Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine
Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol
Donetsk Oblast
Kharkiv Oblast
Kherson Oblast
Luhansk Oblast
Mykolaiv Oblast
Zaporizhzhia Oblast
Previous
Chernihiv Oblast
Dnipropetrovsk and Poltava oblasts
Kyiv Oblast
Odesa Oblast
Sumy Oblast
Zhytomyr Oblast
Potentiallyrelated
Black Sea drone incident
Mystery fires in Russia
Nord Stream pipeline sabotage
Transnistria attacks
Zagreb Tu-141 crash
Other
2022 Crimean Bridge explosion
2023 Crimean Bridge explosion
Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy
Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine
Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War
Violations of non-combatant airspaces
Missile explosion in Poland
Operation Synytsia
Attacks in Russia
Bryansk Oblast raid
Kremlin drone attack
Moscow drone strikes
2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions
30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling
February 2024 Belgorod missile strike
May 2024 Belgorod missile strike
2024 western Russia incursion
2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive
Wagner Group rebellion
War crimesGeneral
Accusations of genocide in Donbas
Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians
child abductions
Attacks on hospitals
Cluster munitions
Incendiary weapons
Landmines
Russian filtration camps
Russian mobile crematoriums
Russian theft of Ukrainian grain
Russian torture chambers
Looting
Sexual violence
Mistreatment of prisoners of war
Attacks oncivilians
February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
Kharkiv government building airstrike
3 March Chernihiv bombing
Irpin refugee column shelling
Mariupol hospital airstrike
Stara Krasnianka care house attack
Mykolaiv cluster bombing
March 2022 Donetsk attack
2022 Borodianka airstrikes
Chernihiv breadline attack
Mariupol theatre airstrike
Mariupol art school bombing
Kyiv shopping centre bombing
Sumykhimprom ammonia leak
March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
Mykolaiv government building missile strike
Bucha massacre
Kramatorsk railway station attack
April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
Bilohorivka school bombing
Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz
Maisky Market attack
Kremenchuk shopping mall attack
Serhiivka missile strike
Chasiv Yar missile strike
Olenivka prison massacre
Kharkiv dormitories missile strike
Chaplyne railway station attack
Izium mass graves
September 2022 Donetsk attack
Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack
Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling
Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike
Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure
2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike
Sloviansk airstrike
Uman missile strike
Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike
Lyman cluster bombing
2023 Pokrovsk missile strike
Chernihiv missile strike
Kostiantynivka missile strike
Hroza missile attack
Volnovakha massacre
29 December 2023 Russian strikes on Ukraine
2024 Pokrovsk missile strike
2024 Donetsk attack
Lysychansk missile strike
6 March 2024 Odesa strike
22 March 2024 Russian strikes on Ukraine
April 2024 Chernihiv missile strike
25 May 2024 Kharkiv missile strikes
Crimes againstsoldiers
Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan
Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia
Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites
Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin
Makiivka surrender incident
Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi
2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading
Legal cases
ICC investigation
Arrest warrants
ICJ court case
Task Force on Accountability
Universal jurisdiction
Crime of aggression
Criminal proceedings
Vadim Shishimarin
Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov
Anton Cherednik
ReactionsStates andofficial entitiesGeneral
Sanctions
people and organizations
restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast
Military aid
European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine
People's Bayraktar
Signmyrocket.com
Humanitarian aid
Sanctioned yachts
Relations with Russia
Ukraine
Application to NATO
Be Brave Like Ukraine
Brave1
Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War
Decolonization and derussification law
Delta
Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition
For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine)
Grain From Ukraine
Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief
Hero City
I Want to Live
International Defence Industries Forum
International Legion and other foreign units
Belarusian Volunteer Corps
Terror Battalion
Black Maple Company
Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade
Freedom of Russia Legion
German Volunteer Corps
Karelian National Battalion
Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment
Norman Brigade
Pahonia Regiment
Polish Volunteer Corps
Romanian Battlegroup Getica
Russian Volunteer Corps
Separate Special Purpose Battalion
Sibir Battalion
Turan Battalion
International Sponsors of War
Forced confiscation law of Russian property
Look for Your Own
Martial law
Mobilization
Media Center Ukraine
National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War
National Multi-Subject Test
North Korea–Ukraine relations
Points of Invincibility
Recognition of Ichkeria
Rescuer City
Save Ukrainian Culture
Syria–Ukraine relations
Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra
United24
United News
Russia
highways in the annexed territories
A290
A291 "Tavrida"
R260
R280 "Novorossiya"
2022 Moscow rally
2023 Moscow rally
2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade
2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade
2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade
2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly
Blockade of Ukraine
Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion
Censorship in Russia
Chechnya
Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters
Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation"
Conversations about Important Things
Krasovsky case
Legalization of parallel imports
Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council
Martial law
Masha Moskalyova case
Metropolis of Crimea
Mikhail Simonov case
Mobilization
Recruitment of irregular forces
Operation Doppelgänger
Opinion polling
Orthodox Christmas truce proposal
Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict
Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war
Salvation Committee for Peace and Order
Special Coordinating Council
Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
Unfriendly countries list
War censorship laws
We Are Together. Sports
"What Russia Should Do with Ukraine"
United States
2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw
2022 State of the Union Address
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023
Disinformation Governance Board
Executive Order 14071
Pentagon document leaks
Task Force KleptoCapture
Ukraine Defense Contact Group
Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act
Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative
Other countries
Belarus
Canada
Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel
China
Chinese peace plan
Croatia
Denmark
Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum
Federated States of Micronesia
Federated States of Micronesia–Russia relations
France
Mission Aigle
Georgia
Germany
German Taurus leak
Zeitenwende speech
Hungary
India
Operation Ganga
Iran
Israel
Operation Israel Guarantees
Lithuania
Moldova
New Zealand
Russia Sanctions Act
Poland
border crisis with Ukraine
Syria
Taiwan
United Kingdom
Economic Crime Act
Homes for Ukraine
Operation Interflex
United Nations
Emergency special session
Resolution ES-11/1
Resolution ES-11/2
Resolution ES-11/3
Resolution ES-11/4
Resolution ES-11/5
Resolution ES-11/6
Security Council Resolution 2623
Resolution A/RES/77/229
Easter truce
Internationalorganizations
Accession of Moldova to the EU
Accession of Ukraine to the EU
Brussels summit
European Political Community
1st summit
2nd summit
3rd summit
Madrid summit
NATO virtual summit
Operation Oscar
Ramstein Air Base meeting
EU–Ukraine Summit
REPowerEU
Steadfast Defender 2024
SWIFT ban against Russian banks
Ukraine Recovery Conference
Versailles declaration
2023 Vilnius summit
15th BRICS summit
Other
Consecration of Russia
F-16 training coalition
Finland–NATO relations
Finland–Russia border barrier
Iron diplomacy
Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia
Recognition of Russia as a terrorist state
Removal of monuments and memorials
Streets renamed
Ukraine Square, Oslo
Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion
Sweden–NATO relations
Swedish anti-terrorism bill
PublicProtests
In Ukraine
in Russian-occupied Ukraine
demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin
ArmWomenNow
Ukrainian Artistic Front
In Russia
Angry patriots
Club of Angry Patriots
Anti-War Committee
Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople
Congress of People's Deputies
Council of Mothers and Wives
Feminist Anti-War Resistance
Flower protests
Marina Ovsyannikova
Russian Action Committee
North Caucasian protests
2022 Russian Far East protests
State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason
White-blue-white flag
In Belarus
In China
Great Translation Movement
In Czech Republic
Czech Republic First!
Companies
Address of the Russian Union of Rectors
Boycott of Russia and Belarus
"Do not buy Russian goods!"
E.N.O.T. Corp.
Igor Mangushev
McDonald's in Russia
Vkusno i tochka
NashStore
People's Satellite
Starlink satellites
Stop Bloody Energy
Wagner Group
Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev
Death of Nemes Tarimo
Yale CELI List of Companies
Technology
Anonymous and the invasion
alerts.in.ua
DDoS attacks on Romania
DeepStateMap.Live
IT Army of Ukraine
Killnet
Liveuamap
Open-source intelligence
peacenotwar
Russian Asset Tracker
Squad303
Ukraine Siren Alerts
Wikipedia
threat to block in Russia
detention of Mark Bernstein
Spies
Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War
Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War
Other
Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families
Black Sea Grain Initiative
Collaboration with Russia
We Are Together with Russia
Concert for Ukraine
Free Buryatia Foundation
Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum
Game4Ukraine
Get Lost
Global Tour for Peace
Go by the Forest
Guide to the Free World
Mozart Group
Olena Zelenska Foundation
Open letter from Nobel laureates
Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion
Rubikus.HelpUA
Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation
Russia's War Crimes House
Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online
Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation
Spain letter bomb attacks
Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions
Pavel Filatyev
True Russia
Volos Declaration
Wimbledon ban
ImpactEffects
Aircraft losses
Casualties
Americans killed
Britons killed
Canadians killed
Colombians killed
Israelis killed
journalists killed
Russian generals killed
Economic impact
Inflation surge
Moldovan energy crisis
protests
Russia–EU gas dispute
2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage
Russian debt default
2022 Russian oil price cap
2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap
EU natural gas price cap
Education
End of the Whisky War
Environmental impact
Eurovision Song Contest 2022
Russia
Ukraine
Eurovision Song Contest 2023
Food crises
Impact on theatre
List of notable deaths
Nuclear power plants
Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis
Nuclear risk
Religion
Russian emigration
The Ark
Ship losses
Ukrainian cultural heritage
art theft and looting
damaged cultural sites
Trauma
Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion
Violations of non-combatant airspaces
Women
Human rights
Humanitarian impact
Ukrainian refugee crisis
Sobieskiego 100
UN Commission of Inquiry
UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission
Terms and phrases
"And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from"
"Anglo-Saxons"
"Bavovna"
"Grandpa in his bunker"
"Good evening, we are from Ukraine"
"Orc"
"Putin khuylo!"
"Khuy Voyne!"
"Russia is here forever "
"Russian warship, go fuck yourself"
"Slava Ukraini!"
"Special military operation"
"To bomb Voronezh"
"Strength is in truth"
"Westsplaining"
"Where have you been for eight years?"
"Without you"
Popular cultureSongs
12
Bakhmut Fortress
Bayraktar
Bilia topoli
City of Mary
Flowers of Minefields
Generation Cancellation
Generation Z
Oyda
Hey, Hey, Rise Up!
Mama ŠČ!
Oi u luzi chervona kalyna
Slava Ukraini!
Stefania
Ukraine
Films
20 Days in Mariupol
A Rising Fury
Follow Me
Turn in the Wound
Ukraine on Fire 2
Other
Babylon'13
Back to the Cold War
Borodianka cat
Ghost of Kyiv
Kherson watermelon
Královec Region
Madonna of Kyiv
North Atlantic Fella Organization
Newspeak in Russia
Patron
"Putler"
"Putinversteher"
Raccoon of Kherson
Saint Javelin
Saint Mariuburg
Vasylkiv maiolica rooster
Vladimir Putin's meeting table
Walk of the Brave
"Z" military symbol
Key peopleUkrainians
Volodymyr Zelenskyy
speeches during the invasion
visit to the United States
visit to the United Kingdom
visits to Europe
Andriy Biletsky
Denys Shmyhal
Denys Kireyev
Denys Monastyrsky
Denys Prokopenko
Iryna Venediktova
Kyrylo Budanov
Mykola Oleschuk
Oleksandr Pavlyuk
Oleksandr Syrskyi
Oleksii Reznikov
Oleksiy Danilov
Oleksiy Neizhpapa
Ruslan Khomchak
Rustem Umerov
Sergiy Kyslytsya
Serhiy Shaptala
Serhii Sternenko
Valerii Zaluzhnyi
Vitali Klitschko
Yevhen Moisiuk
Russians
Vladimir Putin
Aleksandr Dvornikov
Aleksandr Lapin
Aleksey Nagin
Alexander Bortnikov
Andrei Kolesnikov
Andrei Sychevoi
Andrey Belousov
Andrey Vorobyov
Dmitry Medvedev
Gennady Zhidko
Igor Kastyukevich
Ivan Popov
Mikhail Mishustin
Maria Lvova-Belova
Nikolai Patrushev
Oleg Salyukov
Oleg Tsokov
Ramzan Kadyrov
Roman Berdnikov
Rustam Muradov
Sergey Kobylash
Sergey Lavrov
Sergey Naryshkin
Sergei Shoigu
Sergey Surovikin
Timur Ivanov
Valery Gerasimov
Viktor Sokolov
Viktor Zolotov
Vitaly Gerasimov
Vyacheslav Gladkov
Vyacheslav Volodin
Yevgeny Prigozhin
Other
Alexander Lukashenko
Denis Pushilin
Leonid Pasechnik
Related
2023 North Korea–Russia summit
2024 Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash
Anti-Russian sentiment
Anti-Ukrainian sentiment
Antonov An-225 Mriya
Azovstal Iron and Steel Works
Belgorod accidental bombing
Brovary helicopter crash
Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes
Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death
Decolonization in Ukraine
Decommunization in Ukraine
Derussification in Ukraine
Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine
Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion
Institute for the Study of War
Irkutsk military aircraft crash
Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash
Kyivstar cyberattack
Lady R incident
Nord Stream 2
Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria
Punisher
Russian nuclear weapons
Sarmat
Russian military presence in Transnistria
Ryazan military aircraft crash
Siberian wildfires
Sinhury mid-air collision
Soloti military training ground shooting
Soviet imagery
U-24 association
Ural Airlines Flight 1383
Voronezh military aircraft crash
"The Vladimir Putin Interview"
Yeysk military aircraft crash
Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations
2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine
2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine
2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia
2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine
Wagner Group plane crash
Yaroslav Hunka scandal
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Chechen volunteer Armed Formations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_volunteers_on_the_side_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russian-Ukrainian war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Mansur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mansur"},{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechens"},{"link_name":"fought against the expansion of the Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mansur_Movement"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"First Chechen War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"Second Chechen War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-balkaninsight-4"}],"text":"Military unitThe Sheikh Mansur Chechen Peacekeeping Battalion[3] (Ukrainian: Чеченський миротворчий батальйон імені шейха Мансура) or simply the Sheikh Mansur Battalion is one of several Chechen volunteer Armed Formations participating in the Russian-Ukrainian war on the side of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The battalion is named in honour of Sheikh Mansur, a Chechen military commander and an Islamic leader who fought against the expansion of the Russian Empire into the Caucasus during the late 18th century.The battalion has been active since 2014 and is made up of mostly Chechen volunteers, many of whom are veterans of the First Chechen War and Second Chechen War.[4]","title":"Sheikh Mansur Battalion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Mansur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mansur"},{"link_name":"Muslim Cheberloevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Cheberloevsky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9"},{"link_name":"Chechen-Russian wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kramatorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kramatorsk"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechens"},{"link_name":"Dzhokhar Dudayev battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev_Battalion"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-7"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Volunteer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Volunteer_Corps"},{"link_name":"volunteer battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_volunteer_battalions"},{"link_name":"far-right party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Right Sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Sector"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pravyysektor-1"},{"link_name":"International Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Legion_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alfa.lt-8"},{"link_name":"Chechens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechens"},{"link_name":"Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians"},{"link_name":"Turkmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmens"},{"link_name":"Kartvels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartvelian_languages"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis"},{"link_name":"Uzbeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alfa.lt-8"}],"text":"The battalion was founded in 2014, in Denmark. It was created by the Free Caucasus Organization, which was created in 2006 in Denmark by political emigrants from countries/regions in the Caucasus and in Europe.[5] In October 2014, the Free Caucasus GPA Presidium announced the creation of a battalion named after Sheikh Mansur in order to participate in the war in eastern Ukraine commanded by Muslim Cheberloevsky [ru] (a veteran of the two Chechen-Russian wars).[6]The battalion was formed upon the splitting off of a faction from the Dudayev battalion, due to leaders deciding the need to act at two important fronts which at the time were Kramatorsk and Mariupol. It was the second Chechen battalion, after the previously formed Dzhokhar Dudayev battalion, which was proven itself well and received approval and support from the Ukrainian authorities.[7]For a time, the Battalion operated under the command of the Ukrainian Volunteer Corps, an independent volunteer battalion of the far-right party Right Sector.[1]Sheikh Mansur's battalion is also distinguished by the decision for not being part of the International Legion and sign contracts with the Ukrainian army. The unit maintains itself and takes care of its own forces, soldiers do not receive salaries, supplies, and after the end of the war will not have any legal status as participants in hostilities. According to the units spokesperson, for the Chechen soldiers Ukraine's victory in the war will only be an intermediate step, the ultimate goal is to liberate their own homeland from Russian occupation.[8]\nAlthough the core of the battalion consists of Chechens and Ukrainians, there are also Turkmen, Kartvels, Azerbaijanis and Uzbeks in the battalion.[8]","title":"Creation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"As of 2023 the battalion's structure is as follows:[9]Sheikh Mansur Battalion\nAerial Reconnaissance Group BShM\n3rd Company “Makhno”. A special group of the battalion with many ethnic Ukrainians","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"war in Donbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)"},{"link_name":"Shyrokyne standoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyrokyne_standoff"},{"link_name":"Shyrokyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyrokyne"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kyiv_(2022)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-balkaninsight-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mariupol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mansur1-2"},{"link_name":"Sumy region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumy_region"},{"link_name":"Northern Ukraine campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ukraine_campaign"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Donetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Luhansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sievierodonetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sievierodonetsk_(2022)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bakhmut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmut"},{"link_name":"Battle of Soledar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Soledar"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The battalion has since 2014 participated in the war in Donbas. During the Shyrokyne standoff, the Sheikh Mansur battalion together with other Ukrainian forces fought against Russian-backed separatists in the village of Shyrokyne, east of Mariupol in 2015. The battalion handed in its weapons in September 2019; as one of the last units composed purely of volunteer soldiers.[10]The battalion was reported to be active again during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. A video released by the battalion in March 2022 showing intense fighting against Russian forces outside of Kyiv confirmed the presence of the Sheikh Mansur battalion in Ukraine.[11] The Sheikh Mansur Battalion as well as the Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion held the defense near Kyiv and participated in partisan operations, ambushes, sabotage work and mining during the Battle of Kyiv.[4][12][13] They had previously fought in the Battle of Mariupol, but they left for Kyiv as they deemed it was more important to defend the capital city.[2]After pushing Russian forces out of Kyiv, fighters of the battalion followed the Russian troops and fought in the Sumy region during the Northern Ukraine campaign.[14] Since then, the battalion has fought in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, most notably taking part during the Battle of Sievierodonetsk since at least June 2022.[15] In July 2022, they declared an insurgency in Chechnya.[16]From September to November of 2022, the battalion has been in battles with Russian forces on the Zaporizhzhian front.[17][18][19]The battalion has been fighting in the Battle of Bakhmut and Battle of Soledar since at least November 2022,[20][21][22] which as of December 2022 is experiencing the scenes of intense fighting.","title":"Participation in the Russo-Ukrainian War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Dmytro Yarosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmytro_Yarosh"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The Ukrainian Government imposed sanctions against fighters from the battalion in 2021.[23]In 2018 Timur Tumgoev, a veteran of the Donbas war and member of the battalion was extradited to Russia. According to several reports he was tortured and sentenced to 16 years in prison. Several fighters are still threatened with extradition, such as Akhmed Ilaev and Ali Bakaev.[24] These extraditions and sanctions have been criticized by several Ukrainian commanders such as Dmytro Yarosh, who blamed the Russian FSB and elements within the Ukrainian government.[25]\"I believe that the Kremlin agents, which are infiltrated into Ukrainian power structures and authorities, are conducting a special operation to destabilize the situation within the state, with the aim of further expanding aggression and a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. That is why the Kremlin agents put thieves, bandits, anti-Ukrainian elements. People who, side by side with us, have walked the military path since 2014, defending our freedom and independence. I warn the authorities: we, our Chechen Brothers, will not be betrayed by the enemy. If it is necessary to use force to protect them, we will do it.\"— Dmytro Yarosh, Censor.net","title":"Sanctions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.png"}],"text":"Former insignia of the battalion.Battalion Commander - Muslim Cheberloyevsky\nChief of Staff of the battalion - Muslim Idrisov","title":"Commanders"}] | [{"image_text":"Former insignia of the battalion.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.png/119px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.png"}] | [{"title":"Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev_Battalion"},{"title":"Separate Special Purpose Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate_Special_Purpose_Battalion"}] | [{"reference":"\"Чеченський батальйон Шейха Мансура на захисті українців - Офіційний сайт \"Правого сектору\"\". 27 May 2017. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170527004540/http://pravyysektor.info/news/news/180/cechenskij-bataljon-sejha-mansura-na-zahisti-ukrayinciv.html","url_text":"\"Чеченський батальйон Шейха Мансура на захисті українців - Офіційний сайт \"Правого сектору\"\""},{"url":"http://pravyysektor.info/news/news/180/cechenskij-bataljon-sejha-mansura-na-zahisti-ukrayinciv.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Krikunenko, Iryna (7 April 2022). \"Брат по зброї. Командир чеченських добровольців, який воює за Україну, розповідає про свої три війни з Росією\". NV (in Ukrainian).","urls":[{"url":"https://nv.ua/ukr/ukraine/politics/batalyon-sheyha-mansura-voyuye-proti-rosiji-interv-yu-nv-iz-komandirom-novini-ukrajini-50231689.html","url_text":"\"Брат по зброї. Командир чеченських добровольців, який воює за Україну, розповідає про свої три війни з Росією\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foreign Fighters: Taking the Fight to Russia in Ukraine\". Balkan Insight. 22 March 2022. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://balkaninsight.com/2022/03/22/foreign-fighters-taking-the-fight-to-russia-in-ukraine/","url_text":"\"Foreign Fighters: Taking the Fight to Russia in Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220322184351/https://balkaninsight.com/2022/03/22/foreign-fighters-taking-the-fight-to-russia-in-ukraine/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fedor, Julie (11 October 2016). Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society: 2016/2: Violence in the Post-Soviet Space. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-3-8382-6948-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CCHADgAAQBAJ&q=Free+Caucasus+Organization+denmark&pg=PT212","url_text":"Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society: 2016/2: Violence in the Post-Soviet Space"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-6948-1","url_text":"978-3-8382-6948-1"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Вільний Кавказ\" створив батальйон добровольців імені Шейха Мансура\". Гречка - інформаційний портал кіровоградщини.","urls":[{"url":"https://gre4ka.info/suspilstvo/14085-vilnyi-kavkaz-stvoryv-batalion-dobrovoltsiv-imeni-sheikha-mansura","url_text":"\"\"Вільний Кавказ\" створив батальйон добровольців імені Шейха Мансура\""}]},{"reference":"Admin. \"Чеченский батальон имени Шейха Мансура\" (in Russian). Golos Ichkerii. Retrieved 12 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://golosichkerii.com/index.php/v-mire/503-batalon-shejkha-mansura-nabiraet-dobrovoltsev","url_text":"\"Чеченский батальон имени Шейха Мансура\""}]},{"reference":"\"Čečėnų batalionas atsisakė sutarčių su Ukrainos kariuomene: kaunamės už tėvynės laisvę, o ne už algas\". 25 November 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alfa.lt/aktualijos/pasaulis/cecenu-batalionas-atsisake-sutarciu-su-ukrainos-kariuomene-kaunames-uz-tevynes-laisve-o-ne-uz-algas/273192","url_text":"\"Čečėnų batalionas atsisakė sutarčių su Ukrainos kariuomene: kaunamės už tėvynės laisvę, o ne už algas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheikh Mansur Battalion\".","urls":[{"url":"https://militaryland.net/ukraine/main-intelligence-directorate/sheikh-mansur-battalion//","url_text":"\"Sheikh Mansur Battalion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volunteer Battalions Hand in Their Weapons in Eastern Ukraine\". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 13 September 2019. Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rferl.org/a/weapons-eastern-ukraine-volunteer-battalions/30163094.html","url_text":"\"Volunteer Battalions Hand in Their Weapons in Eastern Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221112180344/https://www.rferl.org/a/weapons-eastern-ukraine-volunteer-battalions/30163094.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Krigen som aldri slutter\". VG. 3 April 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/i/G3m9q4/krigen-som-aldri-slutter","url_text":"\"Krigen som aldri slutter\""}]},{"reference":"Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. \"Chechen and Tatar Muslims take up arms to fight for Ukraine | DW | 24.03.2022\". DW.COM. Retrieved 25 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/chechen-and-tatar-muslims-take-up-arms-to-fight-for-ukraine/a-61174375","url_text":"\"Chechen and Tatar Muslims take up arms to fight for Ukraine | DW | 24.03.2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"'We have only one enemy — this is Russia': the Chechens taking up arms for Ukraine\". OC Media. Retrieved 25 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://oc-media.org/features/we-have-only-one-enemy-this-is-russia-the-chechens-taking-up-arms-for-ukraine/","url_text":"\"'We have only one enemy — this is Russia': the Chechens taking up arms for Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Captured tank of the Chechen battalion named after Sheikh Mansur. Sumy region, Ukraine\". (video). Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdhO0aZdTLg","url_text":"\"Captured tank of the Chechen battalion named after Sheikh Mansur. Sumy region, Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chechen battalion named after Sheikh Mansour. Chemical plant. Sieverodonetsk, Ukraine\". (video). Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-vfEacOU7qI","url_text":"\"Chechen battalion named after Sheikh Mansour. Chemical plant. Sieverodonetsk, Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Problems await a weakened Russia. Chechens are preparing resistance\". Retrieved 24 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seznamzpravy.cz/clanek/zahranicni-oslabene-rusko-cekaji-problemy-odpor-chystaji-cecenci-209188","url_text":"\"Problems await a weakened Russia. Chechens are preparing resistance\""}]},{"reference":"\"The use of Russian phosphorous bombs in Ukraine\". (video). Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NftJW32yugY","url_text":"\"The use of Russian phosphorous bombs in Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fighters of the Chechen battalion named after Sheikh Mansur is on the front line. Part 1\". (video). Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1T_EyOjn1A","url_text":"\"Fighters of the Chechen battalion named after Sheikh Mansur is on the front line. Part 1\""}]},{"reference":"Волонтеры на передовой. Запорожье, Украина. Ноябрь 2022. [Volunteers on the front line. Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. November 2022.], retrieved 15 June 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDwnkFqcPzE","url_text":"Волонтеры на передовой. Запорожье, Украина. Ноябрь 2022."}]},{"reference":"\"Окупанти показали відео з \"кадирівцями\" в Бахмуті. Насправді на кадрах — чеченські добровольці ЗСУ (ВІДЕО, ФОТО)\". Вільне Радіо. December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://freeradio.com.ua/okupanty-pokazaly-video-z-kadyrivtsiamy-v-bakhmuti-naspravdi-na-kadrakh-chechenski-dobrovoltsi-zsu-video-foto/","url_text":"\"Окупанти показали відео з \"кадирівцями\" в Бахмуті. Насправді на кадрах — чеченські добровольці ЗСУ (ВІДЕО, ФОТО)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Chechen battalion in Bakhmut. Muslim Cheberloevsky: - Our fighters are ready!\". (video). Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNPEH-uIdEA","url_text":"\"The Chechen battalion in Bakhmut. Muslim Cheberloevsky: - Our fighters are ready!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reconnaissance of the Chechen battalion named after Sheikh Mansur. Soledar. Bakhmut region\". (video). Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VgKJEP3kDmo","url_text":"\"Reconnaissance of the Chechen battalion named after Sheikh Mansur. Soledar. Bakhmut region\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opinion | Ukraine has a duty to remove North Caucasian volunteer fighters from the sanctions list\".","urls":[{"url":"https://oc-media.org/opinions/opinion-ukraine-has-a-duty-to-remove-north-caucasian-volunteer-fighters-from-the-sanctions-list/","url_text":"\"Opinion | Ukraine has a duty to remove North Caucasian volunteer fighters from the sanctions list\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Чеченцы – это люди, которые за нас\". Представитель президента Украины – о добровольцах и экстрадициях\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kavkazr.com/a/chechentsy-eto-lyudi-kotorye-za-nas-predstavitelj-prezidenta-ukrainy-o-dobrovoljtsah-i-ekstraditsiyah-/31812827.html","url_text":"\"\"Чеченцы – это люди, которые за нас\". Представитель президента Украины – о добровольцах и экстрадициях\""}]},{"reference":"\"В \"санкционные списки СНБО\" попали наши братья-чеченцы из добровольческого батальона им. шейха Мансура. Это спецоперация РФ, - Ярош\".","urls":[{"url":"https://censor.net/ru/news/3267036/v_sanktsionnye_spiski_snbo_popali_nashi_bratyachechentsy_iz_dobrovolcheskogo_batalona_im_sheyiha_mansura","url_text":"\"В \"санкционные списки СНБО\" попали наши братья-чеченцы из добровольческого батальона им. шейха Мансура. Это спецоперация РФ, - Ярош\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170527004540/http://pravyysektor.info/news/news/180/cechenskij-bataljon-sejha-mansura-na-zahisti-ukrayinciv.html","external_links_name":"\"Чеченський батальйон Шейха Мансура на захисті українців - Офіційний сайт \"Правого сектору\"\""},{"Link":"http://pravyysektor.info/news/news/180/cechenskij-bataljon-sejha-mansura-na-zahisti-ukrayinciv.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nv.ua/ukr/ukraine/politics/batalyon-sheyha-mansura-voyuye-proti-rosiji-interv-yu-nv-iz-komandirom-novini-ukrajini-50231689.html","external_links_name":"\"Брат по зброї. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Granichstaedten | Bruno Granichstaedten | ["1 Works","2 Selected filmography","2.1 Screenwriter and Composer","2.2 Composer","3 External links"] | Austrian composer and librettist (1879–1944)
Bruno Granichstaedten signature
Bruno Bernhard Granichstaedten (September 1, 1879, Vienna – May 30, 1944, New York City) was an Austrian composer and librettist. He composed sixteen operettas and music for various films. He contributed the song "Zuschau'n kann i net" to the musical play The White Horse Inn. He emigrated from Austria, ending up in the United States of America in 1940, where he was only able to earn his living by playing the piano at night clubs.
Works
Bub oder Mädel? (Felix Dörmann and Adolf Altmann), operetta, prologue and 2 acts (13 November 1908 Vienna, Johann Strauss Theater)
Wein, Weib and Gesang (Adolf Altmann), operetta 1 act (1909 Vienna)
Lolotte (Bruno Granichstaedten and Alfred Schick-Markenau), operetta 3 acts (1910 Vienna)
Majestät Mimi (Felix Dörmann and Roda Roda), operetta (1911 Vienna)
Casimirs Himmelfahrt (Arthur Maria Willner and Robert Bodanzky), burlesque operetta (1911 Vienna)
Die verbotene Stadt (Bruno Granichstaedten and Karl Lindau, operetta (1913 Berlin)
Der Kriegsberichterstatter (Rudolf Österreicher and Wilhelm Sterk ), bunte Bilder vom Tage (1914 Vienna) (Music: Eysler, Granichstaedten, Nedbal, Weinberger and Ziehrer)
Auf Befehl der Herzogin (der Kaiserin) (Leopold Jacobson and Robert Bodanzky), operetta 3 acts (20 March 1915 Vienna, Theater an der Vienna)
Walzerliebe (Bruno Granichstaedten and Robert Bodanzky), operetta, prologue and 2 acts (16 February 1918 Vienna, Apollo Theater)
Das alte Lied (Bruno Granichstaedten), operetta 3 acts (1918 Vienna)
Indische Nächte (Robert Bodanzky and Bruno Hardt-Warden ), operetta 3 acts (1921 Vienna)
Die Bacchusnacht (Bruno Granichstaedten and Ernst Marischka), operetta 3 acts (1923 Vienna)
Glück bei Frauen (Viktor Léon and Heinz Reichert ), operetta (1923 Vienna)
Der Orlow (Bruno Granichstaedten and Ernst Marischka), operetta (3 April 1925 Vienna, Theater an der Wien)
Das Schwalbennest (Bruno Granichstaedten and Ernst Marischka), Old-Vienna-Singspiel 3 acts (1926 Vienna)
Evelyne (Bruno Granichstaedten and Peter Herz, after E. Phillips Oppenheim), operetta 3 acts (1927 Berlin)
Der Dollar rollt! (Reklame!) (Bruno Granichstaedten and Ernst Marischka), operetta (1930 Vienna)
Selected filmography
The Orlov, directed by Luise Fleck and Jacob Fleck (Germany, 1927, based on the operetta Der Orlow)
Der Diamant des Zaren , directed by Max Neufeld (Germany, 1932, based on the operetta Der Orlow)
The Queen's Affair, directed by Herbert Wilcox (UK, 1934, based on the operetta Die Königin)
Screenwriter and Composer
The Forester's Daughter (Germany, 1931, dir: Frederic Zelnik)
Walzerparadies (Germany, 1931, dir: Frederic Zelnik)
Companion Wanted (French-language version, 1932, dir: Joe May)
Two in a Car (German-language version, 1932, dir: Joe May)
The Company's in Love (Germany, 1932, dir. Max Ophüls)
Composer
The Magic Top Hat (Germany, 1932, dir. Rudolf Bernauer)
External links
Media related to Bruno Granichstaedten at Wikimedia Commons
Bruno Granichstaedten at IMDb
Stage works
(in German) Works catalog
(in German) Short biography and list of works
(in German) Stefan Frey: Short biography
(in German) Guy Wagner: Ein Fall unter vielen. Bruno Granichstaedten
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
Poland
Artists
LexM
MusicBrainz
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bruno_Granichstaedten_Unterschrift.jpg"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"The White Horse Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Horse_Inn"}],"text":"Bruno Granichstaedten signatureBruno Bernhard Granichstaedten (September 1, 1879, Vienna – May 30, 1944, New York City) was an Austrian composer and librettist. He composed sixteen operettas and music for various films. He contributed the song \"Zuschau'n kann i net\" to the musical play The White Horse Inn. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushtaq_Ali | Syed Mushtaq Ali | ["1 Career","1.1 Domestic cricket","2 Awards","3 References","4 External links"] | Indian cricketer (1914 – 2005)
Syed Mushtaq AliMushtaq Ali in 1936Personal informationFull nameSyed Mushtaq AliBorn(1914-12-17)17 December 1914Indore, Indore State, British IndiaDied18 June 2005(2005-06-18) (aged 90)Indore, Madhya Pradesh, IndiaBattingRight-handedBowlingSlow left-arm orthodoxRoleAll-RounderInternational information
National sideIndia (1934–1952)Test debut (cap 19)5 January 1934 v EnglandLast Test6 February 1952 v England
Domestic team information
YearsTeam1934–1944Muslims1934–1940Central India1937Rajputana1939Central Provinces and Berar1941Gujarat1941Maharashtra1941–1955Holkar1941United Provinces1955Madhya Bharat1956–1957Uttar Pradesh1957–1958Madhya Pradesh
Career statistics
Competition
Test
First-class
Matches
11
226
Runs scored
612
13,213
Batting average
32.21
35.90
100s/50s
2/3
30/63
Top score
112
233
Balls bowled
378
9,702
Wickets
3
162
Bowling average
67.33
29.34
5 wickets in innings
0
6
10 wickets in match
0
2
Best bowling
1/45
7/108
Catches/stumpings
7/–
160/–Source: ESPNcricinfo, 24 May 2020
Syed Mushtaq Ali (pronunciationⓘ; 17 December 1914 – 18 June 2005) was an Indian cricketer, a right-handed opening batsman who holds the distinction of scoring the first overseas Test century by an Indian player when he scored 112 against England at Old Trafford in 1936. He batted right-handed and bowled slow left-arm orthodox spin. He bowled frequently enough in domestic matches to be classified as an all-rounder but only occasionally in Test matches. Mushtaq Ali was noted for his graceful batting style and a flair which often cost him his wicket by being over-adventurous too soon in an innings. He received the C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995, the highest honour bestowed by the BCCI on a former player.
Career
Mushtaq Ali was observed by C. K. Nayudu at Indore at the age of 13 and helped to develop his cricketing skills.
A Wisden Special Award winner, he scored four first-class hundreds in the 1936 tour. He was an opening or middle-order batsman who played very little international cricket mainly due to World War II. In total, he played in 11 Tests. He made his debut in the Test against England at Calcutta, 5–8 Jan 1934, and played his last Test against England at Madras, 6–10 Feb 1952, at the age of 38.
Domestic cricket
He was educated in Indore and at Aligarh Muslim University. He played extensively for regional teams and private clubs when cricket was a young sport in India. In first-class cricket, he represented Holkar, Central India, Muslims, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Bharat, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and India between 1930 and 1964.
He played for Holkar in the National Championship for the Ranji Trophy along with other stalwarts like C. K. Nayudu. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1964 and made a life member of the Marylebone Cricket Club for his contribution to the game. He published his autobiography, Cricket Delightful in 1967. He died in his sleep, at the age of 90 in 2005. The Indian domestic T20 series is named after him. Mushtaq Ali's son, Gulrez Ali, and his grandson, Abbas Ali, both played first-class cricket.
Awards
Padma Shri – awarded in 1964
C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award - awarded in 1995
Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy – This is a Twenty20 cricket domestic championship in India, organized by the Board of Control for Cricket in India, among the teams from the Ranji Trophy. The 2008–09 season was the inaugural season for this trophy.
References
^ "Syed Mushtaq Ali". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
^ a b Telegraph, 25
^ "Wisden Obituaries 2006. Syed Mushtaq Ali". ESPN Cricinfo. 24 April 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
^ "Syed Mushtaq Ali". Cricinfo. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
^ a b "C.K. Nayudu award for Kapil Dev". The Hindu. 18 December 2013. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ Das, Sourav (18 August 2014). "C. K. Nayudu – The First Indian Captain Sporteology". Sporteology. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
^ Pandya, Haresh (20 June 2005). "Obituary: Syed Mushtaq Ali". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
^ "Mushtaq Ali: A dazzling, flamboyant cricketer who essayed India's first Test century overseas". Cricket Country. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
^ Pandya, Haresh (26 December 2014) "Mushtaq Ali, India's first overseas Test ton scorer," India Abroad, New York, USA. p. A36.
^ "Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
^ "Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, 2016 matches, scorecards, preview, history, news and statistics – Cricbuzz". Retrieved 31 January 2017.
^ "Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy". Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Smith, Martin (editor). The Promise of Endless Summer (Cricket Lives from the Daily Telegraph). Aurum (2013).
External links
Media related to Mushtaq Ali at Wikimedia Commons
Syed Mushtaq Ali at ESPNcricinfo
Obituary from Rediff.com
"He played five-day cricket like one-day cricket": video feature from Cricinfo
vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Sports1950s
Balbir Singh Sr. (1957)
K. D. Singh (1958)
Mihir Sen (1959)
Milkha Singh (1959)
1960s
Vijay Hazare (1960)
Jasu Patel (1960)
Arati Saha (1960)
Nari Contractor (1962)
Sonam Gyatso (1962)
Ramanathan Krishnan (1962)
Gostha Pal (1962)
Polly Umrigar (1962)
Syed Mushtaq Ali (1963)
M. J. Gopalan (1964)
Nawang Gombu (1964)
Charanjit Singh (1964)
H. P. S. Ahluwalia (1965)
Avtar Singh Cheema (1965)
D. B. Deodhar (1965)
Phu Dorjee (1965)
Wilson Jones (1965)
Verghese Kurien (1965)
Harish Chandra Singh Rawat (1965)
Chandra Prakash Vohra (1965)
Sonam Wangyal (1965)
Kishan Lal (1966)
Narendra Kumar (1965)
Shankar Lakshman (1967)
Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi (1967)
Gurdial Singh (1967)
Prithipal Singh (1967)
Chandu Borde (1969)
1970s
Bishan Singh Bedi (1970)
Moin-ul-Haq (1970)
E. A. S. Prasanna (1970)
Leslie Claudius (1971)
Sailen Manna (1971)
Ghaus Mohammad (1971)
Chandgi Ram (1971)
Kamaljeet Sandhu (1971)
Gundappa Viswanath (1971)
Harsh Vardhan Bahuguna (1972)
B. S. Chandrasekhar (1972)
Ajit Wadekar (1972)
Farokh Engineer (1973)
Pankaj Roy (1975)
Roshan Lal Anand (1976)
Meena Shah (1977)
1980s
Vasudevan Baskaran (1981)
Syed Kirmani (1982)
Kapil Dev (1982)
Prakash Padukone (1982)
Vijay Amritraj (1983)
Bahadur Singh Chauhan (1983)
Guru Hanuman (1983)
Eliza Nelson (1983)
Chand Ram (1983)
Kaur Singh (1983)
Raghubir Singh (1983)
Satpal Singh (1983)
M. D. Valsamma (1983)
Geeta Zutshi (1983)
Charles Borromeo (1984)
Phu Dorjee (1984)
Chuni Goswami (1984)
D. K. Khullar (1984)
Bachendri Pal (1984)
Omprakesh Agrawal (1985)
P. T. Usha (1985)
Anupama Gokhale (1986)
Swaroop Kishen (1986)
Geet Sethi (1986)
Mohammad Shahid (1986)
Bhagyashree Thipsay (1987)
Dilip Vengsarkar (1987)
Viswanathan Anand (1988)
Mohammad Azharuddin (1988)
1990s
Chandraprabha Aitwal (1990)
P. K. Banerjee (1990)
Premchand Degra (1990)
Gulshan Rai (1990)
Jaman Lal Sharma (1990)
Taranath Narayan Shenoy (1990)
Selma D'Silva (1991)
Aspy Adajania (1992)
Ajit Pal Singh (1992)
Sriram Singh (1992)
Hakam Singh (1992)
Shiny Abraham (1998)
Ramesh Krishnan (1998)
Lila Ram (1998)
Pargat Singh (1998)
Karnam Malleswari (1999)
Sachin Tendulkar (1999)
2000s
Santosh Yadav (2000)
Mahesh Bhupathi (2001)
Malathi Krishnamurthy Holla (2001)
Bhuvneshwari Kumari (2001)
Leander Paes (2001)
Dhanraj Pillay (2001)
Sunita Rani (2001)
Diana Edulji (2002)
Jaspal Rana (2002)
Mukesh Kumar (2003)
Gopal Purushottam Phadke (2003)
Kanhaya Lal Pokhriyal (2003)
Jyotirmoyee Sikdar (2003)
Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan (2003)
K. M. Beenamol (2004)
Gurmayum Anita Devi (2004)
Rahul Dravid (2004)
Sourav Ganguly (2004)
Anju Bobby George (2004)
S. P. Nimbalkar (2004)
Dilip Tirkey (2004)
Pullela Gopichand (2005)
Anil Kumble (2005)
Gurbachan Singh Randhawa (2005)
Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore (2005)
Rachel Thomas (2005)
Madhumita Bisht (2006)
Mohan Singh Gunjyal (2006)
Mary Kom (2006)
Sania Mirza (2006)
Bahadur Singh Sagoo (2006)
Koneru Humpy (2007)
Jeev Milkha Singh (2007)
Bhaichung Bhutia (2008)
Bula Choudhury (2008)
Pankaj Advani (2009)
MS Dhoni (2009)
Balbir Singh Kullar (2009)
Harbhajan Singh (2009)
2010s
Ramakant Achrekar (2010)
Narain Karthikeyan (2010)
Saina Nehwal (2010)
Virender Sehwag (2010)
Vijender Singh (2010)
Ignace Tirkey (2010)
Kunjarani Devi (2011)
Sushil Kumar (2011)
VVS Laxman (2011)
Shital Mahajan (2011)
Gagan Narang (2011)
Krishna Poonia (2011)
Harbhajan Singh (mountaineer) (2011)
S. M. Arif (2012)
Ravi Chaturvedi (2012)
Jhulan Goswami (2012)
Zafar Iqbal (field hockey) (2012)
Devendra Jhajharia (2012)
Limba Ram (2012)
Prabhakar Vaidya (2012)
Premlata Agrawal (2013)
Yogeshwar Dutt (2013)
Vijay Kumar (2013)
Girisha Nagarajegowda (2013)
Dingko Singh (2013)
Bajrang Lal Takhar (2013)
Anjum Chopra (2014)
Sunil Dabas (2014)
Love Raj Singh Dharmshaktu (2014)
Dipika Pallikal (2014)
H. Boniface Prabhu (2014)
Yuvraj Singh (2014)
Mamta Sodha (2014)
Saba Anjum Karim (2015)
Mithali Raj (2015)
P. V. Sindhu (2015)
Sardara Singh (2015)
Arunima Sinha (2015)
Sushil Doshi (2016)
Deepika Kumari (2016)
Vikas Gowda (2017)
Dipa Karmakar (2017)
Virat Kohli (2017)
Deepa Malik (2017)
Sakshi Malik (2017)
Shekhar Naik (2017)
P. R. Sreejesh (2017)
Mariyappan Thangavelu (2017)
Saikhom Mirabai Chanu (2018)
Somdev Devvarman (2018)
Murlikant Petkar (2018)
Srikanth Kidambi (2018)
Sunil Chhetri (2019)
Harika Dronavalli (2019)
Gautam Gambhir (2019)
Sharath Kamal (2019)
Bombayla Devi Laishram (2019)
Bajrang Punia (2019)
Prashanti Singh (2019)
Ajay Thakur (2019)
2020s
Oinam Bembem Devi (2020)
M. P. Ganesh (2020)
Zaheer Khan (2020)
Jitu Rai (2020)
Tarundeep Rai (2020)
Rani Rampal (2020)
Anitha Pauldurai (2021)
Anshu Jamsenpa (2021)
Mouma Das (2021)
Sudha Singh (2021)
Virender Singh (2021)
K. Y. Venkatesh (2021)
Sumit Antil (2022)
Pramod Bhagat (2022)
Neeraj Chopra (2022)
Sankaranarayana Menon (2022)
Faisal Ali Dar (2022)
Vandana Katariya (2022)
Avani Lekhara (2022)
Brahmanand Sankhwalkar (2022)
S. R. D. Prasad (2023)
K. Shanathoiba Sharma (2023)
Gurcharan Singh (2023)
Joshna Chinappa (2024)
Rohan Bopanna (2024)
Purnima Mahato (2024)
Harbinder Singh (2024)
Satendra Singh Lohiya (2024)
Gaurav Khanna (2024)
Uday Vishwanath Deshpande (2024)
This biographical article related to Indian cricket is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pronunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Mushtaq_Ali.ogg/Mushtaq_Ali.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mushtaq_Ali.ogg"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_National_Cricket_Team"},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"in 1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1936"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph,_25-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSMA-3"},{"link_name":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph,_25-2"},{"link_name":"C. 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Nayudu at Indore at the age of 13 and helped to develop his cricketing skills.[6]A Wisden Special Award winner, he scored four first-class hundreds in the 1936 tour. He was an opening or middle-order batsman who played very little international cricket mainly due to World War II. In total, he played in 11 Tests. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Middlesex_Hospital | West Middlesex University Hospital | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°28′25″N 0°19′33″W / 51.4736°N 0.3257°W / 51.4736; -0.3257Hospital in EnglandWest Middlesex University HospitalChelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation TrustWest Middlesex Hospital in 2014 with picketers from the Royal College of Midwives.Location within HounslowGeographyLocationTwickenham Road, Isleworth, London, England, United KingdomCoordinates51°28′25″N 0°19′33″W / 51.4736°N 0.3257°W / 51.4736; -0.3257OrganisationCare systemNHS EnglandTypeTeachingAffiliated universityImperial College LondonServicesEmergency departmentYes Accident & EmergencyBedsc.400HistoryOpened1894, current hospital 2003LinksWebsitewww.chelwest.nhs.ukListsHospitals in England
West Middlesex University Hospital (WMUH) is an acute NHS hospital in Isleworth, West London, operated by Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. It is a teaching hospital of Imperial College School of Medicine and a designated academic health science partner (Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Partnership). West Middlesex University Hospital serves patients in the London Boroughs of Hounslow, Richmond upon Thames and Ealing. The hospital has over 400 beds and provides a full range of clinical services including accident and emergency, acute medicine, care of the elderly, surgery and maternity.
History
In 1894, the Brentford Board of Guardians bought a property at Isleworth from Lord Warkworth to accommodate an infirmary for the local workhouse. The hospital opened by Princess Mary of Teck as the Brentford Workhouse Infirmary in October 1896. It became known as the West Middlesex Hospital in 1920 and the West Middlesex County Hospital in 1931. A new maternity department was opened by Queen Mary as the Queen Mary Maternity Wing in 1932. Following bombing during the World War II, the Queen Mary Maternity Wing was repaired and re-opened by the Duchess of Gloucester in 1960. It became the West Middlesex University Hospital in 1991.
An extensive redevelopment of the site was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2001. The works, which were carried out by Bouygues at a cost of £55 million, were completed in 2003.
In December 2011, West Middlesex University Hospital was awarded full accreditation by UNICEF as a Baby Friendly hospital, the first London hospital to achieve this award. In September 2012 the trust concluded that it was not viable for it to apply for NHS Foundation Trust status and decided to seek a potential partner. On 1 September 2015, West Middlesex University Hospital became part of Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust.
See also
List of hospitals in England
List of NHS trusts
References
^ "Plans for partnership in North West London aim to bring innovations to healthcare". Imperial College. 25 November 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
^ a b c d e f "West Middlesex University Hospital". Lost Hospitals of London. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
^ a b "The PFI contract for the redevelopment of the West Middlesex University Hospital" (PDF). National Audit Office. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
^ "Higher and Advanced Obstetrics for Imperial Trainees" (PDF). Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
^ "Analysed: The London FT pipeline and its hotspots". Health Service Journal. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
^ "Hospitals join forces in bigger, better organisation". Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
External links
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
Imperial College Academic Health Science Centre
Radio West Middlesex
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ISNI | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)"},{"link_name":"Isleworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isleworth"},{"link_name":"West London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_London"},{"link_name":"Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_and_Westminster_Hospital_NHS_Foundation_Trust"},{"link_name":"teaching hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_hospital"},{"link_name":"Imperial College School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"academic health science partner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_health_science_centre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hounslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hounslow"},{"link_name":"Richmond upon Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames"},{"link_name":"Ealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Ealing"},{"link_name":"accident and emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Department"},{"link_name":"care of the elderly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderly_care"}],"text":"Hospital in EnglandWest Middlesex University Hospital (WMUH) is an acute NHS hospital in Isleworth, West London, operated by Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. It is a teaching hospital of Imperial College School of Medicine and a designated academic health science partner (Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Partnership).[1] West Middlesex University Hospital serves patients in the London Boroughs of Hounslow, Richmond upon Thames and Ealing. The hospital has over 400 beds and provides a full range of clinical services including accident and emergency, acute medicine, care of the elderly, surgery and maternity.","title":"West Middlesex University Hospital"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isleworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isleworth"},{"link_name":"Lord Warkworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Percy,_7th_Duke_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-2"},{"link_name":"Princess Mary of Teck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Teck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-2"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Teck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-2"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Duchess_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-2"},{"link_name":"Private Finance Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Finance_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nao-3"},{"link_name":"Bouygues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouygues"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nao-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"NHS Foundation Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Foundation_Trust"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_and_Westminster_Hospital_NHS_Foundation_Trust"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1894, the Brentford Board of Guardians bought a property at Isleworth from Lord Warkworth to accommodate an infirmary for the local workhouse.[2] The hospital opened by Princess Mary of Teck as the Brentford Workhouse Infirmary in October 1896.[2] It became known as the West Middlesex Hospital in 1920 and the West Middlesex County Hospital in 1931.[2] A new maternity department was opened by Queen Mary as the Queen Mary Maternity Wing in 1932.[2] Following bombing during the World War II, the Queen Mary Maternity Wing was repaired and re-opened by the Duchess of Gloucester in 1960.[2] It became the West Middlesex University Hospital in 1991.[2]An extensive redevelopment of the site was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2001.[3] The works, which were carried out by Bouygues at a cost of £55 million, were completed in 2003.[3]In December 2011, West Middlesex University Hospital was awarded full accreditation by UNICEF as a Baby Friendly hospital, the first London hospital to achieve this award.[4] In September 2012 the trust concluded that it was not viable for it to apply for NHS Foundation Trust status and decided to seek a potential partner.[5] On 1 September 2015, West Middlesex University Hospital became part of Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust.[6]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of hospitals in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_England"},{"title":"List of NHS trusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NHS_trusts"}] | [{"reference":"\"Plans for partnership in North West London aim to bring innovations to healthcare\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_de_Mayo | 30 de Mayo | ["1 Sources"] | Coordinates: 18°30′N 69°59′W / 18.500°N 69.983°W / 18.500; -69.983Place in Dominican Republic30 de Mayo30 de MayoCoordinates: 18°30′N 69°59′W / 18.500°N 69.983°W / 18.500; -69.983CountryDominican RepublicProvinceDistrito NacionalGovernment • MayorRoberto SalcedoPopulation (2008) • Total73,546Time zoneUTC−04:00Websitehttp://www.adn.gov.do/
30 de Mayo is a neighbourhood in the city of Santo Domingo in the Distrito Nacional of the Dominican Republic. This neighbourhood is populated in particular by individuals from the middle classes.
Sources
Distrito Nacional sectors Archived 2008-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
vteDistrito Nacional - Santo Domingo
24 de Abril
30 de Mayo
Altos de Arroyo Hondo
Arroyo Manzano
Atala
Bella Vista
Buenos Aires (Independencia)
Cacique
Centro de Los Heroes
Centro Olímpico Duarte
Cerros de Arroyo Hondo
Ciudad Colonial
Ciudad Nueva
Ciudad Universitaria
Cristo Rey
Domingo Sabio
El Millón
Ensanche Capotillo
Ensanche Espaillat
Ensanche Isabelita
Ensanche La Fé
Ensanche Luperón
Ensanche Naco
Ensanche Simón Bolívar
Gazcue
General Antonio Duvergé
Gualey
Honduras del Norte
Honduras del Oeste
Jardín Botánico
Jardín Zoologico
Jardínes del Sur
Julieta Morales
La Agustina
La Esperilla
La Hondonada
La Isabela
La Julia
La Zurza
Los Cacicazgos
Los Jardines
Los Mameyes
Los Peralejos
Los Prados
Los Restauradores
Los Ríos
María Auxiliadora
Mejoramiento Social
Mirador Norte
Mirador Sur
Miraflores
Miramar
Nuestra Señora de la Paz
Nuevo Arroyo Hondo
Palma Real
Paraíso
Paseo de los Indíos
Piantini
Puerto Isabela
Punta Caucedo
Quisqueya
Renacimiento
San Carlos
San Diego
San Gerónimo
San Juan Bosco
Tropical Metaldom
Viejo Arroyo Hondo
Villa Consuelo
Villa Francisca
Villa Juana
See also
Dominican Republic
Provinces
Municipalities
This Dominican Republic location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Distrito Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrito_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"middle classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class"}],"text":"Place in Dominican Republic30 de Mayo is a neighbourhood in the city of Santo Domingo in the Distrito Nacional of the Dominican Republic. This neighbourhood is populated in particular by individuals from the middle classes.","title":"30 de Mayo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Distrito Nacional sectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.adn.gov.do/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080706163000/http://www.adn.gov.do/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Distrito_Nacional"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Distrito_Nacional"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Distrito_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Distrito Nacional -","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrito_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"24 de Abril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_de_Abril"},{"link_name":"30 de 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Prados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Prados"},{"link_name":"Los Restauradores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Restauradores"},{"link_name":"Los Ríos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_R%C3%ADos,_Distrito_Nacional"},{"link_name":"María Auxiliadora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Auxiliadora,_Distrito_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Mejoramiento Social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mejoramiento_Social"},{"link_name":"Mirador Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirador_Norte"},{"link_name":"Mirador Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirador_Sur"},{"link_name":"Miraflores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraflores,_Distrito_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Miramar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramar,_Distrito_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Nuestra Señora de la Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Paz"},{"link_name":"Nuevo Arroyo 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIT_Ranch | XIT Ranch | ["1 History","2 Development","3 Decline","4 Legacy","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | Cowboys at the XIT Ranch in 1891
The XIT Ranch was a cattle ranch in the Texas Panhandle which operated from 1885 to 1912. Comprising over 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) of land, it ran for 200 miles (300 km) along the border with New Mexico, varying in width from 20 to 30 miles (30 to 50 km). The massive ranch stretched through ten counties in Texas and at its peak regularly handled 150,000 head of cattle. The brand "XIT" was chosen for its difficulty to alter thus thwarting rustlers.
History
The XIT ranch was located in the western edge of the Texas Panhandle. This was anciently the territory of the Querecho Indians and Teyas. In 1879, the 16th Texas Legislature appropriated 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) of land to finance a new state capitol. In 1882, in a special legislative session, the 17th Texas Legislature struck a bargain with Charles B. and John V. Farwell of Chicago, Illinois, under which a syndicate led by the Farwells, with mostly British investors, agreed to build a new Texas State Capitol in Austin and to accept the 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) of Panhandle land as payment. The ranch stretched across all or portions of the counties of Dallam, Hartley, Oldham, Deaf Smith, Parmer, Castro, Bailey, Lamb, Cochran, and Hockley. Total expense for the capitol building amounted to $3,744,630.60, of which the Syndicate Company paid $3,224,593.45.: 53
Though Mathias Schnell won the contract for constructing the new building in January 1882, by May he had assigned all interest to Taylor, Babcock and Company. This company was composed of Colonel Abner Taylor of Chicago, Colonel A.C. Babcock of Canton, and John V. and Charles B. Farwell of Chicago. Taylor was assigned company representative in June. Babcock inspected the capitol tract that same year, setting out from Tascosa on 23 March and arriving at the Yellow Houses on 27 April. His inspection noted the 1880 J.T. Munson survey used to define the capitol lands, and the northwest boundary of the state was defined by John H. Clark's 1859 survey. Clark's line defining the 103rd meridian, approved by Congress in 1891, turned out to be about one half mile west of the true meridian. The issue was not settled until John V. Farwell and President William Howard Taft were instrumental in passing a joint resolution in 1911 by Congress honoring the Clark line. This action saved Texas a strip of land one half mile wide and 310 miles long.: 52, 57, 59–67
Development
In order to raise the capital needed to fence the ranch, build houses and barns, provide water, and purchase the cattle, John V. Farwell formed the Capitol Freehold Land and Investment Company, Limited, in London. The money was raised through the sale of debentures paying 5 percent interest. Directors of the company included John V. and Charles B. Farwell, Walter Potter, Henry Seton-Karr, Sir William Ewart, Edward M. Denny, Baron Thurlow, and the Marquis of Tweeddale, while the Earl of Aberdeen and Quintin Hogg were trustees. The company existed until 1909, when all bonds had been redeemed.: 72–73
Company headquarters were located in the northern boundary of the ranch, at Buffalo Springs, with George Findlay directing business. Colonel B.H. Campbell became general manager and Berry Nations range foreman. The ranch started operations in 1885, purchasing cattle and moving them onto the ranch. By 1887, the herd was maintained at between 125,000 and 150,000 head, or about 20 acres (8.1 ha) per head. W.S. Mabry surveyed in the four-wire barbed wire fence line, and by 1886, 781 mi (1,257 km) of fence were in place, including a 260 mi (420 km) long west line and a 275 mi (443 km) long east line. Cross fences were added by the late 1890s to make 94 pastures, bringing the total to 1,500 mi (2,400 km) of fence. A telephone line connected Tascosa to Alamocitos in 1888. Though the northern portion of the ranch had plenty of water near Buffalo Springs, the portion south of the Canadian River needed wells, which were also surveyed in by Mabry. By 1900, the ranch had 335 windmills, producing water from an average depth of 125 ft (38 m). Additionally, 100 earthen dams were constructed.
Trail driver Ab Blocker devised the XIT brand. The branding iron was simply made with a five-inch-long (15 cm) straight bar, applied five times. Yet, the XIT brand was not immune from "brand burning" by rustlers, which involved burning the original brand into another brand. Cowboy legends also kept alive the myth that the brand means "Ten (in Roman numerals) In Texas." Each calf was branded with XIT on its side, the last numeral of the year on its shoulder, and the number of the division on its jaw.
XIT Ranch chuck wagon, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum
The ranch was initially divided into 7 division headquarters, located at (1) Buffalo Springs, (2) Middle Water, (3) Ojo Bravo, (4) Rito Blanco, (5) Escarbada, (6) Spring Lake, and (7) Yellow Houses, with (8) Bovina added later. Each was equipped with residences, cellars, bunkhouses, store rooms, barns, corrals, and two-wagon freight outfit. Large warehouses were maintained at Tascosa in 1887, after the introduction of the Fort Worth and Denver Railroad, and in Bovina, after it was connected to the J.J. Hagerman's Pecos Valley and Northeastern Railroad in 1898. General headquarters were moved to Channing in 1890. Each division wrote a monthly report and an annual report containing details about the cattle, range weather, and the men employed. Buffalo Springs became the steer ranch, Middle Water the cull ranch, while Ojo Bravo, Escarbada, Spring Lake and Yellow Houses became breeding ranges. The 10-12 cowboys working a division in the winter increased to 25–30 in the summer.: 97–98, 147–150
Campbell's management led to the ranch becoming a "stopping place and rendezvous for a large number of bad men and criminals," in the words of A.L. Matlock. Matlock was picked by John V. Farwell to run the ranch in 1887. Matlock chose A.G. Boyce as his general range manager. Though the original stock consisted of Texas Longhorn cattle, in 1889, work started to improve the herd by introducing Hereford cattle and polled Aberdeen Angus. Registered herds were bought in 1892, and the Rito Blanco division bred the Angus, while the Escarbada, Spring Lake and Yellow Houses divisions bred the Herefords.: 182, 187–190 : 100–102, 109
The Texas Trail was used for trail drives connecting Tascosa to Dodge City until 1885. Afterwards, the Northern Trail connected Buffalo Springs to the XIT range on Cedar Creek, 60 miles north of Miles City, Montana. That trail was used from 1886 until 1897. Over a period of 3 months, some 10,000 to 12,500 steers were moved from the Yellow Houses 1,000 miles north to Cedar Creek. There they would graze for two years before being shipped to Chicago.: 126–128, 136–137, 141
Decline
The original plan of the Capitol Company was colonization, with ranching viewed as a temporary use of the land until farmers arrived. In 1890, Matlock began using an immigration agency, and 80,000 acres (324 km2) were prepared as farming tracts.: 71, 205, 211, 224 Cattle prices crashed in 1886 and 1887, and in the fall of 1888, the ranch was unable to sell its cattle and make a profit. The ranch operated most years without showing any profit. Cattle rustling and predators such as the Mexican wolf led to further losses.
XIT Ranch office, Channing, Texas
The General Office building was built in 1898–999 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
In 1901, the ranch syndicate began selling off acreage to pay the bonds of the Capitol Freehold Land and Investment Company, Limited. Large tracts were sold to cattlemen such as George W. Littlefield, who bought 235,858.5 acres (954 km2) of Yellow Houses in 1901. In 1904, the ranch started using land and development companies for wholesale purchases, but in 1905, 800,000 acres (3,237 km2) were also divided up into 160 square-mile tracts. In 1905, to prevent speculation, the syndicate established a land commissioner and a real estate trust in 1915. This trust, Capitol Reservations Lands, operated until 1950. Yet, Capitol Mineral Rights Company retained much of the mineral rights.: 218–225
Branding on the XIT Ranch, 1904
The family of Minnie Lou Bradley, who went on to establish the Bradley 3 Ranch in Childress County east of Amarillo, made large purchases of XIT land. Other purchasers included Texas cattlemen William E. Halsell, and John M. Shelton. Lee Bivins bought 70,000 acres (283 km2) from XIT's Capitol Syndicate. Located near Channing, Texas, the purchase included XIT headquarters. The last of the XIT cattle were sold on 1 Nov. 1912.: 217
Recognizing that their earlier surveys exceeded the stipulated areas by 2–4 percent, the state of Texas sued the Syndicate in 1918, claiming the excess was 57,840.5 acres (234 km2). As a consequence, the state recovered 27,613.6 acres (112 km2) in Dallam County, and 30,226.9 acres (122 km2) in Hartley County.: 216–217
Legacy
In remembrance of the massive ranch, the City of Dalhart hosts the XIT Museum and the annual XIT Rodeo and Reunion held the first Thursday through Sunday of August. The celebration includes three days of junior and professional (PRCA) rodeo events, the world's largest free barbecue, three nights of live music, a mud bog competition, an antique tractor pull, and other activities.
Several businesses in the Dalhart area use "XIT" in their names and styles.
Gallery
Display of local brands at the XIT Museum in Dalhart, Texas: Note the XIT brand at the center of the display (2002)
Oldham County ranch land in the Canadian River Valley between Vega and Dalhart (2002)
Monument in Farwell, Texas, noting the Farwell brothers as receiving the land which became the XIT in exchange for constructing the Texas State Capitol building
See also
Ira Aten
Patrick H. Landergin
References
^ "The First Cattle". XIT History - XIT Ranch. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
^ Habicht-Mauche, Judith A. (1992). "Coronado's Querechos and Teyas in the Archaeological Record of the Texas Panhandle". Plains Anthropologist. 37 (140): 247–259. doi:10.1080/2052546.1992.11909652. JSTOR 25669110 – via JSTOR.
^ a b c d e f XIT Ranch from the Handbook of Texas Online; retrieved April 13, 2005.
^ a b Thumbnail History of the XIT Ranch Archived April 4, 2005, at the Wayback Machine; The XIT Museum website; retrieved March 20, 2009
^ "Fairlawn: The Farwell/McGann Estate at 965 East Deerpath" Biography of Charles B. Farwell; retrieved March 17, 2011
^ History of XIT Ranch; "My Turn;" Hidden Ancestors ; retrieved March 17, 2011
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Haley, J. Evetts (1929). The XIT Ranch of Texas: And the Early Days of the Llano Estacado. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 3, 75, 77, 83–88, 95–96, 106, 121–122, 149. ISBN 0806114282.
^ Archer, Jeanne; Taras, Stephanie (2009). Touching Lives: The Lasting Legacy of the Bivins Family. Tell Studios Inc. p. 41. ISBN 9780974914862.
Further reading
Cordia Sloan Duke and Joe B. Frantz; 6,000 Miles of Fence: Life on the XIT Ranch of Texas; Austin: University of Texas Press; 1961.
External links
The XIT Museum Archived February 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
XIT Rodeo & Reunion
Photos of the XIT Ranch hosted by the Portal to Texas History
Former cattle ranch in Texas, US | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch"},{"link_name":"Texas Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle"},{"link_name":"brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock_branding"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The XIT Ranch was a cattle ranch in the Texas Panhandle which operated from 1885 to 1912. Comprising over 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) of land, it ran for 200 miles (300 km) along the border with New Mexico, varying in width from 20 to 30 miles (30 to 50 km). The massive ranch stretched through ten counties in Texas and at its peak regularly handled 150,000 head of cattle. 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This was anciently the territory of the Querecho Indians and Teyas.[2] In 1879, the 16th Texas Legislature appropriated 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) of land to finance a new state capitol.[3] In 1882, in a special legislative session, the 17th Texas Legislature struck a bargain with Charles B. and John V. Farwell of Chicago, Illinois, under which a syndicate led by the Farwells, with mostly British investors, agreed to build a new Texas State Capitol in Austin and to accept the 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) of Panhandle land as payment.[4][5][6] The ranch stretched across all or portions of the counties of Dallam, Hartley, Oldham, Deaf Smith, Parmer, Castro, Bailey, Lamb, Cochran, and Hockley.[3] Total expense for the capitol building amounted to $3,744,630.60, of which the Syndicate Company paid $3,224,593.45.[7]: 53Though Mathias Schnell won the contract for constructing the new building in January 1882, by May he had assigned all interest to Taylor, Babcock and Company. This company was composed of Colonel Abner Taylor of Chicago, Colonel A.C. Babcock of Canton, and John V. and Charles B. Farwell of Chicago. Taylor was assigned company representative in June. Babcock inspected the capitol tract that same year, setting out from Tascosa on 23 March and arriving at the Yellow Houses on 27 April. His inspection noted the 1880 J.T. Munson survey used to define the capitol lands, and the northwest boundary of the state was defined by John H. Clark's 1859 survey. Clark's line defining the 103rd meridian, approved by Congress in 1891, turned out to be about one half mile west of the true meridian. The issue was not settled until John V. Farwell and President William Howard Taft were instrumental in passing a joint resolution in 1911 by Congress honoring the Clark line. 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Farwell formed the Capitol Freehold Land and Investment Company, Limited, in London. The money was raised through the sale of debentures paying 5 percent interest. Directors of the company included John V. and Charles B. Farwell, Walter Potter, Henry Seton-Karr, Sir William Ewart, Edward M. Denny, Baron Thurlow, and the Marquis of Tweeddale, while the Earl of Aberdeen and Quintin Hogg were trustees. The company existed until 1909, when all bonds had been redeemed.[7]: 72–73Company headquarters were located in the northern boundary of the ranch, at Buffalo Springs, with George Findlay directing business. Colonel B.H. Campbell became general manager and Berry Nations range foreman. The ranch started operations in 1885, purchasing cattle and moving them onto the ranch. By 1887, the herd was maintained at between 125,000 and 150,000 head, or about 20 acres (8.1 ha) per head. W.S. Mabry surveyed in the four-wire barbed wire fence line, and by 1886, 781 mi (1,257 km) of fence were in place, including a 260 mi (420 km) long west line and a 275 mi (443 km) long east line. Cross fences were added by the late 1890s to make 94 pastures, bringing the total to 1,500 mi (2,400 km) of fence. A telephone line connected Tascosa to Alamocitos in 1888. Though the northern portion of the ranch had plenty of water near Buffalo Springs, the portion south of the Canadian River needed wells, which were also surveyed in by Mabry. By 1900, the ranch had 335 windmills, producing water from an average depth of 125 ft (38 m). Additionally, 100 earthen dams were constructed.Trail driver Ab Blocker devised the XIT brand. The branding iron was simply made with a five-inch-long (15 cm) straight bar, applied five times. Yet, the XIT brand was not immune from \"brand burning\" by rustlers, which involved burning the original brand into another brand. Cowboy legends also kept alive the myth that the brand means \"Ten (in Roman numerals) In Texas.\" Each calf was branded with XIT on its side, the last numeral of the year on its shoulder, and the number of the division on its jaw.[7][4][3]XIT Ranch chuck wagon, Panhandle Plains Historical MuseumThe ranch was initially divided into 7 division headquarters, located at (1) Buffalo Springs, (2) Middle Water, (3) Ojo Bravo, (4) Rito Blanco, (5) Escarbada, (6) Spring Lake, and (7) Yellow Houses, with (8) Bovina added later. Each was equipped with residences, cellars, bunkhouses, store rooms, barns, corrals, and two-wagon freight outfit. Large warehouses were maintained at Tascosa in 1887, after the introduction of the Fort Worth and Denver Railroad, and in Bovina, after it was connected to the J.J. Hagerman's Pecos Valley and Northeastern Railroad in 1898. General headquarters were moved to Channing in 1890. Each division wrote a monthly report and an annual report containing details about the cattle, range weather, and the men employed. Buffalo Springs became the steer ranch, Middle Water the cull ranch, while Ojo Bravo, Escarbada, Spring Lake and Yellow Houses became breeding ranges. The 10-12 cowboys working a division in the winter increased to 25–30 in the summer.[7]: 97–98, 147–150Campbell's management led to the ranch becoming a \"stopping place and rendezvous for a large number of bad men and criminals,\" in the words of A.L. Matlock. Matlock was picked by John V. Farwell to run the ranch in 1887. Matlock chose A.G. Boyce as his general range manager.[7] Though the original stock consisted of Texas Longhorn cattle, in 1889, work started to improve the herd by introducing Hereford cattle and polled Aberdeen Angus. Registered herds were bought in 1892, and the Rito Blanco division bred the Angus, while the Escarbada, Spring Lake and Yellow Houses divisions bred the Herefords.[7]: 182, 187–190 : 100–102, 109The Texas Trail was used for trail drives connecting Tascosa to Dodge City until 1885. Afterwards, the Northern Trail connected Buffalo Springs to the XIT range on Cedar Creek, 60 miles north of Miles City, Montana. That trail was used from 1886 until 1897. Over a period of 3 months, some 10,000 to 12,500 steers were moved from the Yellow Houses 1,000 miles north to Cedar Creek. There they would graze for two years before being shipped to Chicago.[7]: 126–128, 136–137, 141","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XIT-7"},{"link_name":"Cattle rustling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_raiding"},{"link_name":"Mexican wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_wolf"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hb-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Revised_XIT_Ranch_office,_Channing,_TX_IMG_4935.JPG"},{"link_name":"Channing, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channing,_Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XIT_Ranch_office_plaque_IMG_4934.JPG"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"George W. Littlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Littlefield"},{"link_name":"mineral rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_rights"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XIT-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Branding_on_the_XIT_LCCN2003690413.jpg"},{"link_name":"Minnie Lou Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Lou_Bradley"},{"link_name":"Childress County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childress_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Amarillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"John M. Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Shelton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hb-3"},{"link_name":"Channing, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channing,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hb-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XIT-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XIT-7"}],"text":"The original plan of the Capitol Company was colonization, with ranching viewed as a temporary use of the land until farmers arrived. In 1890, Matlock began using an immigration agency, and 80,000 acres (324 km2) were prepared as farming tracts.[7]: 71, 205, 211, 224 Cattle prices crashed in 1886 and 1887, and in the fall of 1888, the ranch was unable to sell its cattle and make a profit. The ranch operated most years without showing any profit. Cattle rustling and predators such as the Mexican wolf led to further losses.[3]XIT Ranch office, Channing, TexasThe General Office building was built in 1898–999 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.In 1901, the ranch syndicate began selling off acreage to pay the bonds of the Capitol Freehold Land and Investment Company, Limited. Large tracts were sold to cattlemen such as George W. Littlefield, who bought 235,858.5 acres (954 km2) of Yellow Houses in 1901. In 1904, the ranch started using land and development companies for wholesale purchases, but in 1905, 800,000 acres (3,237 km2) were also divided up into 160 square-mile tracts. In 1905, to prevent speculation, the syndicate established a land commissioner and a real estate trust in 1915. This trust, Capitol Reservations Lands, operated until 1950. Yet, Capitol Mineral Rights Company retained much of the mineral rights.[7]: 218–225Branding on the XIT Ranch, 1904The family of Minnie Lou Bradley, who went on to establish the Bradley 3 Ranch in Childress County east of Amarillo, made large purchases of XIT land. Other purchasers included Texas cattlemen William E. Halsell, and John M. Shelton.[3] Lee Bivins bought 70,000 acres (283 km2) from XIT's Capitol Syndicate. Located near Channing, Texas, the purchase included XIT headquarters.[8] The last of the XIT cattle were sold on 1 Nov. 1912.[3][7]: 217Recognizing that their earlier surveys exceeded the stipulated areas by 2–4 percent, the state of Texas sued the Syndicate in 1918, claiming the excess was 57,840.5 acres (234 km2). As a consequence, the state recovered 27,613.6 acres (112 km2) in Dallam County, and 30,226.9 acres (122 km2) in Hartley County.[7]: 216–217","title":"Decline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dalhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhart,_Texas"},{"link_name":"XIT Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XIT_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PRCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Rodeo_Cowboys_Association"},{"link_name":"rodeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodeo"},{"link_name":"barbecue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbecue"},{"link_name":"antique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antique"},{"link_name":"tractor pull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_pulling"}],"text":"In remembrance of the massive ranch, the City of Dalhart hosts the XIT Museum and the annual XIT Rodeo and Reunion held the first Thursday through Sunday of August. The celebration includes three days of junior and professional (PRCA) rodeo events, the world's largest free barbecue, three nights of live music, a mud bog competition, an antique tractor pull, and other activities.Several businesses in the Dalhart area use \"XIT\" in their names and styles.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XIT_Brands.jpg"},{"link_name":"XIT Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XIT_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CanadianValley_2002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canadian River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_River"},{"link_name":"Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega,_Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Farwell,_Texas_name_monument.JPG"},{"link_name":"Farwell, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farwell,_Texas"}],"text":"Display of local brands at the XIT Museum in Dalhart, Texas: Note the XIT brand at the center of the display (2002)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOldham County ranch land in the Canadian River Valley between Vega and Dalhart (2002)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonument in Farwell, Texas, noting the Farwell brothers as receiving the land which became the XIT in exchange for constructing the Texas State Capitol building","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe B. Frantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bertram_Frantz"}],"text":"Cordia Sloan Duke and Joe B. Frantz; 6,000 Miles of Fence: Life on the XIT Ranch of Texas; Austin: University of Texas Press; 1961.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Cowboys at the XIT Ranch in 1891","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/XIT_cowboys.jpg/330px-XIT_cowboys.jpg"},{"image_text":"XIT Ranch chuck wagon, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/XIT_Ranch_chuck_wagon%2C_Panhandle_Plains_Historical_Museum.jpg/330px-XIT_Ranch_chuck_wagon%2C_Panhandle_Plains_Historical_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"XIT Ranch office, Channing, Texas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Revised_XIT_Ranch_office%2C_Channing%2C_TX_IMG_4935.JPG/220px-Revised_XIT_Ranch_office%2C_Channing%2C_TX_IMG_4935.JPG"},{"image_text":"The General Office building was built in 1898–999 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/XIT_Ranch_office_plaque_IMG_4934.JPG/220px-XIT_Ranch_office_plaque_IMG_4934.JPG"},{"image_text":"Branding on the XIT Ranch, 1904","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Branding_on_the_XIT_LCCN2003690413.jpg/220px-Branding_on_the_XIT_LCCN2003690413.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Ira Aten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Aten"},{"title":"Patrick H. Landergin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_H._Landergin"}] | [{"reference":"\"The First Cattle\". XIT History - XIT Ranch. Retrieved March 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://xitranch.com/xit-history/","url_text":"\"The First Cattle\""}]},{"reference":"Habicht-Mauche, Judith A. (1992). \"Coronado's Querechos and Teyas in the Archaeological Record of the Texas Panhandle\". Plains Anthropologist. 37 (140): 247–259. doi:10.1080/2052546.1992.11909652. JSTOR 25669110 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/25669110","url_text":"\"Coronado's Querechos and Teyas in the Archaeological Record of the Texas Panhandle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2052546.1992.11909652","url_text":"10.1080/2052546.1992.11909652"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25669110","url_text":"25669110"}]},{"reference":"Haley, J. Evetts (1929). The XIT Ranch of Texas: And the Early Days of the Llano Estacado. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 3, 75, 77, 83–88, 95–96, 106, 121–122, 149. ISBN 0806114282.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806114282","url_text":"0806114282"}]},{"reference":"Archer, Jeanne; Taras, Stephanie (2009). Touching Lives: The Lasting Legacy of the Bivins Family. Tell Studios Inc. p. 41. ISBN 9780974914862.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780974914862","url_text":"9780974914862"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://xitranch.com/xit-history/","external_links_name":"\"The First Cattle\""},{"Link":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/25669110","external_links_name":"\"Coronado's Querechos and Teyas in the Archaeological Record of the Texas Panhandle\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2052546.1992.11909652","external_links_name":"10.1080/2052546.1992.11909652"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25669110","external_links_name":"25669110"},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/apx01","external_links_name":"XIT Ranch"},{"Link":"http://www.xitmuseum.com/history.shtml","external_links_name":"Thumbnail History of the XIT Ranch"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050404011546/http://xitmuseum.com/history.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.redrat.net/family/mother.htm","external_links_name":"Biography of Charles B. Farwell"},{"Link":"http://www.hiddenancestors.com/parmertx/xitranch.htm","external_links_name":"History of XIT Ranch"},{"Link":"http://www.xitmuseum.com/","external_links_name":"The XIT Museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120213083626/http://www.xitmuseum.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://xit-rodeo.com/","external_links_name":"XIT Rodeo & Reunion"},{"Link":"http://texashistory.unt.edu/search/?q=XIT&t=text&q2=%22DSCL%22&t2=institution","external_links_name":"Photos of the XIT Ranch"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000210020912/http://texashistory.unt.edu/","external_links_name":"Portal to Texas History"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontinia | Pontinia | ["1 Twin cities","2 References"] | Comune in Lazio, ItalyPontiniaComuneComune di Pontinia
Coat of armsLocation of Pontinia
PontiniaLocation of Pontinia in ItalyShow map of ItalyPontiniaPontinia (Lazio)Show map of LazioCoordinates: 41°24′N 13°3′E / 41.400°N 13.050°E / 41.400; 13.050CountryItalyRegionLazioProvinceLatina (LT)Government • MayorEligio Tombolillo (Civic list)Area • Total112.1 km2 (43.3 sq mi)Elevation4 m (13 ft)Population (31 May 2022) • Total15,026 • Density130/km2 (350/sq mi)DemonymPontinianiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code04014Dialing code0773ISTAT code059017 Patron saintSt. AnneSaint dayJuly 26WebsiteOfficial website
Pontinia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Latina in the Italian region Lazio, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Rome and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Latina.
Pontinia was established in 1935, as part of the project under Prime Minister Benito Mussolini which drained the Pontine Marshes and converted them to agriculture. The town plan was designed by engineer Alfredo Pappalardo, an employee of the Opera Nazionale Combattenti, the agency which oversaw the engineering works and settlement of the Pontine Marshes.
Pontinia borders the following municipalities: Latina, Priverno, Sabaudia, Sezze, Sonnino, Terracina.
Twin cities
Utena, Lithuania
Vittoria, Italy
Goro, Italy
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ Duany, Andrés, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, and Robert Alminana (2003). The New Civic Art. Rizzoli International Publications, New York.
vteLazio · Comuni of the Province of Latina
Aprilia
Bassiano
Campodimele
Castelforte
Cisterna di Latina
Cori
Fondi
Formia
Gaeta
Itri
Latina
Lenola
Maenza
Minturno
Monte San Biagio
Norma
Pontinia
Ponza
Priverno
Prossedi
Rocca Massima
Roccagorga
Roccasecca dei Volsci
Sabaudia
San Felice Circeo
Santi Cosma e Damiano
Sermoneta
Sezze
Sonnino
Sperlonga
Spigno Saturnia
Terracina
Ventotene
Authority control databases
VIAF
This Lazio location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Province of Latina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Latina"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Lazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazio"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Latina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina,_Lazio"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Pontine Marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontine_Marshes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Latina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina,_Lazio"},{"link_name":"Priverno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priverno"},{"link_name":"Sabaudia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaudia"},{"link_name":"Sezze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezze"},{"link_name":"Sonnino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnino"},{"link_name":"Terracina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracina"}],"text":"Pontinia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Latina in the Italian region Lazio, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Rome and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Latina.Pontinia was established in 1935, as part of the project under Prime Minister Benito Mussolini which drained the Pontine Marshes and converted them to agriculture.[3] The town plan was designed by engineer Alfredo Pappalardo, an employee of the Opera Nazionale Combattenti, the agency which oversaw the engineering works and settlement of the Pontine Marshes.Pontinia borders the following municipalities: Latina, Priverno, Sabaudia, Sezze, Sonnino, Terracina.","title":"Pontinia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Utena, Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utena,_Lithuania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Vittoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittoria,_Sicily"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Goro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goro,_Emilia-Romagna"}],"text":"Utena, Lithuania\n Vittoria, Italy\n Goro, Italy","title":"Twin cities"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","url_text":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pontinia¶ms=41_24_N_13_3_E_type:city(13,476)_region:IT","external_links_name":"41°24′N 13°3′E / 41.400°N 13.050°E / 41.400; 13.050"},{"Link":"http://ottomilacensus.istat.it/comune/059/059017","external_links_name":"059017"},{"Link":"https://www.comune.pontinia.lt.it/hh/index.php","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","external_links_name":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/132721809","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontinia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermontane | Intermontane | ["1 Use of the term","2 References","3 External links"] | Within mountainous regions
For all intermontane wikiarticles, see Special:AllPages/Intermontane.
Look up intermontane in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Intermontane is a physiographic adjective formed from the prefix "inter-" (signifying among, between, amid, during, within, mutual, reciprocal) and the adjective "montane" (inhabiting, or growing in mountainous regions, especially cool, moist upland slopes below the timberline).
The corresponding physiographic noun is intermountain, while the noun intermontane is an ecologic noun meaning among, between, amid, or within "flora and fauna of a montane habitat." As an example, an alpine region would be an intermontane for a species that migrates between a glacial region and a subalpine region.
Use of the term
Intermontane Basin, a wide valley between mountain ranges that is partly filled with alluvium such as New Zealand's Mackenzie Basin.
Intermontane Belt, a physiogeological region in the North American Pacific Northwest.
Intermontane Plateaus, the United States physiographic region of the Intermountain West.
Intermontane Steppe, a term used mainly in reference to the Sayan Intermontane Steppe.
In palaeogeography, intermontane may refer to
Intermontane Islands, an ancient Pacific Ocean chain of volcanic islands of the Intermontane Plate that were active during the Triassic period.
Intermontane Plate, an ancient oceanic tectonic plate on the west coast of North America about 195 million years ago.
Intermontane Trench, an ancient oceanic trench of the Triassic period along the west coast of North America in the former Slide Mountain Ocean.
References
^ Northern Rocky Mountains intermontane basins
^ "WWF - Sayan Intermontane steppe". Archived from the original on 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
External links
The Intermontane Basins and Plateaus
This article related to topography is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Special:AllPages/Intermontane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AllPages/Intermontane"},{"link_name":"intermontane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intermontane"},{"link_name":"formed from the prefix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compound#Adjective"},{"link_name":"inter-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inter-"},{"link_name":"montane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/montane#Adjective"},{"link_name":"mountainous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainous"},{"link_name":"regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region"},{"link_name":"upland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_(geography)"},{"link_name":"timberline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line"},{"link_name":"intermountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intermountain"},{"link_name":"flora and fauna of a montane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/montane#Noun"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"alpine region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Alps"},{"link_name":"glacial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial"},{"link_name":"subalpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subalpine"},{"link_name":"specify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"For all intermontane wikiarticles, see Special:AllPages/Intermontane.Look up intermontane in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Intermontane is a physiographic adjective formed from the prefix \"inter-\" (signifying among, between, amid, during, within, mutual, reciprocal) and the adjective \"montane\" (inhabiting, or growing in mountainous regions, especially cool, moist upland slopes below the timberline).The corresponding physiographic noun is intermountain, while the noun intermontane is an ecologic noun meaning among, between, amid, or within \"flora and fauna of a montane habitat.\" As an example, an alpine region would be an intermontane for a species that migrates between a glacial region and a subalpine region.[specify]","title":"Intermontane"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alluvium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvium"},{"link_name":"Mackenzie Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_Basin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Intermontane Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermontane_Belt"},{"link_name":"physiogeological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geology"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Intermontane Plateaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermontane_Plateaus"},{"link_name":"United States physiographic region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_physiographic_region"},{"link_name":"Intermountain West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermountain_West"},{"link_name":"Sayan Intermontane Steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_(WWF)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"palaeogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeogeography"},{"link_name":"Intermontane Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermontane_Islands"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"volcanic islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_island"},{"link_name":"Intermontane Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermontane_Plate"},{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"Intermontane Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermontane_Plate"},{"link_name":"tectonic plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_plate"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Intermontane Trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermontane_Trench"},{"link_name":"oceanic trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_trench"},{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Slide Mountain Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_Mountain_Ocean"}],"text":"Intermontane Basin, a wide valley between mountain ranges that is partly filled with alluvium such as New Zealand's Mackenzie Basin.[1]\nIntermontane Belt, a physiogeological region in the North American Pacific Northwest.\nIntermontane Plateaus, the United States physiographic region of the Intermountain West.\nIntermontane Steppe, a term used mainly in reference to the Sayan Intermontane Steppe.[2]In palaeogeography, intermontane may refer toIntermontane Islands, an ancient Pacific Ocean chain of volcanic islands of the Intermontane Plate that were active during the Triassic period.\nIntermontane Plate, an ancient oceanic tectonic plate on the west coast of North America about 195 million years ago.\nIntermontane Trench, an ancient oceanic trench of the Triassic period along the west coast of North America in the former Slide Mountain Ocean.","title":"Use of the term"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"WWF - Sayan Intermontane steppe\". Archived from the original on 2017-08-28. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosengarten_Group | Rosengarten group | ["1 Summits","2 References"] | Coordinates: 46°28′N 11°39′E / 46.467°N 11.650°E / 46.467; 11.650This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rosengarten group" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
RosengartenRosengarten seen from Schlern summitHighest pointElevation3,002 m (9,849 ft)Coordinates46°28′N 11°39′E / 46.467°N 11.650°E / 46.467; 11.650NamingEnglish translationRose gardenLanguage of nameGermanGeographyLocationTrentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, ItalyParent rangeDolomitesClimbingFirst ascent1873
The Rosengarten group (Italian: Catinaccio , Ladin: Ciadenac, Ciadenáze) is a massif in the Dolomites of northern Italy. It is located between the Tierser Tal and Eggental in South Tyrol and the Fassa Valley in Trentino.
One peculiarity of the Rosengarten is the pink shade, owing to the presence of the mineral dolomite, which takes in the sunset and "glows", as celebrated in the Bozner Bergsteigerlied. Meaning "Rose garden" in German, the name refers to the legend of King Laurin and his Rose Garden, a traditional story explaining the outer appearance of the mountain range.
Summits
The highest peak is the Kesselkogel at 3,002 m (9,849 ft) above sea level. Other peaks include:
Rosengartenspitze - 2,981 m (9,780 ft)
Vajolet Towers - 2,813 m (9,229 ft)
Laurinswand (Croda di Re Laurino) - 2,813 m (9,229 ft)
Tscheiner-Spitze (Cima Sforcella) - 2,813 m (9,229 ft)
Rotwand (Roda di Vaèl) - 2,806 m (9,206 ft)
Teufelswand (Croda Davoi) - 2,727 m (8,947 ft)
References
^ "The legend of King Laurin and his Rose garden". Retrieved 25 July 2014.
^ Wolff, Karl Felix (2013). The Dolomites and their legends. Bozen: Edition Raetia. ISBN 978-88-7283-436-7. Archived from the original on 2013-08-13.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rosengarten group.
Authority control databases: National
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It is located between the Tierser Tal and Eggental in South Tyrol and the Fassa Valley in Trentino.One peculiarity of the Rosengarten is the pink shade, owing to the presence of the mineral dolomite, which takes in the sunset and \"glows\", as celebrated in the Bozner Bergsteigerlied. Meaning \"Rose garden\" in German, the name refers to the legend of King Laurin and his Rose Garden, a traditional story explaining the outer appearance of the mountain range.[1][2]","title":"Rosengarten group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kesselkogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesselkogel"},{"link_name":"Rosengartenspitze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosengartenspitze"},{"link_name":"Vajolet Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajolet_Towers"}],"text":"The highest peak is the Kesselkogel at 3,002 m (9,849 ft) above sea level. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Ryves | Jerome Ryves | ["1 Notes"] | Irish Anglican Dean
Christianity portal
Jerome Ryves, M.A. was an Irish Anglican Dean.
He belonged to the Irish branch of the gifted and numerous Ryves family of Dorset, whose principal seat was Damory Court, near Blandford. He was the son of Charles Ryves (died 1675), Master in the Court of Chancery, and his wife Jane Ogden, and grandson of Sir William Ryves, justice of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland), the first of the family to settle in Ireland. Sir Richard Ryves, Recorder of Dublin, was his brother.
Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, he was Chancellor of St Patrick’s Cathedral, Dublin from 1690 to 1699; and Dean St. Patrick's Cathedral Dublin from 1699 until his death on 1 February 1705.
He married Anne Maude, daughter of Anthony Maude of County Tipperary and Alice Hartstonge, daughter of Sir Standish Hartstonge, 1st Baronet, Baron of the Court of Exchequer (Ireland), and sister of Sir Robert Maude, 1st Baronet. They had one daughter Anne (or Alice), who married Thomas le Hunt. The marriage provided Jerome with a useful link to the Church of Ireland hierarchy, as his wife was a niece of John Hartstonge, who became Bishop of Ossory in 1693.
Notes
^ a b c "The History and Antiquities of the Collegiate and Cathedral Church of St. Patrick Near Dublin, from it Foundation in 1190, to the Year 1819: Comprising a Topographical Account of the Lands and Parishes Appropriated to the Community of the Cathedral, and to Its Members, and Biographical Memoirs of Its Deans" Mason, W.M. p217:Dublin, W.Folds, 1820
^ Burke, John "Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland" London Henry Colburn 1836 Vol.3 p.51
^ "Alumni Dublinenses: a register of the students, graduates, professors and provosts of Trinity College in the University of Dublin (1593-1860George Dames Burtchaell/Thomas Ulick Sadleir p725: Dublin, Alex Thom and Co, 1935
^ "Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates Volume 2" Cotton, H. p58 Dublin, Hodges & Smith, 1848-1878
^ Cathedral web-site
^ "Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates Volume 2" Cotton, H. pp103/4 Dublin, Hodges & Smith, 1848-1878
vteDeans of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin
William FitzGuido
Richard Gardiner
Richard de St. Martin
John de Sandford
Thomas de Chaddesworth
William de Rodyard
Thomas de Montpellier
Adam de Kingston
Matthew Brissele
John de Brienne
William de Bromley
John Colton
Henry Bowet
Thomas de Everdon
John Prene
Nicholas Hill
Philip Norris
John Alleyne
Thomas Rochfort
John Rycardes
Robert Sutton
Thomas Darcy
Geoffrey Fyche
Edward Bassenet
Thomas Leverous
Alexander Craike
Adam Loftus
Robert Weston
William Gerard
Thomas Jones
Richard Meredyth
John Ryder
Thomas Moigne
Benjamin Culme
William Fuller
Thomas Seele
Benjamin Parry
John Worth
William King
Michael Jephson
Thomas Lindsay
Edward Smyth
Jerome Ryves
John Sterne
Jonathan Swift
Gabriel Maturin
Francis Corbet
William Cradock
Robert Fowler
James Verschoyle
John Keatinge
Richard Ponsonby
Henry Dawson
Robert Daly
Henry Pakenham
John West
Henry Jellett
John Bernard
Charles Ovenden
Jackson Lawlor
Arnold Harvey
David Wilson
Cecil De Pauley
John Armstrong
Victor Griffin
Maurice Stewart
Robert MacCarthy
Victor Stacey
vteDeans in the Church of IrelandProvince of Armagh
Armagh
Belfast
Clogher
Connor
Derry
Down
Dromore
Elphin and Ardagh
Killala
Kilmore
Raphoe
Tuam
Province of Dublin
Cashel
Clonmacnoise
Cloyne
Cork
Dublin, Christ Church
Dublin, St Patrick's
Ferns
Kildare
Kilkenny
Killaloe and Clonfert
Leighlin
Limerick and Ardfert
Lismore
Ross
Waterford
Previous
Achonry
Ardagh
Ardfert
Clonfert
Dublin, Chapel Royal
Elphin
Emly
Killaloe
Kilfenora
Kilmacduagh
Limerick
This article about an Irish Anglican cleric is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"link_name":"M.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(religion)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mason-1"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"Blandford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandford"},{"link_name":"Sir William Ryves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Ryves"},{"link_name":"Court of King's Bench (Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Richard Ryves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ryves"},{"link_name":"Recorder of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_of_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor"},{"link_name":"St Patrick’s Cathedral, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%E2%80%99s_Cathedral,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dean St. Patrick's Cathedral Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deans_of_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Sir Standish Hartstonge, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Standish_Hartstonge,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Court of Exchequer (Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Exchequer_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Maude, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Maude,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mason-1"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"John Hartstonge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hartstonge"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Ossory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ossory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mason-1"}],"text":"Christianity portalJerome Ryves, M.A. was an Irish Anglican Dean.[1]He belonged to the Irish branch of the gifted and numerous Ryves family of Dorset, whose principal seat was Damory Court, near Blandford. He was the son of Charles Ryves (died 1675), Master in the Court of Chancery, and his wife Jane Ogden, and grandson of Sir William Ryves, justice of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland), the first of the family to settle in Ireland. Sir Richard Ryves, Recorder of Dublin, was his brother.[2]Educated at Trinity College, Dublin,[3] he was Chancellor of St Patrick’s Cathedral, Dublin from 1690 to 1699;[4] and Dean St. Patrick's Cathedral Dublin[5] from 1699 until his death on 1 February 1705.[6]He married Anne Maude, daughter of Anthony Maude of County Tipperary and Alice Hartstonge, daughter of Sir Standish Hartstonge, 1st Baronet, Baron of the Court of Exchequer (Ireland), and sister of Sir Robert Maude, 1st Baronet.[1] They had one daughter Anne (or Alice), who married Thomas le Hunt. 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Ardfert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Limerick_and_Ardfert"},{"link_name":"Lismore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Lismore"},{"link_name":"Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Ross,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Waterford"},{"link_name":"Achonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Achonry"},{"link_name":"Ardagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Ardagh"},{"link_name":"Ardfert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Ardfert"},{"link_name":"Clonfert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Clonfert"},{"link_name":"Dublin, Chapel Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_the_Chapel_Royal#Ireland"},{"link_name":"Elphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Elphin"},{"link_name":"Emly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Emly"},{"link_name":"Killaloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Killaloe"},{"link_name":"Kilfenora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Kilfenora"},{"link_name":"Kilmacduagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Kilmacduagh"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Limerick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shamrock.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:External_Ornaments_of_a_Priest.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerome_Ryves&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ireland-Anglican-clergy-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland-Anglican-clergy-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland-Anglican-clergy-stub"}],"text":"^ a b c \"The History and Antiquities of the Collegiate and Cathedral Church of St. Patrick Near Dublin, from it Foundation in 1190, to the Year 1819: Comprising a Topographical Account of the Lands and Parishes Appropriated to the Community of the Cathedral, and to Its Members, and Biographical Memoirs of Its Deans\" Mason, W.M. p217:Dublin, W.Folds, 1820\n\n^ Burke, John \"Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland\" London Henry Colburn 1836 Vol.3 p.51\n\n^ \"Alumni Dublinenses: a register of the students, graduates, professors and provosts of Trinity College in the University of Dublin (1593-1860George Dames Burtchaell/Thomas Ulick Sadleir p725: Dublin, Alex Thom and Co, 1935\n\n^ \"Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates Volume 2\" Cotton, H. p58 Dublin, Hodges & Smith, 1848-1878\n\n^ Cathedral web-site\n\n^ \"Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates Volume 2\" Cotton, H. pp103/4 Dublin, Hodges & Smith, 1848-1878vteDeans of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin\nWilliam FitzGuido\nRichard Gardiner\nRichard de St. Martin\nJohn de Sandford\nThomas de Chaddesworth\nWilliam de Rodyard\nThomas de Montpellier\nAdam de Kingston\nMatthew Brissele\nJohn de Brienne\nWilliam de Bromley\nJohn Colton\nHenry Bowet\nThomas de Everdon\nJohn Prene\nNicholas Hill\nPhilip Norris\nJohn Alleyne\nThomas Rochfort\nJohn Rycardes\nRobert Sutton\nThomas Darcy\nGeoffrey Fyche\nEdward Bassenet\nThomas Leverous\nAlexander Craike\nAdam Loftus\nRobert Weston\nWilliam Gerard\nThomas Jones\nRichard Meredyth\nJohn Ryder\nThomas Moigne\nBenjamin Culme\nWilliam Fuller\nThomas Seele\nBenjamin Parry\nJohn Worth\nWilliam King\nMichael Jephson\nThomas Lindsay\nEdward Smyth\nJerome Ryves\nJohn Sterne\nJonathan Swift\nGabriel Maturin\nFrancis Corbet\nWilliam Cradock\nRobert Fowler\nJames Verschoyle\nJohn Keatinge\nRichard Ponsonby\nHenry Dawson\nRobert Daly\nHenry Pakenham\nJohn West\nHenry Jellett\nJohn Bernard\nCharles Ovenden\nJackson Lawlor\nArnold Harvey\nDavid Wilson\nCecil De Pauley\nJohn Armstrong\nVictor Griffin\nMaurice Stewart\nRobert MacCarthy\nVictor StaceyvteDeans in the Church of IrelandProvince of Armagh\nArmagh\nBelfast\nClogher\nConnor\nDerry\nDown\nDromore\nElphin and Ardagh\nKillala\nKilmore\nRaphoe\nTuam\nProvince of Dublin\nCashel\nClonmacnoise\nCloyne\nCork\nDublin, Christ Church\nDublin, St Patrick's\nFerns\nKildare\nKilkenny\nKillaloe and Clonfert\nLeighlin\nLimerick and Ardfert\nLismore\nRoss\nWaterford\nPrevious\nAchonry\nArdagh\nArdfert\nClonfert\nDublin, Chapel Royal\nElphin\nEmly\nKillaloe\nKilfenora\nKilmacduagh\nLimerickThis article about an Irish Anglican cleric is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.stpatrickscathedral.ie/the-deans-of-saint-patricks-cathedral/","external_links_name":"Cathedral web-site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerome_Ryves&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darke_Peak | Darke Peak | ["1 History","2 Economy","3 Facilities","4 Governance","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 33°28′06″S 136°12′02″E / 33.468410°S 136.200590°E / -33.468410; 136.200590This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Town in South AustraliaDarke PeakSouth AustraliaDarke PeakCoordinates33°28′06″S 136°12′02″E / 33.468410°S 136.200590°E / -33.468410; 136.200590Population90 (SAL 2021)Established4 June 1914 (town)23 December 1998 (locality)Postcode(s)5633Elevation247 m (810 ft)Time zoneACST (UTC+9:30) • Summer (DST)ACST (UTC+10:30)Location 577 km (359 mi) West of Adelaide 161 km (100 mi) North of Port Lincoln LGA(s)District Council of CleveRegionEyre WesternCountyJervoisState electorate(s)FlindersFederal division(s)Grey
Mean max temp
Mean min temp
Annual rainfall
22.1 °C 72 °F
11.4 °C 53 °F
401.5 mm 15.8 in
Localities around Darke Peak:
Caralue
CaralueWaddikee
Waddikee
HambidgeBoonerdo
Darke Peak
JamiesonCampoona
Boonerdo
Kielpa
Campoona
FootnotesAdjoining localities
Darke Peak (formerly Carappee) is a small agricultural town located in central Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. The town is the population centre for the surrounding agricultural district and has become a minor historical tourist town. It is situated on Barngarla lands. The J. C. Darke Memorial and Grave, commemorating early European explorer John Charles Darke, is located near the township and is located on the South Australian Heritage Register.
The town has a number of limited facilities, including accommodation, grocery and fuel supplies.
History
The area was in the general vicinity of Nauo and Barngarla land.
The town takes its name from the explorer John Charles Darke, who was injured in a spear attack by Indigenous people while he was climbing nearby Waddikee Rock on 24 October 1844. Waddikee Rock is a sacred site of the Barngarla people. He died the next day and was buried at the foot of the Rock. Governor Grey expressed a wish that some landform in the region of the grave should be named to honour him. In 1865 surveyor Thomas Evans who was performing a trigonometrical survey of the Gawler Ranges and named the 1,564 ft (477 m) high mount, 'Darke's Peak'.
In 1909, another surveyor, W.G. Evans, reported that he had found bones in a grave and was satisfied they were the remains of Darke. Darke's grave and monument are located on the western side of the range, still standing as a memorial to the first European who explored this area. The memorial was erected by the SA Government in 1910.
The township of Darke Peak was originally proclaimed Carappee in 1914. The town was renamed in 1940 after the peak that bears John Charles Darke's name as further honour to the explorer. A school opened in the town in 1917.
Darke Peak includes Darke Range, Caralue Bluff, Carappee Hill Conservation Park and Carappee Hill in the surrounding area, with Carappee Hill known for being the highest exposed granite rock mass on Eyre Peninsula.
Economy
Darke Peak is predominantly a farming community, with surrounding areas producing cereal crops, with sheep also produced as a backup for when the region experiences poor rainfall. Local farmers have been farming the area for a number of generations, predating the establishment of the town. The farming areas are very similar to other towns across the central Eyre Peninsula, growing much the same crops under similar climate conditions.
Tourism is a minor component of the towns economy, with Darke's Grave, The Darke Range and various tourist drives the main attractions. Tourist information is present at The Peak Stop shelter.
Facilities
Darke Peak has a hotel which dates back to the early days of the settlement and offers accommodation and meals.
Sporting facilities in the town include tennis and netball courts, oval, playground, swimming pool and a golf course, with some sports teams competing in local leagues.
Governance
Darke Peak is located in the local government area of District Council of Cleve, the State Electoral district of Flinders and the Federal Division of Grey.
References
^ a b c d e "Search result(s) for Darke Peak, LOCB (Record No. SA0017925) with the following layers being selected – "Suburbs and Localities" and "Place names (gazetteer)"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Darke Peak (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
^ Bice, John G. (4 June 1914). "Town of Carrappee" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. p. 1222. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
^ Kentish, P.M. (23 December 1998). "GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991 Notice to Assign Boundaries and Names to Places (within the District Council of Cleve)" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. p. 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
^ "Eyre Western SA Government region" (PDF). The Government of South Australia. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
^ a b "District of Flinders Background Profile". Electoral Commission SA. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
^ a b "Federal electoral division of Grey" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
^ a b c "Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics CLEVE (nearest weather station)". Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
^ "JC Darke Memorial & Grave". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
^ http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/FCA/2015/9.html
^ a b State Library of South Australia Manning Index, Darke Peak, archived from the original on 14 June 2007, retrieved 13 June 2007
^ District Council of Cleve, Darke Peak History, archived from the original on 29 August 2007, retrieved 13 June 2007
^ "NEW TOWN NAMES APPROVED". The Chronicle. Vol. LXXXIII, no. 4, 728. South Australia. 1 August 1940. p. 13. Retrieved 31 August 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
^ District Council of Cleve, Darke Peak Recreation, archived from the original on 29 August 2007, retrieved 13 June 2007
^ a b Tourism Eyre Peninsula, Darke Peak, retrieved 13 June 2007
External links
Eyre Peninsula Tourism
Council Site
vteTowns and localities of the District Council of Cleve
Arno Bay
Boonerdo
Campoona
Cleve
Darke Peak
Hambidge
Hincks (part)
Jamieson
Kielpa
Mangalo
Murlong
Rudall
Verran
Waddikee
Wharminda | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agricultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural"},{"link_name":"Eyre Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"agricultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural"},{"link_name":"historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical"},{"link_name":"tourist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist"},{"link_name":"Barngarla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barngarla_people"},{"link_name":"J. C. Darke Memorial and Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._C._Darke_Memorial_and_Grave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Charles Darke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Darke"},{"link_name":"South Australian Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"grocery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grocery"},{"link_name":"fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel"}],"text":"Town in South AustraliaDarke Peak (formerly Carappee) is a small agricultural town located in central Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. The town is the population centre for the surrounding agricultural district and has become a minor historical tourist town. It is situated on Barngarla lands. The J. C. Darke Memorial and Grave, commemorating early European explorer John Charles Darke, is located near the township and is located on the South Australian Heritage Register.[9]The town has a number of limited facilities, including accommodation, grocery and fuel supplies.","title":"Darke Peak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nauo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauo_people"},{"link_name":"Barngarla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barngarla_people"},{"link_name":"explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer"},{"link_name":"spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear"},{"link_name":"Indigenous people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Barngarla people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barngarla_people"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ax-11"},{"link_name":"Governor Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edward_Grey"},{"link_name":"grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_(burial)"},{"link_name":"surveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying"},{"link_name":"trigonometrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry"},{"link_name":"Gawler Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawler_Ranges"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ar-12"},{"link_name":"Darke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Darke"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ethnic_groups"},{"link_name":"SA Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ax-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Carappee Hill Conservation Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carappee_Hill_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"Eyre Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-14"}],"text":"The area was in the general vicinity of Nauo and Barngarla land.The town takes its name from the explorer John Charles Darke, who was injured in a spear attack by Indigenous people while he was climbing nearby Waddikee Rock on 24 October 1844. Waddikee Rock is a sacred site of the Barngarla people.[10] He died the next day and was buried at the foot of the Rock.[11] Governor Grey expressed a wish that some landform in the region of the grave should be named to honour him. In 1865 surveyor Thomas Evans who was performing a trigonometrical survey of the Gawler Ranges and named the 1,564 ft (477 m) high mount, 'Darke's Peak'.[12]In 1909, another surveyor, W.G. Evans, reported that he had found bones in a grave and was satisfied they were the remains of Darke. Darke's grave and monument are located on the western side of the range, still standing as a memorial to the first European who explored this area. The memorial was erected by the SA Government in 1910.[11]The township of Darke Peak was originally proclaimed Carappee in 1914. The town was renamed in 1940 after the peak that bears John Charles Darke's name as further honour to the explorer. A school opened in the town in 1917.[13]Darke Peak includes Darke Range, Caralue Bluff, Carappee Hill Conservation Park and Carappee Hill in the surrounding area, with Carappee Hill known for being the highest exposed granite rock mass on Eyre Peninsula.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming"},{"link_name":"cereal crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal_crops"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"rainfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainfall"},{"link_name":"farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer"},{"link_name":"Eyre Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crops"},{"link_name":"climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vr-15"},{"link_name":"Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"}],"text":"Darke Peak is predominantly a farming community, with surrounding areas producing cereal crops, with sheep also produced as a backup for when the region experiences poor rainfall. Local farmers have been farming the area for a number of generations, predating the establishment of the town. The farming areas are very similar to other towns across the central Eyre Peninsula, growing much the same crops under similar climate conditions.[15]Tourism is a minor component of the towns economy, with Darke's Grave, The Darke Range and various tourist drives the main attractions. Tourist information is present at The Peak Stop shelter.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel"},{"link_name":"Sporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"netball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball"},{"link_name":"playground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playground"},{"link_name":"swimming pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vr-15"}],"text":"Darke Peak has a hotel which dates back to the early days of the settlement and offers accommodation and meals.Sporting facilities in the town include tennis and netball courts, oval, playground, swimming pool and a golf course, with some sports teams competing in local leagues.[15]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"District Council of Cleve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_of_Cleve"},{"link_name":"Electoral district of Flinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Flinders"},{"link_name":"Division of Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Grey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AEC-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flinders-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plb-1"}],"text":"Darke Peak is located in the local government area of District Council of Cleve, the State Electoral district of Flinders and the Federal Division of Grey.[7][6][1]","title":"Governance"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Search result(s) for Darke Peak, LOCB (Record No. SA0017925) with the following layers being selected – \"Suburbs and Localities\" and \"Place names (gazetteer)\"\". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012010923/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Search result(s) for Darke Peak, LOCB (Record No. SA0017925) with the following layers being selected – \"Suburbs and Localities\" and \"Place names (gazetteer)\"\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Darke Peak (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL40349","url_text":"\"Darke Peak (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"Bice, John G. (4 June 1914). \"Town of Carrappee\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. p. 1222. Retrieved 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1914/26/1222.pdf","url_text":"\"Town of Carrappee\""}]},{"reference":"Kentish, P.M. (23 December 1998). \"GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991 Notice to Assign Boundaries and Names to Places (within the District Council of Cleve)\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. p. 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1998/184/2009.pdf","url_text":"\"GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991 Notice to Assign Boundaries and Names to Places (within the District Council of Cleve)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eyre Western SA Government region\" (PDF). The Government of South Australia. Retrieved 10 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/21249/Eyre_Western_SA_Government_region.pdf","url_text":"\"Eyre Western SA Government region\""}]},{"reference":"\"District of Flinders Background Profile\". Electoral Commission SA. Retrieved 9 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ecsa.sa.gov.au/component/edocman/?task=document.download&id=551&Itemid=0","url_text":"\"District of Flinders Background Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federal electoral division of Grey\" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 24 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/files/2011/2011-aec-a4-map-sa-grey.pdf","url_text":"\"Federal electoral division of Grey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics CLEVE (nearest weather station)\". Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 26 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_018014.shtml","url_text":"\"Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics CLEVE (nearest weather station)\""}]},{"reference":"\"JC Darke Memorial & Grave\". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 13 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=16534","url_text":"\"JC Darke Memorial & Grave\""}]},{"reference":"State Library of South Australia Manning Index, Darke Peak, archived from the original on 14 June 2007, retrieved 13 June 2007","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070614084216/http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/pn/d/d1.htm","url_text":"Darke Peak"},{"url":"http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/pn/d/d1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"District Council of Cleve, Darke Peak History, archived from the original on 29 August 2007, retrieved 13 June 2007","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070829111028/http://www.cleve.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=112","url_text":"Darke Peak History"},{"url":"http://www.cleve.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=112","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NEW TOWN NAMES APPROVED\". The Chronicle. Vol. LXXXIII, no. 4, 728. South Australia. 1 August 1940. p. 13. Retrieved 31 August 2016 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92394828","url_text":"\"NEW TOWN NAMES APPROVED\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"District Council of Cleve, Darke Peak Recreation, archived from the original on 29 August 2007, retrieved 13 June 2007","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070829111028/http://www.cleve.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=112","url_text":"Darke Peak Recreation"},{"url":"http://www.cleve.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=112","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tourism Eyre Peninsula, Darke Peak, retrieved 13 June 2007","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tep.com.au/region/darke_peak.htm","url_text":"Darke Peak"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Darke_Peak¶ms=33.468410_S_136.200590_E_type:city_region:AU-SA","external_links_name":"33°28′06″S 136°12′02″E / 33.468410°S 136.200590°E / -33.468410; 136.200590"},{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Darke_Peak&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Darke_Peak","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Darke_Peak¶ms=33.468410_S_136.200590_E_type:city_region:AU-SA","external_links_name":"33°28′06″S 136°12′02″E / 33.468410°S 136.200590°E / -33.468410; 136.200590"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012010923/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","external_links_name":"\"Search result(s) for Darke Peak, LOCB (Record No. SA0017925) with the following layers being selected – \"Suburbs and Localities\" and \"Place names (gazetteer)\"\""},{"Link":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL40349","external_links_name":"\"Darke Peak (suburb and locality)\""},{"Link":"http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1914/26/1222.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Town of Carrappee\""},{"Link":"http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1998/184/2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991 Notice to Assign Boundaries and Names to Places (within the District Council of Cleve)\""},{"Link":"http://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/21249/Eyre_Western_SA_Government_region.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Eyre Western SA Government region\""},{"Link":"http://www.ecsa.sa.gov.au/component/edocman/?task=document.download&id=551&Itemid=0","external_links_name":"\"District of Flinders Background Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/files/2011/2011-aec-a4-map-sa-grey.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Federal electoral division of Grey\""},{"Link":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_018014.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics CLEVE (nearest weather station)\""},{"Link":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=16534","external_links_name":"\"JC Darke Memorial & Grave\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/FCA/2015/9.html","external_links_name":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/FCA/2015/9.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070614084216/http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/pn/d/d1.htm","external_links_name":"Darke Peak"},{"Link":"http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/pn/d/d1.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070829111028/http://www.cleve.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=112","external_links_name":"Darke Peak History"},{"Link":"http://www.cleve.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=112","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92394828","external_links_name":"\"NEW TOWN NAMES APPROVED\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070829111028/http://www.cleve.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=112","external_links_name":"Darke Peak Recreation"},{"Link":"http://www.cleve.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=112","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tep.com.au/region/darke_peak.htm","external_links_name":"Darke Peak"},{"Link":"http://www.tep.com.au/region/darke_peak.htm","external_links_name":"Eyre Peninsula Tourism"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070829111028/http://www.cleve.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=112","external_links_name":"Council Site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rippert_(disambiguation) | Rippert | ["1 See also"] | Rippert is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Guillaume Rippert (born 1985), French footballer
Hans-Rolf Rippert, better known as Ivan Rebroff (1931–2008), German singer
Ulrich Rippert (born 1951), German politician of Trotskyism
See also
Eric Ripert (born 1965), French chef in New York
Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Rippert. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guillaume Rippert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Rippert"},{"link_name":"Ivan Rebroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Rebroff"},{"link_name":"Ulrich Rippert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Rippert"}],"text":"Guillaume Rippert (born 1985), French footballer\nHans-Rolf Rippert, better known as Ivan Rebroff (1931–2008), German singer\nUlrich Rippert (born 1951), German politician of Trotskyism","title":"Rippert"}] | [] | [{"title":"Eric Ripert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ripert"},{"title":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Rippert&namespace=0"},{"title":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Rippert&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Austin | Barry Austin | ["1 Life","2 See also","3 References"] | Heaviest man in the UK (1968–2021)
Barry Austin (17 September 1968 – 1 January 2021) was a man from Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, who was widely reputed to be the fattest man in the United Kingdom.
Life
Multiple press reports claim that at his peak weight, he weighed 50 stone (around 700 lbs or 320 kg).
Austin's appearances in the press and on television were usually related to current concerns about an alarming increase in obesity among the population. He had thus been asked to comment on news and current affairs strands such as the BBC's Breakfast News. Austin was also the star of a Sky One documentary, Inside Britain's Fattest Man, presented by fellow Silhillian Richard Hammond in the manner of the science fiction film Fantastic Voyage (1966). According to the programme, Austin typically consumed in excess of 29,000 calories a day – over ten times the average daily intake for a UK male, and had major health problems as a result of his morbid obesity. He also claimed to drink up to 40 pints on a night out. A previous documentary on Britain's heaviest men – The Fattest Men in Britain – which saw Austin take the crown, though he was notably lighter and more mobile at the time, reported that he led an actively social life and was something of a celebrity on the Birmingham club circuit, and a very visible supporter of Birmingham City F.C. at their home games. However, he was unable to attend their victorious Wembley Stadium appearance on 27 February 2011, when they lifted the Football League Cup with a 2–1 win over Arsenal in the final as he was too big to get a seat. By this stage he weighed 40 stone.
According to both documentaries, Austin's greatest problem was his legs (which had notably reduced his mobility in the latter programme). Starved of blood because of their enormous size and distance from his heart, they caused him to suffer regular terrible bacterial infections that left him swollen, in agony, and immobile at home. In September 2005, Austin committed himself to losing weight, restricting his daily intake to a mere 1,500 calories in a bid to save his life.
In November 2009 it was reported that Austin currently weighed 40 stone and was starting a new diet plan to try to lose at least 10 stone. The report also gave his peak weight as 65 stone.
In December 2009 Austin played 'Big Brian' in ITV1's comedy-drama The Fattest Man in Britain starring Timothy Spall and Bobby Ball.
Austin died on 1 January 2021 at the age of 52 due to a heart attack.
See also
List of the heaviest people
References
^ "Eating less is the real answer". BBC News. BBC. 4 September 2003. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
^ Why 50-stone Barry seized a chance of life Archived December 27, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, The Observer, September 18, 2005
^ Marsden, John. "Birmingham City fan Big Barry Austin set to miss Wembley – Top Stories – News". Birmingham Mail. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
^ 40st Birmingham City fan Barry Austin is copying diet used by Friends star Jennifer Aniston diet, Sunday Mercury, November 15, 2009
^ "We are saddened to hear of the passing of lifelong Bluenose, Barry Austin". Twitter. Birmingham City FC. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
^ Preece, Ashley (2 January 2021). "Tributes paid to Birmingham City fan Barry Austin known as 'Britain's fattest man' after tragic death". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
^ Wheeler, Sophie; Bazaraa, Danya (2 January 2021). "Britain's ex-fattest man who once weighed 65-stone dies aged 52 as family pay tribute". The Daily Mirror. Retrieved 2 January 2021. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castle Bromwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Bromwich"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Barry Austin (17 September 1968 – 1 January 2021) was a man from Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, who was widely reputed to be the fattest man in the United Kingdom.[1]","title":"Barry Austin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-why-2"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Breakfast News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_News"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sky One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_One"},{"link_name":"Silhillian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solihull"},{"link_name":"Richard Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hammond"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Voyage"},{"link_name":"calories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calories"},{"link_name":"morbid obesity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbid_obesity"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Football League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Football_League_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ITV1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV1"},{"link_name":"The Fattest Man in Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fattest_Man_in_Britain"},{"link_name":"Timothy Spall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Spall"},{"link_name":"Bobby Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Ball"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Multiple press reports claim that at his peak weight, he weighed 50 stone (around 700 lbs or 320 kg).[2]Austin's appearances in the press and on television were usually related to current concerns about an alarming increase in obesity among the population. He had thus been asked to comment on news and current affairs strands such as the BBC's Breakfast News.[citation needed] Austin was also the star of a Sky One documentary, Inside Britain's Fattest Man, presented by fellow Silhillian Richard Hammond in the manner of the science fiction film Fantastic Voyage (1966). According to the programme, Austin typically consumed in excess of 29,000 calories a day – over ten times the average daily intake for a UK male, and had major health problems as a result of his morbid obesity. He also claimed to drink up to 40 pints on a night out. A previous documentary on Britain's heaviest men – The Fattest Men in Britain – which saw Austin take the crown, though he was notably lighter and more mobile at the time, reported that he led an actively social life and was something of a celebrity on the Birmingham club circuit, and a very visible supporter of Birmingham City F.C. at their home games. However, he was unable to attend their victorious Wembley Stadium appearance on 27 February 2011, when they lifted the Football League Cup with a 2–1 win over Arsenal in the final as he was too big to get a seat. By this stage he weighed 40 stone.[3]According to both documentaries, Austin's greatest problem was his legs (which had notably reduced his mobility in the latter programme). Starved of blood because of their enormous size and distance from his heart, they caused him to suffer regular terrible bacterial infections that left him swollen, in agony, and immobile at home. In September 2005, Austin committed himself to losing weight, restricting his daily intake to a mere 1,500 calories in a bid to save his life.In November 2009 it was reported that Austin currently weighed 40 stone and was starting a new diet plan to try to lose at least 10 stone. The report also gave his peak weight as 65 stone.[4]In December 2009 Austin played 'Big Brian' in ITV1's comedy-drama The Fattest Man in Britain starring Timothy Spall and Bobby Ball.Austin died on 1 January 2021 at the age of 52 due to a heart attack.[5][6][7]","title":"Life"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of the heaviest people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_heaviest_people"}] | [{"reference":"\"Eating less is the real answer\". BBC News. BBC. 4 September 2003. Retrieved 13 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3080296.stm","url_text":"\"Eating less is the real answer\""}]},{"reference":"Marsden, John. \"Birmingham City fan Big Barry Austin set to miss Wembley – Top Stories – News\". Birmingham Mail. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110218142732/http://www.birminghammail.net/news/top-stories/2011/02/14/birmingham-city-fan-big-barry-austin-set-to-miss-wembley-97319-28165062/","url_text":"\"Birmingham City fan Big Barry Austin set to miss Wembley – Top Stories – News\""},{"url":"http://www.birminghammail.net/news/top-stories/2011/02/14/birmingham-city-fan-big-barry-austin-set-to-miss-wembley-97319-28165062/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"We are saddened to hear of the passing of lifelong Bluenose, Barry Austin\". Twitter. Birmingham City FC. Retrieved 1 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/BCFC/status/1345101255249637379","url_text":"\"We are saddened to hear of the passing of lifelong Bluenose, Barry Austin\""}]},{"reference":"Preece, Ashley (2 January 2021). \"Tributes paid to Birmingham City fan Barry Austin known as 'Britain's fattest man' after tragic death\". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 2 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/birmingham-city-barry-austin-dead-19552102","url_text":"\"Tributes paid to Birmingham City fan Barry Austin known as 'Britain's fattest man' after tragic death\""}]},{"reference":"Wheeler, Sophie; Bazaraa, Danya (2 January 2021). \"Britain's ex-fattest man who once weighed 65-stone dies aged 52 as family pay tribute\". The Daily Mirror. Retrieved 2 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/breaking-britains-ex-fattest-man-23251081","url_text":"\"Britain's ex-fattest man who once weighed 65-stone dies aged 52 as family pay tribute\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3080296.stm","external_links_name":"\"Eating less is the real answer\""},{"Link":"http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,1572754,00.html","external_links_name":"Why 50-stone Barry seized a chance of life"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051227182310/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0%2C6903%2C1572754%2C00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110218142732/http://www.birminghammail.net/news/top-stories/2011/02/14/birmingham-city-fan-big-barry-austin-set-to-miss-wembley-97319-28165062/","external_links_name":"\"Birmingham City fan Big Barry Austin set to miss Wembley – Top Stories – News\""},{"Link":"http://www.birminghammail.net/news/top-stories/2011/02/14/birmingham-city-fan-big-barry-austin-set-to-miss-wembley-97319-28165062/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sundaymercury.net/news/midlands-news/2009/11/15/40st-birmingham-city-fan-barry-austin-is-copying-diet-used-by-friends-star-jennifer-anistond-diet-66331-25168132/","external_links_name":"40st Birmingham City fan Barry Austin is copying diet used by Friends star Jennifer Aniston diet"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/BCFC/status/1345101255249637379","external_links_name":"\"We are saddened to hear of the passing of lifelong Bluenose, Barry Austin\""},{"Link":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/birmingham-city-barry-austin-dead-19552102","external_links_name":"\"Tributes paid to Birmingham City fan Barry Austin known as 'Britain's fattest man' after tragic death\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/breaking-britains-ex-fattest-man-23251081","external_links_name":"\"Britain's ex-fattest man who once weighed 65-stone dies aged 52 as family pay tribute\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_function | C standard library | ["1 Application programming interface (API)","1.1 Header files","1.2 Documentation","2 Implementations","2.1 Compiler built-in functions","2.2 Linking, libm","2.3 Detection","3 Problems and workarounds","3.1 Buffer overflow vulnerabilities","3.2 Threading problems, vulnerability to race conditions","3.3 Error handling","4 Standardization","4.1 POSIX standard library","4.2 BSD libc","5 The C standard library in other languages","6 Comparison to standard libraries of other languages","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"] | Standard library for the C programming language
C standard library (libc)
General topics
Data types
Character classification
Strings
Mathematics
File input/output
Date/time
Localization
Memory allocation
Process control
Signals
Alternative tokens
Miscellaneous headers
<assert.h>
<errno.h>
<setjmp.h>
<stdarg.h>
vte
The C standard library or libc is the standard library for the C programming language, as specified in the ISO C standard. Starting from the original ANSI C standard, it was developed at the same time as the C library POSIX specification, which is a superset of it. Since ANSI C was adopted by the International Organization for Standardization, the C standard library is also called the ISO C library.
The C standard library provides macros, type definitions and functions for tasks such as string handling, mathematical computations, input/output processing, memory management, and several other operating system services.
Application programming interface (API)
Header files
The application programming interface (API) of the C standard library is declared in a number of header files. Each header file contains one or more function declarations, data type definitions, and macros.
After a long period of stability, three new header files (iso646.h, wchar.h, and wctype.h) were added with Normative Addendum 1 (NA1), an addition to the C Standard ratified in 1995. Six more header files (complex.h, fenv.h, inttypes.h, stdbool.h, stdint.h, and tgmath.h) were added with C99, a revision to the C Standard published in 1999, and five more files (stdalign.h, stdatomic.h, stdnoreturn.h, threads.h, and uchar.h) with C11 in 2011. In total, there are now 29 header files:
Name
From
Description
<assert.h>
Declares the assert macro, used to assist with detecting logical errors and other types of bugs while debugging a program.
<complex.h>
C99
Defines a set of functions for manipulating complex numbers.
<ctype.h>
Defines set of functions used to classify characters by their types or to convert between upper and lower case in a way that is independent of the used character set (typically ASCII or one of its extensions, although implementations utilizing EBCDIC are also known).
<errno.h>
For testing error codes reported by library functions.
<fenv.h>
C99
Defines a set of functions for controlling floating-point environment.
<float.h>
Defines macro constants specifying the implementation-specific properties of the floating-point library.
<inttypes.h>
C99
Defines exact-width integer types.
<iso646.h>
NA1
Defines several macros that implement alternative ways to express several standard tokens. For programming in ISO 646 variant character sets.
<limits.h>
Defines macro constants specifying the implementation-specific properties of the integer types.
<locale.h>
Defines localization functions.
<math.h>
Defines common mathematical functions.
<setjmp.h>
Declares the macros setjmp and longjmp, which are used for non-local exits.
<signal.h>
Defines signal-handling functions.
<stdalign.h>
C11
For querying and specifying the alignment of objects.
<stdarg.h>
For accessing a varying number of arguments passed to functions.
<stdatomic.h>
C11
For atomic operations on data shared between threads.
<stdbool.h>
C99
Defines a Boolean data type.
<stddef.h>
Defines several useful types and macros.
<stdint.h>
C99
Defines exact-width integer types.
<stdio.h>
Defines core input and output functions
<stdlib.h>
Defines numeric conversion functions, pseudo-random numbers generation functions, memory allocation, process control functions
<stdnoreturn.h>
C11
For specifying non-returning functions
<string.h>
Defines string-handling functions
<tgmath.h>
C99
Defines type-generic mathematical functions.
<threads.h>
C11
Defines functions for managing multiple threads, mutexes and condition variables
<time.h>
Defines date- and time-handling functions
<uchar.h>
C11
Types and functions for manipulating Unicode characters
<wchar.h>
NA1
Defines wide-string-handling functions
<wctype.h>
NA1
Defines set of functions used to classify wide characters by their types or to convert between upper and lower case
Three of the header files (complex.h, stdatomic.h, and threads.h) are conditional features that implementations are not required to support.
The POSIX standard added several nonstandard C headers for Unix-specific functionality. Many have found their way to other architectures. Examples include fcntl.h and unistd.h. A number of other groups are using other nonstandard headers – the GNU C Library has alloca.h, and OpenVMS has the va_count() function.
Documentation
On Unix-like systems, the authoritative documentation of the API is provided in the form of man pages. On most systems, man pages on standard library functions are in section 3; section 7 may contain some more generic pages on underlying concepts (e.g. man 7 math_error in Linux).
Implementations
Unix-like systems typically have a C library in shared library form, but the header files (and compiler toolchain) may be absent from an installation so C development may not be possible. The C library is considered part of the operating system on Unix-like systems; in addition to functions specified by the C standard, it includes other functions that are part of the operating system API, such as functions specified in the POSIX standard. The C library functions, including the ISO C standard ones, are widely used by programs, and are regarded as if they were not only an implementation of something in the C language, but also de facto part of the operating system interface. Unix-like operating systems generally cannot function if the C library is erased. This is true for applications which are dynamically as opposed to statically linked. Further, the kernel itself (at least in the case of Linux) operates independently of any libraries.
On Microsoft Windows, the core system dynamic libraries (DLLs) provide an implementation of the C standard library for the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler v6.0; the C standard library for newer versions of the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler is provided by each compiler individually, as well as redistributable packages. Compiled applications written in C are either statically linked with a C library, or linked to a dynamic version of the library that is shipped with these applications, rather than relied upon to be present on the targeted systems. Functions in a compiler's C library are not regarded as interfaces to Microsoft Windows.
Many C library implementations exist, provided with both various operating systems and C compilers. Some of the popular implementations are the following:
The BSD libc, various implementations distributed with BSD-derived operating systems
GNU C Library (glibc), used in GNU Hurd, GNU/kFreeBSD and Linux
Microsoft C run-time library, part of Microsoft Visual C++. There are two versions of the library: MSVCRT that was a redistributable till v12 / Visual Studio 2013 with low C99 compliance, and a new one UCRT (Universal C Run Time) that is part of Windows 10 and 11, so always present to link against, and is C99 compliant too .
dietlibc, an alternative small implementation of the C standard library (MMU-less)
μClibc, a C standard library for embedded μClinux systems (MMU-less)
uclibc-ng, an embedded C library, fork of μClibc, still maintained, with memory management unit (MMU) support
Newlib, a C standard library for embedded systems (MMU-less) and used in the Cygwin GNU distribution for Windows
klibc, primarily for booting Linux systems
musl, another lightweight C standard library implementation for Linux systems
Bionic, originally developed by Google for the Android embedded system operating system, derived from BSD libc
picolibc, developed by Keith Packard, targeting small embedded systems with limited RAM, based on code from Newlib and AVR Libc
Compiler built-in functions
Some compilers (for example, GCC) provide built-in versions of many of the functions in the C standard library; that is, the implementations of the functions are written into the compiled object file, and the program calls the built-in versions instead of the functions in the C library shared object file. This reduces function-call overhead, especially if function calls are replaced with inline variants, and allows other forms of optimization (as the compiler knows the control-flow characteristics of the built-in variants), but may cause confusion when debugging (for example, the built-in versions cannot be replaced with instrumented variants).
However, the built-in functions must behave like ordinary functions in accordance with ISO C. The main implication is that the program must be able to create a pointer to these functions by taking their address, and invoke the function by means of that pointer. If two pointers to the same function are derived in two different translation units in the program, these two pointers must compare equal; that is, the address comes by resolving the name of the function, which has external (program-wide) linkage.
Linking, libm
Under FreeBSD and glibc, some functions such as sin() are not linked in by default and are instead bundled in the mathematical library libm. If any of them are used, the linker must be given the directive -lm. POSIX requires that the c99 compiler supports -lm, and that the functions declared in the headers math.h, complex.h, and fenv.h are available for linking if -lm is specified, but does not specify if the functions are linked by default. musl satisfies this requirement by putting everything into a single libc library and providing an empty libm.
Detection
According to the C standard the macro __STDC_HOSTED__ shall be defined to 1 if the implementation is hosted. A hosted implementation has all the headers specified by the C standard. An implementation can also be freestanding which means that these headers will not be present. If an implementation is freestanding, it shall define __STDC_HOSTED__ to 0.
Problems and workarounds
Buffer overflow vulnerabilities
Some functions in the C standard library have been notorious for having buffer overflow vulnerabilities and generally encouraging buggy programming ever since their adoption. The most criticized items are:
string-manipulation routines, including strcpy() and strcat(), for lack of bounds checking and possible buffer overflows if the bounds are not checked manually;
string routines in general, for side-effects, encouraging irresponsible buffer usage, not always guaranteeing valid null-terminated output, linear length calculation;
printf() family of routines, for spoiling the execution stack when the format string does not match the arguments given. This fundamental flaw created an entire class of attacks: format string attacks;
gets() and scanf() family of I/O routines, for lack of (either any or easy) input length checking.
Except the extreme case with gets(), all the security vulnerabilities can be avoided by introducing auxiliary code to perform memory management, bounds checking, input checking, etc. This is often done in the form of wrappers that make standard library functions safer and easier to use. This dates back to as early as The Practice of Programming book by B. Kernighan and R. Pike where the authors commonly use wrappers that print error messages and quit the program if an error occurs.
The ISO C committee published Technical reports TR 24731-1 and is working on TR 24731-2 to propose adoption of some functions with bounds checking and automatic buffer allocation, correspondingly. The former has met severe criticism with some praise, the latter received mixed responses. Despite this, TR 24731-1 has been implemented into Microsoft's C standard library and its compiler issues warnings when using old "insecure" functions.
Threading problems, vulnerability to race conditions
The strerror() routine is criticized for being thread unsafe and otherwise vulnerable to race conditions.
Error handling
The error handling of the functions in the C standard library is not consistent and sometimes confusing. According to the Linux manual page math_error, "The current (version 2.8) situation under glibc is messy. Most (but not all) functions raise exceptions on errors. Some also set errno. A few functions set errno, but do not raise an exception. A very few functions do neither."
Standardization
Main article: C (programming language) § History
The original C language provided no built-in functions such as I/O operations, unlike traditional languages such as COBOL and Fortran. Over time, user communities of C shared ideas and implementations of what is now called C standard libraries. Many of these ideas were incorporated eventually into the definition of the standardized C language.
Both Unix and C were created at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the late 1960s and early 1970s. During the 1970s the C language became increasingly popular. Many universities and organizations began creating their own variants of the language for their own projects. By the beginning of the 1980s compatibility problems between the various C implementations became apparent. In 1983 the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) formed a committee to establish a standard specification of C known as "ANSI C". This work culminated in the creation of the so-called C89 standard in 1989. Part of the resulting standard was a set of software libraries called the ANSI C standard library.
POSIX standard library
Main article: C POSIX library
POSIX, as well as SUS, specify a number of routines that should be available over and above those in the basic C standard library. The POSIX specification includes header files for, among other uses, multi-threading, networking, and regular expressions. These are often implemented alongside the C standard library functionality, with varying degrees of closeness. For example, glibc implements functions such as fork within libc.so, but before NPTL was merged into glibc it constituted a separate library with its own linker flag argument. Often, this POSIX-specified functionality will be regarded as part of the library; the basic C library may be identified as the ANSI or ISO C library.
BSD libc
BSD libc is a superset of the POSIX standard library supported by the C libraries included with BSD operating systems such as FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and macOS. BSD libc has some extensions that are not defined in the original standard, many of which first appeared in 1994's 4.4BSD release (the first to be largely developed after the first standard was issued in 1989). Some of the extensions of BSD libc are:
sys/tree.h – contains an implementation of red–black tree and splay tree
sys/queue.h – implementations of Linked list, queues, tail queue, etc.
fgetln() – defined in stdio.h. This can be used to read a file line by line.
fts.h – contains some functions to traverse a file hierarchy
db.h – some functions to connect to the Berkeley DB
strlcat() and strlcpy() – secure alternatives for strncat() and strncpy()
err.h – contains some functions to print formatted error messages
vis.h – contains the vis() function. This function is used to display non-printable characters in a visual format.
The C standard library in other languages
Some languages include the functionality of the standard C library in their own libraries. The library may be adapted to better suit the language's structure, but the operational semantics are kept similar. The C++ language, for example, includes the functionality of the C standard library in the namespace std (e.g., std::printf, std::atoi, std::feof), in header files with similar names to the C ones (cstdio, cmath, cstdlib, etc.). Other languages that take similar approaches are D, Perl, Ruby and the main implementation of Python known as CPython. In Python 2, for example, the built-in file objects are defined as "implemented using C's stdio package", so that the available operations (open, read, write, etc.) are expected to have the same behavior as the corresponding C functions. Rust has a crate called libc which allows several C functions, structs, and other type definitions to be used.
Comparison to standard libraries of other languages
The C standard library is small compared to the standard libraries of some other languages. The C library provides a basic set of mathematical functions, string manipulation, type conversions, and file and console-based I/O. It does not include a standard set of "container types" like the C++ Standard Template Library, let alone the complete graphical user interface (GUI) toolkits, networking tools, and profusion of other functionality that Java and the .NET Framework provide as standard. The main advantage of the small standard library is that providing a working ISO C environment is much easier than it is with other languages, and consequently porting C to a new platform is comparatively easy.
See also
C++ Standard Library
Notes
^ Morris worm that takes advantage of the well-known vulnerability in gets() have been created as early as in 1988.
^ in C standard library, string length calculation and looking for a string's end have linear time complexities and are inefficient when used on the same or related strings repeatedly
References
^ ISO/IEC (2018). ISO/IEC 9899:2018(E): Programming Languages - C §7
^ "The GNU C Library – Introduction". gnu.org. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
^ "Difference between C standard library and C POSIX library". stackoverflow.com. 2012. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
^ "C Standards". C: C Standards. Keil. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
^ "Re: Does Newlib support mmu-less CPUs?". Cygwin.com. 23 March 2006. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
^ "musl libc". Etalabs.net. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
^ Other built-in functions provided by GCC, GCC Manual
^ "Compiling with cc". Retrieved 2013-03-02.
^ Weimer, Florian. "c - What functions is the libm intended for?". Stack Overflow. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
^ "c99 - compile standard C programs". The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, 2018 edition. The Open Group. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
^ "musl FAQ". www.musl-libc.org. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
^ "ISO/IEC TR 24731-1: Extensions to the C Library, Part I: Bounds-checking interfaces" (PDF). open-std.org. 2007-03-28. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
^ "ISO/IEC WDTR 24731-2: Extensions to the C Library, Part II: Dynamic Allocation Functions" (PDF). open-std.org. 2008-08-10. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
^ Do you use the TR 24731 'safe' functions in your C code? - Stack overflow
^ "Austin Group Review of ISO/IEC WDTR 24731". Retrieved 28 October 2011.
^ "math_error - detecting errors from mathematical functions". man7.org. 2008-08-11. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
^ "tree". Man.freebsd.org. 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
^ "Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/sys/sys/tree.h". bxr.su.
^ "queue". Man.freebsd.org. 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
^ "Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/sys/sys/queue.h". bxr.su.
^ "fgetln". Man.freebsd.org. 1994-04-19. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
^ "Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/stdio/fgetln.c". bxr.su.
^ "Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/include/stdio.h". bxr.su.
^ "fts". Man.freebsd.org. 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
^ "Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/include/fts.h". bxr.su.
^ "db". Man.freebsd.org. 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
^ "Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/include/db.h". bxr.su.
^ Miller, Todd C. and Theo de Raadt. strlcpy and strlcat - consistent, safe, string copy and concatenation. Proceedings of the 1999 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, June 6–11, 1999, pp. 175–178.
^ "Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/string/strlcat.c". bxr.su.
^ "Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/string/strlcpy.c". bxr.su.
^ "Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/string/strncat.c". bxr.su.
^ "Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/string/strncpy.c". bxr.su.
^ "err". Man.freebsd.org. 2012-03-29. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
^ "Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/include/err.h". bxr.su.
^ "vis(3)". Man.FreeBSD.org. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
^ "Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/gen/vis.c". bxr.su.
^ "Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/include/vis.h". bxr.su.
^ "The Python Standard Library: 6.9. File Objects". Docs.python.org. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
^ "libc". Rust Crates. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
Further reading
Plauger, P.J. (1992). The Standard C library (1 ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0131315099.
External links
The C Library Reference Guide
Handy list of which headers are in which standard
Microsoft Universal C runtime routines by category on MSDN
NetBSD C libraries manual Archived 2015-12-23 at the Wayback Machine and full C library source
Manual pages for the original C standard libraries in Unix
vteC programming language
ANSI C
C99
C11
C17
C23
Embedded C
MISRA C
Features
Functions
Header files
Operators
String
Syntax
Preprocessor
Data types
Standard library
Char
File I/O
Math
Dynamic memory
String
Time
Variadic
POSIX
Implementations
Bionic
libhybris
dietlibc
glibc
EGLIBC
klibc
Windows CRT
musl
Newlib
uClibc
Compilers
ACK
Borland Turbo C
Clang
GCC
ICC
LCC
Norcroft C
PCC
SDCC
TCC
Visual Studio, Express, C++
Watcom C/C++
IDEs
Anjuta
CLion
Code::Blocks
CodeLite
Eclipse
Geany
GNOME Builder
KDevelop
Visual Studio
NetBeans
Comparison withother languages
Compatibility of C and C++
Comparison with Pascal
Descendantlanguages
C++
C#
D
Objective-C
Alef
Limbo
Go
Vala
Designer
Dennis Ritchie
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"standard library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_library"},{"link_name":"C programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"ISO C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_C"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c17io-1"},{"link_name":"ANSI C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_C"},{"link_name":"the C library POSIX specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_POSIX_library"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"International Organization for Standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISOAdoptedAnsiC-4"},{"link_name":"macros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_type"},{"link_name":"string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_string_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"memory management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"}],"text":"The C standard library or libc is the standard library for the C programming language, as specified in the ISO C standard.[1] Starting from the original ANSI C standard, it was developed at the same time as the C library POSIX specification, which is a superset of it.[2][3] Since ANSI C was adopted by the International Organization for Standardization,[4] the C standard library is also called the ISO C library.The C standard library provides macros, type definitions and functions for tasks such as string handling, mathematical computations, input/output processing, memory management, and several other operating system services.","title":"C standard library"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Application programming interface (API)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"application programming interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface"},{"link_name":"header files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Header_file"},{"link_name":"C99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C99"},{"link_name":"C11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C11_(C_standard_revision)"},{"link_name":"POSIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"},{"link_name":"fcntl.h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fcntl.h"},{"link_name":"unistd.h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unistd.h"},{"link_name":"GNU C Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Library"},{"link_name":"OpenVMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVMS"}],"sub_title":"Header files","text":"The application programming interface (API) of the C standard library is declared in a number of header files. Each header file contains one or more function declarations, data type definitions, and macros.After a long period of stability, three new header files (iso646.h, wchar.h, and wctype.h) were added with Normative Addendum 1 (NA1), an addition to the C Standard ratified in 1995. Six more header files (complex.h, fenv.h, inttypes.h, stdbool.h, stdint.h, and tgmath.h) were added with C99, a revision to the C Standard published in 1999, and five more files (stdalign.h, stdatomic.h, stdnoreturn.h, threads.h, and uchar.h) with C11 in 2011. In total, there are now 29 header files:Three of the header files (complex.h, stdatomic.h, and threads.h) are conditional features that implementations are not required to support.The POSIX standard added several nonstandard C headers for Unix-specific functionality. Many have found their way to other architectures. Examples include fcntl.h and unistd.h. 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If two pointers to the same function are derived in two different translation units in the program, these two pointers must compare equal; that is, the address comes by resolving the name of the function, which has external (program-wide) linkage.","title":"Implementations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"libm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libm"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Linking, libm","text":"Under FreeBSD[8] and glibc,[9] some functions such as sin() are not linked in by default and are instead bundled in the mathematical library libm. If any of them are used, the linker must be given the directive -lm. POSIX requires that the c99 compiler supports -lm, and that the functions declared in the headers math.h, complex.h, and fenv.h are available for linking if -lm is specified, but does not specify if the functions are linked by default.[10] musl satisfies this requirement by putting everything into a single libc library and providing an empty libm.[11]","title":"Implementations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Detection","text":"According to the C standard the macro __STDC_HOSTED__ shall be defined to 1 if the implementation is hosted. A hosted implementation has all the headers specified by the C standard. An implementation can also be freestanding which means that these headers will not be present. If an implementation is freestanding, it shall define __STDC_HOSTED__ to 0.","title":"Implementations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Problems and workarounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"buffer overflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_overflow"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"string-manipulation routines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_string_handling"},{"link_name":"bounds checking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounds_checking"},{"link_name":"side-effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effect_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"null-terminated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null-terminated_string"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"printf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printf"},{"link_name":"execution stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_stack"},{"link_name":"format string attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_string_attack"},{"link_name":"gets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gets()"},{"link_name":"scanf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanf"},{"link_name":"The Practice of Programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Practice_of_Programming"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Buffer overflow vulnerabilities","text":"Some functions in the C standard library have been notorious for having buffer overflow vulnerabilities and generally encouraging buggy programming ever since their adoption.[a] The most criticized items are:string-manipulation routines, including strcpy() and strcat(), for lack of bounds checking and possible buffer overflows if the bounds are not checked manually;\nstring routines in general, for side-effects, encouraging irresponsible buffer usage, not always guaranteeing valid null-terminated output, linear length calculation;[b]\nprintf() family of routines, for spoiling the execution stack when the format string does not match the arguments given. This fundamental flaw created an entire class of attacks: format string attacks;\ngets() and scanf() family of I/O routines, for lack of (either any or easy) input length checking.Except the extreme case with gets(), all the security vulnerabilities can be avoided by introducing auxiliary code to perform memory management, bounds checking, input checking, etc. This is often done in the form of wrappers that make standard library functions safer and easier to use. This dates back to as early as The Practice of Programming book by B. Kernighan and R. Pike where the authors commonly use wrappers that print error messages and quit the program if an error occurs.The ISO C committee published Technical reports TR 24731-1[12] and is working on TR 24731-2[13] to propose adoption of some functions with bounds checking and automatic buffer allocation, correspondingly. The former has met severe criticism with some praise,[14][15] the latter received mixed responses. Despite this, TR 24731-1 has been implemented into Microsoft's C standard library and its compiler issues warnings when using old \"insecure\" functions.","title":"Problems and workarounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"strerror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strerror"},{"link_name":"thread unsafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_safety"},{"link_name":"race conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition"}],"sub_title":"Threading problems, vulnerability to race conditions","text":"The strerror() routine is criticized for being thread unsafe and otherwise vulnerable to race conditions.","title":"Problems and workarounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Error handling","text":"The error handling of the functions in the C standard library is not consistent and sometimes confusing. According to the Linux manual page math_error, \"The current (version 2.8) situation under glibc is messy. Most (but not all) functions raise exceptions on errors. Some also set errno. A few functions set errno, but do not raise an exception. A very few functions do neither.\"[16]","title":"Problems and workarounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"COBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL"},{"link_name":"Fortran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"link_name":"AT&T's Bell Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs"},{"link_name":"American National Standards Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute"},{"link_name":"ANSI C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_C"},{"link_name":"software libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_libraries"}],"text":"The original C language provided no built-in functions such as I/O operations, unlike traditional languages such as COBOL and Fortran.[citation needed] Over time, user communities of C shared ideas and implementations of what is now called C standard libraries. Many of these ideas were incorporated eventually into the definition of the standardized C language.Both Unix and C were created at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the late 1960s and early 1970s. During the 1970s the C language became increasingly popular. Many universities and organizations began creating their own variants of the language for their own projects. By the beginning of the 1980s compatibility problems between the various C implementations became apparent. In 1983 the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) formed a committee to establish a standard specification of C known as \"ANSI C\". This work culminated in the creation of the so-called C89 standard in 1989. Part of the resulting standard was a set of software libraries called the ANSI C standard library.","title":"Standardization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"POSIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"},{"link_name":"SUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Unix_Specification"},{"link_name":"multi-threading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX_Threads"},{"link_name":"networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_sockets"},{"link_name":"regular expressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression"},{"link_name":"glibc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibc"},{"link_name":"fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"NPTL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPTL"},{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"}],"sub_title":"POSIX standard library","text":"POSIX, as well as SUS, specify a number of routines that should be available over and above those in the basic C standard library. The POSIX specification includes header files for, among other uses, multi-threading, networking, and regular expressions. These are often implemented alongside the C standard library functionality, with varying degrees of closeness. For example, glibc implements functions such as fork within libc.so, but before NPTL was merged into glibc it constituted a separate library with its own linker flag argument. Often, this POSIX-specified functionality will be regarded as part of the library; the basic C library may be identified as the ANSI or ISO C library.","title":"Standardization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"FreeBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD"},{"link_name":"NetBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD"},{"link_name":"OpenBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"4.4BSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD#4.4BSD_and_descendants"},{"link_name":"red–black tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%E2%80%93black_tree"},{"link_name":"splay tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splay_tree"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Linked list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_list"},{"link_name":"queues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queue_(data_structure)"},{"link_name":"tail queue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tail_queue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Berkeley DB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"BSD libc","text":"BSD libc is a superset of the POSIX standard library supported by the C libraries included with BSD operating systems such as FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and macOS. BSD libc has some extensions that are not defined in the original standard, many of which first appeared in 1994's 4.4BSD release (the first to be largely developed after the first standard was issued in 1989). Some of the extensions of BSD libc are:sys/tree.h – contains an implementation of red–black tree and splay tree[17][18]\nsys/queue.h – implementations of Linked list, queues, tail queue, etc.[19][20]\nfgetln() – defined in stdio.h. This can be used to read a file line by line.[21][22][23]\nfts.h – contains some functions to traverse a file hierarchy[24][25]\ndb.h – some functions to connect to the Berkeley DB[26][27]\nstrlcat() and strlcpy() – secure alternatives for strncat() and strncpy()[28][29][30][31][32]\nerr.h – contains some functions to print formatted error messages[33][34]\nvis.h – contains the vis() function. This function is used to display non-printable characters in a visual format.[35][36][37]","title":"Standardization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"operational semantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_semantics"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"namespace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namespace_(programming)"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Perl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl"},{"link_name":"Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"CPython","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPython"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Rust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Some languages include the functionality of the standard C library in their own libraries. The library may be adapted to better suit the language's structure, but the operational semantics are kept similar. The C++ language, for example, includes the functionality of the C standard library in the namespace std (e.g., std::printf, std::atoi, std::feof), in header files with similar names to the C ones (cstdio, cmath, cstdlib, etc.). Other languages that take similar approaches are D, Perl, Ruby and the main implementation of Python known as CPython. In Python 2, for example, the built-in file objects are defined as \"implemented using C's stdio package\",[38] so that the available operations (open, read, write, etc.) are expected to have the same behavior as the corresponding C functions. Rust has a crate called libc which allows several C functions, structs, and other type definitions to be used.[39]","title":"The C standard library in other languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"type conversions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_conversion"},{"link_name":"container types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_(data_structure)"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"Standard Template Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Template_Library"},{"link_name":"graphical user interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(software_platform)"},{"link_name":".NET Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework"}],"text":"The C standard library is small compared to the standard libraries of some other languages. The C library provides a basic set of mathematical functions, string manipulation, type conversions, and file and console-based I/O. It does not include a standard set of \"container types\" like the C++ Standard Template Library, let alone the complete graphical user interface (GUI) toolkits, networking tools, and profusion of other functionality that Java and the .NET Framework provide as standard. The main advantage of the small standard library is that providing a working ISO C environment is much easier than it is with other languages, and consequently porting C to a new platform is comparatively easy.","title":"Comparison to standard libraries of other languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Morris worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_worm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"linear time complexities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_time"}],"text":"^ Morris worm that takes advantage of the well-known vulnerability in gets() have been created as early as in 1988.\n\n^ in C standard library, string length calculation and looking for a string's end have linear time complexities and are inefficient when used on the same or related strings repeatedly","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plauger, P.J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Plauger"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0131315099","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0131315099"}],"text":"Plauger, P.J. (1992). The Standard C library (1 ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0131315099.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"C++ Standard Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B_Standard_Library"}] | [{"reference":"\"The GNU C Library – Introduction\". gnu.org. Retrieved 2013-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.gnu.org/old-gnu/Manuals/glibc-2.2.3/html_chapter/libc_1.html","url_text":"\"The GNU C Library – Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Difference between C standard library and C POSIX library\". stackoverflow.com. 2012. Retrieved 2015-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9376837/difference-bewteen-c-standard-library-and-c-posix-library","url_text":"\"Difference between C standard library and C POSIX library\""}]},{"reference":"\"C Standards\". C: C Standards. Keil. Retrieved 24 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.keil.com/support/docs/1893.htm","url_text":"\"C Standards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Re: Does Newlib support mmu-less CPUs?\". Cygwin.com. 23 March 2006. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081122063741/http://www.cygwin.com/ml/newlib/2006/msg00224.html","url_text":"\"Re: Does Newlib support mmu-less CPUs?\""},{"url":"http://www.cygwin.com/ml/newlib/2006/msg00224.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"musl libc\". Etalabs.net. Retrieved 28 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etalabs.net/musl/","url_text":"\"musl libc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Compiling with cc\". Retrieved 2013-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/developers-handbook/tools-compiling.html","url_text":"\"Compiling with cc\""}]},{"reference":"Weimer, Florian. \"c - What functions is the libm intended for?\". Stack Overflow. Retrieved 24 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54054925/what-functions-is-the-libm-intended-for","url_text":"\"c - What functions is the libm intended for?\""}]},{"reference":"\"c99 - compile standard C programs\". The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, 2018 edition. The Open Group. Retrieved 24 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/c99.html","url_text":"\"c99 - compile standard C programs\""}]},{"reference":"\"musl FAQ\". www.musl-libc.org. Retrieved 24 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musl-libc.org/faq.html","url_text":"\"musl FAQ\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISO/IEC TR 24731-1: Extensions to the C Library, Part I: Bounds-checking interfaces\" (PDF). open-std.org. 2007-03-28. Retrieved 2014-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1225.pdf","url_text":"\"ISO/IEC TR 24731-1: Extensions to the C Library, Part I: Bounds-checking interfaces\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISO/IEC WDTR 24731-2: Extensions to the C Library, Part II: Dynamic Allocation Functions\" (PDF). open-std.org. 2008-08-10. Retrieved 2014-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1337.pdf","url_text":"\"ISO/IEC WDTR 24731-2: Extensions to the C Library, Part II: Dynamic Allocation Functions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austin Group Review of ISO/IEC WDTR 24731\". Retrieved 28 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1106.txt","url_text":"\"Austin Group Review of ISO/IEC WDTR 24731\""}]},{"reference":"\"math_error - detecting errors from mathematical functions\". man7.org. 2008-08-11. Retrieved 2014-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/math_error.7.html","url_text":"\"math_error - detecting errors from mathematical functions\""}]},{"reference":"\"tree\". Man.freebsd.org. 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://man.freebsd.org/tree","url_text":"\"tree\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/sys/sys/tree.h\". bxr.su.","urls":[{"url":"http://bxr.su/o/sys/sys/tree.h","url_text":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/sys/sys/tree.h\""}]},{"reference":"\"queue\". Man.freebsd.org. 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://man.freebsd.org/queue","url_text":"\"queue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/sys/sys/queue.h\". bxr.su.","urls":[{"url":"http://bxr.su/o/sys/sys/queue.h","url_text":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/sys/sys/queue.h\""}]},{"reference":"\"fgetln\". Man.freebsd.org. 1994-04-19. Retrieved 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://man.freebsd.org/fgetln","url_text":"\"fgetln\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/stdio/fgetln.c\". bxr.su.","urls":[{"url":"http://bxr.su/o/lib/libc/stdio/fgetln.c#fgetln","url_text":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/stdio/fgetln.c\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/include/stdio.h\". bxr.su.","urls":[{"url":"http://bxr.su/o/include/stdio.h","url_text":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/include/stdio.h\""}]},{"reference":"\"fts\". Man.freebsd.org. 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://man.freebsd.org/fts","url_text":"\"fts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/include/fts.h\". bxr.su.","urls":[{"url":"http://bxr.su/o/include/fts.h","url_text":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/include/fts.h\""}]},{"reference":"\"db\". Man.freebsd.org. 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://man.freebsd.org/db","url_text":"\"db\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/include/db.h\". bxr.su.","urls":[{"url":"http://bxr.su/o/include/db.h","url_text":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/include/db.h\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/string/strlcat.c\". bxr.su.","urls":[{"url":"http://bxr.su/o/lib/libc/string/strlcat.c","url_text":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/string/strlcat.c\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/string/strlcpy.c\". bxr.su.","urls":[{"url":"http://bxr.su/o/lib/libc/string/strlcpy.c","url_text":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/string/strlcpy.c\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/string/strncat.c\". bxr.su.","urls":[{"url":"http://bxr.su/o/lib/libc/string/strncat.c","url_text":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/string/strncat.c\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/string/strncpy.c\". bxr.su.","urls":[{"url":"http://bxr.su/o/lib/libc/string/strncpy.c","url_text":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/string/strncpy.c\""}]},{"reference":"\"err\". Man.freebsd.org. 2012-03-29. Retrieved 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://man.freebsd.org/err","url_text":"\"err\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/include/err.h\". bxr.su.","urls":[{"url":"http://bxr.su/o/include/err.h","url_text":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/include/err.h\""}]},{"reference":"\"vis(3)\". Man.FreeBSD.org. Retrieved 14 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=vis&sektion=3&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+9.1-RELEASE","url_text":"\"vis(3)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/gen/vis.c\". bxr.su.","urls":[{"url":"http://bxr.su/o/lib/libc/gen/vis.c#vis","url_text":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/lib/libc/gen/vis.c\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/include/vis.h\". bxr.su.","urls":[{"url":"http://bxr.su/o/include/vis.h","url_text":"\"Super User's BSD Cross Reference: /OpenBSD/include/vis.h\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Python Standard Library: 6.9. File Objects\". Docs.python.org. Retrieved 28 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#bltin-file-objects","url_text":"\"The Python Standard Library: 6.9. File Objects\""}]},{"reference":"\"libc\". Rust Crates. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160818050524/https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/libc/index.html","url_text":"\"libc\""},{"url":"https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/libc/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Plauger, P.J. (1992). The Standard C library (1 ed.). Prentice Hall. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Legislative_Assembly_of_Uttar_Pradesh | 17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly | ["1 Important members","2 Strength at the time of dissolution","3 Result","4 Elected members","5 See also","6 References"] | Assembly term of a legislature in Uttar Pradesh, India constituted in 2017
17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly
←16th Uttar Pradesh Assembly 18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly→OverviewLegislative bodyUttar Pradesh Legislative AssemblyMeeting placeVidhan BhawanTerm19 March 2017 (2017-03-19) – 12 March 2022 (2022-03-12)Election2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly ElectionsGovernmentBharatiya Janata PartyOppositionSamajwadi PartyWebsiteOfficial websiteMembers404 (403 Elected + 1 Nominated)Chief MinisterYogi AdityanathDeputy Chief MinistersKeshav Prasad Maurya
Dinesh SharmaLeader of the OppositionRam Govind ChaudharyParty controlBharatiya Janata Party
The Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh (Seventeenth Vidhan Sabha of Uttar Pradesh) was constituted on 19 March 2017 as a result of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2017 held between 11 February to 8 March 2017. The Legislative Assembly had total of 404 MLAs (including one nominated Anglo-Indian member, Dr. Denzil J. Godin).
The term of the 17th assembly was from 19 March 2017 to 12 March 2022.
Important members
#
From
To
Position
Name
Party
01
30 March 2017
12 March 2022
Speaker
Hriday Narayan Dikshit
Bharatiya Janata Party
02
18 October 2021
Deputy Speaker
Nitin Agrawal
Samajwadi Party
03
19 March 2017
Leader of the House
(Chief Minister)
Yogi Adityanath
Bharatiya Janata Party
04
Deputy Chief Ministers
Keshav Prasad MauryaDinesh Sharma
Bharatiya Janata Party
05
28 March 2017
Leader of the Opposition
Ram Govind Chaudhary
Samajwadi Party
Strength at the time of dissolution
Party
Alliance
Alliance Total
Seats
Bharatiya Janata Party
NDA
322
312
Apna Dal (Sonelal)
9
NISHAD Party
1
Samajwadi Party
SP+
53
49
Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
4
Bahujan Samaj Party
18
Indian National Congress
UPA
7
7
Independents
3
Vacant
1
Total
403
Result
Summary of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2017 Result
Party
Alliance
Seats contested
Seats won
Seat change
Votes
Vote share
Swing
Bharatiya Janata Party
NDA
384
312
265
34,403,039
40%
24.7%
Apna Dal (Sonelal)
NDA
11
9
9
851,336
1.0%
1.0%
NDA
NDA
391
321
274
35,254,375
>41%
Samajwadi Party
SP+
311
47
177
18,923,689
22%
7.7%
Indian National Congress
SP+
114
7
21
5,416,324
6.2%
5.43%
Bahujan Samaj Party
-
403
19
61
19,281,352
22.2%
3.71%
Rashtriya Lok Dal
-
131
1
8
1,545,810
1.8%
0.53%
Communist Party of India
Left
90
0
138,763
0.2%
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)
Left
50
0
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Left
27
0
Lok Dal (LD)
-
0
181,04
0.2%
Apna Dal
Grand alliance
150
0
Peace Party of India
Grand Alliance
150
0
4
227,998
0.3%
BMUP
-
0
152,844
0.2%
AIMIM
-
38
0
205,232
0.2%
Nationalist Congress Party
-
0
Shiv Sena
-
150
0
Independents
n/a
3
11
2,229,448
2.6%
None of the above (NOTA)
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
757,643
0.9%
0.9%
Elected members
All members were elected on 11 March 2017 and following list might undergo further changes due to by-elections.
#
Constituency
Candidate Name
Party
Comments
Saharanpur District
1
Behat
Naresh Saini
Indian National Congress
2
Nakur
Dharam Singh Saini
Bharatiya Janata Party
3
Saharanpur Nagar
Sanjay Garg
Samajwadi Party
4
Saharanpur
Masood Akhtar
Indian National Congress
5
Deoband
Brijesh Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
6
Rampur Maniharan (SC)
Devendra Kumar Nim
Bharatiya Janata Party
7
Gangoh
Pradeep Choudhary
Bharatiya Janata Party
Resigned on 24 May 2019
Kirat Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Elected in Bye-Elections on 21 October 2019
Shamli District
8
Kairana
Nahid Hasan
Samajwadi Party
9
Thana Bhawan
Suresh Kumar
Bharatiya Janata Party
10
Shamli
Tejendra Nirwal
Bharatiya Janata Party
Muzaffarnagar District
11
Budhana
Umesh Malik
Bharatiya Janata Party
12
Charthawal
Vijay Kumar Kashyap
Bharatiya Janata Party
13
Purqazi (SC)
Pramod Utwal
Bharatiya Janata Party
14
Muzaffarnagar
Kapil Dev Aggarwal
Bharatiya Janata Party
15
Khatauli
Vikram Singh Saini
Bharatiya Janata Party
16
Meerapur
Avtar Singh Bhadana
Bharatiya Janata Party
Joined INC on 14 February 2019 (Resignation Not Accepted)
Vacant
Bijnor District
17
Najibabad
Tasleem
Samajwadi Party
18
Nagina (SC)
Manoj Kumar Paras
Samajwadi Party
19
Barhapur
Sushant Kumar
Bharatiya Janata Party
20
Dhampur
Ashok Kumar Rana
Bharatiya Janata Party
21
Nehtaur (SC)
Om Kumar
Bharatiya Janata Party
22
Bijnor
Suchi Chaudhary
Bharatiya Janata Party
23
Chandpur
Kamlesh Saini
Bharatiya Janata Party
24
Noorpur
Lokendra Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Died on 21 February 2018
Naim Ul Hasan
Samajwadi Party
Elected during by-election
Moradabad District
25
Kanth
Rajesh Kumar Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
26
Thakurdwara
Nawab Jan
Samajwadi Party
27
Moradabad Rural
Haji Ikram Qureshi
Samajwadi Party
28
Moradabad Nagar
Ritesh Kumar Gupta
Bharatiya Janata Party
29
Kundarki
Mohammad Rizwan
Samajwadi Party
30
Bilari
Mohammad Faheem
Samajwadi Party
Sambhal District
31
Chandausi (SC)
Gulab Devi
Bharatiya Janata Party
32
Asmoli
Pinki Singh Yadav
Samajwadi Party
33
Sambhal
Iqbal Mehmood
Samajwadi Party
Rampur District
34
Suar
Abdullah Azam Khan
Samajwadi Party
Disqualified on 16 December 2019
35
Chamraua
Naseer Ahmed Khan
Samajwadi Party
36
Bilaspur
Baldev Singh Aulakh
Bharatiya Janata Party
37
Rampur
Mohammad Azam Khan
Samajwadi Party
Resigned on 24 May 2019
Tazeen Fatma
Samajwadi Party
Elected in Bye-Elections on 21 October 2019
38
Milak (SC)
Rajbala
Bharatiya Janata Party
Amroha District
39
Dhanaura (SC)
Rajeev Tarara
Bharatiya Janata Party
40
Naugawan Sadat
Chetan Chauhan
Bharatiya Janata Party
Died in August 2020
Sangeeta Chauhan
Bharatiya Janata Party
Elected in Bye-Elections in November 2020
41
Amroha
Mehboob Ali
Samajwadi Party
42
Hasanpur
Mahender Singh Khadagvanshi
Bharatiya Janata Party
Meerut District
43
Siwalkhas
Jitendra Pal Singh Billu
Bharatiya Janata Party
44
Sardhana
Sangeet Singh Som
Bharatiya Janata Party
45
Hastinapur
Dinesh Khatik
Bharatiya Janata Party
46
Kithore
Satyavir Tyagi
Bharatiya Janata Party
47
Meerut Cantt.
Satya Prakash Agarwal
Bharatiya Janata Party
48
Meerut City
Haji Rafiq Ansari
Samajwadi Party
49
Meerut South
Somendra Tomar
Bharatiya Janata Party
Bagpat District
50
Chhaprauli
Sahender Singh Ramala
Bharatiya Janata Party
Left RLD after MLC election 2018
51
Baraut
Krishnapal Malik
Bharatiya Janata Party
52
Baghpat
Yogesh Dhama
Bharatiya Janata Party
Ghaziabad District
53
Loni
Nandkishor Gurjar
Bharatiya Janata Party
54
Muradnagar
Ajit Pal Tyagi
Bharatiya Janata Party
55
Sahibabad
Sunil Kumar Sharma
Bharatiya Janata Party
56
Ghaziabad
Atul Garg
Bharatiya Janata Party
57
Modi Nagar
Manju Shivach
Bharatiya Janata Party
Hapur District
58
Dholana
Aaslam Choudhary
Bahujan Samaj Party
59
Hapur
Vijay Pal
Bharatiya Janata Party
60
Garhmukteshwar
Kamal Singh Malik
Bharatiya Janata Party
Gautam Buddh Nagar District
61
Noida
Pankaj Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
62
Dadri
Tejpal Singh Nagar
Bharatiya Janata Party
63
Jewar
Dhirendra Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Bulandshahr District
64
Sikandrabad
Bimla Singh Solanki
Bharatiya Janata Party
65
Bulandshahr
Virendra Singh Sirohi
Bharatiya Janata Party
Usha Sirohi
Bharatiya Janata Party
Elected in Bye-Elections in November 2020
66
Syana
Devendra
Bharatiya Janata Party
67
Anupshahr
Sanjay
Bharatiya Janata Party
68
Debai
Anita Singh Rajput
Bharatiya Janata Party
69
Shikarpur
Anil Sharma
Bharatiya Janata Party
70
Khurja (SC)
Vijendra Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Aligarh District
71
Khair (SC)
Anoop
Bharatiya Janata Party
72
Barauli
Dalveer Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
73
Atrauli
Sandeep Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
74
Chharra
Ravendra Pal Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
75
Koil
Anil Parashar
Bharatiya Janata Party
76
Aligarh
Sanjeev Raja
Bharatiya Janata Party
77
Iglas (SC)
Rajvir Singh Diler
Bharatiya Janata Party
Resigned on 24 May 2019
Rajkumar Sahyogi
Bharatiya Janata Party
Elected in Bye-Elections on 21 October 2019
Hathras District
78
Hathras (SC)
Hari Shankar Mahor
Bharatiya Janata Party
79
Sadabad
Ramveer Upadhyay
Bahujan Samaj Party
80
Sikandra Rao
Birendra Singh Rana
Bharatiya Janata Party
Mathura District
81
Chhata
Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
82
Mant
Shyam Sunder Sharma
Bahujan Samaj Party
83
Goverdhan
Karinda Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
84
Mathura
Shrikant Sharma
Bharatiya Janata Party
85
Baldev (SC)
Pooran Prakash
Bharatiya Janata Party
Agra District
86
Etmadpur
Ram Pratap Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
87
Agra Cantt. (SC)
Girraj Singh Dharmesh
Bharatiya Janata Party
88
Agra South
Yogendra Upadhyaya
Bharatiya Janata Party
89
Agra North
Jagan Prasad Garg
Bharatiya Janata Party
Died on 10 April 2019
Purushottam Khandelwal
Elected in 2019 by-elections
90
Agra Rural (SC)
Hemlata Divakar
Bharatiya Janata Party
91
Fatehpur Sikri
Chaudhary Udaybhan Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
92
Kheragarh
Mahesh Kumar Goyal
Bharatiya Janata Party
93
Fatehabad
Jitendra Verma
Bharatiya Janata Party
94
Bah
Rani Pakshalika Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Firozabad District
95
Tundla (SC)
S.P. Singh Baghel
Bharatiya Janata Party
Resigned on 24 May 2019
Prempal Singh Dhangar
Bharatiya Janata Party
Elected in By-Elections in November 2020
96
Jasrana
Ramgopal
Bharatiya Janata Party
97
Firozabad
Manish Asiza
Bharatiya Janata Party
98
Shikohabad
Mukesh Verma
Bharatiya Janata Party
99
Sirsaganj
Hariom Yadav
Samajwadi Party
Kasganj District
100
Kasganj
Devendra Singh Rajput
Bharatiya Janata Party
101
Amanpur
Devendra Pratap
Bharatiya Janata Party
102
Patiyali
Mamtesh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Etah District
103
Aliganj
Satyapal Singh Rathaur
Bharatiya Janata Party
104
Etah
Vipin Kumar David
Bharatiya Janata Party
105
Marhara
Virendra
Bharatiya Janata Party
106
Jalesar (SC)
Sanjeev Kumar Diwakar
Bharatiya Janata Party
Mainpuri District
107
Mainpuri
Raju Yadav
Samajwadi Party
108
Bhongaon
Ram Naresh Agnihotri
Bharatiya Janata Party
109
Kishni (SC)
Brajesh Katheriya
Samajwadi Party
110
Karhal
Sobaran Singh Yadav
Samajwadi Party
Sambhal District
111
Gunnaur
Ajeet Kumar (alias Raju Yadav)
Bharatiya Janata Party
Budaun District
112
Bisauli (SC)
Kushagra Sagar
Bharatiya Janata Party
113
Sahaswan
Omkar Singh Yadav
Samajwadi Party
114
Bilsi
Pt. Radha Krishan Sharma
Bharatiya Janata Party
115
Badaun
Mahesh Chandra Gupta
Bharatiya Janata Party
116
Shekhupur
Dharmendra Kumar Singh Shakya
Bharatiya Janata Party
117
Dataganj
Rajeev Kumar Singh (Dataganj politician) (Babbu Bhaiya)
Bharatiya Janata Party
Bareilly District
118
Baheri
Chhatrapal Singh Gangwar
Bharatiya Janata Party
119
Meerganj
D.C. Verma
Bharatiya Janata Party
120
Bhojipura
Bahoran Lal Maurya
Bharatiya Janata Party
121
Nawabganj
Kesar Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
122
Faridpur (SC)
Shyam Bihari Lal
Bharatiya Janata Party
123
Bithari Chainpur
Rajesh Kumar Mishra
Bharatiya Janata Party
124
Bareilly
Arun Kumar
Bharatiya Janata Party
125
Bareilly Cantt
Rajesh Agarwal
Bharatiya Janata Party
126
Aonla
Dharmpal Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Pilibhit District
127
Pilibhit
Sanjay Singh Gangwar
Bharatiya Janata Party
128
Barkhera
Kishan Lal Rajpoot
Bharatiya Janata Party
129
Puranpur (SC)
Babu Ram Paswan
Bharatiya Janata Party
130
Bisalpur
Agys Ramsaran Verma
Bharatiya Janata Party
Shahjahanpur District
131
Katra
Veer Vikram Singh Prince
Bharatiya Janata Party
132
Jalalabad
Sharadvir Singh
Samajwadi Party
133
Tilhar
Roshan Lal Verma
Bharatiya Janata Party
134
Powayan (SC)
Chetram
Bharatiya Janata Party
135
Shahjahanpur
Suresh Kumar Khanna
Bharatiya Janata Party
136
Dadraul
Manvendra Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Lakhimpur Kheri District
137
Palia
Harvinder Kumar Sahani
Bharatiya Janata Party
138
Nighasan
Patel Ramkumar Verma
Bharatiya Janata Party
Died in September 2018
Shashank Verma
Elected during by-election2019
139
Gola Gokarnnath
Arvind Giri
Bharatiya Janata Party
140
Sri Nagar (SC)
Manju Tyagi
Bharatiya Janata Party
141
Dhaurahra (Assembly constituency)
Awasthi Bala Prasad
Bharatiya Janata Party
142
Lakhimpur
Yogesh Verma
Bharatiya Janata Party
143
Kasta (SC)
Saurabh Singh, politician
Bharatiya Janata Party
144
Mohammadi
Lokendra Pratap Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Sitapur District
145
Maholi
Shashank Trivedi
Bharatiya Janata Party
146
Sitapur
Rakesh Rathore
Bharatiya Janata Party
147
Hargaon (SC)
Suresh Rahi
Bharatiya Janata Party
148
Laharpur
Suneel Verma
Bharatiya Janata Party
149
Biswan
Mahendra Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
150
Sevata
Gyan Tiwari
Bharatiya Janata Party
151
Mahmoodabad
Narendra Singh Verma
Samajwadi Party
152
Sidhauli (SC)
Hargovind Bhargava
Bahujan Samaj Party
153
Misrikh (SC)
Ram Krishna Bhargava
Bharatiya Janata Party
Hardoi District
154
Sawayazpur
Kunvar Madhavendra Pratap
Bharatiya Janata Party
155
Shahabad
Rajani Tiwari
Bharatiya Janata Party
156
Hardoi
Nitin Agarwal
Samajwadi Party
157
Gopamau (SC)
Shyam Prakash
Bharatiya Janata Party
158
Sandi (SC)
Prabhash Kumar
Bharatiya Janata Party
159
Bilgram-Mallanwan
Ashish Kumar Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
160
Balamau (SC)
Ram Pal Verma (Hardoi)
Bharatiya Janata Party
161
Sandila
Raj Kumar Agrawal
Bharatiya Janata Party
Unnao District
162
Bangarmau
Kuldeep Singh Sengar
Bharatiya Janata Party
Sentenced Life imprisonment in Unnao Rape Case on 20 December 2019
Shrikant Katiyar
Bharatiya Janata Party
Elected in Bye-Elections in November 2020
163
Safipur (SC)
Bamba Lal
Bharatiya Janata Party
164
Mohan (SC)
Brijesh Kumar Rawat
Bharatiya Janata Party
165
Unnao
Pankaj Gupta
Bharatiya Janata Party
166
Bhagwantnagar
Hriday Narayan Dikshit
Bharatiya Janata Party
167
Purwa
Anil Singh
Bahujan Samaj Party
Lucknow District
168
Malihabad (SC)
Jai Devi
Bharatiya Janata Party
169
Bakshi Kaa Talab
Avinash Trivedi
Bharatiya Janata Party
170
Sarojini Nagar
Swati Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
171
Lucknow West
Suresh Kumar Shrivastav
Bharatiya Janata Party
172
Lucknow North
Neeraj Bora
Bharatiya Janata Party
173
Lucknow East
Ashutosh Tandan
Bharatiya Janata Party
174
Lucknow Central
Brijesh Pathak
Bharatiya Janata Party
175
Lucknow Cantt
Rita Bahuguna Joshi
Bharatiya Janata Party
Resigned on 24 May 2019
Suresh Chandra Tiwari
Bharatiya Janata Party
Elected in Bye-Elections on 21 October 2019
176
Mohanlalganj (SC)
Ambrish Singh Pushkar
Samajwadi Party
Raebareli District
177
Bachhrawan (SC)
Ram Naresh Rawat
Bharatiya Janata Party
Amethi District
178
Tiloi
Mayankeshwar Sharan Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Raebareli District
179
Harchandpur
Rakesh Singh
Indian National Congress
180
Raebareli
Aditi Singh
Indian National Congress
181
Salon (SC)
Dal Bahadur
Bharatiya Janata Party
182
Sareni
Dhirendra Bahadur Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
183
Unchahar
Manoj Kumar Pandey
Samajwadi Party
Amethi District
184
Jagdishpur (SC)
Suresh Kumar
Bharatiya Janata Party
185
Gauriganj
Rakesh Pratap Singh
Samajwadi Party
Resigned on 31 October 2021
186
Amethi
Garima Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Sultanpur District
187
Isauli
Abrar Ahmed
Samajwadi Party
188
Sultanpur
Surya Bhan Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
189
Sultanpur Sadar
Sitaram
Bharatiya Janata Party
190
Lambhua
Devmani Dwivedi
Bharatiya Janata Party
191
Kadipur (SC)
Rajesh Gautam
Bharatiya Janata Party
Farrukhabad District
192
Kaimganj (SC)
Amar Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
193
Amritpur
Suhil Kumar Shakya
Bharatiya Janata Party
194
Farrukhabad
Major Sunil Dutt Dwivedi
Bharatiya Janata Party
195
Bhojpur
Nagendra Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Kannauj District
196
Chhibramau
Archana Pandey
Bharatiya Janata Party
197
Tirwa
Kailash Singh Rajput
Bharatiya Janata Party
198
Kannauj (SC)
Anil Kumar Dohare
Samajwadi Party
Etawah District
199
Jaswantnagar
Shivpal Singh Yadav
Samajwadi Party
200
Etawah
Sarita Bhadauriya
Bharatiya Janata Party
201
Bharthana (SC)
Savitri Katheria
Bharatiya Janata Party
Auraiya District
202
Bidhuna
Vinay Shakya
Bharatiya Janata Party
203
Dibiyapur
Lakhan Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
204
Auraiya (SC)
Ramesh Diwakar
Bharatiya Janata Party
Kanpur Dehat District
205
Rasulabad (SC)
Nirmala Sankhwar
Bharatiya Janata Party
206
Akbarpur-Raniya
Pratibha Shukla
Bharatiya Janata Party
207
Sikandra
Mathura Prasad Pal
Bharatiya Janata Party
Died on 22 July 2017
Ajit Singh Pal
Elected during by-election
208
Bhognipur
Vinod Kumar Katiyar
Bharatiya Janata Party
Kanpur Nagar District
209
Bilhaur (SC)
Bhagwati Prasad Sagar
Bharatiya Janata Party
210
Bithoor
Abhijeet Singh Sanga
Bharatiya Janata Party
211
Kalyanpur
Nilima Katiyar
Bharatiya Janata Party
212
Govindnagar
Satyadev Pachauri
Bharatiya Janata Party
Resigned on 24 May 2019
Surendra Maithani
Bharatiya Janata Party
Elected during Bye-Elections on 21 October 2019
213
Sishamau
Hazi Irfan Solanki
Samajwadi Party
214
Arya Nagar
Amitabh Bajpai
Samajwadi Party
215
Kidwai Nagar
Mahesh Chandra
Bharatiya Janata Party
216
Kanpur Cantt
Sohil Akhtar Ansari
Indian National Congress
217
Maharajpur
Satish Mahana
Bharatiya Janata Party
218
Ghatampur (SC)
Kamal Rani
Bharatiya Janata Party
Died in August 2020
Upendra Nath Paswan
Bharatiya Janata Party
Elected in Bye-Elections in November 2020
Jalaun District
219
Madhaugarh
Moolchandra Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
220
Kalpi
Narandea Pal Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
221
Orai (SC)
Gauri Shankar
Bharatiya Janata Party
Jhansi District
222
Babina
Rajeev Singh "Parichha"
Bharatiya Janata Party
223
Jhansi Nagar
Ravi Sharma
Bharatiya Janata Party
224
Mauranipur (SC)
Bihari Lal Arya
Bharatiya Janata Party
225
Garautha
Jawahar Lal Rajpoot
Bharatiya Janata Party
Lalitpur District
226
Lalitpur
Ramratan Kushwaha
Bharatiya Janata Party
227
Mehroni (SC)
Manohar Lal
Bharatiya Janata Party
Hamirpur District
228
Hamirpur
Ashok Kumar Singh Chandel
Bharatiya Janata Party
Sacked on 8.6.19
Yuvraj Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Elected during by-election
229
Rath (SC)
Manisha Anuragi
Bharatiya Janata Party
Mahoba District
230
Mahoba
Rakesh Kumar Goswami
Bharatiya Janata Party
231
Charkhari
Brijbhushan Rajpoot
Bharatiya Janata Party
Banda district
232
Tindwari
Brajesh Kumar Prajapati
Bharatiya Janata Party
233
Baberu
Chandrapal Kushwaha
Bharatiya Janata Party
234
Naraini (SC)
Raj Karan Kabir
Bharatiya Janata Party
235
Banda
Prakash Dwivedi
Bharatiya Janata Party
Chitrakoot District
236
Chitrakoot
Chandrika Prasad Upadhyay
Bharatiya Janata Party
237
Manikpur
R. K. Singh Patel
Bharatiya Janata Party
Resigned on 24 May 2019
Aanand Shukla
Bharatiya Janata Party
Elected during Bye-Elections on 21 October 2019
Fatehpur District
238
Jahanabad
Jai Kumar Singh Jaiki
Apna Dal (Sonelal)
239
Bindki
Karan Singh Patel
Bharatiya Janata Party
240
Fatehpur
Vikram Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
241
Ayah Shah
Vikas Gupta
Bharatiya Janata Party
242
Husainganj
Ranvendra Pratap Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
243
Khaga (SC)
Krishna Paswan
Bharatiya Janata Party
Pratapgarh District
244
Rampur Khas
Aradhana Mishra
Indian National Congress
245
Babaganj (SC)
Vinod Kumar
Independent
246
Kunda
Raghuraj Pratap Singh
Independent
247
Bishwavnathganj
Rakesh Kumar Verma
Apna Dal (Sonelal)
248
Pratapgarh
Sangam Lal Gupta
Apna Dal (Sonelal)
Resigned on 24 May 2019
Rajkumar Pal
Apna Dal (Sonelal)
Elected during Bye-Elections on 21 October 2019
249
Patti
Rajednra Pratap Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
250
Raniganj
Dhiraj Ojha
Bharatiya Janata Party
Kaushambi District
251
Sirathu
Sheetla Prasad
Bharatiya Janata Party
252
Manjhanpur (SC)
Lal Bahadur
Bharatiya Janata Party
253
Chail
Nagendra Singh Patel
Bharatiya Janata Party
Allahabad District
254
Phaphamau
Vikramjeet
Bharatiya Janata Party
255
Soraon (SC)
Jamuna Prasad
Apna Dal (Sonelal)
256
Phulpur
Praveen Kumar Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
257
Pratappur
Mohd Mujtaba Siddqui
Bahujan Samaj Party
258
Handia
Hakim Lal Bind
Bahujan Samaj Party
259
Meja
Neelam Karwariya
Bharatiya Janata Party
260
Karachhana
Ujjwal Raman Singh
Samajwadi Party
261
Allahabad West
Sidharth Nath Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
262
Allahabad North
Harshvardhan Bajpai
Bharatiya Janata Party
263
Allahabad South
Nand Gopal Gupta Nandi
Bharatiya Janata Party
264
Bara (SC)
Ajai Kumar
Bharatiya Janata Party
265
Koraon (SC)
Rajmani
Bharatiya Janata Party
Barabanki District
266
Kursi
Sakendra Pratap Verma
Bharatiya Janata Party
267
Ram Nagar
Sharad Kumar Awasthi
Bharatiya Janata Party
268
Barabanki
Dharamraj Singh Yadav
Samajwadi Party
269
Zaidpur (SC)
Upendra Singh Rawat
Bharatiya Janata Party
Resigned on 24 May 2019
Gaurav Kumar
Samajwadi Party
Elected during Bye-Elections on 21 October 2019
270
Dariyabad
Satish chandra Sharma
Bharatiya Janata Party
Faizabad District
271
Rudauli
Ram Chandra Yadav
Bharatiya Janata Party
Barabanki District
272
Haidergarh (SC)
Baidnath Rawat
Bharatiya Janata Party
273
Milkipur (SC)
Gorakh Nath
Bharatiya Janata Party
274
Bikapur
Shobha Singh Chauhan
Bharatiya Janata Party
275
Ayodhya
Ved Prakash Gupta
Bharatiya Janata Party
276
Goshainganj
Indra Pratap Tiwari
Bharatiya Janata Party
Ambedkar Nagar District
277
Katehari
Lalji Verma
Bahujan Samaj Party
278
Tanda
Sanju Devi
Bharatiya Janata Party
279
Alapur (SC)
Aneeta Kamal
Bharatiya Janata Party
280
Jalalpur
Ritesh Pandey
Bahujan Samaj Party
Resigned on 24 May 2019
Subhash Rai
Samajwadi Party
Elected during Bye-Elections on 21 October 2019
281
Akbarpur
Ram Achal Rajbhar
Bahujan Samaj Party
Bahraich District
282
Balha (SC)
Akshaibar Lal
Bharatiya Janata Party
Resigned on 24 May 2019
Saroj Sonkar
Bharatiya Janata Party
Elected during Bye-Elections on 21 October 2019
283
Nanpara
Madhuri Verma
Bharatiya Janata Party
284
Matera
Yasar Shah
Samajwadi Party
285
Mahasi
Sureshwar Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
286
Bahraich
Anupma Jaiswal
Bharatiya Janata Party
287
Payagpur
Subhash Tripathi
Bharatiya Janata Party
288
Kaiserganj
Mukut Bihari
Bharatiya Janata Party
Shravasti District
289
Bhinga
Mohammad Aslam
Bahujan Samaj Party
290
Shrawasti
Ram Feran
Bharatiya Janata Party
Balrampur District
291
Tulsipur
Kailash Nath Shukla
Bharatiya Janata Party
292
Gainsari
Shailesh Kumar Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
293
Utraula
Ram Pratap alias Shashikant Verma
Bharatiya Janata Party
294
Balrampur (SC)
Paltu Ram
Bharatiya Janata Party
Gonda District
295
Mehnaun
Vinay Kumar
Bharatiya Janata Party
296
Gonda
Prateek Bhushan Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
297
Katra Bazar
Bawan Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
298
Colonelganj
Ajay Pratap Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
299
Tarabganj
Prem Narayan Pandey
Bharatiya Janata Party
300
Mankapur (SC)
Rampati Shastri
Bharatiya Janata Party
301
Gaura
Prabhat Varma
Bharatiya Janata Party
Siddharthnagar District
302
Shohratgarh
Amar Singh Chaudhary
Apna Dal (Sonelal)
303
Kapilvastu (SC)
Shyam Dhani
Bharatiya Janata Party
304
Bansi
Jai Pratap Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
305
Itwa
Satish Chandra Dwivedi
Bharatiya Janata Party
306
Domariyaganj
Raghvendra Pratap Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Basti District
307
Harraiya
Ajay Kumar Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
308
Kaptanganj
Chandra Prakash Shukla
Bharatiya Janata Party
309
Rudhauli
Sanjay Pratap Jaiswal
Bharatiya Janata Party
310
Basti Sadar
Dayaram Chaudhary
Bharatiya Janata Party
311
Mahadewa (SC)
Ravi Kumar Sonkar
Bharatiya Janata Party
Sant Kabir Nagar District
312
Menhdawal
Rakesh Singh Baghel
Bharatiya Janata Party
313
Khalilabad
Digvijay Narayan alias Jay Chaubey
Bharatiya Janata Party
314
Dhanghata (SC)
Sriram Chauhan
Bharatiya Janata Party
Maharajganj District
315
Pharenda
Bajrang Bahadur Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
316
Nautanwa
Aman Mani Tripathi
Independent
317
Siswa
Prem Sagar Patel
Bharatiya Janata Party
318
Maharajganj (SC)
Jai Mangal Kanojiya
Bharatiya Janata Party
319
Paniyara
Gyanendra Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Gorakhpur District
320
Caimpiyarganj
Fateh Bahadur Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
321
Pipraich
Mahendra Pal Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
322
Gorakhpur Urban
Radha Mohan Das Agarwal
Bharatiya Janata Party
323
Gorakhpur Rural
Bipin Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
324
Sahajanwa
Sheetal Pandey
Bharatiya Janata Party
325
Khajani (SC)
Sant Prasad
Bharatiya Janata Party
326
Chauri-Chaura
Sangeeta Yadav
Bharatiya Janata Party
327
Bansgaon (SC)
Vimlesh Paswan
Bharatiya Janata Party
328
Chillupar
Vinay Shankar Tiwari
Bahujan Samaj Party
Kushinagar District
329
Khadda
Jatashankar Tripathi
Bharatiya Janata Party
330
Padrauna
Swami Prasad Maurya
Bharatiya Janata Party
331
Tamkuhi Raj
Ajay Kumar Lallu
Indian National Congress
332
Fazilnagar
Ganga Singh Kushwaha
Bharatiya Janata Party
333
Kushinagar
Rajnikant Mani Tripathi
Bharatiya Janata Party
334
Hata
Pawan Kedia
Bharatiya Janata Party
335
Ramkola (SC)
Ramanand Baudh
Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
Deoria District
336
Rudrapur
Jai Prakash Nishad
Bharatiya Janata Party
337
Deoria
Janmejay Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Died in August 2020
Dr. Satyaprakash Mani Tripathi
Bharatiya Janata Party
Elected in Bye-Elections in November 2020
338
Pathardeva
Surya Pratap Shahi
Bharatiya Janata Party
339
Rampur Karkhana
Kamlesh Shukla
Bharatiya Janata Party
340
Bhatpar Rani
Ashutosh Upadhyay
Samajwadi Party
341
Salempur (SC)
Kali Prasad
Bharatiya Janata Party
342
Barhaj
Suresh Tiwari
Bharatiya Janata Party
Azamgarh District
343
Atrauliya
Sangram Yadav
Samajwadi Party
344
Gopalpur
Nafees Ahmad
Samajwadi Party
345
Sagri
Bandana Singh
Bahujan Samaj Party
346
Mubarakpur
Shah Alam
Bahujan Samaj Party
347
Azamgarh
Durga Prasad Yadav
Samajwadi Party
348
Nizamabad
Alambadi
Samajwadi Party
349
Phoolpur Pawai
Arun Kumar Yadav
Bharatiya Janata Party
350
Didarganj
Sukhdev Rajbhar
Bahujan Samaj Party
351
Lalganj (SC)
Azad Ari Mardan
Bahujan Samaj Party
352
Mehnagar (SC)
Kalpnath Paswan
Samajwadi Party
Mau District
353
Madhuban
Dara Singh Chauhan
Bharatiya Janata Party
354
Ghosi
Fagu Chauhan
Bharatiya Janata Party
Resigned on 26 July 2019 (made governor of Bihar)
Vijay Kumar Rajbhar
Bharatiya Janata Party
Elected during Bye-Elections on 21 October 2019
355
Muhammadabad-Gohna (SC)
Shriram Sonkar
Bharatiya Janata Party
356
Mau
Mukhtar Ansari
Bahujan Samaj Party
Ballia District
357
Belthara Road (SC)
Dhananjay Kannoujia
Bharatiya Janata Party
358
Rasara
Umashankar Singh
Bahujan Samaj Party
359
Sikanderpur
Sanjay Yadav
Bharatiya Janata Party
360
Phephana
Upendra Tiwari
Bharatiya Janata Party
361
Ballia Nagar
Anand Swaroop Shukla
Bharatiya Janata Party
362
Bansdih
Ram Govind Chaudhary
Samajwadi Party
363
Bairia
Surendra Nath Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Jaunpur District
364
Badlapur
Ramesh Chandra Mishra
Bharatiya Janata Party
365
Shahganj
Shailendra Yadav Lalai
Samajwadi Party
366
Jaunpur
Girish Chandra Yadav
Bharatiya Janata Party
367
Malhani
Parasnath Yadava
Samajwadi Party
Died in June 2020
Lucky Yadav
Samajwadi Party
Elected during Bye-Elections in November 2020
368
Mungra Badshahpur
Sushma Patel
Bahujan Samaj Party
369
Machhlishahr (SC)
Jagdish Sonkar
Samajwadi Party
370
Mariyahu
Leena Tiwari
Apna Dal (Sonelal)
371
Zafrabad
Dr Harendra Prasad Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
372
Kerakat (SC)
Dinesh Choudahry
Bharatiya Janata Party
Ghazipur District
373
Jakhanian (SC)
Triveni Ram
Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
374
Saidpur (SC)
Subhash Pasi
Samajwadi Party
375
Ghazipur Sadar
Sangeeta Balwant
Bharatiya Janata Party
376
Jangipur
Virendra Kumar Yadav
Samajwadi Party
377
Zahoorabad
Om Prakash Rajbhar
Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
378
Mohammadabad
Alka Rai
Bharatiya Janata Party
379
Zamania
Sunita
Bharatiya Janata Party
Chandauli District
380
Mughalsarai
Sadhana Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
381
Sakaldiha
Prabhunarayan Yadav
Samajwadi Party
382
Saiyadraja
Sushil Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
383
Chakia (SC)
Sharada Prasad
Bharatiya Janata Party
Varanasi District
384
Pindra
Avadhesh Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
385
Ajagara (SC)
Kailash Nath Sonkar
Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
386
Shivpur
Anil Rajbhar
Bharatiya Janata Party
387
Rohaniya
Surendra Narayan Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
388
Varanasi North
Ravindra Jaiswal
Bharatiya Janata Party
389
Varanasi South
Neelkanth Tiwari
Bharatiya Janata Party
390
Varanasi Cantonment
Saurabh Srivastava
Bharatiya Janata Party
391
Sevapuri
Neel Ratan Singh Patel Neelu
Apna Dal (Sonelal)
Bhadohi District
392
Bhadohi
Ravindra Nath Tripathi
Bharatiya Janata Party
393
Gyanpur
Vijay Mishra
NISHAD Party
394
Aurai (SC)
Dinanath Bhaskar
Bharatiya Janata Party
Mirzapur District
395
Chhanbey (SC)
Rahul Prakash
Apna Dal (Sonelal)
396
Mirzapur
Ratnakar Mishra
Bharatiya Janata Party
397
Majhawan
Suchismita Maurya
Bharatiya Janata Party
398
Chunar
Anurag Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
399
Marihan
Rama Shankar Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party
Sonbhadra District
400
Ghorawal
Anil Kumar Maurya
Bharatiya Janata Party
401
Robertsganj
Bhupesh Chaubey
Bharatiya Janata Party
402
Obra (ST)
Sanjiv Kumar
Bharatiya Janata Party
403
Duddhi (ST)
Hariram
Apna Dal (Sonelal)
See also
Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
References
^ Bhatnagar, Gaurav Vivek (23 January 2022). "Press Release" (PDF). ceouttarpradesh.nic.in. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
^ "UP Assembly's Tenure Has Been Calculated Incorrectly Since 2012, Says Lawyer". The Wire. Retrieved 23 January 2022. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tenure_Wire-2"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Indian"},{"link_name":"Denzil J. Godin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denzil_J._Godin"}],"text":"The Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh (Seventeenth Vidhan Sabha of Uttar Pradesh) was constituted on 19 March 2017 as a result of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2017 held between 11 February to 8 March 2017.[1][2] The Legislative Assembly had total of 404 MLAs (including one nominated Anglo-Indian member, Dr. Denzil J. Godin).The term of the 17th assembly was from 19 March 2017 to 12 March 2022.","title":"17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Important members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Strength at the time of dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Result"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elected members"}] | [] | [{"title":"Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly"},{"title":"2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election"},{"title":"2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election"},{"title":"2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election"}] | [{"reference":"Bhatnagar, Gaurav Vivek (23 January 2022). \"Press Release\" (PDF). ceouttarpradesh.nic.in. Retrieved 30 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/PDF/PressRelease2017.pdf","url_text":"\"Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"UP Assembly's Tenure Has Been Calculated Incorrectly Since 2012, Says Lawyer\". The Wire. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://thewire.in/government/the-up-assemblys-tenure-has-been-calculated-incorrectly-since-2012","url_text":"\"UP Assembly's Tenure Has Been Calculated Incorrectly Since 2012, Says Lawyer\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/index.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/PDF/PressRelease2017.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Press Release\""},{"Link":"https://thewire.in/government/the-up-assemblys-tenure-has-been-calculated-incorrectly-since-2012","external_links_name":"\"UP Assembly's Tenure Has Been Calculated Incorrectly Since 2012, Says Lawyer\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_heater | Electric heating | ["1 Space heating","1.1 Infrared radiant heaters","1.2 Convection heaters","1.2.1 Natural convection","1.2.2 Forced convection","1.3 Storage heating","1.4 Domestic electrical underfloor heating","1.5 Lighting system","1.6 Heat pumps","2 Liquid heating","2.1 Immersion heater","2.2 Circulation heaters","2.3 Electrode heater","3 Environmental and efficiency aspects","4 Economic aspects","5 Industrial electric heating","6 See also","7 References"] | Process in which electrical energy is converted to heat
30 kW resistance heating coils
This radiant heater uses tungsten halogen lamps.
Electric heating is a process in which electrical energy is converted directly to heat energy. Common applications include space heating, cooking, water heating and industrial processes. An electric heater is an electrical device that converts an electric current into heat. The heating element inside every electric heater is an electrical resistor, and works on the principle of Joule heating: an electric current passing through a resistor will convert that electrical energy into heat energy. Most modern electric heating devices use nichrome wire as the active element; the heating element, depicted on the right, uses nichrome wire supported by ceramic insulators.
Alternatively, a heat pump can achieve around 150% – 600% efficiency for heating, or COP 1.5 - 6.0 Coefficient of performance, because it uses electric power only for transferring existing thermal energy. The heat pump uses an electric motor to drive a reversed refrigeration cycle, that draws heat energy from an external source such as the ground or outside air (or the interior of a refrigerator) and directs that heat into the space to be warmed (in case of a fridge, the kitchen). This makes much better use of electric energy than direct electric heating, but requires much more expensive equipment, plus plumbing. Some heating systems can be operated in reverse for air conditioning so that the interior space is cooled and even hotter air or water is discharged outside or into the ground.
Space heating
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Main article: Space heater
Space heating is used to warm the interiors of buildings. Space heaters are useful in places where air-handling is difficult, such as in laboratories. Several methods of electric space heating are used.
Infrared radiant heaters
An electric radiative space heater
Electric infrared radiant heating uses heating elements that reach a high temperature. The element is usually packaged inside a glass envelope resembling a light bulb and with a reflector to direct the energy output away from the body of the heater. The element emits infrared radiation that travels through air or space until it hits an absorbing surface, where it is partially converted to heat and partially reflected. This heat directly warms people and objects in the room, rather than warming the air. This style of heater is particularly useful in areas through which unheated air flows. They are also ideal for basements and garages where spot heating is desired. More generally, they are an excellent choice for task-specific heating.
Radiant heaters operate silently and present the greatest potential danger of ignition of nearby furnishings due to the focused intensity of their output and lack of overheat protection. In the United Kingdom, these appliances are sometimes called electric fires, because they were originally used to replace open fires.
The active medium of the heater depicted in this section is a coil of nichrome resistance wire inside a fused silica tube, open to the atmosphere at the ends, although models exist where the fused silica is sealed at the ends and the resistance alloy is not nichrome.
Convection heaters
Natural convection
Main article: Convection heater
An electric convection heater.
In a convection heater, the heating element heats the air in contact with it by thermal conduction. Hot air is less dense than cool air, so it rises due to buoyancy, allowing more cool air to flow in to take its place. This sets up a convection current of hot air that rises from the heater, heats up the surrounding space, cools and then repeats the cycle. These heaters are sometimes filled with oil or thermal fluid. They are ideally suited for heating a closed space. They operate silently and have a lower risk of ignition hazard if they make unintended contact with furnishings compared to radiant electric heaters.
Forced convection
Main article: Fan heater
A fan heater, also called a forced convection heater, is a kind of convection heater that includes an electric fan to speed up the airflow. They operate with considerable noise caused by the fan. They have a moderate risk of ignition hazard if they make unintended contact with furnishings. Their advantage is that they are more compact than heaters that use natural convection and are also cost-efficient for portable and small room heating systems.
Tower fan heater
Storage heating
Main article: Storage heater
A storage heating system takes advantage of cheaper electricity prices, sold during low demand periods such as overnight. In the United Kingdom, this is branded as Economy 7. The storage heater stores heat in clay bricks, then releases it during the day when required. Newer storage heaters are able to be used with various tariffs. Whilst they can still be used with economy 7, they can be used with day-time tariffs. This is due to the modern design features that are added during manufacturing. Alongside new designs the use of a thermostat or sensor has improved the efficiency of the storage heater. A thermostat or sensor is able to read the temperature of the room, and change the output of the heater accordingly.
Water can also be used as a heat-storage medium.
Domestic electrical underfloor heating
Main article: Underfloor heating
An electric underfloor heating system has heating cables embedded in the floor. Current flows through a conductive heating material, supplied either directly from the line voltage (120 or 240 volts) or at low voltage from a transformer. The heated cables warm the flooring by direct conduction and will switch off once it reaches the temperature set by the floor thermostat. A warmer floor surface radiates heat to colder surrounding surfaces (ceiling, walls, furniture.) which absorb heat and reflects all non absorbed heat to yet other still cooler surfaces. The cycle of radiation, absorption and reflection starts slowly and slows down slowly nearing set point temperatures and ceases to take place once equilibrium is reached all-round. A floor thermostat or a room thermostat or combination controls the floor on/off. In the process of radiant heating a thin layer of air which is in touch with the warmed surfaces also absorbs some heat and this creates a little convection (air circulation). Contrary to belief people are not heated by this warmed circulating air or convection (convection has a cooling effect) but are heated by the direct radiation of the source and reflection of its surrounds.
Comfort is reached at lower air temperature due to eliminating circulating air. Radiant heating experiences highest comfort levels as people's own energy (± 70 Watt for an adult) (must radiate out in heating season) is in balance with its surrounds. Compared to convection heating system based on academic research the air temperatures may be lowered by up to 3 degrees.
One variation is using tubes filled with circulating hot water as heat source for warming the floor. The heating principle remains the same. Both old style electric and warm water (hydronic) underfloor heating systems embedded in the floor construction are slow and cannot respond to external weather changes or internal demand/lifestyle requirements.
The latest variant places specialized electric heating systems and blankets directly under the floor-decor and on top of additional insulation all placed on top of construction floors. Construction floors stay cold.
The principle change of heat source positioning allows it to respond within minutes to changing weather and internal demand requirements such as life style being in/out, at work, rest, sleep, more people present/cooking, etc.
Lighting system
In large office towers, the lighting system is integrated along with the heating and ventilation system. Waste heat from fluorescent lamps is captured in the return air of the heating system; in large buildings a substantial part of the annual heating energy is supplied by the lighting system. However, this waste heat becomes a liability when using air conditioning. Such expenses can be avoided by integrating an energy efficient lighting system that also creates an electric heat source.
Heat pumps
Main article: Heat pump
A heat pump uses an electrically driven compressor to operate a refrigeration cycle that extracts heat energy from outdoor air, the ground or ground water, and moves that heat to the space to be warmed. A liquid contained within the evaporator section of the heat pump boils at low pressure, absorbing heat energy from the outdoor air or the ground. The vapor is then compressed by a compressor and piped into a condenser coil within the building to be heated. The heat from the hot dense gas is absorbed by the air in the building (and sometimes also used for domestic hot water) causing the hot working fluid to condense back into a liquid. From there the high pressure fluid is passed back to the evaporator section where it expands through an orifice and into the evaporator section, completing the cycle. In the summer months, the cycle can be reversed to move heat out of the conditioned space and to the outside air.
Heat pumps may obtain low-grade heat from the outdoor air in mild climates. In areas with average winter temperatures well below freezing, ground source heat pumps are more efficient than air source heat pumps because they can extract residual solar heat stored in the ground at warmer temperatures than is available from cold air. According to the US EPA, geothermal heat pumps can reduce energy consumption up to 44% compared with air source heat pumps and up to 72% compared with electric resistance heating. The high purchase price of a heat pump vs resistance heaters may be offset when air conditioning is also needed.
Liquid heating
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Immersion heater
Small domestic immersion heater, 500 W
An immersion heater has an electrical resistance heating element encased in a tube, placed in the water (or other fluid) to be heated. The heating element might be inserted directly into the liquid, or installed inside a metal pipe to protect against corrosion and facilitate maintenance. Portable immersion heaters may not have a control thermostat, since they are intended to be used only briefly and under control of an operator.
For domestic hot water supply, or industrial process hot water, permanently installed heating elements in an insulated hot water tank may be used, controlled by a thermostat to regulate temperature. Household units may be rated only a few kilowatts. Industrial water heaters may reach 2000 kilowatts. Where off-peak electric power rates are available, hot water may be stored to use when required.
Electric shower and tankless heaters also use an immersion heater (shielded or naked) that is turned on with the flow of water. A group of separate heaters can be switched to offer different heating levels. Electric showers and tankless heaters usually use from 3 to 10.5 kilowatts.
Minerals present in the water supply may precipitate out of solution and form a hard scale on the heating element surface, or may fall to the bottom of the tank and clog water flow. Maintenance of water heating equipment may require periodic removal of accumulated scale and sediment. Where water supplies are known to be highly mineralized, scale production can be reduced by using low-watt-density heating elements.
Circulation heaters
Circulation heaters or "direct electric heat exchangers" (DEHE) use heating elements inserted into a "shell side" medium directly to provide the heating effect. All of the heat generated by the electric circulation heater is transferred into the medium, thus an electric heater is 100 percent efficient. Direct electric heat exchangers or "circulation heaters" are used to heat liquids and gases in industrial processes.
Electrode heater
Main article: Electrode boiler
With an electrode heater, there is no wire-wound resistance and the liquid itself acts as the resistance. This has potential hazards, so the regulations governing electrode heaters are strict.
Environmental and efficiency aspects
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The efficiency of any system depends on the definition of the boundaries of the system. For an electrical energy customer the efficiency of electric space heating is 100% because all purchased energy is converted to heat. However, if a power plant supplying electricity is included, the overall efficiency drops drastically. For example, a fossil-fuel power station only delivers 3-5 units of electrical energy for every 10 units of fuel energy released. Even though the electric heater is 100% efficient, the amount of fuel needed to produce the heat is more than if the fuel were burned in a furnace or boiler at the building being heated. If the same fuel could be used for space heating by a consumer, it would be more efficient overall to burn the fuel at the end user's building. On the other hand, replacing electric heating with fossil fuel burning heaters, isn't necessarily good as it removes the ability to have renewable electric heating, this can be achieved by sourcing the electricity from a renewable source.
Variations between countries generating electrical power affect concerns about efficiency and the environment. In 2015 France generated only 6% of its electricity from fossil fuels, while Australia sourced over 86% of its electricity from fossil fuels. The cleanliness and efficiency of electricity are dependent on the source.
In Sweden the use of direct electric heating has been restricted since the 1980s for this reason, and there are plans to phase it out entirely – see Oil phase-out in Sweden – while Denmark has banned the installation of direct electric space heating in new buildings for similar reasons.
In the case of new buildings, low-energy building techniques can be used which can virtually eliminate the need for heating, such as those built to the Passivhaus standard.
In Quebec, however, electric heating is still the most popular form of home heating. According to a 2003 Statistics Canada survey, 68% of households in the province use electricity for space heating. More than 90% of all power consumed in Quebec is generated by hydroelectric dams, which have low greenhouse gases emissions compared to fossil-fuel power stations. Low and stable rates are charged by Hydro-Québec, the provincially owned utility.
In recent years there has been a major trend for countries to generate low-carbon electricity from renewable sources, adding to nuclear power and hydro-electric power which are long-standing low-carbon sources. For example, the carbon footprint of UK electricity per kWh in 2019 was less than half that in 2010. However, because of high capital cost, the cost of electricity has not fallen and is typically 2-3 times that of burning fuel. Hence, direct electric heating may now give a similar carbon footprint to gas- or oil-fired heating, but the cost remains higher, though cheaper off-peak tariffs can reduce this effect.
To provide heat more efficiently, an electrically driven heat pump can raise the indoor temperature by extracting energy from the ground, the outside air, or waste streams such as exhaust air. This can cut the electricity consumption to as little as 35% of that used by resistive heating.
Where the primary source of electrical energy is hydroelectric, nuclear, or wind, transferring electricity via the grid can be convenient, since the resource may be too distant for direct heating applications (with the notable exception of solar thermal energy).
The electrification of heat of space and water heating is increasingly proposed as a way forward to decarbonise the current energy system, particularly with heat pumps. In case of large-scale electrification, impacts on the electricity grid due to potential increase in peak electricity demand and exposure to extreme weather events needs to be considered.
Economic aspects
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)The operation of electric resistance heaters to heat an area for long periods is costly in many regions. However, intermittent or partial day use can be more cost efficient than whole building heating due to superior zonal control.
For example: A lunch room in an office setting has limited hours of operation. During low-use periods a "monitor" level of heat (50 °F or 10 °C) is provided by the central heating system. Peak use times between the hours of 11:00 and 14:00 are heated to "comfort levels" (70 °F or 21 °C). Significant savings can be realized in overall energy consumption, since infrared radiation losses through thermal radiation are not as large with a smaller temperature gradient both between this space and unheated outside air, as well as between the refrigerator and the (now cooler) lunch room.
Economically, electric heat can be compared to other sources of home heating by multiplying the local cost per kilowatt hour for electricity by the number of kilowatts the heater uses. E.g.: 1500-watt heater at 12 cents per kilowatt hour 1.5×12=18 cents per hour. When comparing to burning fuel it may be useful to convert kilowatt hours to BTUs: 1.5 kWh × 3412.142=5118 BTU.
Industrial electric heating
See also: Induction furnace, Electric arc furnace, Muffle furnace.
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Electric heating is widely used in industry.
Advantages of electric heating methods over other forms include precision control of temperature and distribution of heat energy, combustion not used to develop heat, and the ability to attain temperatures not readily achievable with chemical combustion. Electric heat can be accurately applied at the precise point needed in a process, at high concentration of power per unit area or volume. Electric heating devices can be built in any required size and can be located anywhere within a plant. Electric heating processes are generally clean, quiet, and do not emit much byproduct heat to the surroundings. Electrical heating equipment has a high speed of response, lending it to rapid-cycling mass-production equipment.
The limitations and disadvantages of electric heating in industry include the higher cost of electrical energy compared to direct use of fuel, and the capital cost of both the electric heating apparatus itself and the infrastructure required to deliver large quantities of electrical energy to the point of use. This may be somewhat offset by in-plant (on-site) efficiency gains in using less energy overall to achieve the same result.
Design of an industrial heating system starts with assessment of the temperature required, the amount of heat required, and the feasible modes of transferring heat energy. In addition to conduction, convection and radiation, electrical heating methods can use electric and magnetic fields to heat material.
Methods of electric heating include resistance heating, electric arc heating, induction heating, and dielectric heating. In some processes (for example, arc welding), electric current is directly applied to the workpiece. In other processes, heat is produced within the workpiece by induction or dielectric losses. As well, heat can be produced then transferred to the work by conduction, convection or radiation.
Industrial heating processes can be broadly categorized as low-temperature (to about 400 °C or 752 °F), medium-temperature (between 400 and 1,150 °C or 752 and 2,102 °F), and high-temperature (beyond 1,150 °C or 2,102 °F). Low-temperature processes include baking and drying, curing finishes, soldering, molding and shaping plastics. Medium temperature processes include melting plastics and some non-metals for casting or reshaping, as well as annealing, stress-relieving and heat-treating metals. High-temperature processes include steelmaking, brazing, welding, casting metals, cutting, smelting and the preparation of some chemicals.
See also
Energy portal
Auxiliary power unit
Central heating
Diathermy
Dielectric heating
Electroslag welding
Electroslag remelting
Energy conservation
Head-end power
Heater (types of heaters)
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Hotel electric power
Infrared heater
Microwave oven
Renewable energy
Thermal efficiency
Thermal immersion circulator
Underfloor heating
References
^ "Electric Heater". Britannica.com. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ "Energy Efficient Lighting | WBDG Whole Building Design Guide". www.wbdg.org. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
^ "Comparison of efficiency of air source heat pumps and ground source heat pumps". Icax.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
^ "Choosing and Installing Geothermal Heat Pumps - Department of Energy". Energy.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
^ "Immersion Heaters - Sigma Thermal". Sigma Thermal. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
^ "Gastech News". 12 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017.
^ "Electric Resistance Heating - Department of Energy". Energy.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
^ a b Kemp, I.C. and Lim, J.S. (2020). Pinch Analysis for Energy and Carbon Footprint Reduction: A User Guide on Process Integration for the Efficient Use of Energy, 3rd edition. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-102536-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2020) - "Fossil Fuels". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: '; retrieved 2020-05-23
^ The Green Electricity Illusion, AECB, published 2005-11-11, accessed 26 May 2007
^ Snider, Bradley. Home heating and the environment, in Canadian Social Trends, Spring 2006, pp. 15–19. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
^ "Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Earth-Energy Systems)". NRCan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
^ Eggimann, Sven; Usher, Will; Eyre, Nick; Hall, Jim W. (2020). "How weather affects energy demand variability in the transition towards sustainable heating". Energy. 195 (C): 116947. Bibcode:2020Ene...19516947E. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.116947. S2CID 214266085.
^ "How to calculate electric energy cost of common household items - McGill's Repair and Construction, LLC". McGill's Repair and Construction, LLC. 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
^ Donald G. Fink and H. Wayne Beaty, Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Eleventh Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978, ISBN 0-07-020974-X, pages 21-144 to 21-188
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Latvia
Czech Republic
2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:30kw_resistance_heating_coil.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halogen_Heater_Tube.jpg"},{"link_name":"tungsten halogen lamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten_halogen_lamp"},{"link_name":"electrical energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energy"},{"link_name":"heat energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_energy"},{"link_name":"space heating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_heating"},{"link_name":"cooking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking"},{"link_name":"water heating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_heating"},{"link_name":"electrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"heating element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_element"},{"link_name":"resistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor"},{"link_name":"Joule heating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_heating"},{"link_name":"electric current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current"},{"link_name":"nichrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichrome"},{"link_name":"heat pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump"},{"link_name":"Coefficient of performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_performance"},{"link_name":"electric motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"refrigeration cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration_cycle"},{"link_name":"air conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning"}],"text":"30 kW resistance heating coilsThis radiant heater uses tungsten halogen lamps.Electric heating is a process in which electrical energy is converted directly to heat energy. Common applications include space heating, cooking, water heating and industrial processes. An electric heater is an electrical device that converts an electric current into heat.[1] The heating element inside every electric heater is an electrical resistor, and works on the principle of Joule heating: an electric current passing through a resistor will convert that electrical energy into heat energy. Most modern electric heating devices use nichrome wire as the active element; the heating element, depicted on the right, uses nichrome wire supported by ceramic insulators.Alternatively, a heat pump can achieve around 150% – 600% efficiency for heating, or COP 1.5 - 6.0 Coefficient of performance, because it uses electric power only for transferring existing thermal energy. The heat pump uses an electric motor to drive a reversed refrigeration cycle, that draws heat energy from an external source such as the ground or outside air (or the interior of a refrigerator) and directs that heat into the space to be warmed (in case of a fridge, the kitchen). This makes much better use of electric energy than direct electric heating, but requires much more expensive equipment, plus plumbing. Some heating systems can be operated in reverse for air conditioning so that the interior space is cooled and even hotter air or water is discharged outside or into the ground.","title":"Electric heating"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Space heaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_heater"}],"text":"Space heating is used to warm the interiors of buildings. Space heaters are useful in places where air-handling is difficult, such as in laboratories. Several methods of electric space heating are used.","title":"Space heating"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_heater.jpg"},{"link_name":"space heater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_heating"},{"link_name":"infrared radiant heating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_heater"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass"},{"link_name":"light bulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulb"},{"link_name":"infrared radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_radiation"},{"link_name":"fused silica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused_silica"}],"sub_title":"Infrared radiant heaters","text":"An electric radiative space heaterElectric infrared radiant heating uses heating elements that reach a high temperature. The element is usually packaged inside a glass envelope resembling a light bulb and with a reflector to direct the energy output away from the body of the heater. The element emits infrared radiation that travels through air or space until it hits an absorbing surface, where it is partially converted to heat and partially reflected. This heat directly warms people and objects in the room, rather than warming the air. This style of heater is particularly useful in areas through which unheated air flows. They are also ideal for basements and garages where spot heating is desired. More generally, they are an excellent choice for task-specific heating.Radiant heaters operate silently and present the greatest potential danger of ignition of nearby furnishings due to the focused intensity of their output and lack of overheat protection. In the United Kingdom, these appliances are sometimes called electric fires, because they were originally used to replace open fires.The active medium of the heater depicted in this section is a coil of nichrome resistance wire inside a fused silica tube, open to the atmosphere at the ends, although models exist where the fused silica is sealed at the ends and the resistance alloy is not nichrome.","title":"Space heating"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Convection heaters","title":"Space heating"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_Heater.jpg"},{"link_name":"thermal conduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conduction"},{"link_name":"dense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density"},{"link_name":"buoyancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy"},{"link_name":"convection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection"},{"link_name":"filled with oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_heater"}],"sub_title":"Convection heaters - Natural convection","text":"An electric convection heater.In a convection heater, the heating element heats the air in contact with it by thermal conduction. Hot air is less dense than cool air, so it rises due to buoyancy, allowing more cool air to flow in to take its place. This sets up a convection current of hot air that rises from the heater, heats up the surrounding space, cools and then repeats the cycle. These heaters are sometimes filled with oil or thermal fluid. They are ideally suited for heating a closed space. They operate silently and have a lower risk of ignition hazard if they make unintended contact with furnishings compared to radiant electric heaters.","title":"Space heating"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(mechanical)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lasko_Fan_Heater.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Convection heaters - Forced convection","text":"A fan heater, also called a forced convection heater, is a kind of convection heater that includes an electric fan to speed up the airflow. They operate with considerable noise caused by the fan. They have a moderate risk of ignition hazard if they make unintended contact with furnishings. Their advantage is that they are more compact than heaters that use natural convection and are also cost-efficient for portable and small room heating systems.Tower fan heater","title":"Space heating"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Storage heating","text":"A storage heating system takes advantage of cheaper electricity prices, sold during low demand periods such as overnight. In the United Kingdom, this is branded as Economy 7. The storage heater stores heat in clay bricks, then releases it during the day when required. Newer storage heaters are able to be used with various tariffs. Whilst they can still be used with economy 7, they can be used with day-time tariffs. This is due to the modern design features that are added during manufacturing. Alongside new designs the use of a thermostat or sensor has improved the efficiency of the storage heater. A thermostat or sensor is able to read the temperature of the room, and change the output of the heater accordingly.Water can also be used as a heat-storage medium.","title":"Space heating"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"underfloor heating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underfloor_heating"},{"link_name":"conductive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductive"},{"link_name":"thermostat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostat"}],"sub_title":"Domestic electrical underfloor heating","text":"An electric underfloor heating system has heating cables embedded in the floor. Current flows through a conductive heating material, supplied either directly from the line voltage (120 or 240 volts) or at low voltage from a transformer. The heated cables warm the flooring by direct conduction and will switch off once it reaches the temperature set by the floor thermostat. A warmer floor surface radiates heat to colder surrounding surfaces (ceiling, walls, furniture.) which absorb heat and reflects all non absorbed heat to yet other still cooler surfaces. The cycle of radiation, absorption and reflection starts slowly and slows down slowly nearing set point temperatures and ceases to take place once equilibrium is reached all-round. A floor thermostat or a room thermostat or combination controls the floor on/off. In the process of radiant heating a thin layer of air which is in touch with the warmed surfaces also absorbs some heat and this creates a little convection (air circulation). Contrary to belief people are not heated by this warmed circulating air or convection (convection has a cooling effect) but are heated by the direct radiation of the source and reflection of its surrounds.\nComfort is reached at lower air temperature due to eliminating circulating air. Radiant heating experiences highest comfort levels as people's own energy (± 70 Watt for an adult) (must radiate out in heating season) is in balance with its surrounds. Compared to convection heating system based on academic research the air temperatures may be lowered by up to 3 degrees.\nOne variation is using tubes filled with circulating hot water as heat source for warming the floor. The heating principle remains the same. Both old style electric and warm water (hydronic) underfloor heating systems embedded in the floor construction are slow and cannot respond to external weather changes or internal demand/lifestyle requirements.\nThe latest variant places specialized electric heating systems and blankets directly under the floor-decor and on top of additional insulation all placed on top of construction floors. Construction floors stay cold.\nThe principle change of heat source positioning allows it to respond within minutes to changing weather and internal demand requirements such as life style being in/out, at work, rest, sleep, more people present/cooking, etc.","title":"Space heating"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waste heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_heat"},{"link_name":"fluorescent lamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp"},{"link_name":"energy efficient lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_efficient_lighting"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Lighting system","text":"In large office towers, the lighting system is integrated along with the heating and ventilation system. Waste heat from fluorescent lamps is captured in the return air of the heating system; in large buildings a substantial part of the annual heating energy is supplied by the lighting system. However, this waste heat becomes a liability when using air conditioning. Such expenses can be avoided by integrating an energy efficient lighting system that also creates an electric heat source.[2]","title":"Space heating"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ground source heat pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pumps"},{"link_name":"air source heat pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"EPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPA"},{"link_name":"geothermal heat pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pump"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"air conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning"}],"sub_title":"Heat pumps","text":"A heat pump uses an electrically driven compressor to operate a refrigeration cycle that extracts heat energy from outdoor air, the ground or ground water, and moves that heat to the space to be warmed. A liquid contained within the evaporator section of the heat pump boils at low pressure, absorbing heat energy from the outdoor air or the ground. The vapor is then compressed by a compressor and piped into a condenser coil within the building to be heated. The heat from the hot dense gas is absorbed by the air in the building (and sometimes also used for domestic hot water) causing the hot working fluid to condense back into a liquid. From there the high pressure fluid is passed back to the evaporator section where it expands through an orifice and into the evaporator section, completing the cycle. In the summer months, the cycle can be reversed to move heat out of the conditioned space and to the outside air.Heat pumps may obtain low-grade heat from the outdoor air in mild climates. In areas with average winter temperatures well below freezing, ground source heat pumps are more efficient than air source heat pumps because they can extract residual solar heat stored in the ground at warmer temperatures than is available from cold air.[3] According to the US EPA, geothermal heat pumps can reduce energy consumption up to 44% compared with air source heat pumps and up to 72% compared with electric resistance heating.[4] The high purchase price of a heat pump vs resistance heaters may be offset when air conditioning is also needed.","title":"Space heating"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Liquid heating"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Immersion_heater.jpg"},{"link_name":"hot water tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_water_storage_tank"},{"link_name":"thermostat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostat"},{"link_name":"Electric shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shower"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Immersion heater","text":"Small domestic immersion heater, 500 WAn immersion heater has an electrical resistance heating element encased in a tube, placed in the water (or other fluid) to be heated. The heating element might be inserted directly into the liquid, or installed inside a metal pipe to protect against corrosion and facilitate maintenance. Portable immersion heaters may not have a control thermostat, since they are intended to be used only briefly and under control of an operator.For domestic hot water supply, or industrial process hot water, permanently installed heating elements in an insulated hot water tank may be used, controlled by a thermostat to regulate temperature. Household units may be rated only a few kilowatts. Industrial water heaters may reach 2000 kilowatts. Where off-peak electric power rates are available, hot water may be stored to use when required.Electric shower and tankless heaters also use an immersion heater (shielded or naked) that is turned on with the flow of water. A group of separate heaters can be switched to offer different heating levels. Electric showers and tankless heaters usually use from 3 to 10.5 kilowatts.Minerals present in the water supply may precipitate out of solution and form a hard scale on the heating element surface, or may fall to the bottom of the tank and clog water flow. Maintenance of water heating equipment may require periodic removal of accumulated scale and sediment. Where water supplies are known to be highly mineralized, scale production can be reduced by using low-watt-density heating elements.[5]","title":"Liquid heating"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Circulation heaters","text":"Circulation heaters or \"direct electric heat exchangers\" (DEHE) use heating elements inserted into a \"shell side\" medium directly to provide the heating effect. All of the heat generated by the electric circulation heater is transferred into the medium, thus an electric heater is 100 percent efficient. Direct electric heat exchangers or \"circulation heaters\" are used to heat liquids and gases in industrial processes.[6][7]","title":"Liquid heating"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Electrode heater","text":"With an electrode heater, there is no wire-wound resistance and the liquid itself acts as the resistance. This has potential hazards, so the regulations governing electrode heaters are strict.","title":"Liquid heating"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_power_station"},{"link_name":"fossil-fuel power station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KempLim-8"},{"link_name":"furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)"},{"link_name":"boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler#Hydronic_boilers"},{"link_name":"fossil fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuels"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Oil phase-out in Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_phase-out_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AECB1-10"},{"link_name":"low-energy building techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-energy_building"},{"link_name":"Passivhaus standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivhaus_standard"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_dam"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gases"},{"link_name":"fossil-fuel power stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station"},{"link_name":"Hydro-Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"nuclear power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power"},{"link_name":"hydro-electric power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro-electric_power"},{"link_name":"carbon footprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprint"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KempLim-8"},{"link_name":"heat pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"solar thermal energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy"},{"link_name":"heat pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pumps"},{"link_name":"electricity grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_grid"},{"link_name":"extreme weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_weather"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The efficiency of any system depends on the definition of the boundaries of the system. For an electrical energy customer the efficiency of electric space heating is 100% because all purchased energy is converted to heat. However, if a power plant supplying electricity is included, the overall efficiency drops drastically. For example, a fossil-fuel power station only delivers 3-5 units of electrical energy for every 10 units of fuel energy released.[8] Even though the electric heater is 100% efficient, the amount of fuel needed to produce the heat is more than if the fuel were burned in a furnace or boiler at the building being heated. If the same fuel could be used for space heating by a consumer, it would be more efficient overall to burn the fuel at the end user's building. On the other hand, replacing electric heating with fossil fuel burning heaters, isn't necessarily good as it removes the ability to have renewable electric heating, this can be achieved by sourcing the electricity from a renewable source.Variations between countries generating electrical power affect concerns about efficiency and the environment. In 2015 France generated only 6% of its electricity from fossil fuels, while Australia sourced over 86% of its electricity from fossil fuels.[9] The cleanliness and efficiency of electricity are dependent on the source.In Sweden the use of direct electric heating has been restricted since the 1980s for this reason, and there are plans to phase it out entirely – see Oil phase-out in Sweden – while Denmark has banned the installation of direct electric space heating in new buildings for similar reasons.[10]\nIn the case of new buildings, low-energy building techniques can be used which can virtually eliminate the need for heating, such as those built to the Passivhaus standard.In Quebec, however, electric heating is still the most popular form of home heating. According to a 2003 Statistics Canada survey, 68% of households in the province use electricity for space heating. More than 90% of all power consumed in Quebec is generated by hydroelectric dams, which have low greenhouse gases emissions compared to fossil-fuel power stations. Low and stable rates are charged by Hydro-Québec, the provincially owned utility.[11]In recent years there has been a major trend for countries to generate low-carbon electricity from renewable sources, adding to nuclear power and hydro-electric power which are long-standing low-carbon sources. For example, the carbon footprint of UK electricity per kWh in 2019 was less than half that in 2010.[8] However, because of high capital cost, the cost of electricity has not fallen and is typically 2-3 times that of burning fuel. Hence, direct electric heating may now give a similar carbon footprint to gas- or oil-fired heating, but the cost remains higher, though cheaper off-peak tariffs can reduce this effect.To provide heat more efficiently, an electrically driven heat pump can raise the indoor temperature by extracting energy from the ground, the outside air, or waste streams such as exhaust air. This can cut the electricity consumption to as little as 35% of that used by resistive heating.[12]\nWhere the primary source of electrical energy is hydroelectric, nuclear, or wind, transferring electricity via the grid can be convenient, since the resource may be too distant for direct heating applications (with the notable exception of solar thermal energy).The electrification of heat of space and water heating is increasingly proposed as a way forward to decarbonise the current energy system, particularly with heat pumps. In case of large-scale electrification, impacts on the electricity grid due to potential increase in peak electricity demand and exposure to extreme weather events needs to be considered.[13]","title":"Environmental and efficiency aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thermal radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"BTUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTU"}],"text":"The operation of electric resistance heaters to heat an area for long periods is costly in many regions. However, intermittent or partial day use can be more cost efficient than whole building heating due to superior zonal control.For example: A lunch room in an office setting has limited hours of operation. During low-use periods a \"monitor\" level of heat (50 °F or 10 °C) is provided by the central heating system. Peak use times between the hours of 11:00 and 14:00 are heated to \"comfort levels\" (70 °F or 21 °C). Significant savings can be realized in overall energy consumption, since infrared radiation losses through thermal radiation are not as large with a smaller temperature gradient both between this space and unheated outside air, as well as between the refrigerator and the (now cooler) lunch room.Economically, electric heat can be compared to other sources of home heating by multiplying the local cost per kilowatt hour for electricity by the number of kilowatts the heater uses. E.g.: 1500-watt heater at 12 cents per kilowatt hour 1.5×12=18 cents per hour.[14] When comparing to burning fuel it may be useful to convert kilowatt hours to BTUs: 1.5 kWh × 3412.142=5118 BTU.","title":"Economic aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Induction furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_furnace"},{"link_name":"Electric arc furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace"},{"link_name":"Muffle furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muffle_furnace"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"arc welding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_welding"},{"link_name":"dielectric losses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_heating"},{"link_name":"baking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baking"},{"link_name":"curing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curing_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"finishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_finishing"},{"link_name":"soldering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldering"},{"link_name":"molding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_(process)"},{"link_name":"steelmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelmaking"},{"link_name":"brazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazing"},{"link_name":"welding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding"},{"link_name":"casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting"},{"link_name":"smelting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting"}],"text":"See also: Induction furnace, Electric arc furnace, Muffle furnace.Electric heating is widely used in industry.[15]Advantages of electric heating methods over other forms include precision control of temperature and distribution of heat energy, combustion not used to develop heat, and the ability to attain temperatures not readily achievable with chemical combustion. Electric heat can be accurately applied at the precise point needed in a process, at high concentration of power per unit area or volume. Electric heating devices can be built in any required size and can be located anywhere within a plant. Electric heating processes are generally clean, quiet, and do not emit much byproduct heat to the surroundings. Electrical heating equipment has a high speed of response, lending it to rapid-cycling mass-production equipment.The limitations and disadvantages of electric heating in industry include the higher cost of electrical energy compared to direct use of fuel, and the capital cost of both the electric heating apparatus itself and the infrastructure required to deliver large quantities of electrical energy to the point of use. This may be somewhat offset by in-plant (on-site) efficiency gains in using less energy overall to achieve the same result.Design of an industrial heating system starts with assessment of the temperature required, the amount of heat required, and the feasible modes of transferring heat energy. In addition to conduction, convection and radiation, electrical heating methods can use electric and magnetic fields to heat material.Methods of electric heating include resistance heating, electric arc heating, induction heating, and dielectric heating. In some processes (for example, arc welding), electric current is directly applied to the workpiece. In other processes, heat is produced within the workpiece by induction or dielectric losses. As well, heat can be produced then transferred to the work by conduction, convection or radiation.Industrial heating processes can be broadly categorized as low-temperature (to about 400 °C or 752 °F), medium-temperature (between 400 and 1,150 °C or 752 and 2,102 °F), and high-temperature (beyond 1,150 °C or 2,102 °F). Low-temperature processes include baking and drying, curing finishes, soldering, molding and shaping plastics. Medium temperature processes include melting plastics and some non-metals for casting or reshaping, as well as annealing, stress-relieving and heat-treating metals. High-temperature processes include steelmaking, brazing, welding, casting metals, cutting, smelting and the preparation of some chemicals.","title":"Industrial electric heating"}] | [{"image_text":"30 kW resistance heating coils","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/30kw_resistance_heating_coil.JPG/300px-30kw_resistance_heating_coil.JPG"},{"image_text":"This radiant heater uses tungsten halogen lamps.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Halogen_Heater_Tube.jpg/300px-Halogen_Heater_Tube.jpg"},{"image_text":"An electric radiative space heater","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Carbon_heater.jpg/150px-Carbon_heater.jpg"},{"image_text":"An electric convection heater.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Electric_Heater.jpg/220px-Electric_Heater.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tower fan heater","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lasko_Fan_Heater.jpg/173px-Lasko_Fan_Heater.jpg"},{"image_text":"Small domestic immersion heater, 500 W","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Immersion_heater.jpg/300px-Immersion_heater.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg"},{"title":"Energy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energy"},{"title":"Auxiliary power unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit"},{"title":"Central heating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_heating"},{"title":"Diathermy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diathermy"},{"title":"Dielectric heating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_heating"},{"title":"Electroslag welding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroslag_welding"},{"title":"Electroslag remelting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroslag_remelting"},{"title":"Energy conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservation"},{"title":"Head-end power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-end_power"},{"title":"Heater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heater"},{"title":"Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning"},{"title":"Infrared heater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_heater"},{"title":"Microwave oven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_oven"},{"title":"Renewable energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy"},{"title":"Thermal efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_efficiency"},{"title":"Thermal immersion circulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_immersion_circulator"},{"title":"Underfloor heating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underfloor_heating"}] | [{"reference":"\"Electric Heater\". Britannica.com. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica.","urls":[{"url":"http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/182649/electric-heater","url_text":"\"Electric Heater\""}]},{"reference":"\"Energy Efficient Lighting | WBDG Whole Building Design Guide\". www.wbdg.org. Retrieved 18 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/energy-efficient-lighting","url_text":"\"Energy Efficient Lighting | WBDG Whole Building Design Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comparison of efficiency of air source heat pumps and ground source heat pumps\". Icax.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icax.co.uk/Disadvantages_Ground_Source_Heat_Pumps.html","url_text":"\"Comparison of efficiency of air source heat pumps and ground source heat pumps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Choosing and Installing Geothermal Heat Pumps - Department of Energy\". Energy.gov. 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Archived from the original on 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170222052929/http://www.gastechnews.com/new-products-and-services/optimizing-the-application-of-direct-electric-heat-exchangers-in-energy-processes/","url_text":"\"Gastech News\""},{"url":"http://www.gastechnews.com/new-products-and-services/optimizing-the-application-of-direct-electric-heat-exchangers-in-energy-processes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Electric Resistance Heating - Department of Energy\". Energy.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://energy.gov/energysaver/electric-resistance-heating","url_text":"\"Electric Resistance Heating - Department of Energy\""}]},{"reference":"Kemp, I.C. and Lim, J.S. (2020). Pinch Analysis for Energy and Carbon Footprint Reduction: A User Guide on Process Integration for the Efficient Use of Energy, 3rd edition. Butterworth-Heinemann. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_E._Kirby_Smith | SS E. Kirby Smith | ["1 Construction","2 History","3 References","4 Bibliography"] | Liberty ship of WWII
History
United States
NameE. Kirby Smith
NamesakeE. Kirby Smith
OwnerWar Shipping Administration (WSA)
OperatorMarine Transport Lines, Inc.
Orderedas type (EC2-S-C1) hull, MC hull 1519
BuilderJ.A. Jones Construction, Panama City, Florida
Cost$2,330,989
Yard number1
Way number1
Laid down9 July 1942
Launched30 December 1942
Sponsored byMrs. Raymond A. Jones
Completed3 March 1943
Identification
Call Signal: KIFA
Fate
Laid up in the James River Reserve Fleet, Lee Hall, Virginia, 23 May 1946
Sold for scrapping, 18 July 1956
General characteristics
Class and type
Liberty ship
type EC2-S-C1, standard
Tonnage
10,865 LT DWT
7,176 GRT
Displacement
3,380 long tons (3,434 t) (light)
14,245 long tons (14,474 t) (max)
Length
441 feet 6 inches (135 m) oa
416 feet (127 m) pp
427 feet (130 m) lwl
Beam57 feet (17 m)
Draft27 ft 9.25 in (8.4646 m)
Installed power
2 × Oil fired 450 °F (232 °C) boilers, operating at 220 psi (1,500 kPa)
2,500 hp (1,900 kW)
Propulsion
1 × triple-expansion steam engine, (manufactured by Alabama Marine Engine Co., Birmingham, Alabama)
1 × screw propeller
Speed11.5 knots (21.3 km/h; 13.2 mph)
Capacity
562,608 cubic feet (15,931 m3) (grain)
499,573 cubic feet (14,146 m3) (bale)
Complement
38–62 USMM
21–40 USNAG
Armament
Varied by ship
Bow-mounted 3 inches (76 mm)/50 caliber gun
Stern-mounted 4 inches (102 mm)/50 caliber gun
2–8 × single 20 millimeters (0.79 in) Oerlikon anti-aircraft (AA) cannons and/or,
2–8 × 37 millimeters (1.46 in) M1 AA guns
SS E. Kirby Smith was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after E. Kirby Smith, a career United States Army officer who fought in the Mexican–American War, and for the Confederacy in the Civil War, rising to the rank of General in the CSA.
Construction
E. Kirby Smith was laid down on 9 July 1942, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 1519, by J.A. Jones Construction, Panama City, Florida; sponsored by Mrs. Raymond A. Jones, wife of Raymond A. Jones, vice president and general manager, JAJCC, she was launched on 30 December 1942.
History
She was allocated to Marine Transport Lines, on 3 March 1943. On 23 May 1946, she was laid up in the James River Reserve Fleet, Lee Hall, Virginia. On 27 May 1954, she was withdrawn from the fleet to be loaded with grain under the "Grain Program 1954", she returned loaded on 21 June 1954. On 16 March 1956, she was withdrawn to be unload, she returned on empty 23 April 1956. On 18 July 1956, she was sold for $147,777.77 to Boston Metals Co., to be scrapped. She was removed from the fleet on 25 July 1956.
References
^ a b c MARCOM.
^ Davies 2004, p. 23.
^ J.A. Panama City 2010.
^ MARAD.
Bibliography
"Jones Construction, Panama City FL". www.ShipbuildingHistory.com. 13 October 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Maritime Administration. "E. Kirby Smith". Ship History Database Vessel Status Card. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
Davies, James (May 2004). "Specifications (As-Built)" (PDF). p. 23. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
"SS E. Kirby Smith". Retrieved 11 December 2019.
vteMARCOM ships built by Jones Construction, Wainwright Shipyards, Panama City, Florida, during World War IIType EC2-S-C1 ships"Liberty Ships"
E. Kirby Smith
Newton D. Baker
John Bascom
William J. Bryan
Joseph M. Medill
Elihu Root
John Hay
Dwight L. Moody
Peter Zenger
Harriet Hosmer
Duncan U. Fletcher
Dolly Madison
Robert Lansing
Victor Herbert
Julius Rosenwald
Walter L. Fleming
Salvador Brau
Harold T. Andrews
Russell Sage
William W. Loring
Minnie M. Fiske
John W. Griffiths
Augustus Saint-Gaudens
John M. Brooke
Rebecca Lukens
Alanson B. Houghton
Samuel G. French
Thomas LeValley
Josephine Shaw Lowell
Richard V. Oulahan
James H. Kimball
Stephen Furdek
Jean Ribaut
LeBaron Russell Briggs
Howard Gray
H. H. Raymond
T. A. Johnston
M. Michael Edelstein
William D. Bloxham
Nick Stoner
William E. Dodd
J. H. Drummond
William L. Watson
John R. McQuigg
Carl E. Ladd
Pedro Menendez
George Ade
Edward K. Collins
C. Francis Jenkins
Raymond V. Ingersoll
Benjamin F. Coston
William P. Duval
Stepas Darius
Alexander E. Brown
Chief Osceola
Richard Halliburton
Samuel G. Howe
Granville S. Hall
Stephen Smith
Charles D. Walcott
Art Young
Charles H. Marshall
Ransom A. Moore
Soter Ortynsky
Bjarne A. Lia
Wendell L. Willkie
Type Z-EC2-S-C2 ships"Army tank transports"
Mary Ball
John Barton Payne
Frederic C. Howe
William B. Wilson
Sarah J. Hale
Nathan B. Forrest
Stephen R. Mallory
Edgar E Clark
Type Z-EC2-S-C5 ships"Boxed aircraft transports"
Frederick E. Williamson
Michael James Monohan
Charles A. Draper
Rafael R. Rivera
James W. Wheeler
Raymond Van Brogan
William J. Riddle
Dudley H. Thomas
John L. McCarley
Vernon S. Hood
Edwin D. Howard
Wesley W. Barrett
Warren P. Marks
Frank O. Peterson
Barney Kirschbaum
Mary Cullom Kimbro
James G. Squires
James F. Harrell
Claude Kitchin
Francis J. O'Gara
Frank Flowers
Edwin H. Duff
Joseph V. Connolly
Walter W. Schwenk
Charles H. Cugle
Robert F. Burns
Edward Burton
Ora Ellis
Type T1-M-BT2 shipsTonti-class gasoline tankers
Tancred
Tandora
Tannadice
Tantallon
Tanova
Tannaquil | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"E. Kirby Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Kirby_Smith"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officers_in_the_Confederate_States_Army"}],"text":"SS E. Kirby Smith was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabella_Hunt | Arabella Hunt | ["1 Early life","2 Marriage","3 Career","4 Death","5 References"] | English musician (1662–1705)
Arabella Hunt
Arabella Hunt (1662–1705) was an English vocalist and lutenist, celebrated for her beauty and talents.
Early life
Arabella Hunt was born in London on 27 February 1662 to Richard and Elizabeth Hunt. She sang at court and is recorded to have performed a part in the court masque "Calisto, or the Chaste Nymph" by John Crowne in 1675. In 1678 or 1679, her father died, and as the only surviving child (two siblings died in childhood), she inherited a house at Upton in Buckinghamshire.
Marriage
On 12 September 1680 Hunt married James Howard at St Marylebone Parish Church, and the couple moved into her mother's house at the Haymarket. However, after six months of living together Hunt left her husband, and instituted a case against him at the consistory court in London, seeking to annul the marriage on the grounds that Howard was not in fact a man, but was actually a woman called Amy Poulter (née Gomeldon). Moreover, at the time of their marriage, Poulter was already married to a man called Arthur Poulter, who had only died recently. Hunt further claimed that her 'husband' was an hermaphrodite, but when Howard/Poulter was examined by five midwives appointed as the jury in the case it was found that she was a biologically ordinary woman.
The marriage was eventually annulled on 15 December 1682, on the basis that two women could not legally marry each other. Both women were now free to remarry, but Poulter died very shortly afterwards, and Hunt remained unmarried for the rest of her life.
Career
For many years, Hunt was employed at the royal court as a singer and lutenist. She was well thought of by Queen Mary, and taught singing to Princess Anne. Later Queen Mary gave her an annual pension of £100.
John Hawkins tells with great detail how the queen, after listening to some of Henry Purcell's music performed by Hunt, John Gostling, and the composer, abruptly asked her to sing a popular Scottish ballad, Cold and Raw, which she did, accompanying herself on the lute. Purcell, according to Hawkins, was "not a little nettled" by the queen's preference, and when he composed a birthday ode for Queen Mary in 1692 he used Cold and Raw as the repeated bass line for the "May her blest example" movement.
Mrs. Hunt's voice was said by a contemporary to be like the pipe of a bullfinch; she was also credited with an "exquisite hand on the lute". She was admired and respected by the best wits of the time; John Blow and Purcell wrote difficult music for her; John Hughes, the poet, was her friend; William Congreve wrote a long irregular ode on "Mrs. Arabella Hunt singing", and after her death penned an epigram under a portrait of her sitting on a bank singing. The painting was by Godfrey Kneller. There are mezzotints by Smith (1706) and Charles Grignion the Elder; and Hawkins gives a vignette in his History. In an ode, On the Excellency of Mrs Hunt's Voice, and Manner of Singing, composed in 1700, John Blow declared that "she reigns alone, is Queen of Musick by the People's choice".
Death
Hunt died, aged 43, at home in London on 26 December 1705.
References
^ Baldwin, Olive; Wilson, Thelma (1971). "An English Calisto". The Musical Times. 112 (1541): 651–653. doi:10.2307/957007. JSTOR 957007. Retrieved 2 August 2020 – via JSTOR.
^ "Calisto, or, The chaste nimph, the late masque at court as it was frequently presented there, by several persons of great quality : with the prologue, and the songs betwixt the acts / all written by J. Crowne". Quod.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ a b c d e f g Mendelson, Sara H. (January 2008) . "Hunt, Arabella (1662–1705)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14190. Retrieved 12 March 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ A General History of the Science and Practice of Music, iii. 564
^ William Hawkins, A General History of the Science and Practice of Music, iii. 761
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Hunt, Arabella". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
On Mrs. Arabella Hunt Singing
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Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arabella_Hunt_(Godfrey_Kneller_1692).png"},{"link_name":"vocalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocalist"},{"link_name":"lutenist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutenist"},{"link_name":"beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty"}],"text":"Arabella HuntArabella Hunt (1662–1705) was an English vocalist and lutenist, celebrated for her beauty and talents.","title":"Arabella Hunt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"John Crowne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crowne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Upton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2004-3"}],"text":"Arabella Hunt was born in London on 27 February 1662 to Richard and Elizabeth Hunt. She sang at court and is recorded to have performed a part in the court masque \"Calisto, or the Chaste Nymph\"[1] by John Crowne[2] in 1675. In 1678 or 1679, her father died, and as the only surviving child (two siblings died in childhood), she inherited a house at Upton in Buckinghamshire.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Marylebone Parish Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Marylebone_Parish_Church"},{"link_name":"Haymarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_(London)"},{"link_name":"consistory court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistory_court"},{"link_name":"annul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulment"},{"link_name":"hermaphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"midwives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwifery"},{"link_name":"jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2004-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2004-3"}],"text":"On 12 September 1680 Hunt married James Howard at St Marylebone Parish Church, and the couple moved into her mother's house at the Haymarket. However, after six months of living together Hunt left her husband, and instituted a case against him at the consistory court in London, seeking to annul the marriage on the grounds that Howard was not in fact a man, but was actually a woman called Amy Poulter (née Gomeldon). Moreover, at the time of their marriage, Poulter was already married to a man called Arthur Poulter, who had only died recently. Hunt further claimed that her 'husband' was an hermaphrodite, but when Howard/Poulter was examined by five midwives appointed as the jury in the case it was found that she was a biologically ordinary woman.[3]The marriage was eventually annulled on 15 December 1682, on the basis that two women could not legally marry each other. Both women were now free to remarry, but Poulter died very shortly afterwards, and Hunt remained unmarried for the rest of her life.[3]","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Princess Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2004-3"},{"link_name":"John Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins_(author)"},{"link_name":"Henry Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Purcell"},{"link_name":"John Gostling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gostling"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2004-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John Blow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Blow"},{"link_name":"John Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hughes_(poet)"},{"link_name":"William Congreve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Congreve"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Kneller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller"},{"link_name":"Charles Grignion the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grignion_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2004-3"}],"text":"For many years, Hunt was employed at the royal court as a singer and lutenist. She was well thought of by Queen Mary, and taught singing to Princess Anne. Later Queen Mary gave her an annual pension of £100.[3]John Hawkins tells with great detail how the queen, after listening to some of Henry Purcell's music performed by Hunt, John Gostling, and the composer, abruptly asked her to sing a popular Scottish ballad, Cold and Raw, which she did, accompanying herself on the lute. Purcell, according to Hawkins, was \"not a little nettled\" by the queen's preference, and when he composed a birthday ode for Queen Mary in 1692 he used Cold and Raw as the repeated bass line for the \"May her blest example\" movement.[3][4]Mrs. Hunt's voice was said by a contemporary to be like the pipe of a bullfinch; she was also credited with an \"exquisite hand on the lute\". She was admired and respected by the best wits of the time; John Blow and Purcell wrote difficult music for her; John Hughes, the poet, was her friend; William Congreve wrote a long irregular ode on \"Mrs. Arabella Hunt singing\", and after her death penned an epigram under a portrait of her sitting on a bank singing. The painting was by Godfrey Kneller. There are mezzotints by Smith (1706) and Charles Grignion the Elder; and Hawkins gives a vignette in his History.[5] In an ode, On the Excellency of Mrs Hunt's Voice, and Manner of Singing, composed in 1700, John Blow declared that \"she reigns alone, is Queen of Musick by the People's choice\".[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2004-3"}],"text":"Hunt died, aged 43, at home in London on 26 December 1705.[3]","title":"Death"}] | [{"image_text":"Arabella Hunt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Arabella_Hunt_%28Godfrey_Kneller_1692%29.png/220px-Arabella_Hunt_%28Godfrey_Kneller_1692%29.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Baldwin, Olive; Wilson, Thelma (1971). \"An English Calisto\". The Musical Times. 112 (1541): 651–653. doi:10.2307/957007. JSTOR 957007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mauthausen_sub-camps | List of subcamps of Mauthausen | ["1 List of subcamps","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of subcamps of Mauthausen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Location of notable Mauthausen sub-camps
Ebensee prisoners
This is a list of subcamps of the Mauthausen concentration camp. The slave labour of the inmates was also used by a variety of companies and farms that accommodated a small number of inmates on their own.
External imagesAlternate list of Mauthausen sub-camps
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)
List of subcamps
Aflenz
Amstetten
Frauenlager
Männerlager
Attnang-Puchheim
Bachmanning
Bretstein: KZ-Nebenlager Bretstein
Dipoldsau
Ebelsberg
Ebensee: KZ Ebensee
Eisenerz
Enns
Ennsdorf
Floridsdorf
Frankenburg am Hausruck (Schlier-Redl-Zipf)
Graz
Grein
Großraming
Gunskirchen
Waldwerke I
Sammellager
Gusen complex
Gusen I (located at Gusen in the community of Langenstein)
Gusen II (located at St Georgen in the community of Sankt Georgen an der Gusen)
Gusen III (located at Lungitz in the community of Katsdorf)
Haidfeld
Schloß Hartheim, not properly a subcamp of Mauthausen but an institution of the Aktion T-4 where some thousands inmates of Mauthausen-Gusen and Dachau were killed.
Hinterbrühl
Hirtenberg
Hollenstein
Jedlsee
Klagenfurt
Lambach
Schloß Lannach
Leibnitz
Lenzing
Schloß Lind
Lindau
Linz
Aufräumungskommando
Linz I
Linz II
Linz III
Loibl-Paß
Nord
Süd
Marialanzendorf
Mauthausen
main camp
Mauthausen Soviet prisoners of war camp
Zeltlager Mauthausen (tent camp)
Schiff — Donauhafen Mauthausen
Melk
Mistelbach am der Zaya
Schloß Mittersill (Zell am See)
Moosbierbaum
Passau
Passau I (Oberilzmühle)
Passau II (Waldwerke Passau-Ilzstadt)
Passau III (Jandelsbrunn)
Peggau
Perg (Arbeitseinsatzstelle)
Rheydt
Ried
Schönbrunn
Schwechat
Steyr
St. Aegyd am Neuwalde
St. Lambrecht
Frauenlager
Männerlager
St. Valentin
Steyr-Münichholz
Ternberg
Vöcklabrück
Vöcklabrück I
Vöcklabrück II
Vöcklamarkt (Schlier Redl-Zipf)
Wagram
Wels
Wels I
Wels II
Weyer
Wien
AFA-Werke
Wien-Floridsdorf
Wien-Floridsdorf II (Schwechat II)
Wien-Floridsdorf III (Schwechat III)
Wien-Heidfeld (Schwechat I)
Wien-Hinterbrühl (Arbeitslager Haidfeld)
Wien-Hinterbrühl (See Grotte)
Wien-Jedlesee
Wien-Maria-Lanzendorf
Wien-Mödling
Wien-Schönbrunn (Kraftfahrtechnische Lehranstalt)
Wien-Schwechat ("Santa")
Wien-West (Saurerwerke)
Wiener Neudorf
Wiener Neustadt
Raxwerke GmbH (opened twice)
See also
List of Nazi-German concentration camps
List of subcamps of Dachau, other extensive net of camps operating in Austria and southern Germany
References
^ "The life of the field crops: Labor camp, National Socialism and the le ... - National Fund of the Republic of Austria for Victims of National Socialism".
^ "Mauthausen".
^ "The Subcamps - History - KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen".
^ "The Subcamps - History - KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen".
^ "The Subcamps - History - KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen".
^ "The Subcamps - History - KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen".
^ "The Subcamps - History - KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen".
^ "The Subcamps - History - KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen".
^ "Corpses found by US soldiers after the liberation of Gunskirchen".
^ "Loibl Memorial (North) - KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen".
^ "Where Murder Was a Way of Life: The Mauthausen Concentration Camp".
^ a b "Vienna-Schönbrunn". Retrieved 14 September 2013. Location: Vienna, Hietzing, Kraftfahrtechnische Lehranstalt der SS, Maria-Theresien-Kaserne, Fasangartenstrasse
^ "Solomon J. Salat - USA - KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen".
^ "Mauthausen".
^ "Mauthausen".
^ "Mauthausen".
External links
List of Mauthausen Satellite Camps (English)
List of Mauthausen Satellite Camps (German)
Map of Mauthausen Satellite Camps | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austria_Mauthausen_sub-camps.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebensee_concentration_camp_prisoners_1945.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ebensee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebensee"},{"link_name":"subcamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcamp_(SS)"},{"link_name":"Mauthausen concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp"}],"text":"Location of notable Mauthausen sub-camps\nEbensee prisonersThis is a list of subcamps of the Mauthausen concentration camp. The slave labour of the inmates was also used by a variety of companies and farms that accommodated a small number of inmates on their own.","title":"List of subcamps of Mauthausen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aflenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflenz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Amstetten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstetten_(Lower_Austria)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Frauenlager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frauenlager&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Männerlager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A4nnerlager&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Attnang-Puchheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attnang-Puchheim"},{"link_name":"Bachmanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachmanning"},{"link_name":"Bretstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretstein"},{"link_name":"KZ-Nebenlager Bretstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretstein_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Dipoldsau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dipoldsau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ebelsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebelsberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ebensee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebensee"},{"link_name":"KZ Ebensee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebensee_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Eisenerz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenerz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Enns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enns_(city)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ennsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennsdorf"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Floridsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floridsdorf"},{"link_name":"Frankenburg am Hausruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenburg_am_Hausruck"},{"link_name":"Schlier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlier"},{"link_name":"Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz"},{"link_name":"Grein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grein,_Austria"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Großraming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossraming"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gunskirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunskirchen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Waldwerke I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldwerke_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sammellager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sammellager&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gusen complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Gusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusen_(Langenstein)"},{"link_name":"Langenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langenstein,_Austria"},{"link_name":"St Georgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Georgen_an_der_Gusen"},{"link_name":"Sankt Georgen an der Gusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Georgen_an_der_Gusen"},{"link_name":"Lungitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungitz"},{"link_name":"Katsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsdorf"},{"link_name":"Haidfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haidfeld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schloß Hartheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartheim_Castle"},{"link_name":"Aktion T-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_T4"},{"link_name":"Hinterbrühl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinterbr%C3%BChl"},{"link_name":"Hirtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirtenberg"},{"link_name":"Hollenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollenstein"},{"link_name":"Jedlsee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jedlsee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Klagenfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klagenfurt"},{"link_name":"Lambach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambach"},{"link_name":"Schloß Lannach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lannach"},{"link_name":"Leibnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibnitz"},{"link_name":"Lenzing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenzing"},{"link_name":"Schloß Lind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schlo%C3%9F_Lind&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lindau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau"},{"link_name":"Linz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz"},{"link_name":"Aufräumungskommando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufr%C3%A4umungskommando"},{"link_name":"Loibl-Paß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loibl-Pass"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Marialanzendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marialanzendorf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mauthausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen,_Upper_Austria"},{"link_name":"Zeltlager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zeltlager&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Melk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mistelbach am der Zaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistelbach"},{"link_name":"Schloß Mittersill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittersill"},{"link_name":"Zell am See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zell_am_See"},{"link_name":"Moosbierbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moosbierbaum"},{"link_name":"Passau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passau"},{"link_name":"Oberilzmühle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oberilzm%C3%BChle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Waldwerke Passau-Ilzstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldwerke_Passau-Ilzstadt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jandelsbrunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandelsbrunn"},{"link_name":"Peggau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggau"},{"link_name":"Perg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perg"},{"link_name":"Rheydt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheydt"},{"link_name":"Ried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ried_im_Innkreis"},{"link_name":"Schönbrunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hietzing"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_(satellite_camp)-12"},{"link_name":"Schwechat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwechat"},{"link_name":"Steyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steyr"},{"link_name":"St. Aegyd am Neuwalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Aegyd_am_Neuwalde"},{"link_name":"St. Lambrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lambrecht"},{"link_name":"Frauenlager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frauenlager&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Männerlager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A4nnerlager&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Valentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farge#Bremen-Farge_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Steyr-Münichholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steyr-M%C3%BCnichholz_subcamp"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ternberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternberg"},{"link_name":"Vöcklabrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6cklabr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"Vöcklamarkt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6cklamarkt"},{"link_name":"Schlier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlier"},{"link_name":"Redl-Zipf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redl-Zipf"},{"link_name":"Wagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagram"},{"link_name":"Wels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wels"},{"link_name":"Weyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyer,_Austria"},{"link_name":"Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"AFA-Werke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFA-Werke"},{"link_name":"Floridsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floridsdorf"},{"link_name":"Schwechat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwechat"},{"link_name":"Heidfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidfeld"},{"link_name":"Hinterbrühl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinterbr%C3%BChl"},{"link_name":"See Grotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=See_Grotte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jedlesee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedlesee"},{"link_name":"Lanzendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzendorf"},{"link_name":"Mödling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6dling"},{"link_name":"Schönbrunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hietzing"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_(satellite_camp)-12"},{"link_name":"Schwechat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwechat"},{"link_name":"Saurerwerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurer"},{"link_name":"Wiener Neudorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Neudorf"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wiener Neustadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Neustadt"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Raxwerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raxwerke"}],"text":"Aflenz[1]\nAmstetten[2]\nFrauenlager\nMännerlager\nAttnang-Puchheim\nBachmanning\nBretstein: KZ-Nebenlager Bretstein\nDipoldsau[3]\nEbelsberg\nEbensee: KZ Ebensee\nEisenerz[4]\nEnns[5]\nEnnsdorf[6]\nFloridsdorf\nFrankenburg am Hausruck (Schlier-Redl-Zipf)\nGraz\nGrein[7]\nGroßraming[8]\nGunskirchen[9]\nWaldwerke I\nSammellager\nGusen complex\nGusen I (located at Gusen in the community of Langenstein)\nGusen II (located at St Georgen in the community of Sankt Georgen an der Gusen)\nGusen III (located at Lungitz in the community of Katsdorf)\nHaidfeld\nSchloß Hartheim, not properly a subcamp of Mauthausen but an institution of the Aktion T-4 where some thousands inmates of Mauthausen-Gusen and Dachau were killed.\nHinterbrühl\nHirtenberg\nHollenstein\nJedlsee\nKlagenfurt\nLambach\nSchloß Lannach\nLeibnitz\nLenzing\nSchloß Lind\nLindau\nLinz\nAufräumungskommando\nLinz I\nLinz II\nLinz III\nLoibl-Paß\nNord\nSüd[10]\nMarialanzendorf\nMauthausen\nmain camp\nMauthausen Soviet prisoners of war camp\nZeltlager Mauthausen (tent camp)\nSchiff — Donauhafen Mauthausen\nMelk[11]\nMistelbach am der Zaya\nSchloß Mittersill (Zell am See)\nMoosbierbaum\nPassau\nPassau I (Oberilzmühle)\nPassau II (Waldwerke Passau-Ilzstadt)\nPassau III (Jandelsbrunn)\nPeggau\nPerg (Arbeitseinsatzstelle)\nRheydt\nRied\nSchönbrunn[12]\nSchwechat\nSteyr\nSt. Aegyd am Neuwalde\nSt. Lambrecht\nFrauenlager\nMännerlager\nSt. Valentin[13]\nSteyr-Münichholz[14]\nTernberg\nVöcklabrück\nVöcklabrück I\nVöcklabrück II\nVöcklamarkt (Schlier Redl-Zipf)\nWagram\nWels\nWels I\nWels II\nWeyer\nWien\nAFA-Werke\nWien-Floridsdorf\nWien-Floridsdorf II (Schwechat II)\nWien-Floridsdorf III (Schwechat III)\nWien-Heidfeld (Schwechat I)\nWien-Hinterbrühl (Arbeitslager Haidfeld)\nWien-Hinterbrühl (See Grotte)\nWien-Jedlesee\nWien-Maria-Lanzendorf\nWien-Mödling\nWien-Schönbrunn (Kraftfahrtechnische Lehranstalt)[12]\nWien-Schwechat (\"Santa\")\nWien-West (Saurerwerke)\nWiener Neudorf[15]\nWiener Neustadt[16]\nRaxwerke GmbH (opened twice)","title":"List of subcamps"}] | [{"image_text":"Location of notable Mauthausen sub-camps","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Austria_Mauthausen_sub-camps.png/300px-Austria_Mauthausen_sub-camps.png"},{"image_text":"Ebensee prisoners","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ebensee_concentration_camp_prisoners_1945.jpg/300px-Ebensee_concentration_camp_prisoners_1945.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Nazi-German concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi-German_concentration_camps"},{"title":"List of subcamps of Dachau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Dachau"}] | 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_of_France | Louis IX of France | ["1 Sources","2 Early life","3 Minority (1226–1234)","4 Louis as king","4.1 Arts","4.2 Arbitration","4.3 Religion","5 Personal reign (1235–1266)","5.1 Seventh Crusade","5.2 Four years in the Kingdom of Jerusalem","6 Later reign (1267–1270)","6.1 Eighth Crusade and death","7 Children","8 Ancestry","9 Veneration as a saint","10 Things named after Saint Louis","10.1 Places","10.2 Buildings","11 Notable portraits","12 In fiction","13 Music","14 See also","15 References","15.1 Bibliography","16 External links"] | King of France from 1226 to 1270
"Louis IX" redirects here. For other uses, see Louis IX (disambiguation).
Louis IXContemporary depiction from the Bible of St Louis, c. 1230King of France (more...) Reign8 November 1226 – 25 August 1270Coronation29 November 1226PredecessorLouis VIIISuccessorPhilip IIIRegents
See list
Blanche of Castile (1226–1234, 1248–1252)
Alphonse, Count of Poitiers
Charles I of Anjou (1252–1254)
Born25 April 1214Poissy, FranceDied25 August 1270 (aged 56)Tunis, North AfricaBurialBasilica of St Denis and Monreale CathedralSpouse
Margaret of Provence
(m. 1234)Issueamong others...
Isabella, Queen of Navarre
Louis
Philip III, King of France
John Tristan, Count of Valois
Peter I, Count of Alençon
Blanche, Infanta of Castile
Margaret, Duchess of Brabant
Robert, Count of Clermont
Agnes, Duchess of Burgundy
HouseCapetFatherLouis VIII, King of FranceMotherBlanche of CastileReligionRoman Catholicism
Painting of Louis IX by Emile Signol
Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly revered as Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death in 1270. He is widely recognized as the most distinguished of the Direct Capetians. Following the death of his father, Louis VIII, he was crowned in Reims at the age of 12. His mother, Blanche of Castile, effectively ruled the kingdom as regent until he came of age and continued to serve as his trusted adviser until her death. During his formative years, Blanche successfully confronted rebellious vassals and championed the Capetian cause in the Albigensian Crusade, which had been ongoing for the past two decades.
As an adult, Louis IX grappled with persistent conflicts involving some of the most influential nobles in his kingdom, including Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter of Dreux. Concurrently, England's Henry III sought to reclaim the Angevin continental holdings, only to be decisively defeated at the Battle of Taillebourg. Louis expanded his territory by annexing several provinces, including parts of Aquitaine, Maine, and Provence. Keeping a promise he made while praying for recovery from a grave illness, Louis led the ill-fated Seventh and Eighth Crusades against the Muslim dynasties that controlled North Africa, Egypt, and the Holy Land. He was captured and ransomed during the Seventh Crusade, and later succumbed to dysentery during the Eighth Crusade. His son, Philip III, succeeded him.
Louis instigated significant reforms in the French legal system, creating a royal justice mechanism that allowed petitioners to appeal judgements directly to the monarch. He abolished trials by ordeal, endeavored to terminate private wars, and incorporated the presumption of innocence into criminal proceedings. To implement his new legal framework, he established the offices of provosts and bailiffs. Louis IX's reign is often marked as an economic and political zenith for medieval France, and he held immense respect throughout Christendom. His reputation as a fair and judicious ruler led to his being solicited to mediate disputes beyond his own kingdom.
Louis' admirers through the centuries have celebrated him as the quintessential Christian monarch. His skill as a knight and engaging manner with the public contributed to his popularity, although he was occasionally criticized as being overly pious, earning the moniker of a "monk king". Despite his progressive legal reforms, Louis was a staunch Christian and rigorously enforced Catholic orthodoxy. He enacted harsh laws against blasphemy and launched actions against France's Jewish population, including the notorious burning of the Talmud following the Disputation of Paris. Louis IX holds the distinction of being the sole canonized king of France.
Sources
Much of what is known of Louis's life comes from Jean de Joinville's famous Life of Saint Louis. Joinville was a close friend, confidant, and counselor to the king. He participated as a witness in the papal inquest into Louis's life that resulted in his canonization in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII.
Two other important biographies were written by the king's confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and his chaplain, William of Chartres. While several individuals wrote biographies in the decades following the king's death, only Jean of Joinville, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and William of Chartres wrote from personal knowledge of the king and of the events they describe, and all three are biased favorably to the king. The fourth important source of information is William of Saint-Parthus's 19th-century biography, which he wrote using material from the papal inquest mentioned above.
Early life
Louis was born on 25 April 1214 at Poissy, near Paris, the son of Louis the Lion and Blanche of Castile, and was baptized there in La Collégiale Notre-Dame church. His grandfather on his father's side was Philip II, king of France; his grandfather on his mother's side was Alfonso VIII, king of Castile. Tutors of Blanche's choosing taught him Latin, public speaking, writing, military arts, and government. He was nine years old when his grandfather Philip II died and his father became King Louis VIII.
Minority (1226–1234)
Louis was 12 years old when his father died on 8 November 1226. He was crowned king on 29 November 1226 at Reims Cathedral, officiated by the bishop of Soissons. His mother, Blanche, ruled France as regent during his minority. Louis's mother instilled in him her devout Christianity. She is once recorded to have said:
I love you, my dear son, as much as a mother can love her child; but I would rather see you dead at my feet than that you should ever commit a mortal sin.
His younger brother Charles I of Sicily (1227–85) was created count of Anjou, thus founding the Capetian Angevin dynasty.
In 1229, when Louis was 15, his mother ended the Albigensian Crusade by signing an agreement with Raymond VII of Toulouse. Raymond VI of Toulouse had been suspected of ordering the assassination of Pierre de Castelnau, a Roman Catholic preacher who attempted to convert the Cathars.
On 27 May 1234, Louis married Margaret of Provence (1221–1295); she was crowned in the cathedral of Sens the next day. Margaret was the sister of Eleanor of Provence, who later married Henry III of England. The new queen's religious zeal made her a well-suited partner for the king, and they are attested to have gotten along well, enjoying riding together, reading, and listening to music. His closeness to Margaret aroused jealousy in his mother, who tried to keep the couple apart as much as she could.
While his contemporaries viewed his reign as co-rule between the king and his mother, historians generally believe Louis began ruling personally in 1234, with his mother assuming a more advisory role. She continued to have a strong influence on the king until her death in 1252.
Louis as king
Arts
Pope Innocent IV with Louis IX at ClunyLouis's patronage of the arts inspired much innovation in Gothic art and architecture. The style of his court was influential throughout Europe, both because of artwork purchased from Parisian masters for export, and by the marriage of the king's daughters and other female relatives to foreigners. They became emissaries of Parisian models and styles elsewhere. Louis's personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, which was known for its intricate stained-glass windows, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere. Louis is believed to have ordered the production of the Morgan Bible and the Arsenal Bible, both deluxe illuminated manuscripts.
During the so-called "golden century of Saint Louis", the kingdom of France was at its height in Europe, both politically and economically. Saint Louis was regarded as "primus inter pares", first among equals, among the kings and rulers of the continent. He commanded the largest army and ruled the largest and wealthiest kingdom, the European centre of arts and intellectual thought at the time. The foundations for the notable college of theology, later known as the Sorbonne, were laid in Paris about the year 1257.
Arbitration
Seal of Louis IX, legend: lvdovicvs di gra(tia) francorvm rex("Louis, by the grace of God, king of the Franks")
The prestige and respect felt by Europeans for King Louis IX were due more to the appeal of his personality than to military domination. For his contemporaries, he was the quintessential example of the Christian prince and embodied the whole of Christendom in his person. His reputation for fairness and even saintliness was already well established while he was alive, and on many occasions he was chosen as an arbiter in quarrels among the rulers of Europe.
Shortly before 1256, Enguerrand IV, Lord of Coucy, arrested and without trial hanged three young squires of Laon, whom he accused of poaching in his forest. In 1256 Louis had the lord arrested and brought to the Louvre by his sergeants. Enguerrand demanded judgment by his peers and trial by battle, which the king refused because he thought it obsolete. Enguerrand was tried, sentenced, and ordered to pay 12,000 livres. Part of the money was to pay for masses to be said in perpetuity for the souls of the men he had hanged.
In 1258, Louis and James I of Aragon signed the Treaty of Corbeil to end areas of contention between them. By this treaty, Louis renounced his feudal overlordship over the County of Barcelona and Roussillon, which was held by the King of Aragon. James in turn renounced his feudal overlordship over several counties in southern France, including Provence and Languedoc. In 1259 Louis signed the Treaty of Paris, by which Henry III of England was confirmed in his possession of territories in southwestern France, and Louis received the provinces of Anjou, Normandy (Normandie), Poitou, Maine, and Touraine.
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The perception of Louis IX by his contemporaries as the exemplary Christian prince was reinforced by his religious zeal. Louis was an extremely devout Catholic, and he built the Sainte-Chapelle ("Holy Chapel"), located within the royal palace complex (now the Paris Hall of Justice), on the Île de la Cité in the centre of Paris. The Sainte Chapelle, a prime example of the Rayonnant style of Gothic architecture, was erected as a shrine for the Crown of Thorns and a fragment of the True Cross, precious relics of the Passion of Christ. He acquired these in 1239–41 from Emperor Baldwin II of the Latin Empire of Constantinople by agreeing to pay off Baldwin's debt to the Venetian merchant Niccolo Quirino, for which Baldwin had pledged the Crown of Thorns as collateral. Louis IX paid the exorbitant sum of 135,000 livres to clear the debt.Reliquary of Saint Louis (end of the 13th century) Basilica of Saint Dominic, Bologna, Italy
In 1230, the King forbade all forms of usury, defined at the time as any taking of interest and therefore covering most banking activities. Louis used these anti-usury laws to extract funds from Jewish and Lombard moneylenders, with the hopes that it would help pay for a future crusade. Louis also oversaw the Disputation of Paris in 1240, in which Paris's Jewish leaders were imprisoned and forced to admit to anti-Christian passages in the Talmud, the major source of Jewish commentaries on the Bible and religious law. As a result of the disputation, Pope Gregory IX declared that all copies of the Talmud should be seized and destroyed. In 1242, Louis ordered the burning of 12,000 Talmudim, along with other important Jewish books and scripture. The edict against the Talmud was eventually overturned by Gregory IX's successor, Innocent IV.
Louis also expanded the scope of the Inquisition in France. He set the punishment for blasphemy to mutilation of the tongue and lips. The area most affected by this expansion was southern France, where the Cathar sect had been strongest. The rate of confiscation of property from the Cathars and others reached its highest levels in the years before his first crusade and slowed upon his return to France in 1254.
In 1250, Louis headed a crusade to Egypt and was taken prisoner. During his captivity, he recited the Divine Office every day. After his release against ransom, he visited the Holy Land before returning to France. In these deeds, Louis IX tried to fulfill what he considered the duty of France as "the eldest daughter of the Church" (la fille aînée de l'Église), a tradition of protector of the Church going back to the Franks and Charlemagne, who had been crowned by Pope Leo III in Rome in 800. The kings of France were known in the Church by the title "most Christian king" (Rex Christianissimus).
Louis founded many hospitals and houses: the House of the Filles-Dieu for reformed prostitutes; the Quinze-Vingt for 300 blind men (1254), and hospitals at Pontoise, Vernon, and Compiégne.
St. Louis installed a house of the Trinitarian Order at Fontainebleau, his chateau and estate near Paris. He chose Trinitarians as his chaplains and was accompanied by them on his crusades. In his spiritual testament he wrote, "My dearest son, you should permit yourself to be tormented by every kind of martyrdom before you would allow yourself to commit a mortal sin."
Louis authored and sent the Enseignements, or teachings, to his son Philip III. The letter outlined how Philip should follow the example of Jesus Christ in order to be a moral leader. The letter is estimated to have been written in 1267, three years before Louis's death.
Personal reign (1235–1266)
Seventh Crusade
Louis IX was taken prisoner at the Battle of Fariskur, during the Seventh Crusade (Gustave Doré).
Main article: Seventh Crusade
Louis and his followers landed in Egypt on 4 or 5 June 1249 and began their campaign with the capture of the port of Damietta. This attack caused some disruption in the Muslim Ayyubid empire, especially as the current sultan, Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub, was on his deathbed. However, the march of Europeans from Damietta toward Cairo through the Nile River Delta went slowly. The seasonal rising of the Nile and the summer heat made it impossible for them to advance. During this time, the Ayyubid sultan died, and the sultan's wife Shajar al-Durr set in motion a shift in power that would make her Queen and eventually result in the rule of the Egyptian army of the Mamluks.
On 8 February 1250, Louis lost his army at the Battle of Fariskur and was captured by the Egyptians. His release was eventually negotiated in return for a ransom of 400,000 livres tournois (roughly 80 million USD today) and the surrender of the city of Damietta.
Four years in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Upon his liberation from captivity in Egypt, Louis IX devoted four years to fortifying the Kingdom of Jerusalem, focusing his efforts in Acre, Caesarea, and Jaffa. He generously utilized his resources to aid the Crusaders in reconstructing their defenses and actively engaged in diplomatic endeavors with the Ayyubid dynasty. In the spring of 1254, Louis and his remaining forces made their return to France.
Louis maintained regular correspondence and envoy exchanges with the Mongol rulers of his era. During his first crusade in 1248, he received envoys from Eljigidei, the Mongol military leader stationed in Armenia and Persia. Eljigidei proposed that Louis should launch an offensive in Egypt while he targeted Baghdad to prevent the unification of the Muslim forces in Egypt and Syria. In response, Louis sent André de Longjumeau, a Dominican priest, as a delegate to the Khangan Güyük Khan (r. 1246–1248) in Mongolia. However, Güyük's death preceded the arrival of the emissary, and his widow and acting regent, Oghul Qaimish, rejected the diplomatic proposition.
Louis sent another representative, the Franciscan missionary and explorer William of Rubruck, to the Mongol court. Rubruck visited the Khagan Möngke (r. 1251–1259) in Mongolia and spent several years there. In 1259, Berke, the leader of the Golden Horde, demanded Louis's submission. In contrast, Mongol emperors Möngke and Khubilai's brother, the Ilkhan Hulegu, sent a letter to the French king, soliciting his military aid; this letter, however, never reached France.
Later reign (1267–1270)
Eighth Crusade and death
Death of Saint Louis: On 25 August 1270, Saint Louis dies in his tent, ornamented with royal symbols, near Tunis. Illuminated by Jean Fouquet, Grandes Chroniques de France (1455–1460)
In a parliament held at Paris, 24 March 1267, Louis and his three sons "took the cross." On hearing the reports of the missionaries, Louis resolved to land at Tunis, and he ordered his younger brother, Charles of Anjou, to join him there. The crusaders, among whom was the English prince Edward Longshanks, landed at Carthage 17 July 1270, but disease broke out in the camp.
Louis died at Tunis on 25 August 1270, in an epidemic of dysentery that swept through his army. According to European custom, his body was subjected to the process known as mos Teutonicus prior to his remains being returned to France. Louis was succeeded as King of France by his son, Philip III.
Louis's younger brother, Charles I of Naples, preserved his heart and intestines, and conveyed them for burial in the Cathedral of Monreale near Palermo.Louis's body returning, from a copy of the crusade treatise Directorium ad passagiumLouis's bones were carried overland in a lengthy processional across Sicily, Italy, the Alps, and France, until they were interred in the royal necropolis at Saint-Denis in May 1271. Charles and Philip III later dispersed a number of relics to promote Louis's veneration.
Children
Blanche (12 July/4 December 1240 – 29 April 1244), died in infancy.
Isabella (2 March 1241 – 28 January 1271), married Theobald II of Navarre.
Louis (23 September 1243/24 February 1244 – 11 January/2 February 1260). Betrothed to Berengaria of Castile in Paris on 20 August 1255.
Philip III (1 May 1245 – 5 October 1285), married firstly to Isabella of Aragon in 1262 and secondly to Maria of Brabant in 1274.
John (1246/1247 – 10 March 1248), died in infancy.
John Tristan (8 April 1250 – 3 August 1270), Count of Valois, married Yolande II, Countess of Nevers.
Peter (1251 – 6/7 April 1284), Count of Perche and Alençon, married Joanne of Châtillon.
Blanche (early 1253 – 17 June 1320), married Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile.
Margaret (early 1255 – July 1271), married John I, Duke of Brabant.
Robert (1256 – 7 February 1317), Count of Clermont, married Beatrice of Burgundy. The French crown devolved upon his male-line descendant, Henry IV (the first Bourbon king), when the legitimate male line of Philip III died out in 1589.
Agnes (1260 – 19/20 December 1327), married Robert II, Duke of Burgundy.
Louis and Margaret's two children who died in infancy were first buried at the Cistercian abbey of Royaumont. In 1820 they were transferred and reinterred to Saint-Denis Basilica.
Ancestry
Ancestors of Louis IX of France 8. Louis VII of France 4. Philip II of France 9. Adèle of Champagne 2. Louis VIII of France 10. Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut 5. Isabelle of Hainaut 11. Margaret I, Countess of Flanders 1. Louis IX of France 12. Sancho III of Castile 6. Alfonso VIII of Castile 13. Blanca of Navarre 3. Blanche of Castile 14. Henry II of England 7. Eleanor of England 15. Eleanor of Aquitaine
Veneration as a saint
SaintLouisSan Luis, Rey de Francia (English: Saint Louis, King of France) by Francisco PachecoKing of France ConfessorVenerated inCatholic ChurchAnglican CommunionCanonized11 July 1297, Rome, Papal States by Pope Boniface VIIIFeast25 AugustAttributesThe Crown of Thorns, crown, sceptre, globus cruciger, sword, fleur-de-lis, mantle, and the other parts of the French regaliaPatronageFranceThird Order of Saint FrancisThe French MonarchyArchdiocese of New OrleansDiocese of Port-Louisbarbersgrooms
Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed the canonization of Louis in 1297; he is the only French king to be declared a saint. Louis IX is often considered the model of the ideal Christian monarch.
Named in his honour, the Sisters of Charity of St. Louis is a Roman Catholic religious order founded in Vannes, France, in 1803. A similar order, the Sisters of St Louis, was founded in Juilly in 1842.
He is honoured as co-patron of the Third Order of St. Francis, which claims him as a member of the Order. When he became king, over a hundred poor people were served meals in his house on ordinary days. Often the king served these guests himself. His acts of charity, coupled with his devout religious practices, gave rise to the legend that he joined the Third Order of St. Francis, though it is unlikely that he ever actually joined the order.
The Catholic Church and Episcopal Church honor him with a feast day on 25 August.
Things named after Saint Louis
The French royal Order of Saint Louis (1693–1790 and 1814–1830)
Places
Many countries in which French speakers and Catholicism were prevalent named places after King Louis:
San Luis Province in Argentina
San Luis Potosí in Mexico
Multiple locations in the United States
St. Louis, Missouri, named by French colonists
San Luis Rey, Oceanside, California, named by the Franciscans who built one of the California missions there.
Multiple locations in France
Île Saint-Louis, an island in the river Seine, Paris
Saint-Louis, New Caledonia
Multiple locations in Canada
Saint-Louis, Senegal
São Luís, Maranhão in Brazil
The Philippines
San Luis, Aurora
San Luis, Batangas
Buildings
France
Hôpital Saint-Louis, hospital in the 10th arrondissement of Paris
The Cathédrale Saint-Louis de Versailles in Versailles
United States
The Basilica of St. Louis, King of France, completed in 1834 in St. Louis, Missouri
The Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, completed in 1914 in St. Louis, Missouri
The St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans
The St. Louis King of France Catholic Church and School, in Metairie, Louisiana
Saint Louis Catholic High School, in Lake Charles, Louisiana
St. Louis the King Catholic Church, in Marquette, Michigan
Saint Louis King of France Catholic Church and School, in Austin, Texas
Saint Louis Catholic Church, in Waco, Texas
Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, Oceanside, California, founded 12 June 1798
San Luis Rey Mission, Chamberino, New Mexico
St. Louis Roman Catholic Church in Buffalo, New York (Mother Church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo)
The national church of France in Rome: San Luigi dei Francesi in Italian, or Saint Louis of France in English
The Cathedral of St Louis in Plovdiv, Bulgaria
The Cathedral of St Louis in Carthage, Tunisia, so named because Louis IX died at that approximate location in 1270
The Church of St Louis in Moscow, Russia
India
Rue Saint Louis of Pondicherry
St. Louis Church, Dahisar West, Mumbai
The Convent of Saint Louis and Catholic High School in Carrickmacross, Ireland.
Notable portraits
United States
A bas-relief of St. Louis is one of the carved portraits of historic lawmakers that adorn the chamber of the United States House of Representatives.
Saint Louis is also portrayed on a frieze depicting a timeline of important lawgivers throughout world history, on the North Wall of the Courtroom at the Supreme Court of the United States.
A statue of St. Louis by the sculptor John Donoghue stands on the roofline of the New York State Appellate Division Court at 27 Madison Avenue in New York City.
The Apotheosis of St. Louis is an equestrian statue of the saint, by Charles Henry Niehaus, that stands in front of the Saint Louis Art Museum in Forest Park.
A heroic portrait by Baron Charles de Steuben hangs in the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Baltimore. An 1821 gift of King Louis XVIII of France, it depicts St. Louis burying his plague-stricken troops before the siege of Tunis at the beginning of the Eighth Crusade in 1270.
In fiction
Davis, William Stearns, "Falaise of the Blessed Voice" aka "The White Queen". New York, NY: Macmillan, 1904
Peter Berling, The Children of the Grail
Jules Verne, "To the Sun?/Off on a Comet!" A comet takes several bits of the Earth away when it grazes the Earth. Some people, taken up at the same time, find the Tomb of Saint Louis is one of the bits, as they explore the comet.
Adam Gidwitz, The Inquisitor's Tale
Dante Alighieri, Divina Commedia. It is likely that Dante hides the figure of the Saint King behind the Veltro, the Messo di Dio, the Veglio di Creta and the "515", which is a duplicate of the Messo. This is a trinitarian representation to oppose to the analogous representation of his nephew Philip IV the Fair, as the Beast from the Sea. The idea came to Dante from the transposition of the Revelation of St. John in the history, studied from the abbot and theologian Joachim of Fiore.
Theodore de Bainville, poem, "La Ballade des Pendus (Le Verger du Roi Louis)"; musicalized by Georges Brassens.
Music
Arnaud du Prat, Paris canon; Rhymed, chanted office for St. Louis, 1290, Sens Bib. Mun. MS6, and elsewhere.
Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Motet for Saint Louis, H.320, for 1 voice, 2 treble instruments (?) and continuo 1675.
Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Motet In honorem santi Ludovici Regis Galliae canticum tribus vocibus cum symphonia, H.323, for 3 voices, 2 treble instruments and continuo (1678 ?)
Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Motet In honorem Sancti Ludovici regis Galliae, H.332, for 3 voices, 2 treble instruments and continuo 1683)
Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Motet In honorem Sancti Ludovici regis Galliae canticum, H.365 & H.365 a, for soloists, chorus, woodwinds, strings and continuo (1690)
Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Motet In honorem Sancti Ludovici regis Galliae, H.418, for soloists, chorus, 2 flutes, 2 violins and continuo (1692–93)
See also
List of royal saints and martyrs
References
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^ Magill & Aves 1998, p. 606.
^ Cross & Livingstone 2005, p. 1004.
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^ "Who We Are". Sisters of Charity of St. Louis. 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
^ "Our Father and Patron St. Louis / St. Louis, King of France, 1214–1270 AD" St. Louis Handbook for Schools. Sisters of St Louis. p. 8.
^ "Our history". Sisters of St Louis. 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
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^ Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Inc. 2019. ISBN 978-1-64065-235-4.
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^ "Ile Saint Louis – Paris". francemonthly.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
^ Everett-Heath, John (2018). The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. p. 1369. ISBN 978-0-19-256243-2.
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Bibliography
Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (Autumn 1990). "Authority, the Family, and the Dead in Late Medieval France". French Historical Studies. 16 (4): 803–832. doi:10.2307/286323. JSTOR 286323.
Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-1928-0290-9.
Davis, Jennifer R. (Autumn 2010). "The Problem of King Louis IX of France: Biography, Sanctity, and Kingship". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 41 (2): 209–225. doi:10.1162/JINH_a_00050. S2CID 144928195.
Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-062-70056-8. OL 1715499M.
Gaposchkin, M. Cecilia (2008). The Making of Saint Louis: Kingship, Sanctity, and Crusade in the Later Middle Ages. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-801-47625-9. OL 16365443M.
Hanley, Catherine (2016). Louis: The French Prince who invaded England. Yale University Press.
Jackson, Peter (July 1980). "The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260". The English Historical Review. 95 (376): 481–513. doi:10.1093/ehr/XCV.CCCLXXVI.481. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 568054.
Jordan, William Chester (1979). Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade: A Study in Rulership. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05285-4. OL 4433805M.
—— (2017). "A Border Policy? Louis IX and the Spanish Connection". In Liang, Yuen-Gen; Rodriguez, Jarbel (eds.). Authority and Spectacle in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Essays in Honor of Teofilo F. Ruiz. Routledge. OL 33569507M.
Le Goff, Jacques (2009). Saint Louis. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 978-0-268-03381-1.
Lock, Peter (2013). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-13137-1.
Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison, eds. (1998). Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages. Vol. 2. Routledge. ISBN 1-5795-8041-6.
Shadis, Miriam (2010). Berenguela of Castile (1180–1246) and Political Women in the High Middle Ages. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-23473-7.
Richard, Jean (1983). Lloyd, Simon (ed.). Saint Louis: Crusader King of France. Translated by Birrell, Jean. Cambridge University Press.
Streyer, J.R. (1962). "The Crusades of Louis IX". In Setton, K.M. (ed.). A History of the Crusades. Vol. II. Philadelphia. pp. 487–521.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Sumption, Jonathan (1978). The Albigensian Crusade. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-20002-3. OL 7857399M.
Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Westerhof, Danielle (16 October 2008). Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-843-83416-8.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis IX of France.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Louis IX of France.
John de Joinville. Memoirs of Louis IX, King of France. Chronicle, 1309.
Saint Louis in Medieval History of Navarre
Site about The Saintonge War between Louis IX of France and Henry III of England.
Account of the first Crusade of Saint Louis from the perspective of the Arabs..
A letter from Guy, a knight, concerning the capture of Damietta on the sixth Crusade with a speech delivered by Saint Louis to his men.
Etext full version of the Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville, a biography of Saint Louis written by one of his knights
"St. Lewis, King of France", Butler's Lives of the Saints
"Man of the Middle Ages, Saint Louis, King of France", Archdiocese of St. Louis, MO
Louis IX of France House of CapetBorn: 25 April 1214 Died: 25 August 1270
Regnal titles
Preceded byLouis VIII
King of France 8 November 1226 – 25 August 1270
Succeeded byPhilip III
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Portals: Saints Biography | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis IX (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emile_Signol_-_Louis_IX,_dit_Saint_Louis,_Roi_de_France_(1215-1270).jpg"},{"link_name":"Emile Signol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Signol"},{"link_name":"King of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_France"},{"link_name":"Direct Capetians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Capetians"},{"link_name":"Louis VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VIII"},{"link_name":"crowned in Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch"},{"link_name":"Blanche of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"vassals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassals"},{"link_name":"Albigensian Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Hugh X of Lusignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_X_of_Lusignan"},{"link_name":"Peter of Dreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Dreux"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Angevin continental holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angevin_Empire"},{"link_name":"Battle of Taillebourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taillebourg"},{"link_name":"Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_(province)"},{"link_name":"Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"Seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Eighth Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Muslim dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_dynasties"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"the Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"dysentery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery"},{"link_name":"Philip III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"French legal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_legal_system"},{"link_name":"royal justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_justice"},{"link_name":"appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"trials by ordeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trials_by_ordeal"},{"link_name":"presumption of innocence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence"},{"link_name":"criminal proceedings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_proceedings"},{"link_name":"provosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(military_police)"},{"link_name":"bailiffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiff_(France)"},{"link_name":"medieval France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_France"},{"link_name":"Christendom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goyau-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Louis_IX_{{!}}_king_of_France-2"},{"link_name":"monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Louis_IX_{{!}}_king_of_France-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Catholic orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"blasphemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bobineau-4"},{"link_name":"France's Jewish population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"Disputation of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputation_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"canonized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonized"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Pope_Who_Saved_the_Talmud-5"}],"text":"King of France from 1226 to 1270\"Louis IX\" redirects here. For other uses, see Louis IX (disambiguation).Painting of Louis IX by Emile SignolLouis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly revered as Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death in 1270. He is widely recognized as the most distinguished of the Direct Capetians. Following the death of his father, Louis VIII, he was crowned in Reims at the age of 12. His mother, Blanche of Castile, effectively ruled the kingdom as regent until he came of age and continued to serve as his trusted adviser until her death. During his formative years, Blanche successfully confronted rebellious vassals and championed the Capetian cause in the Albigensian Crusade, which had been ongoing for the past two decades.As an adult, Louis IX grappled with persistent conflicts involving some of the most influential nobles in his kingdom, including Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter of Dreux. Concurrently, England's Henry III sought to reclaim the Angevin continental holdings, only to be decisively defeated at the Battle of Taillebourg. Louis expanded his territory by annexing several provinces, including parts of Aquitaine, Maine, and Provence. Keeping a promise he made while praying for recovery from a grave illness, Louis led the ill-fated Seventh and Eighth Crusades against the Muslim dynasties that controlled North Africa, Egypt, and the Holy Land. He was captured and ransomed during the Seventh Crusade, and later succumbed to dysentery during the Eighth Crusade. His son, Philip III, succeeded him.Louis instigated significant reforms in the French legal system, creating a royal justice mechanism that allowed petitioners to appeal judgements directly to the monarch. He abolished trials by ordeal, endeavored to terminate private wars, and incorporated the presumption of innocence into criminal proceedings. To implement his new legal framework, he established the offices of provosts and bailiffs. Louis IX's reign is often marked as an economic and political zenith for medieval France, and he held immense respect throughout Christendom. His reputation as a fair and judicious ruler led to his being solicited to mediate disputes beyond his own kingdom.[1][2]Louis' admirers through the centuries have celebrated him as the quintessential Christian monarch. His skill as a knight and engaging manner with the public contributed to his popularity, although he was occasionally criticized as being overly pious, earning the moniker of a \"monk king\".[2][3] Despite his progressive legal reforms, Louis was a staunch Christian and rigorously enforced Catholic orthodoxy. He enacted harsh laws against blasphemy[4] and launched actions against France's Jewish population, including the notorious burning of the Talmud following the Disputation of Paris. Louis IX holds the distinction of being the sole canonized king of France.[5]","title":"Louis IX of France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean de Joinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Joinville"},{"link_name":"Life of Saint Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Joinville#Life_of_Saint_Louis"},{"link_name":"Pope Boniface VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey of Beaulieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Beaulieu"},{"link_name":"William of Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Chartres_(Dominican)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Much of what is known of Louis's life comes from Jean de Joinville's famous Life of Saint Louis. Joinville was a close friend, confidant, and counselor to the king. He participated as a witness in the papal inquest into Louis's life that resulted in his canonization in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII.Two other important biographies were written by the king's confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and his chaplain, William of Chartres. While several individuals wrote biographies in the decades following the king's death, only Jean of Joinville, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and William of Chartres wrote from personal knowledge of the king and of the events they describe, and all three are biased favorably to the king. The fourth important source of information is William of Saint-Parthus's 19th-century biography,[6] which he wrote using material from the papal inquest mentioned above.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poissy"},{"link_name":"Louis the Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Lion"},{"link_name":"Blanche of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1983xxiv-7"},{"link_name":"Philip II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VIII"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Tutors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutors"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archstl-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Louis was born on 25 April 1214 at Poissy, near Paris, the son of Louis the Lion and Blanche of Castile,[7] and was baptized there in La Collégiale Notre-Dame church. His grandfather on his father's side was Philip II, king of France; his grandfather on his mother's side was Alfonso VIII, king of Castile. Tutors of Blanche's choosing taught him Latin, public speaking, writing, military arts, and government.[8] He was nine years old when his grandfather Philip II died and his father became King Louis VIII.[9]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reims Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"bishop of Soissons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Soissons"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley2016234%E2%80%93235-10"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encarta-Louis-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHMI-12"},{"link_name":"Charles I of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"count of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Capetian Angevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_Angevin"},{"link_name":"Albigensian Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Raymond VII of Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_VII_of_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Raymond VI of Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_VI_of_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Pierre de Castelnau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Castelnau"},{"link_name":"Cathars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathars"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption197815-13"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard198364-14"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Henry III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard198365-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goyau-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encarta-Louis-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShadis201017%E2%80%9319-16"}],"text":"Louis was 12 years old when his father died on 8 November 1226. He was crowned king on 29 November 1226 at Reims Cathedral, officiated by the bishop of Soissons.[10] His mother, Blanche, ruled France as regent during his minority.[11] Louis's mother instilled in him her devout Christianity. She is once recorded to have said:[12]I love you, my dear son, as much as a mother can love her child; but I would rather see you dead at my feet than that you should ever commit a mortal sin.His younger brother Charles I of Sicily (1227–85) was created count of Anjou, thus founding the Capetian Angevin dynasty.In 1229, when Louis was 15, his mother ended the Albigensian Crusade by signing an agreement with Raymond VII of Toulouse. Raymond VI of Toulouse had been suspected of ordering the assassination of Pierre de Castelnau, a Roman Catholic preacher who attempted to convert the Cathars.[13]On 27 May 1234, Louis married Margaret of Provence (1221–1295); she was crowned in the cathedral of Sens the next day.[14] Margaret was the sister of Eleanor of Provence, who later married Henry III of England. The new queen's religious zeal made her a well-suited partner for the king, and they are attested to have gotten along well, enjoying riding together, reading, and listening to music. His closeness to Margaret aroused jealousy in his mother, who tried to keep the couple apart as much as she could.[15]While his contemporaries viewed his reign as co-rule between the king and his mother, historians generally believe Louis began ruling personally in 1234, with his mother assuming a more advisory role.[1] She continued to have a strong influence on the king until her death in 1252.[11][16]","title":"Minority (1226–1234)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Louis as king"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis-innocentiv.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV"},{"link_name":"Cluny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluny"},{"link_name":"Gothic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_art"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle"},{"link_name":"Morgan Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Bible"},{"link_name":"Arsenal Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_Bible"},{"link_name":"illuminated manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript"},{"link_name":"primus inter pares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primus_inter_pares"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crawley-17"}],"sub_title":"Arts","text":"Pope Innocent IV with Louis IX at ClunyLouis's patronage of the arts inspired much innovation in Gothic art and architecture. The style of his court was influential throughout Europe, both because of artwork purchased from Parisian masters for export, and by the marriage of the king's daughters and other female relatives to foreigners. They became emissaries of Parisian models and styles elsewhere. Louis's personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, which was known for its intricate stained-glass windows, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere. Louis is believed to have ordered the production of the Morgan Bible and the Arsenal Bible, both deluxe illuminated manuscripts.During the so-called \"golden century of Saint Louis\", the kingdom of France was at its height in Europe, both politically and economically. Saint Louis was regarded as \"primus inter pares\", first among equals, among the kings and rulers of the continent. He commanded the largest army and ruled the largest and wealthiest kingdom, the European centre of arts and intellectual thought at the time. The foundations for the notable college of theology, later known as the Sorbonne, were laid in Paris about the year 1257.[17]","title":"Louis as king"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Premier_sceau_de_majest%C3%A9_de_Louis_IX_d%C3%A9tour%C3%A9.png"},{"link_name":"Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Christendom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goyau-1"},{"link_name":"Enguerrand IV, Lord of Coucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enguerrand_IV,_Lord_of_Coucy"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_du_Louvre"},{"link_name":"masses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"James I of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Corbeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Corbeil_(1258)"},{"link_name":"County of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Roussillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roussillon"},{"link_name":"Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"Languedoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)"},{"link_name":"Henry III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"Poitou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_(province)"},{"link_name":"Touraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touraine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encarta-Louis-11"}],"sub_title":"Arbitration","text":"Seal of Louis IX, legend: lvdovicvs di gra(tia) francorvm rex(\"Louis, by the grace of God, king of the Franks\")The prestige and respect felt by Europeans for King Louis IX were due more to the appeal of his personality than to military domination. For his contemporaries, he was the quintessential example of the Christian prince and embodied the whole of Christendom in his person. His reputation for fairness and even saintliness was already well established while he was alive, and on many occasions he was chosen as an arbiter in quarrels among the rulers of Europe.[1]Shortly before 1256, Enguerrand IV, Lord of Coucy, arrested and without trial hanged three young squires of Laon, whom he accused of poaching in his forest. In 1256 Louis had the lord arrested and brought to the Louvre by his sergeants. Enguerrand demanded judgment by his peers and trial by battle, which the king refused because he thought it obsolete. Enguerrand was tried, sentenced, and ordered to pay 12,000 livres. Part of the money was to pay for masses to be said in perpetuity for the souls of the men he had hanged.In 1258, Louis and James I of Aragon signed the Treaty of Corbeil to end areas of contention between them. By this treaty, Louis renounced his feudal overlordship over the County of Barcelona and Roussillon, which was held by the King of Aragon. James in turn renounced his feudal overlordship over several counties in southern France, including Provence and Languedoc. In 1259 Louis signed the Treaty of Paris, by which Henry III of England was confirmed in his possession of territories in southwestern France, and Louis received the provinces of Anjou, Normandy (Normandie), Poitou, Maine, and Touraine.[11]","title":"Louis as king"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sainte-Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goyau-1"},{"link_name":"Paris Hall of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Hall_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Île de la Cité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Rayonnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayonnant"},{"link_name":"Gothic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Crown of Thorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns"},{"link_name":"True Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Cross"},{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic"},{"link_name":"Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Baldwin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Latin_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Latin Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Empire"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"livres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_livre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Domenico47.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reliquary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquary"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Saint Dominic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Dominic"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"usury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usury"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crawley-17"},{"link_name":"Disputation of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputation_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Gregory IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_IX"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Innocent IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocent_IV"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Pope_Who_Saved_the_Talmud-5"},{"link_name":"Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition"},{"link_name":"blasphemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy"},{"link_name":"mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutilation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bobineau-4"},{"link_name":"Cathar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathar"},{"link_name":"Divine Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_hours"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHMI-12"},{"link_name":"Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_III"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Filles-Dieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filles-Dieu"},{"link_name":"Quinze-Vingt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinze-Vingts_National_Eye_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Trinitarian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarian_Order"},{"link_name":"Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHMI-12"},{"link_name":"Philip III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"The perception of Louis IX by his contemporaries as the exemplary Christian prince was reinforced by his religious zeal. Louis was an extremely devout Catholic, and he built the Sainte-Chapelle (\"Holy Chapel\"),[1] located within the royal palace complex (now the Paris Hall of Justice), on the Île de la Cité in the centre of Paris. The Sainte Chapelle, a prime example of the Rayonnant style of Gothic architecture, was erected as a shrine for the Crown of Thorns and a fragment of the True Cross, precious relics of the Passion of Christ. He acquired these in 1239–41 from Emperor Baldwin II of the Latin Empire of Constantinople by agreeing to pay off Baldwin's debt to the Venetian merchant Niccolo Quirino, for which Baldwin had pledged the Crown of Thorns as collateral.[18] Louis IX paid the exorbitant sum of 135,000 livres to clear the debt.Reliquary of Saint Louis (end of the 13th century) Basilica of Saint Dominic, Bologna, ItalyIn 1230, the King forbade all forms of usury, defined at the time as any taking of interest and therefore covering most banking activities. Louis used these anti-usury laws to extract funds from Jewish and Lombard moneylenders, with the hopes that it would help pay for a future crusade.[17] Louis also oversaw the Disputation of Paris in 1240, in which Paris's Jewish leaders were imprisoned and forced to admit to anti-Christian passages in the Talmud, the major source of Jewish commentaries on the Bible and religious law. As a result of the disputation, Pope Gregory IX declared that all copies of the Talmud should be seized and destroyed. In 1242, Louis ordered the burning of 12,000 Talmudim, along with other important Jewish books and scripture.[19] The edict against the Talmud was eventually overturned by Gregory IX's successor, Innocent IV.[5]Louis also expanded the scope of the Inquisition in France. He set the punishment for blasphemy to mutilation of the tongue and lips.[4] The area most affected by this expansion was southern France, where the Cathar sect had been strongest. The rate of confiscation of property from the Cathars and others reached its highest levels in the years before his first crusade and slowed upon his return to France in 1254.In 1250, Louis headed a crusade to Egypt and was taken prisoner. During his captivity, he recited the Divine Office every day. After his release against ransom, he visited the Holy Land before returning to France.[12] In these deeds, Louis IX tried to fulfill what he considered the duty of France as \"the eldest daughter of the Church\" (la fille aînée de l'Église), a tradition of protector of the Church going back to the Franks and Charlemagne, who had been crowned by Pope Leo III in Rome in 800. The kings of France were known in the Church by the title \"most Christian king\" (Rex Christianissimus).Louis founded many hospitals and houses: the House of the Filles-Dieu for reformed prostitutes; the Quinze-Vingt for 300 blind men (1254), and hospitals at Pontoise, Vernon, and Compiégne.[20]St. Louis installed a house of the Trinitarian Order at Fontainebleau, his chateau and estate near Paris. He chose Trinitarians as his chaplains and was accompanied by them on his crusades. In his spiritual testament he wrote, \"My dearest son, you should permit yourself to be tormented by every kind of martyrdom before you would allow yourself to commit a mortal sin.\"[12]Louis authored and sent the Enseignements, or teachings, to his son Philip III. The letter outlined how Philip should follow the example of Jesus Christ in order to be a moral leader.[21] The letter is estimated to have been written in 1267, three years before Louis's death.[22]","title":"Louis as king"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personal reign (1235–1266)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C_croisade7_prisonnier1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fariskur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fariskur_(1250)"},{"link_name":"Gustave Doré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Damietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damietta"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encarta-Crusades-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2006787-24"},{"link_name":"Ayyubid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid"},{"link_name":"Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Malik_as-Salih_Najm_al-Din_Ayyub"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Nile River Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_River_Delta"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crawley-17"},{"link_name":"Shajar al-Durr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shajar_al-Durr"},{"link_name":"Mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluks"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fariskur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fariskur_(1250)"},{"link_name":"livres tournois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livres_tournois"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2006796-25"}],"sub_title":"Seventh Crusade","text":"Louis IX was taken prisoner at the Battle of Fariskur, during the Seventh Crusade (Gustave Doré).Louis and his followers landed in Egypt on 4 or 5 June 1249 and began their campaign with the capture of the port of Damietta.[23][24] This attack caused some disruption in the Muslim Ayyubid empire, especially as the current sultan, Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub, was on his deathbed. However, the march of Europeans from Damietta toward Cairo through the Nile River Delta went slowly. The seasonal rising of the Nile and the summer heat made it impossible for them to advance.[17] During this time, the Ayyubid sultan died, and the sultan's wife Shajar al-Durr set in motion a shift in power that would make her Queen and eventually result in the rule of the Egyptian army of the Mamluks.On 8 February 1250, Louis lost his army at the Battle of Fariskur and was captured by the Egyptians. His release was eventually negotiated in return for a ransom of 400,000 livres tournois (roughly 80 million USD today) and the surrender of the city of Damietta.[25]","title":"Personal reign (1235–1266)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel"},{"link_name":"Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima"},{"link_name":"Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brehier-26"},{"link_name":"Ayyubid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encarta-Crusades-23"},{"link_name":"Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol"},{"link_name":"Eljigidei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eljigidei"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1980481-513-27"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"André de Longjumeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Longjumeau"},{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Khangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan"},{"link_name":"Güyük Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Oghul Qaimish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"William of Rubruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Rubruck"},{"link_name":"Möngke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke"},{"link_name":"Berke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berke"},{"link_name":"Golden Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Khubilai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khubilai"},{"link_name":"Ilkhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhan"},{"link_name":"Hulegu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulegu"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Four years in the Kingdom of Jerusalem","text":"Upon his liberation from captivity in Egypt, Louis IX devoted four years to fortifying the Kingdom of Jerusalem, focusing his efforts in Acre, Caesarea, and Jaffa. He generously utilized his resources to aid the Crusaders in reconstructing their defenses[26] and actively engaged in diplomatic endeavors with the Ayyubid dynasty. In the spring of 1254, Louis and his remaining forces made their return to France.[23]Louis maintained regular correspondence and envoy exchanges with the Mongol rulers of his era. During his first crusade in 1248, he received envoys from Eljigidei, the Mongol military leader stationed in Armenia and Persia.[27] Eljigidei proposed that Louis should launch an offensive in Egypt while he targeted Baghdad to prevent the unification of the Muslim forces in Egypt and Syria. In response, Louis sent André de Longjumeau, a Dominican priest, as a delegate to the Khangan Güyük Khan (r. 1246–1248) in Mongolia. However, Güyük's death preceded the arrival of the emissary, and his widow and acting regent, Oghul Qaimish, rejected the diplomatic proposition.[28]Louis sent another representative, the Franciscan missionary and explorer William of Rubruck, to the Mongol court. Rubruck visited the Khagan Möngke (r. 1251–1259) in Mongolia and spent several years there. In 1259, Berke, the leader of the Golden Horde, demanded Louis's submission.[29] In contrast, Mongol emperors Möngke and Khubilai's brother, the Ilkhan Hulegu, sent a letter to the French king, soliciting his military aid; this letter, however, never reached France.[30]","title":"Personal reign (1235–1266)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Later reign (1267–1270)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mort_de_Louis_IX_le_Saint.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Jean Fouquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Fouquet"},{"link_name":"Grandes Chroniques de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_Chroniques_de_France"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Edward Longshanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Longshanks"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brehier-26"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"dysentery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagillAves1998606-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051004-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2013183-33"},{"link_name":"mos Teutonicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos_Teutonicus"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterhof200879-34"},{"link_name":"Philip III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles I of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Monreale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Monreale"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaposchkin200828-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_MS_19_D_I,_fol._227r.png"},{"link_name":"Directorium ad passagium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorium_ad_passagium"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaposchkin200828%E2%80%9329-36"},{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaposchkin200828%E2%80%9330,_76-37"}],"sub_title":"Eighth Crusade and death","text":"Death of Saint Louis: On 25 August 1270, Saint Louis dies in his tent, ornamented with royal symbols, near Tunis. Illuminated by Jean Fouquet, Grandes Chroniques de France (1455–1460)In a parliament held at Paris, 24 March 1267, Louis and his three sons \"took the cross.\" On hearing the reports of the missionaries, Louis resolved to land at Tunis, and he ordered his younger brother, Charles of Anjou, to join him there. The crusaders, among whom was the English prince Edward Longshanks, landed at Carthage 17 July 1270, but disease broke out in the camp.[26]Louis died at Tunis on 25 August 1270, in an epidemic of dysentery that swept through his army.[31][32][33] According to European custom, his body was subjected to the process known as mos Teutonicus prior to his remains being returned to France.[34] Louis was succeeded as King of France by his son, Philip III.Louis's younger brother, Charles I of Naples, preserved his heart and intestines, and conveyed them for burial in the Cathedral of Monreale near Palermo.[35]Louis's body returning, from a copy of the crusade treatise Directorium ad passagiumLouis's bones were carried overland in a lengthy processional across Sicily, Italy, the Alps, and France, until they were interred in the royal necropolis at Saint-Denis in May 1271.[36] Charles and Philip III later dispersed a number of relics to promote Louis's veneration.[37]","title":"Later reign (1267–1270)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1983xxiv-7"},{"link_name":"Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_France,_Queen_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Theobald II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan201725-38"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_of_France_(1244%E2%80%931260)"},{"link_name":"Berengaria of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile,_Lady_of_Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan201725%E2%80%9326-39"},{"link_name":"Philip III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_France"},{"link_name":"Maria of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Brabant,_Queen_of_France"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1983xxiv-7"},{"link_name":"John Tristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tristan"},{"link_name":"Yolande II, Countess of Nevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_II,_Countess_of_Nevers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1983xxiv-7"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I,_Count_of_Alen%C3%A7on"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1983xxiv-7"},{"link_name":"Joanne of Châtillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon"},{"link_name":"Blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_France,_Infanta_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_la_Cerda,_Infante_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1983xxiv-7"},{"link_name":"Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Duchess_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"John I, Duke of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1983xxiv-7"},{"link_name":"Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert,_Count_of_Clermont"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1983xxiv-7"},{"link_name":"Beatrice of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Burgundy,_Lady_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Agnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_France,_Duchess_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Robert II, Duke of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II,_Duke_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1983xxiv-7"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"abbey of Royaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Royaumont"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis_Basilica"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1990810-40"}],"text":"Blanche (12 July/4 December 1240 – 29 April 1244), died in infancy.[7]\nIsabella (2 March 1241 – 28 January 1271), married Theobald II of Navarre.[38]\nLouis (23 September 1243/24 February 1244 – 11 January/2 February 1260). Betrothed to Berengaria of Castile in Paris on 20 August 1255.[39]\nPhilip III (1 May 1245 – 5 October 1285), married firstly to Isabella of Aragon in 1262 and secondly to Maria of Brabant in 1274.\nJohn (1246/1247 – 10 March 1248), died in infancy.[7]\nJohn Tristan (8 April 1250 – 3 August 1270), Count of Valois, married Yolande II, Countess of Nevers.[7]\nPeter (1251 – 6/7 April 1284),[7] Count of Perche and Alençon, married Joanne of Châtillon.\nBlanche (early 1253 – 17 June 1320), married Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile.[7]\nMargaret (early 1255 – July 1271), married John I, Duke of Brabant.[7]\nRobert (1256 – 7 February 1317), Count of Clermont,[7] married Beatrice of Burgundy. The French crown devolved upon his male-line descendant, Henry IV (the first Bourbon king), when the legitimate male line of Philip III died out in 1589.\nAgnes (1260 – 19/20 December 1327), married Robert II, Duke of Burgundy.[7]Louis and Margaret's two children who died in infancy were first buried at the Cistercian abbey of Royaumont. In 1820 they were transferred and reinterred to Saint-Denis Basilica.[40]","title":"Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis VII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Philip II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Adèle of Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_of_Champagne"},{"link_name":"Louis VIII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_V,_Count_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"Isabelle of Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"Margaret I, Countess of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_I,_Countess_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Sancho III of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VIII of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Blanca of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanca_Garc%C3%A9s_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Blanche of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Henry II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_England"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine"}],"text":"Ancestors of Louis IX of France 8. Louis VII of France 4. Philip II of France 9. Adèle of Champagne 2. Louis VIII of France 10. Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut 5. Isabelle of Hainaut 11. Margaret I, Countess of Flanders 1. Louis IX of France 12. Sancho III of Castile 6. Alfonso VIII of Castile 13. Blanca of Navarre 3. Blanche of Castile 14. Henry II of England 7. Eleanor of England 15. Eleanor of Aquitaine","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Boniface VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODS-41"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODS-41"},{"link_name":"Sisters of Charity of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"religious order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)"},{"link_name":"Vannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannes"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Juilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilly,_Seine-et-Marne"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Third Order of St. Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Order_of_St._Francis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archstl-8"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed the canonization of Louis in 1297;[41] he is the only French king to be declared a saint.[42] Louis IX is often considered the model of the ideal Christian monarch.[41]Named in his honour, the Sisters of Charity of St. Louis is a Roman Catholic religious order founded in Vannes, France, in 1803.[43] A similar order, the Sisters of St Louis, was founded in Juilly in 1842.[44][45]He is honoured as co-patron of the Third Order of St. Francis, which claims him as a member of the Order. When he became king, over a hundred poor people were served meals in his house on ordinary days. Often the king served these guests himself. His acts of charity, coupled with his devout religious practices, gave rise to the legend that he joined the Third Order of St. Francis, though it is unlikely that he ever actually joined the order.[8]The Catholic Church and Episcopal Church honor him with a feast day on 25 August.[46][47]","title":"Veneration as a saint"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of Saint Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Louis"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"The French royal Order of Saint Louis (1693–1790 and 1814–1830)[48]","title":"Things named after Saint Louis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Luis Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Province"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"San Luis Potosí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDWPN-51"},{"link_name":"San Luis Rey, Oceanside, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Rey,_Oceanside,_California"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDWPN-51"},{"link_name":"Île Saint-Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Louis"},{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Saint-Louis, New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Louis,_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDWPN-51"},{"link_name":"Saint-Louis, Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Louis,_Senegal"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDWPN-51"},{"link_name":"São Luís, Maranhão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs,_Maranh%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"San Luis, Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis,_Aurora"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"San Luis, Batangas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis,_Batangas"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Places","text":"Many countries in which French speakers and Catholicism were prevalent named places after King Louis:San Luis Province in Argentina[49]\nSan Luis Potosí in Mexico[50]\nMultiple locations in the United States\nSt. Louis, Missouri, named by French colonists[51]\nSan Luis Rey, Oceanside, California, named by the Franciscans who built one of the California missions there.\nMultiple locations in France[51]\nÎle Saint-Louis, an island in the river Seine, Paris[52]\nSaint-Louis, New Caledonia[citation needed]\nMultiple locations in Canada[51]\nSaint-Louis, Senegal[51]\nSão Luís, Maranhão in Brazil[53]\nThe Philippines\nSan Luis, Aurora[54]\nSan Luis, Batangas[55]","title":"Things named after Saint Louis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hôpital Saint-Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_Saint-Louis"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Cathédrale Saint-Louis de Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Louis_de_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles,_Yvelines"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Basilica of St. Louis, King of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Louis,_King_of_France"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cathedral_(New_Orleans)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"St. Louis the King Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sltkchurch.org/"},{"link_name":"Mission San Luis Rey de Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Luis_Rey_de_Francia"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"national church of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luigi_dei_Francesi"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of St Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_Louis_(Plovdiv)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of St Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolium_of_Carthage"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Church of St Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Louis_of_the_French_(Moscow)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Pondicherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondicherry"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Buildings","text":"France\nHôpital Saint-Louis, hospital in the 10th arrondissement of Paris[56]\nThe Cathédrale Saint-Louis de Versailles in Versailles[57]\nUnited States\nThe Basilica of St. Louis, King of France, completed in 1834 in St. Louis, Missouri[58]\nThe Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, completed in 1914 in St. Louis, Missouri [59]\nThe St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans[60]\nThe St. Louis King of France Catholic Church and School, in Metairie, Louisiana [61]\nSaint Louis Catholic High School, in Lake Charles, Louisiana\nSt. Louis the King Catholic Church, in Marquette, Michigan\nSaint Louis King of France Catholic Church and School, in Austin, Texas\nSaint Louis Catholic Church, in Waco, Texas\nMission San Luis Rey de Francia, Oceanside, California, founded 12 June 1798\nSan Luis Rey Mission, Chamberino, New Mexico\nSt. Louis Roman Catholic Church in Buffalo, New York[62] (Mother Church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo)[63]\nThe national church of France in Rome: San Luigi dei Francesi in Italian, or Saint Louis of France in English[64]\nThe Cathedral of St Louis in Plovdiv, Bulgaria[65]\nThe Cathedral of St Louis in Carthage, Tunisia, so named because Louis IX died at that approximate location in 1270[66]\nThe Church of St Louis in Moscow, Russia[67]\nIndia\nRue Saint Louis of Pondicherry[68]\nSt. Louis Church, Dahisar West, Mumbai[69]\nThe Convent of Saint Louis and Catholic High School in Carrickmacross, Ireland.","title":"Things named after Saint Louis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol#House_Chamber"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"frieze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"Courtroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtroom"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"New York State Appellate Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Appellate_Division"},{"link_name":"Apotheosis of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotheosis_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Charles Henry Niehaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henry_Niehaus"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Baron Charles de Steuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Steuben"},{"link_name":"Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"King Louis XVIII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Louis_XVIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Eighth Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Crusade"}],"text":"United States\nA bas-relief of St. Louis is one of the carved portraits of historic lawmakers that adorn the chamber of the United States House of Representatives.\nSaint Louis is also portrayed on a frieze depicting a timeline of important lawgivers throughout world history, on the North Wall of the Courtroom at the Supreme Court of the United States.[70]\nA statue of St. Louis by the sculptor John Donoghue stands on the roofline of the New York State Appellate Division Court at 27 Madison Avenue in New York City.\nThe Apotheosis of St. Louis is an equestrian statue of the saint, by Charles Henry Niehaus, that stands in front of the Saint Louis Art Museum in Forest Park.\nA heroic portrait by Baron Charles de Steuben hangs in the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Baltimore. An 1821 gift of King Louis XVIII of France, it depicts St. Louis burying his plague-stricken troops before the siege of Tunis at the beginning of the Eighth Crusade in 1270.","title":"Notable portraits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Berling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Berling"},{"link_name":"The Children of the Grail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Children_of_the_Grail"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"Adam Gidwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gidwitz"},{"link_name":"Dante Alighieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri"},{"link_name":"Divina Commedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divina_Commedia"},{"link_name":"Philip IV the Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_the_Fair"},{"link_name":"Beast from the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)"},{"link_name":"Joachim of Fiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"Davis, William Stearns, \"Falaise of the Blessed Voice\" aka \"The White Queen\". New York, NY: Macmillan, 1904\nPeter Berling, The Children of the Grail\nJules Verne, \"To the Sun?/Off on a Comet!\" A comet takes several bits of the Earth away when it grazes the Earth. Some people, taken up at the same time, find the Tomb of Saint Louis is one of the bits, as they explore the comet.\nAdam Gidwitz, The Inquisitor's Tale\nDante Alighieri, Divina Commedia. It is likely that Dante hides the figure of the Saint King behind the Veltro, the Messo di Dio, the Veglio di Creta and the \"515\", which is a duplicate of the Messo. This is a trinitarian representation to oppose to the analogous representation of his nephew Philip IV the Fair, as the Beast from the Sea. The idea came to Dante from the transposition of the Revelation of St. John in the history, studied from the abbot and theologian Joachim of Fiore.[71]\nTheodore de Bainville, poem, \"La Ballade des Pendus (Le Verger du Roi Louis)\"; musicalized by Georges Brassens.","title":"In fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arnaud du Prat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnaud_du_Prat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marc-Antoine Charpentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier"}],"text":"Arnaud du Prat, Paris canon; Rhymed, chanted office for St. Louis, 1290, Sens Bib. Mun. MS6, and elsewhere.\nMarc-Antoine Charpentier, Motet for Saint Louis, H.320, for 1 voice, 2 treble instruments (?) and continuo 1675.\nMarc-Antoine Charpentier, Motet In honorem santi Ludovici Regis Galliae canticum tribus vocibus cum symphonia, H.323, for 3 voices, 2 treble instruments and continuo (1678 ?)\nMarc-Antoine Charpentier, Motet In honorem Sancti Ludovici regis Galliae, H.332, for 3 voices, 2 treble instruments and continuo 1683)\nMarc-Antoine Charpentier, Motet In honorem Sancti Ludovici regis Galliae canticum, H.365 & H.365 a, for soloists, chorus, woodwinds, strings and continuo (1690)\nMarc-Antoine Charpentier, Motet In honorem Sancti Ludovici regis Galliae, H.418, for soloists, chorus, 2 flutes, 2 violins and continuo (1692–93)","title":"Music"}] | [{"image_text":"Painting of Louis IX by Emile Signol","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Emile_Signol_-_Louis_IX%2C_dit_Saint_Louis%2C_Roi_de_France_%281215-1270%29.jpg/220px-Emile_Signol_-_Louis_IX%2C_dit_Saint_Louis%2C_Roi_de_France_%281215-1270%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pope Innocent IV with Louis IX at Cluny","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Louis-innocentiv.jpg/220px-Louis-innocentiv.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seal of Louis IX, legend: lvdovicvs di gra(tia) francorvm rex(\"Louis, by the grace of God, king of the Franks\")","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Premier_sceau_de_majest%C3%A9_de_Louis_IX_d%C3%A9tour%C3%A9.png/220px-Premier_sceau_de_majest%C3%A9_de_Louis_IX_d%C3%A9tour%C3%A9.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/CuoreVandea2.svg/55px-CuoreVandea2.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Reliquary of Saint Louis (end of the 13th century) Basilica of Saint Dominic, Bologna, Italy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/San_Domenico47.jpg/220px-San_Domenico47.jpg"},{"image_text":"Louis IX was taken prisoner at the Battle of Fariskur, during the Seventh Crusade (Gustave Doré).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/C_croisade7_prisonnier1.jpg/170px-C_croisade7_prisonnier1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Death of Saint Louis: On 25 August 1270, Saint Louis dies in his tent, ornamented with royal symbols, near Tunis. Illuminated by Jean Fouquet, Grandes Chroniques de France (1455–1460)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mort_de_Louis_IX_le_Saint.jpg/290px-Mort_de_Louis_IX_le_Saint.jpg"},{"image_text":"Louis's body returning, from a copy of the crusade treatise Directorium ad passagium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Royal_MS_19_D_I%2C_fol._227r.png/220px-Royal_MS_19_D_I%2C_fol._227r.png"}] | [{"title":"List of royal saints and martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_royal_saints_and_martyrs"}] | [{"reference":"\"Goyau, Georges. 'St. Louis IX.' The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 24 Feb. 2013\". Retrieved 29 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09368a.htm","url_text":"\"Goyau, Georges. 'St. Louis IX.' The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 24 Feb. 2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louis IX, king of France\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-IX","url_text":"\"Louis IX, king of France\""}]},{"reference":"Bouquet, Martin (1840–1904). Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France. Tome 23 / [éd. par Dom Martin Bouquet,...] ; nouv. éd. publ. sous la dir. de M. Léopold Delisle,... (in French).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bouquet","url_text":"Bouquet, Martin"},{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k50141v","url_text":"Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France. Tome 23 / [éd. par Dom Martin Bouquet,...] ; nouv. éd. publ. sous la dir. de M. Léopold Delisle,..."}]},{"reference":"Bobineau, Olivier (8 December 2011). \"Retour de l'ordre religieux ou signe de bonne santé de notre pluralisme laïc ?\". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 27 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/12/08/retour-de-l-ordre-religieux-ou-signe-de-bonne-sante-de-notre-pluralisme-laique_1615091_3232.html","url_text":"\"Retour de l'ordre religieux ou signe de bonne santé de notre pluralisme laïc ?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Pope Who Saved the Talmud\". The 5 Towns Jewish Times. 15 June 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://5tjt.com/the-pope-who-saved-the-talmud/","url_text":"\"The Pope Who Saved the Talmud\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Louis, King of France, Archdiocese of St. Louis, MO\". Retrieved 29 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://archstl.org/becomingcatholic/page/saint-louis-king-france","url_text":"\"Saint Louis, King of France, Archdiocese of St. Louis, MO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louis IX\". Encarta. Microsoft Corporation. 2008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fr. Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI (1997). \"St. Louis\". My First Book of Saints. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate – Quality Catholic Publications. pp. 193–194. ISBN 971-91595-4-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-91595-4-5","url_text":"971-91595-4-5"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Louis IX of France | EWTN\". EWTN Global Catholic Television Network. Retrieved 31 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/saints/louis-ix-of-france-672","url_text":"\"St. Louis IX of France | EWTN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EWTN","url_text":"EWTN Global Catholic Television Network"}]},{"reference":"Guerry, Emily (18 April 2019). \"Dr\". The Conversation. Retrieved 1 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://theconversation.com/notre-dame-how-christs-crown-of-thorns-has-survived-crusades-political-upheaval-and-a-fire-but-only-just-115731","url_text":"\"Dr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Burning of the Talmud\". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/burning-of-the-talmud","url_text":"\"Burning of the Talmud\""}]},{"reference":"Goyau, Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges (1910). \"St. Louis IX\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Louis_IX","url_text":"\"St. Louis IX\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Greer Fein, Susanna. \"Art. 94, Enseignements de saint Lewis a Philip soun fitz: Introduction | Robbins Library Digital Projects\". d.lib.rochester.edu. Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/text/fein-harley2253-volume-3-article-94-introduction","url_text":"\"Art. 94, Enseignements de saint Lewis a Philip soun fitz: Introduction | Robbins Library Digital Projects\""}]},{"reference":"O'Connell, David (1972). The teachings of Saint Louis; a critical text. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press. pp. 46–49.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/teachingsofsaint00ocon","url_text":"The teachings of Saint Louis; a critical text"}]},{"reference":"\"Crusades: Crusades of the 13th century\". Encarta. Microsoft Corporation. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091028224256/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561210_2/Crusades.html#s6","url_text":"\"Crusades: Crusades of the 13th century\""},{"url":"https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561210_2/Crusades.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bréhier, Louis. \"Crusades.\" The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 24 Feb. 2013\". Retrieved 29 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04543c.htm","url_text":"\"Bréhier, Louis. \"Crusades.\" The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 24 Feb. 2013\""}]},{"reference":"Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Durham, New Carolina: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813513041. Retrieved 29 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&q=berke+khan+demanded+louis+IX&pg=PA273","url_text":"The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press","url_text":"Rutgers University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813513041","url_text":"978-0813513041"}]},{"reference":"Sinor, Denis (1999). \"The Mongols in the West\". Journal of Asian History. 33 (1): 1–44. ISSN 0021-910X. JSTOR 41933117.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41933117","url_text":"\"The Mongols in the West\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-910X","url_text":"0021-910X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41933117","url_text":"41933117"}]},{"reference":"Aigle, Denise (2005). \"The Letters of Eljigidei, H¨uleg¨u and Abaqa: Mongol overtures or Christian Ventriloquism?\" (PDF). Inner Asia. 7 (2): 143–162. doi:10.1163/146481705793646883. S2CID 161266055. Retrieved 26 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/38/19/67/PDF/InnerAsia.pdf","url_text":"\"The Letters of Eljigidei, H¨uleg¨u and Abaqa: Mongol overtures or Christian Ventriloquism?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F146481705793646883","url_text":"10.1163/146481705793646883"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161266055","url_text":"161266055"}]},{"reference":"\"Louis\". The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia. Vol. 7 (15 ed.). 1993. p. 497. ISBN 978-0852295717.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency/page/497","url_text":"\"Louis\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency/page/497","url_text":"497"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0852295717","url_text":"978-0852295717"}]},{"reference":"\"Who We Are\". Sisters of Charity of St. Louis. 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soeursdelacharitestlouis.org/en/content/who-we-are","url_text":"\"Who We Are\""}]},{"reference":"St. Louis Handbook for Schools. Sisters of St Louis. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Our history\". Sisters of St Louis. 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://stlouissisters.org/about-us/our-history","url_text":"\"Our history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Optional Memorial of Saint Louis of France | USCCB\". bible.usccb.org. Retrieved 10 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bible.usccb.org/bible/readings/0825-memorial-louis.cfm","url_text":"\"Optional Memorial of Saint Louis of France | USCCB\""}]},{"reference":"Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Inc. 2019. ISBN 978-1-64065-235-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bEq7DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4","url_text":"978-1-64065-235-4"}]},{"reference":"Mazas, Alexandre (1860). Histoire de l'ordre royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis depuis son institution en 1693 jusqu'en 1830 (in French). Firmin Didot frères, fils et Cie. p. 28.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IltOlXtuXfIC&q=Ordre+Royal+et+Militaire+de+Saint-Louis+%2522louis+ix%2522&pg=PA28","url_text":"Histoire de l'ordre royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis depuis son institution en 1693 jusqu'en 1830"}]},{"reference":"\"San Luis\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 June 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/San-Luis-province-Argentina","url_text":"\"San Luis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historia\". City of San Luis Potosí (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://slp.gob.mx/sitionuevo/Paginas/ConoceSLP/HistoriaConoceSLP.aspx","url_text":"\"Historia\""}]},{"reference":"Everett-Heath, John (2018). The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. p. 1436. ISBN 978-0-19-256243-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iVRuDwAAQBAJ&q=saint+louis+ix+senegal+king+france&pg=PT1436","url_text":"The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-256243-2","url_text":"978-0-19-256243-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Ile Saint Louis – Paris\". francemonthly.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208054503/http://www.francemonthly.com/n/0911/","url_text":"\"Ile Saint Louis – Paris\""},{"url":"http://www.francemonthly.com/n/0911/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Everett-Heath, John (2018). The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. p. 1369. 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Retrieved 23 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://oldcathedralstl.org/history","url_text":"\"History & the Story of St. Louis IX\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brief History of the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis\". The Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis. Retrieved 23 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cathedralstl.org/about-basilica/our-history","url_text":"\"Brief History of the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our History\". Cathedral-Basilica of Saint Louis King of France. Retrieved 23 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stlouiscathedral.org/about/our-history/","url_text":"\"Our History\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Louis King of France Catholic School\". St. Louis King of France Catholic School.","urls":[{"url":"https://slkfschool.com/","url_text":"\"St. Louis King of France Catholic School\""}]},{"reference":"\"History – St. Louis RC Church\".","urls":[{"url":"https://buffaloah.com/a/main/780/stlou/stloufront/hist.html","url_text":"\"History – St. Louis RC Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Louis Roman Catholic Church in Buffalo, USA\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gpsmycity.com/attractions/saint-louis-roman-catholic-church-49054.html","url_text":"\"Saint Louis Roman Catholic Church in Buffalo, USA\""}]},{"reference":"Bassani Grampp, Florian (August 2008). \"On a Roman Polychoral Performance in August 1665\". Early Music. 36 (3): 415–433. doi:10.1093/em/can095. JSTOR 27655211. 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S2CID 164493102.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-catholic-church-in-tunisia-a-transliminal-institution-between-religion-and-nation(5b5bfa74-e7c6-405d-bc90-db9cd56887bd).html","url_text":"\"Listen Articles The Catholic Church in Tunisia: a transliminal institution between religion and nation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629387.2019.1611428","url_text":"10.1080/13629387.2019.1611428"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164493102","url_text":"164493102"}]},{"reference":"\"Приход св. Людовика в Москве – Приход св. Людовика в Москве\". ru.eglise.ru. Retrieved 23 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ru.eglise.ru/","url_text":"\"Приход св. Людовика в Москве – Приход св. 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OL 1715499M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-062-70056-8","url_text":"978-0-062-70056-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1715499M","url_text":"1715499M"}]},{"reference":"Gaposchkin, M. Cecilia (2008). The Making of Saint Louis: Kingship, Sanctity, and Crusade in the Later Middle Ages. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-801-47625-9. OL 16365443M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-47625-9","url_text":"978-0-801-47625-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL16365443M","url_text":"16365443M"}]},{"reference":"Hanley, Catherine (2016). Louis: The French Prince who invaded England. Yale University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jackson, Peter (July 1980). \"The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260\". The English Historical Review. 95 (376): 481–513. doi:10.1093/ehr/XCV.CCCLXXVI.481. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 568054.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCV.CCCLXXVI.481","url_text":"10.1093/ehr/XCV.CCCLXXVI.481"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266","url_text":"0013-8266"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/568054","url_text":"568054"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, William Chester (1979). Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade: A Study in Rulership. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05285-4. OL 4433805M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05285-4","url_text":"978-0-691-05285-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4433805M","url_text":"4433805M"}]},{"reference":"—— (2017). \"A Border Policy? Louis IX and the Spanish Connection\". In Liang, Yuen-Gen; Rodriguez, Jarbel (eds.). Authority and Spectacle in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Essays in Honor of Teofilo F. Ruiz. Routledge. OL 33569507M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL33569507M","url_text":"33569507M"}]},{"reference":"Le Goff, Jacques (2009). Saint Louis. University of Notre Dame Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_aureus_aureus | Golden jackal | ["1 Etymology and naming","2 Taxonomy","2.1 Evolution","2.2 Admixture with other Canis species","2.3 Subspecies and populations","3 Description","4 Ecology","4.1 Diet","4.2 Competition","4.3 Diseases and parasites","5 Behavior","5.1 Social behavior","5.2 Reproduction","5.3 Foraging","6 Conservation","7 Relationships with humans","7.1 In folklore, mythology and literature","7.2 Attacks on humans","7.3 Livestock, game, and crop predation","7.4 Hunting","7.5 Fur use","7.6 Sulimov dog","8 Notes","9 References","10 Bibliography","11 External links"] | Species of mammal
This article is about the canid native to Eurasia. For the canid native to Africa, see African wolf.
Golden jackalTemporal range: Late Pleistocene—Recent
Golden jackal in Tel Aviv
Golden jackals howling
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Family:
Canidae
Genus:
Canis
Species:
C. aureus
Binomial name
Canis aureusLinnaeus, 1758
Subspecies
C. a. aureus
C. a. cruesemanni
C. a. indicus
C. a. moreoticus
C. a. naria
C. a. syriacus
Range of the golden jackal (note: distribution north of the Black Sea not mapped)
The golden jackal (Canis aureus), also called common jackal, is a wolf-like canid that is native to Eurasia. The golden jackal's coat varies in color from a pale creamy yellow in summer to a dark tawny beige in winter. It is smaller and has shorter legs, a shorter tail, a more elongated torso, a less-prominent forehead, and a narrower and more pointed muzzle than the Arabian wolf. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List due to its widespread distribution and high density in areas with plenty of available food and optimum shelter.
Despite its name, the golden jackal is not closely related to the African black-backed jackal or side-striped jackal, which are part of the genus Lupulella. It is instead closer to wolves and coyotes. The ancestor of the golden jackal is believed to be the extinct Arno river dog that lived in southern Europe 1.9 million years ago. It is described as having been a small, jackal-like canine. Genetic studies indicate that the golden jackal expanded from India around 20,000 years ago, towards the end of the last Last Glacial Maximum. The oldest golden jackal fossil, found at the Ksar Akil rock shelter near Beirut, Lebanon, is 7,600 years old. The oldest golden jackal fossils in Europe were found in Greece and are 7,000 years old. There are six subspecies of the golden jackal. It is capable of producing fertile hybrids with both the gray wolf and the African wolf. Jackal–dog hybrids called Sulimov dogs are in service at the Sheremetyevo Airport near Moscow, where they are deployed by the Russian airline Aeroflot for scent-detection.
The golden jackal is abundant in valleys and beside rivers and their tributaries, canals, lakes, and seashores, but rare in foothills and low mountains. It is a social species, the basic social unit of which consists of a breeding pair and any young offspring. It is very adaptable, with the ability to exploit food ranging from fruit and insects to small ungulates. It attacks domestic fowl and domestic mammals up to the size of domestic water buffalo calves. Its competitors are the red fox, steppe wolf, jungle cat, Caucasian wildcat, the raccoon in the Caucasus and in Central Asia, and the Asiatic wildcat. It is expanding beyond its native grounds in Southeast Europe into Central and Northeast Europe into areas where there are few or no wolves.
Etymology and naming
The word 'jackal' appeared in the English language around 1600. It derives from the Turkish word çakal, which originates from the Persian word šagāl. It is also known as the common jackal.
Taxonomy
The biological family Canidae is composed of the South American canids, the fox-like canids, and the wolf-like canids. All species within the wolf-like canids share a similar morphology and possess 78 chromosomes, allowing them potentially to interbreed. Within the wolf-like canids is the jackal group, which includes the three jackals: the black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomela), the side-striped jackal (Lupulella adusta), and the golden jackal (Canis aureus). These three species are approximately the same size, possess similar dental and skeletal morphology, and are identified from each other primarily by their coat color. They were once thought to have different distributions across Africa with their ranges overlapping in East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania). Although the jackal group has traditionally been considered as homogenous, genetic studies show that jackals are not monophyletic (they do not share a common ancestor), and they are only distantly related. The accuracy of the colloquial name "jackal" to describe all jackals is therefore questionable.
Mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) passes along the maternal line and can date back thousands of years. Thus, phylogenetic analysis of mDNA sequences within a species provides a history of maternal lineages that can be represented as a phylogenetic tree. A 2005 genetic study of the canids found that the gray wolf and dog are the most closely related on this tree. The next most closely related are the coyote (Canis latrans), golden jackal, and Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), which have all been shown to hybridize with the dog in the wild. The next closest are the dhole (Cuon alpinus) and African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), which are not members of genus Canis. These are followed by the black-backed and side-striped jackals, members of the genus Lupulella and the most basal members of this clade.
Results from two recent studies of mDNA from golden jackals indicate that the specimens from Africa are genetically closer to the gray wolf than are the specimens from Eurasia. In 2015 a major DNA study of golden jackals concluded that the six C. aureus subspecies found in Africa should be reclassified under the new species C. anthus (African wolf), reducing the number of golden jackal subspecies to seven. The phylogenetic tree generated from this study shows the golden jackal diverging from the wolf/coyote lineage 1.9 million years ago and the African wolf diverging 1.3 million years ago. The study found that the golden jackal and the African wolf shared a very similar skull and body morphology and that this had confused taxonomists into regarding these as one species. The study proposes that the very similar skull and body morphology is due to both species having originated from a larger common ancestor.
Evolution
Phylogenetic tree of the wolf-like canids with timing in millions of years
Caninae 3.5 Ma
3.0
2.5
2.0
0.96
0.6
0.38
Domestic dog
Gray wolf
Coyote
African wolf
Golden jackal
Ethiopian wolf
Dhole
African wild dog
2.6
Side-striped jackal
Black-backed jackal
The Arno river dog (Canis arnensis) is an extinct species of canine that was endemic to Mediterranean Europe during the Early Pleistocene around 1.9 million years ago. It is described as a small jackal-like dog and probably the ancestor of modern jackals. Its anatomy and morphology relate it more to the modern golden jackal than to the two African jackal species, the black-backed jackal and the side-striped jackal.
The oldest golden jackal fossil was found at the Ksar Akil rock shelter located 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Beirut, Lebanon. The fragment of a single tooth is dated approximately 7,600 years ago. The oldest golden jackal fossils found in Europe are from Delphi and Kitsos in Greece and are dated 7,000–6,500 years ago. An unusual fossil of a heel bone found in Azykh Cave, in Nagorno-Karabakh, dates to the Middle Pleistocene and is described as probably belonging to the golden jackal, but its classification is not clear. The fossil is described as being slightly smaller and thinner than the cave lynx, similar to the fox, but too large, and similar to the wolf, but too small. As the golden jackal falls between these two in size, the fossil possibly belongs to a golden jackal. The absence of clearly identified golden jackal fossils in the Caucasus region and Transcaucasia, areas where the species currently resides, indicates that the species is a relatively recent arrival.
A haplotype is a group of genes found in an organism that is inherited from one of its parents. A haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a single mutation inherited from their common ancestor. The mDNA haplotypes of the golden jackal form two haplogroups: the oldest haplogroup is formed by golden jackals from India, and the other, younger, haplogroup diverging from this includes golden jackals from all of the other regions. Indian golden jackals exhibit the highest genetic diversity, and those from northern and western India are the most basal, which indicates that India was the center from which golden jackals spread. The extant golden jackal lineage commenced expanding its population in India 37,000 years ago. During the Last Glacial Maximum, 25,000 to 18,000 years ago, the warmer regions of India and Southeast Asia provided a refuge from colder surrounding areas. At the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the beginning of the warming cycles, the golden jackal lineage expanded out of India and into Eurasia to reach the Middle East and Europe.
Outside of India, golden jackals in the Caucasus and Turkey demonstrate the next highest genetic diversity, while those in Europe indicate low genetic diversity, confirming their more recent expansion into Europe. Genetic data indicates that the golden jackals of the Peloponnese Peninsula in Greece and the Dalmatian coast in Croatia may represent two ancient European populations from 6,000 years ago that have survived into modern times.
Jackals were absent from most of Europe until the 19th century, when they started to expand slowly. Jackals were recorded in Hungary with the nearest population known at that time being found in Dalmatia, some 300 kilometers away. This was followed by rapid expansion of jackals towards the end of the 20th century. Golden jackals from both Southeast Europe and the Caucasus are expanding into the Baltic. In the Middle East, golden jackals from Israel have a higher genetic diversity than European jackals. This is thought to be due to Israeli jackals having hybridized with dogs, gray wolves, and African golden wolves, creating a hybrid zone in Israel.
Admixture with other Canis species
Genetic analysis reveals that mating sometimes occurs between female jackals and gray wolves, producing jackal-wolf hybrids that experts cannot visually distinguish from wolves. Hybridization also occurs between female golden jackals and male dogs, which produces fertile offspring, a jackal–dog hybrid. There was 11–13% of ancient gene flow into the golden jackal from the population that was ancestral to wolves and dogs, and an additional 3% from extant wolf populations. Up to 15% of the Israeli wolf genome is derived from admixture with golden jackals in ancient times.
In 2018, whole genome sequencing was used to compare members of the genus Canis. The study supports the African wolf being distinct from the golden jackal, and with the Ethiopian wolf being genetically basal to both. There is evidence of gene flow between African golden wolves, golden jackals, and gray wolves. One African wolf from the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula showed high admixture with the Middle Eastern gray wolves and dogs, highlighting the role of the land bridge between the African and Eurasian continents in canid evolution. There was evidence of gene flow between golden jackals and Middle Eastern wolves, less so with European and Asian wolves, and least with North American wolves. The study proposes that the golden jackal ancestry found in North American wolves may have occurred before the divergence of the Eurasian and North American wolves.
Subspecies and populations
The golden jackal was taxonomically subordinated to the genus Canis by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 publication Systema Naturae. 13 subspecies were described since then.
Subspecies of Canis aureus
Subspecies
Trinomial authority
Trinomial authority (year)
Description
Distribution
Synonyms
Persian jackal
C. a. aureusNominate subspecies
Linnaeus
1758
Large, with soft, pale fur with predominantly sandy tones. The general color of the outer fur is usually black and white, while the underfur varies from pale brown to pale slate-grey. Occasionally, the nape and shoulders are of a buff color. The ears and front legs are buff, sometimes tan, while the feet are pale. The hind legs are more deeply tinted above the hocks. The chin and forethroat are usually whitish. Weight varies geographically, ranging around 8–10 kg (18–22 lb). In areas where it borders the range of the larger, more richly colored Indian jackal (particularly the area of Kumaun in India), animals of intermediate size and color sometimes appear.
Middle East, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Western India where its distribution overlaps with the Indian jackal to the north and the Sri Lankan/South Indian jackal to the south.
hadramauticus (Noack, 1896)
kola (Wroughton, 1916)
lanka (Wroughton, 1916)
typicus (Kolenati, 1858)
vulgaris (Wagner, 1841)
Indochinese jackal
C. a. cruesemanni
Matschie
1900
The Indochinese jackal (also known as the Siamese jackal and the Southeast Asian golden jackal) has been disputed as a separate subspecies by some authors who state that its classification is based solely on observations of captive animals. In 2023, an mDNA study indicated that it was an early branching lineage of golden jackal which supports it being a subspecies. It is smaller than C. a. indicus, weighing up to 8 kg (18 lb). Its fur closely resembles that of a dog. It inhabits mountainous areas, near farms or residential forests, and its prey include small animals like birds, reptiles and frogs, besides occasionally eating fruits. One seller of two trapped jackals claimed that they killed ten piglets on his farm. It can be active in both day and night. Siamese jackals are solitary creatures, but a male and female will cooperate during mating season. It has few natural predators, though dholes are a major source of mortality.
Thailand
Indian jackal
C. a. indicus
Hodgson
1833
Its fur is a mixture of black and white, with buff on the shoulders, ears and legs. The buff color is more pronounced in specimens from high altitudes. Black hairs predominate on the middle of the back and tail. The belly, chest and the sides of the legs are creamy white, while the face and lower flanks are grizzled with gray fur. Adults grow to a length of 100 cm (39 in), 35–45 cm (14–18 in) in height and 8–11 kg (18–24 lb) in weight.
India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan
European jackal
C. a. moreoticus
I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
1835
The largest golden jackal subspecies, animals of both sexes average 120–125 cm (47–49 in) in total length and 10–15 kg (22–33 lb) in body weight. The fur is coarse, and is generally brightly colored with blackish tones on the back. The thighs, upper legs, ears and forehead are bright-reddish chestnut.
Southeastern Europe, Moldova, Asia Minor and the Caucasus
graecus (Wagner, 1841)
balcanicus (Brusina, 1892)
caucasica (Kolenati, 1858)
dalmatinus (Wagner, 1841)
Sri Lankan jackal
C. a. naria
Wroughton
1916
Measures 67–74 cm (26–29 in) in length and weighs 5–8.6 kg (11–19 lb). The winter coat is shorter, smoother and not as shaggy as that of indicus. The coat is also darker on the back, being black and speckled with white. The underside is more pigmented on the chin, hind throat, chest and forebelly, while the limbs are rusty ochreous or a rich tan. Molting occurs earlier in the season than with indicus, and the pelt generally does not lighten in color.
Coastal South West India, Sri Lanka
lanka (Wroughton, 1838)
Syrian jackal
C. a. syriacus
Hemprich and Ehrenberg
1833
Distinguished by its brown ears. The body fur is a yellow on the back, lighter on the sides, and whitish-yellow underneath. A dark band runs from the nose to the end of the tail. Measures 60–90 cm (24–35 in) in body length, 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) in tail length, 15–18 cm (5.9–7.1 in) in head length, and weighs 5–12 kg (11–26 lb).
Israel, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan
Description
Golden jackal profile
The golden jackal is similar to the gray wolf but is distinguished by its smaller size, lighter weight, more elongated torso, less-prominent forehead, shorter legs and tail, and a muzzle that is narrower and more pointed. The legs are long in relation to its body, and the feet are slender with small pads. Males measure 71–85 cm (28–33 in) in body length and females 69–73 cm (27–29 in). Males weigh 6–14 kg (13–31 lb) and females weigh 7–11 kg (15–24 lb). The shoulder height is 45–50 cm (18–20 in) for both. In comparison, the smallest wolf is the Arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs), which weighs on average 20 kg (44 lb).
Lateral and dorsal aspects of skull
The skull is most like that of the dingo, and is closer to that of the coyote (C. latrans) and the gray wolf (C. lupus) than to that of the black-backed jackal (L. mesomalas), the side-striped jackal (L. adustus), and the Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis). Compared with the wolf, the skull of the golden jackal is smaller and less massive, with a lower nasal region and shorter facial region; the projections of the skull are prominent but weaker than those of the wolf; the canine teeth are large and strong but relatively thinner; and its carnassial teeth are weaker. The golden jackal is a less specialized species than the gray wolf, and these skull features relate to the jackal's diet of small birds, rodents, small vertebrates, insects, carrion, fruit, and some vegetable matter. It was once thought that golden jackals could develop a horny growth on the skull referred to as a "jackal's horn" which usually measured approximately 13 mm (1⁄2 in) in length and was concealed by fur. Although no evidence of its existence has been found, belief in it remains common in South Asia. This feature was once associated with magical powers by the people of Sri Lanka.
The jackal's fur is coarse and relatively short, with the base color golden, varying seasonally from a pale creamy yellow to a dark tawny. The fur on the back is composed of a mixture of black, brown, and white hairs, sometimes giving the appearance of the dark saddle like that seen on the black-backed jackal. The underparts are a light pale ginger to cream color. Individual specimens can be distinguished by their unique light markings on the throat and chest. The coats of jackals from high elevations tend to be more buff-colored than those of their lowland counterparts while those of jackals in rocky, mountainous areas may exhibit a grayer shade. The bushy tail has a tan to black tip. Melanism can cause a dark-colored coat in some golden jackals, a coloring once fairly common in Bengal. Unlike melanistic wolves and coyotes that received their dark pigmentation from interbreeding with domestic dogs, melanism in golden jackals probably stems from an independent mutation that could be an adaptive trait. What is possibly an albino specimen was photographed in southeastern Iran during 2012.
The jackal moults twice a year, in spring and in autumn. In Transcaucasia and Tajikistan, the spring moult begins at the end of winter. If the winter has been warm, the spring moult starts in the middle of February; if the winter has been cold, it begins in the middle of March. The spring moult lasts for 60–65 days; if the animal is sick, it loses only half of its winter fur. The spring moult commences with the head and limbs, extends to the flanks, chest, belly and rump, and ends at the tail. Fur on the underparts is absent. The autumn moult occurs from mid-September with the growth of winter fur; the shedding of the summer fur occurs at the same time. The development of the autumn coat starts with the rump and tail and spreads to the back, flanks, belly, chest, limbs and head, with full winter fur being attained at the end of November.
Ecology
Syrian jackal (C. a. syriacus) hunting in reeds
The golden jackal inhabits Europe and Southwest, Central, South, and Southeast Asia. The golden jackal's omnivorous diet allows it to eat a large range of foods; this diet, together with its tolerance of dry conditions, enables it to live in different habitats. The jackal's long legs and lithe body allow it to trot over great distances in search of food. It is able to go without water for extended periods and has been observed on islands that have no fresh water. Jackals are abundant in valleys and along rivers and their tributaries, canals, lakes, and seashores, but are rare in foothills and low mountains. In Central Asia they avoid waterless deserts and cannot be found in the Karakum Desert nor the Kyzylkum Desert, but can be found at their edges or in oases. On the other hand, in India they can be found living in the Thar Desert. They are found in dense thickets of prickly bushes, reed flood-lands and forests. They have been known to ascend over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) up the slopes of the Himalayas; they can withstand temperatures as low as −25 °C (−13 °F) and sometimes −35 °C (−31 °F). They are not adapted to snow, and in snow country they must travel along paths made by larger animals or humans. In India, they will occupy the surrounding foothills above arable areas, entering human settlements at night to feed on garbage, and have established themselves around hill stations at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) height above mean sea level.
They generally avoid mountainous forests, but may enter alpine and sub-alpine areas during dispersal. In Turkey, the Caucasus, and Transcaucasia they have been observed up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above mean sea level, particularly in areas where the climate supports shrublands in high elevations. The Estonian population, which marks the only population of this species adapted to the boreal region, largely inhabits coastal grasslands, alvars, and reed beds, habitats where wolves are seldom present.
Diet
Indian jackal (C. a. indicus) feeding on chital carcass in Pench National Park
The golden jackal fills much the same ecological niche in Eurasia as the coyote does in North America; it is both a predator and a scavenger, and an omnivorous and opportunistic forager with a diet that varies according to its habitat and the season. In Keoladeo National Park, India, over 60% of its diet was measured to consist of rodents, birds, and fruit. In the Kanha Tiger Reserve, 80% of its diet consists of rodents, reptiles and fruit. Vegetable matter forms part of the jackal diet, and in India they feed intensively on the fruits of buckthorn, dogbane, Java plum, and the pods of mesquite and the golden rain tree. The jackal scavenges off the kills made by the lion, tiger, leopard, dhole, and gray wolf. In some regions of Bangladesh and India, golden jackals subsist by scavenging on carrion and garbage, and will cache extra food by burying it. The Irish novelist, playwright and poet, Oliver Goldsmith, wrote about the golden jackal:
... Although the species of the wolf approaches very near to that of the dog, yet the jackal seems to be placed between them; to the savage fierceness of the wolf it adds the impudent familiarity of the dog ... It is more noisy in its pursuits even than the dog, and more voracious than the wolf.— Oliver Goldsmith
In the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, golden jackals primarily hunt hares and mouse-like rodents, and also pheasants, francolins, ducks, coots, moorhens, and passerines. Vegetable matter eaten by Jackals in these areas includes fruits, such as pears, hawthorn, dogwood, and the cones of common medlars. The jackal is implicated in the destruction of grape, watermelon, muskmelon, and nut crops. Near the Vakhsh River, their spring diet consists almost exclusively of plant bulbs and the roots of wild sugar cane, while during winter they feed on wild stony olives. Around the edges of the Karakum Desert, jackals feed on gerbils, lizards, snakes, fish, muskrats, the fruits of wild stony olives, mulberry, dried apricots, watermelons, muskmelons, tomatoes, and grapes.
In Dalmatia, the golden jackal's diet consists of mammals, fruits, vegetables, insects, birds and their eggs, grasses and leaves. Golden jackals change their diet to more readily available foods. In Serbia, their diet is primarily livestock carcasses that are increasingly prevalent due to a lack of removal, and this may have led to the expansion of their population. In Hungary, 55% of their diet is composed of common voles and bank voles, and 41% is composed of wild boar carcasses. Information on the diet of the golden jackal in northeastern Italy is scant, but it is known to prey on small roe deer and hares. In Israel, golden jackals are significant predators of snakes; during a poisoning campaign against golden jackals there was an increase in human snakebite reports, but a decrease when the poisoning ceased.
Competition
Male golden jackal interacting with a female red fox and its kits in south-western Germany
The jackal's competitors are the red fox, wolf, jungle cat, wildcat, and raccoon in the Caucasus, and the steppe wildcat in Central Asia. Wolves dominate jackals, and jackals dominate foxes. In 2017 in Iran, an Indian wolf under study killed a golden jackal. In Europe, the range of wolves and jackals is mutually exclusive, with jackals abandoning their territory with the arrival of a wolf pack. One experiment used loudspeakers to broadcast the calls of jackals, and this attracted wolves at a trotting pace to chase away the perceived competitors. Dogs responded to these calls in the same way while barking aggressively. Unleashed dogs have been observed to immediately chase away jackals when the jackals were detected. In Europe, there are an estimated 12,000 wolves. The jackal's recent expansion throughout eastern and western Europe has been attributed to the extermination of the local wolf populations. The present diffusion of the jackal into the northern Adriatic hinterland is in areas where the wolf is absent or very rare. In the past, jackals competed with tigers and leopards, feeding on the remains of their kills and, in one case, on a dead tiger. Leopards and tigers once hunted jackals, but today, the leopard is rare, and the tiger is extinct in the jackal's range. Eurasian lynxes have also been known to hunt jackals.
Red foxes and golden jackals share similar diets. Red foxes fear jackals, which are three times bigger than them. Red foxes will avoid close proximity to jackals and fox populations decrease where jackals are abundant. Foxes can be found only at the fringes of jackal territory. There is however one record of a male golden jackal interacting peacefully with multiple red foxes in southwestern Germany.
Striped hyenas prey on golden jackals, and three jackal carcasses were found in one hyena den.
A 2022 study indicated that the presence of golden jackals in portions of Eastern Europe leads to a decrease in the population of invasive raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), indicating a potentially positive consequence of the jackal colonization of Europe.
Diseases and parasites
Adult heartworm in the right ventricle of the heart of a golden jackal
Some golden jackals carry diseases and parasites harmful to human health. These include rabies, and Donovan's Leishmania that is harmless to jackals but may cause leishmaniasis in people. Jackals in southwestern Tajikistan can carry up to 16 species of parasitic cestodes (flatworm), roundworms, and acanthocephalans (thorny-headed worms), these are: Sparganum mansoni, Diphyllobothrium mansonoides, Taenia hydatigena, T. pisiformis, T. ovis, Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Dipylidium caninum, Mesocestoides lineatus, Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, Dioctophyma renale, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Dracunculus medinensis, Filariata and Macracanthorhynchus catulinum. Jackals infected with Dracunculus medinensis can infect bodies of water with their eggs, which cause dracunculiasis in people who drink from them. Jackals may also play a large part in spreading coenurosis in sheep and cattle, and canine distemper in dogs. In Tajikistan, jackals may carry up to 12 tick species (which include Ixodes, Rhipicephalus turanicus, R. leporis, R. rossicus, R. sanguineus, R. pumilio, R. schulzei, Hyalomma anatolicum, H. scupense and H. asiaticum), four flea species (Pulex irritans, Xenopsylla nesokiae, Ctenocephanlides canis and C. felis), and one species of louse (Trichodectes canis).
In Iran, some golden jackals carry intestinal worms (helminths) and Echinococcus granulosus. In Israel, some jackals are infected with intestinal helminths and Leishmania tropica. In Romania, a jackal was found to be carrying Trichinella britovi. In northeastern Italy, the jackal is a carrier of the tick species Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus, and the smallest human fluke Metagonimus yokogawai that can be caught from ingesting infected raw fish. In Hungary, some jackals carry dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis, and some have provided the first record in Hungary of Trichinella spiralis and the first record in Europe of Echinococcus multilocularis. A golden jackel from Iran was found to be a host of an intestinal acanthocephalan worm, Pachysentis canicola.
Behavior
Howling at the Szeged Zoo, Hungary
Social behavior
Golden jackals exhibit flexible social organization depending on the availability of food. The breeding pair is the basic social unit, and they are sometimes accompanied by their current litter of pups. In India, their distributions are a single jackal, 31%, two jackals, 35%, three jackals, 14%, and more than three jackals, 20%. Family groups of up to 4–5 individuals have been recorded. Scent marking through urination and defecation is common around golden jackal den areas and on the trails they most often use. Scent marking is thought to assist in territorial defense. The hunting ranges of several jackals can overlap. Jackals can travel up to 12–15 km (7.5–9.3 mi) during a single night in search of either food or more suitable habitat. Non-breeding members of a pack may stay near a distant food source, such as a carcass, for up to several days before returning to their home range. Home range sizes can vary between 1–20 km2 (0.39–7.72 sq mi), depending on the available food.
Social interactions such as greetings, grooming, and group howling are common in jackals. Howling is more frequent between December and April when pair bonds are being formed and breeding occurs, which suggests howling has a role in the delineation of territory and for defense. Adult jackals howl standing and the young or subordinate jackals howl sitting. Jackals are easily induced to howl and a single howl may solicit replies from several jackals in the vicinity. Howling begins with 2–3 low-pitched calls that rise to high-pitched calls. The howl consists of a wail repeated 3–4 times on an ascending scale, followed by three short yelps. Jackals typically howl at dawn and in the evening, and sometimes at midday. Adults may howl to accompany the ringing of church bells, with their young responding to sirens or the whistles of steam engines and boats. Social canids such as golden jackals, wolves, and coyotes respond to human imitations of their howls. When there is a change in the weather, jackals will produce a long and continuous chorus. Dominant canids defend their territories against intruders with either a howl to warn them off, approach and confront them, or howl followed by an approach. Jackals, wolves and coyotes will always approach a source of howling. Golden jackals give a warning call that is very different from their normal howling when they detect the presence of large carnivores such as wolves and tigers.
Reproduction
Syrian jackal (C. a. syriacus) pup at the entrance to its den, Yarkon Park, Israel
Golden jackals are monogamous and will remain with the one partner until death. Female jackals have only one breeding cycle each year. Breeding occurs from October to March in Israel and from February to March in India, Turkmenistan, Bulgaria, and Transcaucasia, with the mating period lasting up to 26–28 days. Females undergoing their first estrus are often pursued by several males that may quarrel among themselves. Mating results in a copulatory tie that lasts for several minutes, as it does with all other canids. Gestation lasts 63 days, and the timing of the births coincides with the annual abundance of food.
In India, the golden jackal will take over the dens of the Bengal fox and the Indian crested porcupine, and will use abandoned gray wolf dens. Most breeding pairs are spaced well apart and maintain a core territory around their dens. Den excavations commence from late April to May in India, with dens located in scrub areas. Rivulets, gullies, and road and check-dam embankments are prime denning habitats. Drainage pipes and culverts have been used as dens. Dens are 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) long and 0.5–1 m (1.6–3.3 ft) deep, with between 1–3 openings. Young pups can be moved between 2–4 dens. The male helps with digging the den and raising the pups. In the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the burrow is located either in thick shrub, on the slopes of gullies, or on flat surfaces. In Dagestan and Azerbaijan, litters are sometimes located within the hollows of fallen trees, among tree roots, and under stones on river banks. In Central Asia, the golden jackal does not dig burrows but constructs lairs in dense tugai thickets. Jackals in the tugais and cultivated lands of Tajikistan construct lairs in long grass, shrubs, and reed openings.
In Transcaucasia, golden jackal pups are born from late March to late April, and in northeastern Italy during late April; they can be born at any time of year in Nepal. The number of pups born in a single litter varies geographically. Jackals in Transcaucasia give birth to 3–8 pups, Tajikistan 3–7 pups, Uzbekistan 2–8 pups, and Bulgaria 4–7 pups; in India the average is four pups. The pups are born with closed eyes that open after 8–11 days, with the ears erecting after 10–13 days. Their teeth erupt at 11 days after birth, and the eruption of adult dentition is completed after five months. Pups are born with soft fur that ranges in color from light gray to dark brown. At the age of one month, their fur is shed and replaced with a new reddish-colored pelt with black speckles. The pups have a fast growth rate and weigh 0.201–0.214 kg (0.44–0.47 lb) at two days of age, 0.560–0.726 kg (1.23–1.60 lb) at one month, and 2.700–3.250 kg (5.95–7.17 lb) at four months. Females possess four pairs of teats, and lactation lasts for up to 8–10 weeks. The pups begin to eat meat at the age of 15–20 days.
Dog pups show unrestrained fighting with their siblings from 2 weeks of age, with injury avoided only due to their undeveloped jaw muscles. This fighting gives way to play-chasing with the development of running skills at 4–5 weeks. Wolf pups possess more-developed jaw muscles from 2 weeks of age, when they first show signs of play-fighting with their siblings; serious fighting occurs during 4–6 weeks of age. Compared to wolf and dog pups, golden jackal pups develop aggression at the age of 4–6 weeks, when play-fighting frequently escalates into uninhibited biting intended to harm. This aggression ceases by 10–12 weeks when a hierarchy has formed. Once the lactation period concludes, the female drives off the pups. Pups born late remain with their mother until early autumn, at which time they leave either singly or in groups of two to four individuals. Females reach sexual maturity after 10–11 months and males at 21–22 months.
Foraging
Pair of Sri Lankan jackals (C. a. naria) in Udawalawe National Park
The golden jackal often hunts alone, and sometimes in pairs, but rarely hunts in a pack. When hunting alone, it trots around an area and occasionally stops to sniff and listen. Once prey is located, the jackal conceals itself, quickly approaches its prey and then pounces on it. Single jackals hunt rodents, hares, and birds. They hunt rodents in grass by locating them with their hearing before leaping into the air and pouncing on them. In India, they can dig Indian gerbils out from their burrows, and they can hunt young, old, and infirm ungulates up to 4–5 times their body weight. Jackals search for hiding blackbuck calves throughout the day during the calving period. The peak times for their searches are the early morning and the late evening. When hunting in pairs or packs, jackals run parallel to their prey and overtake it in unison. When hunting aquatic rodents or birds, they will run along both sides of narrow rivers or streams and drive their prey from one jackal to another.
Pack-hunting of langurs is recorded in India. Packs of between 5 and 18 jackals scavenging on the carcasses of large ungulates is recorded in India and Israel. Packs of 8–12 jackals consisting of more than one family have been observed in the summer periods in Transcaucasia. In India, the Montagu's harrier and the Pallid harrier roost in their hundreds in grasslands during their winter migration. Jackals stalk close to these roosting harriers and then rush at them, attempting to catch one before the harriers can take off or gain sufficient height to escape.
In Southeastern Asia, golden jackals have been known to hunt alongside dhole packs. They have been observed in the Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar, India, following Indian wolves (Canis lupus pallipes) when these are on a hunt, and they will scavenge off wolf kills without any hostility shown from the wolves. In India, lone jackals expelled from their pack have been known to form commensal relationships with tigers. These solitary jackals, known as kol-bahl, will associate themselves with a particular tiger, trailing it at a safe distance to feed on the big cat's kills. A kol-bahl will even alert a tiger to prey with a loud "pheal". Tigers have been known to tolerate these jackals, with one report describing how a jackal confidently walked in and out between three tigers walking together. Golden jackals and wild boar can occupy the same territory.
Conservation
Indian jackal at Upper Bhavani, India
The golden jackal is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List due to its widespread distribution, with it being common throughout its range and with high densities in those areas where food and shelter are abundant. In Europe, golden jackals are not listed under the 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora nor the 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. Golden jackals in Europe fall under various international legal instruments. These include the 1979 Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, and the 1992 European Union Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora. The Council Directive provides both guidance and limits on what participating governments can do when responding to the arrival of expanding jackals. These legislative instruments aim to contribute to conserving native wildlife; some governments argue that the golden jackal is not native wildlife but an invading species. The Golden Jackal informal study Group in Europe (GOJAGE) is an organization that is formed by researchers from across Europe to collect and share information on the golden jackal in Europe. The group also has an interest in the golden jackal's relationship with its environment across Eurasia. Membership is open to anyone who has an interest in golden jackals.
In Europe, there are an estimated 70,000 golden jackals. They are fully protected in Albania, North Macedonia, Germany, Italy, Poland and Switzerland. They are unprotected in Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Estonia, and Greece. They are hunted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine. Their protection in Austria and Turkey depends on the part of the country. Their status in Moldova is not known.
The Syrian jackal was common in Israel and Lebanon in the 1930s–40s, but their populations were reduced during an anti-rabies campaign. Its current status is difficult to ascertain, due to possible hybridisation with pariah dogs and African golden wolves. The jackal population for the Indian subcontinent is estimated to be over 80,000. In India, the golden jackal occurs in all of India's protected areas apart from those in the higher areas of the Himalayas. It is included in CITES Appendix III, and is listed in the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, under Schedule III, thus receiving legal protection at the lowest level to help control the trade of pelts and tails in India.
Relationships with humans
In folklore, mythology and literature
Tabaqui (left) torments Father Wolf and his family, as illustrated in the 1895 edition of Rudyard Kipling's The Two Jungle Books.
Golden jackals appear in Indian folklore and in two ancient texts, the Jakatas and the Panchatantra, where they are portrayed as intelligent and wily creatures. The ancient Hindu text, the Mahabharata, tells the story of a learned jackal who sets his friends the tiger, wolf, mongoose, and mouse against each other so he can eat a gazelle without sharing it. The Panchatantra tells the fable of a jackal who cheats a wolf and a lion out of their shares of a camel. In Buddhist tales, the jackal is regarded as being cunning in a way similar to the fox in European tales. One popular Indian saying describes the jackal as "the sharpest among beasts, the crow among birds, and the barber among men". For a person embarking on an early morning journey, hearing a jackal howl was considered to be a sign of impending good fortune, as was seeing a jackal crossing a road from the left side.
In Hinduism, the jackal is portrayed as the familiar of several deities with the most common being Chamunda, the emaciated, devouring goddess of the cremation grounds. Another deity associated with jackals is Kali, who inhabits the cremation ground and is surrounded by millions of jackals. According to the Tantrasara scripture, when offered animal flesh, Kali appears in the form of a jackal. The goddess Shivaduti is depicted with a jackal's head. The goddess Durga was often linked to the jackal. Jackals are considered to be the vahanas (vehicles) of various protective Hindu and Buddhist deities, particularly in Tibet. According to the flood myth of the Kamar people in Raipur district, India, the god Mahadeo (Shiva) caused a deluge to dispose of a jackal who had offended him. In Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli stories collected in The Jungle Book, the character Tabaqui is a jackal despised by the Seeonee wolf pack due to his mock cordiality, his scavenging habits, and his subservience to Shere Khan the tiger.
Attacks on humans
In the Marwahi forest division of the Chhattisgarh state in eastern India, the jackal is of conservation value and there were no jackal attacks reported before 1997. During 1998–2005 there were 220 reported cases of jackal attacks on humans, although none were fatal. The majority of these attacks occurred in villages, followed by forests and crop fields. Jackals build their dens in the bouldery hillocks that surround flat areas, and these areas have been encroached by human agriculture and settlements. This encroachment has led to habitat fragmentation and the need for jackals to enter agricultural areas and villages in search for food, resulting in conflict with humans. People in this region habitually chase jackals from their villages, which leads to the jackals becoming aggressive. Female jackals with pups respond with an attack more often than lone males. In comparison, over twice as many attacks were carried out by sloth bears over the same period. There are no known attacks on humans in Europe.
Livestock, game, and crop predation
The golden jackal can be a harmful pest that attacks domestic animals such as turkeys, lambs, sheep, goats, domestic water buffalo calves, and valuable game species like newborn roe deer, hares, coypu, pheasants, francolins, grey partridges, bustards and waterfowl. It destroys grape, coffee, maize, sugarcane, and eats watermelons, muskmelons, and nuts. In Greece, golden jackals are not as damaging to livestock as wolves and red foxes but they can become a serious nuisance to small stock when in great numbers. In southern Bulgaria, over 1,000 attacks on sheep and lambs were recorded between 1982 and 1987, along with some damage to newborn deer in game farms. The damage by jackals in Bulgaria was minimal when compared to the livestock losses due to wolves. Approximately 1.5–1.9% of calves born in the Golan Heights die due to predation, mainly by jackals. The high predation rate by jackals in both Bulgaria and Israel is attributable to the lack of preventative measures in those countries and the availability of food in illegal garbage dumps, leading to jackal population explosions.
Golden jackals are extremely harmful to fur-bearing rodents, such as coypu and muskrats. Coypu can be completely extirpated in shallow water bodies. During 1948–1949 in the Amu Darya, muskrats constituted 12.3% of jackal fecal contents, and 71% of muskrat houses were destroyed by jackals. Jackals also harm the fur industry by eating muskrats caught in traps or taking skins left out to dry.
Hunting
Jackals hunted in Vojvodina
During British rule in India, sportsmen conducted golden jackal hunting on horseback with hounds, with jackal coursing a substitute for the fox hunting of their native England. They were not considered as beautiful as English red foxes, but were esteemed for their endurance in the chase with one pursuit lasting 3+1⁄2 hours. India's weather and terrain added further challenges to jackal hunters that were not present in England: the hounds of India were rarely in as good condition as English hounds, and although the golden jackal has a strong odor, the terrain of northern India was not good in retaining scent. Also, unlike foxes, jackals sometimes feigned death when caught and could be ferociously protective of their captured packmates.
Jackals were hunted in three ways: with greyhounds, with foxhounds, and with mixed packs. Hunting jackals with greyhounds offered poor sport because greyhounds were too fast for jackals, and mixed packs were too difficult to control. From 1946 in Iraq, British diplomats and Iraqi riders conducted jackal coursing together. They distinguished three types of jackal: the "city scavenger", which was described as being slow and so smelly that dogs did not like to follow them; the "village jack", which was described as being faster, more alert, and less odorous; and the "open-country jack", which was described as being the fastest, cleanest, and providing the best sport of all three populations.
Some indigenous people of India, such as the Kolis and Vaghirs of Gujarat and Rajasthan and the Narikuravas in Tamil Nadu, hunt and eat golden jackals, but the majority of South Asian cultures consider the animal to be unclean. The orthodox dharma texts forbid the eating of jackals because they have five nails. In the area of the former Soviet Union, jackals are not actively hunted and are usually captured only incidentally during the hunting of other animals by means of traps or shooting during drives. In Transcaucasia, jackals are captured with large fishing hooks baited with meat and suspended 75–100 cm (30–39 in) from the ground with wire. The jackals can only reach the meat by jumping, and are then hooked by the lip or jaw.
Fur use
In Russia and the other nations of the former Soviet Union, golden jackals are considered furbearers of low quality because of their sparse, coarse, and monotonously colored fur. Jackal hairs have very little fur fiber; therefore, their pelts have a flat appearance. The jackals of Asia and the Middle East produce the coarsest pelts, though this can be remedied during the dressing process. Elburz in northern Iran produces the softest furs. Jackal skins are not graded to a fur standard, and are made into collars, women's coats, and fur coats. During the 1880s, 200 jackals were captured annually in Mervsk and in the Zakatal area of the Transcaucasus, with 300 jackals being captured there during 1896. In this same period, a total of 10,000 jackals were taken within Russia and their furs sent exclusively to the Nizhegorod fair. In the early 1930s there were 20,000–25,000 jackal skins tanned annually in the Soviet Union, but these could not be utilized within the country, and so the majority were exported to the United States. Commencing from 1949, they were all used within the Soviet Union.
Sulimov dog
European jackal undergoing training at Sheremetyevo Airport, Russia
The golden jackal may have once been tamed in Neolithic Turkey 11,000 years ago, as there is a sculpture of a man cradling a jackal found in Göbekli Tepe. French explorers during the 19th century noted that people in the Levant kept golden jackals in their homes. The Kalmyk people near the Caspian Sea were known to frequently cross their dogs with jackals, and Balkan shepherds once crossed their sheepdogs with jackals.
The Russian military established the Red Star kennels in 1924 to improve the performance of working dogs and to conduct military dog research. The Red Star kennel developed "Laikoid" dogs, which were a cross-breed of Spitz-type Russian Laikas with German Shepherds. By the 1980s, the ability of Russia's bomb and narcotic detection dogs were assessed as being inadequate. Klim Sulimov, a research scientist with the DS Likhachev Scientific Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Environmental Protection, began cross-breeding dogs with their wild relatives in an attempt to improve their scent-detection abilities. The researchers assumed that during domestication dogs had lost some of their scent-detection ability because they no longer had to detect prey. Sulimov crossed European jackals with Laikas, and also with fox terriers to add trainability and loyalty to the mix. He used the jackal because he believed that it was the wild ancestor of the dog, that it had superior scent-detecting ability, and, because it was smaller with more endurance than the dog, it could be housed outdoors in the Russian climate. Sulimov favored a mix of one quarter jackal and three-quarters dog. Sulimov's program continues today with the use of the hybrid Sulimov dogs at the Sheremetyevo Airport near Moscow by the Russian airline Aeroflot.
The hybrid program has been criticized, with one of Sulimov's colleagues pointing out that in other tests the Laika performed just as well as the jackal hybrids. The assumption that dogs have lost some of their scent-detection ability may be incorrect, in that dogs need to be able to scent-detect and identify the many humans that they come into contact with in their domesticated environment. Another researcher crossed German Shepherds with wolves and claimed that this hybrid had superior scent-detection abilities. The scientific evidence to support the claims of hybrid researchers is minimal, and more research has been called for.
Notes
^ For a full set of supporting references refer to the note (a) in the phylotree at Evolution of the wolf#Wolf-like canids
References
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^ Frank, Harry; Frank, Martha Gialdini (1982). "On the effects of domestication on canine social development and behavior". Applied Animal Ethology. 8 (6): 507. doi:10.1016/0304-3762(82)90215-2. hdl:2027.42/23918.
^ Feddersen-Petersen, D. (1991). "The ontogeny of social play and agonistic behaviour in selected canid species" (PDF). Bonn. Zool. Beitr. 42: 97–114. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
^ Pocock, R. I. (1941). Fauna of British India: Mammals. Vol. 2. Taylor and Francis. p. 163.
^ Perry, R. (1964). The World of the Tiger. Cassell. pp. 154–157. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
^ "Golden Jackal informal study Group in Europe (GOJAGE)". Golden Jackal informal study Group in Europe. GOJAGE. 2017. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ a b Trbojević, Igor; Trbojević, Tijana; Malešević, Danijela; Krofel, Miha (2018). "The golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Bosnia and Herzegovina: density of territorial groups, population trend and distribution range". Mammal Research. 63 (3): 341–348. doi:10.1007/s13364-018-0365-1. S2CID 4395979. Archived from the original on 2020-03-06. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
^ De Gubernatis, A. (1872). "12-The Fox, the Jackal, and the Wolf". Zoological Mythology. Vol. 2. Trubner. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-7661-4895-6.
^ a b c van der Geer, A. A. E. (2008). "11-Canis aureus, the golden jackal" (PDF). In Bronkhorst, J. (ed.). Animals in stone: Indian mammals sculptured through time. Brill. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-90-04-16819-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-30. Retrieved 2017-10-14.
^ Kipling, J. L. (1904). "11-Of dogs, foxes and jackals". Beast and man in India; a popular sketch of Indian animals in their relations with the people. MacMillan & Co. p. 279.
^ Werness, H. B. (2006). Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in World Art. Continuum. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-8264-1525-7. Archived from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
^ Russell, R. V.; Lal, R. B. H. (1916). The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. Vol. 4. MacMillan & Co. p. 327.
^ Kipling, Rudyard (1920). "1-Mowgli's Brothers". The Jungle Book. The Century Co. pp. 2–4. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2017-11-10.First published by Macmillan in 1894
^ Akhtar, N.; Chauhan, N.P.S. (2009). "Food Habits and Human-jackal Interaction in Marwahi forest Division, Bilaspur Chhattisgarh". The Indian Forester. 10: 1347–1356. Archived from the original on 2020-06-20. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
^ a b c d e f Heptner & Naumov 1998, pp. 160–164
^ Yom-Tov, Yoram; Ashkenazi, Shoshana; Viner, Omer (1995). "Cattle predation by the golden jackal Canis aureus in the Golan Heights, Israel" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 73 (1): 19–22. Bibcode:1995BCons..73...19Y. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.580.6352. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(95)90051-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
^ a b Dale, T. F. (1906). The Fox (Fur, Feather and Fin Series). Longmans, Green, and Co. pp. 181–193. Archived from the original on 2020-06-20. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
^ Hatt, R. T. (1959). "The Mammals". The Mammals of Iraq. Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. p. 37.
^ Bachrach, M. (1953). Fur: a practical treatise (3 ed.). Prentice-Hall. pp. 214–217. Archived from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
^ Bradshaw, J. (2011). In Defence of Dogs: Why Dogs Need Our Understanding. Penguin Books. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-1-84614-295-6. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
^ a b Boitard, M.; Janin, M. J. (1842). "Les Carnassiers Digitigrades". Le jardin des plantes. J.-J. Dubochet. pp. 204–207. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
^ a b Hall, N. J.; Protopopova, A.; Wynne, C. D. L. (2016). "6-Olfacation in Wild Canids and Russian Canid Hybrids". In Jezierski, T.; Ensminger, J.; Papet, L. E. (eds.). Canine Olfaction Science and Law: Advances in Forensic Science, Medicine, Conservation, and Remedial Conservation. Taylor & Francis. pp. 63–64. ISBN 9781482260274. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
Bibliography
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden Jackal (Canis aureus).
Wikispecies has information related to Golden Jackal (Canis aureus).
Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears). Science Publishers, Inc. USA. ISBN 978-1-886106-81-9.
External links
Golden jackal being trained for scent detection
vteExtant Carnivora species
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Suborder FeliformiaNandiniidaeNandinia
African palm civet (N. binotata)
Herpestidae(Mongooses)Atilax
Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus)
Bdeogale
Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda)
Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni)
Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)
Crossarchus
Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri)
Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei)
Common kusimanse (C. obscurus)
Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)
Cynictis
Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata)
Dologale
Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii)
Helogale
Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula)
Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)
Herpestes
Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens)
Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon)
Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochracea)
Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulenta)
Common slender mongoose (H. sanguinea)
Ichneumia
White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda)
Liberiictus
Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni)
Mungos
Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus)
Banded mongoose (M. mungo)
Paracynictis
Selous's mongoose (P. selousi)
Rhynchogale
Meller's mongoose (R. melleri)
Suricata
Meerkat (S. suricatta)
Urva
Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata)
Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura)
Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii)
Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca)
Javan mongoose (U. javanica)
Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata)
Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii)
Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva)
Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla)
Xenogale
Long-nosed mongoose (X. naso)
Hyaenidae(Hyenas)Crocuta
Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)
Hyaena
Striped hyena (H. hyaena)
Parahyaena
Brown hyena (P. brunnea)
Proteles
Aardwolf (P. cristata)
FelidaeLarge family listed belowViverridaeLarge family listed belowEupleridaeSmall family listed belowFamily FelidaeFelinaeAcinonyx
Cheetah (A. jubatus)
Caracal
African golden cat (C. aurata)
Caracal (C. caracal)
Catopuma
Bay cat (C. badia)
Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)
Felis
Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)
Domestic cat (F. catus)
Jungle cat (F. chaus)
African wildcat (F. lybica)
Sand cat (F. margarita)
Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)
European wildcat (F. silvestris)
Herpailurus
Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi)
Leopardus
Pampas cat (L. colocola)
Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)
Kodkod (L. guigna)
Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus)
Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)
Ocelot (L. pardalis)
Oncilla (L. tigrinus)
Margay (L. wiedii)
Leptailurus
Serval (L. serval)
Lynx
Canada lynx (L. canadensis)
Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)
Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)
Bobcat (L. rufus)
Otocolobus
Pallas's cat (O. manul)
Pardofelis
Marbled cat (P. marmorata)
Prionailurus
Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)
Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis)
Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)
Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)
Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)
Puma
Cougar (P. concolor)
PantherinaePanthera
Lion (P. leo)
Jaguar (P. onca)
Leopard (P. pardus)
Tiger (P. tigris)
Snow leopard (P. uncia)
Neofelis
Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)
Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)
PrionodontidaePrionodon
Banded linsang (P. linsang)
Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)
Family ViverridaeParadoxurinaeArctictis
Binturong (A. binturong)
Arctogalidia
Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata)
Macrogalidia
Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii)
Paguma
Masked palm civet (P. larvata)
Paradoxurus
Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus)
Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni)
Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)
HemigalinaeChrotogale
Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni)
Cynogale
Otter civet (C. bennettii)
Diplogale
Hose's palm civet (D. hosei)
Hemigalus
Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus)
ViverrinaeCivettictis
African civet (C. civetta)
Viverra
Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina)
Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)
Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)
Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)
Viverricula
Small Indian civet (V. indica)
GenettinaeGenetta(Genets)
Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)
Angolan genet (G. angolensis)
Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)
Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)
Common genet (G. genetta)
Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)
Letaba genet (G. letabae)
Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)
Pardine genet (G. pardina)
Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)
King genet (G. poensis)
Servaline genet (G. servalina)
Hausa genet (G. thierryi)
Cape genet (G. tigrina)
Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)
South African small-spotted genet (G. felina)
Poiana
Central African oyan (P. richardsonii)
West African oyan (P. leightoni)
Family EupleridaeEuplerinaeCryptoprocta
Fossa (C. ferox)
Eupleres
Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii)
Western falanouc (E. major)
Fossa
Malagasy civet (F. fossana)
GalidiinaeGalidia
Ring-tailed vontsira (G. elegans)
Galidictis
Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata)
Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)
Mungotictis
Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata)
Salanoia
Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor)
Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)
Suborder Caniformia (cont. below)Ursidae(Bears)Ailuropoda
Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)
Helarctos
Sun bear (H. malayanus)
Melursus
Sloth bear (M. ursinus)
Tremarctos
Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)
Ursus
American black bear (U. americanus)
Brown bear (U. arctos)
Polar bear (U. maritimus)
Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)
Mephitidae(Skunks)Conepatus(Hog-nosedskunks)
Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga)
Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii)
American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus)
Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)
Mephitis
Hooded skunk (M. macroura)
Striped skunk (M. mephitis)
Mydaus
Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis)
Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)
Spilogale(Spotted skunks)
Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons)
Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis)
Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius)
Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)
Procyonidae(Raccoons, coatis, olingos)Bassaricyon(Olingos)
Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni)
Northern olingo (B. gabbii)
Western lowland olingo (B. medius)
Olinguito (B. neblina)
Bassariscus
Ringtail (B. astutus)
Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)
Nasua(Coatis inclusive)
White-nosed coati (N. narica)
South American coati (N. nasua)
Nasuella(Coatis inclusive)
Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis)
Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)
Potos
Kinkajou (P. flavus)
Procyon
Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus)
Raccoon (P. lotor)
Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)
AiluridaeAilurus
Red panda (A. fulgens)
Suborder Caniformia (cont. above)Otariidae(Eared seals)(includes fur sealsand sea lions)(Pinniped inclusive)Arctocephalus
South American fur seal (A. australis)
Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri)
Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis)
Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella)
Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii)
Brown fur seal (A. pusillus)
Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi)
Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)
Callorhinus
Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)
Eumetopias
Steller sea lion (E. jubatus)
Neophoca
Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)
Otaria
South American sea lion (O. flavescens)
Phocarctos
New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri)
Zalophus
California sea lion (Z. californianus)
Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)
Odobenidae(Pinniped inclusive)Odobenus
Walrus (O. rosmarus)
Phocidae(Earless seals)(Pinniped inclusive)Cystophora
Hooded seal (C. cristata)
Erignathus
Bearded seal (E. barbatus)
Halichoerus
Grey seal (H. grypus)
Histriophoca
Ribbon seal (H. fasciata)
Hydrurga
Leopard seal (H. leptonyx)
Leptonychotes
Weddell seal (L. weddellii)
Lobodon
Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus)
Mirounga(Elephant seals)
Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris)
Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)
Monachus
Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus)
Neomonachus
Hawaiian monk seal (N. schauinslandi)
Ommatophoca
Ross seal (O. rossi)
Pagophilus
Harp seal (P. groenlandicus)
Phoca
Spotted seal (P. largha)
Harbor seal (P. vitulina)
Pusa
Caspian seal (P. caspica)
Ringed seal (P. hispida)
Baikal seal (P. sibirica)
CanidaeLarge family listed belowMustelidaeLarge family listed belowFamily CanidaeAtelocynus
Short-eared dog (A. microtis)
Canis
Golden jackal (C. aureus)
Domestic dog (C. familiaris)
Coyote (C. latrans)
African wolf (C. lupaster)
Wolf (C. lupus)
Eastern wolf (C. lycaon)
Red wolf (C. rufus)
Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)
Cerdocyon
Crab-eating fox (C. thous)
Chrysocyon
Maned wolf (C. brachyurus)
Cuon
Dhole (C. alpinus)
Lupulella
Side-striped jackal (L. adustus)
Black-backed jackal (L. mesomelas)
Lycalopex
Culpeo (L. culpaeus)
Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes)
South American gray fox (L. griseus)
Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus)
Sechuran fox (L. sechurae)
Hoary fox (L. vetulus)
Lycaon
African wild dog (L. pictus)
Nyctereutes
Common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides)
Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus)
Otocyon
Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis)
Speothos
Bush dog (S. venaticus)
Urocyon
Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)
Island fox (U. littoralis)
Vulpes (Foxes)
Bengal fox (V. bengalensis)
Blanford's fox (V. cana)
Cape fox (V. chama)
Corsac fox (V. corsac)
Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata)
Arctic fox (V. lagopus)
Kit fox (V. macrotis)
Pale fox (V. pallida)
Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli)
Swift fox (V. velox)
Red fox (V. vulpes)
Fennec fox (V. zerda)
Family MustelidaeHelictidinae(Ferret-badgers)Melogale
Vietnam ferret-badger (M. cucphuongensis)
Bornean ferret badger (M. everetti)
Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata)
Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis)
Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata)
Formosan ferret-badger (M. subaurantiaca)
Guloninae(Martens and wolverines)Eira
Tayra (E. barbara)
Gulo
Wolverine (G. gulo)
Martes(Martens)
American marten (M. americana)
Pacific marten (M. caurina)
Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)
Beech marten (M. foina)
Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii)
European pine marten (M. martes)
Japanese marten (M. melampus)
Sable (M. zibellina)
Pekania
Fisher (P. pennanti)
Ictonychinae(African polecats and grisons)Galictis
Lesser grison (G. cuja)
Greater grison (G. vittata)
Ictonyx
Saharan striped polecat (I. libyca)
Striped polecat (I. striatus)
Lyncodon
Patagonian weasel (L. patagonicus)
Poecilogale
African striped weasel (P. albinucha)
Vormela
Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)
Lutrinae(Otters)Aonyx
African clawless otter (A. capensis)
Asian small-clawed otter (A. cinereus)
Congo clawless otter (A. congicus)
Enhydra
Sea otter (E. lutris)
Hydrictis
Spotted-necked otter (H. maculicollis)
Lontra
North American river otter (L. canadensis)
Marine otter (L. felina)
Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis)
Southern river otter (L. provocax)
Lutra
Eurasian otter (L. lutra)
Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)
Lutrogale
Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)
Pteronura
Giant otter (P. brasiliensis)
Melinae(Eurasian badgers)Arctonyx
Northern hog badger (A. albogularis)
Greater hog badger (A. collaris)
Sumatran hog badger (A. hoevenii)
Meles
Japanese badger (M. anakuma)
Caucasian badger (M. canescens)
Asian badger (M. leucurus)
European badger (M. meles)
MellivorinaeMellivora
Honey badger (M. capensis)
Mustelinae(Weasels and minks)Mustela(Weasels and ferrets)
Sichuan weasel (M. aistoodonnivalis)
Mountain weasel (M. altaica)
Stoat/Beringian ermine (M. erminea)
Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii)
Ferret (M. furo)
Haida ermine (M. haidarum)
Japanese weasel (M. itatsi)
Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah)
European mink (M. lutreola)
Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina)
Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes)
Least weasel (M. nivalis)
Malayan weasel (M. nudipes)
European polecat (M. putorius)
American ermine (M. richardsonii)
Siberian weasel (M. sibirica)
Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa)
Neogale
Amazon weasel (N. africana)
Colombian weasel (N. felipei)
Long-tailed weasel (N. frenata)
American mink (N. vison)
TaxidiinaeTaxidea
American badger (T. taxus)
Taxon identifiersCanis aureus
Wikidata: Q128098
Wikispecies: Canis aureus
ADW: Canis_aureus
ARKive: canis-aureus
BioLib: 1853
BOLD: 174686
CoL: QLX7
EoL: 328681
EPPO: CANIAU
Fauna Europaea: 305288
Fauna Europaea (new): c8bb3e21-02e2-40ef-bfff-e325fbb0bdbc
GBIF: 5219219
iNaturalist: 851014
IRMNG: 10200773
ITIS: 183817
IUCN: 118264161
MDD: 1005939
MSW: 14000704
NBN: NHMSYS0000376466
NCBI: 68724
Observation.org: 80322
Paleobiology Database: 104156
Species+: 9412
TSA: 3354
ZooBank: 17C416CE-8BAC-4C6F-87B0-B693CD211CC9
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wolf"},{"link_name":"wolf-like canid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_wolf#Wolf-like_canids"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"Arabian wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_wolf"},{"link_name":"Least Concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concern"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"black-backed jackal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-backed_jackal"},{"link_name":"side-striped jackal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-striped_jackal"},{"link_name":"Lupulella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupulella"},{"link_name":"wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves"},{"link_name":"coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyotes"},{"link_name":"Arno river dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_arnensis"},{"link_name":"southern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Europe"},{"link_name":"1.9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1.9"},{"link_name":"Last Glacial Maximum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum"},{"link_name":"Ksar Akil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksar_Akil"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"hybrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Jackal–dog hybrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackal%E2%80%93dog_hybrid"},{"link_name":"Sulimov dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulimov_dogs"},{"link_name":"Sheremetyevo Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheremetyevo_Airport"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot"},{"link_name":"ungulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulates"},{"link_name":"water buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_buffalo"},{"link_name":"red fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox"},{"link_name":"steppe wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe_wolf"},{"link_name":"jungle cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_cat"},{"link_name":"Caucasian wildcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_wildcat"},{"link_name":"raccoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon"},{"link_name":"Asiatic wildcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_wildcat"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"Northeast Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_region"}],"text":"Species of mammalThis article is about the canid native to Eurasia. For the canid native to Africa, see African wolf.The golden jackal (Canis aureus), also called common jackal, is a wolf-like canid that is native to Eurasia. The golden jackal's coat varies in color from a pale creamy yellow in summer to a dark tawny beige in winter. It is smaller and has shorter legs, a shorter tail, a more elongated torso, a less-prominent forehead, and a narrower and more pointed muzzle than the Arabian wolf. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List due to its widespread distribution and high density in areas with plenty of available food and optimum shelter.Despite its name, the golden jackal is not closely related to the African black-backed jackal or side-striped jackal, which are part of the genus Lupulella. It is instead closer to wolves and coyotes. The ancestor of the golden jackal is believed to be the extinct Arno river dog that lived in southern Europe 1.9 million years ago. It is described as having been a small, jackal-like canine. Genetic studies indicate that the golden jackal expanded from India around 20,000 years ago, towards the end of the last Last Glacial Maximum. The oldest golden jackal fossil, found at the Ksar Akil rock shelter near Beirut, Lebanon, is 7,600 years old. The oldest golden jackal fossils in Europe were found in Greece and are 7,000 years old. There are six subspecies of the golden jackal. It is capable of producing fertile hybrids with both the gray wolf and the African wolf. Jackal–dog hybrids called Sulimov dogs are in service at the Sheremetyevo Airport near Moscow, where they are deployed by the Russian airline Aeroflot for scent-detection.The golden jackal is abundant in valleys and beside rivers and their tributaries, canals, lakes, and seashores, but rare in foothills and low mountains. It is a social species, the basic social unit of which consists of a breeding pair and any young offspring. It is very adaptable, with the ability to exploit food ranging from fruit and insects to small ungulates. It attacks domestic fowl and domestic mammals up to the size of domestic water buffalo calves. Its competitors are the red fox, steppe wolf, jungle cat, Caucasian wildcat, the raccoon in the Caucasus and in Central Asia, and the Asiatic wildcat. It is expanding beyond its native grounds in Southeast Europe into Central and Northeast Europe into areas where there are few or no wolves.","title":"Golden jackal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxford2017-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"}],"text":"The word 'jackal' appeared in the English language around 1600. It derives from the Turkish word çakal, which originates from the Persian word šagāl.[3] It is also known as the common jackal.[4]","title":"Etymology and naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canidae"},{"link_name":"South American canids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerdocyonina"},{"link_name":"fox-like canids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpini"},{"link_name":"wolf-like canids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_wolf#Wolf-like_canids"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wayne1993-5"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"interbreed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wayne1999-6"},{"link_name":"black-backed jackal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-backed_jackal"},{"link_name":"side-striped jackal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-striped_jackal"},{"link_name":"East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wayne1989-7"},{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rueness2011-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cherin2013-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valkenburgh1994-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valkenburgh1994-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rueness2011-8"},{"link_name":"Mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arora2015-11"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_analysis"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avice1994-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wayne2006-13"},{"link_name":"gray wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolf"},{"link_name":"dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog"},{"link_name":"coyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf"},{"link_name":"hybridize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridisation_(biology)"},{"link_name":"dhole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhole"},{"link_name":"African wild dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wild_dog"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(genetic)#Basal_lineage"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lindblad2005-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rueness2011-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaubert2012-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koepfli2015-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zachos2016-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COL2015-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koepfli2015-16"}],"text":"The biological family Canidae is composed of the South American canids, the fox-like canids, and the wolf-like canids.[5] All species within the wolf-like canids share a similar morphology and possess 78 chromosomes, allowing them potentially to interbreed.[6] Within the wolf-like canids is the jackal group, which includes the three jackals: the black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomela), the side-striped jackal (Lupulella adusta), and the golden jackal (Canis aureus). These three species are approximately the same size, possess similar dental and skeletal morphology, and are identified from each other primarily by their coat color. They were once thought to have different distributions across Africa with their ranges overlapping in East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania).[7] Although the jackal group has traditionally been considered as homogenous, genetic studies show that jackals are not monophyletic (they do not share a common ancestor),[8][9][10] and they are only distantly related.[10] The accuracy of the colloquial name \"jackal\" to describe all jackals is therefore questionable.[8]Mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) passes along the maternal line and can date back thousands of years.[11] Thus, phylogenetic analysis of mDNA sequences within a species provides a history of maternal lineages that can be represented as a phylogenetic tree.[12][13] A 2005 genetic study of the canids found that the gray wolf and dog are the most closely related on this tree. The next most closely related are the coyote (Canis latrans), golden jackal, and Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), which have all been shown to hybridize with the dog in the wild. The next closest are the dhole (Cuon alpinus) and African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), which are not members of genus Canis. These are followed by the black-backed and side-striped jackals, members of the genus Lupulella and the most basal members of this clade.[14]Results from two recent studies of mDNA from golden jackals indicate that the specimens from Africa are genetically closer to the gray wolf than are the specimens from Eurasia.[8][15] In 2015 a major DNA study of golden jackals concluded that the six C. aureus subspecies found in Africa should be reclassified under the new species C. anthus (African wolf),[16][17][18] reducing the number of golden jackal subspecies to seven. The phylogenetic tree generated from this study shows the golden jackal diverging from the wolf/coyote lineage 1.9 million years ago and the African wolf diverging 1.3 million years ago. The study found that the golden jackal and the African wolf shared a very similar skull and body morphology and that this had confused taxonomists into regarding these as one species. The study proposes that the very similar skull and body morphology is due to both species having originated from a larger common ancestor.[16]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arno river dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_arnensis"},{"link_name":"canine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Europe"},{"link_name":"Early Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miklosi2015-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lucenti2016-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jalvo2016-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lucenti2016-21"},{"link_name":"Ksar Akil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksar_Akil"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kurten1965-23"},{"link_name":"Delphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sommer2005-24"},{"link_name":"Azykh Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azykh_Cave"},{"link_name":"Nagorno-Karabakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh"},{"link_name":"Middle Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"cave lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_lynx"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jalvo2016-22"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Transcaucasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapini2003-25"},{"link_name":"haplotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplotype"},{"link_name":"genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genes"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cox2016-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-editorial2012-27"},{"link_name":"haplogroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup"},{"link_name":"mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arora2015-11"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibis2015-28"},{"link_name":"genetic diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversity"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-negi2015-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibis2015-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zachos2009-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fabbri2013-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rutkowski2015-32"},{"link_name":"Peloponnese Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Dalmatian coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_coast"},{"link_name":"Southeast Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Europe"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_region"},{"link_name":"hybridized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rutkowski2015-32"},{"link_name":"hybrid zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_zone"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koepfli2015-16"}],"sub_title":"Evolution","text":"The Arno river dog (Canis arnensis) is an extinct species of canine that was endemic to Mediterranean Europe during the Early Pleistocene around 1.9 million years ago. It is described as a small jackal-like dog and probably the ancestor of modern jackals.[19] Its anatomy and morphology relate it more to the modern golden jackal than to the two African jackal species,[20][21] the black-backed jackal and the side-striped jackal.[20]The oldest golden jackal fossil was found at the Ksar Akil rock shelter located 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Beirut, Lebanon. The fragment of a single tooth is dated approximately 7,600 years ago.[22] The oldest golden jackal fossils found in Europe are from Delphi and Kitsos in Greece and are dated 7,000–6,500 years ago.[23] An unusual fossil of a heel bone found in Azykh Cave, in Nagorno-Karabakh, dates to the Middle Pleistocene and is described as probably belonging to the golden jackal, but its classification is not clear. The fossil is described as being slightly smaller and thinner than the cave lynx, similar to the fox, but too large, and similar to the wolf, but too small. As the golden jackal falls between these two in size, the fossil possibly belongs to a golden jackal.[21] The absence of clearly identified golden jackal fossils in the Caucasus region and Transcaucasia, areas where the species currently resides, indicates that the species is a relatively recent arrival.[24]A haplotype is a group of genes found in an organism that is inherited from one of its parents.[25][26] A haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a single mutation inherited from their common ancestor.[11] The mDNA haplotypes of the golden jackal form two haplogroups: the oldest haplogroup is formed by golden jackals from India, and the other, younger, haplogroup diverging from this includes golden jackals from all of the other regions.[27] Indian golden jackals exhibit the highest genetic diversity, and those from northern and western India are the most basal, which indicates that India was the center from which golden jackals spread. The extant golden jackal lineage commenced expanding its population in India 37,000 years ago. During the Last Glacial Maximum, 25,000 to 18,000 years ago, the warmer regions of India and Southeast Asia provided a refuge from colder surrounding areas. At the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the beginning of the warming cycles, the golden jackal lineage expanded out of India and into Eurasia to reach the Middle East and Europe.[28]Outside of India, golden jackals in the Caucasus and Turkey demonstrate the next highest genetic diversity,[27] while those in Europe indicate low genetic diversity,[29][30] confirming their more recent expansion into Europe.[31] Genetic data indicates that the golden jackals of the Peloponnese Peninsula in Greece and the Dalmatian coast in Croatia may represent two ancient European populations from 6,000 years ago that have survived into modern times.\nJackals were absent from most of Europe until the 19th century, when they started to expand slowly. Jackals were recorded in Hungary with the nearest population known at that time being found in Dalmatia, some 300 kilometers away. This was followed by rapid expansion of jackals towards the end of the 20th century. Golden jackals from both Southeast Europe and the Caucasus are expanding into the Baltic. In the Middle East, golden jackals from Israel have a higher genetic diversity than European jackals. This is thought to be due to Israeli jackals having hybridized with dogs, gray wolves, and African golden wolves,[31] creating a hybrid zone in Israel.[16]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moura2013-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pilot2014-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galov2015-35"},{"link_name":"jackal–dog hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackal%E2%80%93dog_hybrid"},{"link_name":"gene flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_flow"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freedman2014-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fan2016-37"},{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freedman2014-36"},{"link_name":"whole genome sequencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing"},{"link_name":"African wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wolf"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)"},{"link_name":"wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves"},{"link_name":"Sinai Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gopalakrishnan2018-38"}],"sub_title":"Admixture with other Canis species","text":"Genetic analysis reveals that mating sometimes occurs between female jackals and gray wolves, producing jackal-wolf hybrids that experts cannot visually distinguish from wolves.[32][33] Hybridization also occurs between female golden jackals and male dogs, which produces fertile offspring,[34] a jackal–dog hybrid. There was 11–13% of ancient gene flow into the golden jackal from the population that was ancestral to wolves and dogs, and an additional 3% from extant wolf populations.[35][36] Up to 15% of the Israeli wolf genome is derived from admixture with golden jackals in ancient times.[35]In 2018, whole genome sequencing was used to compare members of the genus Canis. The study supports the African wolf being distinct from the golden jackal, and with the Ethiopian wolf being genetically basal to both. There is evidence of gene flow between African golden wolves, golden jackals, and gray wolves. One African wolf from the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula showed high admixture with the Middle Eastern gray wolves and dogs, highlighting the role of the land bridge between the African and Eurasian continents in canid evolution. There was evidence of gene flow between golden jackals and Middle Eastern wolves, less so with European and Asian wolves, and least with North American wolves. The study proposes that the golden jackal ancestry found in North American wolves may have occurred before the divergence of the Eurasian and North American wolves.[37]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"taxonomically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Canis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Systema Naturae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linnaeus1758-2"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wozencraft2005-39"}],"sub_title":"Subspecies and populations","text":"The golden jackal was taxonomically subordinated to the genus Canis by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 publication Systema Naturae.[2] 13 subspecies were described since then.[38]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goud_jakhals_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner129-63"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner129-63"},{"link_name":"Arabian wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_wolf"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lopez2004-64"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_(Canis_aureus_skull).jpg"},{"link_name":"dingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingo"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clutton1976-65"},{"link_name":"canine teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_teeth"},{"link_name":"carnassial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnassial"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner129-63"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"rodents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner132-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clutton1976-65"},{"link_name":"jackal's horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackal%27s_horn"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tennent1861-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tennent1861-67"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clutton1976-65"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shrestha1997-52"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"Melanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanism"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jerdon1874-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ambarli2013-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICS2013-74"},{"link_name":"moults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulting"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner156-75"}],"text":"Golden jackal profileThe golden jackal is similar to the gray wolf but is distinguished by its smaller size, lighter weight, more elongated torso, less-prominent forehead, shorter legs and tail, and a muzzle that is narrower and more pointed.[62] The legs are long in relation to its body, and the feet are slender with small pads.[4] Males measure 71–85 cm (28–33 in) in body length and females 69–73 cm (27–29 in). Males weigh 6–14 kg (13–31 lb) and females weigh 7–11 kg (15–24 lb). The shoulder height is 45–50 cm (18–20 in) for both.[62] In comparison, the smallest wolf is the Arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs), which weighs on average 20 kg (44 lb).[63]Lateral and dorsal aspects of skullThe skull is most like that of the dingo, and is closer to that of the coyote (C. latrans) and the gray wolf (C. lupus) than to that of the black-backed jackal (L. mesomalas), the side-striped jackal (L. adustus), and the Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis).[64] Compared with the wolf, the skull of the golden jackal is smaller and less massive, with a lower nasal region and shorter facial region; the projections of the skull are prominent but weaker than those of the wolf; the canine teeth are large and strong but relatively thinner; and its carnassial teeth are weaker.[62] The golden jackal is a less specialized species than the gray wolf, and these skull features relate to the jackal's diet of small birds, rodents, small vertebrates, insects, carrion,[65] fruit, and some vegetable matter.[64] It was once thought that golden jackals could develop a horny growth on the skull referred to as a \"jackal's horn\" which usually measured approximately 13 mm (1⁄2 in) in length and was concealed by fur.[66] Although no evidence of its existence has been found, belief in it remains common in South Asia.[67][68][69][70] This feature was once associated with magical powers by the people of Sri Lanka.[66]The jackal's fur is coarse and relatively short,[64] with the base color golden, varying seasonally from a pale creamy yellow to a dark tawny. The fur on the back is composed of a mixture of black, brown, and white hairs, sometimes giving the appearance of the dark saddle like that seen on the black-backed jackal. The underparts are a light pale ginger to cream color. Individual specimens can be distinguished by their unique light markings on the throat and chest.[4] The coats of jackals from high elevations tend to be more buff-colored than those of their lowland counterparts[51] while those of jackals in rocky, mountainous areas may exhibit a grayer shade. The bushy tail has a tan to black tip.[4] Melanism can cause a dark-colored coat in some golden jackals, a coloring once fairly common in Bengal.[71] Unlike melanistic wolves and coyotes that received their dark pigmentation from interbreeding with domestic dogs, melanism in golden jackals probably stems from an independent mutation that could be an adaptive trait.[72] What is possibly an albino specimen was photographed in southeastern Iran during 2012.[73]The jackal moults twice a year, in spring and in autumn. In Transcaucasia and Tajikistan, the spring moult begins at the end of winter. If the winter has been warm, the spring moult starts in the middle of February; if the winter has been cold, it begins in the middle of March. The spring moult lasts for 60–65 days; if the animal is sick, it loses only half of its winter fur. The spring moult commences with the head and limbs, extends to the flanks, chest, belly and rump, and ends at the tail. Fur on the underparts is absent. The autumn moult occurs from mid-September with the growth of winter fur; the shedding of the summer fur occurs at the same time. The development of the autumn coat starts with the rump and tail and spreads to the back, flanks, belly, chest, limbs and head, with full winter fur being attained at the end of November.[74]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%97%D7%95_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wozencraft2005-39"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arnold2012-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trouwborst2015-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krofel2017-78"},{"link_name":"omnivorous diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivore"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"Karakum Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakum_Desert"},{"link_name":"Kyzylkum Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert"},{"link_name":"oases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner141-79"},{"link_name":"Thar Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Desert"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner141-79"},{"link_name":"height above mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height_above_mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapini2003-25"},{"link_name":"boreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_ecosystem"},{"link_name":"grasslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland"},{"link_name":"alvars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar"},{"link_name":"reed beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_bed"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-80"}],"text":"Syrian jackal (C. a. syriacus) hunting in reedsThe golden jackal inhabits Europe and Southwest, Central, South, and Southeast Asia.[4][38][75][76][77] The golden jackal's omnivorous diet allows it to eat a large range of foods; this diet, together with its tolerance of dry conditions, enables it to live in different habitats. The jackal's long legs and lithe body allow it to trot over great distances in search of food. It is able to go without water for extended periods and has been observed on islands that have no fresh water.[4] Jackals are abundant in valleys and along rivers and their tributaries, canals, lakes, and seashores, but are rare in foothills and low mountains. In Central Asia they avoid waterless deserts and cannot be found in the Karakum Desert nor the Kyzylkum Desert, but can be found at their edges or in oases.[78] On the other hand, in India they can be found living in the Thar Desert.[1] They are found in dense thickets of prickly bushes, reed flood-lands and forests. They have been known to ascend over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) up the slopes of the Himalayas; they can withstand temperatures as low as −25 °C (−13 °F) and sometimes −35 °C (−31 °F). They are not adapted to snow, and in snow country they must travel along paths made by larger animals or humans. In India, they will occupy the surrounding foothills above arable areas,[78] entering human settlements at night to feed on garbage, and have established themselves around hill stations at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) height above mean sea level.[4]They generally avoid mountainous forests, but may enter alpine and sub-alpine areas during dispersal. In Turkey, the Caucasus, and Transcaucasia they have been observed up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above mean sea level, particularly in areas where the climate supports shrublands in high elevations.[24] The Estonian population, which marks the only population of this species adapted to the boreal region, largely inhabits coastal grasslands, alvars, and reed beds, habitats where wolves are seldom present.[79]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canis_aureus_Pench_National_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"chital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chital"},{"link_name":"Pench National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pench_National_Park"},{"link_name":"coyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner147-82"},{"link_name":"Keoladeo National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keoladeo_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Kanha Tiger Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanha_Tiger_Reserve"},{"link_name":"reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"buckthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckthorn"},{"link_name":"dogbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogbane"},{"link_name":"Java plum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_plum"},{"link_name":"mesquite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_juliflora"},{"link_name":"golden rain tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassia_fistula"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"Oliver Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oliver1816-83"},{"link_name":"hares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare"},{"link_name":"mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse"},{"link_name":"pheasants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant"},{"link_name":"francolins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francolin"},{"link_name":"ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck"},{"link_name":"coots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coot"},{"link_name":"moorhens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorhen"},{"link_name":"passerines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"pears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear"},{"link_name":"hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus"},{"link_name":"dogwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogwood"},{"link_name":"common medlars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_medlar"},{"link_name":"grape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape"},{"link_name":"watermelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon"},{"link_name":"muskmelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumis_melo"},{"link_name":"Vakhsh River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakhsh_River"},{"link_name":"sugar cane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_cane"},{"link_name":"wild stony olives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeagnus_angustifolia"},{"link_name":"Karakum Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakum_Desert"},{"link_name":"gerbils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerbillinae"},{"link_name":"muskrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat"},{"link_name":"mulberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry"},{"link_name":"apricots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apricot"},{"link_name":"tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner147-82"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radovic2010-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cirovic2014-85"},{"link_name":"common voles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_vole"},{"link_name":"bank voles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_vole"},{"link_name":"wild boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lanszki2002-86"},{"link_name":"roe deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_deer"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapini2003-25"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alderton1998-87"}],"sub_title":"Diet","text":"Indian jackal (C. a. indicus) feeding on chital carcass in Pench National ParkThe golden jackal fills much the same ecological niche in Eurasia as the coyote does in North America;[80] it is both a predator and a scavenger,[81] and an omnivorous and opportunistic forager with a diet that varies according to its habitat and the season. In Keoladeo National Park, India, over 60% of its diet was measured to consist of rodents, birds, and fruit. In the Kanha Tiger Reserve, 80% of its diet consists of rodents, reptiles and fruit. Vegetable matter forms part of the jackal diet, and in India they feed intensively on the fruits of buckthorn, dogbane, Java plum, and the pods of mesquite and the golden rain tree. The jackal scavenges off the kills made by the lion, tiger, leopard, dhole, and gray wolf. In some regions of Bangladesh and India, golden jackals subsist by scavenging on carrion and garbage, and will cache extra food by burying it.[4] The Irish novelist, playwright and poet, Oliver Goldsmith, wrote about the golden jackal:... Although the species of the wolf approaches very near to that of the dog, yet the jackal seems to be placed between them; to the savage fierceness of the wolf it adds the impudent familiarity of the dog ... It is more noisy in its pursuits even than the dog, and more voracious than the wolf.— Oliver Goldsmith[82]In the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, golden jackals primarily hunt hares and mouse-like rodents, and also pheasants, francolins, ducks, coots, moorhens, and passerines. Vegetable matter eaten by Jackals in these areas includes fruits, such as pears, hawthorn, dogwood, and the cones of common medlars. The jackal is implicated in the destruction of grape, watermelon, muskmelon, and nut crops. Near the Vakhsh River, their spring diet consists almost exclusively of plant bulbs and the roots of wild sugar cane, while during winter they feed on wild stony olives. Around the edges of the Karakum Desert, jackals feed on gerbils, lizards, snakes, fish, muskrats, the fruits of wild stony olives, mulberry, dried apricots, watermelons, muskmelons, tomatoes, and grapes.[81]In Dalmatia, the golden jackal's diet consists of mammals, fruits, vegetables, insects, birds and their eggs, grasses and leaves.[83] Golden jackals change their diet to more readily available foods. In Serbia, their diet is primarily livestock carcasses that are increasingly prevalent due to a lack of removal, and this may have led to the expansion of their population.[84] In Hungary, 55% of their diet is composed of common voles and bank voles, and 41% is composed of wild boar carcasses.[85] Information on the diet of the golden jackal in northeastern Italy is scant, but it is known to prey on small roe deer and hares.[24] In Israel, golden jackals are significant predators of snakes; during a poisoning campaign against golden jackals there was an increase in human snakebite reports, but a decrease when the poisoning ceased.[86]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_(Canis_aureus)_and_red_fox_(Vulpes_vulpes)_(fig._1).png"},{"link_name":"red fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner156-75"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giannatos2004-55"},{"link_name":"Indian wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_wolf"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mohammadi2017-88"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giannatos2004-55"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krofel2017-78"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapini2009-89"},{"link_name":"leopards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner156-75"},{"link_name":"Eurasian lynxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_lynx"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scheinin2006-91"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giannatos2004-55"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bocker2024-92"},{"link_name":"Striped hyenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hyena"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"raccoon dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-80"}],"sub_title":"Competition","text":"Male golden jackal interacting with a female red fox and its kits in south-western GermanyThe jackal's competitors are the red fox, wolf, jungle cat, wildcat, and raccoon in the Caucasus, and the steppe wildcat in Central Asia.[74] Wolves dominate jackals, and jackals dominate foxes.[54] In 2017 in Iran, an Indian wolf under study killed a golden jackal.[87] In Europe, the range of wolves and jackals is mutually exclusive, with jackals abandoning their territory with the arrival of a wolf pack. One experiment used loudspeakers to broadcast the calls of jackals, and this attracted wolves at a trotting pace to chase away the perceived competitors. Dogs responded to these calls in the same way while barking aggressively. Unleashed dogs have been observed to immediately chase away jackals when the jackals were detected.[54] In Europe, there are an estimated 12,000 wolves. The jackal's recent expansion throughout eastern and western Europe has been attributed to the extermination of the local wolf populations. The present diffusion of the jackal into the northern Adriatic hinterland is in areas where the wolf is absent or very rare.[77][88] In the past, jackals competed with tigers and leopards, feeding on the remains of their kills and, in one case, on a dead tiger. Leopards and tigers once hunted jackals, but today, the leopard is rare, and the tiger is extinct in the jackal's range.[74] Eurasian lynxes have also been known to hunt jackals.[89]Red foxes and golden jackals share similar diets. Red foxes fear jackals, which are three times bigger than them. Red foxes will avoid close proximity to jackals and fox populations decrease where jackals are abundant.[90] Foxes can be found only at the fringes of jackal territory.[54] There is however one record of a male golden jackal interacting peacefully with multiple red foxes in southwestern Germany.[91]Striped hyenas prey on golden jackals, and three jackal carcasses were found in one hyena den.[4]A 2022 study indicated that the presence of golden jackals in portions of Eastern Europe leads to a decrease in the population of invasive raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), indicating a potentially positive consequence of the jackal colonization of Europe.[79]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dirofilaria_immitis.png"},{"link_name":"heartworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis"},{"link_name":"ventricle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)"},{"link_name":"rabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies"},{"link_name":"Donovan's Leishmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmania_donovani"},{"link_name":"leishmaniasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmaniasis"},{"link_name":"cestodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestode"},{"link_name":"roundworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundworm"},{"link_name":"acanthocephalans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocephala"},{"link_name":"Sparganum mansoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparganosis"},{"link_name":"Diphyllobothrium mansonoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphyllobothrium_mansonoides"},{"link_name":"Taenia hydatigena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taenia_hydatigena"},{"link_name":"T. pisiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taenia_pisiformis"},{"link_name":"Hydatigera taeniaeformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydatigera_taeniaeformis"},{"link_name":"Dipylidium caninum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipylidium_caninum"},{"link_name":"Ancylostoma caninum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancylostoma_caninum"},{"link_name":"Uncinaria stenocephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncinaria_stenocephala"},{"link_name":"Dioctophyma renale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioctophyma_renale"},{"link_name":"Toxocara canis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxocara_canis"},{"link_name":"Toxascaris leonina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxascaris_leonina"},{"link_name":"Dracunculus medinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracunculus_medinensis"},{"link_name":"Dracunculus medinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracunculus_medinensis"},{"link_name":"dracunculiasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracunculiasis"},{"link_name":"coenurosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenurosis"},{"link_name":"canine distemper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_distemper"},{"link_name":"tick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick"},{"link_name":"Ixodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixodes"},{"link_name":"Rhipicephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipicephalus"},{"link_name":"R. sanguineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipicephalus_sanguineus"},{"link_name":"Hyalomma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyalomma"},{"link_name":"flea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flea"},{"link_name":"Pulex irritans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulex_irritans"},{"link_name":"Ctenocephanlides canis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_flea"},{"link_name":"C. felis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenocephalides_felis"},{"link_name":"louse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louse"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner158-93"},{"link_name":"helminths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminths"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dalimi2006-94"},{"link_name":"Echinococcus granulosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinococcus_granulosus"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dalimi2002-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shamir2001-96"},{"link_name":"Leishmania tropica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmania_tropica"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talmi1973-97"},{"link_name":"Trichinella britovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinella_britovi"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blaga2008-98"},{"link_name":"Ixodes ricinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixodes_ricinus"},{"link_name":"Dermacentor reticulatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermacentor_reticulatus"},{"link_name":"Metagonimus yokogawai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagonimus_yokogawai"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapini2009b-99"},{"link_name":"Dirofilaria immitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tolnai2014-100"},{"link_name":"Trichinella spiralis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinella_spiralis"},{"link_name":"Echinococcus multilocularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinococcus_multilocularis"},{"link_name":"acanthocephalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocephala"},{"link_name":"Pachysentis canicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachysentis_canicola"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gherman2017-101"}],"sub_title":"Diseases and parasites","text":"Adult heartworm in the right ventricle of the heart of a golden jackalSome golden jackals carry diseases and parasites harmful to human health. These include rabies, and Donovan's Leishmania that is harmless to jackals but may cause leishmaniasis in people. Jackals in southwestern Tajikistan can carry up to 16 species of parasitic cestodes (flatworm), roundworms, and acanthocephalans (thorny-headed worms), these are: Sparganum mansoni, Diphyllobothrium mansonoides, Taenia hydatigena, T. pisiformis, T. ovis, Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Dipylidium caninum, Mesocestoides lineatus, Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, Dioctophyma renale, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Dracunculus medinensis, Filariata and Macracanthorhynchus catulinum. Jackals infected with Dracunculus medinensis can infect bodies of water with their eggs, which cause dracunculiasis in people who drink from them. Jackals may also play a large part in spreading coenurosis in sheep and cattle, and canine distemper in dogs. In Tajikistan, jackals may carry up to 12 tick species (which include Ixodes, Rhipicephalus turanicus, R. leporis, R. rossicus, R. sanguineus, R. pumilio, R. schulzei, Hyalomma anatolicum, H. scupense and H. asiaticum), four flea species (Pulex irritans, Xenopsylla nesokiae, Ctenocephanlides canis and C. felis), and one species of louse (Trichodectes canis).[92]In Iran, some golden jackals carry intestinal worms (helminths)[93] and Echinococcus granulosus.[94] In Israel, some jackals are infected with intestinal helminths[95] and Leishmania tropica.[96] In Romania, a jackal was found to be carrying Trichinella britovi.[97] In northeastern Italy, the jackal is a carrier of the tick species Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus, and the smallest human fluke Metagonimus yokogawai that can be caught from ingesting infected raw fish.[98] In Hungary, some jackals carry dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis,[99] and some have provided the first record in Hungary of Trichinella spiralis and the first record in Europe of Echinococcus multilocularis. A golden jackel from Iran was found to be a host of an intestinal acanthocephalan worm, Pachysentis canicola.[100]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canis_aureus_2.jpg"}],"text":"Howling at the Szeged Zoo, Hungary","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"breeding pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeding_pair"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner151-102"},{"link_name":"Scent marking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scent_marking"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"grooming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grooming"},{"link_name":"howling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howling"},{"link_name":"pair bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_bond"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapini2009-89"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pocock1941-58"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner152-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palacios2016-104"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner152-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jaeger1996-105"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pocock1941-58"}],"sub_title":"Social behavior","text":"Golden jackals exhibit flexible social organization depending on the availability of food. The breeding pair is the basic social unit, and they are sometimes accompanied by their current litter of pups. In India, their distributions are a single jackal, 31%, two jackals, 35%, three jackals, 14%, and more than three jackals, 20%.[4] Family groups of up to 4–5 individuals have been recorded.[101] Scent marking through urination and defecation is common around golden jackal den areas and on the trails they most often use. Scent marking is thought to assist in territorial defense. The hunting ranges of several jackals can overlap. Jackals can travel up to 12–15 km (7.5–9.3 mi) during a single night in search of either food or more suitable habitat. Non-breeding members of a pack may stay near a distant food source, such as a carcass, for up to several days before returning to their home range. Home range sizes can vary between 1–20 km2 (0.39–7.72 sq mi), depending on the available food.[4]Social interactions such as greetings, grooming, and group howling are common in jackals. Howling is more frequent between December and April when pair bonds are being formed and breeding occurs, which suggests howling has a role in the delineation of territory and for defense.[4] Adult jackals howl standing and the young or subordinate jackals howl sitting.[88] Jackals are easily induced to howl and a single howl may solicit replies from several jackals in the vicinity. Howling begins with 2–3 low-pitched calls that rise to high-pitched calls.[4] The howl consists of a wail repeated 3–4 times on an ascending scale, followed by three short yelps.[57] Jackals typically howl at dawn and in the evening, and sometimes at midday. Adults may howl to accompany the ringing of church bells, with their young responding to sirens or the whistles of steam engines and boats.[102] Social canids such as golden jackals, wolves, and coyotes respond to human imitations of their howls.[103] When there is a change in the weather, jackals will produce a long and continuous chorus.[102] Dominant canids defend their territories against intruders with either a howl to warn them off, approach and confront them, or howl followed by an approach. Jackals, wolves and coyotes will always approach a source of howling.[104] Golden jackals give a warning call that is very different from their normal howling when they detect the presence of large carnivores such as wolves and tigers.[4][57]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golden_jackal_cub.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yarkon Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarkon_Park"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner154-106"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner154-106"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"Bengal fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_fox"},{"link_name":"Indian crested porcupine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_crested_porcupine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner154-106"},{"link_name":"Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"tugai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugai"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner151-102"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner154-106"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapini2003-25"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shrestha1997-52"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner154-106"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner156-75"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"adult dentition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_dentition"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner156-75"},{"link_name":"lactation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner156-75"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frank1982-107"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feddersen1991-108"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner156-75"}],"sub_title":"Reproduction","text":"Syrian jackal (C. a. syriacus) pup at the entrance to its den, Yarkon Park, IsraelGolden jackals are monogamous and will remain with the one partner until death.[105] Female jackals have only one breeding cycle each year. Breeding occurs from October to March in Israel and from February to March in India, Turkmenistan,[4] Bulgaria, and Transcaucasia, with the mating period lasting up to 26–28 days. Females undergoing their first estrus are often pursued by several males that may quarrel among themselves.[105] Mating results in a copulatory tie that lasts for several minutes, as it does with all other canids. Gestation lasts 63 days, and the timing of the births coincides with the annual abundance of food.[4]In India, the golden jackal will take over the dens of the Bengal fox and the Indian crested porcupine, and will use abandoned gray wolf dens.[4] Most breeding pairs are spaced well apart and maintain a core territory around their dens. Den excavations commence from late April to May in India, with dens located in scrub areas. Rivulets, gullies, and road and check-dam embankments are prime denning habitats. Drainage pipes and culverts have been used as dens. Dens are 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) long and 0.5–1 m (1.6–3.3 ft) deep, with between 1–3 openings. Young pups can be moved between 2–4 dens.[4] The male helps with digging the den and raising the pups.[105] In the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the burrow is located either in thick shrub, on the slopes of gullies, or on flat surfaces. In Dagestan and Azerbaijan, litters are sometimes located within the hollows of fallen trees, among tree roots, and under stones on river banks. In Central Asia, the golden jackal does not dig burrows but constructs lairs in dense tugai thickets. Jackals in the tugais and cultivated lands of Tajikistan construct lairs in long grass, shrubs, and reed openings.[101]In Transcaucasia, golden jackal pups are born from late March to late April,[105] and in northeastern Italy during late April;[24] they can be born at any time of year in Nepal.[51] The number of pups born in a single litter varies geographically. Jackals in Transcaucasia give birth to 3–8 pups, Tajikistan 3–7 pups, Uzbekistan 2–8 pups, and Bulgaria 4–7 pups; in India the average is four pups.[105] The pups are born with closed eyes that open after 8–11 days, with the ears erecting after 10–13 days.[74] Their teeth erupt at 11 days after birth,[4] and the eruption of adult dentition is completed after five months. Pups are born with soft fur that ranges in color from light gray to dark brown. At the age of one month, their fur is shed and replaced with a new reddish-colored pelt with black speckles. The pups have a fast growth rate and weigh 0.201–0.214 kg (0.44–0.47 lb) at two days of age, 0.560–0.726 kg (1.23–1.60 lb) at one month, and 2.700–3.250 kg (5.95–7.17 lb) at four months.[74] Females possess four pairs of teats, and lactation lasts for up to 8–10 weeks.[4] The pups begin to eat meat at the age of 15–20 days.[74]Dog pups show unrestrained fighting with their siblings from 2 weeks of age, with injury avoided only due to their undeveloped jaw muscles. This fighting gives way to play-chasing with the development of running skills at 4–5 weeks. Wolf pups possess more-developed jaw muscles from 2 weeks of age, when they first show signs of play-fighting with their siblings; serious fighting occurs during 4–6 weeks of age.[106] Compared to wolf and dog pups, golden jackal pups develop aggression at the age of 4–6 weeks, when play-fighting frequently escalates into uninhibited biting intended to harm. This aggression ceases by 10–12 weeks when a hierarchy has formed.[107] Once the lactation period concludes, the female drives off the pups. Pups born late remain with their mother until early autumn, at which time they leave either singly or in groups of two to four individuals. Females reach sexual maturity after 10–11 months and males at 21–22 months.[74]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canis_aureus_Uda_Walawe_NP.jpg"},{"link_name":"Udawalawe National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udawalawe_National_Park"},{"link_name":"pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack_(canine)"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner152-103"},{"link_name":"Indian gerbils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gerbil"},{"link_name":"blackbuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbuck"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner152-103"},{"link_name":"langurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langurs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner152-103"},{"link_name":"Montagu's harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagu%27s_harrier"},{"link_name":"Pallid harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallid_harrier"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"dhole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhole"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lekagul1988-46"},{"link_name":"Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbuck_National_Park,_Velavadar"},{"link_name":"Indian wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_wolves"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"commensal relationships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensalism"},{"link_name":"tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pocock1941b-109"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perry1965-110"},{"link_name":"wild boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giannatos2004-55"}],"sub_title":"Foraging","text":"Pair of Sri Lankan jackals (C. a. naria) in Udawalawe National ParkThe golden jackal often hunts alone, and sometimes in pairs, but rarely hunts in a pack. When hunting alone, it trots around an area and occasionally stops to sniff and listen. Once prey is located, the jackal conceals itself, quickly approaches its prey and then pounces on it.[102] Single jackals hunt rodents, hares, and birds. They hunt rodents in grass by locating them with their hearing before leaping into the air and pouncing on them. In India, they can dig Indian gerbils out from their burrows, and they can hunt young, old, and infirm ungulates up to 4–5 times their body weight. Jackals search for hiding blackbuck calves throughout the day during the calving period. The peak times for their searches are the early morning and the late evening. When hunting in pairs or packs, jackals run parallel to their prey and overtake it in unison. When hunting aquatic rodents or birds, they will run along both sides of narrow rivers or streams and drive their prey from one jackal to another.[102]Pack-hunting of langurs is recorded in India. Packs of between 5 and 18 jackals scavenging on the carcasses of large ungulates is recorded in India and Israel.[4] Packs of 8–12 jackals consisting of more than one family have been observed in the summer periods in Transcaucasia.[102] In India, the Montagu's harrier and the Pallid harrier roost in their hundreds in grasslands during their winter migration. Jackals stalk close to these roosting harriers and then rush at them, attempting to catch one before the harriers can take off or gain sufficient height to escape.[4]In Southeastern Asia, golden jackals have been known to hunt alongside dhole packs.[45] They have been observed in the Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar, India, following Indian wolves (Canis lupus pallipes) when these are on a hunt, and they will scavenge off wolf kills without any hostility shown from the wolves.[4] In India, lone jackals expelled from their pack have been known to form commensal relationships with tigers. These solitary jackals, known as kol-bahl, will associate themselves with a particular tiger, trailing it at a safe distance to feed on the big cat's kills. A kol-bahl will even alert a tiger to prey with a loud \"pheal\". Tigers have been known to tolerate these jackals, with one report describing how a jackal confidently walked in and out between three tigers walking together.[108][109] Golden jackals and wild boar can occupy the same territory.[54]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alone_Ranger_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bhavani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavani"},{"link_name":"Least Concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concern"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES"},{"link_name":"Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals"},{"link_name":"Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_European_Wildlife_and_Natural_Habitats"},{"link_name":"1992 Convention on Biological Diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Convention_on_Biological_Diversity"},{"link_name":"Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitats_Directive"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trouwborst2015-77"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gojage2017-111"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krofel2017-78"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trbojevi%C4%872018-112"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trbojevi%C4%872018-112"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trouwborst2015-77"},{"link_name":"rabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies"},{"link_name":"hybridisation with pariah dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackal-Dog_Hybrid"},{"link_name":"African golden wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_golden_wolves"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koepfli2015-16"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qumsiyeh1996-62"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"CITES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES"},{"link_name":"Wildlife Protection Act, 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act,_1972"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"}],"text":"Indian jackal at Upper Bhavani, IndiaThe golden jackal is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List due to its widespread distribution, with it being common throughout its range and with high densities in those areas where food and shelter are abundant.[1] In Europe, golden jackals are not listed under the 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora nor the 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. Golden jackals in Europe fall under various international legal instruments. These include the 1979 Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, and the 1992 European Union Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora. The Council Directive provides both guidance and limits on what participating governments can do when responding to the arrival of expanding jackals. These legislative instruments aim to contribute to conserving native wildlife; some governments argue that the golden jackal is not native wildlife but an invading species.[76] The Golden Jackal informal study Group in Europe (GOJAGE) is an organization that is formed by researchers from across Europe to collect and share information on the golden jackal in Europe. The group also has an interest in the golden jackal's relationship with its environment across Eurasia. Membership is open to anyone who has an interest in golden jackals.[110]In Europe, there are an estimated 70,000 golden jackals.[77] They are fully protected in Albania, North Macedonia, Germany, Italy, Poland and Switzerland. They are unprotected in Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina,[111] Czech Republic, Estonia, and Greece. They are hunted in Bosnia and Herzegovina,[111] Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine. Their protection in Austria and Turkey depends on the part of the country. Their status in Moldova is not known.[76]The Syrian jackal was common in Israel and Lebanon in the 1930s–40s, but their populations were reduced during an anti-rabies campaign. Its current status is difficult to ascertain, due to possible hybridisation with pariah dogs and African golden wolves.[16][61] The jackal population for the Indian subcontinent is estimated to be over 80,000.[1] In India, the golden jackal occurs in all of India's protected areas apart from those in the higher areas of the Himalayas. It is included in CITES Appendix III, and is listed in the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, under Schedule III, thus receiving legal protection at the lowest level to help control the trade of pelts and tails in India.[1]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Relationships with humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T2JB005_-_Good_luck_go_with_you,_O_chief_of_the_wolves.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tabaqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaqui"},{"link_name":"Father Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"Jungle Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Book"},{"link_name":"Indian folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_of_India"},{"link_name":"Jakatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakata"},{"link_name":"Panchatantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"mongoose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gubernatis1872-113"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geer2008-114"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kipling1904-115"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Chamunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamunda"},{"link_name":"Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali"},{"link_name":"Tantrasara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantrasara"},{"link_name":"Shivaduti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivadooti"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geer2008-114"},{"link_name":"Durga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga"},{"link_name":"vahanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahana"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-werness2006-116"},{"link_name":"flood myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_myth"},{"link_name":"Raipur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raipur_district"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russell1916-117"},{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"Mowgli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowgli"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book"},{"link_name":"Tabaqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaqui"},{"link_name":"Shere Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shere_Khan"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kipling1920-118"}],"sub_title":"In folklore, mythology and literature","text":"Tabaqui (left) torments Father Wolf and his family, as illustrated in the 1895 edition of Rudyard Kipling's The Two Jungle Books.Golden jackals appear in Indian folklore and in two ancient texts, the Jakatas and the Panchatantra, where they are portrayed as intelligent and wily creatures.[4] The ancient Hindu text, the Mahabharata, tells the story of a learned jackal who sets his friends the tiger, wolf, mongoose, and mouse against each other so he can eat a gazelle without sharing it. The Panchatantra tells the fable of a jackal who cheats a wolf and a lion out of their shares of a camel.[112] In Buddhist tales, the jackal is regarded as being cunning in a way similar to the fox in European tales.[113] One popular Indian saying describes the jackal as \"the sharpest among beasts, the crow among birds, and the barber among men\". For a person embarking on an early morning journey, hearing a jackal howl was considered to be a sign of impending good fortune, as was seeing a jackal crossing a road from the left side.[114]In Hinduism, the jackal is portrayed as the familiar of several deities with the most common being Chamunda, the emaciated, devouring goddess of the cremation grounds. Another deity associated with jackals is Kali, who inhabits the cremation ground and is surrounded by millions of jackals. According to the Tantrasara scripture, when offered animal flesh, Kali appears in the form of a jackal. The goddess Shivaduti is depicted with a jackal's head.[113] The goddess Durga was often linked to the jackal. Jackals are considered to be the vahanas (vehicles) of various protective Hindu and Buddhist deities, particularly in Tibet.[115] According to the flood myth of the Kamar people in Raipur district, India, the god Mahadeo (Shiva) caused a deluge to dispose of a jackal who had offended him.[116] In Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli stories collected in The Jungle Book, the character Tabaqui is a jackal despised by the Seeonee wolf pack due to his mock cordiality, his scavenging habits, and his subservience to Shere Khan the tiger.[117]","title":"Relationships with humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chhattisgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh"},{"link_name":"habitat fragmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation"},{"link_name":"sloth bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth_bears"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-akhtar2009-119"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rutkowski2015-32"}],"sub_title":"Attacks on humans","text":"In the Marwahi forest division of the Chhattisgarh state in eastern India, the jackal is of conservation value and there were no jackal attacks reported before 1997. During 1998–2005 there were 220 reported cases of jackal attacks on humans, although none were fatal. The majority of these attacks occurred in villages, followed by forests and crop fields. Jackals build their dens in the bouldery hillocks that surround flat areas, and these areas have been encroached by human agriculture and settlements. This encroachment has led to habitat fragmentation and the need for jackals to enter agricultural areas and villages in search for food, resulting in conflict with humans. People in this region habitually chase jackals from their villages, which leads to the jackals becoming aggressive. Female jackals with pups respond with an attack more often than lone males. In comparison, over twice as many attacks were carried out by sloth bears over the same period.[118] There are no known attacks on humans in Europe.[31]","title":"Relationships with humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"turkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_turkey"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"domestic water buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_water_buffalo"},{"link_name":"roe deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_deer"},{"link_name":"hares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare"},{"link_name":"coypu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coypu"},{"link_name":"pheasants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant"},{"link_name":"francolins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francolin"},{"link_name":"grey partridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_partridge"},{"link_name":"bustards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustard"},{"link_name":"waterfowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfowl"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner160-120"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jhala2004-4"},{"link_name":"watermelons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon"},{"link_name":"muskmelons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumis_melo"},{"link_name":"nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner160-120"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giannatos2004-55"},{"link_name":"Golan Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yomtov1995-121"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giannatos2004-55"},{"link_name":"muskrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat"},{"link_name":"Amu Darya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amu_Darya"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner160-120"}],"sub_title":"Livestock, game, and crop predation","text":"The golden jackal can be a harmful pest that attacks domestic animals such as turkeys, lambs, sheep, goats, domestic water buffalo calves, and valuable game species like newborn roe deer, hares, coypu, pheasants, francolins, grey partridges, bustards and waterfowl.[119] It destroys grape, coffee, maize, sugarcane,[4] and eats watermelons, muskmelons, and nuts.[119] In Greece, golden jackals are not as damaging to livestock as wolves and red foxes but they can become a serious nuisance to small stock when in great numbers. In southern Bulgaria, over 1,000 attacks on sheep and lambs were recorded between 1982 and 1987, along with some damage to newborn deer in game farms. The damage by jackals in Bulgaria was minimal when compared to the livestock losses due to wolves.[54] Approximately 1.5–1.9% of calves born in the Golan Heights die due to predation, mainly by jackals.[120] The high predation rate by jackals in both Bulgaria and Israel is attributable to the lack of preventative measures in those countries and the availability of food in illegal garbage dumps, leading to jackal population explosions.[54]Golden jackals are extremely harmful to fur-bearing rodents, such as coypu and muskrats. Coypu can be completely extirpated in shallow water bodies. During 1948–1949 in the Amu Darya, muskrats constituted 12.3% of jackal fecal contents, and 71% of muskrat houses were destroyed by jackals. Jackals also harm the fur industry by eating muskrats caught in traps or taking skins left out to dry.[119]","title":"Relationships with humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Driven_Jackal_hunt_in_hunting_ground_Mramorak_8.png"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"jackal coursing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackal_coursing"},{"link_name":"fox hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_hunting"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dale1906-122"},{"link_name":"feigned death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanatosis"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jerdon1874-72"},{"link_name":"greyhounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound"},{"link_name":"foxhounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxhound"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dale1906-122"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hatt1959-123"},{"link_name":"Kolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koli_people"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Narikuravas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narikurava"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geer2008-114"},{"link_name":"former Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner160-120"}],"sub_title":"Hunting","text":"Jackals hunted in VojvodinaDuring British rule in India, sportsmen conducted golden jackal hunting on horseback with hounds, with jackal coursing a substitute for the fox hunting of their native England. They were not considered as beautiful as English red foxes, but were esteemed for their endurance in the chase with one pursuit lasting 3+1⁄2 hours. India's weather and terrain added further challenges to jackal hunters that were not present in England: the hounds of India were rarely in as good condition as English hounds, and although the golden jackal has a strong odor, the terrain of northern India was not good in retaining scent.[121] Also, unlike foxes, jackals sometimes feigned death when caught and could be ferociously protective of their captured packmates.[71]Jackals were hunted in three ways: with greyhounds, with foxhounds, and with mixed packs. Hunting jackals with greyhounds offered poor sport because greyhounds were too fast for jackals, and mixed packs were too difficult to control.[121] From 1946 in Iraq, British diplomats and Iraqi riders conducted jackal coursing together. They distinguished three types of jackal: the \"city scavenger\", which was described as being slow and so smelly that dogs did not like to follow them; the \"village jack\", which was described as being faster, more alert, and less odorous; and the \"open-country jack\", which was described as being the fastest, cleanest, and providing the best sport of all three populations.[122]Some indigenous people of India, such as the Kolis and Vaghirs of Gujarat and Rajasthan and the Narikuravas in Tamil Nadu, hunt and eat golden jackals, but the majority of South Asian cultures consider the animal to be unclean. The orthodox dharma texts forbid the eating of jackals because they have five nails.[113] In the area of the former Soviet Union, jackals are not actively hunted and are usually captured only incidentally during the hunting of other animals by means of traps or shooting during drives. In Transcaucasia, jackals are captured with large fishing hooks baited with meat and suspended 75–100 cm (30–39 in) from the ground with wire. The jackals can only reach the meat by jumping, and are then hooked by the lip or jaw.[119]","title":"Relationships with humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner160-120"},{"link_name":"dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_clothing#Processing_of_fur"},{"link_name":"Elburz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elburz"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bachrach1953-124"},{"link_name":"Nizhegorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhegorod"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner160-120"}],"sub_title":"Fur use","text":"In Russia and the other nations of the former Soviet Union, golden jackals are considered furbearers of low quality because of their sparse, coarse, and monotonously colored fur.[119] Jackal hairs have very little fur fiber; therefore, their pelts have a flat appearance. The jackals of Asia and the Middle East produce the coarsest pelts, though this can be remedied during the dressing process. Elburz in northern Iran produces the softest furs.[123] Jackal skins are not graded to a fur standard, and are made into collars, women's coats, and fur coats. During the 1880s, 200 jackals were captured annually in Mervsk and in the Zakatal area of the Transcaucasus, with 300 jackals being captured there during 1896. In this same period, a total of 10,000 jackals were taken within Russia and their furs sent exclusively to the Nizhegorod fair. In the early 1930s there were 20,000–25,000 jackal skins tanned annually in the Soviet Union, but these could not be utilized within the country, and so the majority were exported to the United States. Commencing from 1949, they were all used within the Soviet Union.[119]","title":"Relationships with humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jackal_training_-_RBTHvideo_-_6.png"},{"link_name":"Sheremetyevo Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheremetyevo_Airport"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Göbekli Tepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bradshaw2011-125"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boitard1842-126"},{"link_name":"Kalmyk people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyk_people"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boitard1842-126"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapini2003-25"},{"link_name":"Spitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitz"},{"link_name":"Laikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika_(dog_breed)"},{"link_name":"German Shepherds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Shepherds"},{"link_name":"fox terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_terriers"},{"link_name":"Sulimov dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulimov_dog"},{"link_name":"Sheremetyevo Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheremetyevo_Airport"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall2016-127"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall2016-127"}],"sub_title":"Sulimov dog","text":"European jackal undergoing training at Sheremetyevo Airport, RussiaThe golden jackal may have once been tamed in Neolithic Turkey 11,000 years ago, as there is a sculpture of a man cradling a jackal found in Göbekli Tepe.[124] French explorers during the 19th century noted that people in the Levant kept golden jackals in their homes.[125] The Kalmyk people near the Caspian Sea were known to frequently cross their dogs with jackals,[125] and Balkan shepherds once crossed their sheepdogs with jackals.[24]The Russian military established the Red Star kennels in 1924 to improve the performance of working dogs and to conduct military dog research. The Red Star kennel developed \"Laikoid\" dogs, which were a cross-breed of Spitz-type Russian Laikas with German Shepherds. By the 1980s, the ability of Russia's bomb and narcotic detection dogs were assessed as being inadequate. Klim Sulimov, a research scientist with the DS Likhachev Scientific Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Environmental Protection, began cross-breeding dogs with their wild relatives in an attempt to improve their scent-detection abilities. The researchers assumed that during domestication dogs had lost some of their scent-detection ability because they no longer had to detect prey. Sulimov crossed European jackals with Laikas, and also with fox terriers to add trainability and loyalty to the mix. He used the jackal because he believed that it was the wild ancestor of the dog, that it had superior scent-detecting ability, and, because it was smaller with more endurance than the dog, it could be housed outdoors in the Russian climate. Sulimov favored a mix of one quarter jackal and three-quarters dog. Sulimov's program continues today with the use of the hybrid Sulimov dogs at the Sheremetyevo Airport near Moscow by the Russian airline Aeroflot.[126]The hybrid program has been criticized, with one of Sulimov's colleagues pointing out that in other tests the Laika performed just as well as the jackal hybrids. The assumption that dogs have lost some of their scent-detection ability may be incorrect, in that dogs need to be able to scent-detect and identify the many humans that they come into contact with in their domesticated environment. Another researcher crossed German Shepherds with wolves and claimed that this hybrid had superior scent-detection abilities. The scientific evidence to support the claims of hybrid researchers is minimal, and more research has been called for.[126]","title":"Relationships with humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mtdna_seq_desc_19-0"},{"link_name":"Evolution of the wolf#Wolf-like canids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_wolf#Wolf-like_canids"}],"text":"^ For a full set of supporting references refer to the note (a) in the phylotree at Evolution of the wolf#Wolf-like canids","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Jackal (Canis aureus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canis_aureus"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Golden Jackal (Canis aureus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canis_aureus"},{"link_name":"Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mammalsofsov211998gept"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-886106-81-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886106-81-9"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden Jackal (Canis aureus).Wikispecies has information related to Golden Jackal (Canis aureus).Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears). Science Publishers, Inc. USA. ISBN 978-1-886106-81-9.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Golden jackal profile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Goud_jakhals_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Goud_jakhals_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lateral and dorsal aspects of skull","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Canis_aureus_skull%29.jpg/220px-Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Canis_aureus_skull%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Syrian jackal (C. a. syriacus) hunting in reeds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%97%D7%95_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91.jpg/220px-%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%97%D7%95_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indian jackal (C. a. indicus) feeding on chital carcass in Pench National Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Canis_aureus_Pench_National_Park.jpg/220px-Canis_aureus_Pench_National_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"Male golden jackal interacting with a female red fox and its kits in south-western Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_%28Canis_aureus%29_and_red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28fig._1%29.png/220px-Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_%28Canis_aureus%29_and_red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28fig._1%29.png"},{"image_text":"Adult heartworm in the right ventricle of the heart of a golden jackal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dirofilaria_immitis.png/220px-Dirofilaria_immitis.png"},{"image_text":"Howling at the Szeged Zoo, Hungary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Canis_aureus_2.jpg/220px-Canis_aureus_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Syrian jackal (C. a. syriacus) pup at the entrance to its den, Yarkon Park, Israel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Golden_jackal_cub.jpg/220px-Golden_jackal_cub.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pair of Sri Lankan jackals (C. a. naria) in Udawalawe National Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Canis_aureus_Uda_Walawe_NP.jpg/220px-Canis_aureus_Uda_Walawe_NP.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indian jackal at Upper Bhavani, India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Alone_Ranger_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Alone_Ranger_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tabaqui (left) torments Father Wolf and his family, as illustrated in the 1895 edition of Rudyard Kipling's The Two Jungle Books.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/T2JB005_-_Good_luck_go_with_you%2C_O_chief_of_the_wolves.JPG/220px-T2JB005_-_Good_luck_go_with_you%2C_O_chief_of_the_wolves.JPG"},{"image_text":"Jackals hunted in Vojvodina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Driven_Jackal_hunt_in_hunting_ground_Mramorak_8.png/220px-Driven_Jackal_hunt_in_hunting_ground_Mramorak_8.png"},{"image_text":"European jackal undergoing training at Sheremetyevo Airport, Russia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Jackal_training_-_RBTHvideo_-_6.png/220px-Jackal_training_-_RBTHvideo_-_6.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Hoffmann, M.; Arnold, J.; Duckworth, J. W.; Jhala, Y.; Kamler, J. F.; Krofel, M. (2020) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. \"Canis aureus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T118264161A163507876. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T118264161A163507876.en. Retrieved 16 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/118264161/163507876","url_text":"\"Canis aureus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T118264161A163507876.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T118264161A163507876.en"}]},{"reference":"Linnæus, C. (1758). \"Canis aureus\". Systema naturæ (in Latin). Vol. Regnum Animale (10 ed.). Holmiæ: Laurentius Salvius. pp. 39–40.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/carolilinnisys00linn/page/40/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Canis aureus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jackal\". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. 2017. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170829165812/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/jackal","url_text":"\"Jackal\""},{"url":"https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/jackal","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jhala, Y. V.; Moehlman, P. D. (2004). \"6.2 – Golden Jackal\" (PDF). In Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Hoffmann, Michael; Macdonald, David Whyte (eds.). Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs:Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN-The World Conservation Union. pp. 156–161. ISBN 978-2831707860. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadvendradev_Vikramsinh_Jhala","url_text":"Jhala, Y. V."},{"url":"http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf","url_text":"\"6.2 – Golden Jackal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2831707860","url_text":"978-2831707860"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200655/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). \"Molecular evolution of the dog family\". Trends in Genetics. 9 (6): 218–224. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x. PMID 8337763. Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2017-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://wooferhouse.net/Links/MolecularEvolutionOfTheDogFamily/MolecularEvolutionOfTheDogFamily.htm","url_text":"\"Molecular evolution of the dog family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0168-9525%2893%2990122-x","url_text":"10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8337763","url_text":"8337763"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210224183706/http://wooferhouse.net/Links/MolecularEvolutionOfTheDogFamily/MolecularEvolutionOfTheDogFamily.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wayne, R.; Ostrander, Elaine A. (1999). \"Origin, genetic diversity, and genome structure of the domestic dog\". BioEssays. 21 (3): 247–57. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199903)21:3<247::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-Z. PMID 10333734. S2CID 5547543.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-1878%28199903%2921%3A3%3C247%3A%3AAID-BIES9%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Z","url_text":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199903)21:3<247::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10333734","url_text":"10333734"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5547543","url_text":"5547543"}]},{"reference":"Wayne, R. K; Van Valkenburgh, B; Kat, P. W; Fuller, T. K; Johnson, W. E; O'Brien, S. J (1989). \"Genetic and Morphological Divergence among Sympatric Canids\". Journal of Heredity. 80 (6): 447–54. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110896. PMID 2559120.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.jhered.a110896","url_text":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110896"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2559120","url_text":"2559120"}]},{"reference":"Rueness, Eli Knispel; Asmyhr, Maria Gulbrandsen; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; MacDonald, David W; Bekele, Afework; Atickem, Anagaw; Stenseth, Nils Chr (2011). \"The Cryptic African Wolf: Canis aureus lupaster is Not a Golden Jackal and is Not Endemic to Egypt\". PLOS ONE. 6 (1): e16385. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...616385R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016385. PMC 3027653. 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The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. Vol. 4. MacMillan & Co. p. 327.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/tribescastesofce03russ/tribescastesofce03russ_djvu.txt","url_text":"The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India"}]},{"reference":"Kipling, Rudyard (1920). \"1-Mowgli's Brothers\". The Jungle Book. The Century Co. pp. 2–4. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2017-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HvJaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2","url_text":"\"1-Mowgli's Brothers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230210103326/https://books.google.com/books?id=HvJaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Akhtar, N.; Chauhan, N.P.S. (2009). \"Food Habits and Human-jackal Interaction in Marwahi forest Division, Bilaspur Chhattisgarh\". The Indian Forester. 10: 1347–1356. Archived from the original on 2020-06-20. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Open_Invitational | St. Jude Classic | ["1 History","1.1 St. Jude","1.2 Federal Express","1.3 TPC Southwind","2 Tournament highlights","3 Course","4 Winners","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 35°03′25″N 89°46′44″W / 35.057°N 89.779°W / 35.057; -89.779Golf tournament held in Memphis, U.S.
"Stanford St. Jude Championship" redirects here. For the defunct tennis tournament, see Stanford Championships.
"Memphis Open" redirects here. For the LPGA Tour event, see Memphis Open (LPGA Tour). For the tennis tournament, see Memphis Open (tennis).
Golf tournament
FedEx St. Jude ClassicTournament informationLocationMemphis, TennesseeEstablished1958Course(s)TPC SouthwindPar70Length7,244 yards (6,624 m)Tour(s)PGA TourFormatStroke playPrize fundUS$6,600,000Month playedJuneFinal year2018Tournament record scoreAggregate258 John Cook (1996)To par−26 as aboveFinal champion Dustin JohnsonLocation mapTPC SouthwindLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesTPC SouthwindLocation in TennesseeShow map of Tennessee
The FedEx St. Jude Classic was a professional golf tournament held in Memphis, Tennessee, as a regular event on the PGA Tour. The tournament was held annually from 1958 through 2018, and was played in June at TPC Southwind (since 1989).
In 2019, FedEx took over sponsorship of the WGC Invitational and relocated the tournament to Memphis in late July. The relocated WGC event continues the charitable relationship with St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. The new name for the relocated event is the WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational For the 2021–22 season, the WGC Invitational was discontinued, and the first FedEx Cup playoff event was relocated to TPC Southwind with FedEx as the new title sponsor; the event will be named the FedEx St. Jude Championship.
History
The tournament debuted 66 years ago in May 1958 as the Memphis Open and was played annually at Colonial Country Club in Memphis through 1971, then at the club's new home in Cordova through 1988. The late Vernon Bell, a Memphis restaurateur, co-founded the tournament and served as the tournament's general chairman for 22 years. He is also the father of the late Chris Bell.
St. Jude
In 1969, entertainer Danny Thomas (1912–1991) agreed to lend his name to the tournament in exchange for his St. Jude Children's Research Hospital becoming the tournament's charity. Accordingly, the tournament changed its name the next year to the Danny Thomas Memphis Classic.
In 1977, President Gerald Ford, who had left office in January, made a hole-in-one during the tournament's celebrity pro-am while playing with Thomas and Ben Crenshaw. Two days later, Al Geiberger shot a PGA Tour record 59 (−13) in the second round with eleven birdies and an eagle. He needed a rally on Sunday to win by three strokes at 273 (–15).
Federal Express
In 1986, Memphis-based courier Federal Express became the title sponsor. For the first three years of their sponsorship, FedEx increased the purse one dollar for each package they shipped on the Friday of the tournament. The purses went from $500,000 to $605,912 in 1986, from $600,000 to $724,043 in 1987, and from $750,000 to $953,842 in 1988.
The Stanford Financial Group took over as the tournament's title sponsor in 2007, and it was renamed Stanford St. Jude Championship. In 2009, the tournament changed its name to St. Jude Classic, following accusations that the Stanford Financial Group was a Ponzi scheme. FedEx returned as title sponsor in 2011, and has remained though the standard tournament era, the WGC version (2019–2021), and Playoffs era (since 2022).
TPC Southwind
The event's final edition at Colonial Country Club in Cordova was 36 years ago in 1988. It moved to its present location at TPC Southwind in Memphis in 1989.
The purse in 2018 was $6.6 million, with a winner's share of $1.188 million.
Tournament highlights
1958: Billy Maxwell wins the first Memphis Open. He beats Cary Middlecoff by one shot.
1961: Local favorite Cary Middlecoff beats Gardner Dickinson and Mike Souchak by five shots.
1965: Jack Nicklaus, who played in Memphis very infrequently, beats Johnny Pott on the first hole of a sudden death playoff.
1966: Bert Yancey wins by five shots over Gene Littler but only after nearly missing his Sunday tee time. A last moment phone call from his caddy kept Yancey from being disqualified.
1967: Dave Hill goes wire-to-wire for his first Memphis win. He defeats Johnny Pott by two shots.
1970: Dave Hill becomes the first Memphis winner to successfully defend his title. He defeats Homero Blancas, Frank Beard, and Bob Charles by one shot.
1971: Lee Trevino wins in Memphis for the first time. He defeats Jerry Heard, Hale Irwin, Lee Elder and Randy Wolff by four shots.
1973: Dave Hill earns his 4th and final Memphis win. He beats Allen Miller and Lee Trevino by one shot.
1977: Al Geiberger shoots a second round 59 (the first 59 in a PGA Tour event), then holds on to win the tournament by three shots over Gary Player and Jerry McGee.
1980: Lee Trevino triumphs in Memphis for the third and final time. He beats Tom Purtzer by one shot.
1981: After making a birdie on the 72nd hole to win by two shots over Tom Kite and Bruce Lietzke, Jerry Pate leaps into the lake adjoining the 18th green.
1986: Mike Hulbert birdies the 72nd hole for his first ever PGA Tour win. He wins by one shot over his roommate for the week, Joey Sindelar.
1987: Mike McGee becomes one of just eight PGA Tour players with an 18-putt round. Despite the feat, McGee missed the cut.
1992: Jay Haas shoots 64–64 over the last 36 holes to win by three shots over Dan Forsman and Robert Gamez.
1994: PGA Tour rookie Dicky Pride beats Gene Sauers and Hal Sutton in a playoff with a birdie on the first hole.
1996: John Cook shoots a PGA Tour record 189 for 54 holes on his way to a seven shot win over John Adams.
1997: Greg Norman birdies the final three holes to beat Dudley Hart by one shot.
2000: Notah Begay III beats Bob May and Chris DiMarco by one shot. It is his first win after being convicted of drunken driving in March of the same year and having to spend seven days in jail.
2003: David Toms shoots a final round 64 to get his first of back-to-back Memphis titles. He beats Nick Price by three shots.
2005: Justin Leonard ties the record for the highest final round score by a Memphis winner, a 73, on his way to a one-shot victory over David Toms.
2010: Lee Westwood defeats Robert Karlsson and Robert Garrigus in a sudden-death playoff after Garrigus comes to the 72nd hole with a three-shot lead before finishing with a triple bogey.
2011: After 13 years and 355 starts, Harrison Frazar won his first PGA Tour event after beating Robert Karlsson in a playoff. Frazar was playing on a medical extension after hip surgery and was actually considering retirement before his win. Karlsson lost in a playoff for the second consecutive season.
2017: Daniel Berger becomes the first golfer since David Toms to win back-to-back.
Course
TPC Southwind in 2013
Hole
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Out
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
In
Total
Yards
434
401
554
196
485
445
482
178
457
3,632
465
162
406
472
239
395
530
490
453
3,612
7,244
Par
4
4
5
3
4
4
4
3
4
35
4
3
4
4
3
4
5
4
4
35
70
Source:
Winners
Year
Winner
Score
To par
Margin ofvictory
Runner(s)-up
Purse($)
Winner'sshare ($)
FedEx St. Jude Classic
2018
Dustin Johnson (2)
261
−19
6 strokes
Andrew Putnam
6,600,000
1,188,000
2017
Daniel Berger (2)
270
−10
1 stroke
Kim Meen-whee Charl Schwartzel
6,400,000
1,152,000
2016
Daniel Berger
267
−13
3 strokes
Brooks Koepka Phil Mickelson Steve Stricker
6,200,000
1,116,000
2015
Fabián Gómez
267
−13
4 strokes
Greg Owen
6,000,000
1,080,000
2014
Ben Crane
270
–10
1 stroke
Troy Merritt
5,800,000
1,044,000
2013
Harris English
268
−12
2 strokes
Phil Mickelson Scott Stallings
5,700,000
1,026,000
2012
Dustin Johnson
271
−9
1 stroke
John Merrick
5,600,000
1,008,000
2011
Harrison Frazar
267
−13
Playoff
Robert Karlsson
5,600,000
1,008,000
St. Jude Classic
2010
Lee Westwood
270
−10
Playoff
Robert Garrigus Robert Karlsson
5,600,000
1,008,000
2009
Brian Gay
262
−18
5 strokes
Bryce Molder David Toms
5,600,000
1,008,000
Stanford St. Jude Championship
2008
Justin Leonard (2)
276
−4
Playoff
Robert Allenby Trevor Immelman
6,000,000
1,080,000
2007
Woody Austin
267
−13
5 strokes
Brian Davis
6,000,000
1,080,000
FedEx St. Jude Classic
2006
Jeff Maggert
271
−9
3 strokes
Tom Pernice Jr.
5,200,000
936,000
2005
Justin Leonard
266
−14
1 stroke
David Toms
4,900,000
882,000
2004
David Toms (2)
268
−16
6 strokes
Bob Estes
4,700,000
846,000
2003
David Toms
264
−20
3 strokes
Nick Price
4,500,000
810,000
2002
Len Mattiace
266
−18
1 stroke
Tim Petrovic
3,800,000
684,000
2001
Bob Estes
267
−17
1 stroke
Bernhard Langer
3,500,000
630,000
2000
Notah Begay III
271
−13
1 stroke
Chris DiMarco Bob May
3,000,000
540,000
1999
Ted Tryba
265
−19
2 strokes
Tim Herron Tom Lehman
2,500,000
450,000
1998
Nick Price (2)
268
−16
Playoff
Jeff Sluman
1,800,000
324,000
1997
Greg Norman
268
−16
1 stroke
Dudley Hart
1,500,000
270,000
1996
John Cook
258
−26
7 strokes
John Adams
1,350,000
243,000
1995
Jim Gallagher Jr.
267
−17
1 stroke
Jay Delsing Ken Green
1,250,000
225,000
Federal Express St. Jude Classic
1994
Dicky Pride
267
−17
Playoff
Gene Sauers Hal Sutton
1,250,000
225,000
1993
Nick Price
266
−18
3 strokes
Rick Fehr Jeff Maggert
1,100,000
198,000
1992
Jay Haas
263
−21
3 strokes
Dan Forsman Robert Gamez
1,100,000
198,000
1991
Fred Couples
269
−15
3 strokes
Rick Fehr
1,000,000
180,000
1990
Tom Kite
269
−15
Playoff
John Cook
1,000,000
180,000
1989
John Mahaffey
272
−12
3 strokes
Bob Gilder Hubert Green Bernhard Langer Bob Tway
1,000,000
180,000
1988
Jodie Mudd
273
−15
1 stroke
Peter Jacobsen Nick Price
953,842
171,692
1987
Curtis Strange
275
−13
1 stroke
Russ Cochran Mike Donald Tom Kite Denis Watson
724,043
130,328
1986
Mike Hulbert
280
−8
1 stroke
Joey Sindelar
605,912
109,064
St. Jude Memphis Classic
1985
Hal Sutton
279
−9
Playoff
David Ogrin
500,000
90,000
Danny Thomas Memphis Classic
1984
Bob Eastwood
280
−8
2 strokes
Ralph Landrum Mark O'Meara Tim Simpson
500,000
90,000
1983
Larry Mize
274
−14
1 stroke
Chip Beck Sammy Rachels Fuzzy Zoeller
400,000
72,000
1982
Raymond Floyd
271
−17
6 strokes
Mike Holland
400,000
72,000
1981
Jerry Pate
274
−14
2 strokes
Tom Kite Bruce Lietzke
300,000
54,000
1980
Lee Trevino (3)
272
−16
1 stroke
Tom Purtzer
300,000
54,000
1979
Gil Morgan
278
−10
Playoff
Larry Nelson
300,000
54,000
1978
Andy Bean
277
−11
Playoff
Lee Trevino
250,000
50,000
1977
Al Geiberger
273
−15
3 strokes
Jerry McGee Gary Player
200,000
40,000
1976
Gibby Gilbert
273
−15
4 strokes
Forrest Fezler John Lister Gil Morgan
200,000
40,000
1975
Gene Littler
270
−18
5 strokes
John Mahaffey
175,000
35,000
1974
Gary Player
273
−15
2 strokes
Lou Graham Hubert Green
175,000
35,000
1973
Dave Hill (4)
283
−5
1 stroke
Allen Miller Lee Trevino
175,000
35,000
1972
Lee Trevino (2)
281
−7
4 strokes
John Mahaffey
175,000
35,000
1971
Lee Trevino
268
−12
4 strokes
Lee Elder Jerry Heard Hale Irwin Randy Wolff
175,000
35,000
1970
Dave Hill (3)
267
−13
1 stroke
Frank Beard Homero Blancas Bob Charles
150,000
30,000
Memphis Open Invitational
1969
Dave Hill (2)
265
−15
2 strokes
Lee Elder
150,000
30,000
1968
Bob Lunn
268
−12
1 stroke
Monty Kaser
100,000
20,000
1967
Dave Hill
272
−8
2 strokes
Johnny Pott
100,000
20,000
1966
Bert Yancey
265
−15
5 strokes
Gene Littler
100,000
20,000
1965
Jack Nicklaus
271
−9
Playoff
Johnny Pott
60,000
9,000
1964
Mike Souchak
270
−10
1 stroke
Billy Casper Tommy Jacobs
50,000
7,500
1963
Tony Lema
270
−10
Playoff
Tommy Aaron
50,000
9,000
1962
Lionel Hebert
267
−13
Playoff
Gene Littler Gary Player
40,000
6,400
1961
Cary Middlecoff
266
−14
5 strokes
Gardner Dickinson Mike Souchak
30,000
4,300
1960
Tommy Bolt
273
−7
Playoff
Ben Hogan Gene Littler
30,000
4,300
Memphis Open
1959
Don Whitt
272
−8
Playoff
Al Balding Gary Player
25,000
3,500
1958
Billy Maxwell
267
−13
1 stroke
Cary Middlecoff
20,000
2,800
Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records.
Sources:
References
^ A brief history
^ "Inside the course:TPC Southwind". PGA Tour. June 4, 2012. Archived from the original on June 7, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
^ a b "Course: TPC Southwind". PGA Tour. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
^ "FedEx announced as sponsor of World Golf Championships-FedEx St. Jude Invitational". stjudeclassic.com. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
^ "PGA Tour to move WGC Bridgestone event from Akron to Memphis". Golf.Com. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
^ "PGA Tour to relocate first FedEx Cup Playoffs event to TPC Southwind in Memphis". PGA Tour. September 14, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ "Vernon Bell profile". Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ Mehr, Bob (December 28, 2008). "Chris Bell's passion for music still rings true". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee.
^ "Sports briefing: Ford finds ace in the hole". Chicago Tribune. June 9, 1977. p. 1, section 10.
^ "Sure shot". Eugene Register-Guard. Oregon. (AP wirephoto). June 9, 1977. p. 4.
^ "'Incredible' 59 for Geiberger". Chicago Tribune. wire services. June 11, 1977. p. 1, section 2.
^ "Geiberger fires PGA mark 59, 11 birds, eagle". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. June 11, 1977. p. 11.
^ "Geiberger needs rally to win". Chicago Tribune. wire services. June 13, 1977. p. 5, section 6.
^ a b "Length bothers Zoeller". Rome News-Tribune. Rome, Georgia. Associated Press. August 28, 1986. p. 5-B. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
^ a b "Strange, Dillard share St. Jude lead". The Modesto Bee. Modesto, California. August 2, 1987. p. F-3. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
^ a b "Mudd Leading by Stroke in Bid for First Tour Victory". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. August 7, 1988. p. 8. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
^ "Memphis' 2009 Tour stop renamed St. Jude Classic". PGA Tour. March 19, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
^ Ross, Helen (December 2, 2010). "2011 schedule includes key change during the Playoffs". PGA Tour. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
^ Memphis Tourney Won by Maxwell win
^ Middlecoff Finds Form
^ Nicklaus Wins 'Jackpot' in Memphis
^ Yancey Captures Memphis Open Golf
^ Dave Hill Wins Memphis Open
^ Dave Hill Memphis Winner
^ Lee Trevino coasts to Memphis victory
^ Dave Hill wins Memphis Classic
^ Happy ending for Geiberger
^ Trevino outlasts storms for triumph in Memphis
^ Pate takes million-dollar dive
^ Hulbert scores one-shot Memphis win
^ "Fewest number of putts in a round on PGA Tour".
^ Haas finally ends tourney drought
^ Cook breezes at St. Jude
^ Norman nabs first tour win of season
^ "Begay Is Steady At the End". The New York Times. Associated Press. June 26, 2000. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016.
^ Toms pulls away from crowded leaderboard at St. Jude
^ Leonard hangs on to win St. Jude Classic
^ Lee Westwood wins St Jude Classic in Memphis
^ FedEx St. Jude Classic – Winners Archived 2010-05-29 at the Wayback Machine – at www.stjudeclassic.com
^ FedEx St. Jude Classic – Winners – at www.pgatour.com
External links
Official website
History of Vernon Bell co-founding the event
Coverage on PGA Tour's official site
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
TPC Southwind
vteFormer PGA Tour events
500 Festival Open Invitation
Agua Caliente Open
Alameda County Open
Alcan Open
All American Open
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California State Open
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Chattanooga Classic
Chicago Open
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CJ Cup
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Connecticut Open
Coral Gables Open Invitational
Coral Springs Open Invitational
Dallas Open
Danny Thomas-Diplomat Classic
Dapper Dan Open
Dell Technologies Championship
Denver Open Invitational
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Doral Open
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Durham Open
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El Paso Open
Empire State Open
Esmeralda Open
Fig Garden Village Open Invitational
Florida Open
Fort Wayne Open
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Gasparilla Open
Ginn sur Mer Classic
Glens Falls Open
Golden Gate Championship
Goodall Palm Beach Round Robin
Greater Jacksonville Open
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Greater Vancouver Open
Greenbrier Classic
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Haig Open Invitational
Hale America National Open Golf Tournament
Hershey Open
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Houston Open
Indian Ridge Hospital Open Invitational
The International
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IVB-Philadelphia Golf Classic
Kansas City Open Invitational
Kemper Open
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Knoxville Invitational
La Gorce Open
Labatt Open
Liggett & Myers Open
Long Beach Open
Long Island Open
Lucky International Open
Maryland Open
Massachusetts Open
Mayakoba Golf Classic
Mayfair Inn Open
Memphis Invitational
Metropolitan Open
Metropolitan PGA Championship
Miami Beach Open
Miami International Four-Ball
Miami Open
Michelob Championship
Michigan Golf Classic
Milwaukee Open
Milwaukee Open Invitational
Mobile Sertoma Open Invitational
Motor City Open
Mountain View Open
Nashville Invitational
Nassau Bahamas Open
Nassau Open
The National
National Airlines Open Invitational
National Celebrities Open
National Team Championship
NEC World Series of Golf
New England Classic
New Jersey PGA Championship
New Jersey State Open
New York State Open
North and South Open
Northern California Open
Oakland Open
Ohio Kings Island Open
Ohio Open
Oklahoma City Open Invitational
Oklahoma Open
Ontario Open
Orange County Open Invitational
Oregon Open
Orlando Open
Palmetto Championship
Pasadena Open
Pennsylvania Classic
Pennsylvania Open Championship
Pensacola Open
Pepsi Championship
Philadelphia Daily News Open
Philadelphia Inquirer Open
Philadelphia Open Championship
Portland Open Invitational
Reading Open
Rebel Yell Open
Rio Grande Valley Open
Robinson Open
Rubber City Open Invitational
Sacramento Open
Sahara Invitational
St. Jude Classic
St. Paul Open Invitational
St. Petersburg Open Invitational
Seattle Open Invitational
Shawnee Open
Sioux City Open
Southern Open
Southern (Spring) Open
Southwest Golf Classic
Sunset-Camellia Open Invitational
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Tournament of the Gardens Open
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WGC Invitational
White Sulphur Springs Open
Wisconsin State Open
Workday Charity Open
World Championship of Golf
Yorba Linda Open Invitational
Current PGA Tour events | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanford Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Championships"},{"link_name":"Memphis Open (LPGA Tour)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Open_(LPGA_Tour)"},{"link_name":"Memphis Open (tennis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"Memphis, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"TPC Southwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPC_Southwind"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"FedEx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx"},{"link_name":"WGC Invitational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGC_Invitational"},{"link_name":"St. Jude Children's Research Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jude_Children%27s_Research_Hospital"},{"link_name":"WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGC-FedEx_St._Jude_Invitational"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"FedEx St. Jude Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx_St._Jude_Championship"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Golf tournament held in Memphis, U.S.\"Stanford St. Jude Championship\" redirects here. For the defunct tennis tournament, see Stanford Championships.\"Memphis Open\" redirects here. For the LPGA Tour event, see Memphis Open (LPGA Tour). For the tennis tournament, see Memphis Open (tennis).Golf tournamentThe FedEx St. Jude Classic was a professional golf tournament held in Memphis, Tennessee, as a regular event on the PGA Tour. The tournament was held annually from 1958 through 2018, and was played in June at TPC Southwind (since 1989).In 2019, FedEx took over sponsorship of the WGC Invitational and relocated the tournament to Memphis in late July. The relocated WGC event continues the charitable relationship with St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. The new name for the relocated event is the WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational[4][5] For the 2021–22 season, the WGC Invitational was discontinued, and the first FedEx Cup playoff event was relocated to TPC Southwind with FedEx as the new title sponsor; the event will be named the FedEx St. Jude Championship.[6]","title":"St. Jude Classic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colonial Country Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Country_Club_(Cordova)"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"Cordova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordova,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Chris Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Bell_(American_musician)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The tournament debuted 66 years ago in May 1958 as the Memphis Open and was played annually at Colonial Country Club in Memphis through 1971, then at the club's new home in Cordova through 1988. The late Vernon Bell, a Memphis restaurateur, co-founded the tournament and served as the tournament's general chairman for 22 years.[7] He is also the father of the late Chris Bell.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danny Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Thomas"},{"link_name":"St. Jude Children's Research Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jude_Children%27s_Research_Hospital"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"hole-in-one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hole_in_one"},{"link_name":"Ben Crenshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Crenshaw"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chitrspbrf-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-surst-10"},{"link_name":"Al Geiberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Geiberger"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ctribincr-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gfpmfn-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ctgnrtwn-13"}],"sub_title":"St. Jude","text":"In 1969, entertainer Danny Thomas (1912–1991) agreed to lend his name to the tournament in exchange for his St. Jude Children's Research Hospital becoming the tournament's charity. Accordingly, the tournament changed its name the next year to the Danny Thomas Memphis Classic.In 1977, President Gerald Ford, who had left office in January, made a hole-in-one during the tournament's celebrity pro-am while playing with Thomas and Ben Crenshaw.[9][10] Two days later, Al Geiberger shot a PGA Tour record 59 (−13) in the second round with eleven birdies and an eagle.[11][12] He needed a rally on Sunday to win by three strokes at 273 (–15).[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"Federal Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Express"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t1986-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t1987-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t1988-16"},{"link_name":"Stanford Financial Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Financial_Group"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"accusations that the Stanford Financial Group was a Ponzi scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Financial_Group#Regulatory_investigation"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Federal Express","text":"In 1986, Memphis-based courier Federal Express became the title sponsor. For the first three years of their sponsorship, FedEx increased the purse one dollar for each package they shipped on the Friday of the tournament.[14][15][16] The purses went from $500,000 to $605,912 in 1986, from $600,000 to $724,043 in 1987, and from $750,000 to $953,842 in 1988.The Stanford Financial Group took over as the tournament's title sponsor in 2007, and it was renamed Stanford St. Jude Championship. In 2009, the tournament changed its name to St. Jude Classic,[17] following accusations that the Stanford Financial Group was a Ponzi scheme. FedEx returned as title sponsor in 2011, and has remained though the standard tournament era, the WGC version (2019–2021), and Playoffs era (since 2022).[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"TPC Southwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPC_Southwind"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_PGA_Tour"}],"sub_title":"TPC Southwind","text":"The event's final edition at Colonial Country Club in Cordova was 36 years ago in 1988. It moved to its present location at TPC Southwind in Memphis in 1989.The purse in 2018 was $6.6 million, with a winner's share of $1.188 million.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Cary Middlecoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_Middlecoff"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Gardner Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Mike Souchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Souchak"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Jack Nicklaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus"},{"link_name":"Johnny Pott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Pott"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bert Yancey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Yancey"},{"link_name":"Gene Littler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Littler"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Dave Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Hill_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Homero Blancas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero_Blancas"},{"link_name":"Frank Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Beard_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Bob Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Charles_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Lee Trevino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Trevino"},{"link_name":"Jerry Heard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Heard"},{"link_name":"Hale Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_Irwin"},{"link_name":"Lee Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Elder"},{"link_name":"Randy Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randy_Wolff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Allen Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Miller_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Al Geiberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Geiberger"},{"link_name":"Gary Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Player"},{"link_name":"Jerry McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_McGee"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Tom Purtzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Purtzer"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Tom Kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kite"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lietzke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lietzke"},{"link_name":"Jerry Pate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Pate"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Mike Hulbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hulbert"},{"link_name":"Joey Sindelar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Sindelar"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Jay Haas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Haas"},{"link_name":"Dan Forsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Forsman"},{"link_name":"Robert Gamez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gamez"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Dicky Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicky_Pride"},{"link_name":"Gene Sauers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Sauers"},{"link_name":"Hal Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Sutton"},{"link_name":"John Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cook_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Greg Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Norman"},{"link_name":"Dudley Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Hart"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Notah Begay III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notah_Begay_III"},{"link_name":"Bob May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_May_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Chris DiMarco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_DiMarco"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"drunken driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_under_the_Influence"},{"link_name":"David Toms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Toms"},{"link_name":"Nick Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Price"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Justin Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Leonard"},{"link_name":"David Toms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Toms"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Lee Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Westwood"},{"link_name":"Robert Karlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Karlsson"},{"link_name":"Robert Garrigus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Garrigus"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Harrison Frazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Frazar"},{"link_name":"Robert Karlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Karlsson"},{"link_name":"Daniel Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Berger_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"David Toms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Toms"}],"text":"1958: Billy Maxwell wins the first Memphis Open. He beats Cary Middlecoff by one shot.[19]\n1961: Local favorite Cary Middlecoff beats Gardner Dickinson and Mike Souchak by five shots.[20]\n1965: Jack Nicklaus, who played in Memphis very infrequently, beats Johnny Pott on the first hole of a sudden death playoff.[21]\n1966: Bert Yancey wins by five shots over Gene Littler but only after nearly missing his Sunday tee time. A last moment phone call from his caddy kept Yancey from being disqualified.[22]\n1967: Dave Hill goes wire-to-wire for his first Memphis win. He defeats Johnny Pott by two shots.[23]\n1970: Dave Hill becomes the first Memphis winner to successfully defend his title. He defeats Homero Blancas, Frank Beard, and Bob Charles by one shot.[24]\n1971: Lee Trevino wins in Memphis for the first time. He defeats Jerry Heard, Hale Irwin, Lee Elder and Randy Wolff by four shots.[25]\n1973: Dave Hill earns his 4th and final Memphis win. He beats Allen Miller and Lee Trevino by one shot.[26]\n1977: Al Geiberger shoots a second round 59 (the first 59 in a PGA Tour event), then holds on to win the tournament by three shots over Gary Player and Jerry McGee.[27]\n1980: Lee Trevino triumphs in Memphis for the third and final time. He beats Tom Purtzer by one shot.[28]\n1981: After making a birdie on the 72nd hole to win by two shots over Tom Kite and Bruce Lietzke, Jerry Pate leaps into the lake adjoining the 18th green.[29]\n1986: Mike Hulbert birdies the 72nd hole for his first ever PGA Tour win. He wins by one shot over his roommate for the week, Joey Sindelar.[30]\n1987: Mike McGee becomes one of just eight PGA Tour players with an 18-putt round. Despite the feat, McGee missed the cut.[31]\n1992: Jay Haas shoots 64–64 over the last 36 holes to win by three shots over Dan Forsman and Robert Gamez.[32]\n1994: PGA Tour rookie Dicky Pride beats Gene Sauers and Hal Sutton in a playoff with a birdie on the first hole.\n1996: John Cook shoots a PGA Tour record 189 for 54 holes on his way to a seven shot win over John Adams.[33]\n1997: Greg Norman birdies the final three holes to beat Dudley Hart by one shot.[34]\n2000: Notah Begay III beats Bob May and Chris DiMarco by one shot.[35] It is his first win after being convicted of drunken driving in March of the same year and having to spend seven days in jail.\n2003: David Toms shoots a final round 64 to get his first of back-to-back Memphis titles. He beats Nick Price by three shots.[36]\n2005: Justin Leonard ties the record for the highest final round score by a Memphis winner, a 73, on his way to a one-shot victory over David Toms.[37]\n2010: Lee Westwood defeats Robert Karlsson and Robert Garrigus in a sudden-death playoff after Garrigus comes to the 72nd hole with a three-shot lead before finishing with a triple bogey.[38]\n2011: After 13 years and 355 starts, Harrison Frazar won his first PGA Tour event after beating Robert Karlsson in a playoff. Frazar was playing on a medical extension after hip surgery and was actually considering retirement before his win. Karlsson lost in a playoff for the second consecutive season.\n2017: Daniel Berger becomes the first golfer since David Toms to win back-to-back.","title":"Tournament highlights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TPC Southwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPC_Southwind"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-course13-3"}],"text":"TPC Southwind in 2013Source:[3]","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t1988-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t1987-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t1986-14"}],"text":"Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records.\nSources:[39][40][16][15][14]","title":"Winners"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Inside the course:TPC Southwind\". 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June 11, 1977. p. 1, section 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1977/06/11/page/217/article/incredible-59-for-geiberger","url_text":"\"'Incredible' 59 for Geiberger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geiberger fires PGA mark 59, 11 birds, eagle\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. June 11, 1977. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sH9IAAAAIBAJ&pg=6990%2C1311749","url_text":"\"Geiberger fires PGA mark 59, 11 birds, eagle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geiberger needs rally to win\". Chicago Tribune. wire services. June 13, 1977. p. 5, section 6.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1977/06/13/page/73/article/had-to-forget-59-he-says","url_text":"\"Geiberger needs rally to win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Length bothers Zoeller\". Rome News-Tribune. Rome, Georgia. Associated Press. August 28, 1986. p. 5-B. 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Retrieved June 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/59852865.html?dids=59852865:59852865&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+07%2C+1988&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=Golf+Roundup+Mudd+Leading+by+Stroke+in+Bid+for+First+Tour+Victory&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Mudd Leading by Stroke in Bid for First Tour Victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California","url_text":"Los Angeles, California"}]},{"reference":"\"Memphis' 2009 Tour stop renamed St. Jude Classic\". PGA Tour. March 19, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/news/2009/03/19/stjude.html","url_text":"\"Memphis' 2009 Tour stop renamed St. Jude Classic\""}]},{"reference":"Ross, Helen (December 2, 2010). \"2011 schedule includes key change during the Playoffs\". PGA Tour. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Walpole | Frederick Walpole | ["1 Background","2 Political career","3 Family","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | For the American botanical illustrator, see Frederick Andrews Walpole.
Frederick Walpole
The Hon. Frederick Walpole (18 September 1822 – 1 April 1876), was a British naval commander and Conservative politician.
Background
Walpole was a younger son of Horatio Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford, and Mary, daughter of William Augustus Fawkener.
Political career
Walpole was returned to Parliament as one of two representatives for Norfolk North in 1868, a seat he held until his death eight years later. He was also a Commander in the Royal Navy.
Family
Walpole married his second cousin Laura Sophia Frances, daughter of Francis Walpole and Elizabeth Knight, in 1852. They had several children, including Robert Walpole, who succeeded as fifth Earl of Orford in 1894. Walpole died in April 1876, aged 53. His wife survived him by 25 years and died in January 1901.
See also
O'Byrne, William Richard (1849). "Walpole, Frederick" . A Naval Biographical Dictionary . John Murray – via Wikisource.
References
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs
External links
Media related to Frederick Walpole at Wikimedia Commons
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Frederick Walpole
Parliament of the United Kingdom
New constituency
Member of Parliament for Norfolk North 1868–1876 With: Sir Edmund Lacon, Bt
Succeeded bySir Edmund Lacon, Bt James Duff
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Vatican
Artists
Scientific illustrators
People
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Andrews Walpole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Andrews_Walpole"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lieut.t_the_Hon.ble_Fred.k_Walpole,_R.N._(BM_1920,0420.175)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"}],"text":"For the American botanical illustrator, see Frederick Andrews Walpole.Frederick WalpoleThe Hon. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros_Beiaard_Dendermonde | Ros Beiaard (Dendermonde) | ["1 The legend of Ros Beiaard","2 't Peird van Dendermonde","3 Dimensions and weight","4 The four 'Heemskinderen'","4.1 19th century","4.2 20th century","4.3 21st century","5 The Pijnders","6 The Hymn","7 See also","8 External links","9 References"] | Belgian folkloristic horse
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ros Beiaard" Dendermonde – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ros Beiaardommegang 1975 with the brothers De Jonghe
Ros Beiaardommegang 2000 with the brothers Coppieters
Ros Beiaardommegang 2010 with the brothers Van Damme
Ros Beiaardommegang 2022 with the brothers Cassiman
Statue of the Ros Beiaard
The Ros Beiaard of Dendermonde, Belgium, is a large folkloristic horse and the main character in the Ommegang van Dendermonde, a traditional folk festival held in that city. It is used only once every ten years and it is carried by members of a local guild, the Pijnders. Traditionally, four young brothers from Dendermonde ("de Vier Heemskinderen"; the Four Sons of Aymon) ride the horse in full armour.
Since 2008, the Ros Beiaard and the accompanying procession is recognised as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO, as part of the bi-national inscription "Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France".
The legend of Ros Beiaard
See: Ros Beiaard
't Peird van Dendermonde
The Ros Beiaard of Dendermonde is carried through the town every ten years by a guild of bearers, called the Pijnders. In keeping with the legend, four young brothers from Dendermonde (de Vier Heemskinderen) wearing full armour sit astride the horse. The legend of Ros Beiaard is acted out during the procession.
Dimensions and weight
From the ground to the tallest part of the head, the Ros Beiaard is 4.85 m (15.9 ft) high. If the decorations on top are added, the horse is 5.8 m (19 ft) high. From nose to tail, the Ros is 5.2 m (17 ft) long and the width is exactly 2 m (6 ft 7 in). The head of the Ros Beiaard is made out of oak wood and it is 120 cm (47 in) long and 50 cm (20 in) wide. The horse weighs 800 kg (1,800 lb) without the brothers on top. The wooden frame has three spaces and has space for 12 bearers or Pijnders.
The four 'Heemskinderen'
Every ten years, the selection of the four 'Heemskinderen' is difficult. The criteria are severe:
It has to be four consecutive brothers, without a girl in between.
They all have to be born in Dendermonde.
The parents and grandparents have to be born in Dendermonde.
They have to be between 7 and 21 years old on the day of the procession.
They have to live in Dendermonde or one of its suburbs.
19th century
In 1807, the Ros was ridden by Pieter-Emmanuel, Pieter-Frans, Pieter-Jan and Bernard-Jozef Blomme. The horse was used to celebrate the birthday of Napoleon I and the Concordate.
In 1850 the brothers were Edmond, Désiré, Henri and Lodewijk Spanogh. The procession celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Court and the Academy of Arts. The historian David Lindanus was also commemorated and king Leopold II attended the procession.
The inauguration of the statue of Pater De Smet in 1878 entailed a new procession and the knights were Isidoor, Omer, Petrus and Frans Willems. They also celebrated the inauguration of the new lock in the Dender.
When Polydore de Keyser, Lord Mayor of London, visited his birth town Dendermonde in 1888, the Heemskinderen were Henri, Lodewijk, Gustaaf and Alfons Pieters.
In 1899, the Ros Beiaard was ridden by Pieter, Adhemar, Lucinthe and Leo Dieltjens. They celebrated a new bridge over the Scheldt.
20th century
In 1914, the knights were Jan, Leo, Pieter and Edward De Bruyn. The celebration was the appointment of Leo Bruynincx as mayor of Dendermonde.
In 1930, Dendermonde celebrated the centenary of the Belgian independence and the Horse was ridden by Henri, Jean, Pierre and Albert Van Damme.
In 1952, Jozef, Rafaël, Pieter and Jan Bombay were the knights. The town hall existed for 500 years and this was celebrated.
In 1958, because of the World's Fair in Brussels, the brothers Emiel, Albert, Jozef and Luc Leybaert rode the Ros.
In 1975 the brothers Dirk, Wim, Boudewijn and Kris De Jonghe rode the Horse.
In 1990 the honour befell the brothers Veldeman.
In 2000 the brothers Roy, Nick, Ken and Dean Coppieters rode the Ros.
21st century
In 2010 the procession was held in May and the Van Damme brothers rode the horse.
In 2022 the brothers Marteen, Wout, Stan and Lander Cassiman rode the horse. The procession was originally scheduled to be held on May 24, 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic it was postponed.
The Pijnders
The guild of the Pijnders originated in the 14th century and had the monopoly on loading and unloading ships and cellars with wine and beer. Today, the Pijnders are the only persons allowed to carry the Ros Beiaard in the processions.
The task of the Pijnders must not be underestimated, as they occupy a main function in the procession in carrying the horse. The movements of the horse have to be synchronized with the directions of the director. The Pijnders are divided into three groups consisting each of twelve carriers. Every group has its leader who has to set the pace and order the special movements.
The Hymn
The legend is told in the city hymn of Dendermonde. The hymn also refers to the rivalry with the neighbor city of Aalst who purportedly envy the Dendermonde for its horse.
The Ros Beiaard hymn
't Ros Beiaard doet zijn ronde
In de stad van Dendermonde
Die van Aalst die zijn zo kwaad
omdat hier 't Ros Beiaard gaat.
refrein:
De vier Aymons kinderen jent
Met blanke zweerd in d'hand
Ziet ze rijden
't Zijn de schoonsten van ons land
't Ros Beiaards ogen fonk'len
Zijne brede manen kronk'len
En hij wendt hem fraai en vlug
Met vier broers op zijnen rug.
Hun harnas, schild en lansen
blinken bij de zonneglanzen
En den beiaard 't voisken geeft
daar het Ros zijn eer in heeft.
O Dendermondenaren
Blijft altijd den roem bewaren
Van het peerd zo wijd vermaard
Als den grootsten man op aard.
't Ros Beiaard is ons glorie
en benijdt g' ons die victorie
Aelst, gij hebt nog min verstand
als ons ridder ros vaillant.
't Ros Beiaard is verheven
heeft zich in het vuur begeven
en het week op 't oorlogsveld
alles voor zijn groot geweld.
See also
List of fictional horses
External links
Official Website (in Dutch and French)
References
^ "Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-09-22.
^ "Een wonderpaard doet zijn ronde".
^ "Interview met heemskind Stan (11) na uitputtende Ros Beiaard-tocht grijpt naar de keel: "Heel trots op mezelf"". | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ros_beiaard_90.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ros_beiaard_00.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ros_Beiaard_2010_Gebrs._Van_Damme_30-05-2010_16-45-17.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ros_Beiaard_29-05-2022.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dendermonde_Ros_Beiaard_Jan_Desmarets_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dendermonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendermonde"},{"link_name":"folkloristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"Vier Heemskinderen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon"},{"link_name":"Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processional_giants_and_dragons_in_Belgium_and_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Ros Beiaardommegang 1975 with the brothers De JongheRos Beiaardommegang 2000 with the brothers CoppietersRos Beiaardommegang 2010 with the brothers Van DammeRos Beiaardommegang 2022 with the brothers CassimanStatue of the Ros BeiaardThe Ros Beiaard of Dendermonde, Belgium, is a large folkloristic horse and the main character in the Ommegang van Dendermonde, a traditional folk festival held in that city. It is used only once every ten years and it is carried by members of a local guild, the Pijnders. Traditionally, four young brothers from Dendermonde (\"de Vier Heemskinderen\"; the Four Sons of Aymon) ride the horse in full armour.Since 2008, the Ros Beiaard and the accompanying procession is recognised as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO, as part of the bi-national inscription \"Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France\".[1]","title":"Ros Beiaard (Dendermonde)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ros Beiaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_(legend)"}],"text":"See: Ros Beiaard","title":"The legend of Ros Beiaard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dendermonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendermonde"},{"link_name":"legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend"},{"link_name":"Vier Heemskinderen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon"}],"text":"The Ros Beiaard of Dendermonde is carried through the town every ten years by a guild of bearers, called the Pijnders. In keeping with the legend, four young brothers from Dendermonde (de Vier Heemskinderen) wearing full armour sit astride the horse. The legend of Ros Beiaard is acted out during the procession.","title":"'t Peird van Dendermonde"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"From the ground to the tallest part of the head, the Ros Beiaard is 4.85 m (15.9 ft) high. If the decorations on top are added, the horse is 5.8 m (19 ft) high. From nose to tail, the Ros is 5.2 m (17 ft) long and the width is exactly 2 m (6 ft 7 in). The head of the Ros Beiaard is made out of oak wood and it is 120 cm (47 in) long and 50 cm (20 in) wide. The horse weighs 800 kg (1,800 lb) without the brothers on top. The wooden frame has three spaces and has space for 12 bearers or Pijnders.","title":"Dimensions and weight"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Every ten years, the selection of the four 'Heemskinderen' is difficult. The criteria are severe:It has to be four consecutive brothers, without a girl in between.\nThey all have to be born in Dendermonde.\nThe parents and grandparents have to be born in Dendermonde.\nThey have to be between 7 and 21 years old on the day of the procession.\nThey have to live in Dendermonde or one of its suburbs.","title":"The four 'Heemskinderen'"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Napoleon I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I"},{"link_name":"king Leopold II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Leopold_II"},{"link_name":"Dender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dender"},{"link_name":"Polydore de Keyser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydore_de_Keyser"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_the_City_of_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldt"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"In 1807, the Ros was ridden by Pieter-Emmanuel, Pieter-Frans, Pieter-Jan and Bernard-Jozef Blomme. The horse was used to celebrate the birthday of Napoleon I and the Concordate.In 1850 the brothers were Edmond, Désiré, Henri and Lodewijk Spanogh. The procession celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Court and the Academy of Arts. The historian David Lindanus was also commemorated and king Leopold II attended the procession.The inauguration of the statue of Pater De Smet in 1878 entailed a new procession and the knights were Isidoor, Omer, Petrus and Frans Willems. They also celebrated the inauguration of the new lock in the Dender.When Polydore de Keyser, Lord Mayor of London, visited his birth town Dendermonde in 1888, the Heemskinderen were Henri, Lodewijk, Gustaaf and Alfons Pieters.In 1899, the Ros Beiaard was ridden by Pieter, Adhemar, Lucinthe and Leo Dieltjens. They celebrated a new bridge over the Scheldt.","title":"The four 'Heemskinderen'"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_58"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"In 1914, the knights were Jan, Leo, Pieter and Edward De Bruyn. The celebration was the appointment of Leo Bruynincx as mayor of Dendermonde.In 1930, Dendermonde celebrated the centenary of the Belgian independence and the Horse was ridden by Henri, Jean, Pierre and Albert Van Damme.In 1952, Jozef, Rafaël, Pieter and Jan Bombay were the knights. The town hall existed for 500 years and this was celebrated.In 1958, because of the World's Fair in Brussels, the brothers Emiel, Albert, Jozef and Luc Leybaert rode the Ros.In 1975 the brothers Dirk, Wim, Boudewijn and Kris De Jonghe rode the Horse.In 1990 the honour befell the brothers Veldeman.In 2000 the brothers Roy, Nick, Ken and Dean Coppieters rode the Ros.","title":"The four 'Heemskinderen'"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"In 2010 the procession was held in May and the Van Damme brothers rode the horse.[2]In 2022 the brothers Marteen, Wout, Stan and Lander Cassiman rode the horse.[3] The procession was originally scheduled to be held on May 24, 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic it was postponed.","title":"The four 'Heemskinderen'"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The guild of the Pijnders originated in the 14th century and had the monopoly on loading and unloading ships and cellars with wine and beer. Today, the Pijnders are the only persons allowed to carry the Ros Beiaard in the processions.The task of the Pijnders must not be underestimated, as they occupy a main function in the procession in carrying the horse. The movements of the horse have to be synchronized with the directions of the director. The Pijnders are divided into three groups consisting each of twelve carriers. Every group has its leader who has to set the pace and order the special movements.","title":"The Pijnders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aalst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalst,_Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ros_Beiaard_lied2.jpg"}],"text":"The legend is told in the city hymn of Dendermonde. The hymn also refers to the rivalry with the neighbor city of Aalst who purportedly envy the Dendermonde for its horse.The Ros Beiaard hymn","title":"The Hymn"}] | [{"image_text":"Ros Beiaardommegang 1975 with the brothers De Jonghe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ros_beiaard_90.jpg/220px-Ros_beiaard_90.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ros Beiaardommegang 2000 with the brothers Coppieters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ros_beiaard_00.jpg/220px-Ros_beiaard_00.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ros Beiaardommegang 2010 with the brothers Van Damme","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ros_Beiaard_2010_Gebrs._Van_Damme_30-05-2010_16-45-17.JPG/220px-Ros_Beiaard_2010_Gebrs._Van_Damme_30-05-2010_16-45-17.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ros Beiaardommegang 2022 with the brothers Cassiman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ros_Beiaard_29-05-2022.jpg/220px-Ros_Beiaard_29-05-2022.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of the Ros Beiaard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Dendermonde_Ros_Beiaard_Jan_Desmarets_01.jpg/220px-Dendermonde_Ros_Beiaard_Jan_Desmarets_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Ros Beiaard hymn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ros_Beiaard_lied2.jpg/750px-Ros_Beiaard_lied2.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of fictional horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_horses"}] | [{"reference":"\"Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". ich.unesco.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWF_International | UWF International | ["1 History","1.1 Interpromotional feuds and downfall","2 Rules","3 Roster","4 Championships","4.1 Pro-Wrestling World Heavyweight Championship","5 Combined reigns","6 Video game","7 See also","8 References"] | Japanese professional wrestling promotion 1991-1996
Union of Wrestling Forces InternationalAcronymUWFiFoundedMay 10, 1991DefunctDecember 27, 1996StyleShoot styleHeadquartersJapanFounder(s)Nobuhiko Takada, Kazuo Yamazaki, Yukoh Miyato, Yoji Anjo and othersPredecessorNewborn UWFSuccessorKingdom
Union of Wrestling Forces International, better known as UWF International, U-Inter, or simply UWFi, was a shoot style professional wrestling promotion in Japan from 1991 to 1996. The UWF international was the successor to the Newborn UWF that ran from 1988 to 1990, which itself was the successor to the original Universal Wrestling Federation.
Although the matches were predetermined, the UWF-i was very convincing for its time, promoting a combat-based style featuring a mix of wrestling, submission grappling and kickboxing. The promotion also held kickboxing contests and, in rare instances, special shoot matches. In retrospect, UWFi, along with other shoot-style promotions, served as a precursor to mixed martial arts and to popular Japanese MMA promotions, particularly Pride FC. The promotion was also known for hiring dangerous shooters Lou Thesz, Billy Robinson and Danny Hodge as trainers and promoters of their product in order to establish legitimate credibility.
History
The promotion was founded on May 10, 1991, as a continuation of the UWF. The UWF-i featured most of UWF's roster, and was led by Nobuhiko Takada, who was the top star and the face of the promotion. Other natives for the promotion included Kazuo Yamazaki, Yoji Anjo, Kiyoshi Tamura, Tatsuo Nakano, Yuko Miyato, Masahito Kakihara and kickboxer Makoto Oe. Vintage shooter Billy Robinson was used as head trainer for their gym (the UWFi Snakepit), and wrestling legends Lou Thesz and Danny Hodge occasionally served as trainers in their pursuit of old-school credibility. Former pro wrestler Shinji Sasazaki would lend a hand by helping some of the foreign talent, mostly from the Tennessee area, get booked on their cards.
In 1992, the UWFi introduced its first championship, the "Real Pro-Wrestling World Heavyweight Championship", which was won by Takada after a victory over top foreign antagonist Gary Albright. Lou Thesz acted as commissioner and lent his 1950s NWA World title belt to be used as the distinction for it. The theme of UWFi being "real pro-wrestling" was central to the promotion's image, and both Thesz and Takada would deride other Japanese promotions (particularly Takada's old promotion New Japan Pro-Wrestling) for being "fake", while claiming themselves to be legit. UWF-i, however, was no more legit than any other group at the time. Takada went so far as to challenge the champions of other major Japanese promotions (Mitsuharu Misawa (AJPW Triple Crown Champion at the time), Masahiro Chono (NWA World Heavyweight Champion at the time), and The Great Muta (IWGP Heavyweight Champion at the time), in an effort to determine who was the true world champion.
In 1993, Super Vader, the World Heavyweight Champion from the United States-based World Championship Wrestling, accepted Thesz and Takada's grandstand challenge, whereas the aforementioned champions were "too afraid" of Takada to face him. After Gary Albright quit UWFi to join All Japan and Vader left over money disputes, the promotion was left with a lack of credible challengers to Takada's title, and interest in the promotion began to wane. After being overlooked several times over the years, Kazuo Yamazaki left to return to New Japan in July 1995.
Interpromotional feuds and downfall
In 1995, Anjo and other UWFi bookers proposed co-promoting with New Japan Pro-Wrestling, as a potential solution to their financial problems. New Japan booker Riki Choshu agreed, under the condition that New Japan have full control over the booking of the interpromotional matches. Thesz, who saw New Japan as another gimmicky promotion, withdrew his support as a result and took the belt with him. For Choshu, it was an opportunity to get payback for Thesz and Takada's earlier derision of their wrestling style, and he was determined to show fans that the real stars were in New Japan. All of UWFi's stars mainly lost the interpromotional matches, with the exception of Takada, who won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship on January 4, 1996. Kiyoshi Tamura had left UWFi before the feud in 1995, to join rival promotion, RINGS.
In 1996, as the New Japan feud died down, UWFi formed an alliance with Genichiro Tenryu's WAR.
On August 17, 1996, Takada defeated Yoji Anjo at Tokyo's Meiji-Jingu Stadium. The damage to the promotion's credibility had already been done, however, and UWFi had its farewell card ("UWF FINAL") on December 27, 1996, at Tokyo's Korakuen Hall arena. Most of the UWFi roster formed Kingdom, which would promote a similar product on a smaller scale. Kingdom would have a presence at UFC Japan: Ultimate Japan in 1997, as Yoji Anjo would lose to Tank Abbott, while Kazushi Sakuraba won the heavyweight tournament.
Rules
The combatants would start with 15 points each. Points would be lost for knockout attempts, being at a disadvantage during a hold, and/or for breaking a hold by grabbing onto the ring ropes with hand(s) and/or feet. The only way to win was by submission, knockout (count of 10) or a wrestler's points being reduced to 0.
Tag team matches were allowed as well, with 21 points (instead of 15) given to a team at start time. However, the points system was rarely referred to, as a wrestler or team losing points could still win by forcing his opponent to submit or by knocking him out. No pinfall counts were allowed, and no countouts were allowed (in practice, wrestlers never set foot outside the ring during the match). Similarly, six-man tag team matches occurred, but were rare, with 30 points given to a team at start time.
In 1995, rules were somewhat relaxed to allow pinfalls in order to allow for New Japan, WAR, and other non-submission-oriented wrestlers (such as Abdullah the Butcher) to compete.
In 2017 an American independent promotion, Paradigm Pro Wrestling, based in Jeffersonville, Indiana, revived the rules for its matches.
Roster
Natives:
Nobuhiko Takada
Kazuo Yamazaki
Naoki Sano
Kazushi Sakuraba
Yoshihiro Takayama
Koji Kitao
Masahito Kakihara
Yoji Anjoh
Tatsuo Nakano
Hiromitsu Kanehara
Kenichi Yamamoto
Yuko Miyato
Masakazu Maeda
Kiyoshi Tamura
Makoto Oe (kickboxer)
Foreigners:
Super Vader
Gary Albright
Dan Severn
Mark Fleming
Victor Zangiev
Salman Hashimikov
Vladimir Berkovitch
The Iron Sheik
Bob Backlund
Gene Lydick
J. T. Southern
James Stone
Bad News Allen
Tom Burton
Steve Nelson
Mark Silver
Billy Scott
Dennis Koslowski
Tommy Cairo
Steve Cox
Greg Bobchick
Pez Whatley
Jim Boss
Matthew Saad Muhammad
Bowy Chowaikun (kickboxer)
Danny Steel (kickboxer)
Norman Smiley
Championships
Pro-Wrestling World Heavyweight Championship
The championship used the belt used by Lou Thesz as NWA World Champion during the 1950s.
Key
No.
Overall reign number
Reign
Reign number for the specific champion
Days
Number of days held
Defenses
Number of successful defenses
No.
Champion
Championship change
Reign statistics
Notes
Ref.
Date
Event
Location
Reign
Days
Defenses
1
Nobuhiko Takada
September 21, 1992
Pro-Wrestling Heavyweight Championship Match
Osaka, Japan
1
696
2
Defeated Gary Albright to become the first champion; Takada and Albright had been chosen as contenders based on their UWFi records (11 wins and no losses for Albright; 10 wins and 1 loss for Takada).
2
Super Vader
August 18, 1994
Pro-Wrestling World Tournament Final 1994
Tokyo, Japan
1
245
1
This was the final of the Best of the World 1994 tournament.
3
Nobuhiko Takada
April 20, 1995
Pro-Wrestling Heavyweight Championship Match
Nagoya, Japan
2
165
0
—
Deactivated
October 2, 1995
—
—
—
—
—
Lou Thesz withdrew his support for the promotion and took the belt with him in protest against a proposed unification match against IWGP Heavyweight Champion Keiji Muto. Takada went on to defeat Muto on January 4, 1996, winning the IWGP title.
Combined reigns
Rank
Wrestler
No. ofreigns
Combined days
1
Nobuhiko Takada
2
861
2
Super Vader
1
245
Video game
In 1995, Hudson Soft published a video game, Saikyō: Takada Nobuhiko (最強～高田延彦～) for the Super Famicom in Japan. Unlike most wrestling games, Saikyō was a linear fighting game, but moves such as suplexes counted for heavy scoring, like in the real-life promotion. Nobuhiko Takada was the only actual wrestler licensed as a character, all others used made-up pseudonyms made through alterations of their kana or kanji names, such as Gary Albright being known as Gary Briant.
See also
Japan portal
Professional wrestling in Japan
References
^ a b c "UWF International Results: 1991-1996". purolove.com (in German). Archived from the original on July 31, 2022.
vteProfessional wrestling in JapanActive promotionsMajor promotions
All Japan Pro Wrestling
CyberFight
DDT Pro-Wrestling
Pro Wrestling Noah
Dragongate
New Japan Pro-Wrestling
Women's
CyberFight
Tokyo Joshi Pro-Wrestling
World Wonder Ring Stardom
Independent promotions
Active Advance Pro Wrestling
Big Japan Pro Wrestling
Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling-Explosion
Dradition
Ganbare☆Pro-Wrestling
Gleat
Lidet UWF
G Prowrestling
Kyushu Pro-Wrestling
Michinoku Pro Wrestling
Osaka Pro Wrestling
Pro-Wrestling Basara
Pro Wrestling Freedoms
Pro Wrestling Land's End
Pro-Wrestling Shi-En
Pro Wrestling Zero1
Professional Wrestling Just Tap Out
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Rikidōzan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shoot style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_style"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Universal Wrestling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Wrestling_Federation_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_sport"},{"link_name":"wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling"},{"link_name":"submission grappling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submission_grappling"},{"link_name":"kickboxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxing"},{"link_name":"mixed martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"Pride FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_Fighting_Championships"},{"link_name":"Lou Thesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Thesz"},{"link_name":"Billy Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Danny Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Hodge"}],"text":"Union of Wrestling Forces International, better known as UWF International, U-Inter, or simply UWFi, was a shoot style professional wrestling promotion in Japan from 1991 to 1996. The UWF international was the successor to the Newborn UWF that ran from 1988 to 1990, which itself was the successor to the original Universal Wrestling Federation.Although the matches were predetermined, the UWF-i was very convincing for its time, promoting a combat-based style featuring a mix of wrestling, submission grappling and kickboxing. The promotion also held kickboxing contests and, in rare instances, special shoot matches. In retrospect, UWFi, along with other shoot-style promotions, served as a precursor to mixed martial arts and to popular Japanese MMA promotions, particularly Pride FC. The promotion was also known for hiring dangerous shooters Lou Thesz, Billy Robinson and Danny Hodge as trainers and promoters of their product in order to establish legitimate credibility.","title":"UWF International"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UWF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Wrestling_Federation_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Nobuhiko Takada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuhiko_Takada"},{"link_name":"Kazuo Yamazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Yamazaki"},{"link_name":"Yoji Anjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoji_Anjo"},{"link_name":"Kiyoshi Tamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoshi_Tamura"},{"link_name":"Masahito Kakihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahito_Kakihara"},{"link_name":"Billy Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Lou Thesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Thesz"},{"link_name":"Danny Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Hodge"},{"link_name":"Gary Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Albright"},{"link_name":"NWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance"},{"link_name":"New Japan Pro-Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Japan_Pro-Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Mitsuharu Misawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuharu_Misawa"},{"link_name":"Masahiro Chono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiro_Chono"},{"link_name":"The Great Muta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiji_Mutoh"},{"link_name":"Super Vader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Van_Vader"},{"link_name":"World Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling"}],"text":"The promotion was founded on May 10, 1991, as a continuation of the UWF. The UWF-i featured most of UWF's roster, and was led by Nobuhiko Takada, who was the top star and the face of the promotion. Other natives for the promotion included Kazuo Yamazaki, Yoji Anjo, Kiyoshi Tamura, Tatsuo Nakano, Yuko Miyato, Masahito Kakihara and kickboxer Makoto Oe. Vintage shooter Billy Robinson was used as head trainer for their gym (the UWFi Snakepit), and wrestling legends Lou Thesz and Danny Hodge occasionally served as trainers in their pursuit of old-school credibility. Former pro wrestler Shinji Sasazaki would lend a hand by helping some of the foreign talent, mostly from the Tennessee area, get booked on their cards.In 1992, the UWFi introduced its first championship, the \"Real Pro-Wrestling World Heavyweight Championship\", which was won by Takada after a victory over top foreign antagonist Gary Albright. Lou Thesz acted as commissioner and lent his 1950s NWA World title belt to be used as the distinction for it. The theme of UWFi being \"real pro-wrestling\" was central to the promotion's image, and both Thesz and Takada would deride other Japanese promotions (particularly Takada's old promotion New Japan Pro-Wrestling) for being \"fake\", while claiming themselves to be legit. UWF-i, however, was no more legit than any other group at the time. Takada went so far as to challenge the champions of other major Japanese promotions (Mitsuharu Misawa (AJPW Triple Crown Champion at the time), Masahiro Chono (NWA World Heavyweight Champion at the time), and The Great Muta (IWGP Heavyweight Champion at the time), in an effort to determine who was the true world champion.In 1993, Super Vader, the World Heavyweight Champion from the United States-based World Championship Wrestling, accepted Thesz and Takada's grandstand challenge, whereas the aforementioned champions were \"too afraid\" of Takada to face him. After Gary Albright quit UWFi to join All Japan and Vader left over money disputes, the promotion was left with a lack of credible challengers to Takada's title, and interest in the promotion began to wane. After being overlooked several times over the years, Kazuo Yamazaki left to return to New Japan in July 1995.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Japan Pro-Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Japan_Pro-Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Riki Choshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riki_Choshu"},{"link_name":"gimmicky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_terms#G"},{"link_name":"IWGP Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWGP_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"RINGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RINGS"},{"link_name":"Genichiro Tenryu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genichiro_Tenryu"},{"link_name":"WAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAR_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Yoji Anjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoji_Anjo"},{"link_name":"Meiji-Jingu Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji-Jingu_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Korakuen Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korakuen_Hall"},{"link_name":"Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"UFC Japan: Ultimate Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Japan:_Ultimate_Japan"},{"link_name":"Yoji Anjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoji_Anjo"},{"link_name":"Tank Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_Abbott"},{"link_name":"Kazushi Sakuraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazushi_Sakuraba"}],"sub_title":"Interpromotional feuds and downfall","text":"In 1995, Anjo and other UWFi bookers proposed co-promoting with New Japan Pro-Wrestling, as a potential solution to their financial problems. New Japan booker Riki Choshu agreed, under the condition that New Japan have full control over the booking of the interpromotional matches. Thesz, who saw New Japan as another gimmicky promotion, withdrew his support as a result and took the belt with him. For Choshu, it was an opportunity to get payback for Thesz and Takada's earlier derision of their wrestling style, and he was determined to show fans that the real stars were in New Japan. All of UWFi's stars mainly lost the interpromotional matches, with the exception of Takada, who won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship on January 4, 1996. Kiyoshi Tamura had left UWFi before the feud in 1995, to join rival promotion, RINGS.In 1996, as the New Japan feud died down, UWFi formed an alliance with Genichiro Tenryu's WAR.On August 17, 1996, Takada defeated Yoji Anjo at Tokyo's Meiji-Jingu Stadium. The damage to the promotion's credibility had already been done, however, and UWFi had its farewell card (\"UWF FINAL\") on December 27, 1996, at Tokyo's Korakuen Hall arena. Most of the UWFi roster formed Kingdom, which would promote a similar product on a smaller scale. Kingdom would have a presence at UFC Japan: Ultimate Japan in 1997, as Yoji Anjo would lose to Tank Abbott, while Kazushi Sakuraba won the heavyweight tournament.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tag team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_team"},{"link_name":"Abdullah the Butcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_the_Butcher"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"independent promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_circuit"},{"link_name":"Jeffersonville, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersonville,_Indiana"}],"text":"The combatants would start with 15 points each. Points would be lost for knockout attempts, being at a disadvantage during a hold, and/or for breaking a hold by grabbing onto the ring ropes with hand(s) and/or feet. The only way to win was by submission, knockout (count of 10) or a wrestler's points being reduced to 0.Tag team matches were allowed as well, with 21 points (instead of 15) given to a team at start time. However, the points system was rarely referred to, as a wrestler or team losing points could still win by forcing his opponent to submit or by knocking him out. No pinfall counts were allowed, and no countouts were allowed (in practice, wrestlers never set foot outside the ring during the match). Similarly, six-man tag team matches occurred, but were rare, with 30 points given to a team at start time.In 1995, rules were somewhat relaxed to allow pinfalls in order to allow for New Japan, WAR, and other non-submission-oriented wrestlers (such as Abdullah the Butcher) to compete.In 2017 an American independent promotion, Paradigm Pro Wrestling, based in Jeffersonville, Indiana, revived the rules for its matches.","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nobuhiko Takada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuhiko_Takada"},{"link_name":"Kazuo Yamazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Yamazaki"},{"link_name":"Naoki Sano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoki_Sano"},{"link_name":"Kazushi Sakuraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazushi_Sakuraba"},{"link_name":"Yoshihiro Takayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiro_Takayama"},{"link_name":"Koji Kitao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koji_Kitao"},{"link_name":"Masahito Kakihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahito_Kakihara"},{"link_name":"Yoji Anjoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoji_Anjoh"},{"link_name":"Tatsuo Nakano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tatsuo_Nakano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hiromitsu Kanehara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiromitsu_Kanehara"},{"link_name":"Kenichi Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenichi_Yamamoto_(mixed_martial_artist)"},{"link_name":"Yuko Miyato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeo_Miyato"},{"link_name":"Masakazu Maeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masakazu_Maeda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kiyoshi Tamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoshi_Tamura"},{"link_name":"Makoto Oe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makoto_Oe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"kickboxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxer"},{"link_name":"Super Vader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Van_Vader"},{"link_name":"Gary Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Albright"},{"link_name":"Dan Severn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Severn"},{"link_name":"Mark Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Fleming_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Victor Zangiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Zangiev"},{"link_name":"Salman Hashimikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Hashimikov"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Berkovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Berkovitch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Iron Sheik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iron_Sheik"},{"link_name":"Bob Backlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Backlund"},{"link_name":"Gene Lydick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gene_Lydick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"J. T. Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._Southern"},{"link_name":"James Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Maritato"},{"link_name":"Bad News Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Coage"},{"link_name":"Tom Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Burton"},{"link_name":"Mark Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Silver&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dennis Koslowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Koslowski"},{"link_name":"Tommy Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Cairo"},{"link_name":"Steve Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Cox_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Greg Bobchick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Bobchick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pez Whatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pez_Whatley"},{"link_name":"Matthew Saad Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Saad_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Bowy Chowaikun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bowy_Chowaikun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"kickboxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxer"},{"link_name":"kickboxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxer"},{"link_name":"Norman Smiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Smiley"}],"text":"Natives:\n\nNobuhiko Takada\nKazuo Yamazaki\nNaoki Sano\nKazushi Sakuraba\nYoshihiro Takayama\nKoji Kitao\nMasahito Kakihara\nYoji Anjoh\nTatsuo Nakano\nHiromitsu Kanehara\nKenichi Yamamoto\nYuko Miyato\nMasakazu Maeda\nKiyoshi Tamura\nMakoto Oe (kickboxer)\n\n\n\n\nForeigners:\n\nSuper Vader\nGary Albright\nDan Severn\nMark Fleming\nVictor Zangiev\nSalman Hashimikov\nVladimir Berkovitch\nThe Iron Sheik\nBob Backlund\nGene Lydick\nJ. T. Southern\nJames Stone\nBad News Allen\nTom Burton\nSteve Nelson\nMark Silver\nBilly Scott\nDennis Koslowski\nTommy Cairo\nSteve Cox\nGreg Bobchick\nPez Whatley\nJim Boss\nMatthew Saad Muhammad\nBowy Chowaikun (kickboxer)\nDanny Steel (kickboxer)\nNorman Smiley","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lou Thesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Thesz"},{"link_name":"NWA World Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship"}],"sub_title":"Pro-Wrestling World Heavyweight Championship","text":"The championship used the belt used by Lou Thesz as NWA World Champion during the 1950s.","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Combined reigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hudson Soft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Soft"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Saikyō: Takada Nobuhiko (最強～高田延彦～)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%BC%B7_%E9%AB%98%E7%94%B0%E5%BB%B6%E5%BD%A6"},{"link_name":"Super Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Famicom"},{"link_name":"fighting game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_game"},{"link_name":"Nobuhiko Takada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuhiko_Takada"},{"link_name":"Gary Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Albright"}],"text":"In 1995, Hudson Soft published a video game, Saikyō: Takada Nobuhiko (最強～高田延彦～) for the Super Famicom in Japan. Unlike most wrestling games, Saikyō was a linear fighting game, but moves such as suplexes counted for heavy scoring, like in the real-life promotion. Nobuhiko Takada was the only actual wrestler licensed as a character, all others used made-up pseudonyms made through alterations of their kana or kanji names, such as Gary Albright being known as Gary Briant.","title":"Video game"}] | [] | [{"title":"Japan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Japan"},{"title":"Professional wrestling in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Japan"}] | [{"reference":"\"UWF International Results: 1991-1996\". purolove.com (in German). Archived from the original on July 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.purolove.com/misc/uwfi/results.php","url_text":"\"UWF International Results: 1991-1996\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220731215737/https://www.purolove.com/misc/uwfi/results.php","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.purolove.com/misc/uwfi/results.php","external_links_name":"\"UWF International Results: 1991-1996\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220731215737/https://www.purolove.com/misc/uwfi/results.php","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Sabaea | Terra Sabaea | ["1 Glaciers","2 Dunes","3 Erosional features in Terra Sabaea","4 Concentric crater fill","5 Layers in craters","6 Layers","7 Linear Ridge Networks","8 Other features","9 Interactive Mars map","10 See also","11 References","12 Recommended reading","13 External links"] | Coordinates: 2°N 42°E / 2°N 42°E / 2; 42Terra on Mars
MOLA map showing boundaries of Terra Sabaea and other regions
Terra Sabaea is a large area on Mars. Its coordinates are 2°N 42°E / 2°N 42°E / 2; 42 and it covers 4,700 kilometres (2,900 mi) at its broadest extent. It was named in 1979 after a classic albedo feature on the planet. Terra Sabaea is fairly large and parts of it are found in five quadrangles: Arabia quadrangle, Syrtis Major quadrangle, Iapygia quadrangle, Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, and Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle.
Glaciers
Some landscapes look just like glaciers moving out of mountain valleys on Earth. Some have a hollowed-out appearance, looking like a glacier after almost all the ice has disappeared. What is left are the moraines—the dirt and debris carried by the glacier. The center is hollowed out because the ice is mostly gone. These supposed alpine glaciers have been called glacier-like forms (GLF) or glacier-like flows (GLF). Glacier-like forms are a later and maybe more accurate term because we cannot be sure the structure is currently moving. Another, more general term sometimes seen in the literature is viscous flow features (VFF).
A variety of other features on the surface have also been interpreted as directly linked to flowing ice, such as fretted terrain, lineated valley fill, concentric crater fill, and arcuate ridges. A variety of surface textures seen in imagery of the midlatitudes and polar regions are also thought to be linked to sublimation of glacial ice.
The pictures below show features believed to be glaciers—some may still contain ice; in others the ice has probably largely disappeared. Since ice may be present under just a few meters of debris, these places could be used to supply future Martian settlers with water.
Romer Lake's Elephant Foot Glacier in the Earth's Arctic, as seen by Landsat 8. This picture shows several glaciers that have the same shape as many features on Mars that are believed to also be glaciers.
Mesa in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, as seen by CTX. Mesa has several glaciers eroding it. One of the glaciers is seen in greater detail in the next two images from HiRISE.
Glacier as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program. Area in rectangle is enlarged in the next photo. Zone of accumulation of snow at the top. Glacier is moving down valley, then spreading out on plain. Evidence for flow comes from the many lines on surface. Location is in Protonilus Mensae in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle.
Enlargement of area in rectangle of the previous image. On Earth the ridge would be called the terminal moraine of an alpine glacier. Picture taken with HiRISE under the HiWish program.
Remains of glaciers, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program.
End of a glacier, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Surface to the right of the end moraine exhibits patterned ground which is common where ground water has frozen.
Wide CTX view showing mesa and buttes with lobate debris aprons and lineated valley fill around them. Location is Ismenius Lacus quadrangle.
Close-up of lineated valley fill (LVF), as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Note: this is an enlargement of the previous CTX image.
Wide view of Lineated Valley Fill, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Location is Ismenius Lacus quadrangle.
Enlarged view of brain terrain on the surface of Lineated Valley Fill, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Location is Ismenius Lacus quadrangle.
Close, color view of Lineated Valley Fill, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Location is Ismenius Lacus quadrangle.
Dunes
When there are perfect conditions for producing sand dunes, steady wind in one direction and just enough sand, a barchan sand dune forms. Barchans have a gentle slope on the wind side and a much steeper slope on the lee side where horns or a notch often forms. The whole dune may appear to move with the wind. Observing dunes on Mars can tell us how strong the winds are, as well as their direction. If pictures are taken at regular intervals, one may see changes in the dunes or possibly in ripples on the dune’s surface. On Mars dunes are often dark in color because they were formed from the common, volcanic rock basalt. In the dry environment, dark minerals in basalt, like olivine and pyroxene, do not break down as they do on Earth. Although rare, some dark sand is found on Hawaii which also has many volcanoes discharging basalt. Barchan is a Russian term because this type of dune was first seen in the desert regions of Turkistan.
Some of the wind on Mars is created when the dry ice at the poles is heated in the spring. At that time, the solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimates or changes directly to a gas and rushes away at high speeds. Each Martian year 30% of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere freezes out and covers the pole that is experiencing winter, so there is a great potential for strong winds. Some places in Terra Sabaea show dunes, as in the images below.
Dunes in Schaeberle (Martian crater), as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program.
Dunes and craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Some of the dunes are barchans.
Erosional features in Terra Sabaea
Eroding mesa in Syrtis Major. It would be rough to walk across this feature. Image was taken with Mars Global Surveyor, under the MOC Public Targeting Program.
Close-up of crater deposit that shows both impact craters and pit craters caused by collapse. Image taken by HiRISE under the HiWish program.
Concentric crater fill
A concentric crater fill is a landform where the floor of a crater is mostly covered with a large number of parallel ridges. It is common in the mid-latitudes of Mars, and is widely believed to be caused by glacial movement.
Crater with concentric crater fill, as seen by CTX (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Location is Casius quadrangle.
Well-developed hollows of concentric crater fill, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program.
Close-up that shows cracks containing pits on the floor of a crater containing concentric crater fill, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program.
Layers in craters
Main article: Upper Plains Unit
Layers along slopes, especially along crater walls are believed to be the remains of a once wide spread material that has mostly been eroded away.
Layers in craters, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program. Area was probably covered over by these layers; the layers have now eroded away except for the protected interior of craters.
Layers in craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
Layers in craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
Close view of layers in craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image.
Layers
Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers. Groundwater may have been involved in the formation of layers in some places. Main article: Groundwater on Mars § Layered terrain,
Rock layers in Flammarion Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program.
Layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program.
Wide view of layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
Close view of layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
Close view of layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program A ridge cuts across the layers at a right angle.
Close view of layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Part of picture is in color. A ridge cuts across the layers at a right angle.
Linear Ridge Networks
Linear ridge networks are found in various places on Mars in and around craters. Ridges often appear as mostly straight segments that intersect in a lattice-like manner. They are hundreds of meters long, tens of meters high, and several meters wide. It is thought that impacts created fractures in the surface, these fractures later acted as channels for fluids. Fluids cemented the structures. With the passage of time, surrounding material was eroded away, thereby leaving hard ridges behind.
Since the ridges occur in locations with clay, these formations could serve as a marker for clay which requires water for its formation.
Network of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Ridges may be formed in various ways.
Color, close-up of ridges seen in previous image, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
More ridges from the same place as the previous two images, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
Linear ridge network, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
Close-up and color image of previous image of linear ridge network, as seen by HiRISe under HiWish program
More linear ridge networks from same location as previous two images, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
Wide view of network of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Portions of this image are enlarged in following images.
Close view of network of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program This is an enlargement of a previous image.
Close view of network of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program This is an enlargement of a previous image. Box shows the size of a football field.
Close view of network of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program This is an enlargement of a previous image.
Close view of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program This is an enlargement of a previous image. A small mesa in the image displays layers.
Close, color view of network of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program This is an enlargement of a previous image.
Other features
Banded bedrock in Terra Sabaea, in the ancient highlands north of the Hellas basin. The image is about a kilometer wide. Colors are enhanced.
Wide CTX view of mesa showing lobate debris apron (LDA) and lineated valley fill. Both are believed to be debris-covered glaciers.
Brain terrain, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
Close-up of lobate debris apron from the previous CTX image of a mesa. Image shows open-cell brain terrain and closed-cell brain terrain, which is more common. Open-cell brain terrain is thought to hold a core of ice. Image is from HiRISE under HiWish program.
Impact crater that may have formed in ice-rich ground, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
Impact crater that may have formed in ice-rich ground, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Note that the ejecta seems lower than the surroundings. The hot ejecta may have caused some of the ice to go away; thus lowering the level of the ejecta.
Interactive Mars map
Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars. Hover your mouse over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations, based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (+12 to +8 km); followed by pinks and reds (+8 to +3 km); yellow is 0 km; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to −8 km). Axes are latitude and longitude; Polar regions are noted. (See also: Mars Rovers map and Mars Memorial map) (view • discuss)
See also
Barchan
Glacier
Glaciers on Mars
Groundwater on Mars
List of terrae on Mars
References
^ Milliken, R., J. Mustard, D. Goldsby. 2003. Viscous flow features on the surface of Mars: Observations from high-resolution Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images. J. Geophys. Res. 108. doi:10.1029/2002JE002005.
^ Arfstrom, J and W. Hartmann. 2005. Martian flow features, moraine-like ridges, and gullies: Terrestrial analogs and interrelationships. Icarus 174, 321-335.
^ a b Hubbard B., R. Milliken, J. Kargel, A. Limaye, C. Souness. 2011. Geomorphological characterisation and interpretation of a mid-latitude glacier-like form: Hellas Planitia, Mars Icarus 211, 330–346
^ Lucchitta, Baerbel K. "Ice and debris in the fretted terrain, Mars." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (1978–2012) 89.S02 (1984): B409-B418.
^ G.A. Morgan, J.W. Head, D.R. Marchant Lineated valley fill (LVF) and lobate debris aprons (LDA) in the Deuteronilus Mensae northern dichotomy boundary region, Mars: Constraints on the extent, age and episodicity of Amazonian glacial events Icarus, 202 (2009), pp. 22–38
^ D.M.H. Baker, J.W. Head, D.R. Marchant Flow patterns of lobate debris aprons and lineated valley fill north of Ismeniae Fossae, Mars: Evidence for extensive mid-latitude glaciation in the Late Amazonian Icarus, 207 (2010), pp. 186–209
^ Milliken, R. E., J. F. Mustard, and D. L. Goldsby. "Viscous flow features on the surface of Mars: Observations from high-resolution Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images." Journal of Geophysical Research 108.E6 (2003): 5057.
^ a b Levy, Joseph S., James W. Head, and David R. Marchant. "Concentric crater fill in Utopia Planitia: History and interaction between glacial “brain terrain” and periglacial mantle processes." Icarus 202.2 (2009): 462-476. Levy, Joseph S., James W. Head, and David R. Marchant. "Concentric crater fill in Utopia Planitia: History and interaction between glacial “brain terrain” and periglacial mantle processes." Icarus 202.2 (2009): 462-476.
^ J. Arfstrom, W.K. Hartmann Martian flow features, moraine-like ridges, and gullies: Terrestrial analogs and interrelationships Icarus, 174 (2005), pp. 321–335
^ Hubbard, Bryn, et al. "Geomorphological characterisation and interpretation of a mid-latitude glacier-like form: Hellas Planitia, Mars." Icarus 211.1 (2011): 330-346.
^ Pye, Kenneth; Haim Tsoar (2008). Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes. Springer. p. 138. ISBN 9783540859109.
^ "Barchan - sand dune". britannica.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
^ Mellon, J. T.; Feldman, W. C.; Prettyman, T. H. (2003). "The presence and stability of ground ice in the southern hemisphere of Mars". Icarus. 169 (2): 324–340. Bibcode:2004Icar..169..324M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.022.
^ "HiRISE |". hiroc.lpl.arizona.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.
^ Dickson, J. et al. 2009. Kilometer-thick ice accumulation and glaciation in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars: Evidence for crater-filling events in the Late Amazonian at the Phlegra Montes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
^ "HiRISE - Concentric Crater Fill in the Northern Plains (PSP_001926_2185)". hirise.lpl.arizona.edu. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
^ Head, J. et al. 2006. Extensive valley glacier deposits in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars: Evidence for late Amazonian obliquity-driven climate change. Earth Planet. Sci Lett: 241. 663-671.
^ Levy, J. et al. 2007.
^ Carr, M. 2001. Mars Global Surveyor observations of martian fretted terrain. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 23571-23593.
^ "HiRISE | High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment". Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?psp_008437_1750. Retrieved 2012-08-04.
^ Head, J., J. Mustard. 2006. Breccia dikes and crater-related faults in impact craters on Mars: Erosion and exposure on the floor of a crater 75 km in diameter at the dichotomy boundary, Meteorit. Planet Science: 41, 1675-1690.
^ Mangold et al. 2007. Mineralogy of the Nili Fossae region with OMEGA/Mars Express data: 2. Aqueous alteration of the crust. J. Geophys. Res., 112, doi:10.1029/2006JE002835.
^ Mustard et al., 2007. Mineralogy of the Nili Fossae region with OMEGA/Mars Express data: 1. Ancient impact melt in the Isidis Basin and implications for the transition from the Noachian to Hesperian, J. Geophys. Res., 112.
^ Mustard et al., 2009. Composition, Morphology, and Stratigraphy of Noachian Crust around the Isidis Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 114, doi:10.1029/2009JE003349.
Recommended reading
Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.). 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM.
Lorenz, R. 2014. The Dune Whisperers. The Planetary Report: 34, 1, 8-14
Lorenz, R., J. Zimbelman. 2014. Dune Worlds: How Windblown Sand Shapes Planetary Landscapes. Springer Praxis Books / Geophysical Sciences.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Terra Sabaea.
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Portal: Solar System | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiarabiaboundaries.jpg"},{"link_name":"2°N 42°E / 2°N 42°E / 2; 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Terra_Sabaea¶ms=2_N_42_E_globe:Mars_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"albedo feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo_feature"},{"link_name":"Arabia quadrangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_quadrangle"},{"link_name":"Syrtis Major quadrangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrtis_Major_quadrangle"},{"link_name":"Iapygia quadrangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapygia_quadrangle"},{"link_name":"Ismenius Lacus quadrangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle"},{"link_name":"Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_Sabaeus_quadrangle"}],"text":"Terra on MarsMOLA map showing boundaries of Terra Sabaea and other regionsTerra Sabaea is a large area on Mars. Its coordinates are 2°N 42°E / 2°N 42°E / 2; 42 and it covers 4,700 kilometres (2,900 mi) at its broadest extent. It was named in 1979 after a classic albedo feature on the planet. Terra Sabaea is fairly large and parts of it are found in five quadrangles: Arabia quadrangle, Syrtis Major quadrangle, Iapygia quadrangle, Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, and Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle.","title":"Terra Sabaea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hubbard_B._2011-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hubbard_B._2011-3"},{"link_name":"fretted terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretted_terrain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luchitta-4"},{"link_name":"lineated valley fill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineated_valley_fill"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorganetalDeuteronilus-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bakeretal2010-6"},{"link_name":"concentric crater fill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_crater_fill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milliken-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LevyBrainTerrain-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArfstromHartmann-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LevyBrainTerrain-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hubbard-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikielephantglacier.jpg"},{"link_name":"Romer Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romer_Lake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glacier_as_seen_by_ctx.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wide_view_of_glacier_showing_image_field.JPG"},{"link_name":"Protonilus Mensae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonilus_Mensae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glacier_close_up_with_hirise.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20769flow_features.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:25305glacierend.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikifrettedctxp22.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ismenius Lacus quadrangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WikiESP_020769_2225fretted.jpg"},{"link_name":"lineated valley fill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineated_valley_fill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_053630_2195lvf.jpg"},{"link_name":"HiWish program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiWish_program"},{"link_name":"Ismenius Lacus quadrangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:53630_2195brainslvf.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_053630_2195closecolorviewlvf.jpg"}],"text":"Some landscapes look just like glaciers moving out of mountain valleys on Earth. Some have a hollowed-out appearance, looking like a glacier after almost all the ice has disappeared. What is left are the moraines—the dirt and debris carried by the glacier. The center is hollowed out because the ice is mostly gone.[1] These supposed alpine glaciers have been called glacier-like forms (GLF) or glacier-like flows (GLF).[2] Glacier-like forms are a later and maybe more accurate term because we cannot be sure the structure is currently moving.[3] Another, more general term sometimes seen in the literature is viscous flow features (VFF).[3]A variety of other features on the surface have also been interpreted as directly linked to flowing ice, such as fretted terrain,[4] lineated valley fill,[5][6] concentric crater fill,[7][8] and arcuate ridges.[9] A variety of surface textures seen in imagery of the midlatitudes and polar regions are also thought to be linked to sublimation of glacial ice.[8][10]The pictures below show features believed to be glaciers—some may still contain ice; in others the ice has probably largely disappeared. Since ice may be present under just a few meters of debris, these places could be used to supply future Martian settlers with water.Romer Lake's Elephant Foot Glacier in the Earth's Arctic, as seen by Landsat 8. This picture shows several glaciers that have the same shape as many features on Mars that are believed to also be glaciers.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMesa in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, as seen by CTX. Mesa has several glaciers eroding it. One of the glaciers is seen in greater detail in the next two images from HiRISE.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGlacier as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program. Area in rectangle is enlarged in the next photo. Zone of accumulation of snow at the top. Glacier is moving down valley, then spreading out on plain. Evidence for flow comes from the many lines on surface. Location is in Protonilus Mensae in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEnlargement of area in rectangle of the previous image. On Earth the ridge would be called the terminal moraine of an alpine glacier. Picture taken with HiRISE under the HiWish program.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRemains of glaciers, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEnd of a glacier, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Surface to the right of the end moraine exhibits patterned ground which is common where ground water has frozen.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWide CTX view showing mesa and buttes with lobate debris aprons and lineated valley fill around them. Location is Ismenius Lacus quadrangle.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose-up of lineated valley fill (LVF), as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Note: this is an enlargement of the previous CTX image.Wide view of Lineated Valley Fill, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Location is Ismenius Lacus quadrangle.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEnlarged view of brain terrain on the surface of Lineated Valley Fill, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Location is Ismenius Lacus quadrangle.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose, color view of Lineated Valley Fill, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Location is Ismenius Lacus quadrangle.","title":"Glaciers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pye2008-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icarus169-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_034694_1555whitepurple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Schaeberle (Martian crater)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaeberle_(Martian_crater)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_036131_1675iapygiadikedunes.jpg"}],"text":"When there are perfect conditions for producing sand dunes, steady wind in one direction and just enough sand, a barchan sand dune forms. Barchans have a gentle slope on the wind side and a much steeper slope on the lee side where horns or a notch often forms.[11] The whole dune may appear to move with the wind. Observing dunes on Mars can tell us how strong the winds are, as well as their direction. If pictures are taken at regular intervals, one may see changes in the dunes or possibly in ripples on the dune’s surface. On Mars dunes are often dark in color because they were formed from the common, volcanic rock basalt. In the dry environment, dark minerals in basalt, like olivine and pyroxene, do not break down as they do on Earth. Although rare, some dark sand is found on Hawaii which also has many volcanoes discharging basalt. Barchan is a Russian term because this type of dune was first seen in the desert regions of Turkistan.[12]\nSome of the wind on Mars is created when the dry ice at the poles is heated in the spring. At that time, the solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimates or changes directly to a gas and rushes away at high speeds. Each Martian year 30% of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere freezes out and covers the pole that is experiencing winter, so there is a great potential for strong winds.[13] Some places in Terra Sabaea show dunes, as in the images below.Dunes in Schaeberle (Martian crater), as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDunes and craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Some of the dunes are barchans.","title":"Dunes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eroding_mesa_in_Iapygia.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mars Global Surveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor"},{"link_name":"MOC Public Targeting Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOC_Public_Targeting_Program"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20334pitandcrater.jpg"},{"link_name":"HiWish program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiWish_program"}],"text":"Eroding mesa in Syrtis Major. It would be rough to walk across this feature. Image was taken with Mars Global Surveyor, under the MOC Public Targeting Program.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose-up of crater deposit that shows both impact craters and pit craters caused by collapse. Image taken by HiRISE under the HiWish program.","title":"Erosional features in Terra Sabaea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiconcentrib22.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hollows_as_seen_by_hirise_under_hiwish_program.jpg"},{"link_name":"HiWish program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiWish_program"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crackswithpitsconcentric.jpg"}],"text":"A concentric crater fill is a landform where the floor of a crater is mostly covered with a large number of parallel ridges.[14] It is common in the mid-latitudes of Mars,[15][16] and is widely believed to be caused by glacial movement.[17][18]Crater with concentric crater fill, as seen by CTX (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Location is Casius quadrangle.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWell-developed hollows of concentric crater fill, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose-up that shows cracks containing pits on the floor of a crater containing concentric crater fill, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program.","title":"Concentric crater fill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Layers_in_Crater.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_046258_2160pyramids.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_046469_2195pyramids.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:46469_2195pyramid.jpg"}],"text":"Layers along slopes, especially along crater walls are believed to be the remains of a once wide spread material that has mostly been eroded away.[19]Layers in craters, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program. Area was probably covered over by these layers; the layers have now eroded away except for the protected interior of craters.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLayers in craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLayers in craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose view of layers in craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image.","title":"Layers in craters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_027059_2055layers.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_028509layers.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_054552_2110layersridgeswide.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:54552_2110layers2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:54552_2110layersridgesclose.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:54552_2110layersridgescolor.jpg"}],"text":"Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.[20] Groundwater may have been involved in the formation of layers in some places.,Rock layers in Flammarion Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLayers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program.Wide view of layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose view of layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose view of layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program A ridge cuts across the layers at a right angle.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose view of layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Part of picture is in color. A ridge cuts across the layers at a right angle.","title":"Layers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linear ridge networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_ridge_networks"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_043845_2130ridges.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_043845_2130ridgesclose.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_043845_2130ridgeswide.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_036869_2105ridgeswide.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_036869_2105ridgesclose.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_036869_2105ridgesbottom.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_048236_2105ridgeswide.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:48236_2105ridges3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:48236_2105ridges2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:48236_2105ridges.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:48236_2105ridgesmesa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_048236_2105ridgesclosecolor.jpg"}],"text":"Linear ridge networks are found in various places on Mars in and around craters.[21] Ridges often appear as mostly straight segments that intersect in a lattice-like manner. They are hundreds of meters long, tens of meters high, and several meters wide. It is thought that impacts created fractures in the surface, these fractures later acted as channels for fluids. Fluids cemented the structures. With the passage of time, surrounding material was eroded away, thereby leaving hard ridges behind.\nSince the ridges occur in locations with clay, these formations could serve as a marker for clay which requires water for its formation.[22][23][24]Network of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Ridges may be formed in various ways.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tColor, close-up of ridges seen in previous image, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMore ridges from the same place as the previous two images, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLinear ridge network, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose-up and color image of previous image of linear ridge network, as seen by HiRISe under HiWish program\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMore linear ridge networks from same location as previous two images, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish programWide view of network of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Portions of this image are enlarged in following images.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose view of network of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program This is an enlargement of a previous image.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose view of network of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program This is an enlargement of a previous image. Box shows the size of a football field.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose view of network of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program This is an enlargement of a previous image.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose view of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program This is an enlargement of a previous image. A small mesa in the image displays layers.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose, color view of network of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program This is an enlargement of a previous image.","title":"Linear Ridge Networks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banded_Bedrock_in_Terra_Sabaea,_Mars.jpg"},{"link_name":"bedrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock"},{"link_name":"Hellas basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_basin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikifrettedctxpo5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:45507_2200brains.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikifretesp_027639_2210lda.jpg"},{"link_name":"brain terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_terrain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_053867_2245hotejecta.jpg"},{"link_name":"HiWish program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiWish_program"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:53867_2245hotejectamargin.jpg"}],"text":"Banded bedrock in Terra Sabaea, in the ancient highlands north of the Hellas basin. The image is about a kilometer wide. Colors are enhanced.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWide CTX view of mesa showing lobate debris apron (LDA) and lineated valley fill. Both are believed to be debris-covered glaciers.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBrain terrain, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose-up of lobate debris apron from the previous CTX image of a mesa. Image shows open-cell brain terrain and closed-cell brain terrain, which is more common. Open-cell brain terrain is thought to hold a core of ice. Image is from HiRISE under HiWish program.Impact crater that may have formed in ice-rich ground, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tImpact crater that may have formed in ice-rich ground, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Note that the ejecta seems lower than the surroundings. The hot ejecta may have caused some of the ice to go away; thus lowering the level of the ejecta.","title":"Other features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interactive image map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_map"},{"link_name":"global topography of Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Mars"},{"link_name":"elevations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter"},{"link_name":"Mars Global Surveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor"},{"link_name":"Axes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"Polar regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_pole"},{"link_name":"Mars Rovers map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Features_and_artificial_objects_on_Mars"},{"link_name":"Mars Memorial map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Features_and_memorials_on_Mars"},{"link_name":"view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mars_map"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_map"}],"text":"Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars. Hover your mouse over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations, based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (+12 to +8 km); followed by pinks and reds (+8 to +3 km); yellow is 0 km; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to −8 km). Axes are latitude and longitude; Polar regions are noted. (See also: Mars Rovers map and Mars Memorial map) (view • discuss)","title":"Interactive Mars map"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.). 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM.\nLorenz, R. 2014. The Dune Whisperers. The Planetary Report: 34, 1, 8-14\nLorenz, R., J. Zimbelman. 2014. Dune Worlds: How Windblown Sand Shapes Planetary Landscapes. Springer Praxis Books / Geophysical Sciences.","title":"Recommended reading"}] | [{"image_text":"MOLA map showing boundaries of Terra Sabaea and other regions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wikiarabiaboundaries.jpg/300px-Wikiarabiaboundaries.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars. Hover your mouse over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations, based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (+12 to +8 km); followed by pinks and reds (+8 to +3 km); yellow is 0 km; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to −8 km). Axes are latitude and longitude; Polar regions are noted. (See also: Mars Rovers map and Mars Memorial map) (view • discuss)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/620px-Mars_Map.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Barchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barchan"},{"title":"Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"title":"Glaciers on Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers_on_Mars"},{"title":"Groundwater on Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_on_Mars"},{"title":"List of terrae on Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terrae_on_Mars"}] | [{"reference":"Pye, Kenneth; Haim Tsoar (2008). Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes. Springer. p. 138. ISBN 9783540859109.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540859109","url_text":"9783540859109"}]},{"reference":"\"Barchan - sand dune\". britannica.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/53068/barchan","url_text":"\"Barchan - sand dune\""}]},{"reference":"Mellon, J. T.; Feldman, W. C.; Prettyman, T. H. (2003). \"The presence and stability of ground ice in the southern hemisphere of Mars\". Icarus. 169 (2): 324–340. Bibcode:2004Icar..169..324M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Icar..169..324M","url_text":"2004Icar..169..324M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2003.10.022","url_text":"10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.022"}]},{"reference":"\"HiRISE |\". hiroc.lpl.arizona.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716184117/http://hiroc.lpl.arizona.edu/images/PSP/diafotizo.php?ID=PSP_111926_2185","url_text":"\"HiRISE |\""},{"url":"http://hiroc.lpl.arizona.edu/images/PSP/diafotizo.php?ID=PSP_111926_2185","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HiRISE - Concentric Crater Fill in the Northern Plains (PSP_001926_2185)\". hirise.lpl.arizona.edu. Retrieved 4 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_001926_2185","url_text":"\"HiRISE - Concentric Crater Fill in the Northern Plains (PSP_001926_2185)\""}]},{"reference":"\"HiRISE | High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment\". Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?psp_008437_1750. Retrieved 2012-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/?PSP_008437_1750","url_text":"\"HiRISE | High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Terra_Sabaea¶ms=2_N_42_E_globe:Mars_type:landmark","external_links_name":"2°N 42°E / 2°N 42°E / 2; 42"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Terra_Sabaea¶ms=2_N_42_E_globe:Mars_type:landmark","external_links_name":"2°N 42°E / 2°N 42°E / 2; 42"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/53068/barchan","external_links_name":"\"Barchan - sand dune\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Icar..169..324M","external_links_name":"2004Icar..169..324M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2003.10.022","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.022"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716184117/http://hiroc.lpl.arizona.edu/images/PSP/diafotizo.php?ID=PSP_111926_2185","external_links_name":"\"HiRISE |\""},{"Link":"http://hiroc.lpl.arizona.edu/images/PSP/diafotizo.php?ID=PSP_111926_2185","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_001926_2185","external_links_name":"\"HiRISE - Concentric Crater Fill in the Northern Plains (PSP_001926_2185)\""},{"Link":"http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/?PSP_008437_1750","external_links_name":"\"HiRISE | High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sUUKcZaTgA","external_links_name":"Martian Ice - Jim Secosky - 16th Annual International Mars Society Convention"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Fox | Nate Fox | ["1 Death","2 Achievements","3 References"] | American basketball player
Nate FoxPersonal informationBorn(1977-04-14)April 14, 1977Plainfield, Illinois, U.S.DiedDecember 22, 2014(2014-12-22) (aged 37)Bloomingdale, Illinois, U.S.Listed height6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)Listed weight230 lb (104 kg)Career informationHigh schoolPlainfield (Plainfield, Illinois)CollegeBoston College (1995–1997)Maine (1998–2000)NBA draft2000: undraftedPlaying career2000–2012PositionPower forward / centerCareer history2000–2001Aveiro Esgueira2001CB Ciudad de Huelva2001Aveiro Esgueira2001–2002Barreirense2002–2003Bayer Giants Leverkusen2003–2004Ramat Hasharon2004Basket Groot Leuven2004MPC Capitals2005–2008Bayer Giants Leverkusen2008–2009Kalev/Cramo2009–2010NY Phantoms Braunschweig2011STB Le Havre2011–2012Okapi Aalstar
Career highlights and awards
All-KML First Team (2009)
First-team All-America East (2000)
Nate Fox (April 14, 1977 – December 22, 2014) was an American professional basketball player.
Fox played college basketball for the University of Maine Black Bears, averaging 17.5 points and 7.5 rebounds in his senior year.
After graduating, he played in Europe. From 2000 until 2002 he played in Portugal before signing with Bayer Giants Leverkusen in Germany. For the next two seasons Fox played in Israel, Belgium and The Netherlands. In 2005, he returned to Bayer Giants Leverkusen and became one of the best players in Basketball Bundesliga and a leader at his team. In March 2008 he received a worldwide suspension for seven and a half months after a positive doping test and was fired from Leverkusen. After the suspension ended Fox signed with BC Kalev/Cramo. Fox was one of the best players in the Baltic League and he received the Baltic Basketball League MVP of the Month award in December 2008. For the 2009–10 season Fox moved back to Bundesliga basketball, playing for the New Yorker Phantoms Braunschweig. In February 2011 he signed with French club STB Le Havre.
Death
Fox was shot to death shortly after 9:30 p.m on December 22, 2014, in the driveway of his Bloomingdale, Illinois, home. The shooter was Hinsdale, Illinois, businessman Jeffrey Wayne Keller, who was convicted on May 26, 2017, of first-degree murder for the killing.
Achievements
2008–09 Estonian Cup (BC Kalev/Cramo)
2008–09 Estonian League (BC Kalev/Cramo)
2011–12 Belgian Cup (Okapi Aalstar)
References
^ "Nate Fox December MVP Archived 2012-02-26 at the Wayback Machine" SEB BBL Homepage (2009-01-08). Retrieved on 2009-01-28
^ Le Havre signs Nate Fox
^ Nate Fox, 37, Fatal shot in driveway of Bloomingdale home
^ Ward, Clifford (26 May 2017). "Hinsdale businessman guilty of murder in shooting death of perceived rival". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 27 May 2017. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"University of Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maine"},{"link_name":"Black Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Black_Bears_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Bayer Giants Leverkusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_Giants_Leverkusen"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"The Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Bayer Giants Leverkusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_Giants_Leverkusen"},{"link_name":"Basketball Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"BC Kalev/Cramo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Kalev/Cramo"},{"link_name":"Baltic Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New Yorker Phantoms Braunschweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorker_Phantoms_Braunschweig"},{"link_name":"STB Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STB_Le_Havre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Nate Fox (April 14, 1977 – December 22, 2014) was an American professional basketball player.Fox played college basketball for the University of Maine Black Bears, averaging 17.5 points and 7.5 rebounds in his senior year.After graduating, he played in Europe. From 2000 until 2002 he played in Portugal before signing with Bayer Giants Leverkusen in Germany. For the next two seasons Fox played in Israel, Belgium and The Netherlands. In 2005, he returned to Bayer Giants Leverkusen and became one of the best players in Basketball Bundesliga and a leader at his team. In March 2008 he received a worldwide suspension for seven and a half months after a positive doping test and was fired from Leverkusen. After the suspension ended Fox signed with BC Kalev/Cramo. Fox was one of the best players in the Baltic League and he received the Baltic Basketball League MVP of the Month award in December 2008.[1] For the 2009–10 season Fox moved back to Bundesliga basketball, playing for the New Yorker Phantoms Braunschweig. In February 2011 he signed with French club STB Le Havre.[2]","title":"Nate Fox"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bloomingdale, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomingdale,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hinsdale, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinsdale,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Fox was shot to death shortly after 9:30 p.m on December 22, 2014, in the driveway of his Bloomingdale, Illinois, home.[3] The shooter was Hinsdale, Illinois, businessman Jeffrey Wayne Keller, who was convicted on May 26, 2017, of first-degree murder for the killing.[4]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Basketball_Cup"},{"link_name":"BC Kalev/Cramo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Kalev/Cramo"},{"link_name":"Estonian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korvpalli_Meistriliiga"},{"link_name":"Belgian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Basketball_Cup"},{"link_name":"Okapi Aalstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okapi_Aalstar"}],"text":"2008–09 Estonian Cup (BC Kalev/Cramo)\n2008–09 Estonian League (BC Kalev/Cramo)\n2011–12 Belgian Cup (Okapi Aalstar)","title":"Achievements"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ward, Clifford (26 May 2017). \"Hinsdale businessman guilty of murder in shooting death of perceived rival\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 27 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/hinsdale/news/ct-keller-trial-0527-20170526-story,amp.html","url_text":"\"Hinsdale businessman guilty of murder in shooting death of perceived rival\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bbl.net/index.php/b19sYW5nPWVuJm9fc2Vhcz0yMSZvX2xlYWc9OCZmdXNlYWN0aW9uPWFydGljbGVzLnZpZXcmdD0wJnA9MCZpZD0xMDEzNQ==","external_links_name":"Nate Fox December MVP"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226124411/http://www.bbl.net/index.php/b19sYW5nPWVuJm9fc2Vhcz0yMSZvX2xlYWc9OCZmdXNlYWN0aW9uPWFydGljbGVzLnZpZXcmdD0wJnA9MCZpZD0xMDEzNQ==","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sportando.net/eng/europe/france/22500/le_havre_signs_nate_fox.html","external_links_name":"Le Havre signs Nate Fox"},{"Link":"http://abc7chicago.com/news/man-shot-killed-in-driveway-of-bloomingdale-home/448893/","external_links_name":"Nate Fox, 37, Fatal shot in driveway of Bloomingdale home"},{"Link":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/hinsdale/news/ct-keller-trial-0527-20170526-story,amp.html","external_links_name":"\"Hinsdale businessman guilty of murder in shooting death of perceived rival\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Copley_Township_shooting | 2011 Copley Township shooting | ["1 Shooting","2 Perpetrator","3 Aftermath","4 Victims","5 References"] | Coordinates: 41°05′24″N 81°36′19″W / 41.09°N 81.6052°W / 41.09; -81.60522011 mass shooting in Ohio
2011 Copley Township shootingCopley TownshipCopley Township (Ohio)LocationCopley Township, Ohio, U.S.Coordinates41°05′24″N 81°36′19″W / 41.09°N 81.6052°W / 41.09; -81.6052DateAugust 7, 2011 (2011-08-07) 10:55 – 11:05 a.m. EST (UTC-05:00)Attack typeMass murder, mass shooting, home invasionWeapons
Hi-Point Model JHP .45-caliber pistol
.357 Magnum revolver
Deaths8 (including the perpetrator)Injured1PerpetratorMichael E. HanceDefenderBen CampbellMotiveUnclear
On August 7, 2011, a mass shooting occurred in Copley Township, Ohio, committed by 51-year-old Michael E. Hance. Seven people were shot dead before the gunman was shot and killed by Copley police officer Ben Campbell. Hance had previously displayed erratic and bizarre behavior, and was considered by those who knew him to be delusional. Campbell later received the Law Enforcement Congressional Badge of Bravery for taking down Hance.
Shooting
Using two handguns, including a Hi-Point Model JHP .45-caliber pistol and a .357 Magnum six-shot revolver he bought from the same location in 2005, Hance opened fire at a house in the 2300 block of Goodenough Avenue. He first shot his 49-year-old girlfriend Rebecca K. Dieter, who was the only survivor in the shooting. Dieter managed to call 9-1-1 before escaping to the porch of her house and being shot again in the back, after which she pretended to be dead.
He then ran into an adjacent house, where he shot and killed Dieter's brother Craig; Autumn Johnson, 16; her grandparents, Russell Johnson, 67, and Gudrun Johnson, 64; and Amelia Shambaugh, 16, who was visiting a friend at the time and was seated in her parked car when she was shot. Hance then chased Autumn Johnson's father, 44-year-old Bryan Johnson, northward, and shot him to death in a nearby driveway on Schocalog Road.
He next followed Craig's son, 11-year-old Scott, into a house on the same street. There, Hance found Scott hiding behind a furnace in the basement with the home's current residents, Melonie Bagley and her three children (nine-year-old Dae'Shawn, three-year-old Destany, and a one-year-old daughter). Bagley tried to deny that Scott was with her before fleeing with her daughters. Hance found Scott and Dae'Shawn, shooting and killing the former while leaving the Bagley family alive.
As Hance was leaving the house, Officer Ben Campbell, along with former Copley Township policeman Keith Lavery, spotted him. Together, they issued commands telling him to drop his weapon and get on the ground, which Hance ignored, raising his gun instead, firing shots at them. In response, Campbell and Lavery shot at Hance, with rounds from Campbell's rifle ultimately killing Hance.
Perpetrator
Michael Hance
Michael E. Hance, a 51-year-old male, was identified as the gunman in the shooting. He was described as extremely helpful, but also quiet, strange, eccentric and "not well-liked" by residents of Copley Township. Acquaintances stated that he had "compulsions" that seemed to hint at a previously undiagnosed mental illness. He graduated from Norton High School in 1978, and was voted the "most courteous" student in the class. His only experience with mental healthcare was through herbal remedies. His girlfriend later described him as having no violent tendencies, but stated that he was depressed and had had trouble sleeping. However, he was described as delusional and displayed bizarre behavior, such as removing all the batteries in the clocks in the house, saying the ticking noise "bothered him".
In 1997, Hance contacted police about a man threatening him with a gun when he went out to confront him for vandalizing his truck. He had recently been forced to care for Dieter's father, who was suffering from dementia, and lost his job at a copy store after it was closed down. He was also having tense relations with Russell and Gudrun Johnson, who were his next-door neighbors. On one occasion, he was told by Gudrun to clean up his property, only for her to be forced away by him.
Hance had in the lead up to the shooting sought out repayment of a debt that he had previously forgiven, when he had previously been unmotivated by money. He used the money to buy the guns used in the shooting from Sydmor's Jewelry in neighboring Barberton, Ohio five days before, as well as a holster and roughly 200 rounds of ammunition. He visited a local gun range several times in the lead up to the shooting.
The day before the shooting he had visited family with his girlfriend. Relatives noted that he had appeared "agitated", and that Hance had glared at Scott Dieter. The Copley Chief of Police, Michael Mier, stated that Hance may have been planning a shooting in Cleveland or Pennsylvania, and Craig Dieter, the first victim, had noticed his guns. In his theory, the Johnsons were collateral damage.
Aftermath
Ben Campbell was one of 34 police officers presented the Top Cops award by President Barack Obama in May 2012, and later received the Law Enforcement Congressional Badge of Bravery in March 2013 for taking down Hance. On the anniversary of the shooting a year later, a memorial was held in remembrance of the victims. Flags in the community were hung at half-staff.
The only survivor, Hance's girlfriend, stated in 2019 that she still believed in the rights of the Second Amendment, but that she supported the proposal of a red flag law, even though she did not believe it would have stopped the shooting. She stated she believed Hance was suffering from a type of delusional disorder and was psychotic at the time.
Gun rights advocate Massad Ayoob, writing for American Handgunner, argued that the response to the shooting was courageous on part of the police, and that the contribution of armed citizen Keith Lavery in taking down Hance was ignored by the media, which he called "disgraceful". Gun control advocate Tom Diaz argued in his book The Last Gun that the shooting was "quintessentially American", and that the media response to the shooting exemplified a "breathless but ultimately feckless" type of media reporting after mass shootings.
Victims
Name
Age
Relationship
Notes
Rebecca K. Dieter
49
Hance's girlfriend
Shot at her and Hance's homeThe only survivor of the shooting
Craig Brian Eric Dieter
51
Rebecca's brother
Shot at Russell and Gudrun Johnson's home
Autumn Marie Johnson
16
Russell and Gudrun's granddaughter
Shot at her grandparents' home
Russell Lee Johnson
67
Autumn's grandfather
Shot at his and Gudrun's home
Gudrun Marie Scheiner Johnson
64
Autumn's grandmother
Shot at her and Russell's home
Amelia Lynn Shambaugh
16
Friend of Autumn
Shot at Russell and Gudrun Johnson's home
Bryan Richard Johnson
44
Autumn's father
Shot on Schocalog Road
Scott Calvin Dieter
11
Craig's son
Shot inside a home on Schocalog Road
References
^ a b Caniglia, John (August 9, 2011). "Copley shooter Michael Hance was eccentric, but also helpful to neighbors in Akron". Plain Dealer. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
^ a b c "Police Work to Determine Motive in Deadly Ohio Shooting Rampage". FOX News. Associated Press. August 8, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
^ a b c "Ohio rampage suspect bought gun from pawn shop". CBS News. August 10, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
^ Carney, Jim (August 7, 2012). "Becky Dieter remembers being shot: 'We lost many great people that day'". Akron Beacon Journal. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
^ Miller, Marilyn (August 7, 2012). "Copley mother still struggling for peace of mind after shooting in her home". Akron Beacon Journal. Archived from the original on August 8, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
^ "Copley shootings left eight dead, woman seriously wounded". Akron Beacon Journal. August 7, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
^ a b c d e Ayoob, Massad (November 1, 2013). "The mass killer, the cop and the armed citizen". American Handgunner.
^ a b "Remembering: One year anniversary of Copley Killings". WOIO. August 8, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
^ Waterhouse, Mike (August 7, 2011). "Gunman among 8 dead in shooting rampage in Copley Township". WEWS. Archived from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
^ "Ohio police shoot man dead after 'domestic killings'". BBC News. August 7, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
^ Remizowski, Leigh (August 8, 2011). "Police name suspect in Ohio shooting spree". CNN News. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
^ a b Armon, Rick (August 10, 2011). "Ohio gunman purchased one weapon five days before rampage". Boston Herald. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
^ a b Byard, Katie (August 11, 2019). "'This isn't happening': Survivor of 2011 Copley attack backs gun rights, but seeks stricter controls". Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
^ Begos, Kevin; Welsh-Huggins, Andrew (August 9, 2011). "Property dispute apparently sparked shooting rampage". The Wichita Eagle. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
^ a b c d Morehead, Bob (November 21, 2011). "Academy students learn at-risk clues: Copley chief recounts August massacre". The Post. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
^ a b Diaz, Tom (April 2, 2013). The Last Gun: How Changes in the Gun Industry Are Killing Americans and What It Will Take to Stop It. The New Press. pp. 15–18, 258–259. ISBN 978-1-59558-830-2.
^ Deike, John (March 26, 2013). "Officer Receives Badge of Bravery for Gunning Down Copley Shooter". Patch. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
^ Jones, Bob (February 23, 2021). "Copley resource officer saves choking student at Copley Middle School". WEWS. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
^ Nethers, Dave (August 8, 2012). "Copley Honors Shooting Victims 1 Year Later". WJW. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
vteMass shootings in the United States in the 2010s2010
St. Louis, MO (Jan. 7)
Kennesaw, GA (Jan. 12)
Appomattox, VA (Jan. 17–20)
Huntsville, AL (Feb. 12)
West Memphis, AR (May 20)
Manchester, CT (Aug. 3)
2011
Casas Adobes, AZ (Jan. 8)
Medford, NY (Jun. 19)
Grand Rapids, MI (Jul. 7)
Copley Township, OH (Aug. 7)
Carson City, NV (Sep. 6)
Seal Beach, CA (Oct. 12)
Irwindale, CA (Dec. 16)
2012
Chardon, OH (Feb. 27)
Oakland, CA (Apr. 2)
Seattle, WA (May 30)
Houston, TX (Jun. 20)
Aurora, CO (Jul. 20)
Oak Creek, WI (Aug. 5)
College Station, TX (Aug. 13)
Manhattan, NY (Aug. 24)
Minneapolis, MN (Sep. 27)
Brookfield, WI (Oct. 21)
Fresno, CA (Nov. 6)
Newtown, CT (Dec. 14)
Webster, NY (Dec. 24)
2013
Albuquerque, NM (Jan. 19)
Herkimer County, NY (Mar. 13)
Hialeah, FL (Jul. 26)
Ross Township, PA (Aug. 5)
Washington, D.C. (Sep. 16)
Los Angeles, CA (Nov. 1)
Montgomery, AL (Dec. 28)
2014
Killeen, TX (Apr. 2)
Isla Vista, CA (May 23)
Las Vegas, NV (Jun. 8)
Harris County, TX (Jul. 9)
Marysville, WA (Oct. 24)
Montgomery County, PA (Dec. 15)
2015
Waco, TX (May 17)
Charleston, SC (Jun. 17)
Chattanooga, TN (Jul. 16)
Lafayette, LA (Jul. 23)
Harris County, TX (Aug. 8)
Roseburg, OR (Oct. 1)
Flagstaff, AZ (Oct. 9)
Colorado Springs, CO (Nov. 27)
San Bernardino, CA (Dec. 2)
2016
Kalamazoo County, MI (Feb. 20)
Newton & Hesston, KS (Feb. 25)
Wilkinsburg, PA (Mar. 9)
Kansas City, KS & Montgomery County, MO (Mar. 7–8)
Orlando, FL (Jun. 12)
Dallas, TX (Jul. 7)
St. Joseph, MI (Jul. 11)
Baton Rouge, LA (Jul. 17)
Mukilteo, WA (Jul. 30)
Citronelle, AL (Aug. 20)
Burlington, WA (Sep. 23)
Townville, SC (Sep. 28)
2017
Broward County, FL (Jan. 6)
Cincinnati, OH (Mar. 26)
Fresno, CA (Apr. 18)
Lincoln County, MS (May 27)
Orlando, FL (Jun. 5)
Sandy, UT (Jun. 6)
Eaton Township, PA (Jun. 8)
Alexandria, VA (Jun. 14)
San Francisco, CA (Jun. 14)
Bronx, NY (Jun. 30)
Little Rock, AR (Jul. 1)
Clovis, NM (Aug. 28)
Plano, TX (Sep. 10)
Nashville, TN (Sep. 24)
Paradise, NV (Oct. 1)
Sutherland Springs, TX (Nov. 5)
Rancho Tehama, CA (Nov. 13–14)
Highlands Ranch, CO (Dec. 31)
2018
Draffenville, KY (Jan. 23)
Parkland, FL (Feb. 14)
San Bruno, CA (Apr. 3)
Nashville, TN (Apr. 22)
Santa Fe, TX (May 18)
Scottsdale, AZ (May 30–Jun. 4)
Trenton, NJ (Jun. 17)
Annapolis, MD (Jun. 28)
Jacksonville, FL (Aug. 26)
Cincinnati, OH (Sep. 6)
Aberdeen, MD (Sep. 20)
Florence, SC (Oct. 3)
Pittsburgh, PA (Oct. 27)
Tallahassee, FL (Nov. 2)
Thousand Oaks, CA (Nov. 7)
Globe, AZ (Nov. 11)
2019
Sebring, FL (Jan. 23)
Ascension & Livingston Parishes, LA (Jan. 26)
Houston, TX (Jan. 28)
Aurora, IL (Feb. 15)
Poway, CA (Apr. 27)
Charlotte, NC (Apr. 30)
Highlands Ranch, CO (May 7)
Virginia Beach, VA (May 31)
Gilroy, CA (Jul. 28)
El Paso, TX (Aug. 3)
Dayton, OH (Aug. 4)
San Juan, PR (Oct. 14)
Orinda, CA (Oct. 31)
Santa Clarita, CA (Nov. 14)
Fresno, CA (Nov. 17)
Pensacola, FL (Dec. 6)
Jersey City, NJ (Dec. 10)
Part of mass shootings in the United States by time period (1980s and before, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, 2020s) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mass shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_shooting"},{"link_name":"Copley Township, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Township,_Ohio"}],"text":"2011 mass shooting in OhioOn August 7, 2011, a mass shooting occurred in Copley Township, Ohio, committed by 51-year-old Michael E. Hance. Seven people were shot dead before the gunman was shot and killed by Copley police officer Ben Campbell. Hance had previously displayed erratic and bizarre behavior, and was considered by those who knew him to be delusional. Campbell later received the Law Enforcement Congressional Badge of Bravery for taking down Hance.","title":"2011 Copley Township shooting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hi-Point Model JHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Point_Model_JHP"},{"link_name":".45-caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.45_ACP"},{"link_name":".357 Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.357_Magnum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RampageSuspect-3"},{"link_name":"9-1-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DetermineMotive-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RampageSuspect-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericanHandgunner2013-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WOIO2012-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Using two handguns, including a Hi-Point Model JHP .45-caliber pistol and a .357 Magnum six-shot revolver[3] he bought from the same location in 2005, Hance opened fire at a house in the 2300 block of Goodenough Avenue. He first shot his 49-year-old girlfriend Rebecca K. Dieter, who was the only survivor in the shooting. Dieter managed to call 9-1-1 before escaping to the porch of her house and being shot again in the back, after which she pretended to be dead.[2][4]He then ran into an adjacent house, where he shot and killed Dieter's brother Craig; Autumn Johnson, 16; her grandparents, Russell Johnson, 67, and Gudrun Johnson, 64; and Amelia Shambaugh, 16, who was visiting a friend at the time and was seated in her parked car when she was shot.[3] Hance then chased Autumn Johnson's father, 44-year-old Bryan Johnson, northward, and shot him to death in a nearby driveway on Schocalog Road.He next followed Craig's son, 11-year-old Scott, into a house on the same street. There, Hance found Scott hiding behind a furnace in the basement with the home's current residents, Melonie Bagley and her three children (nine-year-old Dae'Shawn, three-year-old Destany, and a one-year-old daughter). Bagley tried to deny that Scott was with her before fleeing with her daughters. Hance found Scott and Dae'Shawn, shooting and killing the former while leaving the Bagley family alive.[5][6]As Hance was leaving the house, Officer Ben Campbell, along with former Copley Township policeman Keith Lavery, spotted him. Together, they issued commands telling him to drop his weapon and get on the ground, which Hance ignored, raising his gun instead, firing shots at them.[7][8] In response, Campbell and Lavery shot at Hance, with rounds from Campbell's rifle ultimately killing Hance.[9][10][11]","title":"Shooting"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Hance.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DetermineMotive-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonHerald2011-12"},{"link_name":"Norton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_High_School_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonHerald2011-12"},{"link_name":"herbal remedies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal_remedies"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericanHandgunner2013-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericanHandgunner2013-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AkronBeaconJournal2019-13"},{"link_name":"dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eccentric-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThePost2011-15"},{"link_name":"Barberton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barberton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RampageSuspect-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThePost2011-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz2013-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThePost2011-15"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThePost2011-15"}],"text":"Michael HanceMichael E. Hance, a 51-year-old male, was identified as the gunman in the shooting. He was described as extremely helpful, but also quiet, strange, eccentric and \"not well-liked\" by residents of Copley Township.[2][12] Acquaintances stated that he had \"compulsions\" that seemed to hint at a previously undiagnosed mental illness. He graduated from Norton High School in 1978, and was voted the \"most courteous\" student in the class.[12] His only experience with mental healthcare was through herbal remedies.[7] His girlfriend later described him as having no violent tendencies, but stated that he was depressed and had had trouble sleeping. However, he was described as delusional and displayed bizarre behavior, such as removing all the batteries in the clocks in the house, saying the ticking noise \"bothered him\".[7][13]In 1997, Hance contacted police about a man threatening him with a gun when he went out to confront him for vandalizing his truck. He had recently been forced to care for Dieter's father, who was suffering from dementia, and lost his job at a copy store after it was closed down. He was also having tense relations with Russell and Gudrun Johnson, who were his next-door neighbors.[1] On one occasion, he was told by Gudrun to clean up his property, only for her to be forced away by him.[14]Hance had in the lead up to the shooting sought out repayment of a debt that he had previously forgiven, when he had previously been unmotivated by money.[15] He used the money to buy the guns used in the shooting from Sydmor's Jewelry in neighboring Barberton, Ohio five days before, as well as a holster and roughly 200 rounds of ammunition.[3][15] He visited a local gun range several times in the lead up to the shooting.[16]The day before the shooting he had visited family with his girlfriend. Relatives noted that he had appeared \"agitated\", and that Hance had glared at Scott Dieter.[15] The Copley Chief of Police, Michael Mier, stated that Hance may have been planning a shooting in Cleveland or Pennsylvania, and Craig Dieter, the first victim, had noticed his guns. In his theory, the Johnsons were collateral damage.[15]","title":"Perpetrator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top Cops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Police_Organizations#Top_Cops"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericanHandgunner2013-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"half-staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-staff"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WOIO2012-8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Second Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Amendment"},{"link_name":"red flag law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_flag_law"},{"link_name":"delusional disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusional_disorder"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AkronBeaconJournal2019-13"},{"link_name":"Massad Ayoob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massad_Ayoob"},{"link_name":"American Handgunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Handgunner"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericanHandgunner2013-7"},{"link_name":"Tom Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Diaz"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz2013-16"}],"text":"Ben Campbell was one of 34 police officers presented the Top Cops award by President Barack Obama in May 2012, and later received the Law Enforcement Congressional Badge of Bravery in March 2013 for taking down Hance.[7][17][18] On the anniversary of the shooting a year later, a memorial was held in remembrance of the victims. Flags in the community were hung at half-staff.[8][19]The only survivor, Hance's girlfriend, stated in 2019 that she still believed in the rights of the Second Amendment, but that she supported the proposal of a red flag law, even though she did not believe it would have stopped the shooting. She stated she believed Hance was suffering from a type of delusional disorder and was psychotic at the time.[13]Gun rights advocate Massad Ayoob, writing for American Handgunner, argued that the response to the shooting was courageous on part of the police, and that the contribution of armed citizen Keith Lavery in taking down Hance was ignored by the media, which he called \"disgraceful\".[7] Gun control advocate Tom Diaz argued in his book The Last Gun that the shooting was \"quintessentially American\", and that the media response to the shooting exemplified a \"breathless but ultimately feckless\" type of media reporting after mass shootings.[16]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Victims"}] | [{"image_text":"Michael Hance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/40/Michael_Hance.jpg/220px-Michael_Hance.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Caniglia, John (August 9, 2011). \"Copley shooter Michael Hance was eccentric, but also helpful to neighbors in Akron\". Plain Dealer. Retrieved June 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2011/08/shooter_described_as_eccentric.html","url_text":"\"Copley shooter Michael Hance was eccentric, but also helpful to neighbors in Akron\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_Dealer","url_text":"Plain Dealer"}]},{"reference":"\"Police Work to Determine Motive in Deadly Ohio Shooting Rampage\". FOX News. Associated Press. August 8, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/08/08/police-work-to-determine-motive-in-deadly-ohio-shooting-rampage/","url_text":"\"Police Work to Determine Motive in Deadly Ohio Shooting Rampage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOX_News","url_text":"FOX News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio rampage suspect bought gun from pawn shop\". CBS News. August 10, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ohio-rampage-suspect-bought-gun-from-pawn-shop/","url_text":"\"Ohio rampage suspect bought gun from pawn shop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]},{"reference":"Carney, Jim (August 7, 2012). \"Becky Dieter remembers being shot: 'We lost many great people that day'\". Akron Beacon Journal. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/news/local/2012/08/07/becky-dieter-remembers-being-shot/10708045007/","url_text":"\"Becky Dieter remembers being shot: 'We lost many great people that day'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron_Beacon_Journal","url_text":"Akron Beacon Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120809213723/http://www.ohio.com/news/local/becky-dieter-remembers-being-shot-we-lost-many-great-people-that-day-1.325380","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Marilyn (August 7, 2012). \"Copley mother still struggling for peace of mind after shooting in her home\". Akron Beacon Journal. Archived from the original on August 8, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/news/local/2012/08/07/copley-mother-still-struggling-for/10676433007/","url_text":"\"Copley mother still struggling for peace of mind after shooting in her home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron_Beacon_Journal","url_text":"Akron Beacon Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120808212045/http://www.ohio.com/news/local/copley-mother-still-struggling-for-peace-of-mind-after-shooting-in-her-home-1.325367","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Copley shootings left eight dead, woman seriously wounded\". Akron Beacon Journal. August 7, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/news/local/2012/08/07/copley-shootings-left-eight-dead/10676293007/","url_text":"\"Copley shootings left eight dead, woman seriously wounded\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron_Beacon_Journal","url_text":"Akron Beacon Journal"}]},{"reference":"Ayoob, Massad (November 1, 2013). \"The mass killer, the cop and the armed citizen\". American Handgunner.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massad_Ayoob","url_text":"Ayoob, Massad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Handgunner","url_text":"American Handgunner"}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering: One year anniversary of Copley Killings\". WOIO. August 8, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleveland19.com/story/19221014/remembering-one-year-anniversary-of-copley-massacre","url_text":"\"Remembering: One year anniversary of Copley Killings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOIO","url_text":"WOIO"}]},{"reference":"Waterhouse, Mike (August 7, 2011). \"Gunman among 8 dead in shooting rampage in Copley Township\". WEWS. Archived from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150429165955/http://www.newsnet5.com/news/local-news/akron-canton-news/police-respond-to-reports-of-multiple-gunshots","url_text":"\"Gunman among 8 dead in shooting rampage in Copley Township\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEWS","url_text":"WEWS"},{"url":"http://www.newsnet5.com/news/local-news/akron-canton-news/police-respond-to-reports-of-multiple-gunshots","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio police shoot man dead after 'domestic killings'\". BBC News. August 7, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14438221","url_text":"\"Ohio police shoot man dead after 'domestic killings'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Remizowski, Leigh (August 8, 2011). \"Police name suspect in Ohio shooting spree\". CNN News. Retrieved August 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/08/08/ohio.shooting/","url_text":"\"Police name suspect in Ohio shooting spree\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_News","url_text":"CNN News"}]},{"reference":"Armon, Rick (August 10, 2011). \"Ohio gunman purchased one weapon five days before rampage\". Boston Herald. Retrieved December 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonherald.com/2011/08/10/ohio-gunman-purchased-one-weapon-five-days-before-rampage/","url_text":"\"Ohio gunman purchased one weapon five days before rampage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald","url_text":"Boston Herald"}]},{"reference":"Byard, Katie (August 11, 2019). \"'This isn't happening': Survivor of 2011 Copley attack backs gun rights, but seeks stricter controls\". Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved December 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/news/crime/2019/08/12/this-isn-t-happening/4482037007/","url_text":"\"'This isn't happening': Survivor of 2011 Copley attack backs gun rights, but seeks stricter controls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron_Beacon_Journal","url_text":"Akron Beacon Journal"}]},{"reference":"Begos, Kevin; Welsh-Huggins, Andrew (August 9, 2011). \"Property dispute apparently sparked shooting rampage\". The Wichita Eagle. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kansas.com/news/local/crime/article1074937.html","url_text":"\"Property dispute apparently sparked shooting rampage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wichita_Eagle","url_text":"The Wichita Eagle"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201020195601/https://www.kansas.com/news/local/crime/article1074937.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morehead, Bob (November 21, 2011). \"Academy students learn at-risk clues: Copley chief recounts August massacre\". The Post. Retrieved December 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thepostnewspapers.com/norton/local_news/academy-students-learn-at-risk-clues/article_51a74867-328d-5143-8fe2-0c1a60065658.html","url_text":"\"Academy students learn at-risk clues: Copley chief recounts August massacre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post_(Ohio_student_newspaper)","url_text":"The Post"}]},{"reference":"Diaz, Tom (April 2, 2013). The Last Gun: How Changes in the Gun Industry Are Killing Americans and What It Will Take to Stop It. The New Press. pp. 15–18, 258–259. ISBN 978-1-59558-830-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Diaz","url_text":"Diaz, Tom"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2G8RBAAAQBAJ&dq=Michael+E.+Hance&pg=PA15","url_text":"The Last Gun: How Changes in the Gun Industry Are Killing Americans and What It Will Take to Stop It"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Press","url_text":"The New Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-830-2","url_text":"978-1-59558-830-2"}]},{"reference":"Deike, John (March 26, 2013). \"Officer Receives Badge of Bravery for Gunning Down Copley Shooter\". Patch. Retrieved December 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://patch.com/ohio/fairlawn-bath/officer-receives-medal-of-bravery-for-gunning-down-cofd347c8d84","url_text":"\"Officer Receives Badge of Bravery for Gunning Down Copley Shooter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_Media","url_text":"Patch"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Bob (February 23, 2021). \"Copley resource officer saves choking student at Copley Middle School\". WEWS. Retrieved December 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/akron-canton-news/copley-resource-officer-saves-choking-student-at-copley-middle-school","url_text":"\"Copley resource officer saves choking student at Copley Middle School\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEWS","url_text":"WEWS"}]},{"reference":"Nethers, Dave (August 8, 2012). \"Copley Honors Shooting Victims 1 Year Later\". WJW. Retrieved December 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://fox8.com/news/community-members-honor-slain-neighbors-1-year-later/","url_text":"\"Copley Honors Shooting Victims 1 Year Later\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJW_(TV)","url_text":"WJW"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2011_Copley_Township_shooting¶ms=41.09_N_81.6052_W_type:event_region:US-OH","external_links_name":"41°05′24″N 81°36′19″W / 41.09°N 81.6052°W / 41.09; -81.6052"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2011_Copley_Township_shooting¶ms=41.09_N_81.6052_W_type:event_region:US-OH","external_links_name":"41°05′24″N 81°36′19″W / 41.09°N 81.6052°W / 41.09; -81.6052"},{"Link":"http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2011/08/shooter_described_as_eccentric.html","external_links_name":"\"Copley shooter Michael Hance was eccentric, but also helpful to neighbors in Akron\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/08/08/police-work-to-determine-motive-in-deadly-ohio-shooting-rampage/","external_links_name":"\"Police Work to Determine Motive in Deadly Ohio Shooting Rampage\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ohio-rampage-suspect-bought-gun-from-pawn-shop/","external_links_name":"\"Ohio rampage suspect bought gun from pawn shop\""},{"Link":"https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/news/local/2012/08/07/becky-dieter-remembers-being-shot/10708045007/","external_links_name":"\"Becky Dieter remembers being shot: 'We lost many great people that day'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120809213723/http://www.ohio.com/news/local/becky-dieter-remembers-being-shot-we-lost-many-great-people-that-day-1.325380","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/news/local/2012/08/07/copley-mother-still-struggling-for/10676433007/","external_links_name":"\"Copley mother still struggling for peace of mind after shooting in her home\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120808212045/http://www.ohio.com/news/local/copley-mother-still-struggling-for-peace-of-mind-after-shooting-in-her-home-1.325367","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/news/local/2012/08/07/copley-shootings-left-eight-dead/10676293007/","external_links_name":"\"Copley shootings left eight dead, woman seriously wounded\""},{"Link":"https://www.cleveland19.com/story/19221014/remembering-one-year-anniversary-of-copley-massacre","external_links_name":"\"Remembering: One year anniversary of Copley Killings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150429165955/http://www.newsnet5.com/news/local-news/akron-canton-news/police-respond-to-reports-of-multiple-gunshots","external_links_name":"\"Gunman among 8 dead in shooting rampage in Copley Township\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsnet5.com/news/local-news/akron-canton-news/police-respond-to-reports-of-multiple-gunshots","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14438221","external_links_name":"\"Ohio police shoot man dead after 'domestic killings'\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/08/08/ohio.shooting/","external_links_name":"\"Police name suspect in Ohio shooting spree\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonherald.com/2011/08/10/ohio-gunman-purchased-one-weapon-five-days-before-rampage/","external_links_name":"\"Ohio gunman purchased one weapon five days before rampage\""},{"Link":"https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/news/crime/2019/08/12/this-isn-t-happening/4482037007/","external_links_name":"\"'This isn't happening': Survivor of 2011 Copley attack backs gun rights, but seeks stricter controls\""},{"Link":"https://www.kansas.com/news/local/crime/article1074937.html","external_links_name":"\"Property dispute apparently sparked shooting rampage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201020195601/https://www.kansas.com/news/local/crime/article1074937.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thepostnewspapers.com/norton/local_news/academy-students-learn-at-risk-clues/article_51a74867-328d-5143-8fe2-0c1a60065658.html","external_links_name":"\"Academy students learn at-risk clues: Copley chief recounts August massacre\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2G8RBAAAQBAJ&dq=Michael+E.+Hance&pg=PA15","external_links_name":"The Last Gun: How Changes in the Gun Industry Are Killing Americans and What It Will Take to Stop It"},{"Link":"https://patch.com/ohio/fairlawn-bath/officer-receives-medal-of-bravery-for-gunning-down-cofd347c8d84","external_links_name":"\"Officer Receives Badge of Bravery for Gunning Down Copley Shooter\""},{"Link":"https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/akron-canton-news/copley-resource-officer-saves-choking-student-at-copley-middle-school","external_links_name":"\"Copley resource officer saves choking student at Copley Middle School\""},{"Link":"https://fox8.com/news/community-members-honor-slain-neighbors-1-year-later/","external_links_name":"\"Copley Honors Shooting Victims 1 Year Later\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriy_Nikiforov | Yuriy Nikiforov | ["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Coaching career","4 Personal life","5 Career statistics","5.1 Club","5.2 National team","6 Honours","6.1 Club","6.2 Country","7 References","8 External links"] | Ukrainian footballer
For the American scientist, see Yuri Nikiforov (scientist).
Yuriy Nikiforov
Nikiforov as coach of Dynamo Moscow in 2019Personal informationFull name
Yuriy Valeryevich NikiforovDate of birth
(1970-09-16) 16 September 1970 (age 53)Place of birth
Odesa, Ukrainian SSR (now Ukraine)Height
1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)Position(s)
Centre-backYouth career
Chornomorets OdesaSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1986–1987
Chornomorets Odesa
0
(0)1987
SKA Odesa
5
(0)1988
Chornomorets Odesa
1
(0)1988–1989
Dynamo Kyiv
0
(0)1990–1993
Chornomorets Odesa
76
(4)1993–1996
Spartak Moscow
85
(16)1993
Spartak-d Moscow
3
(2)1996–1998
Sporting Gijón
65
(3)1998–2002
PSV
99
(5)2002–2003
RKC
23
(1)2003–2004
Urawa Red Diamonds
12
(0)Total
369
(31)International career1986–1987
Soviet Union U-16
1990–1991
Soviet Union U-21
5
(0)1992
CIS
4
(0)1992
Ukraine
3
(0)1993–2002
Russia
55
(6)Managerial career2014–2015
Irtysh Pavlodar (assistant)2015
Kuban Krasnodar (assistant)2017
Dynamo-2 Moscow (assistant)2017
Dynamo Moscow (reserves assistant)2017–2019
Dynamo Moscow (assistant)2022–
Russia (assistant)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Valeryevich and the family name is Nikiforov.
Yuriy Valeryevich Nikiforov (alternate spelling Valeriovych; Юрий Валерьевич Никифоров, Ukrainian: Юрій Валерійович Никифоров; born 16 September 1970) is a professional football coach and a former player who played mainly as a central defender.
Club career
Born in Odesa, Ukraine, Soviet Union, Nikiforov started playing professionally with hometown's FC Chornomorets. After one year with FC Dynamo Kyiv in which he appeared solely for the reserves he returned to his first club, playing in the inaugural edition of the Ukrainian Premier League.
In early 1993, Nikiforov moved to Russia with FC Spartak Moscow, being an instrumental defensive unit as the capital side won three out of four Premier League titles, with the player also netting regularly. His first abroad experience came with Sporting de Gijón, to where he arrived at the same time as former compatriot Dmitri Cheryshev (he would also share team with another Russian while in Asturias, Igor Lediakhov).
After Gijón's relegation from La Liga, Nikiforov played five years in the Netherlands, starting with PSV Eindhoven which he helped to consecutive Eredivisie accolades. For 2002–03, the 32-year-old signed with lowly RKC Waalwijk also in the Dutch top level, with the club finishing in a comfortable ninth place. He finished his career in Japan, after one year with Urawa Red Diamonds.
International career
Nikiforov played four times for the Commonwealth of Independent States in 1992, as the national team that rose from the ashes of the Soviet Union took part in that year's UEFA European Championship – he did not make the squad for the finals. His debut came on 25 January in a 1–0 friendly with the United States, in Miami.
After briefly representing Ukraine, also in that year, Nikiforov switched to Russia, with which he would participate in two FIFA World Cups – 1994 and 2002 – as well as UEFA Euro 1996 (eight matches in total, but with the national side always exiting in the group stage).
In 2009, Nikiforov was part of the Russian squad that won the Legends Cup.
Coaching career
After retiring, he became a coach, following his former PSV teammate Dmitri Khokhlov as an assistant to FC Kuban Krasnodar and FC Dynamo Moscow in the Russian Premier League.
On 12 August 2022, he was hired as an assistant to Valeri Karpin in the Russia national football team.
Personal life
Nikiforov's older brother, Oleksandr, was also a footballer. He too represented Chornomorets (four different spells), and coincided with Yuri from 1989 to 1990.
Career statistics
Club
Club performance
League
Cup
League Cup
Continental
Total
Season
Club
League
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Soviet Union
League
Soviet Cup
Federation Cup
Europe
Total
1987
Odesa
5
0
5
0
1988
Chernomorets Odesa
Top League
1
0
1
0
1989
Dynamo Kyiv
Top League
2
0
2
0
1990
Chernomorets Odesa
Top League
17
0
17
0
1991
30
2
30
2
Ukraine
League
Ukrainian Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total
1992
Chernomorets Odesa
Ukrainian Premier League
18
2
18
2
1992–93
24
3
24
3
Russia
League
Russian Cup
Premier League Cup
Europe
Total
1993
Spartak Moscow
Russian Premier League
23
0
23
0
1994
26
2
9
0
35
2
1995
22
8
5
0
27
8
1996
14
5
8
5
22
10
Spain
League
Copa del Rey
Copa de la Liga
Europe
Total
1996–97
Sporting Gijón
La Liga
38
2
3
1
41
3
1997–98
27
1
27
1
Netherlands
League
KNVB Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total
1998–99
PSV
Eredivisie
25
1
3
1
5
0
33
2
1999–2000
29
3
1
0
5
0
35
3
2000–01
26
1
4
0
12
0
42
1
2001–02
19
0
2
0
6
0
27
0
2002–03
RKC
Eredivisie
29
1
29
1
Japan
League
Emperor's Cup
J.League Cup
Asia
Total
2003
Urawa Reds
J1 League
12
0
0
0
4
0
-
16
0
2004
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
Country
Soviet Union
55
2
55
2
Ukraine
42
5
42
5
Russia
85
15
22
5
97
20
Spain
65
3
65
3
Netherlands
128
6
128
6
Japan
12
0
0
0
4
0
-
16
0
Total
387
31
0
0
4
0
22
5
413
36
National team
CIS
Year
Apps
Goals
1992
4
0
Total
4
0
Ukraine
Year
Apps
Goals
1992
3
0
Total
3
0
Russia
Year
Apps
Goals
1993
2
0
1994
9
2
1995
8
1
1996
13
3
1997
4
0
1998
4
0
1999
0
0
2000
0
0
2001
7
0
2002
8
0
Total
55
6
Honours
Club
Chornomorets Odesa
Ukrainian Cup (1): 1992
Spartak Moscow
Russian Football Premier League (3): 1993, 1994, 1996
Russian Cup (1): 1994
PSV Eindhoven
Eredivisie (2): 1999–2000, 2000–01
Johan Cruyff Shield (3):1998, 2000, 2001
Country
Soviet Union
FIFA U-16 World Cup (1): 1987
UEFA European Under-18 Championship (1): 1988
Russia
Legends Cup (2): 2009, 2010
References
^ "Desde Rusia con amor" (in Spanish). Fútbol de Primera. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
^ "Yury Nikiforov – International Appearances". RSSSF. Retrieved 18 July 2006.
^ ""Юрий Никифоров вошёл в тренерский штаб сборной России"" (in Russian). Russian Football Union. 12 August 2022.
^ "Yuriy Nikiforov". Footballdatabase. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
^ "Yuriy Nikiforov". EU-Football.info. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
External links
RussiaTeam biography and profile (in Russian)
Yuriy Nikiforov at FootballFacts.ru (in Russian)
Beijen profile (in Dutch)
Yuriy Nikiforov at BDFutbol
Yuriy Nikiforov at National-Football-Teams.com
Yuriy Nikiforov – FIFA competition record (archived)
Yuriy Nikiforov at J.League (archive) (in Japanese)
Yuriy Nikiforov at UAF and archived FFU page (in Ukrainian)
Russia squads
vteRussia squad – 1994 FIFA World Cup
1 Cherchesov
2 Kuznetsov
3 Gorlukovich
4 Galyamin
5 Nikiforov
6 Ternavskiy
7 Pyatnitsky
8 Popov
9 Salenko
10 Karpin
11 Beschastnykh
12 Tetradze
13 Borodyuk
14 Korneev
15 Radchenko
16 Kharine (c)
17 Tsymbalar
18 Onopko
19 Mostovoi
20 Ledyakhov
21 Khlestov
22 Yuran
Coach: Sadyrin
vteRussia squad – UEFA Euro 1996
1 Kharine
2 Tetradze
3 Nikiforov
4 Tsymbalar
5 Kovtun
6 Karpin
7 Onopko (c)
8 Kanchelskis
9 Kolyvanov
10 Mostovoi
11 Kiriakov
12 Cherchesov
13 Bushmanov
14 Dobrovolski
15 Shalimov
16 Simutenkov
17 Beschastnykh
18 Yanovsky
19 Radimov
20 Gorlukovich
21 Khokhlov
22 Ovchinnikov
Coach: Romantsev
vteRussia squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup
1 Nigmatullin
2 Kovtun
3 Nikiforov
4 Smertin
5 Solomatin
6 Semshov
7 Onopko (c)
8 Karpin
9 Titov
10 Mostovoi
11 Beschastnykh
12 Cherchesov
13 Dayev
14 Chugainov
15 Alenichev
16 Kerzhakov
17 Semak
18 Sennikov
19 Pimenov
20 Izmailov
21 Khokhlov
22 Sychev
23 Filimonov
Coach: Romantsev | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yuri Nikiforov (scientist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Nikiforov_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Slavic naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"central defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_defender"}],"text":"For the American scientist, see Yuri Nikiforov (scientist).In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Valeryevich and the family name is Nikiforov.Yuriy Valeryevich Nikiforov (alternate spelling Valeriovych; Юрий Валерьевич Никифоров, Ukrainian: Юрій Валерійович Никифоров; born 16 September 1970) is a professional football coach and a former player who played mainly as a central defender.","title":"Yuriy Nikiforov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"FC Chornomorets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Chornomorets_Odesa"},{"link_name":"FC Dynamo Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Kyiv"},{"link_name":"the inaugural edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Ukrainian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"FC Spartak Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Sporting de Gijón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_de_Gij%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Cheryshev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Cheryshev"},{"link_name":"Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturias"},{"link_name":"Igor Lediakhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Lediakhov"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"relegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"PSV Eindhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven"},{"link_name":"Eredivisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"RKC Waalwijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKC_Waalwijk"},{"link_name":"Urawa Red Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urawa_Red_Diamonds"}],"text":"Born in Odesa, Ukraine, Soviet Union, Nikiforov started playing professionally with hometown's FC Chornomorets. After one year with FC Dynamo Kyiv in which he appeared solely for the reserves he returned to his first club, playing in the inaugural edition of the Ukrainian Premier League.In early 1993, Nikiforov moved to Russia with FC Spartak Moscow, being an instrumental defensive unit as the capital side won three out of four Premier League titles, with the player also netting regularly. His first abroad experience came with Sporting de Gijón, to where he arrived at the same time as former compatriot Dmitri Cheryshev (he would also share team with another Russian while in Asturias, Igor Lediakhov).[1]After Gijón's relegation from La Liga, Nikiforov played five years in the Netherlands, starting with PSV Eindhoven which he helped to consecutive Eredivisie accolades. For 2002–03, the 32-year-old signed with lowly RKC Waalwijk also in the Dutch top level, with the club finishing in a comfortable ninth place. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Carpenter_(glassmaker) | Thomas Carpenter (glassmaker) | ["1 Family","2 Revolutionary conflict","3 Post-revolution","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | American soldier and glassmaker
For other people named Thomas Carpenter, see Thomas Carpenter (disambiguation).
Thomas CarpenterNickname(s)"The Fighting Quaker"Born(1752-11-02)November 2, 1752Salem, New Jersey, British AmericaDiedJuly 7, 1847(1847-07-07) (aged 94)Carpenter's Landing, New Jersey, U.S.Place of burialFriends Meeting House Burial Ground, Woodbury, New Jersey, U.S.Allegiance United States of AmericaService/branch Department of War–Continental ArmyYears of service1776–1782RankColonelCommands heldCommissary, Paymaster & QuartermasterBattles/warsAmerican Revolutionary War, PatriotOther workGlass Manufacturer
Thomas Carpenter (November 2, 1752 at Salem, New Jersey – July 7, 1847 at Carpenter's Landing, New Jersey) was an early American glassmaker and devout Quaker who, at significant spiritual and personal risk, found an important way to assist the American Revolutionary War, serving in the militia and the New Jersey Continental Line as what would today be called a logistics officer and earning the title of "Fighting Quaker." After the war, he contributed significantly to the rise of New Jersey glass production.
Family
Carpenter was the sixth child and second son of Preston Carpenter (1721-1785) and Hannah Smith (1723-abt 1766?).
Carpenter served an apprenticeship in an auction store at Front and South Street in Philadelphia. As auctions were then prohibited within city limits, they were held at the southern city limits. Carpenter learned to pack, transport, issue, auction, then repack and re-transport many wagons several times each week. On April 13, 1774, he married Mary Tonkin (1748-1822) at St. Mary's Church, Burlington, Salem County, New Jersey. Mary had been raised an Episcopalian but later converted to the Society of Friends. They had at least three children who lived to maturity.
In the book Samuel Carpenter and his Descendants, Thomas Carpenter is described as "about 5'10" high, with a large frame but not corpulent, erect, well-formed, with a fine ruddy complexion. His eyes were blue, hair thin, but not bald, originally brown, and though tinged with gray, never became white. His affable and genial manners, anecdotes, and reminiscences made his society very attractive. He was fond of
reading, intelligent, and self-possessed." The same book refers to Mary Tonkin Carpenter as "a little below medium height, with dark hazel eyes, brown hair, and a fine clear brunette complexion. Her figure was good, erect, well-proportioned, inclined to embonpoint, and she is reputed to have been very handsome." Thomas and Mary are interred in the Friend's Burial Grounds next to the Friend's Meeting House at Woodbury, N.J. Their graves adjoin each other on the north side of the enclosure, about midway, near the boundary fence, each designated with a small marble marker with their name on its top. In 1912, a stone retaining wall was placed there for the protection of the graves.
Carpenter was the great-grandson of Samuel Carpenter (1649-1714), Deputy Governor of colonial Pennsylvania. In 1771 he transferred his church membership from the Salem, New Jersey Friends Meeting House to the Philadelphia Friends Meeting House. He returned to New Jersey prior to April 13, 1774, the date on which he married in Salem to Mary Tonkin of Gloucester County, New Jersey.
Revolutionary conflict
Carpenter was a member of the Society of Friends, or Quakers which influenced, and distinguishes, his non-combat service in the Revolutionary War. Because of their refusal to pay military taxes or fight in the war, Quakers, who had been generally admired for their honesty and simple living in the North American colonies, were looked upon differently when the Revolutionary War broke out, and some were exiled for their beliefs. Some Quakers chose to support the wartime effort, resulting in rifts within the Friends religion; some enlisted for military service, and were expelled from the Society. Some provided financial aid, medical assistance, or supplies at the individual or community level, and a few like Carpenter found ways to assist the combat effort at higher levels without bearing arms, as he did by serving in legal, financial, and logistical roles at the highest levels within a rebelling colony which bore a key central role in the Revolutionary War.
In late 1776, Carpenter was in a dilemma. As a Quaker, he was sworn to non-violence. He had a desire to assist, but not fight. In some manner he found a compromise. On March 19, 1777, he was commissioned paymaster of the militia units from Salem and Gloucester Counties. His earlier work in transporting auction material helped him in his military duties involving logistics. Carpenter served as an Ensign and Adjutant in Colonel Samuel Dick's Regiment, 1776–1778, and Paymaster for the New Jersey Militia. Later he was appointed Quartermaster of the First Battalion, New Jersey Continental Line, serving again under his friend Colonel Dick and others from 1778 through 1782. Carpenter's positional rank of Quartermaster in the New Jersey line unit was equal to the rank of colonel, which clarifies why he was called Colonel after the war.
During the American retreat from the banks of the Assunpink Creek on January 3, 1777, in the Second Battle of Trenton, Carpenter withdrew all of his supplies and assisted another unit to do likewise and then, exhausted, camped with them. He 'loaned' his coat to an officer who had misplaced his and bedded down in his blanket. Later that night, a messenger awoke them and informed them that they were now stragglers because the rest of the army had retreated. Suffering from the bitter cold without his coat, Carpenter made his way back to his unit. His actions helped General George Washington continue the fight threatening the rear area of the British forces.
After the fighting at the Battle of Princeton, Carpenter and Colonel Dick, who was a physician, went to the aid of their friend Brigadier General Hugh Mercer who had been beaten and bayoneted seven times then left for dead. After talking to Doctor Benjamin Rush, they acknowledged that infection would end their friend's life. They visited and did what they could, but Mercer died on January 12, 1777.
An example of a surviving document mentioning Carpenter is a dispatch dated at Burlington, January 17, 1780, from Light-horse Harry Lee to "Thomas Carpenter, purchasing commissioner" reading in part, "I have written to the Magistrates of Salem County begging them to aid you …" and ends with, "For God's sake perform this business with all possible dispatch."
Post-revolution
The historic Thomas Carpenter's house built in or prior to 1773 and expanded in 1787 at Carpenter's Landing, New Jersey.
In 1785 Carpenter moved to Cooper's Point and started a mercantile business. About two years later he formed a partnership with Thomas Heston, his wife's nephew by marriage and moved to Carpenter's Landing, New Jersey where he engaged in the manufacture of glass, and later at Glassboro, New Jersey with Colonel Thomas Heston. The partners were described as "two 'fighting Quakers' who had given gallant service for the American cause in the Revolution."
On May 18, 1808, after Heston's death and the retirement of Thomas Carpenter, Carpenter's son Edward acquired his father's share of the original Glassboro glassworks and the firm of Heston & Carpenter became known as Edward Carpenter & Co., Olive Works. He became one of the historic figures in the history of Glassboro and in the art and craft of glass making — the Heritage Glass Museum, founded in 1979 to celebrate glass blowing and glass art and noteworthy people in the history of glass making, includes him on its Who We Are webpage.
In 1787, Carpenter bought and restored a house in Mantua Township once owned by Restore Eastlack, who died in 1773. This indicates the original portion of the house was built during or prior to 1773. Carpenter added a southern half and a second story and lived there until his death in 1847. Today, it is known as the Thomas Carpenter House. While it is in private hands, the timber framed, two and one half story house is considered a historical site by Gloucester County, New Jersey and the Library of Congress. The house is located at the southwest corner of Main and Martel Streets in Mantua Township, New Jersey. The house does not seem to be registered with the
National Register of Historic Places, but it has a Historic American Buildings Survey number: HABS NJ-68 and a Library of Congress call number of HABS NJ,8-MANT,1-
See also
New Jersey portalBiography portal
List of people from New Jersey
List of people with surname Carpenter
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Edward Carpenter & his son, Gen. Louis H. Carpenter (1912). "Samuel Carpenter and his Descendants". Samuel Carpenter and his Descendants. J.B. Lippincott Company. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
Thomas Carpenter is listed as number 25 on page 58. Note: Carpenters' Encyclopedia of Carpenters 2009 (DVD format) has updates and corrections to the 1912 book. Subject is RIN 3248. See also: Google Books entry.
^ William Nelson: New Jersey Marriage Records 1665-1800, Genealogical Publishing Co., Baltimore, Md., 1967, p. 64.
^ a b Nan Wrotny: A Bicentennial Look at Mantua Township, The Mantua Township Bicentennial Committee and The Mantua Township Lions Club, Paulsboro Printers, Paulsboro, N.J., 1976, pp. 17, 36-38.
^ Jack Zavada: Quakers History, Brief History of the Quakers Denomination, accessed 6 August 2012.
^ a b Library of Congress: Religion and the Founding of the American Republic, ( July 23, 2010 ), accessed 6 August 2012.
^ a b Arthur Adams: "Memoirs of the Deceased Members of the New England Historic Genealogical Society" in The Northeast Historic and Genealogical Register, Vol. CVII, Whole No. 425, January 1953, p. 70.
^ John W. Jordan, ed.: Colonial Families of Philadelphia, Lewis Publishers, New York, 1911.
^ Goolrick, John Tackett (2009) . The life of General Hugh Mercer: with brief sketches of General George Washington …. Neale Publishing Company, New York. ISBN 978-1117776965. Retrieved August 8, 2012. See also: OCLC 3578166
^ Henry Charlton Beck: More Forgotten Towns of Southern New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, N.J., 1963, pp. 299-301.
^ Patrick Tadeushuk (2012). "Heritage Glass Museum". Are We There Yet?. fieldtrip.com. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
^ Charles S. Boyer: Old Inns and Taverns in West Jersey, Camden County Historical Society, Camden, N.J., 1962, pp. 158-159.
^ Historical American Glass, A History of Early American made Glass: The New Jersey Glass Manufactory of Thomas Heston and Thomas Carpenter, retrieved May 20, 2018.
^ a b Adeline Pepper: The Glass Gaffers of New Jersey and Their Creations from 1739 to the Present, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1971, pp. 32-34.
^ Julian Harrison Toulouse: Bottle Makers and Their Marks, Thomas Nelson, Inc., New York and Camden, 1971, pp. 519-521.
^ Heritage Glass Museum (2012). "Heritage Glass Museum". Manna Design Works. Heritage Glass Museum. Archived from the original on June 8, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
See also: Who We Are Archived 2012-06-08 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Gloucester County, New Jersey. "Historical Sites". Gloucester County, New Jersey. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
^ The Library of Congress (1938). "Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record". The Thomas Carpenter House, surveyed February 8, 1938. The Library of Congress. Retrieved August 8, 2012. Five black and white images from historical survey in 1938.
^ Library of Congress, National Park Service. "Thomas Carpenter House, Main & Martel Streets, Mantua, Gloucester County, NJ". Historic American Buildings Survey, Engineering Record, Landscapes Survey. Library of Congress, National Park Service. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
External links
Heritage Glass Museum
Gloucester County, New Jersey - Glass & Glassboro
The Library of Congress - The Thomas Carpenter House Pictures, drawings, and related papers surveyed in 1938 for historic designation.
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As auctions were then prohibited within city limits, they were held at the southern city limits. Carpenter learned to pack, transport, issue, auction, then repack and re-transport many wagons several times each week.[1] On April 13, 1774, he married Mary Tonkin (1748-1822) at St. Mary's Church, Burlington, Salem County, New Jersey. Mary had been raised an Episcopalian but later converted to the Society of Friends. They had at least three children who lived to maturity.[1]In the book Samuel Carpenter and his Descendants, Thomas Carpenter is described as \"about 5'10\" high, with a large frame but not corpulent, erect, well-formed, with a fine ruddy complexion. His eyes were blue, hair thin, but not bald, originally brown, and though tinged with gray, never became white. His affable and genial manners, anecdotes, and reminiscences made his society very attractive. He was fond of\nreading, intelligent, and self-possessed.\"[1] The same book refers to Mary Tonkin Carpenter as \"a little below medium height, with dark hazel eyes, brown hair, and a fine clear brunette complexion. Her figure was good, erect, well-proportioned, inclined to embonpoint, and she is reputed to have been very handsome.\"[1] Thomas and Mary are interred in the Friend's Burial Grounds next to the Friend's Meeting House at Woodbury, N.J. Their graves adjoin each other on the north side of the enclosure, about midway, near the boundary fence, each designated with a small marble marker with their name on its top. In 1912, a stone retaining wall was placed there for the protection of the graves.[1]Carpenter was the great-grandson of Samuel Carpenter (1649-1714), Deputy Governor of colonial Pennsylvania. In 1771 he transferred his church membership from the Salem, New Jersey Friends Meeting House to the Philadelphia Friends Meeting House. He returned to New Jersey prior to April 13, 1774, the date on which he married in Salem to Mary Tonkin of Gloucester County, New Jersey.[2]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Society of Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Friends"},{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JZ-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoC-5"},{"link_name":"a rebelling colony which bore a key central role in the Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_during_the_American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoC-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCarpenter-1"},{"link_name":"Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Adjutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant"},{"link_name":"Samuel Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Dick"},{"link_name":"Paymaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paymaster"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Militia"},{"link_name":"Quartermaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCarpenter-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AA-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JWJ-7"},{"link_name":"Assunpink Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assunpink_Creek"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Trenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Trenton"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCarpenter-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton"},{"link_name":"Hugh Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Mercer"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Rush"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCarpenter-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goolrick-8"},{"link_name":"Light-horse Harry Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lee_III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCarpenter-1"}],"text":"Carpenter was a member of the Society of Friends, or Quakers which influenced, and distinguishes, his non-combat service in the Revolutionary War.[3] Because of their refusal to pay military taxes or fight in the war, Quakers, who had been generally admired for their honesty and simple living in the North American colonies, were looked upon differently when the Revolutionary War broke out, and some were exiled for their beliefs.[4] Some Quakers chose to support the wartime effort, resulting in rifts within the Friends religion; some enlisted for military service, and were expelled from the Society.[5] Some provided financial aid, medical assistance, or supplies at the individual or community level, and a few like Carpenter found ways to assist the combat effort at higher levels without bearing arms, as he did by serving in legal, financial, and logistical roles at the highest levels within a rebelling colony which bore a key central role in the Revolutionary War.[5]In late 1776, Carpenter was in a dilemma. As a Quaker, he was sworn to non-violence. He had a desire to assist, but not fight. In some manner he found a compromise. On March 19, 1777, he was commissioned paymaster of the militia units from Salem and Gloucester Counties. His earlier work in transporting auction material helped him in his military duties involving logistics.[1] Carpenter served as an Ensign and Adjutant in Colonel Samuel Dick's Regiment, 1776–1778, and Paymaster for the New Jersey Militia. Later he was appointed Quartermaster of the First Battalion, New Jersey Continental Line, serving again under his friend Colonel Dick and others from 1778 through 1782.[1] Carpenter's positional rank of Quartermaster in the New Jersey line unit was equal to the rank of colonel, which clarifies why he was called Colonel after the war.[3][6][7]During the American retreat from the banks of the Assunpink Creek on January 3, 1777, in the Second Battle of Trenton, Carpenter withdrew all of his supplies and assisted another unit to do likewise and then, exhausted, camped with them. He 'loaned' his coat to an officer who had misplaced his and bedded down in his blanket. Later that night, a messenger awoke them and informed them that they were now stragglers because the rest of the army had retreated. Suffering from the bitter cold without his coat, Carpenter made his way back to his unit. His actions helped General George Washington continue the fight threatening the rear area of the British forces.[1]After the fighting at the Battle of Princeton, Carpenter and Colonel Dick, who was a physician, went to the aid of their friend Brigadier General Hugh Mercer who had been beaten and bayoneted seven times then left for dead. After talking to Doctor Benjamin Rush, they acknowledged that infection would end their friend's life. They visited and did what they could, but Mercer died on January 12, 1777.[1][8]An example of a surviving document mentioning Carpenter is a dispatch dated at Burlington, January 17, 1780, from Light-horse Harry Lee to \"Thomas Carpenter, purchasing commissioner\" reading in part, \"I have written to the Magistrates of Salem County begging them to aid you …\" and ends with, \"For God's sake perform this business with all possible dispatch.\"[1]","title":"Revolutionary conflict"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThomasCarpenterHouseNJ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carpenter's Landing, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter%27s_Landing,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCarpenter-1"},{"link_name":"Carpenter's Landing, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter%27s_Landing,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCB-9"},{"link_name":"manufacture of glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_production"},{"link_name":"Glassboro, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassboro,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heritage_Glass_Museum-10"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AA-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSB-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HAG-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JHT-14"},{"link_name":"art and craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicraft"},{"link_name":"glass making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_production"},{"link_name":"Heritage Glass Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Glass_Museum"},{"link_name":"glass blowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassblowing"},{"link_name":"glass art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_art"},{"link_name":"glass making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_production"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeritageGlass-15"},{"link_name":"Mantua Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Gloucester County, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarpenterHouse-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LibofCongress-17"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Historic American Buildings Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Documentation_Programs"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HABSNJ-18"}],"text":"The historic Thomas Carpenter's house built in or prior to 1773 and expanded in 1787 at Carpenter's Landing, New Jersey.In 1785 Carpenter moved to Cooper's Point and started a mercantile business. About two years later he formed a partnership with Thomas Heston, his wife's nephew by marriage[1] and moved to Carpenter's Landing, New Jersey[9] where he engaged in the manufacture of glass, and later at Glassboro, New Jersey[10] with Colonel Thomas Heston.[6][11][12] The partners were described as \"two 'fighting Quakers' who had given gallant service for the American cause in the Revolution.\"[13]On May 18, 1808, after Heston's death and the retirement of Thomas Carpenter, Carpenter's son Edward acquired his father's share of the original Glassboro glassworks and the firm of Heston & Carpenter became known as Edward Carpenter & Co., Olive Works.[13][14] He became one of the historic figures in the history of Glassboro and in the art and craft of glass making — the Heritage Glass Museum, founded in 1979 to celebrate glass blowing and glass art and noteworthy people in the history of glass making, includes him on its Who We Are webpage.[15]In 1787, Carpenter bought and restored a house in Mantua Township once owned by Restore Eastlack, who died in 1773. This indicates the original portion of the house was built during or prior to 1773. Carpenter added a southern half and a second story and lived there until his death in 1847. Today, it is known as the Thomas Carpenter House. While it is in private hands, the timber framed, two and one half story house is considered a historical site by Gloucester County, New Jersey and the Library of Congress. The house is located at the southwest corner of Main and Martel Streets in Mantua Township, New Jersey.[16][17] The house does not seem to be registered with the\nNational Register of Historic Places, but it has a Historic American Buildings Survey number: HABS NJ-68 and a Library of Congress call number of HABS NJ,8-MANT,1-[18]","title":"Post-revolution"}] | [{"image_text":"The historic Thomas Carpenter's house built in or prior to 1773 and expanded in 1787 at Carpenter's Landing, New Jersey.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/ThomasCarpenterHouseNJ.jpg/200px-ThomasCarpenterHouseNJ.jpg"}] | [{"title":"New Jersey portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_Jersey"},{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"List of people from New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_New_Jersey"},{"title":"List of people with surname Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_surname_Carpenter"}] | [{"reference":"Edward Carpenter & his son, Gen. Louis H. Carpenter (1912). \"Samuel Carpenter and his Descendants\". Samuel Carpenter and his Descendants. J.B. Lippincott Company. Retrieved August 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/samuelcarpenterh00carp","url_text":"\"Samuel Carpenter and his Descendants\""}]},{"reference":"Goolrick, John Tackett (2009) [1906]. The life of General Hugh Mercer: with brief sketches of General George Washington …. Neale Publishing Company, New York. ISBN 978-1117776965. Retrieved August 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T71KAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The life of General Hugh Mercer: with brief sketches of General George Washington …"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1117776965","url_text":"978-1117776965"}]},{"reference":"Patrick Tadeushuk (2012). \"Heritage Glass Museum\". Are We There Yet?. fieldtrip.com. Retrieved August 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fieldtrip.com/nj/98817468.htm","url_text":"\"Heritage Glass Museum\""}]},{"reference":"Heritage Glass Museum (2012). \"Heritage Glass Museum\". Manna Design Works. Heritage Glass Museum. Archived from the original on June 8, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120608043748/http://www.heritageglassmuseum.com/index.html","url_text":"\"Heritage Glass Museum\""},{"url":"http://www.heritageglassmuseum.com/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gloucester County, New Jersey. \"Historical Sites\". Gloucester County, New Jersey. Retrieved August 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.co.gloucester.nj.us/about/historical/default.asp","url_text":"\"Historical Sites\""}]},{"reference":"The Library of Congress (1938). \"Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record\". The Thomas Carpenter House, surveyed February 8, 1938. The Library of Congress. Retrieved August 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=hhphoto&fileName=nj/nj0500/nj0513/photos/browse.db&action=browse&recNum=0&title2=Carpenter,Thomas,House,%20Main%20%26%20Martel%20Sts.,%20Mantua,%20Gloucester%20County,%20NJ&displayType=1&itemLink=D?hh:19:./temp/%7Eammem_8tDq::","url_text":"\"Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record\""}]},{"reference":"Library of Congress, National Park Service. \"Thomas Carpenter House, Main & Martel Streets, Mantua, Gloucester County, NJ\". Historic American Buildings Survey, Engineering Record, Landscapes Survey. Library of Congress, National Park Service. Retrieved August 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/nj0513/","url_text":"\"Thomas Carpenter House, Main & Martel Streets, Mantua, Gloucester County, NJ\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/samuelcarpenterh00carp","external_links_name":"\"Samuel Carpenter and his Descendants\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books/about/Samuel_Carpenter_and_his_descendants.html?id=-To5AAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Google Books entry."},{"Link":"http://christianity.about.com/od/quakers/a/quakershistory.htm","external_links_name":"Quakers History, Brief History of the Quakers Denomination"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel03.html","external_links_name":"Religion and the Founding of the American Republic"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T71KAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"The life of General Hugh Mercer: with brief sketches of General George Washington …"},{"Link":"http://www.fieldtrip.com/nj/98817468.htm","external_links_name":"\"Heritage Glass Museum\""},{"Link":"http://historical-american-glass.com/the-carpenter-and-heston-new-jersey-glass-manufactory.html","external_links_name":"The New Jersey Glass Manufactory of Thomas Heston and Thomas Carpenter"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120608043748/http://www.heritageglassmuseum.com/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Heritage Glass Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.heritageglassmuseum.com/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.heritageglassmuseum.com/page3.html","external_links_name":"Who We Are"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120608043819/http://www.heritageglassmuseum.com/page3.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.co.gloucester.nj.us/about/historical/default.asp","external_links_name":"\"Historical Sites\""},{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=hhphoto&fileName=nj/nj0500/nj0513/photos/browse.db&action=browse&recNum=0&title2=Carpenter,Thomas,House,%20Main%20%26%20Martel%20Sts.,%20Mantua,%20Gloucester%20County,%20NJ&displayType=1&itemLink=D?hh:19:./temp/%7Eammem_8tDq::","external_links_name":"\"Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/nj0513/","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Carpenter House, Main & Martel Streets, Mantua, Gloucester County, NJ\""},{"Link":"http://www.fieldtrip.com/nj/98817468.htm","external_links_name":"Heritage Glass Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.nj.searchroots.com/Gloucesterco/glassboro.htm","external_links_name":"Gloucester County, New Jersey - Glass & Glassboro"},{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=hhphoto&fileName=nj/nj0500/nj0513/photos/browse.db&action=browse&recNum=0&title2=Carpenter,Thomas,House,%20Main%20%26%20Martel%20Sts.,%20Mantua,%20Gloucester%20County,%20NJ&displayType=1&itemLink=D?hh:19:./temp/%7Eammem_8tDq::","external_links_name":"The Library of Congress - The Thomas Carpenter House"},{"Link":"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/nj/nj0500/nj0513/data/nj0513data.pdf","external_links_name":"Thomas Carpenter House documentation."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Pennington | Ray Pennington | ["1 Career","2 Death","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","3.2 In the Swing Shift Band","3.3 Singles","4 References","5 External links"] | American country music singer-songwriter (1933–2020)
Ray PenningtonBirth nameRamon Daniel PenningtonAlso known asRay StarrBorn(1933-12-22)December 22, 1933Clay County, Kentucky, U.S.OriginNashville, Tennessee, U.S.DiedOctober 7, 2020(2020-10-07) (aged 86)Hendersonville, Tennessee, U.S.Occupation(s)Singer-songwriter, record producerInstrument(s)Vocals, drums, piano, guitarYears active1958–1998LabelsKingCapitolMonumentMRCStep OneRCA RecordsMary Reeves MusicMusical artist
Ramon Daniel Pennington (December 22, 1933 – October 7, 2020) was an American country music singer, songwriter, and record producer. He is known for writing the song "I'm a Ramblin' Man", and for founding the independent Step One Records label.
Career
Pennington first performed in a western swing band called the Western Rhythm Boys, which performed in Ohio. In 1958, he signed with King Records and released "Three Hearts in a Tangle" under the name Ray Starr. However, Pennington was dissatisfied with the recording, so he asked that it be withdrawn as a single. Pennington then took up record producer and artists and repertoire jobs at the label, including a production credit on Hawkshaw Hawkins' final album, Lonesome 7-7203, one of the first country albums to feature both black and white session musicians. He also produced for The Stanley Brothers and Reno and Smiley, also playing drums for the latter.
Roy Drusky covered "Three Hearts in a Tangle", taking his rendition to number 2 on the country charts in 1961. Pennington continued to perform in both the Western Rhythm Boys and another band called the Starliners. He also worked at a record store and released a rhythm and blues single called "I Have to Laugh to Keep from Crying", also under the name Ray Starr.
Pennington moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1964, where he worked at Pamper Music, producing for Tex Williams and Kenny Price, who recorded two of Pennington's songs: "Walking on New Grass" and "Happy Tracks". Pennington signed to Capitol Records in 1966 as a recording artist, charting three songs (including the number 29 "I'm a Ramblin' Man") before leaving. He moved to Monument Records in 1969, where he charted five more times, but soon left that label to work at RCA Records. While at RCA, Waylon Jennings covered "I'm a Ramblin' Man" and took it to number 1, as Pennington continued to work as a producer for RCA artists such as Billy Walker and Norma Jean. Pennington charted his last solo single, "She Wanted a Little Bit More", on MRC Records in 1978. He later founded the duo Bluestone with Jerry McBee, and charted "Haven't I Loved You Somewhere Before".
In 1984, Pennington co-founded Step One Records with Mel Holt. Ray Price was the first act signed to the label, and fiddler Clinton Gregory charted three Top 30 hits while on Step One. Western Flyer, Celinda Pink and The Geezinslaws were also among the label's roster.
While on Step One, Pennington recorded multiple albums with the Swing Shift Band, co-founded with steel guitarist Buddy Emmons. This band charted with "Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing" in 1988. Step One closed in 1998.
Death
Pennington died on October 7, 2020, at his home in Hendersonville, Tennessee. He was 86, and died after entering a garage that had caught fire. His wife, Mama Charlotte, was able to escape unharmed.
Discography
Albums
Source: AllMusic
Title
Album details
Ray Pennington Sings for the Other Woman
Release date: 1970
Label: Monument Records
Memories
Release date: 1984
Label: Step One Records
Dear Lord, I've Changed (Since I've Been Unchained)
Release date: 1988
Label: Step One Records
In the Swing Shift Band
Source: AllMusic
Title
Album details
Swingin' from the 40s Through the 80s
Release date: 1984
Label: Step One Records
In the Mood for Swingin'
Release date: 1986
Label: Step One Records
Swing & Other Things
Release date: 1988
Label: Step One Records
Swingin' Our Way
Release date: 1990
Label: Step One Records
Swingin' by Request
Release date: 1992
Label: Step One Records
It's All in the Swing
Release date: 1995
Label: Step One Records
Goin' Out Swingin'
Release date: 1997
Label: Step One Records
Singles
Source: AllMusic
Year
Single
Peak chartpositions
US Country
1966
"Who's Been Mowing the Lawn (While I Was Gone)"
43
1967
"I'm a Ramblin' Man"
29
"Who's Gonna Walk the Dog (And Put Out the Cat)"
65
1969
"What Eva Doesn't Have"
70
"This Song Don't Care Who Sings It"
69
1970
"You Don't Know Me"
61
"The Other Woman"
74
1971
"Bubbles in My Beer"
68
1978
"She Wanted a Little Bit More"
79
1980
"Haven't I Loved You Somewhere Before" (in Bluestone)
79
1988
"(Turn Me Loose and) Let Me Swing" (in Swing Shift Band)
76
References
^ U.S. Public Records Index Vol 1 (Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.), 2010.; Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives. Kentucky, Birth Index, 1911–1999 (Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.), 2006. His birth name in this index is given as Rhymon Pennington, which could be a typographical error or his actual birth name.
^ a b c d e "Ray Pennington biography". Oldies.com. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
^ a b Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2.
^ a b Whitburn, p. 53
^ Kingsbury, Paul; et al. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Sourcebooks, Inc. p. 506. ISBN 9780195176087.
^ Morris, Edward (March 11, 1995). "Music is always step one at the world's largest independent country label". Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 10. pp. 30–37. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
^ a b Whitburn, p. 413
^ Wicker, Valencia (October 7, 2020). "Songwriter Ray Pennington killed in Sumner County house fire". WKRN-TV. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
^ Young, Nicole; Paulson, Dave (October 7, 2020). "Ray Pennington, 'I'm a Ramblin' Man' songwriter, dies in house fire at 86". The Tennessean. Nashville. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
^ Hammonds, Rebekah (October 7, 2020). "Country songwriter Ray Pennington killed in house fire". WTVF. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
^ "Ray Pennington – Album Discography". AllMusic. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
^ "Ray Pennington – Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
^ "Ray Pennington – Song Highlights". AllMusic. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
External links
Ray Pennington discography at Discogs
Entries at 45cat.com
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Spain
Czech Republic
Artists
Grammy Awards
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"I'm a Ramblin' Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Ramblin%27_Man"},{"link_name":"Step One Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_One_Records"}],"text":"Musical artistRamon Daniel Pennington (December 22, 1933 – October 7, 2020)[1] was an American country music singer, songwriter, and record producer. He is known for writing the song \"I'm a Ramblin' Man\", and for founding the independent Step One Records label.","title":"Ray Pennington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"western swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_swing"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"King Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Records_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Three Hearts in a Tangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Hearts_in_a_Tangle"},{"link_name":"artists and repertoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire"},{"link_name":"Hawkshaw Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkshaw_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"session musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_musician"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldies-2"},{"link_name":"The Stanley Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stanley_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Reno and Smiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_and_Smiley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldies-2"},{"link_name":"Roy Drusky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Drusky"},{"link_name":"rhythm and blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldies-2"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tex Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Williams"},{"link_name":"Kenny Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Price"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldies-2"},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"I'm a Ramblin' Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Ramblin%27_Man"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitburn-3"},{"link_name":"Monument Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_Records"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Waylon Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Billy Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Walker_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Norma Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Jean_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldies-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bluestone-4"},{"link_name":"Step One Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_One_Records"},{"link_name":"Ray Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Price_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Clinton Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Gregory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Western Flyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Flyer"},{"link_name":"Celinda Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celinda_Pink"},{"link_name":"The Geezinslaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geezinslaws"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Buddy Emmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Emmons"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swingshift-7"}],"text":"Pennington first performed in a western swing band called the Western Rhythm Boys, which performed in Ohio. In 1958, he signed with King Records and released \"Three Hearts in a Tangle\" under the name Ray Starr. However, Pennington was dissatisfied with the recording, so he asked that it be withdrawn as a single. Pennington then took up record producer and artists and repertoire jobs at the label, including a production credit on Hawkshaw Hawkins' final album, Lonesome 7-7203, one of the first country albums to feature both black and white session musicians.[2] He also produced for The Stanley Brothers and Reno and Smiley, also playing drums for the latter.[2]Roy Drusky covered \"Three Hearts in a Tangle\", taking his rendition to number 2 on the country charts in 1961. Pennington continued to perform in both the Western Rhythm Boys and another band called the Starliners. He also worked at a record store and released a rhythm and blues single called \"I Have to Laugh to Keep from Crying\", also under the name Ray Starr.[2]Pennington moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1964, where he worked at Pamper Music, producing for Tex Williams and Kenny Price, who recorded two of Pennington's songs: \"Walking on New Grass\" and \"Happy Tracks\".[2] Pennington signed to Capitol Records in 1966 as a recording artist, charting three songs (including the number 29 \"I'm a Ramblin' Man\"[3]) before leaving. He moved to Monument Records in 1969, where he charted five more times, but soon left that label to work at RCA Records. While at RCA, Waylon Jennings covered \"I'm a Ramblin' Man\" and took it to number 1, as Pennington continued to work as a producer for RCA artists such as Billy Walker and Norma Jean.[2] Pennington charted his last solo single, \"She Wanted a Little Bit More\", on MRC Records in 1978. He later founded the duo Bluestone with Jerry McBee, and charted \"Haven't I Loved You Somewhere Before\".[4]In 1984, Pennington co-founded Step One Records with Mel Holt. Ray Price was the first act signed to the label, and fiddler Clinton Gregory charted three Top 30 hits while on Step One.[5] Western Flyer, Celinda Pink and The Geezinslaws were also among the label's roster.[6]While on Step One, Pennington recorded multiple albums with the Swing Shift Band, co-founded with steel guitarist Buddy Emmons. This band charted with \"Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing\" in 1988.[7] Step One closed in 1998.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hendersonville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendersonville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Pennington died on October 7, 2020, at his home in Hendersonville, Tennessee.[8] He was 86, and died after entering a garage that had caught fire. His wife, Mama Charlotte, was able to escape unharmed.[9][10]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Source: AllMusic[11]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"In the Swing Shift Band","text":"Source: AllMusic[12]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"Source: AllMusic[13]","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ray Pennington biography\". Oldies.com. Retrieved May 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldies.com/artist-biography/Ray-Pennington.html","url_text":"\"Ray Pennington biography\""}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89820-177-2","url_text":"978-0-89820-177-2"}]},{"reference":"Kingsbury, Paul; et al. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Sourcebooks, Inc. p. 506. ISBN 9780195176087.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v4GQDYx_RnkC&q=%22step+one+records%22+%22Ray+pennington&pg=PA506","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Country Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195176087","url_text":"9780195176087"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Edward (March 11, 1995). \"Music is always step one at the world's largest independent country label\". Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 10. pp. 30–37. Retrieved May 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3QsEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22ray+pennington%22&pg=PT29","url_text":"\"Music is always step one at the world's largest independent country label\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Wicker, Valencia (October 7, 2020). \"Songwriter Ray Pennington killed in Sumner County house fire\". WKRN-TV. Retrieved October 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wkrn.com/news/1-killed-in-sumner-county-house-fire/","url_text":"\"Songwriter Ray Pennington killed in Sumner County house fire\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Nicole; Paulson, Dave (October 7, 2020). \"Ray Pennington, 'I'm a Ramblin' Man' songwriter, dies in house fire at 86\". The Tennessean. Nashville. Retrieved October 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2020/10/07/ray-pennington-im-ramblin-man-songwriter-dies-house-fire-86/5918382002/","url_text":"\"Ray Pennington, 'I'm a Ramblin' Man' songwriter, dies in house fire at 86\""}]},{"reference":"Hammonds, Rebekah (October 7, 2020). \"Country songwriter Ray Pennington killed in house fire\". WTVF. Retrieved October 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newschannel5.com/news/one-killed-in-house-fire-in-sumner-co","url_text":"\"Country songwriter Ray Pennington killed in house fire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ray Pennington – Album Discography\". AllMusic. Retrieved October 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/ray-pennington-mn0000411784/discography","url_text":"\"Ray Pennington – Album Discography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Ray Pennington – Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved October 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/ray-pennington-mn0000411784/credits","url_text":"\"Ray Pennington – Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Ray Pennington – Song Highlights\". AllMusic. Retrieved October 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/ray-pennington-mn0000411784/songs","url_text":"\"Ray Pennington – Song Highlights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.oldies.com/artist-biography/Ray-Pennington.html","external_links_name":"\"Ray Pennington biography\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v4GQDYx_RnkC&q=%22step+one+records%22+%22Ray+pennington&pg=PA506","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Country Music"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3QsEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22ray+pennington%22&pg=PT29","external_links_name":"\"Music is always step one at the world's largest independent country label\""},{"Link":"https://www.wkrn.com/news/1-killed-in-sumner-county-house-fire/","external_links_name":"\"Songwriter Ray Pennington killed in Sumner County house fire\""},{"Link":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2020/10/07/ray-pennington-im-ramblin-man-songwriter-dies-house-fire-86/5918382002/","external_links_name":"\"Ray Pennington, 'I'm a Ramblin' Man' songwriter, dies in house fire at 86\""},{"Link":"https://www.newschannel5.com/news/one-killed-in-house-fire-in-sumner-co","external_links_name":"\"Country songwriter Ray Pennington killed in house fire\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/ray-pennington-mn0000411784/discography","external_links_name":"\"Ray Pennington – Album Discography\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/ray-pennington-mn0000411784/credits","external_links_name":"\"Ray Pennington – Credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/ray-pennington-mn0000411784/songs","external_links_name":"\"Ray Pennington – Song Highlights\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/Ray+Pennington","external_links_name":"Ray Pennington"},{"Link":"http://www.45cat.com/45_search.php?sq=Ray+Pennington&sm=ar","external_links_name":"Entries at 45cat.com"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000107726697","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/10149066348665600429","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5022084","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0200757&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/ray-pennington/11381","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/aef2385f-e47e-4908-b854-bfd811001422","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Green_(bishop) | John Green (bishop) | ["1 Life","2 References"] | English clergyman (1706–1779)
John GreenBorn1706Beverley, England, Kingdom of EnglandDied25 April 1779(1779-04-25) (aged 72–73)Bath, England, Great BritainAlma materUniversity of Cambridge (BA)
John Green (1706 – 25 April 1779) was an English clergyman and academic. He became the chaplain of Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge.
Life
Green was born in Beverley in Yorkshire in 1706. Having been schooled in his home town, he was admitted to St John's College, Cambridge in 1724. Green graduated with a B.A. in 1728 and was awarded a fellowship in 1730. He was ordained in 1731 and became vicar of Hinxton, Cambridgeshire. He was eventually made domestic chaplain to the Duke of Somerset, who was chancellor of the University of Cambridge. In 1748, the Duke died and was succeeded by the Duke of Newcastle who quickly saw to it that Green was appointed Regius Professor of Divinity, the most senior chair in the university.
In 1750, Green was appointed as master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge despite the fact he had no links with the college. In 1756 he became Dean of Lincoln, at which point he resigned the professorship. He was vice-chancellor of the University of Cambridge between 1756 and 1757.
Through Newcastle, Green was appointed Bishop of Lincoln in 1761 and he resigned his other ecclesiastical appointments and then in 1764 the Mastership of Corpus.
Green campaigned against the Methodists, writing two pamphlets called "The Principles and Practices of Methodists Considered", but was dissuaded from writing a third by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Secker.
He began to lose the approval of the court when he voted in favour of a bill in the House of Lords for the relief of Protestant dissenters. King George III is reported to have said “Green, Green, he shall never be translated”.
He was never promoted again and died unmarried in Bath on 25 April 1779.
References
^ "GENUKI: Beverley, Yorkshire, England. Further historical information". Genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ "Green, John (GRN724J)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ a b "Vice-Chancellor's Office". Admin.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ "Vice-Chancellor's Office". Admin.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 21 February 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ Taylor, Stephen (1992). ""The fac totum in ecclesiastic affairs"? The duke of Newcastle and the crown's ecclesiastical patronage". Albion. 24 (3). Appalachian State University: 409–433. doi:10.2307/4050944. ISSN 0095-1390. JSTOR 4050944.
^ "Bishops of Lincoln". Peterown.org.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ Green, John (1 January 1760). "The principles and practices of the Methodists considered , in some letters to the leaders of that sect. The first addressed to the Reverend Mr. B-e. Wherein are some remarks on his two letters to a clergyman in Nottinghamshire". printed for W. Bristow. Retrieved 8 June 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Full text of "Memoir of Caleb Parnham, B.D. sometime fellow and tutor of St. John's college, Cambridge, and rector of Ufford-cum-Bainton, Yorkshire"". Archive.org. 1883. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
Academic offices
Preceded byJohn Whalley
Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge 1749—1756
Succeeded byThomas Rutherforth
Preceded byEdmund Castle
Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge 1750-1764
Succeeded byJohn Barnardiston
Preceded byJohn Sumner
Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge 1757-1758
Succeeded byLynford Caryl
Church of England titles
Preceded byJohn Thomas
Bishop of Lincoln 1761–1779
Succeeded byThomas Thurlow
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Seymour,_6th_Duke_of_Somerset"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"}],"text":"John Green (1706 – 25 April 1779) was an English clergyman and academic. He became the chaplain of Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge.","title":"John Green (bishop)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"B.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hinxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinxton"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Duke of Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Seymour,_6th_Duke_of_Somerset"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(education)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-admin.cam.ac.uk-3"},{"link_name":"Duke of Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-admin.cam.ac.uk-3"},{"link_name":"Regius Professor of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Dean of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"vice-chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-chancellor"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-5"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodists"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Thomas Secker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Secker"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Protestant dissenters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Dissenters"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"}],"text":"Green was born in Beverley in Yorkshire in 1706. Having been schooled in his home town, he was admitted to St John's College, Cambridge in 1724.[1] Green graduated with a B.A. in 1728 and was awarded a fellowship in 1730.[2] He was ordained in 1731 and became vicar of Hinxton, Cambridgeshire. He was eventually made domestic chaplain to the Duke of Somerset, who was chancellor of the University of Cambridge.[3] In 1748, the Duke died and was succeeded by the Duke of Newcastle[3] who quickly saw to it that Green was appointed Regius Professor of Divinity, the most senior chair in the university.In 1750, Green was appointed as master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge despite the fact he had no links with the college. In 1756 he became Dean of Lincoln, at which point he resigned the professorship. He was vice-chancellor of the University of Cambridge between 1756 and 1757.[4]Through Newcastle,[5] Green was appointed Bishop of Lincoln in 1761[6] and he resigned his other ecclesiastical appointments and then in 1764 the Mastership of Corpus.Green campaigned against the Methodists, writing two pamphlets called \"The Principles and Practices of Methodists Considered\",[7] but was dissuaded from writing a third by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Secker.He began to lose the approval of the court when he voted in favour of a bill in the House of Lords for the relief of Protestant dissenters.[8] King George III is reported to have said “Green, Green, he shall never be translated”.[9]He was never promoted again and died unmarried in Bath on 25 April 1779.","title":"Life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"GENUKI: Beverley, Yorkshire, England. Further historical information\". Genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/ERY/Beverley/BeverleyHistory.html","url_text":"\"GENUKI: Beverley, Yorkshire, England. Further historical information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Green, John (GRN724J)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=GRN724J&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Green, John (GRN724J)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vice-Chancellor's Office\". Admin.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/offices/v-c/chancellors.html","url_text":"\"Vice-Chancellor's Office\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vice-Chancellor's Office\". Admin.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 21 February 2008. 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JSTOR 4050944.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_(journal)","url_text":"Albion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4050944","url_text":"10.2307/4050944"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0095-1390","url_text":"0095-1390"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4050944","url_text":"4050944"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishops of Lincoln\". Peterown.org.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://peterowen.org.uk/bishops/lincoln.html","url_text":"\"Bishops of Lincoln\""}]},{"reference":"Green, John (1 January 1760). \"The principles and practices of the Methodists considered [electronic resource], in some letters to the leaders of that sect. The first addressed to the Reverend Mr. B-e. Wherein are some remarks on his two letters to a clergyman in Nottinghamshire\". printed for W. Bristow. Retrieved 8 June 2016 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3221480","url_text":"\"The principles and practices of the Methodists considered [electronic resource], in some letters to the leaders of that sect. The first addressed to the Reverend Mr. B-e. Wherein are some remarks on his two letters to a clergyman in Nottinghamshire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090105221426/http://journal.ccedb.org.uk/archive/cce_a3.html","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://journal.ccedb.org.uk/archive/cce_a3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Full text of \"Memoir of Caleb Parnham, B.D. sometime fellow and tutor of St. John's college, Cambridge, and rector of Ufford-cum-Bainton, Yorkshire\"\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_karahi | Chicken karahi | ["1 References"] | South Asian dish
Not to be confused with chicken curry.
Chicken karahiChicken karahi in a Pakistani restaurantRegion or stateSouth AsiaMain ingredientsChicken Media: Chicken karahi
Chicken karahi (known as gosht karahi when prepared with goat or lamb meat instead of chicken), or kadai chicken, is a chicken dish from South Asia.
It is noted for its spicy taste and is notable in South Asian Cuisine. The dish is prepared in a karahi (a type of wok) and can take between 30 and 50 minutes to prepare and cook the dish. Ginger, garlic, tomatoes, green chilli and coriander are key to the flavor of the dish. What distinguishes chicken karahi from other curries from the region is that traditionally, it is cooked without onions in the base, and instead uses just tomatoes, ginger and garlic. It is usually served with naan, roti or rice. This dish is one of the hallmarks of North Indian, Afghan and Pakistani cuisine.
Chicken karahi
References
^ "Chicken Karahi – Is this delicacy one of the best dishes in Pakistan?/". 3 May 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
^ "Food Stories: Mutton karahi/". 6 October 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
^ "Chicken Karahi - Chicken Tomato Curry - Jamil Ghar". 2 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
^ Cooks, Fatima (26 February 2020). "Chicken Karahi Recipe". Fatima Cooks. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
^ "Chicken Karahi (Pakistani Chicken Curry) • Curious Cuisiniere". Curious Cuisiniere. 8 May 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
^ "Top 5 Famous and Spicy Chicken Dishes of India".
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This Indian cuisine–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Pakistani cuisine–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chicken curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_curry"},{"link_name":"goat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat_meat"},{"link_name":"lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton"},{"link_name":"chicken dish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_dish"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"South Asian Cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"karahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicken_Karahi_in_Pakistan.jpg"}],"text":"Not to be confused with chicken curry.Chicken karahi (known as gosht karahi when prepared with goat or lamb meat instead of chicken), or kadai chicken, is a chicken dish from South Asia.It is noted for its spicy taste and is notable in South Asian Cuisine. The dish is prepared in a karahi (a type of wok) and can take between 30 and 50 minutes[1][2] to prepare and cook the dish. Ginger, garlic, tomatoes, green chilli and coriander are key to the flavor of the dish.[3] What distinguishes chicken karahi from other curries from the region is that traditionally, it is cooked without onions in the base, and instead uses just tomatoes, ginger and garlic.[4] It is usually served with naan, roti or rice. This dish is one of the hallmarks of North Indian, Afghan and Pakistani cuisine.[5][6]Chicken karahi","title":"Chicken karahi"}] | [{"image_text":"Chicken karahi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chicken_Karahi_in_Pakistan.jpg/220px-Chicken_Karahi_in_Pakistan.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Chicken Karahi – Is this delicacy one of the best dishes in Pakistan?/\". 3 May 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefoodwonder.com/chicken-karahi/","url_text":"\"Chicken Karahi – Is this delicacy one of the best dishes in Pakistan?/\""}]},{"reference":"\"Food Stories: Mutton karahi/\". 6 October 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1136573/","url_text":"\"Food Stories: Mutton karahi/\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chicken Karahi - Chicken Tomato Curry - Jamil Ghar\". 2 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://jamilghar.com/chicken-karahi/","url_text":"\"Chicken Karahi - Chicken Tomato Curry - Jamil Ghar\""}]},{"reference":"Cooks, Fatima (26 February 2020). \"Chicken Karahi Recipe\". Fatima Cooks. Retrieved 28 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://fatimacooks.net/chicken-karahi-recipe-pictures-tips-authentic/","url_text":"\"Chicken Karahi Recipe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chicken Karahi (Pakistani Chicken Curry) • Curious Cuisiniere\". Curious Cuisiniere. 8 May 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.curiouscuisiniere.com/chicken-karahi-pakistani-chicken-curry/","url_text":"\"Chicken Karahi (Pakistani Chicken Curry) • Curious Cuisiniere\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 5 Famous and Spicy Chicken Dishes of India\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walkthroughindia.com/cuisines/top-5-famous-and-spicy-chicken-dishes-of-india/","url_text":"\"Top 5 Famous and Spicy Chicken Dishes of India\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.thefoodwonder.com/chicken-karahi/","external_links_name":"\"Chicken Karahi – Is this delicacy one of the best dishes in Pakistan?/\""},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1136573/","external_links_name":"\"Food Stories: Mutton karahi/\""},{"Link":"https://jamilghar.com/chicken-karahi/","external_links_name":"\"Chicken Karahi - Chicken Tomato Curry - Jamil Ghar\""},{"Link":"https://fatimacooks.net/chicken-karahi-recipe-pictures-tips-authentic/","external_links_name":"\"Chicken Karahi Recipe\""},{"Link":"https://www.curiouscuisiniere.com/chicken-karahi-pakistani-chicken-curry/","external_links_name":"\"Chicken Karahi (Pakistani Chicken Curry) • Curious Cuisiniere\""},{"Link":"http://www.walkthroughindia.com/cuisines/top-5-famous-and-spicy-chicken-dishes-of-india/","external_links_name":"\"Top 5 Famous and Spicy Chicken Dishes of India\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicken_karahi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicken_karahi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payton%27s_Place | Payton's Place | ["1 Track listing","2 Production credits","3 Charts","4 References"] | 1998 studio album by Nicholas PaytonPayton's PlaceStudio album by Nicholas PaytonReleasedJune 9, 1998RecordedSeptember 29, 1997 – January 6, 1998StudioAvatar, New York CityGenreJazzLength71:05LabelPolyGram RecordsNicholas Payton chronology
Doc Cheatham & Nicholas Payton(1997)
Payton's Place(1998)
Nick@Night(1999)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings
Payton's Place is an album by the jazz trumpet player Nicholas Payton, released in 1998.
Track listing
All songs compositions by Nicholas Payton, except as indicated.
Zigaboogaloo – 5:53
The Three Trumpeteers – 5:26
Back to the Source – 6:27
A Touch of Silver – 5:12
Concentric Circles – 7:08
Li'l Duke's Strut – 5:06
Time Traveling – 5:36
With a Song in My Heart – 5:35 (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart)
Paraphernalia – 9:39 (Wayne Shorter)
Brownie à la Mode – 4:17
People Make the World Go Round – 5:21 (Thom Bell, Linda Creed)
The Last Goodbye – 5:25 (Thom Bell, Linda Creed)
Personnel:
Nicholas Payton - trumpet
Tim Warfield - tenor saxophone
Anthony Wonsey - piano
Reuben Rogers - bass
Adonis Rose - drums
Special guests:
Wynton Marsalis - trumpet (#2,10)
Roy Hargrove - trumpet (#2,8)
Joshua Redman - tenor saxophone (#4)
Production credits
Producer: Nicholas Payton.
Executive Producer: Richard Seidel
Recorder, mixed, mastered by James Nichols.
Production Coordinator: Camille Tominaro
Production Assistant: Samantha Black
Mastered at BMG Studios, New York.
Additional musicians:
Wynton Marsalis, trumpet: "The Three Trumpeteers" and "Brownie à la Mode".
Roy Hargrove, trumpet: "The Three Trumpeteers" and "With A Song in My Heart".
Joshua Redman, tenor saxophone: "A Touch of Silver".
Management: The Management Ark, Princeton, NJ
Art direction & Design – Giulio Tururro.
Photographs – Barron Claiborne.
Recording Session Photographs – Jiimy Katz
Label: Polygram Records
Charts
Chart (1998)
Peakposition
U.S. Billboard Jazz Albums
8
References
^ AllMusic review
^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 1136. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0.
^ "Nicholas Payton > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums". AllMusic. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Payton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Payton"}],"text":"Payton's Place is an album by the jazz trumpet player Nicholas Payton, released in 1998.","title":"Payton's Place"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"With a Song in My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_a_Song_in_My_Heart_(song)"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Lorenz Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Hart"},{"link_name":"Wayne Shorter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Shorter"},{"link_name":"People Make the World Go Round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Make_the_World_Go_Round"},{"link_name":"Thom Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Bell"},{"link_name":"Linda Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Creed"},{"link_name":"Thom Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Bell"},{"link_name":"Linda Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Creed"}],"text":"All songs compositions by Nicholas Payton, except as indicated.Zigaboogaloo – 5:53\nThe Three Trumpeteers – 5:26\nBack to the Source – 6:27\nA Touch of Silver – 5:12\nConcentric Circles – 7:08\nLi'l Duke's Strut – 5:06\nTime Traveling – 5:36\nWith a Song in My Heart – 5:35 (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart)\nParaphernalia – 9:39 (Wayne Shorter)\nBrownie à la Mode – 4:17\nPeople Make the World Go Round – 5:21 (Thom Bell, Linda Creed)\nThe Last Goodbye – 5:25 (Thom Bell, Linda Creed)Personnel:\nNicholas Payton - trumpet\nTim Warfield - tenor saxophone\nAnthony Wonsey - piano\nReuben Rogers - bass\nAdonis Rose - drumsSpecial guests:\nWynton Marsalis - trumpet (#2,10)\nRoy Hargrove - trumpet (#2,8)\nJoshua Redman - tenor saxophone (#4)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wynton Marsalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis"},{"link_name":"Roy Hargrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Hargrove"},{"link_name":"Joshua Redman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Redman"},{"link_name":"Barron Claiborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barron_Claiborne"},{"link_name":"Polygram Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygram_Records"}],"text":"Producer: Nicholas Payton.\nExecutive Producer: Richard Seidel\nRecorder, mixed, mastered by James Nichols.\nProduction Coordinator: Camille Tominaro\nProduction Assistant: Samantha Black\nMastered at BMG Studios, New York.\nAdditional musicians:\nWynton Marsalis, trumpet: \"The Three Trumpeteers\" and \"Brownie à la Mode\".\nRoy Hargrove, trumpet: \"The Three Trumpeteers\" and \"With A Song in My Heart\".\nJoshua Redman, tenor saxophone: \"A Touch of Silver\".\nManagement: The Management Ark, Princeton, NJ\nArt direction & Design – Giulio Tururro.\nPhotographs – Barron Claiborne.\nRecording Session Photographs – Jiimy Katz\nLabel: Polygram Records","title":"Production credits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 1136. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cook_(journalist)","url_text":"Cook, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Morton_(Scottish_writer)","url_text":"Morton, Brian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penguin_Guide_to_Jazz","url_text":"The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-03401-0","url_text":"978-0-141-03401-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r352231","external_links_name":"AllMusic review"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r352231/charts-awards","external_links_name":"\"Nicholas Payton > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/6a864a4d-25a6-3252-bdae-0516aa862f2d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balapitiya_Electoral_District | Balapitiya Electoral District | ["1 Members of Parliament","2 Elections","2.1 1960 (March) Parliamentary General Election","2.2 1960 (July) Parliamentary General Election","2.3 1965 Parliamentary General Election","2.4 1968 Parliamentary By-Election","2.5 1970 Parliamentary General Election","2.6 1977 Parliamentary General Election","3 References"] | Former electoral district of Sri Lanka
Balapitiya electoral district was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between March 1960 and February 1989. The district was named after the town of Balapitiya in Galle District, Southern Province. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced the proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament. The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts. Balapitiya electoral district was replaced by the Galle multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections.
Members of Parliament
Key
Independent SLFP UNP
Election
Member
Party
Term
1960 (March)
Lakshman de Silva
SLFP
1960
1960 (July)
1960-1965
1965
L. C. de Silva
LSSP
1965-1968
1968 parliamentary by-election
Lakshman de Silva
UNP
1968-1970
1970
Weerasinghe de Silva
LSSP
1970-1977
1977
Norman Waidyaratna
UNP
1977-1989
Elections
1960 (March) Parliamentary General Election
Results of the 4th parliamentary election held on 19 March 1960:
Candidate
Party
Symbol
Votes
%
Lakshman de Silva
Sri Lanka Freedom Party
Hand
8,465
32.86
L. C. de Silva
Lanka Sama Samaja Party
Key
7,818
30.35
Ian de Zoysa
United National Party
Elephant
6,235
24.20
Dharmasekera Welaratne
Sun
1,304
5.06
A. S. de Zoysa Jayatilaka
Umbrella
1,027
3.99
Wijayananda Lokusuriya
Lamp
525
2.04
A. P. de Zoysa
Buddhist Republican Party
Flower
145
0.56
Jayasena Munasinghe
Cockrel
116
0.45
Valid Votes
25,635
99.51
Rejected Votes
126
0.49
Total Polled
25,761
100.00
Registered Electors
34,384
Turnout
74.92
1960 (July) Parliamentary General Election
Results of the 5th parliamentary election held on 20 July 1960:
Candidate
Party
Symbol
Votes
%
Lakshman de Silva
Sri Lanka Freedom Party
Hand
13,812
55.31
V. T. de Zoysa
United National Party
Elephant
10,841
43.42
Jayasena Munasinghe
Buddhist Republican Party
Flower
317
1.27
Valid Votes
24,970
100.00
Rejected Votes
-
0.0
Total Polled
24,970
100.00
Registered Electors
34,384
Turnout
72.62
1965 Parliamentary General Election
Results of the 6th parliamentary election held on 22 March 1965:
Candidate
Party
Symbol
Votes
%
L. C. de Silva
Lanka Sama Samaja Party
Key
16,615
49.39
Lakshman de Silva
Sri Lanka Freedom Socialist Party
Sun
16,519
49.10
Jayasena Munasinghe
Lamp
164
0.49
P. L. V. Gunawardane
Eye
130
0.39
Valid Votes
33,428
99.36
Rejected Votes
214
0.64
Total Polled
33,642
100.00
Registered Electors
41,823
Turnout
80.44
1968 Parliamentary By-Election
In December 1967 the incumbent, Lokuge de Silva, was unseated on the ground that he had a contract with government. The results of the 1968 parliamentary by-election held on 17 December for the electorate:
Candidate
Party
Symbol
Votes
%
Lakshman de Silva
United National Party
Elephant
19,485
51.87
Weerasinghe de Silva
Lanka Sama Samaja Party
Key
17,955
47.78
Valid Votes
37,440
99.67
Rejected Votes
124
0.33
Total Polled
37,564
100.00
Registered Electors
44,043
Turnout
85.29
1970 Parliamentary General Election
Results of the 7th parliamentary election held on 27 May 1970:
Candidate
Party
Symbol
Votes
%
Weerasinghe de Silva
Lanka Sama Samaja Party
Key
22,659
59.18
Lakshman de Silva
United National Party
Elephant
14,431
37.69
E. M. M. Wijerama
Bell
951
2.48
Jayasena Munasinghe
Ship
169
0.44
Valid Votes
38,210
99.80
Rejected Votes
76
0.20
Total Polled
38,286
100.00
Registered Electors
45,862
Turnout
83.48
1977 Parliamentary General Election
Results of the 8th parliamentary election held on 21 July 1977:
Candidate
Party
Symbol
Votes
%
Norman Waidyaratna
United National Party
Elephant
15,745
56.60
Weerasinghe de Silva
Lanka Sama Samaja Party
Key
6,803
24.46
Lakshman de Silva
Independent
Hand
4,556
16.38
H. P Sudarman de Silva
Eye
343
1.23
W. S. M. M. Abeysekera
Table
156
0.56
S. de S. Alankara
Lamp
128
0.46
Valid Votes
27,731
99.69
Rejected Votes
87
0.31
Total Polled
27,818
100.00
Registered Electors
33,016
Turnout
84.26
References
^ "The Electoral System". Parliament of Sri Lanka.
^ "Result of Parliamentary General Election March 1960" (PDF). Department of Elections, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ "Result of Parliamentary General Election July 1960" (PDF). Department of Elections, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ "Result of Parliamentary General Election 1965" (PDF). Department of Elections, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ "Result of the Parliamentary By-Elections held between 1947 and 1988" (PDF). Department of Elections, Sri Lanka.
^ "Result of Parliamentary General Election 1970" (PDF). Department of Elections, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ "Result of Parliamentary General Election 1977" (PDF). Department of Elections, Sri Lanka.
vteElectoral districts of Sri Lanka (1947–1989)Central Province
Akurana
Dambulla
Galagedara
Galaha
Gampola
Hanguranketha
Harispattuwa
Hewaheta
Kadugannawa
Kandy
Kotagala
Kotmale
Kundasale
Laggala
Maskeliya
Matale
Maturata
Minipe
Nawalapitiya
Nuwara Eliya
Nuwara Eliya-Maskeliya
Pathadumbara
Rattota
Senkadagala
Talawakelle
Teldeniya
Udadumbara
Udunuwara
Walapane
Wattegama
Yatinuwara
Eastern Province
Ampara
Batticaloa
Kalkudah
Kalmunai
Mutur
Nintavur
Paddiruppu
Pottuvil
Samanthurai
Seruvila
Trincomalee
Northern Province
Chavakachcheri
Jaffna
Kankesanthurai
Kayts
Kilinochchi
Kopay
Manipay
Mannar
Mullaitivu
Nallur
Point Pedro
Udupiddy
Uduvil
Vaddukoddai
Vavuniya
North Central Province
Anuradhapura
Anuradhapura East
Anuradhapura West
Horowpothana
Kalawewa
Kekirawa
Medawachchiya
Medirigiriya
Mihintale
Minneriya
Polonnaruwa
North Western Province
Anamaduwa
Bingiriya
Chilaw
Dambadeniya
Dandagamuwa
Dodangaslanda
Galgamuwa
Hiriyala
Katugampola
Kuliyapitiya
Kurunegala
Mawatagama
Nattandiya
Nikaweratiya
Panduwasnuwara
Polgahawela
Puttalam
Wariyapola
Wennappuwa
Yapahuwa
Uva
Badulla
Bandarawela
Bibile
Buttala
Hali-Ela
Haputale
Mahiyangana
Moneragala
Passara
Soranatota
Uva Paranagama
Viyaluwa
Welimada
Wellawaya
Sabaragamuwa
Alutnuwara
Aranayaka
Balangoda
Dedigama
Dehiowita
Deraniyagala
Eheliyagoda
Galigamuwa
Kalawana
Kegalle
Kiriella
Kolonna
Mawanella
Nivitigala
Pelmadulla
Rakwana
Rambukkana
Ratnapura
Ruwanwella
Yatiyantota
Southern Province
Akmeemana
Akuressa
Ambalangoda
Ambalangoda-Balapitiya
Baddegama
Balapitiya
Beliatta
Bentara-Elpitiya
Deniyaya
Devinuwara
Galle
Habaraduwa
Hakmana
Hambantota
Hiniduma
Kamburupitiya
Karandeniya
Matara
Mulkirigala
Rathgama
Tangalle
Tissamaharama
Udugama
Weligama
Western Province
Agalawatte
Attanagalla
Avissawella
Bandaragama
Beruwala
Biyagama
Borella
Bulathsinhala
Colombo Central
Colombo East
Colombo North
Colombo South
Colombo West
Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia
Divulapitiya
Dompe
Gampaha
Homagama
Horana
Ja-Ela
Kaduwela
Kalutara
Katana
Kelaniya
Kesbewa
Kolonnawa
Kottawa
Kotte
Mahara
Maharagama
Matugama
Minuwangoda
Mirigama
Moratuwa
Negombo
Panadura
Ratmalana
Wattala
Wellawatte-Galkissa
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The results of the 1968 parliamentary by-election held on 17 December for the electorate:[5]","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"7th parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Ceylonese_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"1970 Parliamentary General Election","text":"Results of the 7th parliamentary election held on 27 May 1970:[6]","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8th parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"1977 Parliamentary General Election","text":"Results of the 8th parliamentary election held on 21 July 1977:[7]","title":"Elections"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Electoral System\". 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Retrieved 6 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1960-07-20.pdf","url_text":"\"Result of Parliamentary General Election July 1960\""}]},{"reference":"\"Result of Parliamentary General Election 1965\" (PDF). Department of Elections, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 6 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1965.pdf","url_text":"\"Result of Parliamentary General Election 1965\""}]},{"reference":"\"Result of the Parliamentary By-Elections held between 1947 and 1988\" (PDF). Department of Elections, Sri Lanka.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-by-elections-1947-1988.pdf","url_text":"\"Result of the Parliamentary By-Elections held between 1947 and 1988\""}]},{"reference":"\"Result of Parliamentary General Election 1970\" (PDF). Department of Elections, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 6 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1970.pdf","url_text":"\"Result of Parliamentary General Election 1970\""}]},{"reference":"\"Result of Parliamentary General Election 1977\" (PDF). Department of Elections, Sri Lanka.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1977.pdf","url_text":"\"Result of Parliamentary General Election 1977\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.parliament.lk/en/members-of-parliament/the-system-of-elections-in-sri-lanka/the-electoral-system","external_links_name":"\"The Electoral System\""},{"Link":"https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1960-03-19.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Result of Parliamentary General Election March 1960\""},{"Link":"https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1960-07-20.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Result of Parliamentary General Election July 1960\""},{"Link":"https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1965.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Result of Parliamentary General Election 1965\""},{"Link":"https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-by-elections-1947-1988.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Result of the Parliamentary By-Elections held between 1947 and 1988\""},{"Link":"https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1970.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Result of Parliamentary General Election 1970\""},{"Link":"https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1977.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Result of Parliamentary General Election 1977\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franking_privilege | Franking | ["1 Types and methods","1.1 Postage (stamps, etc)","1.2 Franking privilege","1.3 \"Official Business\"","1.4 \"Business Reply Mail\"","2 History of the \"franking privilege\"","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Marking qualifying mail to be postally serviced
For the town in Upper Austria, see Franking, Austria. For the tax unit, see franking credit.
Franking comprises all devices, markings, or combinations thereof ("franks") applied to mails of any class which qualifies them to be postally serviced. Types of franks include uncanceled and precanceled postage stamps (both adhesive and printed on postal stationery), impressions applied via postage meter (via so-called "postage evidencing systems"), official use "Penalty" franks, Business Reply Mail (BRM), and other permit Imprints (Indicia), manuscript and facsimile "franking privilege" signatures, "soldier's mail" markings, and any other forms authorized by the 192 postal administrations that are members of the Universal Postal Union.
Types and methods
An 1832 stampless single-sheet "Liverpool Ship Letter" pen franked "Paid 5" by a U.S. postal clerk in Philadelphia, PAWhile all affixed postage stamps and other markings applied to mail to qualify it for postal service is franking, not all types and methods are used to frank all types or classes of mails. Each of the world's national and other postal administrations establishes and regulates the specific methods and standards of franking as they apply to domestic operations within their own postal systems. Although there are differences in the manner that the postal systems of the 192 nations that belong to the Universal Postal Union (UPU) apply and regulate the way their mails are franked, most mail types fall under one (and sometimes more) of four major types and/or methods of franking: postage (stamps, etc.), privilege, official business, and business reply mail.
Modern postal clerk script franking with CDS (Ukraine)
Any and all conflicts that might arise affecting the franking of mail types serviced by multiple administrations which result from differences in these various postal regulations and/or practices are mediated by the UPU, a specialized agency of the United Nations which sets the rules and technical standards for international mail exchanges. The UPU co-ordinates the application of the regulations of postal systems of its member nations, including as they relate to franking, to permit the servicing and exchange of international mail. Prior to the establishment of the UPU in 1874, international mails sometimes bore mixed franking (the application of franking of more than one country) before the world's postal services universally agreed to deliver international mails bearing only the franking of the country of origin.
Postage (stamps, etc)
1840 (UK)Postally franked German Air Mail cover (Berlin-Buenos Aires via D-LZ127 Graf Zeppelin (1934))
"Postage" franking is the physical application and presence of postage stamps, or any other markings recognized and accepted by the postal system or systems providing service, which indicate the payment of sufficient fees for the class of service which the item of mail is to be or had been afforded. Prior to the introduction to the world's first postage stamps in Britain in 1840 ("Penny Black") and 1841 ("Penny Red"), pre-paid franking was applied exclusively by a manuscript or handstamped "Paid" marking and the amount of the fee collected. The first US postage stamp was the red brown Five cent Franklin (SC-1) issued in 1847.
1847 (US)Machine printed postal frank (India)
In addition to stamps, postage franking can be in the form of printed or stamped impressions made in an authorized format and applied directly by a franking machine, postage meter, computer generated franking labels or other similar methods ("Postage Evidencing Systems"), any form of preprinted "Postage Paid" notice authorized by a postal service permit ("Indicia"), or any other marking method accepted by the postal service and specified by its regulations, as proof of the prepayment of the appropriate fees. Postal franking also includes "Postage Due" stamps or markings affixed by a postal service which designate any amount of insufficient or omitted postage fees to be collected on delivery. Some countries allow senders to purchase one-time codes online that can be hand-written onto the piece of mail, such as the Netherlands' Postzegelcodes introduced in 2013.
Franking privilege
Machine cancelled U.S. Congressional frank "Privilege" franking is a personally pen-signed or printed facsimile signature of a person with a "franking privilege" such as certain government officials (especially legislators) and others designated by law or Postal Regulations. This allows the letter or other parcel to be sent without the application of a postage stamp. In the United States this is called the "Congressional frank" which can only be used for "Official Business" mail.
WWI pen franked "Soldier Mail"In addition to this type of franking privilege, from time to time (especially during wartimes) governments and/or postal administrations also authorize active duty service members and other designated individuals to send mail for free by writing "Free" or "Soldier's Mail" (or equivalent) on the item of mail in lieu of paid postal franking, or by using appropriate free franked postal stationery. In the United States, unless otherwise designated, such mail is serviced by both the military and civil postal systems that accept them as First Class letter mail.
"Official Business"
"Penalty Mail Stamp""Official Business" franking from Great Britain (c. 1978)
"Official Business" franking is any frank printed on or affixed to mail which is designated as being for official business of national governments (i.e. governments which also have postal administrations) and thus qualify for postal servicing without any additional paid franking. In Commonwealth countries the printed frank reads "Official Paid" and is used by government departments on postmarks, stationery, adhesive labels, official stamps, and handstruck or machine stamps.
In Canada, the monarch, the Governor General, members of the Senate of Canada, members of the House of Commons, the Clerk of the House of Commons, Parliamentary Librarian, Associate Parliamentary Librarian, officers of parliament, and the Senate Ethics Officer all have franking privilege, and mail sent to or from these people are sent free of charge. Bulk mail from members of the House of Commons is limited to four mailings per year and to the member's own electoral district. Individuals may send letters to any of the above office-holders without charge.
US "Penalty" frankIn the United States such mails are sent using postal stationery or address labels that include a "Penalty" frank ("Penalty For Private Use To Avoid Payment of Postage $300") printed on the piece of mail, and/or is franked with Penalty Mail Stamps (PMS) of appropriate value. Such mails are generally serviced as First Class Mail (or equivalent) unless otherwise designated (such as "bulk" mailings).
"Business Reply Mail"
BRM franking (US)
Main article: Freepost
"Business Reply Mail" (BRM) franking is a preprinted frank with a Permit number which authorizes items so marked to be posted as First Class Mail with the authorizing postal service without advance payment by the person posting the item. (International Reply Mail may specify Air Mail as the class of service.) Postage fees for BRM are paid by the permit holder upon its delivery to the specified address authorized by the permit and preprinted on the item of business reply mail. Governments also use BRM to permit replies associated with official business purposes.
History of the "franking privilege"
A limited form of franking privilege originated in the British Parliament in 1660, with the passage of an act authorizing the formation of the General Post Office. By 1772, the abundance of franked letters represented lost revenue of more than one third the total collections of the Post Office. In the 19th century, as use of the post office increased significantly in Britain, it was expected that anybody with a Parliament connection would get his friends' mail franked.
In the United States, the franking privilege predates the establishment of the republic itself, as the Continental Congress bestowed it on its members in 1775. The First United States Congress enacted a franking law in 1789 during its very first session. Congress members would spend much time "inscribing their names on the upper right-hand corner of official letters and packages" until the 1860s for the purpose of sending out postage-free mail. Yet, on January 31, 1873, the Senate abolished "the congressional franking privilege after rejecting a House-passed provision that would have provided special stamps for the free mailing of printed Senate and House documents." Within two years, however, Congress began to make exceptions to this ban, including free mailing of the Congressional Record, seeds, and agricultural reports. Finally, in 1891, noting that its members were the only government officials required to pay postage, Congress restored full franking privileges. Since then, the franking of congressional mail has been subject to ongoing review and regulation.
The phrase franking is derived from the Latin word "francus" meaning free. Another use of that term is speaking "frankly", i.e. "freely". Because Benjamin Franklin was an early United States Postmaster General, satirist Richard Armour referred to free congressional mailings as the "Franklin privilege."
A U.S. Congressional franked mailingThe use of a franking privilege is not absolute but is generally limited to official business, constituent bulk mails, and other uses as prescribed by law, such as the "Congressional Frank" afforded to Members of Congress in the United States. This is not "free" franking, however, as each member is appropriated a budgeted amount to compensate the USPS for servicing the mail.
A six-member bipartisan Commission on Congressional Mailing Standards, colloquially known as the "Franking Commission," is responsible for oversight and regulation of the franking privilege in the Congress. Among the Commission's responsibilities is to establish the "Official Mail Allowance" for each Member based proportionally on the number of constituents they serve. Certain other persons are also accorded the privilege such as Members-elect and former presidents and their spouse or widow as well. A president who is convicted in the Senate as a result of an impeachment trial would not have a franking privilege after being forced to leave office. The sitting president does not have personal franking privileges but the vice president, who is also President of the Senate, does.
In Italy, mail sent to the President was free of charge until this franking privilege was abolished in 1999.
In New Zealand, individuals writing to a Member of Parliament can do so without paying for postage.
See also
Postage meter
Postzegelcode
References
^ "Postage Payment Methods U.S. Postal Service". Pe.usps.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
^ ""Status and Structures of Postal Administrations" Universal Postal Union (June, 2006)" (PDF). Upu.int. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-12. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
^ "Member Countries". Upu.int. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
^ "The UPU". Universal Postal Union. Archived from the original on 2019-03-22. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
^ "UPU Technical Standards". Upu.int. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
^ "Universal Postal Union Standards for effective postal operations and interconnecting the global postal network". Upu.int. Archived from the original on 2008-11-03. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
^ Miller, Rick The evolution of franking: different ways to indicate postage was paid Archived 2008-06-24 at the Wayback Machine Linn's Stamp News
^ ""Postage Evidencing Systems" USPS Domestic Mail Manual". Pe.usps.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
^ "Permit Imprint (Indicia) USPS Domestic Mail Manual". Pe.usps.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
^ "Insufficient or Omitted Postage USPS Domestic Mail Manual". Pe.usps.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
^ "Postzegel niet meer nodig met app" (in Dutch). NOS. 2013-05-23. Retrieved 2023-08-29.
^ "Official Mail (Franking Privilege) USPS Domestic Mail Manual". Pe.usps.gov. 2012-01-01. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
^ ""Franking Privilege: Historical Development and Options for Change" U.S. Congressional Research Service Report RL34247, December, 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-10-25.
^ 39 U.S.C. § 3210
^ "39 U.S.C. 3401(a) U.S. Postal Service Armed Forces & Free Postage". Frwebgate.access.gpo.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
^ "Official Business (Penalty) USPS Domestic Mail Manual". Frwebgate.access.gpo.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
^ "Government Mail Free of Postage". Canada Post. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
^ ""Penalty" USPS Domestic Mail Manual". Pe.usps.gov. 2012-01-01. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
^ "Penalty Mail: Stamps used for official government mail". USPS. 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
^ "Business Reply Mail" USPS Quick Service Guide (505) July 28, 2014
^ "Business Reply Mail USPS Domestic Mail Manual". Pe.usps.com. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
^ Craik, George Lillie (1844). The History of British Commerce . Vol. 2. p. 164 – via Wikisource.
^ "Brief History of the Royal mail". Archived from the original on 2014-08-06. Retrieved 2014-08-04.
^ "Regulations on the Use of the CONGRESSIONAL FRANK By Members of the House of Representatives and RULES OF PRACTICE IN PROCEEDINGS Before the House Commission on Congressional Mailing Standards" (PDF). House of Representatives Commission on Congressional Mailing Standards. June 1998. pp. VII–VIII. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
^ Former Presidents: Federal Pension and Retirement Benefits Congressional Research Service
^ Attuazione della direttiva 97/67/CE concernente regole comuni per lo sviluppo del mercato interno dei servizi postali comunitari e per il miglioramento della qualità del servizio Archived March 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Contact an MP - New Zealand Parliament". www.parliament.nz. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
External links
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Franking".
History of Franked Mail from the Senate.gov
E050 Official Mail (Franked) from the United States Post Office
Description of franked mail in the United Kingdom
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upper Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Austria"},{"link_name":"Franking, Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franking,_Austria"},{"link_name":"franking credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franking_credit"},{"link_name":"postage stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps"},{"link_name":"postal stationery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_stationery"},{"link_name":"Universal Postal Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the town in Upper Austria, see Franking, Austria. For the tax unit, see franking credit.Franking comprises all devices, markings, or combinations thereof (\"franks\") applied to mails of any class which qualifies them to be postally serviced. Types of franks include uncanceled and precanceled postage stamps (both adhesive and printed on postal stationery), impressions applied via postage meter (via so-called \"postage evidencing systems\"), official use \"Penalty\" franks, Business Reply Mail (BRM), and other permit Imprints (Indicia), manuscript and facsimile \"franking privilege\" signatures, \"soldier's mail\" markings, and any other forms authorized by the 192 postal administrations that are members of the Universal Postal Union.[1]","title":"Franking"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liverpool_Ship_Letter_Phila_1832.jpg"},{"link_name":"postal administrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_administration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Universal Postal Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ukraine_PO_Script_Franking_with_CDS.jpg"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"mixed franking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_franking"}],"text":"An 1832 stampless single-sheet \"Liverpool Ship Letter\" pen franked \"Paid 5\" by a U.S. postal clerk in Philadelphia, PAWhile all affixed postage stamps and other markings applied to mail to qualify it for postal service is franking, not all types and methods are used to frank all types or classes of mails. Each of the world's national and other postal administrations establishes and regulates the specific methods and standards of franking as they apply to domestic operations within their own postal systems.[2] Although there are differences in the manner that the postal systems of the 192 nations[3] that belong to the Universal Postal Union (UPU) apply and regulate the way their mails are franked, most mail types fall under one (and sometimes more) of four major types and/or methods of franking: postage (stamps, etc.), privilege, official business, and business reply mail.Modern postal clerk script franking with CDS (Ukraine)Any and all conflicts that might arise affecting the franking of mail types serviced by multiple administrations which result from differences in these various postal regulations and/or practices are mediated by the UPU, a specialized agency of the United Nations which sets the rules and technical standards for international mail exchanges.[4][5] The UPU co-ordinates the application of the regulations of postal systems of its member nations, including as they relate to franking, to permit the servicing and exchange of international mail.[6] Prior to the establishment of the UPU in 1874, international mails sometimes bore mixed franking (the application of franking of more than one country) before the world's postal services universally agreed to deliver international mails bearing only the franking of the country of origin.","title":"Types and methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Penny_black.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D-LZ127_First_South_America_Flight_1934.jpg"},{"link_name":"D-LZ127 Graf Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ_127_Graf_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Penny Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Black"},{"link_name":"Penny Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Red"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Five cent Franklin (SC-1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#First_stamps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franklin_SC1_1847.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freimachung-IND.jpg"},{"link_name":"postage meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_meter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Postage Paid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_Paid"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"\"Postage Due\" stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_due"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Postzegelcodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postzegelcode"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Postage (stamps, etc)","text":"1840 (UK)Postally franked German Air Mail cover (Berlin-Buenos Aires via D-LZ127 Graf Zeppelin (1934))\"Postage\" franking is the physical application and presence of postage stamps, or any other markings recognized and accepted by the postal system or systems providing service, which indicate the payment of sufficient fees for the class of service which the item of mail is to be or had been afforded. Prior to the introduction to the world's first postage stamps in Britain in 1840 (\"Penny Black\") and 1841 (\"Penny Red\"), pre-paid franking was applied exclusively by a manuscript or handstamped \"Paid\" marking and the amount of the fee collected.[7] The first US postage stamp was the red brown Five cent Franklin (SC-1) issued in 1847.1847 (US)Machine printed postal frank (India)In addition to stamps, postage franking can be in the form of printed or stamped impressions made in an authorized format and applied directly by a franking machine, postage meter, computer generated franking labels or other similar methods (\"Postage Evidencing Systems\"),[8] any form of preprinted \"Postage Paid\" notice authorized by a postal service permit (\"Indicia\"),[9] or any other marking method accepted by the postal service and specified by its regulations, as proof of the prepayment of the appropriate fees. Postal franking also includes \"Postage Due\" stamps or markings affixed by a postal service which designate any amount of insufficient or omitted postage fees to be collected on delivery.[10] Some countries allow senders to purchase one-time codes online that can be hand-written onto the piece of mail, such as the Netherlands' Postzegelcodes introduced in 2013.[11]","title":"Types and methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Congressional_Frank_1921_T.S._Butler.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WWI_Pen_Franked_%22Soldier_Mail%22_Cover.jpg"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_mail#U.S._Military_Postal_Service_(MPS)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Franking privilege","text":"Machine cancelled U.S. Congressional frank\"Privilege\" franking is a personally pen-signed or printed facsimile signature of a person[12] with a \"franking privilege\" such as certain government officials (especially legislators) and others designated by law or Postal Regulations. This allows the letter or other parcel to be sent without the application of a postage stamp. In the United States this is called the \"Congressional frank\" which can only be used for \"Official Business\" mail.[13][14]WWI pen franked \"Soldier Mail\"In addition to this type of franking privilege, from time to time (especially during wartimes) governments and/or postal administrations also authorize active duty service members and other designated individuals to send mail for free by writing \"Free\" or \"Soldier's Mail\" (or equivalent) on the item of mail in lieu of paid postal franking, or by using appropriate free franked postal stationery. In the United States, unless otherwise designated, such mail is serviced by both the military and civil postal systems that accept them as First Class letter mail.[15]","title":"Types and methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Penalty_Mail_Stamp.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_Paid_Scan.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"the monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Governor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Senate of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Penalty_Franking.jpg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"First Class Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Class_Mail"}],"sub_title":"\"Official Business\"","text":"\"Penalty Mail Stamp\"\"Official Business\" franking from Great Britain (c. 1978)\"Official Business\" franking is any frank printed on or affixed to mail which is designated as being for official business of national governments (i.e. governments which also have postal administrations) and thus qualify for postal servicing without any additional paid franking.[16] In Commonwealth countries the printed frank reads \"Official Paid\" and is used by government departments on postmarks, stationery, adhesive labels, official stamps, and handstruck or machine stamps.In Canada, the monarch, the Governor General, members of the Senate of Canada, members of the House of Commons, the Clerk of the House of Commons, Parliamentary Librarian, Associate Parliamentary Librarian, officers of parliament, and the Senate Ethics Officer all have franking privilege, and mail sent to or from these people are sent free of charge. Bulk mail from members of the House of Commons is limited to four mailings per year and to the member's own electoral district. Individuals may send letters to any of the above office-holders without charge.[17]US \"Penalty\" frankIn the United States such mails are sent using postal stationery or address labels that include a \"Penalty\" frank (\"Penalty For Private Use To Avoid Payment of Postage $300\")[18] printed on the piece of mail, and/or is franked with Penalty Mail Stamps (PMS) of appropriate value.[19] Such mails are generally serviced as First Class Mail (or equivalent) unless otherwise designated (such as \"bulk\" mailings).","title":"Types and methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Business_Reply_Mail.svg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"\"Business Reply Mail\"","text":"BRM franking (US)\"Business Reply Mail\" (BRM) franking is a preprinted frank with a Permit number which authorizes items so marked to be posted as First Class Mail with the authorizing postal service without advance payment by the person posting the item. (International Reply Mail may specify Air Mail as the class of service.) Postage fees for BRM are paid by the permit holder upon its delivery to the specified address authorized by the permit and preprinted on the item of business reply mail. Governments also use BRM to permit replies associated with official business purposes.[20][21]","title":"Types and methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Parliament"},{"link_name":"General Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"First United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Congressional Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record"},{"link_name":"seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeds"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"United States Postmaster General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General"},{"link_name":"Richard Armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Armour_(poet)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franked.jpg"},{"link_name":"Members of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"USPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"President of the Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Senate"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Italian_Republic"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"A limited form of franking privilege originated in the British Parliament in 1660, with the passage of an act authorizing the formation of the General Post Office. By 1772, the abundance of franked letters represented lost revenue of more than one third the total collections of the Post Office.[22] In the 19th century, as use of the post office [23] increased significantly in Britain, it was expected that anybody with a Parliament connection would get his friends' mail franked.In the United States, the franking privilege predates the establishment of the republic itself, as the Continental Congress bestowed it on its members in 1775. The First United States Congress enacted a franking law in 1789 during its very first session. Congress members would spend much time \"inscribing their names on the upper right-hand corner of official letters and packages\" until the 1860s for the purpose of sending out postage-free mail. Yet, on January 31, 1873, the Senate abolished \"the congressional franking privilege after rejecting a House-passed provision that would have provided special stamps for the free mailing of printed Senate and House documents.\" Within two years, however, Congress began to make exceptions to this ban, including free mailing of the Congressional Record, seeds, and agricultural reports. Finally, in 1891, noting that its members were the only government officials required to pay postage, Congress restored full franking privileges. Since then, the franking of congressional mail has been subject to ongoing review and regulation.The phrase franking is derived from the Latin word \"francus\" meaning free. Another use of that term is speaking \"frankly\", i.e. \"freely\". Because Benjamin Franklin was an early United States Postmaster General, satirist Richard Armour referred to free congressional mailings as the \"Franklin privilege.\"A U.S. Congressional franked mailingThe use of a franking privilege is not absolute but is generally limited to official business, constituent bulk mails, and other uses as prescribed by law, such as the \"Congressional Frank\" afforded to Members of Congress in the United States. This is not \"free\" franking, however, as each member is appropriated a budgeted amount to compensate the USPS for servicing the mail.A six-member bipartisan Commission on Congressional Mailing Standards, colloquially known as the \"Franking Commission,\" is responsible for oversight and regulation of the franking privilege in the Congress.[24] Among the Commission's responsibilities is to establish the \"Official Mail Allowance\" for each Member based proportionally on the number of constituents they serve. Certain other persons are also accorded the privilege such as Members-elect and former presidents and their spouse or widow as well. A president who is convicted in the Senate as a result of an impeachment trial would not have a franking privilege after being forced to leave office.[25] The sitting president does not have personal franking privileges but the vice president, who is also President of the Senate, does.In Italy, mail sent to the President was free of charge until this franking privilege was abolished in 1999.[26]In New Zealand, individuals writing to a Member of Parliament can do so without paying for postage.[27]","title":"History of the \"franking privilege\""}] | [{"image_text":"An 1832 stampless single-sheet \"Liverpool Ship Letter\" pen franked \"Paid 5\" by a U.S. postal clerk in Philadelphia, PA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Liverpool_Ship_Letter_Phila_1832.jpg/200px-Liverpool_Ship_Letter_Phila_1832.jpg"},{"image_text":"Modern postal clerk script franking with CDS (Ukraine)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ukraine_PO_Script_Franking_with_CDS.jpg/220px-Ukraine_PO_Script_Franking_with_CDS.jpg"},{"image_text":"1840 (UK)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Penny_black.jpg/100px-Penny_black.jpg"},{"image_text":"Postally franked German Air Mail cover (Berlin-Buenos Aires via D-LZ127 Graf Zeppelin (1934))","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/D-LZ127_First_South_America_Flight_1934.jpg/200px-D-LZ127_First_South_America_Flight_1934.jpg"},{"image_text":"1847 (US)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Franklin_SC1_1847.jpg/100px-Franklin_SC1_1847.jpg"},{"image_text":"Machine printed postal frank (India)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Freimachung-IND.jpg/200px-Freimachung-IND.jpg"},{"image_text":"Machine cancelled U.S. Congressional frank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Congressional_Frank_1921_T.S._Butler.jpg/200px-Congressional_Frank_1921_T.S._Butler.jpg"},{"image_text":"WWI pen franked \"Soldier Mail\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/WWI_Pen_Franked_%22Soldier_Mail%22_Cover.jpg/200px-WWI_Pen_Franked_%22Soldier_Mail%22_Cover.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Penalty Mail Stamp\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/US_Penalty_Mail_Stamp.jpg/100px-US_Penalty_Mail_Stamp.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Official Business\" franking from Great Britain (c. 1978)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Official_Paid_Scan.jpg/200px-Official_Paid_Scan.jpg"},{"image_text":"US \"Penalty\" frank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Penalty_Franking.jpg/200px-Penalty_Franking.jpg"},{"image_text":"BRM franking (US)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Business_Reply_Mail.svg/200px-Business_Reply_Mail.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A U.S. Congressional franked mailing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Franked.jpg/200px-Franked.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Postage meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_meter"},{"title":"Postzegelcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postzegelcode"}] | [{"reference":"\"Postage Payment Methods U.S. Postal Service\". Pe.usps.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://pe.usps.gov/text/dmm300/604.htm","url_text":"\"Postage Payment Methods U.S. Postal Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Status and Structures of Postal Administrations\" Universal Postal Union (June, 2006)\" (PDF). Upu.int. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-12. Retrieved 2012-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200412160535/http://www.upu.int/status/en/status_en.pdf","url_text":"\"\"Status and Structures of Postal Administrations\" Universal Postal Union (June, 2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.upu.int/status/en/status_en.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Member Countries\". Upu.int. Retrieved 2020-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upu.int/en/Universal-Postal-Union/About-UPU/Member-Countries","url_text":"\"Member Countries\""}]},{"reference":"\"The UPU\". Universal Postal Union. Archived from the original on 2019-03-22. 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Retrieved 2012-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081103061216/http://www.upu.int/standards/en/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Universal Postal Union Standards for effective postal operations and interconnecting the global postal network\""},{"url":"http://www.upu.int/standards/en/index.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Postage Evidencing Systems\" USPS Domestic Mail Manual\". Pe.usps.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://pe.usps.gov/text/dmm300/604.htm#wp1080496","url_text":"\"\"Postage Evidencing Systems\" USPS Domestic Mail Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Permit Imprint (Indicia) USPS Domestic Mail Manual\". Pe.usps.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://pe.usps.gov/text/dmm300/604.htm#wp1080814","url_text":"\"Permit Imprint (Indicia) USPS Domestic Mail Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Insufficient or Omitted Postage USPS Domestic Mail Manual\". Pe.usps.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://pe.usps.gov/text/dmm300/604.htm#wp1080945","url_text":"\"Insufficient or Omitted Postage USPS Domestic Mail Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postzegel niet meer nodig met app\" (in Dutch). NOS. 2013-05-23. Retrieved 2023-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://nos.nl/artikel/509787-postzegel-niet-meer-nodig-met-app","url_text":"\"Postzegel niet meer nodig met app\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Mail (Franking Privilege) USPS Domestic Mail Manual\". Pe.usps.gov. 2012-01-01. Retrieved 2012-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://pe.usps.gov/text/dmm300/703.htm#wp1114040","url_text":"\"Official Mail (Franking Privilege) USPS Domestic Mail Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Franking Privilege: Historical Development and Options for Change\" U.S. Congressional Research Service Report RL34247, December, 2007\" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL34274.pdf","url_text":"\"\"Franking Privilege: Historical Development and Options for Change\" U.S. Congressional Research Service Report RL34247, December, 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"39 U.S.C. 3401(a) U.S. Postal Service Armed Forces & Free Postage\". Frwebgate.access.gpo.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=browse_usc&docid=Cite:+39USC3401","url_text":"\"39 U.S.C. 3401(a) U.S. Postal Service Armed Forces & Free Postage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Business (Penalty) USPS Domestic Mail Manual\". Frwebgate.access.gpo.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=browse_usc&docid=Cite:+39USC3202","url_text":"\"Official Business (Penalty) USPS Domestic Mail Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Government Mail Free of Postage\". Canada Post. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2009-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadapost.ca/tools/pg/manual/PGgovtmail-e.asp","url_text":"\"Government Mail Free of Postage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Post","url_text":"Canada Post"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Penalty\" USPS Domestic Mail Manual\". Pe.usps.gov. 2012-01-01. Retrieved 2012-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://pe.usps.gov/text/dmm300/703.htm#wp1114075","url_text":"\"\"Penalty\" USPS Domestic Mail Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Penalty Mail: Stamps used for official government mail\". USPS. 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usps.com/gov-services/penalty-mail.htm","url_text":"\"Penalty Mail: Stamps used for official government mail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USPS","url_text":"USPS"}]},{"reference":"\"Business Reply Mail USPS Domestic Mail Manual\". Pe.usps.com. Retrieved 2012-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://pe.usps.com/text/dmm300/604.htm#wp1156002","url_text":"\"Business Reply Mail USPS Domestic Mail Manual\""}]},{"reference":"Craik, George Lillie (1844). The History of British Commerce . Vol. 2. p. 164 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lillie_Craik","url_text":"Craik, George Lillie"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_History_of_British_Commerce/Volume_2/Chapter_9#pagenumber_164","url_text":"The History of British Commerce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"\"Brief History of the Royal mail\". Archived from the original on 2014-08-06. Retrieved 2014-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140806020448/http://www.europeanpostalsystems.co.uk/royal-mail-timeline/","url_text":"\"Brief History of the Royal mail\""},{"url":"http://www.europeanpostalsystems.co.uk/royal-mail-timeline","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Regulations on the Use of the CONGRESSIONAL FRANK By Members of the House of Representatives and RULES OF PRACTICE IN PROCEEDINGS Before the House Commission on Congressional Mailing Standards\" (PDF). House of Representatives Commission on Congressional Mailing Standards. June 1998. pp. VII–VIII. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100106013957/http://cha.house.gov/PDFs/franking/franking2.pdf","url_text":"\"Regulations on the Use of the CONGRESSIONAL FRANK By Members of the House of Representatives and RULES OF PRACTICE IN PROCEEDINGS Before the House Commission on Congressional Mailing Standards\""},{"url":"http://cha.house.gov/PDFs/franking/franking2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Contact an MP - New Zealand Parliament\". www.parliament.nz. Retrieved 2021-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/have-your-say/contact-an-mp/","url_text":"\"Contact an MP - New Zealand Parliament\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://pe.usps.gov/text/dmm300/604.htm","external_links_name":"\"Postage Payment Methods U.S. Postal Service\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200412160535/http://www.upu.int/status/en/status_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"\"Status and Structures of Postal Administrations\" Universal Postal Union (June, 2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.upu.int/status/en/status_en.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.upu.int/en/Universal-Postal-Union/About-UPU/Member-Countries","external_links_name":"\"Member Countries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190322060328/http://www.upu.int/en/the-upu/the-upu.html","external_links_name":"\"The UPU\""},{"Link":"http://www.upu.int/en/the-upu/the-upu.html","external_links_name":"the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Ani | List of kings of Ani | [] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of kings of Ani" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Chronological list of kings of Ani:
Abas I of Armenia first king 928/929–953, son of Smbat I (see Bagratuni dynasty) and father of Mouchel, first king of Kars
Ashot III (son of Abas I) 953–977
Smbat II (son of Ashot III) 977–989
Gagik I of Armenia (brother of Smbat II) 989–1020
Hovhannes-Smbat of Ani (son of Gagik I) 1020–1040/1041
Ashot IV Qadj (usurper) 1021–1039/1040
Gargis of Ani (usurper) 1040/1041–1042
Gagik II (son of Ashot IV) 1042–1045
To the Byzantine Empire 1045
This biography of an Armenian ruler or member of a royal family is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ani"},{"link_name":"Abas I of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abas_I_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Smbat I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smbat_I"},{"link_name":"Bagratuni dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagratuni_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars"},{"link_name":"Ashot III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_III"},{"link_name":"Smbat II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smbat_II"},{"link_name":"Gagik I of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagik_I_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes-Smbat of Ani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes-Smbat_of_Ani"},{"link_name":"Ashot IV Qadj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_IV_Qadj"},{"link_name":"Gargis of Ani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gargis_of_Ani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gagik II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagik_II"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bagratuni_flag.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Ani&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Armenia-royal-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Armenia-royal-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia-royal-stub"}],"text":"Chronological list of kings of Ani:Abas I of Armenia first king 928/929–953, son of Smbat I (see Bagratuni dynasty) and father of Mouchel, first king of Kars\nAshot III (son of Abas I) 953–977\nSmbat II (son of Ashot III) 977–989\nGagik I of Armenia (brother of Smbat II) 989–1020\nHovhannes-Smbat of Ani (son of Gagik I) 1020–1040/1041\nAshot IV Qadj (usurper) 1021–1039/1040\nGargis of Ani (usurper) 1040/1041–1042\nGagik II (son of Ashot IV) 1042–1045\nTo the Byzantine Empire 1045This biography of an Armenian ruler or member of a royal family is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"List of kings of Ani"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+kings+of+Ani%22","external_links_name":"\"List of kings of Ani\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+kings+of+Ani%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+kings+of+Ani%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+kings+of+Ani%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+kings+of+Ani%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+kings+of+Ani%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Ani&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaizka_Garitano | Gaizka Garitano | ["1 Playing career","2 Coaching career","2.1 Eibar","2.2 Valladolid and Deportivo","2.3 Athletic Bilbao","2.4 Return to Eibar","2.5 Almería","3 Personal life","4 Managerial statistics","5 Honours","5.1 Manager","6 References","7 External links"] | Spanish football manager (born 1975)
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Garitano and the second or maternal family name is Aguirre.
Gaizka GaritanoPersonal informationFull name
Gaizka Garitano AguirreDate of birth
(1975-07-09) 9 July 1975 (age 48)Place of birth
Bilbao, SpainHeight
1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s)
MidfielderYouth career1989–1993
Athletic BilbaoSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1993–1998
Bilbao Athletic
112
(24)1996–1997
→ Lleida (loan)
14
(0)1997–1999
Athletic Bilbao
0
(0)1998–1999
→ Eibar (loan)
18
(1)1999–2001
Ourense
70
(8)2001–2005
Eibar
146
(15)2005–2008
Real Sociedad
81
(9)2008–2009
Alavés
29
(2)Total
470
(59)International career2003–2007
Basque Country
5
(0)Managerial career2009–2010
Eibar (assistant)2010–2012
Eibar B2012–2015
Eibar2015
Valladolid2016–2017
Deportivo La Coruña2017–2018
Bilbao Athletic2018–2021
Athletic Bilbao2021–2023
Eibar2023–2024
Almería
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Gaizka Garitano Aguirre (born 9 July 1975) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, currently a manager.
Over 11 seasons as a player, he amassed Segunda División totals of 315 matches and 37 goals, mainly with Bilbao Athletic and Eibar. In La Liga, he represented Real Sociedad during the 2005–06 and 2006–07 campaigns.
Garitano entered coaching in 2009 with Eibar, being put in charge of the first team in 2012. He won consecutive promotions in his first two years, and reached the top division with the club in 2014. In the competition, he also managed Deportivo and Athletic Bilbao.
Playing career
Garitano was born in Bilbao, Basque Country. Grown through the ranks of Athletic Bilbao, he would never make it past the reserves, his sole first-team appearance being as a late substitute in a UEFA Cup win away to Sampdoria in 1997. He also served loans at Lleida and Eibar.
In the summer of 1999, Garitano joined Segunda División B team Ourense. He finally settled at Eibar in the Segunda División – his second spell – and, in the 2004–05 season, as captain, led the side to a fourth place in the league, with chances of a historic La Liga promotion until the last matchday.
Garitano made his first top-flight appearances with Real Sociedad at the age of 30, his debut coming on 27 August 2005 in a 3–0 away defeat in the Basque derby. After three seasons in San Sebastián, during which the club was relegated in 2007, he joined neighbours Alavés, retiring in June 2009 at 34 after their relegation to the third division.
Coaching career
Eibar
Immediately after retiring, having appeared in more than 300 matches in Spain's second tier, Garitano moved into coaching, serving as assistant at also recently-relegated Eibar. After a stint in charge of the reserves he was appointed first-team manager for the 2012–13 campaign, which included the elimination of Athletic Bilbao – the previous year's finalists – from the Copa del Rey, and ended with promotion.
Garitano repeated the feat the following season, topping the table and leading Eibar to the club's first ever top-division promotion. In June 2014, he renewed his contract.
In 2014–15, the team collected 27 points from the first 19 games but, after only eight in the following 19, was finally relegated back in spite of a 3–0 home win over Córdoba in the last matchday (they would later be reinstated at the expense of Elche). Subsequently, Garitano presented his resignation, stating he did not merit to continue.
Valladolid and Deportivo
Garitano signed with Real Valladolid on 6 July 2015, replacing the fired Rubi. On 21 October, as the side ranked dead last, he was dismissed.
On 10 June 2016, Garitano took over for Víctor Sánchez as Deportivo de La Coruña manager. Eight months later, with the team inside the relegation zone, he was sacked.
Athletic Bilbao
In summer 2017, Garitano was appointed head coach of Bilbao Athletic, replacing José Ángel Ziganda who had been promoted to the first team. He remained in that position until 4 December 2018, when it became his turn to be handed the senior role after Eduardo Berizzo, who had followed on from Ziganda's one-year stint, was also relieved of his duties after an even shorter spell. He was reunited with three of his trusted players from his Eibar spell: Dani García, Ander Capa and Yuri Berchiche.
On 4 April 2019, Garitano agreed to an extension at the San Mamés Stadium to run until 30 June 2020. On 1 June of the following year, having led the side to their first major final since 2015 (however, the 2020 Copa del Rey final was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic), he further renewed his link.
Garitano was fired on 3 January 2021, with the team in ninth place; he did not get to lead the team in the delayed cup final, which had been rescheduled for April of that year, and Marcelino García Toral immediately took over.
Return to Eibar
On 7 June 2021, Garitano returned to Eibar on a two-year deal with the option of a third; José Luis Mendilibar had stepped down following the side's relegation to division two. On 9 June 2023, after two consecutive eliminations in the promotion play-offs (both after the club missed out an automatic promotion spot in the last round of the regular season), he left by mutual consent.
Almería
On 8 October 2023, Garitano was appointed manager of Almería in the top tier, signing a contract until 2025. He was sacked the following 13 March, after failing to win any of the 19 league matches in charge.
Personal life
During his playing spell with Eibar, Garitano studied to become a journalist before beginning his sports coaching courses. He is the son of Angel Garitano (also known as 'Ondarru') who served for many years as assistant to Mané at managerial appointments including Alavés and Athletic Bilbao, and the nephew of former Athletic and Real Zaragoza midfielder Ander Garitano; they are distantly related to Juan Urquizu who also served Athletic as player and manager, while Gaizka's mother's family members include another man who performed both roles, Koldo Aguirre.
Garitano is not related to fellow Basque manager Asier Garitano, who also had playing spells with Bilbao Athletic and Eibar.
Managerial statistics
As of 11 March 2024
Managerial record by team and tenure
Team
Nat
From
To
Record
Ref
G
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Win %
Eibar B
25 May 2010
6 June 2012
76
21
22
33
67
95
−28
027.63
Eibar
6 June 2012
9 June 2015
135
57
37
41
162
128
+34
042.22
Valladolid
6 July 2015
21 October 2015
10
2
3
5
10
15
−5
020.00
Deportivo La Coruña
10 June 2016
27 February 2017
27
5
9
13
32
44
−12
018.52
Bilbao Athletic
7 June 2017
4 December 2018
55
28
14
13
99
46
+53
050.91
Athletic Bilbao
4 December 2018
3 January 2021
89
37
23
29
107
88
+19
041.57
Eibar
7 June 2021
9 June 2023
93
46
26
21
116
91
+25
049.46
Almería
8 October 2023
13 March 2024
21
1
7
13
18
34
−16
004.76
Total
506
197
141
168
610
541
+69
038.93
—
Honours
Manager
Eibar
Segunda División: 2013–14
References
^ Tomati, Franco; Valente, Enrico; Grimaldi, Filippo (17 September 1997). "Samp, che brutto scivolone" . La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). Retrieved 19 December 2017.
^ a b c d e Fernández, José M. (11 June 2016). "Alma de versolari, corazón de futbolista" . La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 December 2017.
^ De la Cuesta, Eneko (19 June 2005). "Un 'milagro' llamado Eibar" (PDF). Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 May 2014.
^ De la Cuesta, Eneko (21 June 2005). "Garitano, primer fichaje" (PDF). Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 May 2014.
^ "La Real ya llora en plata" . Diario AS (in Spanish). 18 June 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
^ "El Athletic arranca comiéndose a la Real" . Marca (in Spanish). 27 August 2005. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
^ Echaluce, Alberto (3 July 2009). "Gaizka Garitano negocia ser el segundo entrenador del Eibar con Viadero" . El Diario Vasco (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 May 2014.
^ "Gaizka Garitano, nuevo entrenador del Eibar" . El Diario Vasco (in Spanish). 6 June 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
^ "El Eibar elimina al Athletic de la Copa del Rey" (in Spanish). EITB. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
^ "El Eibar vuelve a Segunda cuatro años después" . Marca (in Spanish). 30 June 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
^ "Un golazo de Jota Peleteiro lleva al Eibar a Primera división" . Marca (in Spanish). 25 May 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
^ Chesters, Heath (21 June 2014). "Consecutive promotions earns manager Garitano a new deal at Eibar". Inside Spanish Football. Archived from the original on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
^ "Official statement". Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional. 5 June 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
^ "Garitano se marcha del Eibar: "Un entrenador que desciende no tiene potestad para seguir"" . Marca (in Spanish). 23 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
^ "Gaizka Garitano llevará el timón" (in Spanish). Real Valladolid. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
^ Rodríguez, Héctor (21 October 2015). "El Valladolid oficializa la destitución de Gaizka Garitano" . Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 October 2015.
^ "Gaizka Garitano, nuevo entrenador del Real Club Deportivo" (in Spanish). Deportivo La Coruña. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^ "Struggling Deportivo La Coruña sack coach Garitano after four straight defeats". The Indian Express. 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
^ "Lezama technical chart". Athletic Bilbao. 8 June 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
^ "Replacement of Eduardo Berizzo". Athletic Bilbao. 4 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
^ a b Lowe, Sid (11 December 2018). "Athletic Bilbao would rather be relegated than compromise their values as battle at bottom looms". ESPN. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
^ Cotorro, Ander (13 December 2018). "Los tres hombres de Garitano" . Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 April 2024.
^ "Gaizka Garitano's renewal". Athletic Bilbao. 4 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
^ Velasco, Juanma (1 June 2020). "Athletic Club coach Gaizka Garitano signs one-year contract extension". Marca. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
^ "Athletic Club part ways with Gaizka Garitano". Athletic Bilbao. 3 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
^ Lowe, Sid (4 January 2021). "Time runs out for Garitano at Athletic Bilbao despite winning latest 'final'". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
^ "El Eibar hace oficial el fichaje de Gaizka Garitano como nuevo entrenador" . Estadio Deportivo (in Spanish). 7 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
^ "Garitano no continuará en el Eibar la próxima temporada" (in Spanish). SD Eibar. 9 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
^ "Gaizka Garitano appointed new UD Almería head coach". UD Almería. 8 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ "Gaizka Garitano deja de ser entrenador del Almería" (in Spanish). UD Almería. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
^ Miralles, Carlos (13 March 2024). "OFICIAL: Garitano, destituido en el Almería" . La Voz de Almería (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 March 2024.
^ a b "El sobrino de Ander es el capitán del mejor Éibar" . Diario AS (in Spanish). 12 April 2005. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
^ a b Encinas, Mikel (25 January 2007). "Una familia con el corazón partido" . Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 December 2017.
^ Bosch, Josep (22 September 2016). "El gran duelo de los Garitano" . Sport (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 December 2017.
^ "Tercera División". Soccerway. Retrieved 15 February 2016."Tercera División". Soccerway. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
^ "Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2012–13 season". BDFutbol."Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2013–14 season". BDFutbol."Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2014–15 season". BDFutbol.
^ "Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2015–16 season". BDFutbol.
^ "Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2016–17 season". BDFutbol.
^ "Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2017–18 season". BDFutbol."Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2018–19 season". BDFutbol.
^ "Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2018–19 season". BDFutbol."Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2019–20 season". BDFutbol."Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2020–21 season". BDFutbol.
^ "Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2021–22 season". BDFutbol."Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2022–23 season". BDFutbol.
^ "Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2023–24 season". BDFutbol.
^ "El Eibar, campeón de Segunda por primera vez en su historia" . Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 7 June 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
External links
Gaizka Garitano at BDFutbol
Gaizka Garitano manager profile at BDFutbol
Gaizka Garitano at Athletic Bilbao
Managerial positions
vteSD Eibar – managers
Garate (1949–50)
Corral (1950–58)
Cuqui (1958–59)
Mayo (1959–63)
Corral (1963–67)
Zapirain (1967–68)
Duque (1968)
Bardaji (1968–69)
Arberas (1969–71)
Ciaurriz (1971–73)
Arriaran (1973–74)
Iguaran (1974–75)
Murguiondo (1975)
Susilla (1975–76)
Arberas (1976–77)
Urdampilleta (1977–78)
Urreisti (1978–79)
Alcantara (1979–81)
Arrizabalaga (1981–84)
Arrieta (1984–86)
Barasoain (1986–90)
Etxarri (1990–92)
Mendiluce (1992)
Gallastegui (1992–93)
Araquistain (1993–95)
Alonso (1995–98)
Ormaetxea (1998)
Gallastegui (1998)
Barasoain (1998–99)
Ziarreta (1999–2003)
J. Pérez (2003)
Amorrortu (2003–04)
Ribera (2004)
Mendilibar (2004–05)
Terrazas (2005)
Olabe (2005–06)
J. Pérez (2006)
Mandiola (2006–08)
Pouso (2008–09)
Uribe (2009)
Viadero (2009–10)
Mandiola (2010–12)
Garitano (2012–15)
Mendilibar (2015–21)
Garitano (2021–23)
Etxeberria (2023–)
vteReal Valladolid – managers
I. Plattkó (1928–30)
Achalandabaso (1930–33)
I. Plattkó (1933–36)
I. Plattkó (1939–40)
Ordax (1940)
Juanín (1940–41)
K. Plattkó (1941–43)
Martínez (1943)
Planas (1943–44)
Arteaga (1944–45)
Barrios (1945–48)
Hel. Herrera (1948–49)
Barrios (1949–50)
Ipiña (1950–52)
Iraragorri (1952–53)
Miró (1953–56)
Rafa (1956–58)
Saso (1958–60)
Eguiluz (1960–61)
Lesmes (1961–62)
Soler (1962)
Her. Herrera (1962)
Ramallets (1962–63)
Zubieta (1963)
Lesmes (1963–64)
Vaquero (1964)
Kalmár (1964–65)
Barrios (1965)
Ramallets (1965–66)
Torres (1966)
Martín (1966)
Aldecoa (1966–67)
Molinuevo (1967)
Orizaola (1967–68)
Barrios (1968)
Orizaola (1968–69)
Olmedo (1969)
Saso (1969–70)
Coque (1970)
Martín (1970–72)
Cheché (1972–73)
Biosca (1973)
Redondo (1973–74)
Vázquez (1974–75)
Gutendorf (1975)
Núñez (1975–76)
Aloy (1976)
Saso (1976–77)
Paquito (1977–78)
Pachín (1978–79)
Ríos (1979–80)
Paquito (1980–82)
Mesones (1982)
Llorente (1982)
García Traid (1982–84)
Redondo (1984–85)
Cantatore (1985–86)
Azkargorta (1986–87)
Santos & Pérez García (1987)
Cantatore (1987–89)
Skoblar (1989)
Moré (1989–90)
Redondo (1990)
Maturana (1990–91)
Yepes (1991–92)
Boronat (1992)
Saso (1992–93)
Mesones (1993–94)
Moré (1994)
Espárrago (1994)
Moré (1994–95)
Redondo (1995)
Santos (1995)
Benítez (1995–96)
Santos (1996)
Cantatore (1996–97)
Santos (1997)
Krešić (1997–99)
Manzano (1999–2000)
Ferraro (2000–01)
Moré (2001–03)
F. Vázquez (2003–04)
Santos (2004)
Krešić (2004–05)
Alonso (2005–06)
Merino (2006)
Mendilibar (2006–10)
Onésimo (2010)
Clemente (2010)
Gómez (2010)
Torres Gómez (2010)
Abel (2010–11)
Đukić (2011–13)
Martínez (2013–14)
Rubi (2014–15)
Garitano (2015)
Portugal (2015–16)
Alberto (2016)
Herrera (2016–17)
Luis César (2017–18)
Sergio (2018–21)
Pacheta (2021–23)
Pezzolano (2023–)
vteDeportivo de La Coruña – managers
Planas (1933)
Gila (1934–35)
Gencsy (1935–36)
Graña (1939–40)
Hilario (1940–41)
Mariño (1941–42)
Chacho (1942)
Mariño (1942–43)
Lafuente (1943–45)
Hilario (1945–46)
Graña (1946–47)
Urquiri (1947–48)
Andonegui (1948–49)
Torres (1949)
Bienzobas (1949)
Scopelli (1949–50)
Oso Díaz (1950–51)
Chacho (1951–52)
Casal (1952–53)
Fariña (1953)
Herrera (1953)
Iturraspe (1953–54)
Toba (1954–55)
Rodrigo (1955–56)
Pahiño (1956)
Zubieta (1956–57)
Villalonga (1957)
Ozores (1957)
Iturraspe (1957–58)
Toba (1958)
Pons (1958–59)
Hilario (1959)
Jesús Barrio (1959–61)
Rabassa (1962)
Rodrigo (1962–63)
Lelé (1963)
Olsen (1963–64)
Otxoa (1964)
Carniglia (1964–65)
Orizaola (1965–67)
Moll (1967)
Eguiluz (1967–68)
Martín (1968–70)
Olsen (1970)
Iglesias (1971–73)
Riera (1973)
Torres (1973–74)
Orizaola (1974)
Irulegui (1974–75)
Naya (1975–76)
Martín (1976)
Rial (1976)
Martín (1976–77)
José López (1977)
Arza (1977–78)
Mateos (1978)
Suárez (1978–79)
García Verdugo (1979–80)
Joseíto (1980)
Martínez Palomar (1980–81)
Rodríguez (1981–82)
Iglesias (1982–85)
Aranguren (1985–86)
Ríos (1986–87)
Rodríguez (1987–88)
Iglesias (1988–91)
Boronat (1991–92)
Iglesias (1992–95)
Toshack (1995–97)
Silva (1997)
Corral (1997–98)
Irureta (1998–2005)
Caparrós (2005–07)
Lotina (2007–11)
Oltra (2011–12)
Domingos (2012–13)
Vázquez (2013–14)
Fernández (2014–15)
Víctor (2015–16)
Garitano (2016–17)
Mel (2017)
Cristóbal (2017–18)
Seedorf (2018)
González (2018–19)
Martí (2019)
Anquela (2019)
Luis César (2019)
Vázquez (2019–21)
de la Barrera (2021)
Jiménez (2021–22)
Cano (2022–23)
de la Barrera (2023)
Idiakez (2023–)
vteBilbao Athletic – managers
Gaínza (1964–65)
Iriondo (1965–68)
Poli (1968–69)
García de Andoin (1969)
Izaguirre (1969–76)
Aranguren (1976–78)
Sáez (1978–79)
Clemente (1980–81)
Sáez (1982–83)
Iribar (1983–86)
Rojo (1986–87)
Iribar (1987)
Sáez (1987–91)
Uriarte (1991)
Ziarreta (1991–93)
Aguirre (1993–94)
Amorrortu (1994–95)
Sarabia (1995–97)
Terrazas (1997–99)
Mendilibar (1999–2000)
Murúa (2000–01)
Terrazas (2001–02)
Valverde (2002–03)
Murúa (2003–05)
Sarriugarte (2005–06)
De la Fuente (2006–07)
Liñero (2007–09)
De la Fuente (2009–11)
Ziganda (2011–17)
Garitano (2017–18)
Solabarrieta (2018–19)
Etxeberria (2019–21)
de la Sota (2021)
Salinas (2021–22)
Arostegi (2022)
Pallarés (2022–23)
Gurpegui (2023–24)
vteAthletic Bilbao – managers
Sherpherd (1910–11)
Barnes (1914–16)
Barnes (1920–21)
Burton (1921)
Arzuaga (1922)
Pentland (1922–25)
Kirby (1925–26)
Hertzka (1926–28)
Royo (1928–29)
Pentland (1929–33)
Caicedo (1933–35)
Olabarria (1935)
Garbutt (1935–37)
Birichinaga (1938–39)
Etxebarria (1939–40)
Urquizu (1940–47)
Bagge (1947–49)
Iraragorri (1949–52)
Barrios (1952–54)
Daučík (1954–57)
Albéniz (1957–58)
Francisco (1958–60)
Ipiña (1960–62)
Zubieta (1962–63)
Otxoantezana (1963–64)
Barrios (1964–65)
Gaínza (1965–68)
Iriondo (1968–69)
Allen (1969–71)
Artigas (1971–72)
Pavić (1972–74)
Iriondo (1974–76)
Agirre (1976–79)
Senekowitsch (1979–80)
Sáez (1980–81)
Clemente (1981–86)
Sáez (1986)
Iribar (1986–87)
Kendall (1987–89)
Rojo (1989–90)
Clemente (1990–91)
Sáez (1991–92)
Aranguren (1992)
Heynckes (1992–94)
Irureta (1994–95)
Amorrortu (1995)
Stepanović (1995–96)
Amorrortu (1996)
Fernández (1996–00)
Rojo (2000–01)
Heynckes (2001–03)
Valverde (2003–05)
Mendilibar (2005)
Clemente (2005–06)
Sarriugarte (2006)
Mané (2006–07)
Caparrós (2007–11)
Bielsa (2011–13)
Valverde (2013–17)
Ziganda (2017–18)
Berizzo (2018)
Garitano (2018–21)
Marcelino (2021–22)
Valverde (2022–)
vteUD Almería – managers
Navarro (1989–90)
Capel (1990)
Belmonte (1990)
Navarro (1990–91)
Oviedo (1991–92)
Cayuela (1992–93)
Buenaventura (1993)
Románc (1993–94)
Palomo (1994)
Díaz (1994–95)
Cayuela (1995)
Hernández (1995–96)
Cayuela (1996)
Vigoc (1996)
Hurtado (1996)
Navarroc (1996)
Stielike (1996–97)
Braojos (1997)
Moreno (1997–98)
Navarro (1998)
Alcaraz (1998)
Garrido (1998)
Blanco (1998–99)
Salmerón (1999–2000)
Casuco (2000–04)
Alfonsín (2004)
Duque (2004)
Santos (2004–05)
Alfonsín (2005)
Fabri (2005)
Paco Flores (2005–06)
Emery (2006–08)
Arconada (2008)
Sánchez (2008–09)
Lillo (2009–10)
Oltra (2010–11)
Olabe (2011)
Alcaraz (2011–12)
Vigo (2012)
Gracia (2012–13)
Francisco (2013–14)
Riverac (2014)
Martínez (2014–15)
Sergi (2015)
Riverac (2015)
Carrillo (2015)
Gorosito (2015–16)
Soriano (2016–17)
F. Fernándezc (2017)
Ramis (2017)
F. Fernándezc (2017)
Alcaraz (2017–18)
F. Fernández (2018–19)
Ó. Fernández (2019)
P. Emanuel (2019)
Guti (2019–20)
Silva (2020)
Gomes (2020–21)
Rubi (2021–23)
Moreno (2023)
Lasartec (2023)
Garitano (2023–24)
Mel (2024)
Rubi (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
Awards
vte2013–14 Segunda División Team of the Year
GK: Irureta
DF: Insua
DF: Navas
DF: Berchiche
MF: Domínguez
MF: Berjón
MF: Traoré
MF: Jota
FW: Viguera
FW: Kike
FW: Pérez
Manager: Garitano
vteMiguel Muñoz TrophyLa Liga
2005–06: Schuster
2006–07: Ramos & Marcelino
2007–08: Pellegrini
2008–09: Guardiola
2009–10: Guardiola
2010–11: Mourinho
2011–12: Mourinho
2012–13: Vilanova
2013–14: Simeone
2014–15: Ancelotti
2015–16: Simeone
2016–17: Mendilibar & A. Garitano
2017–18: Marcelino
2018–19: Bordalás
2019–20: Zidane & Lopetegui
2020–21: Simeone
2021–22: Ancelotti & Pellegrini
2022–23: Alguacil
2023–24: Míchel
Segunda División
2005–06: Emery
2006–07: Emery
2007–08: Preciado
2008–09: Marcelino
2009–10: García
2010–11: Sandoval
2011–12: Anquela
2012–13: Escribá
2013–14: G. Garitano
2014–15: Abelardo
2015–16: A. Garitano
2016–17: Muñiz
2017–18: Rubi
2018–19: Martínez
2019–20: Míchel
2020–21: García
2021–22: Rubi
2022–23: Albés | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Bilbao Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao_Athletic"},{"link_name":"Eibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_Eibar"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Real Sociedad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sociedad"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"2006–07 campaigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Deportivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_de_La_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Athletic Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Garitano and the second or maternal family name is Aguirre.Gaizka Garitano Aguirre (born 9 July 1975) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, currently a manager.Over 11 seasons as a player, he amassed Segunda División totals of 315 matches and 37 goals, mainly with Bilbao Athletic and Eibar. In La Liga, he represented Real Sociedad during the 2005–06 and 2006–07 campaigns.Garitano entered coaching in 2009 with Eibar, being put in charge of the first team in 2012. He won consecutive promotions in his first two years, and reached the top division with the club in 2014. In the competition, he also managed Deportivo and Athletic Bilbao.","title":"Gaizka Garitano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao"},{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)"},{"link_name":"Athletic Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"the reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao_Athletic"},{"link_name":"substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Sampdoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Sampdoria"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UE_Lleida"},{"link_name":"Eibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_Eibar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Versolari-2"},{"link_name":"Segunda División B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B"},{"link_name":"Ourense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Ourense"},{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"2004–05 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Real Sociedad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sociedad"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Basque derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_derby"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"relegated in 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Alavés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_Alav%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"relegation to the third division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Garitano was born in Bilbao, Basque Country. Grown through the ranks of Athletic Bilbao, he would never make it past the reserves, his sole first-team appearance being as a late substitute in a UEFA Cup win away to Sampdoria in 1997.[1] He also served loans at Lleida and Eibar.[2]In the summer of 1999, Garitano joined Segunda División B team Ourense. He finally settled at Eibar in the Segunda División – his second spell – and, in the 2004–05 season, as captain, led the side to a fourth place in the league, with chances of a historic La Liga promotion until the last matchday.[3]Garitano made his first top-flight appearances with Real Sociedad at the age of 30,[4][5] his debut coming on 27 August 2005 in a 3–0 away defeat in the Basque derby.[6] After three seasons in San Sebastián, during which the club was relegated in 2007, he joined neighbours Alavés, retiring in June 2009 at 34 after their relegation to the third division.[7]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_Eibar_B"},{"link_name":"2012–13 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"elimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"the following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_CF"},{"link_name":"Elche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elche_CF"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Eibar","text":"Immediately after retiring, having appeared in more than 300 matches in Spain's second tier, Garitano moved into coaching, serving as assistant at also recently-relegated Eibar. After a stint in charge of the reserves he was appointed first-team manager for the 2012–13 campaign,[8] which included the elimination of Athletic Bilbao – the previous year's finalists – from the Copa del Rey,[9] and ended with promotion.[10]Garitano repeated the feat the following season, topping the table and leading Eibar to the club's first ever top-division promotion.[11] In June 2014, he renewed his contract.[12]In 2014–15, the team collected 27 points from the first 19 games but, after only eight in the following 19, was finally relegated back in spite of a 3–0 home win over Córdoba in the last matchday (they would later be reinstated at the expense of Elche).[13] Subsequently, Garitano presented his resignation, stating he did not merit to continue.[14]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Valladolid"},{"link_name":"Rubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubi_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Víctor Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_S%C3%A1nchez_(footballer,_born_1976)"},{"link_name":"Deportivo de La Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_de_La_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"inside the relegation zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Valladolid and Deportivo","text":"Garitano signed with Real Valladolid on 6 July 2015, replacing the fired Rubi.[15] On 21 October, as the side ranked dead last, he was dismissed.[16]On 10 June 2016, Garitano took over for Víctor Sánchez as Deportivo de La Coruña manager.[17] Eight months later, with the team inside the relegation zone, he was sacked.[18]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Ángel Ziganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81ngel_Ziganda"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Berizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Berizzo"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Values-21"},{"link_name":"Dani García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_Garc%C3%ADa_(footballer,_born_1990)"},{"link_name":"Ander Capa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ander_Capa"},{"link_name":"Yuri Berchiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Berchiche"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"San Mamés Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mam%C3%A9s_Stadium_(2013)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"2020 Copa del Rey final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Copa_del_Rey_final"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Marcelino García Toral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelino_Garc%C3%ADa_Toral"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Athletic Bilbao","text":"In summer 2017, Garitano was appointed head coach of Bilbao Athletic, replacing José Ángel Ziganda who had been promoted to the first team.[19] He remained in that position until 4 December 2018, when it became his turn to be handed the senior role after Eduardo Berizzo, who had followed on from Ziganda's one-year stint, was also relieved of his duties after an even shorter spell.[20][21] He was reunited with three of his trusted players from his Eibar spell: Dani García, Ander Capa and Yuri Berchiche.[22]On 4 April 2019, Garitano agreed to an extension at the San Mamés Stadium to run until 30 June 2020.[23] On 1 June of the following year, having led the side to their first major final since 2015 (however, the 2020 Copa del Rey final was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic), he further renewed his link.[24]Garitano was fired on 3 January 2021, with the team in ninth place;[25] he did not get to lead the team in the delayed cup final, which had been rescheduled for April of that year, and Marcelino García Toral immediately took over.[26]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Luis Mendilibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Mendilibar"},{"link_name":"relegation to division two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Return to Eibar","text":"On 7 June 2021, Garitano returned to Eibar on a two-year deal with the option of a third; José Luis Mendilibar had stepped down following the side's relegation to division two.[27] On 9 June 2023, after two consecutive eliminations in the promotion play-offs (both after the club missed out an automatic promotion spot in the last round of the regular season), he left by mutual consent.[28]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Almería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Almer%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Almería","text":"On 8 October 2023, Garitano was appointed manager of Almería in the top tier, signing a contract until 2025.[29] He was sacked the following 13 March, after failing to win any of the 19 league matches in charge.[30][31]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sobrino-32"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Versolari-2"},{"link_name":"Angel Garitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Garitano"},{"link_name":"Mané","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A9_(football_manager)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Versolari-2"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Familia-33"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Values-21"},{"link_name":"nephew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephew_and_niece"},{"link_name":"Real Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"Ander Garitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ander_Garitano"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sobrino-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Familia-33"},{"link_name":"Juan Urquizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Urquizu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Versolari-2"},{"link_name":"Koldo Aguirre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koldo_Aguirre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Versolari-2"},{"link_name":"Asier Garitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asier_Garitano"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"During his playing spell with Eibar, Garitano studied to become a journalist before beginning his sports coaching courses.[32][2] He is the son of Angel Garitano (also known as 'Ondarru') who served for many years as assistant to Mané at managerial appointments including Alavés and Athletic Bilbao,[2][33][21] and the nephew of former Athletic and Real Zaragoza midfielder Ander Garitano;[32][33] they are distantly related to Juan Urquizu who also served Athletic as player and manager,[2] while Gaizka's mother's family members include another man who performed both roles, Koldo Aguirre.[2]Garitano is not related to fellow Basque manager Asier Garitano, who also had playing spells with Bilbao Athletic and Eibar.[34]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 11 March 2024","title":"Managerial statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Manager","text":"EibarSegunda División: 2013–14[43]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Tomati, Franco; Valente, Enrico; Grimaldi, Filippo (17 September 1997). \"Samp, che brutto scivolone\" [Samp, what a bad slip]. La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). Retrieved 19 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/1997/settembre/17/Samp_che_brutto_scivolone_ga_0_9709174886.shtml","url_text":"\"Samp, che brutto scivolone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport","url_text":"La Gazzetta dello Sport"}]},{"reference":"Fernández, José M. (11 June 2016). \"Alma de versolari, corazón de futbolista\" [Soul of a wordsmith, heart of a footballer]. La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/torremarathon/2016/06/11/alma-versolari-corazon-futbolista/0003_201606G11P51993.htm","url_text":"\"Alma de versolari, corazón de futbolista\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Voz_de_Galicia","url_text":"La Voz de Galicia"}]},{"reference":"De la Cuesta, Eneko (19 June 2005). \"Un 'milagro' llamado Eibar\" [A 'miracle' called Eibar] (PDF). Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD02/PUB/2005/06/19/EMD20050619009MDG.pdf","url_text":"\"Un 'milagro' llamado Eibar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_Deportivo","url_text":"Mundo Deportivo"}]},{"reference":"De la Cuesta, Eneko (21 June 2005). \"Garitano, primer fichaje\" [Garitano, first signing] (PDF). Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD02/PUB/2005/06/21/EMD20050621027MDP.pdf","url_text":"\"Garitano, primer fichaje\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Real ya llora en plata\" [Real already cry in silver]. Diario AS (in Spanish). 18 June 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://futbol.as.com/futbol/2007/06/18/mas_futbol/1182148051_850215.html","url_text":"\"La Real ya llora en plata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_AS","url_text":"Diario AS"}]},{"reference":"\"El Athletic arranca comiéndose a la Real\" [Athletic start by eating Real up]. Marca (in Spanish). 27 August 2005. Retrieved 3 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://archivo.marca.com/edicion/marca/futbol/1a_division/cronica/es/desarrollo/555829.html","url_text":"\"El Athletic arranca comiéndose a la Real\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_(newspaper)","url_text":"Marca"}]},{"reference":"Echaluce, Alberto (3 July 2009). \"Gaizka Garitano negocia ser el segundo entrenador del Eibar con Viadero\" [Gaizka Garitano negotiates being Eibar's assistant manager with Viadero]. El Diario Vasco (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diariovasco.com/20090703/bajo-deba/gaizka-garitano-negocia-segundo-20090703.html","url_text":"\"Gaizka Garitano negocia ser el segundo entrenador del Eibar con Viadero\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Diario_Vasco","url_text":"El Diario Vasco"}]},{"reference":"\"Gaizka Garitano, nuevo entrenador del Eibar\" [Gaizka Garitano, new Eibar manager]. El Diario Vasco (in Spanish). 6 June 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diariovasco.com/20120606/deportes/mas-futbol/gaizka-garitano-nuevo-entrenador-201206061905.html","url_text":"\"Gaizka Garitano, nuevo entrenador del Eibar\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Eibar elimina al Athletic de la Copa del Rey\" [Eibar eliminate Athletic from the Cup] (in Spanish). EITB. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eitb.eus/es/deportes/futbol/athletic/detalle/1002666/copa-rey--athleticeibar-11-el-eibar-elimina-al-athletic/","url_text":"\"El Eibar elimina al Athletic de la Copa del Rey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EITB","url_text":"EITB"}]},{"reference":"\"El Eibar vuelve a Segunda cuatro años después\" [Eibar return to Segunda four years later]. Marca (in Spanish). 30 June 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marca.com/2013/06/30/futbol/mas_futbol/1372621872.html","url_text":"\"El Eibar vuelve a Segunda cuatro años después\""}]},{"reference":"\"Un golazo de Jota Peleteiro lleva al Eibar a Primera división\" [Jota Peleteiro wonder goal takes Eibar to First division]. Marca (in Spanish). 25 May 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marca.com/2014/05/25/futbol/2adivision/1401048890.html","url_text":"\"Un golazo de Jota Peleteiro lleva al Eibar a Primera división\""}]},{"reference":"Chesters, Heath (21 June 2014). \"Consecutive promotions earns manager Garitano a new deal at Eibar\". Inside Spanish Football. Archived from the original on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141206231517/http://www.insidespanishfootball.com/113146/consecutive-promotions-earns-manager-garitano-a-new-deal-at-eibar/","url_text":"\"Consecutive promotions earns manager Garitano a new deal at Eibar\""},{"url":"http://www.insidespanishfootball.com/113146/consecutive-promotions-earns-manager-garitano-a-new-deal-at-eibar/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Official statement\". Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional. 5 June 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lfp.es/en/news/official-statement-27","url_text":"\"Official statement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Profesional","url_text":"Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional"}]},{"reference":"\"Garitano se marcha del Eibar: \"Un entrenador que desciende no tiene potestad para seguir\"\" [Garitano leaves Eibar: \"A coach that gets relegated does not have the right to continue\"]. Marca (in Spanish). 23 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marca.com/2015/05/23/futbol/equipos/eibar/1432412984.html","url_text":"\"Garitano se marcha del Eibar: \"Un entrenador que desciende no tiene potestad para seguir\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gaizka Garitano llevará el timón\" [Gaizka Garitano will take the reins] (in Spanish). Real Valladolid. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.realvalladolid.es/noticias/actualidad/06072015/Gaizka-Garitano-llevara-el-timon/","url_text":"\"Gaizka Garitano llevará el timón\""}]},{"reference":"Rodríguez, Héctor (21 October 2015). \"El Valladolid oficializa la destitución de Gaizka Garitano\" [Valladolid make dismissal of Gaizka Garitano official]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marca.com/2015/10/21/futbol/equipos/valladolid/1445378953.html","url_text":"\"El Valladolid oficializa la destitución de Gaizka Garitano\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gaizka Garitano, nuevo entrenador del Real Club Deportivo\" [Gaizka Garitano, new manager of Real Club Deportivo] (in Spanish). Deportivo La Coruña. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://canaldeportivo.com/servlet/es.iris.servlets.Noticias?accion=4&ver=1&nid=32750&mid=12","url_text":"\"Gaizka Garitano, nuevo entrenador del Real Club Deportivo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Struggling Deportivo La Coruña sack coach Garitano after four straight defeats\". The Indian Express. 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/struggling-deportivo-la-coruna-sack-coach-garitano-after-four-straight-defeats-4546031/","url_text":"\"Struggling Deportivo La Coruña sack coach Garitano after four straight defeats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Lezama technical chart\". Athletic Bilbao. 8 June 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.athletic-club.eus/en/news/17975/lezama-technical-chart.html","url_text":"\"Lezama technical chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Replacement of Eduardo Berizzo\". Athletic Bilbao. 4 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/news/2018/12/04/sustitucion-de-eduardo-berizzo","url_text":"\"Replacement of Eduardo Berizzo\""}]},{"reference":"Lowe, Sid (11 December 2018). \"Athletic Bilbao would rather be relegated than compromise their values as battle at bottom looms\". ESPN. Retrieved 12 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/soccer/spanish-primera-division/15/blog/post/3720725/athletic-bilbao-would-rather-be-relegated-than-compromise-their-values-as-battle-at-bottom-looms","url_text":"\"Athletic Bilbao would rather be relegated than compromise their values as battle at bottom looms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Cotorro, Ander (13 December 2018). \"Los tres hombres de Garitano\" [The three men of Garitano]. Marca (in Spanish). 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Retrieved 4 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/news/2021/01/03/athletic-club-part-ways-with-gaizka-garitano","url_text":"\"Athletic Club part ways with Gaizka Garitano\""}]},{"reference":"Lowe, Sid (4 January 2021). \"Time runs out for Garitano at Athletic Bilbao despite winning latest 'final'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2021/jan/04/gaizka-garitano-athletic-bilbao-spain-la-liga","url_text":"\"Time runs out for Garitano at Athletic Bilbao despite winning latest 'final'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"El Eibar hace oficial el fichaje de Gaizka Garitano como nuevo entrenador\" [Eibar make official the signing of Gaizka Garitano as new manager]. Estadio Deportivo (in Spanish). 7 June 2021. 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Retrieved 15 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/national/spain/tercera-division/2011-2012/group-4/r15870/","url_text":"\"Tercera División\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2012–13 season\". BDFutbol.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/l925.html?temp=2012-13","url_text":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2012–13 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2013–14 season\". BDFutbol.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/l925.html?temp=2013-14","url_text":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2013–14 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2014–15 season\". BDFutbol.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/l925.html?temp=2014-15","url_text":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2014–15 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2015–16 season\". BDFutbol.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/l925.html?temp=2015-16","url_text":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2015–16 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2016–17 season\". BDFutbol.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/l925.html?temp=2016-17","url_text":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2016–17 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2017–18 season\". BDFutbol.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/l925.html?temp=2017-18","url_text":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2017–18 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2018–19 season\". BDFutbol.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/l925.html?temp=2018-19&equip=72","url_text":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2018–19 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2018–19 season\". BDFutbol.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/l925.html?temp=2018-19&equip=6","url_text":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2018–19 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2019–20 season\". BDFutbol.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/l925.html?temp=2019-20","url_text":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2019–20 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2020–21 season\". BDFutbol.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/l925.html?temp=2020-21","url_text":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2020–21 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2021–22 season\". BDFutbol.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/l925.html?temp=2021-22","url_text":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2021–22 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2022–23 season\". BDFutbol.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/l925.html?temp=2022-23","url_text":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2022–23 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2023–24 season\". BDFutbol.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/l925.html?temp=2023-24","url_text":"\"Matches Gaizka Garitano, 2023–24 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Eibar, campeón de Segunda por primera vez en su historia\" [Eibar, Segunda champions for the first time in their history]. Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 7 June 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mundodeportivo.com/20140607/futbol/el-eibar-campeon-de-segunda-por-primera-vez-en-su-historia_54409728748.html","url_text":"\"El Eibar, campeón de Segunda por primera vez en su historia\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/1997/settembre/17/Samp_che_brutto_scivolone_ga_0_9709174886.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Samp, che brutto scivolone\""},{"Link":"https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/torremarathon/2016/06/11/alma-versolari-corazon-futbolista/0003_201606G11P51993.htm","external_links_name":"\"Alma de versolari, corazón de futbolista\""},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD02/PUB/2005/06/19/EMD20050619009MDG.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Un 'milagro' llamado Eibar\""},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD02/PUB/2005/06/21/EMD20050621027MDP.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Garitano, primer fichaje\""},{"Link":"http://futbol.as.com/futbol/2007/06/18/mas_futbol/1182148051_850215.html","external_links_name":"\"La Real ya llora en plata\""},{"Link":"http://archivo.marca.com/edicion/marca/futbol/1a_division/cronica/es/desarrollo/555829.html","external_links_name":"\"El Athletic arranca comiéndose a la Real\""},{"Link":"http://www.diariovasco.com/20090703/bajo-deba/gaizka-garitano-negocia-segundo-20090703.html","external_links_name":"\"Gaizka Garitano negocia ser el segundo entrenador del Eibar con Viadero\""},{"Link":"http://www.diariovasco.com/20120606/deportes/mas-futbol/gaizka-garitano-nuevo-entrenador-201206061905.html","external_links_name":"\"Gaizka Garitano, nuevo entrenador del Eibar\""},{"Link":"http://www.eitb.eus/es/deportes/futbol/athletic/detalle/1002666/copa-rey--athleticeibar-11-el-eibar-elimina-al-athletic/","external_links_name":"\"El Eibar elimina al Athletic de la Copa del Rey\""},{"Link":"http://www.marca.com/2013/06/30/futbol/mas_futbol/1372621872.html","external_links_name":"\"El Eibar vuelve a Segunda cuatro años después\""},{"Link":"http://www.marca.com/2014/05/25/futbol/2adivision/1401048890.html","external_links_name":"\"Un golazo de Jota Peleteiro lleva al Eibar a Primera división\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141206231517/http://www.insidespanishfootball.com/113146/consecutive-promotions-earns-manager-garitano-a-new-deal-at-eibar/","external_links_name":"\"Consecutive promotions earns manager Garitano a new deal at Eibar\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidespanishfootball.com/113146/consecutive-promotions-earns-manager-garitano-a-new-deal-at-eibar/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lfp.es/en/news/official-statement-27","external_links_name":"\"Official statement\""},{"Link":"http://www.marca.com/2015/05/23/futbol/equipos/eibar/1432412984.html","external_links_name":"\"Garitano se marcha del Eibar: \"Un entrenador que desciende no tiene potestad para seguir\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.realvalladolid.es/noticias/actualidad/06072015/Gaizka-Garitano-llevara-el-timon/","external_links_name":"\"Gaizka Garitano llevará el timón\""},{"Link":"http://www.marca.com/2015/10/21/futbol/equipos/valladolid/1445378953.html","external_links_name":"\"El Valladolid oficializa la destitución de Gaizka Garitano\""},{"Link":"http://canaldeportivo.com/servlet/es.iris.servlets.Noticias?accion=4&ver=1&nid=32750&mid=12","external_links_name":"\"Gaizka Garitano, nuevo entrenador del Real Club Deportivo\""},{"Link":"http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/struggling-deportivo-la-coruna-sack-coach-garitano-after-four-straight-defeats-4546031/","external_links_name":"\"Struggling Deportivo La Coruña sack coach Garitano after four straight defeats\""},{"Link":"http://www.athletic-club.eus/en/news/17975/lezama-technical-chart.html","external_links_name":"\"Lezama technical chart\""},{"Link":"https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/news/2018/12/04/sustitucion-de-eduardo-berizzo","external_links_name":"\"Replacement of Eduardo Berizzo\""},{"Link":"http://www.espn.com/soccer/spanish-primera-division/15/blog/post/3720725/athletic-bilbao-would-rather-be-relegated-than-compromise-their-values-as-battle-at-bottom-looms","external_links_name":"\"Athletic Bilbao would rather be relegated than compromise their values as battle at bottom looms\""},{"Link":"https://www.marca.com/futbol/athletic/2018/12/13/5c1235f246163f29918b45dd.html","external_links_name":"\"Los tres hombres de Garitano\""},{"Link":"https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/news/2019/04/04/renovacion-de-gaizka-garitano/","external_links_name":"\"Gaizka Garitano's renewal\""},{"Link":"https://www.marca.com/en/football/spanish-football/2020/06/01/5ed4340fca47416f7a8b45a8.html","external_links_name":"\"Athletic Club coach Gaizka Garitano signs one-year contract extension\""},{"Link":"https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/news/2021/01/03/athletic-club-part-ways-with-gaizka-garitano","external_links_name":"\"Athletic Club part ways with Gaizka Garitano\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2021/jan/04/gaizka-garitano-athletic-bilbao-spain-la-liga","external_links_name":"\"Time runs out for Garitano at Athletic Bilbao despite winning latest 'final'\""},{"Link":"https://www.estadiodeportivo.com/noticias-futbol/eibar/2021/06/07/eibar-oficial-fichaje-gaizka-garitano/340478.html","external_links_name":"\"El Eibar hace oficial el fichaje de Gaizka Garitano como nuevo entrenador\""},{"Link":"https://www.sdeibar.com/noticias/garitano-no-continuara-en-el-eibar-la-proxima-temporada","external_links_name":"\"Garitano no continuará en el Eibar la próxima temporada\""},{"Link":"https://www.udalmeriasad.com/en/news/gaizka-garitano-nuevo-entrenador-del-almeria","external_links_name":"\"Gaizka Garitano appointed new UD Almería head coach\""},{"Link":"https://www.udalmeriasad.com/noticias/gaizka-garitano-deja-de-ser-entrenador-del-almeria","external_links_name":"\"Gaizka Garitano deja de ser entrenador del Almería\""},{"Link":"https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/338/ud-almeria/271195/oficial-garitano-destituido-en-el-almeria","external_links_name":"\"OFICIAL: Garitano, destituido en el Almería\""},{"Link":"http://www.as.com/futbol/articulo/sobrino-ander-capitan-mejor-eibar/daiftb/20050412dasdaiftb_33/Tes#","external_links_name":"\"El sobrino de Ander es el capitán del mejor Éibar\""},{"Link":"http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20070125/una-familia-con-el-corazon-partido_52247685531.html","external_links_name":"\"Una familia con el corazón partido\""},{"Link":"https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/laliga/gran-duelo-los-garitano-5400872","external_links_name":"\"El gran duelo de los Garitano\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/national/spain/tercera-division/2010-2011/group-4/r12725/","external_links_name":"\"Tercera 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season\""},{"Link":"https://www.mundodeportivo.com/20140607/futbol/el-eibar-campeon-de-segunda-por-primera-vez-en-su-historia_54409728748.html","external_links_name":"\"El Eibar, campeón de Segunda por primera vez en su historia\""},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j925.html","external_links_name":"Gaizka Garitano"},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/l/l925.html?manager=1","external_links_name":"Gaizka Garitano manager profile"},{"Link":"https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/players/gaizka-garitano-aguirre","external_links_name":"Gaizka Garitano"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillsonburg_Thunder | Tillsonburg Thunder | ["1 History","2 Season-by-season standings","3 References","4 External links"] | Ice hockey team in Tillsonburg, OntarioTillsonburg ThunderCityTillsonburg, OntarioLeagueWestern Ontario Super Hockey League - www.woshl.comFounded2001 (2001)Home arenaTillsonburg Community CentreColoursBlack and GoldGeneral managerBill RyanHead coachDave MclarenFranchise history2001-2008Tillsonburg Vipers2008-PresTillsonburg Thunder
The 2014-2015 Champion Tillsonburg Thunder are a Senior ice hockey team based in Tillsonburg, Ontario, Canada. They play in the Western Ontario Super Hockey League.
Tillsonburg Vipers player in 2007-08 season.
History
The Tillsonburg Vipers were founded in 2001 as a Senior "AAA" team in the Ontario Hockey Association's Major League Hockey.
In the 2003–04 season, the Vipers reached the J. Ross Robertson Cup finals, but lost to the Aylmer Blues 4-games-to-2.
Tillsonburg's improved on their 2003-04 record in the 2005-06 season. After finishing the regular season in second place with 17 wins in 30 games, the Vipers knocked off the Cambridge Hornets 4-games-to-3 to make the league finals. In the league final, the Vipers fell to the Dundas Real McCoys 4-games-to-3.
The MLH fell apart in 2008, just after the Brantford Blast won the league's first ever Allan Cup. The team filled the gap when the disgruntled Cambridge Hornets left the MLH, the collegiate Windsor St. Clair Saints, walked away from the league. The Vipers decided it was their time to leave as well and applied to join the Western Ontario Athletic Association Senior Hockey League. The WOAA is an independent league with no connections to the Ontario Hockey Association. It classifies itself as Senior "AA", and allows for both a Senior "AA" and Senior "A" championship come playoff time. On May 14, 2008, the WOAA granted expansion to the Tillsonburg Vipers.
The first ever Tillsonburg WOAA game took place on October 4, 2008, as the Thunder defeated the Goderich Pirates 6-5 in overtime in Tillsonburg. The Thunder had a successful first season in the WOAA, earning a record of 11-7-2, registering 24 points, and fifth place in the South Division. Tillsonburg would lose to the Clinton Radars in the "AA" qualifying round, being sent to the "A" playoffs. In the "A" quarter-finals, the Thunder were upset by the Exeter Mohawks in six games, ending their season.
Season-by-season standings
Season
GP
W
L
T
OTL
GF
GA
P
Results
Playoffs
2001-02
32
6
23
2
1
128
241
15
5th SWSHL
2002-03
32
11
18
2
1
150
174
25
4th OHA Sr. A
Lost semi-final
2003-04
32
17
11
2
2
159
129
38
4th OHA Sr. A
Lost final
2004-05
32
16
15
0
1
141
129
34
4th MLH
Lost semi-final
2005-06
30
17
9
0
4
135
129
38
2nd MLH
Lost final
2006-07
30
14
12
-
4
149
146
32
4th MLH
Lost semi-final
2007-08
30
11
17
-
2
108
147
24
4th MLH
Lost semi-final
2008-09
20
11
7
-
2
100
84
24
5th WOAA South
Lost "A" QF
2009-10
20
16
4
-
0
97
62
32
1st WOAA South
Lost "AA" QF
2010-11
26
16
9
-
1
134
114
33
4th WOAA South
2011-12
24
16
7
-
1
130
95
33
2nd WOAA South
2012-13
24
14
6
-
4
127
96
32
4th WOAA South
2013-14
24
21
3
-
0
128
70
42
1st WOAA South
Lost Div. Final
2014-15
24
18
5
-
0
152
92
37
1st WOAA South
Won "AA" Championship
2015-16
24
9
12
-
3
95
137
21
5th WOAA South
Won "A" Championship
2016-17
20
11
8
-
1
95
76
23
7th WOAA Sr
Lost "AA" QF
2017-18
20
14
3
3
4th WOAA sr. Lost in AA semi
2018-19
22
11
11
0
0
100
104
22
9th WOAA South
Lost "A" Semifinal
References
^ "Senior Series". Ontario Hockey Association. 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
^ "(no title)". {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
^ "2018 - 2019 W.O.A.A. Senior Hockey Play-offs - "A"" (PDF). Western Ontario Athletic Association. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
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Hockey Canada | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Tillsonburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillsonburg"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tillsonburg_Home_1.jpg"}],"text":"The 2014-2015 Champion Tillsonburg Thunder are a Senior ice hockey team based in Tillsonburg, Ontario, Canada. They play in the Western Ontario Super Hockey League.Tillsonburg Vipers player in 2007-08 season.","title":"Tillsonburg Thunder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ontario Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"Major League Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Cup_Hockey"},{"link_name":"J. 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Ross Robertson Cup finals, but lost to the Aylmer Blues 4-games-to-2.[1]Tillsonburg's improved on their 2003-04 record in the 2005-06 season. After finishing the regular season in second place with 17 wins in 30 games, the Vipers knocked off the Cambridge Hornets 4-games-to-3 to make the league finals. In the league final, the Vipers fell to the Dundas Real McCoys 4-games-to-3.The MLH fell apart in 2008, just after the Brantford Blast won the league's first ever Allan Cup. The team filled the gap when the disgruntled Cambridge Hornets left the MLH, the collegiate Windsor St. Clair Saints, walked away from the league. The Vipers decided it was their time to leave as well and applied to join the Western Ontario Athletic Association Senior Hockey League. The WOAA is an independent league with no connections to the Ontario Hockey Association. It classifies itself as Senior \"AA\", and allows for both a Senior \"AA\" and Senior \"A\" championship come playoff time. On May 14, 2008, the WOAA granted expansion to the Tillsonburg Vipers.[2]The first ever Tillsonburg WOAA game took place on October 4, 2008, as the Thunder defeated the Goderich Pirates 6-5 in overtime in Tillsonburg. The Thunder had a successful first season in the WOAA, earning a record of 11-7-2, registering 24 points, and fifth place in the South Division. Tillsonburg would lose to the Clinton Radars in the \"AA\" qualifying round, being sent to the \"A\" playoffs. In the \"A\" quarter-finals, the Thunder were upset by the Exeter Mohawks in six games, ending their season.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season-by-season standings"}] | [{"image_text":"Tillsonburg Vipers player in 2007-08 season.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Tillsonburg_Home_1.jpg/120px-Tillsonburg_Home_1.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Senior Series\". Ontario Hockey Association. 2019. 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Senior Hockey Play-offs - \"A\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.tillsonburgthunder.ca/","external_links_name":"Tillsonburg Thunder"},{"Link":"http://woshl.hockeyshift.com/","external_links_name":"[1]"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walong_Advanced_Landing_Ground | Walong Advanced Landing Ground | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 28°08′N 97°01′E / 28.13°N 97.01°E / 28.13; 97.01Indian Air Force airstrip
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Walong Advanced Landing GroundIATA: noneICAO: VEWLSummaryAirport typeMilitaryOwner/OperatorIndian Air ForceLocationWalong, Anjaw District, Arunachal Pradesh, IndiaElevation AMSL3,717 ft / 1,133 mCoordinates28°08′N 97°01′E / 28.13°N 97.01°E / 28.13; 97.01MapWalong Advanced Landing GroundShow map of Arunachal PradeshWalong Advanced Landing GroundShow map of IndiaRunways
Direction
Length
Surface
ft
m
05/23
1,970
600
Concrete
Walong Advanced Landing Ground is an Indian Air Force airstrip located at Walong on the banks of Lohit River in Anjaw District of Arunachal Pradesh, India. It is nearly 50 km north of district headquarter at Hawai, nearly 30 km south of India-China LAC (near Kaho village), and 70 km southwest of Diphu Pass near India-China-Myanmar tri-junction.
History
The airstrip was in operation during 1962 Indo-China War and was later abandoned. In 2013 plan was initiated for the revival of the airstrip. The project was completed in a record 21 months time period and declared open on 23 October 2015.
See also
Military bases
List of ALGs
List of Indian Air Force stations
India-China military deployment on LAC
List of disputed India-China areas
Borders
Line of Actual Control (LAC)
Borders of China
Borders of India
Conflicts
Sino-Indian conflict
List of disputed territories of China
List of disputed territories of India
Other related topics
India-China Border Roads
List of extreme points of India
Defence Institute of High Altitude Research
References
^ a b "Walong ALG becomes operational" (PDF). Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review (6): 18–19. 2015. ProQuest 1758011008.
^ Desk, India TV News (23 October 2015). "Arunachal Pradesh Walong landing ground ready for operations". www.indiatvnews.com.
External links
IAF's ALG
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West Bengal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Walong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walong"},{"link_name":"Lohit River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohit_River"},{"link_name":"Anjaw District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjaw_District"},{"link_name":"Arunachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wa1-1"},{"link_name":"Hawai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai,_Arunachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"LAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_Actual_Control"},{"link_name":"Kaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaho,_India"},{"link_name":"Diphu Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphu_Pass"}],"text":"Indian Air Force airstripWalong Advanced Landing Ground is an Indian Air Force airstrip located at Walong on the banks of Lohit River in Anjaw District of Arunachal Pradesh, India.[1] It is nearly 50 km north of district headquarter at Hawai, nearly 30 km south of India-China LAC (near Kaho village), and 70 km southwest of Diphu Pass near India-China-Myanmar tri-junction.","title":"Walong Advanced Landing Ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1962 Indo-China War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-war1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wa1-1"}],"text":"The airstrip was in operation during 1962 Indo-China War and was later abandoned. In 2013 plan was initiated for the revival of the airstrip.[2] The project was completed in a record 21 months time period and declared open on 23 October 2015.[1]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of ALGs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India-China_Border_Roads#Border_airport_and_ALG_projects"},{"title":"List of Indian Air Force stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_Air_Force_stations"},{"title":"India-China military deployment on LAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute#Command"},{"title":"List of disputed India-China areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute#List_of_disputed_areas"},{"title":"Line of Actual Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_Actual_Control"},{"title":"Borders of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_China"},{"title":"Borders of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_India"},{"title":"Sino-Indian conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War"},{"title":"List of disputed territories of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Territorial_disputes_of_China"},{"title":"List of disputed territories of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disputed_territories_of_India"},{"title":"India-China Border Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India-China_Border_Roads"},{"title":"List of extreme points of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India"},{"title":"Defence Institute of High Altitude Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Institute_of_High_Altitude_Research"}] | [{"reference":"\"Walong ALG becomes operational\" (PDF). Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review (6): 18–19. 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Society_Review | Law & Society Review | ["1 Abstracting and indexing","2 References","3 External links"] | Academic journalLaw & Society ReviewLanguageEnglishPublication detailsHistory1966–presentPublisherCambridge University Press on behalf of the Law and Society AssociationFrequencyQuarterlyStandard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )BluebookLaw & Soc'y Rev.ISO 4Law Soc. Rev.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN0023-9216 (print)1540-5893 (web)LCCN87647377JSTOR00239216OCLC no.50059353Links
Journal homepage
Online access
Online archive
Law & Society Review is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of law and society, which is part of the larger field known as the sociology of law. It was established by the Law and Society Association in 1966 and is published by Cambridge University Press. Prior to 2024, it was published by Wiley-Blackwell. It has four issues per volume per year.
Abstracting and indexing
Law & Society Review is abstracted and indexed in the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 1.310, ranking it 31st out of 138 journals in the category "Sociology".
References
^ "Law & Society Review on JSTOR". jstor.org. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
^ "Journals Ranked by Impact: Sociology". 2013 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Social Sciences ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2013.
External links
Official website
This article about a sociology journal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Battler | Alex Battler | ["1 Life and career","2 Work","3 Publications","3.1 Academic books (authored)","3.2 Books for a general audience","3.3 Selected academic books (coauthored)","3.4 Reviews and interviews","4 External links"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Alex BattlerBorn (1946-12-10) December 10, 1946 (age 77)Astrakhan, Russian SFSR, USSRMain interestsHistory, International Relations, Political Science, Economy, Philosophy, Sociology, and Natural Sciences
Websitewww.alexbattler.com
Alex Battler (born Rafik Shagi-Akzamovich Aliyev (Russian: Рафик Шаги-Акзамович Алиев) on December 10, 1946), known in Russia under the pen name Oleg Alekseyevich Arin (Russian: Олег Алексеевич Арин), is a Soviet-born Russian-Canadian scholar and political writer. He is a member of the organization «Defend Science» (US).
Life and career
Alex Battler was born in Astrakhan. In 1966 he entered the Faculty of Oriental studies of the A. Zhdanov Leningrad State University. After graduating in 1971, he enrolled in the post-graduate school at the Institute of the Far Eastern Studies in Moscow. In 1975 he was conferred the Degree of Candidate of Science (= PhD), and in 1988 his Doctor of Science dissertation in the specialty "history of foreign policy and international relations".
In 1993 he immigrated to Canada where he acquired Canadian citizenship. In 1997 he returned to Russia and worked at several institutions of higher learning in Moscow. In 2001 he moved to the United Kingdom; later he lived for several years in France. Currently he has permanent residence in New York.
Through the years he held various positions at different research institutions: the Institute of the Far Eastern Studies; the Institute of World Economy and International Relations; the Institute of Social Sciences of the CPSU Central Committee; Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the Russian Federation's Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Institute of Philosophy. He served as Director of the Institute of Economic and International Studies of the Pacific Region (Vladivostok).
He also taught as a professor of political science, economics, and international relations at several universities and institutes in Russia (Moscow State University; the Institute of Philosophy; the International Independent University of Ecology & Political Science); in Japan (Nagoya University); in Canada (the University of British Columbia).
Work
The result of Battler's scientific work is a number of laws and regularities in the areas of philosophy, sociology and the theory of international relations; he discovered these laws based on re-interpreting key terms and turning into concepts and categories. The single most important among them is the category of force which in the book Dialectics of Force turned into ontóbia (ontological force) – one of the attributes of being, along with the categories of matter, motion, time and space. This attribute status of ontóbia enabled Battler to advance his own version of the Big Bang conception and of the Universe's expansion process. In the organic world ontóbia turns into orgábia (the organic force). From the perspective of Battler's theory, life begins with man. The ontóbia theory also makes its possible to resolve the problems of consciousness and thought, of their qualitative differences and manifestations.
In another book titled Society: Progress and Force (Criteria and First Principles) Battler formulated new definitions of the concept Progress and the forms of social forces' manifestation through the laws of force (principles): The First Principle of social development, or the law of social force; and the Second Principle of social development, or the law of social knowledge. In the book On Love, Family, and the State he presented the laws of love and family, which are tied to the functioning of the law of entropy growth.
Within the framework of the international relations theory Battler formulated (in his monograph The 21st Century: the World without Russia) two laws: the law of geoeconomics (poles) and the law of geostrategy (center of power). He also introduced a new concept: the foreign policy potential of a state – and methods for calculating it, as well as the optimal proportions of expenditures on foreign policy in accordance with the state's foreign policy goals.
Battler also authored the 13 commandments of the roslyane, which he promotes as a replacement for the well-known Biblical commandments. In Battler's theory the roslyane are the people who should emerge in Russia after the current system is replaced.
Publications
Academic books (authored)
Battler, Alex. Valentina Battler's Magic of Life and Creativity: The Portrait of Family Happiness. . Scholarica, 2023. - 236 p.
Battler, Alex. Contemporary international relations. Great power politics. Theory and practice. Lectures. SCHOLARICA, 2023 —498 p. ISBN 979-8-8578-6078-6
Battler, Alex. Contemporary International Relations. The Politics of the Great Powers: Theory and Practice. Course of lectures.( in Russian) SCHOLARICA, 2022. – 496 p.
Arin. Russia: March to the Execution (Putin-ism, If-ism, Russo-bluff-ism). SCHOLARICA (in Russian), 2022. – 228 p.
Arin,Oleg. Russia vs the West: Revanche (Lectures, articles, prognoses). SCHOLARICA, (in Russian), 2022. - 282 p.
Arin. Atheism: Fight against Religion. SCHOLARICA (in Russian), 2022. – 254 p.
Arin. The science of God. Volume VI. Religion: Action and Counteraction. SCHOLARICA (in Russian), 2022. – 390 p
Arin. The science of God. Volume V. Religion: Science and Society. SCHOLARICA (in Russian), 2021. – 524 p
Battler, Alex. On Love, Family, and the State: Philosophical-sociological Essay. /Second edition. SCHOLARICA, 2021. –– 190 p. ISBN 978-1-7355989-5-6
Arin. The science of God. Volume IV. Christianity and Politics. SCHOLARICA (in Russian), 2021. – 566 p.
Arin, Oleg. Tsarist Russia: The Collapse of Capitalism (Late 19th - Early 20th Century). SCHOLARICA (In Russian), 2020. –– 354 p.
Arin. The science of God. Volume III. The philosophy of Christianity. M.: Publishing House ITRK, 2019. – 516 p. ( ISBN 978-5-88010-600-4).
Arin. The science of God. Volume II. The ideology of Christianity. M.: Publishing House ITRK, 2019. – 380 p. ( ISBN 978-5-88010-599-1).
Arin. The science of God. Volume I. The phenomenology of the Bible. M.: Publishing House ITRK, 2019. – 468 p. (ISBN 978-5-88010-598-4).
Battler, Alex. Eurasia: Illusions and Reality. M.: ITRK Publishing House, 2018. – 136 p. ( ISBN 978-5-88010-532-8).
Arin, Oleg. My wife and me – agents of CIA. Moscow: Publishing House ITRK, 2018. – 416 p. (ISBN 978-5-88010-470-3).
Battler, Alex. Mirology: Progress and Force in the World Relations. Vol. II. Struggle of all against all. (In Russian). Moscow: Izdatelstvo ITRK, 2015. – 672 p. (ISBN 978-5-88010-338-6)
Battler, Alex. Mirology: Progress and Force in the World Relations. Vol.I. Introduction to Mirology. (In Russian). Moscow: Izdatelstvo ITRK, 2014 (ISBN 978-588010-306-5) – p. 256.
Battler, Alex. Society: Progress and Force (Criteria and First Principles). A New Edition and Translation, New York, 2013 (ISBN 978-1480008250). – p. 375. Book review.
Battler, Alex. Dialectics of Force: Ontobia. A New Edition and Translation, New York, 2013 (ISBN 978-1484008850). – p. 322. Book review.
Battler, Alex. Society: Progress and Force (Criteria and First Principles)
Battler, Alex. Society: Progress and Force (Criteria and First Principles)/ translated from the Russian. Moscow: KRASSAND (In English), 2009. – 344 p. (ISBN 978-5-396-00028-5)
Battler, Alex. On Love, Family, and the State: Philosophical-sociological Essay
Battler, Alex. On Love, Family, and the State: Philosophical-sociological Essay/ Translated from the Russian. Moscow, KomKniga (In English), 2008. – 168 p. (ISBN 978-5-484-01044-8)
Battler, Alex. Dialectics of Force: Ontóbia
Battler, Alex. Dialectics of Force: Ontóbia/ Translated from the Russian. – Moscow: KomKniga (In English), 2008. – 272 p. (ISBN 978-5-484-01045-5)
Arin, Oleg. The 21st Century: The World without Russia ; Second edition: Арин О.А. Мир без России. – М.: ЭКСМО•Алгоритм, 2002. – 480 с. (ISBN 5-699-00854-3)
Battler, Alex. The 21st Century: The World without Russia. USA: American University & Colleges Press, 2004. – 388 p. (ISBN 978-1-58982-121-7)
21 Shiji: meiyou eluosi de shijie (The 21st Century: The World without Russia), Shanghai (In Chinese), 2005. – 438 с. (ISBN 7-208-05794-X)
Arin, Oleg. The Strategic Contours of East Asia in 21st Century. Russia: Not a Step Forward (Moscow: Alyans, 2001)
Arin, Oleg. Japan: View on the World, Asia and Russia
Arin, Oleg. The Strategic Perspectives of Russia in Eastern Asia. Moscow: MGIMO, 1999
Arin O. Asia-Pacific Region: myths, illusions and reality. Eastern Asia: economy, politics, and security. Moscow: Nauka/Flinta, 1997
Aliyev R.Sh.-A. Japan's Foreign Policy in 70s – early 80s: Theory and Practice. Moscow: Nauka Publishers, 1986
Aliyev R. Japan and the Soviet-Chinese Relations of 1931–1975. Moscow: IFES, 1976
Books for a general audience
Arin Oleg (Alex Battler). Russia between East and West. (In Russian). Moscow: Izdatelstvo ITRK, 2015. – 304 p. (ISBN 978-5-88010-346-1)
Arin, Oleg (Alex Battler). Russian mindset. (In Russian: Русский умострой). Moscow: Izdatelstvo ITRK, 2015. – 336 p. (ISBN 978-5-88010-322-5)
Battler, Valentina and Alex. Opinions and Truth. Articles about Art and Literature. Moscow: Izdatelstvo ITRK, 2015. – 272 p. (ISBN 978-5-88010-343-0)
Arin O. (Alex Battler). Russia in Mundism.
Arin O. Destroyer of brains. On Russian pseudo-science
Arin Oleg. The Truth and Inventions about Tsarist's Russia
Arin Oleg. The formula of current Russia: marasmus in cube but with zero result
Arin Oleg, Alex Battler. Russia in Intoxication of Dollargasm and If-ism
Arin Oleg. Between Titi and Caca. The Impressions of a tourist… but not only
Arin O. Russia in the Strategic Trap. Second edition. Moscow: Algorithm, 2003
First edition: Россия в стратегическом капкане. – М. Флинта, 1997. – 286 с. (ISBN 5-89349-038-X)
Arin Oleg, Valentina Arina. Between Titi and Caca. The Impressions of a tourist… but not only
Arin Oleg. Russia on roadside of the world. M.: Linor
Arin Oleg. Tsarist's Russia: Myths and Realities
Battler Alex and Valentina. Immigration to North America. The advices of Russian-Canadians
Selected academic books (coauthored)
Alex Battler is a co-author of more than twenty collective monographs and books. Among them particularly:
Arin Oleg. The Methodology of superlongterm prognosis (p. 33–40); Prognosis of the development of world relations in 21st century (p. 483–554) In: Astronautics in 21st century. An endeavor of a forecast up to 2101
Arin O. Russia's role in economic cooperations with East-Asian countries – In: New trends in international relations in Asia
Aliev R.A. Russia and the countries of Northeastnern Asia: problems and perspectives of economic cooperations . In: Economic interests of Russia in contiguous regions
Arin O.A. Russia's place and role in strategic doctrines and concepts of the USA . In: Scientific works of MNEPU
Aliev R.Sh.-A. Security and economic conjuncture in Pacific Ocean zone . – In Problems of security in Asia Pacific region
Arin O.A. National security: methodological and terminological aspects . In Political culture. Scientific works of MNEPU
Arin Oleg. Place and Role of PRC and Russia in Eastern Asia . In Orient and Russia at the turn of 21st century
Aliev R. Sh.-A. Authority and Science or What You Plant is What You Reap . In: The Heartbeat of Reform. Moscow: Progress Publishers
In English: Aliyev Rafik. Authority and Science or What You Plant is What You Reap (p. 113–137). In: The Heartbeat of Reform. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1990. – 370 p. (ISBN 5-01-002560-4)
Aliyev R.Sh.-A. Glasnost' in the snare of foreign policy and international relations . In Glasnost: opinions, analysis, policy. Moscow: Yuridicheskaya Literatura Publishers, 1989: 220–37.
Aliyev Rafik. Problems of Security in Asia-Pacific (Study). Chapter 3 (p. 35–47). New Delhi (India), Allied Publishers, 1987. – 184 p.
Aliev R.Sh.-A. Japan's Pacific Strategy ; The Pacific Community and the People's Republic of China . In The Pacific Community. Outlook. . – М.: Наука, 1987. – 352 с.
In English: Aliev R. Sh.-A. Japan's Pacific Strategy (p. 72–133); The Pacific Community and the People's Republic of China (p. 244–271). In: The Pacific Community. Outlook. Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1988. (ISBN 5-01-000485-2)
Reviews and interviews
Fursov A.I. Capitalism and International Relations. Rev.: Battler Alex. Mirology: Progress and Force in the World Relations. Vol. II. Struggle of all against all. Moscow: ITRK, 2015 // «Knowledge. Understanding. Science», # 4, 2015. (Фурсов А.И. Капитализм и международные отношения. Рец.: А. Бэттлер «Мирология. Прогресс и сила в мировых отношениях». М.: ИТРК, 2015. Т. II. Борьба всех против всех // «Знание. Понимание. Умение», № 4, 2015.)
Fursov A.I. Into the abyss with capitalism. Rev.: Battler Alex. Mirology: Progress and Force in the World Relations. Vol. II. Struggle of all against all. Moscow: ITRK, 2015 // «Literaturnaya gazetta», # 1-2, 21 January 2016. (Фурсов А.И. Капитализм и международные отношения. Рец.: А. Бэттлер «Мирология. Прогресс и сила в мировых отношениях». М.: ИТРК, 2015. Т. II. Борьба всех против всех // Литературная газета, № 1–2б 21 января 2016.)
Kirkus Review: Alex Battler. Dialectics of Force: Ontobia. New York, 2013. – 322 p. (ISBN 978-1484008850 // https://www.kirkusreviews.com › author › alex-battler. Reviewed: Aug. 5, 2013.
Kirkus Review: Alex Battler. Society: Progress and Force (Criteria and First Principles). New York, 2013. – 376 p. (ISBN 978-1480008250) // https://www.kirkusreviews.com › author › alex-battler. Reviewed: May 17, 2013.
Facts against myths (Факты против мифов // Книжное обозрение, № 27-28, 2009, с. 12.
Plyakin A. On the way to Iff-lands (Плякин А. На пути в Еслибляндию // НГ ExLIBRIS, 2009-08-27.)
Current feudalism (Современный феодализм // Книжное обозрение, №25-26, 2009, с. 12.)
«Bits and pieces» plus democracy («Рожки да ножки» плюс демократия). – Interview published in Russian Journal (Интервью с сокращениями опубликовано // Русский журнал, 08 июня 2009)
Yu. M. Baturin. A. Battler. Society: progress and force (Criteria and First Principles)
Baturin Yuri. Progress as delta of life
Michail Kheifiz. One more – perhaps senseless endeavor to understand Russia by mind
Interview for «Dungfang Zaobao» (China, Shanghai), November 11, 2004, p. 8.]
«We bury ourselves» («Мы сами себя хороним») // Interview for «Zavtra» (February/March, 2003, № 9, p. 5).
Sokolov B. V. Book Review: O. Arin. The World without Russia. M.: Algoritm, 2002 // Book Review, 16 January 2003 (Соколов Б.В. Арин О. Мир без России. М.: ЭКСМО; Алгоритм, 2002 // Книжное обозрение, 2003-01-16.)
Yakovlev A.G. Book Review: O. Arin. Asia Pacific Region: Myths, illusions and reality. Eastern Asia: economy, politics, and security. M.: Nauka/Flinta, 1997 // «Problems of Far East», # 3, 1998. (Яковлев А. Г. Рецензия на монографию: О. Арин. Азиатско-тихоокеанский регион: мифы, иллюзии и реальность. Восточная Азия: экономика, политика, безопасность. М.: Флинта, Наука, 1997 // «Проблемы Дальнего Востока», 1998, № 3.)
Zagorskyi A. Asia Pacific region: scopes of the concept. Book Review: O. Arin. Asia Pacific Region: Myths, illusions and reality. Eastern Asia: economy, politics, and security. M.: Nauka/Flinta, 1997 // «World economy and international relations», # 6, 1999. (Загорский А. Азиатско-тихоокеанский регион: границы понятия. — О. Арин. Азиатско-тихоокеанский регион: мифы, иллюзии и реальность. Восточная Азия: экономика, политика, безопасность. М.: Флинта, Наука, 1997 // «Мировая экономика и международные отношения», 1999, № 6.)
External links
Alex Battler's Official Website (in English)
Oleg Arin's Official Website (in Russian)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"}],"text":"Alex Battler (born Rafik Shagi-Akzamovich Aliyev (Russian: Рафик Шаги-Акзамович Алиев) on December 10, 1946), known in Russia under the pen name Oleg Alekseyevich Arin (Russian: Олег Алексеевич Арин), is a Soviet-born Russian-Canadian scholar and political writer. He is a member of the organization «Defend Science» (US).","title":"Alex Battler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Astrakhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Institute of World Economy and International Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_World_Economy_and_International_Relations"},{"link_name":"Moscow State Institute of International Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_Institute_of_International_Relations"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"international relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations"},{"link_name":"Moscow State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_University"},{"link_name":"Nagoya University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_University"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"}],"text":"Alex Battler was born in Astrakhan. In 1966 he entered the Faculty of Oriental studies of the A. Zhdanov Leningrad State University. After graduating in 1971, he enrolled in the post-graduate school at the Institute of the Far Eastern Studies in Moscow. In 1975 he was conferred the Degree of Candidate of Science (= PhD), and in 1988 his Doctor of Science dissertation in the specialty \"history of foreign policy and international relations\".In 1993 he immigrated to Canada where he acquired Canadian citizenship. In 1997 he returned to Russia and worked at several institutions of higher learning in Moscow. In 2001 he moved to the United Kingdom; later he lived for several years in France. Currently he has permanent residence in New York.Through the years he held various positions at different research institutions: the Institute of the Far Eastern Studies; the Institute of World Economy and International Relations; the Institute of Social Sciences of the CPSU Central Committee; Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the Russian Federation's Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Institute of Philosophy. He served as Director of the Institute of Economic and International Studies of the Pacific Region (Vladivostok).He also taught as a professor of political science, economics, and international relations at several universities and institutes in Russia (Moscow State University; the Institute of Philosophy; the International Independent University of Ecology & Political Science); in Japan (Nagoya University); in Canada (the University of British Columbia).","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang"},{"link_name":"consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness"},{"link_name":"thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought"},{"link_name":"social development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_change"},{"link_name":"entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy"},{"link_name":"geoeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoeconomics"},{"link_name":"geostrategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy"},{"link_name":"foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy"},{"link_name":"Biblical commandments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Commandments"}],"text":"The result of Battler's scientific work is a number of laws and regularities in the areas of philosophy, sociology and the theory of international relations; he discovered these laws based on re-interpreting key terms and turning into concepts and categories. The single most important among them is the category of force which in the book Dialectics of Force turned into ontóbia (ontological force) – one of the attributes of being, along with the categories of matter, motion, time and space. This attribute status of ontóbia enabled Battler to advance his own version of the Big Bang conception and of the Universe's expansion process. In the organic world ontóbia turns into orgábia (the organic force). From the perspective of Battler's theory, life begins with man. The ontóbia theory also makes its possible to resolve the problems of consciousness and thought, of their qualitative differences and manifestations.In another book titled Society: Progress and Force (Criteria and First Principles) Battler formulated new definitions of the concept Progress and the forms of social forces' manifestation through the laws of force (principles): The First Principle of social development, or the law of social force; and the Second Principle of social development, or the law of social knowledge. In the book On Love, Family, and the State he presented the laws of love and family, which are tied to the functioning of the law of entropy growth.Within the framework of the international relations theory Battler formulated (in his monograph The 21st Century: the World without Russia) two laws: the law of geoeconomics (poles) and the law of geostrategy (center of power). He also introduced a new concept: the foreign policy potential of a state – and methods for calculating it, as well as the optimal proportions of expenditures on foreign policy in accordance with the state's foreign policy goals.Battler also authored the 13 commandments of the roslyane, which he promotes as a replacement for the well-known Biblical commandments. In Battler's theory the roslyane are the people who should emerge in Russia after the current system is replaced.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valentina Battler's Magic of Life and Creativity: The Portrait of Family Happiness.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//play.google.com/store/books/details?id=iQ7iEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"979-8-8578-6078-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-8578-6078-6"},{"link_name":"Contemporary International Relations. The Politics of the Great Powers: Theory and Practice. Course of lectures.( in Russian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wEmJEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"March to the Execution (Putin-ism, If-ism, Russo-bluff-ism). SCHOLARICA (in Russian), 2022. – 228 p.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Uah0EAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Russia vs the West: Revanche (Lectures, articles, prognoses). SCHOLARICA, (in Russian), 2022. - 282 p.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//play.google.com/store/books/details/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_vs_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA?id=ozVyEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Atheism: Fight against Religion. SCHOLARICA (in Russian), 2022. – 254 p.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//play.google.com/store/books/details/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9?id=8Z9lEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"The science of God. Volume VI. Religion: Action and Counteraction. SCHOLARICA (in Russian), 2022. – 390 p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//play.google.com/store/books/details?id=IVVYEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"The science of God. Volume V. Religion: Science and Society. SCHOLARICA (in Russian), 2021. – 524 p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//play.google.com/store/books/details/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC_V_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F?id=cmVMEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"190 p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fm03EAAAQBAJ&dq=GGKEY%3AFYZ389UH2K3&pg=PA2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-7355989-5-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7355989-5-6"},{"link_name":"The science of God. Volume IV. Christianity and Politics. SCHOLARICA (in Russian), 2021. – 566 p.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//play.google.com/store/books/details/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC_IV_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8?id=YPQhEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"354 p.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//play.google.com/store/books/details/%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%93_%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9D_%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%A1_%D0%91%D0%AD%D0%A2%D0%A2%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%A0_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0?id=2WTxDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-88010-600-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-88010-600-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-88010-599-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-88010-599-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-88010-598-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-88010-598-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-88010-532-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-88010-532-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-88010-470-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-88010-470-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-88010-338-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-88010-338-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-588010-306-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-588010-306-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1480008250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1480008250"},{"link_name":"review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/alex-battler/society-progress-and-force/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1484008850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1484008850"},{"link_name":"review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/alex-battler/dialectics-of-force-ontobia/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-382-00714-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-382-00714-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-396-00028-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-396-00028-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-484-00354-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-484-00354-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-484-01044-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-484-01044-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-354-01063-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-354-01063-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-484-01045-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-484-01045-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-93558-003-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-93558-003-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-699-00854-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-699-00854-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58982-121-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58982-121-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7-208-05794-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-208-05794-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-93558-004-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-93558-004-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-9228-0035-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-9228-0035-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-89349-037-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89349-037-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-02-013663-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-013663-8"}],"sub_title":"Academic books (authored)","text":"Battler, Alex. Valentina Battler's Magic of Life and Creativity: The Portrait of Family Happiness. [Магия жизни и творчества Валентины Бэттлер. Живопись семейного счастья - in Russian]. Scholarica, 2023. - 236 p.\nBattler, Alex. Contemporary international relations. Great power politics. Theory and practice. Lectures. SCHOLARICA, 2023 —498 p. ISBN 979-8-8578-6078-6\nBattler, Alex. Contemporary International Relations. The Politics of the Great Powers: Theory and Practice. Course of lectures.( in Russian) SCHOLARICA, 2022. – 496 p.\nArin. Russia: March to the Execution (Putin-ism, If-ism, Russo-bluff-ism). SCHOLARICA (in Russian), 2022. – 228 p.\nArin,Oleg. Russia vs the West: Revanche (Lectures, articles, prognoses). SCHOLARICA, (in Russian), 2022. - 282 p.\nArin. Atheism: Fight against Religion. SCHOLARICA (in Russian), 2022. – 254 p.\nArin. The science of God. Volume VI. Religion: Action and Counteraction. SCHOLARICA (in Russian), 2022. – 390 p\nArin. The science of God. Volume V. Religion: Science and Society. SCHOLARICA (in Russian), 2021. – 524 p\nBattler, Alex. On Love, Family, and the State: Philosophical-sociological Essay. /Second edition. SCHOLARICA, 2021. –– 190 p. ISBN 978-1-7355989-5-6\nArin. The science of God. Volume IV. Christianity and Politics. SCHOLARICA (in Russian), 2021. – 566 p.\nArin, Oleg. Tsarist Russia: The Collapse of Capitalism (Late 19th - Early 20th Century). SCHOLARICA (In Russian), 2020. –– 354 p.\nArin. The science of God. Volume III. The philosophy of Christianity. M.: Publishing House ITRK, 2019. – 516 p. ( ISBN 978-5-88010-600-4).\nArin. The science of God. Volume II. The ideology of Christianity. M.: Publishing House ITRK, 2019. – 380 p. ( ISBN 978-5-88010-599-1).\nArin. The science of God. Volume I. The phenomenology of the Bible. M.: Publishing House ITRK, 2019. – 468 p. (ISBN 978-5-88010-598-4).\nBattler, Alex. Eurasia: Illusions and Reality. M.: ITRK Publishing House, 2018. – 136 p. ( ISBN 978-5-88010-532-8).\nArin, Oleg. My wife and me – agents of CIA. Moscow: Publishing House ITRK, 2018. – 416 p. (ISBN 978-5-88010-470-3).\nBattler, Alex. Mirology: Progress and Force in the World Relations. Vol. II. Struggle of all against all. (In Russian). Moscow: Izdatelstvo ITRK, 2015. – 672 p. (ISBN 978-5-88010-338-6)\nBattler, Alex. Mirology: Progress and Force in the World Relations. Vol.I. Introduction to Mirology. (In Russian). Moscow: Izdatelstvo ITRK, 2014 (ISBN 978-588010-306-5) – p. 256.\nBattler, Alex. Society: Progress and Force (Criteria and First Principles). A New Edition and Translation, New York, 2013 (ISBN 978-1480008250). – p. 375. Book review.\nBattler, Alex. Dialectics of Force: Ontobia. A New Edition and Translation, New York, 2013 (ISBN 978-1484008850). – p. 322. Book review.\nBattler, Alex. Society: Progress and Force (Criteria and First Principles) [Общество: прогресс и сила (критерии и основные начала). – М.: Издательство ЛКИ, 2008. – 328 с. (ISBN 978-5-382-00714-4)]\nBattler, Alex. Society: Progress and Force (Criteria and First Principles)/ translated from the Russian. Moscow: KRASSAND (In English), 2009. – 344 p. (ISBN 978-5-396-00028-5)\nBattler, Alex. On Love, Family, and the State: Philosophical-sociological Essay [О любви, семье и государстве. – М.: КомКнига, 2006. – 168 с. (ISBN 5-484-00354-7)]\nBattler, Alex. On Love, Family, and the State: Philosophical-sociological Essay/ Translated from the Russian. Moscow, KomKniga (In English), 2008. – 168 p. (ISBN 978-5-484-01044-8)\nBattler, Alex. Dialectics of Force: Ontóbia [Диалектика силы: онтόбия. – М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2005. – 320 с. (ISBN 5-354-01063-2)]\nBattler, Alex. Dialectics of Force: Ontóbia/ Translated from the Russian. – Moscow: KomKniga (In English), 2008. – 272 p. (ISBN 978-5-484-01045-5)\nArin, Oleg. The 21st Century: The World without Russia [Двадцать первый век: мир без России. – Москва: Альянс, 2001. – 352 с. (ISBN 5-93558-003-9)]; Second edition: Арин О.А. Мир без России. – М.: ЭКСМО•Алгоритм, 2002. – 480 с. (ISBN 5-699-00854-3)\nBattler, Alex. The 21st Century: The World without Russia. USA: American University & Colleges Press, 2004. – 388 p. (ISBN 978-1-58982-121-7)\n21 Shiji: meiyou eluosi de shijie (The 21st Century: The World without Russia), Shanghai (In Chinese), 2005. – 438 с. (ISBN 7-208-05794-X)\nArin, Oleg. The Strategic Contours of East Asia in 21st Century. Russia: Not a Step Forward (Moscow: Alyans, 2001) [Стратегические контуры Восточной Азии. Россия: ни шагу вперед. – М.: Альянс, 2001. – 192 с. (ISBN 5-93558-004-7)]\nArin, Oleg. Japan: View on the World, Asia and Russia [Япония: взгляд на мир, на Азию и Россию. – М.: МГИМО, 2001. – 92 с. (ISBN 5-9228-0035-3)]\nArin, Oleg. The Strategic Perspectives of Russia in Eastern Asia. Moscow: MGIMO, 1999 [Стратегические перспективы России в Восточной Азии. – М.: МГИМО, 1999. – 112 с.]\nArin O. Asia-Pacific Region: myths, illusions and reality. Eastern Asia: economy, politics, and security. Moscow: Nauka/Flinta, 1997 [АТР: мифы, иллюзии и реальность. Восточная Азия: экономика, политика и безопасность. – М.: Флинта •Наука, 1997. – 436 с. (ISBN 5-89349-037-1 (Флинта); ISBN 5-02-013663-8 (Наука))]\nAliyev R.Sh.-A. Japan's Foreign Policy in 70s – early 80s: Theory and Practice. Moscow: Nauka Publishers, 1986 [Внешняя политика Японии в 70-х – начале 80-х годов (теория и практика). – М.: Наука (ГРВЛ), 1986. – 312 с.]\nAliyev R. Japan and the Soviet-Chinese Relations of 1931–1975. Moscow: IFES, 1976 [Япония и советско-китайские отношения. – Информационный бюллетень, № 70. – М.: Изд-во ИДВ АН СССР, 1976. – 197 с.]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-88010-346-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-88010-346-1"},{"link_name":"Russian mindset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?lang=Ru&blang=ru&page=Book&id=199624"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-88010-322-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-88010-322-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-88010-343-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-88010-343-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-9710-0260-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9710-0260-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-9710-0258-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9710-0258-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-382-00718-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-382-00718-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-382-00715-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-382-00715-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-9265-0082-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-9265-0082-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-89349-038-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89349-038-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-93558-005-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-93558-005-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-900889-70-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-900889-70-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-900889-69-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-900889-69-6"}],"sub_title":"Books for a general audience","text":"Arin Oleg (Alex Battler). Russia between East and West. (In Russian). Moscow: Izdatelstvo ITRK, 2015. – 304 p. (ISBN 978-5-88010-346-1)\nArin, Oleg (Alex Battler). Russian mindset. (In Russian: Русский умострой). Moscow: Izdatelstvo ITRK, 2015. – 336 p. (ISBN 978-5-88010-322-5)\nBattler, Valentina and Alex. Opinions and Truth. Articles about Art and Literature. Moscow: Izdatelstvo ITRK, 2015. – 272 p. (ISBN 978-5-88010-343-0)\nArin O. (Alex Battler). Russia in Mundism. [Раша в мундизме (электронная версия) – Россия, 2011. – 337 с. (ББК 87 87.6 66.4 А 81)]\nArin O. Destroyer of brains. On Russian pseudo-science [Разрушители мозга. О российской лженауке (электронная версия) – Россия, 2011. – 206 с. (ББК 87 87.6 66.4 А 81)]\nArin Oleg. The Truth and Inventions about Tsarist's Russia [Правда и вымыслы о царской России. Конец XIX начало XX века. М.: ЛЕНАНД, 2010. – 200 с. (ISBN 978-5-9710-0260-4)]\nArin Oleg. The formula of current Russia: marasmus in cube but with zero result [Формула современной России: Маразм в кубе, но с нулевым результатом. – М.: ЛЕНАНД, 2009. – 256 с. (ISBN 978-5-9710-0258-1)]\nArin Oleg, Alex Battler. Russia in Intoxication of Dollargasm and If-ism [Россия в угаре долларгазма и еслибизма. – М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2008. – 288 с. (ISBN 978-5-382-00718-2)]\nArin Oleg. Between Titi and Caca. The Impressions of a tourist… but not only [Между Тити и Кака. Впечатления туриста… и не только. Изд. 2-е, испр. и доп. – М.: Издательство ЛКИ, 2008. – 256 с. (ISBN 978-5-382-00715-1)]\nArin O. Russia in the Strategic Trap. Second edition. Moscow: Algorithm, 2003 [Россия в стратегическом капкане Изд. 2-е., расширенное. – М.: Алгоритм, 2003. – 352 с. (ISBN 5-9265-0082-6)]First edition: Россия в стратегическом капкане. – М. Флинта, 1997. – 286 с. (ISBN 5-89349-038-X)Arin Oleg, Valentina Arina. Between Titi and Caca. The Impressions of a tourist… but not only [Между Тити и Кака. Впечатления туриста… и не только. – М.: Альянс, 2001. – 208 с. (ISBN 5-93558-005-5)]\nArin Oleg. Russia on roadside of the world. M.: Linor [Россия на обочине мира. – М.: Линор, 1999. – 292 с. (ISBN 5-900889-70-X)]\nArin Oleg. Tsarist's Russia: Myths and Realities [Царская Россия: мифы и реальность /конец XIX – начало XX века/ – М.: Линор, 1999. – 64 с. (ISBN 5-900889-69-6)]\nBattler Alex and Valentina. Immigration to North America. The advices of Russian-Canadians [Иммиграция в Северную Америку. – М.: Информдинамо, 1997. – 112 с.]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-903545-10-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-903545-10-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-94425-009-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-94425-009-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-7383-0119-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7383-0119-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-7307-01586","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7307-01586"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-01-002560-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-01-002560-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-7260-0200-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7260-0200-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-01-000485-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-01-000485-2"}],"sub_title":"Selected academic books (coauthored)","text":"Alex Battler is a co-author of more than twenty collective monographs and books. Among them particularly:Arin Oleg. The Methodology of superlongterm prognosis (p. 33–40); Prognosis of the development of world relations in 21st century (p. 483–554) [Методология сверхдолгосрочного прогноза (с. 33–40); Прогноз развития мировых отношений в XXI веке (с. 483–554)] In: Astronautics in 21st century. An endeavor of a forecast up to 2101 [Космонавтика XXI века. Попытка прогноза развития до 2101 г./ Под ред. академика РАН Б.Е. Чертока. – М.: Идательство «РТСофт», 2010. – 864 с. (ISBN 978-5-903545-10-0)]\nArin O. Russia's role in economic cooperations with East-Asian countries [Роль России в экономическом сотрудничестве со странами Восточной Азии (с. 22–40)] – In: New trends in international relations in Asia [В: Новые тенденции в международных отношениях в Азии. – М.: ИВ РАН, 2002. – 242 с. (ISBN 5-94425-009-7)]\nAliev R.A. Russia and the countries of Northeastnern Asia: problems and perspectives of economic cooperations [Россия и страны Северо-Восточной Азии: проблемы и перспективы экономического сотрудничества (с. 94–149)]. In: Economic interests of Russia in contiguous regions [В: Экономические интересы России в сопредельных районах. М.:МГИМО, 2000. – 150 с.]\nArin O.A. Russia's place and role in strategic doctrines and concepts of the USA [Место и роль России в стратегических доктринах и концепциях США (с. 20–34)]. In: Scientific works of MNEPU [В.: Научные труды МНЭПУ. Серия Политология. Выпуск 3, Москва, 2000. – 234 с. (ISBN 5-7383-0119-6)]\nAliev R.Sh.-A. Security and economic conjuncture in Pacific Ocean zone [Безопасность и экономическая конъюнктура в Тихоокеанской зоне (с. 112–125)]. – In Problems of security in Asia Pacific region [В: Проблемы обеспечения безопасности в Азиатско-Тихоокеанском регионе. – М.:Научная книга, 1999. – 228 с.]\nArin O.A. National security: methodological and terminological aspects [Национальная безопасность: методологические и терминологические аспекты (с.77–91)]. In Political culture. Scientific works of MNEPU [В: Политическая культура. Научные труды МНЭПУ. Серия Политология. Выпуск 6. Москва, 1999. – 224 с.]\nArin Oleg. Place and Role of PRC and Russia in Eastern Asia [Место и роль КНР и России в Восточной Азии (с. 306–317)]. In Orient and Russia at the turn of 21st century [В: Восток и Россия на рубеже XXI века. – М., 1998. – 368 с. (ISBN 5-7307-01586)]\nAliev R. Sh.-A. Authority and Science or What You Plant is What You Reap [Власть и наука, или как аукнется, так и откликнется (с. 109–131)]. In: The Heartbeat of Reform. Moscow: Progress Publishers [В: Пульс реформ. Юристы и политологи размышляют. Составитель Ю. Батурин. М., Прогресс, 1989. – 378 с.]In English: Aliyev Rafik. Authority and Science or What You Plant is What You Reap (p. 113–137). In: The Heartbeat of Reform. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1990. – 370 p. (ISBN 5-01-002560-4)Aliyev R.Sh.-A. Glasnost' in the snare of foreign policy and international relations [Гласность в тенетах внешней политики и международных отношений (с.220–237)]. In Glasnost: opinions, analysis, policy. Moscow: Yuridicheskaya Literatura Publishers, 1989: 220–37. [В: Гласность: мнения, поиски, политика. – М.: Юридическая литература, 1989. – 368 с. (ISBN 5-7260-0200-8)]\nAliyev Rafik. Problems of Security in Asia-Pacific (Study). Chapter 3 (p. 35–47). New Delhi (India), Allied Publishers, 1987. – 184 p.\nAliev R.Sh.-A. Japan's Pacific Strategy [Тихоокеанская стратегия Японии. (Сс. 64 – 119)]; The Pacific Community and the People's Republic of China [Тихоокеанское сообщество и КНР (с. 222 – 244)]. In The Pacific Community. Outlook. [В: Тихоокеанское сообщество: планы и перспективы]. – М.: Наука, 1987. – 352 с.In English: Aliev R. Sh.-A. Japan's Pacific Strategy (p. 72–133); The Pacific Community and the People's Republic of China (p. 244–271). In: The Pacific Community. Outlook. Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1988. (ISBN 5-01-000485-2)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1484008850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1484008850"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1480008250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1480008250"}],"sub_title":"Reviews and interviews","text":"Fursov A.I. Capitalism and International Relations. Rev.: Battler Alex. Mirology: Progress and Force in the World Relations. Vol. II. Struggle of all against all. Moscow: ITRK, 2015 // «Knowledge. Understanding. Science», # 4, 2015. (Фурсов А.И. Капитализм и международные отношения. Рец.: А. Бэттлер «Мирология. Прогресс и сила в мировых отношениях». М.: ИТРК, 2015. Т. II. Борьба всех против всех // «Знание. Понимание. Умение», № 4, 2015.)\nFursov A.I. Into the abyss with capitalism. Rev.: Battler Alex. Mirology: Progress and Force in the World Relations. Vol. II. Struggle of all against all. Moscow: ITRK, 2015 // «Literaturnaya gazetta», # 1-2, 21 January 2016. (Фурсов А.И. Капитализм и международные отношения. Рец.: А. Бэттлер «Мирология. Прогресс и сила в мировых отношениях». М.: ИТРК, 2015. Т. II. Борьба всех против всех // Литературная газета, № 1–2б 21 января 2016.)\nKirkus Review: Alex Battler. Dialectics of Force: Ontobia. New York, 2013. – 322 p. (ISBN 978-1484008850 // https://www.kirkusreviews.com › author › alex-battler. Reviewed: Aug. 5, 2013.\nKirkus Review: Alex Battler. Society: Progress and Force (Criteria and First Principles). New York, 2013. – 376 p. (ISBN 978-1480008250) // https://www.kirkusreviews.com › author › alex-battler. Reviewed: May 17, 2013.\nFacts against myths (Факты против мифов // Книжное обозрение, № 27-28, 2009, с. 12.\nPlyakin A. On the way to Iff-lands (Плякин А. На пути в Еслибляндию // НГ ExLIBRIS, 2009-08-27.)\nCurrent feudalism (Современный феодализм // Книжное обозрение, №25-26, 2009, с. 12.)\n«Bits and pieces» plus democracy («Рожки да ножки» плюс демократия). – Interview published in Russian Journal (Интервью с сокращениями опубликовано // Русский журнал, 08 июня 2009)\nYu. M. Baturin. A. Battler. Society: progress and force (Criteria and First Principles) [Ю.М. Батурин. – А. Бэттлер. Общество: прогресс и сила (критерии и основные начала) // Вопросы философии, №3, 2009, с. 179-181]\nBaturin Yuri. Progress as delta of life [Батурин Юрий. Прогресс как дельта жизни. (На книгу «Общество: прогресс и сила») // НГ-EX Libres, 22 января 2009 года. С.7.]\nMichail Kheifiz. One more – perhaps senseless endeavor to understand Russia by mind [Михаил Хейфиц. Еще одна – возможно, бессмысленная – попытка понять Россию умом // «Vesty» (Israel), March 18 and April 1, 2004]\nInterview for «Dungfang Zaobao» (China, Shanghai), November 11, 2004, p. 8.]\n«We bury ourselves» («Мы сами себя хороним») // Interview for «Zavtra» (February/March, 2003, № 9, p. 5).\nSokolov B. V. Book Review: O. Arin. The World without Russia. M.: Algoritm, 2002 // Book Review, 16 January 2003 (Соколов Б.В. Арин О. Мир без России. М.: ЭКСМО; Алгоритм, 2002 // Книжное обозрение, 2003-01-16.)\nYakovlev A.G. Book Review: O. Arin. Asia Pacific Region: Myths, illusions and reality. Eastern Asia: economy, politics, and security. M.: Nauka/Flinta, 1997 // «Problems of Far East», # 3, 1998. (Яковлев А. Г. Рецензия на монографию: О. Арин. Азиатско-тихоокеанский регион: мифы, иллюзии и реальность. Восточная Азия: экономика, политика, безопасность. М.: Флинта, Наука, 1997 // «Проблемы Дальнего Востока», 1998, № 3.)\nZagorskyi A. Asia Pacific region: scopes of the concept. Book Review: O. Arin. Asia Pacific Region: Myths, illusions and reality. Eastern Asia: economy, politics, and security. M.: Nauka/Flinta, 1997 // «World economy and international relations», # 6, 1999. (Загорский А. Азиатско-тихоокеанский регион: границы понятия. — О. Арин. Азиатско-тихоокеанский регион: мифы, иллюзии и реальность. Восточная Азия: экономика, политика, безопасность. М.: Флинта, Наука, 1997 // «Мировая экономика и международные отношения», 1999, № 6.)","title":"Publications"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Alex+Battler%22","external_links_name":"\"Alex Battler\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Alex+Battler%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Alex+Battler%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Alex+Battler%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Alex+Battler%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Alex+Battler%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.alexbattler.com/","external_links_name":"www.alexbattler.com"},{"Link":"https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=iQ7iEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Valentina Battler's Magic of Life and Creativity: The Portrait of Family Happiness."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wEmJEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Contemporary International Relations. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos-3M | Kosmos-3M | ["1 Launches","2 Accidents","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Russian space launch vehicle
Kosmos-3M(R-14 11K65M)Drawing of the Kosmos-3MFunctionOrbital launch vehicleManufacturerYuzhnoye / NPO PolyotCountry of originSoviet Union, RussiaSizeHeight32.4 m (106 ft)Diameter2.4 m (7 ft 10 in)Mass109,000 kg (240,000 lb)Stages2Capacity
Payload to Low Earth orbitMass1,500 kg (3,300 lb)Payload to Sun-synchronous orbitMass775 kg (1,709 lb)
Launch historyStatusRetiredLaunch sitesPlesetsk Cosmodrome,Site 132Site 133/3Kapustin Yar Site 107Total launches444Success(es)424Failure(s)20First flight15 May 1967Last flight27 April 2010First stage – R-14UPowered by1 RD-216Maximum thrust1,485 kN (334,000 lbf)Specific impulse291 secondsBurn time131 secondsPropellantAK27I / UDMHSecond stage – S3MPowered by1 11D49Maximum thrust157 kN (35,000 lbf)Specific impulse293 secondsBurn time350 + 350 secondsPropellantAK27I/UDMH
The Kosmos-3M (Russian: Космос-3М meaning "Cosmos", GRAU index 11K65M) was a Russian space launch vehicle, member of the Kosmos rocket family. It was a liquid-fueled two-stage launch vehicle, first launched in 1967 and with over 420 successful launches to its name. The Kosmos-3M used UDMH fuel and AK27I oxidizer (red fuming nitric acid) to lift roughly 1,400 kg (3,100 lb) of payload into orbit. It differed from the earlier Kosmos-3 in its finer control of the second-stage burn, allowing operators to tune the thrust and even channel it through nozzles that helped orient the rocket for the launching of multiple satellites at one time. PO Polyot manufactured these launch vehicles in the Russian city of Omsk for decades. It was originally scheduled to be retired from service in 2011; however, in April 2010 the Commander of the Russian Space Forces confirmed that it would be retired by the end of 2010. One further launch, with Kanopus-ST, was planned; however, this was cancelled in late 2012 as the launch vehicle had exceeded its design life while in storage ahead of the launch.
Launches
Main article: List of Kosmos launches
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (March 2020)
Date
Site
Payload(s)
References
19 April 1975
Kapustin Yar
Aryabhata
7 June 1979
Kapustin Yar
Bhaskara I
20 November 1981
Kapustin Yar
Bhaskara II
28 April 1999
Kapustin Yar
ABRIXAS
28 June 2000
Plesetsk
Nadezhda, Tsinghua-1, SNAP-1
28 Nov 2002
Plesetsk
ALSAT-1, Mozhayets
27 Sept 2003
Plesetsk
NigeriaSAT-1, BILSAT-1, UK-DMC (BNSCSat), Mozhayets-4, KAISTSat-4, Larets, Rubin-4
2 July 2007
Plesetsk
SAR-Lupe-2
11 September 2007
Plesetsk
Kosmos-2429
27 March 2008
Plesetsk
SAR-Lupe 4
19 June 2008
Kapustin Yar
Orbcomm
22 July 2008
Plesetsk
SAR-Lupe 5
21 July 2009
Plesetsk Site 132/1
Kosmos 2454 (Parus)Sterkh-1
Accidents
A total of 446 Kosmos 3Ms were launched from 1967 to 2010, with 22 failures. Some of the more noteworthy ones:
On 22 December 1970, a launch of a target vehicle for ASAT tests lost thrust at liftoff and fell back onto the pad at Plesetsk, exploding and badly damaging it.
On 26 June 1973, a Kosmos 3M exploded on the pad at Plesetsk during a propellant loading accident, killing nine people.
An attempted launch of an Intercosmos scientific satellite on 3 June 1975 failed 84 seconds into the launch when the first stage engine shut down.
An attempted launch of a military radar calibration satellite on 25 January 1983 suffered another first stage failure about 40 seconds into launch when the RD-219 started losing thrust. The onboard computer automatically shut the engine off and the launch vehicle fell into the Northern Dvina. Due to the tense relations between the U.S. and Soviet Union at this time, the U.S. military was widely suspected of having shot down the launch vehicle and General Secretary Yuri Andropov personally informed of this possibility. However, a group of locals ice fishing in the Dvina had witnessed the booster plunge into the river and reported what they'd seen to authorities. After this and a quick examination of telemetry, sabotage was ruled out. The failure was traced to high-frequency combustion instability, which had been a problem with the RD-219 engine and was also responsible for the 1970 and 1975 Kosmos 3M failures. The engine was redesigned and no further launches were lost due to first stage engine failures.
More recently, on 21 November 2000, a Kosmos 3M launcher failed to place the QuickBird 1 satellite into orbit due to a failure of its second stage. The launch vehicle and satellite reentered the atmosphere over Uruguay, and an inquest into the accident was inconclusive.
See also
Comparison of orbital launcher families
Comparison of orbital launch systems
References
^ "Kosmos 11K65M". Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ "С космодрома Плесецк запущена ракета-носитель с двумя спутниками". Lenta. 21 July 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
^ "Чтобы виделось лучше". ВЗГЛЯД. 9 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
^ "Bhaskara-I". ISRO. Indian Space Research Organization. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
^ "Bhaskara-II". ISRO. Indian Space Research Organization. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
^ NASA
^ NASA, "SPACEWARN Bulletin", Number 560, 1 July 2000
^ "SSTL satellites launched on board Cosmos 3M booster", Flight International 4–10 July 2000, page 22
^ NASA "SPACEWARN Bulletin", Number 589, 1 December 2002
^ a b D Gibbon, L Boland, N Bean, Y Hashida, A da Silva Curiel, M Sweeting, P Palmer, "Commissioning of a Small Satellite Constellation - Methods and Lessons Learned", 18th AIAA / USU Conference on Small Satellites, 2004
^ NASA "SPACEWARN Bulletin", Number 600, 1 November 2003
^ "It happened today... on June 26th". AvioNews.
External links
Cosmos – 1, 3, 3M and 3MU
Encyclopedia Astronautica entry
vteSoviet and Russian launch vehiclesActive
Angara
1.2
A5
Soyuz-2
2.1a
2.1b
2-1v
UR
Proton-M
In development
Amur
Irtysh
Yenisei
Retired
Dnepr
Energia
Kosmos
1
2I
3
3M
N1
R-7
Luna
Molniya
M
L
Polyot
Soyuz
original
L
M
U
U2
FG
Soyuz/Vostok
Sputnik
Voskhod
Vostok
L
K
2
2M
R-29
Shtil'
Volna
Start-1
Tsyklon
original
2
3
UR
UR-500
Proton-K
Rokot
Strela
Zenit
2
2M
3SL
3SLB
3F
Cancelled (no launch attempts)
Tsyklon-4
Proton
Light
Medium
vteOrbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems
Comparison of orbital launch systems
Current
Angara
1.2
A5
Atlas V
Ceres
1
1S
Chollima-1
Electron
Falcon 9 Block 5
Falcon Heavy
Firefly Alpha
Gravity-1
GSLV
H-IIA
H3
Hyperbola-1
Jielong
1
3
KAIROS†
Kaituozhe 2
Kinetica 1
Kuaizhou
1
1A
11
Long March
2C
2D
2F
3A
3B/E
3C
4B
4C
5
5B
6
6A
7
7A
8
11
11H
LVM3
Minotaur
I
IV
V
C
Nuri
OS-M1†
Pegasus XL
Proton-M
PSLV
Qaem 100
Qased
RS1†
Shavit 2
Simorgh
SLS
Block 1
Soyuz-2
2.1a / STA
2.1b / STB
2-1v
SSLV
Starship
Tianlong-2
Unha
Vega
original
C
Vulcan Centaur
Zhuque
2
In development
Antares 330
Ariane 6
Bloostar
Cyclone-4M
Epsilon S
Eris
Gravity-2
Hyperbola-2
Irtysh
Kuaizhou
21
31
Long March
9
10
12
Miura 5
MLV
Neutron
New Glenn
New Line 1
NGLV
Nova
OS-M
2
4
Orbex Prime
Pallas-1
Red Dwarf
SLS
Block 1B
Block 2
Soyuz-7
Terran R
Tianlong-3
VLM
Vega E
Zero
Zhuque
3
Zuljanah
Retired
Antares
110
120
130†
230
230+
Ariane
1
2
3
4
5
ASLV
Athena
I
II
Atlas
B
D
E/F
G
H
I
II
III
LV-3B
SLV-3
Able†
Agena
Centaur
Black Arrow
Conestoga†
Delta
A
B
C
D
E
G
J
L
M
N
0100
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
II
III
IV
IV Heavy
Diamant
Dnepr
Energia
Epsilon
Europa
I†
II†
Falcon 1
Falcon 9
v1.0
v1.1
v1.2 "Full Thrust"
Feng Bao 1
GSLV
Mk I
H-I
H-II
H-IIB
Juno I
Juno II
Kaituozhe-1
Kosmos
original
1
2/2I
3
3M
Lambda
4S
LauncherOne
Long March
1
1D†
2A
2E
3
3B
4A
Mu
4S
3C
3H
3S
3SII
V
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N-I
N-II
Naro-1
Paektusan†
Pilot-2†
R-7
Luna
Molniya
M
L
Polyot
Soyuz
original
FG
L
M
U
U2
Soyuz/Vostok
Sputnik
Voskhod
Vostok
L
K
2
2M
R-29
Shtil'
Volna†
Rocket 3
Safir
1
1A
1B
Saturn
I
IB
V
Scout
X-1
Blue Scout II†
X-2†
X-2M
X-3
X-3M
X-4
X-2B†
B
A
B-1
D-1
A-1
E-1
F-1
G-1
Shavit
original
1
SLV
Space Shuttle
SPARK†
Sparta
SS-520
Start-1
Terran 1†
Thor
Able
Ablestar
1
2
Agena
A
B
D
Burner
1
2
Delta
DSV-2U
Thorad-Agena
SLV-2G
SLV-2H
Titan
II GLV
IIIA
IIIB
IIIC
IIID
IIIE
34D
23G
CT-3
IV
Tsyklon
R-36-O
original
2
3
Universal Rocket
UR-500 Proton
Proton-K
Rokot
Strela
Vanguard
VLS-1†
Zenit
2
2M
2FG
3SL
3SLB
3F
Zhuque
1†
Classes
Sounding rocket
Small-lift launch vehicle
Medium-lift launch vehicle
Heavy-lift launch vehicle
Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future
Symbol † indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"GRAU index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAU_index"},{"link_name":"launch vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Kosmos rocket family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)"},{"link_name":"UDMH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsymmetrical_dimethylhydrazine"},{"link_name":"red fuming nitric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fuming_nitric_acid"},{"link_name":"PO Polyot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_Corporation_Polyot"},{"link_name":"Omsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omsk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kanopus-ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanopus-ST&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Kosmos-3M (Russian: Космос-3М meaning \"Cosmos\", GRAU index 11K65M) was a Russian space launch vehicle, member of the Kosmos rocket family. 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It was originally scheduled to be retired from service in 2011;[2] however, in April 2010 the Commander of the Russian Space Forces confirmed that it would be retired by the end of 2010.[3] One further launch, with Kanopus-ST, was planned; however, this was cancelled in late 2012 as the launch vehicle had exceeded its design life while in storage ahead of the launch.","title":"Kosmos-3M"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Launches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Northern Dvina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dvina"},{"link_name":"Yuri Andropov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Andropov"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"QuickBird 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickBird"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A total of 446 Kosmos 3Ms were launched from 1967 to 2010, with 22 failures. Some of the more noteworthy ones:On 22 December 1970, a launch of a target vehicle for ASAT tests lost thrust at liftoff and fell back onto the pad at Plesetsk, exploding and badly damaging it.[citation needed]On 26 June 1973, a Kosmos 3M exploded on the pad at Plesetsk during a propellant loading accident, killing nine people.[12]An attempted launch of an Intercosmos scientific satellite on 3 June 1975 failed 84 seconds into the launch when the first stage engine shut down.[citation needed]An attempted launch of a military radar calibration satellite on 25 January 1983 suffered another first stage failure about 40 seconds into launch when the RD-219 started losing thrust. The onboard computer automatically shut the engine off and the launch vehicle fell into the Northern Dvina. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountancy_Age_Awards | Accountancy Age | ["1 History","2 Awards","3 Readership","4 References","5 External links"] | Online trade publication
Accountancy AgeEditorMichael McCawFormer editorsAustin Clark, Emma Smith, Gavin Hinks, Beth McLoughlin, Damian WildStaff writersTom Lemmon, Chris Jewers, Shannon Moyer, Leanna Reeves, Jeremy ChanCategoriesAccountancy, finance, tax, systemsFirst issue1969CompanyContentiveCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishWebsitewww.accountancyage.comISSN0001-4672
Accountancy Age is an online trade publication for accountants and financial staff in the United Kingdom. After running from 1969 to 2011 with a circulation of over 60,000 in print, it changed with effect from May 2011 to an online-only publication.
History
Accountancy Age was first published on 5 December 1969, by Michael Heseltine's company Haymarket Publishing. Haymarket later sold Accountancy Age and Computing magazine to become the mainstay journals of VNU Business Publications Ltd, which formed in 1980. The parent company, Dutch media group VNU, was acquired by a group of private equity firms in 2006, and renamed as The Nielsen Company. They then sold the business publications division to venture capital group 3i, which in February 2007 sold the UK company to Incisive Media.
Incisive announced in April 2011 that the last print edition would be dated 21 April 2011.
In 2015, Incisive sold Accountancy Age and Financial Director to Contentive.
Awards
From 1995 to 2010 the magazine organised and hosted The Accountancy Age Awards for accountancy firms, individuals, teams, initiatives and software packages. In 2011 these were succeeded by the British Accountancy Awards.
The magazine has itself won various awards including
a top 500 UK "Business Superbrand" in 2007 and the 2008 Award for "Editorial Team of the Year" from the Association of Online Publishers. Liam Saunders' weekly cartoon "Colin" won the Workworld Media Award for "Cartoonist of the Year" in 2003.
Readership
The target audience is British qualified accountants. The AOP's editorial award case study refers to "senior figures at big four firms and in government swearing by the team’s newswires, live blogs, and multimedia industry coverage", and the website claims that it is considered the "independent voice of the profession".
References
^ Damian Wild at BusinessGreen.com
^ "ABC Profile Certificate of Circulation" (PDF). Audit Bureau of Circulations. 30 June 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2005. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
^ First issue of Accountancy Age, 5 Dec 1969
^ Acquisition of VNU Business Publications Ltd Archived April 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Incisive Media press release, 8 Feb 2007
^ Incisive to buy VNU Business Publications, Daily Telegraph, February 6, 2007
^ Incisive Media discontinues the print edition of Accountancy Age,
Accountancy Age, 15 Apr 2011
^ Incisive Media has sold the Accountancy Age and Financial Director brands to Blenheim Chalcot and its portfolio company Contentive.
^ Accountancy Age Awards.com: 2010 Awards
^ "Companies House wins Awards: Accountancy Age Awards 2006". Companies House. 2006. Archived from the original on 2011-11-26. Retrieved 18 November 2011. 12 year history of the awards
^ British Accountancy Awards
^ Business media 'Superbrands' recognised Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, PPA News, 13 March 2008
^ a b Accountancy Age - Winner of Editorial Team - Business 2008 Archived 2009-05-04 at the Wayback Machine, UK AOP case study, 28 October 2008
^ "Colin". 10 March 2011.
^ In other news Archived April 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, The Comics Journal, 17 November 2003
^ Accountancy Age Archived April 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine at Incisive Media website
External links
AccountancyAge.com – official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountant"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"online-only publication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_publishing"}],"text":"Accountancy Age is an online trade publication for accountants and financial staff in the United Kingdom. After running from 1969 to 2011 with a circulation of over 60,000 in print,[2] it changed with effect from May 2011 to an online-only publication.","title":"Accountancy Age"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Heseltine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Heseltine"},{"link_name":"Haymarket Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first-3"},{"link_name":"Computing magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news2007-4"},{"link_name":"VNU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_Nederlandse_Uitgeverijen"},{"link_name":"The Nielsen Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nielsen_Company"},{"link_name":"3i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3i"},{"link_name":"Incisive Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisive_Media"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vnubpl-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Accountancy Age was first published on 5 December 1969, by Michael Heseltine's company Haymarket Publishing.[3] Haymarket later sold Accountancy Age and Computing magazine to become the mainstay journals of VNU Business Publications Ltd, which formed in 1980.[4] The parent company, Dutch media group VNU, was acquired by a group of private equity firms in 2006, and renamed as The Nielsen Company. They then sold the business publications division to venture capital group 3i, which in February 2007 sold the UK company to Incisive Media.[5]Incisive announced in April 2011 that the last print edition would be dated 21 April 2011.[6]In 2015, Incisive sold Accountancy Age and Financial Director to Contentive.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aop-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"From 1995 to 2010 the magazine organised and hosted The Accountancy Age Awards for accountancy firms, individuals, teams, initiatives and software packages.[8][9] In 2011 these were succeeded by the British Accountancy Awards.[10]The magazine has itself won various awards including \na top 500 UK \"Business Superbrand\" in 2007[11] and the 2008 Award for \"Editorial Team of the Year\" from the Association of Online Publishers.[12] Liam Saunders' weekly cartoon \"Colin\"[13] won the Workworld Media Award for \"Cartoonist of the Year\" in 2003.[14]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British qualified accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_qualified_accountants"},{"link_name":"big four firms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(audit_firms)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aop-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-incisive-aa-15"}],"text":"The target audience is British qualified accountants. The AOP's editorial award case study refers to \"senior figures at big four firms and in government swearing by the team’s newswires, live blogs, and multimedia industry coverage\",[12] and the website claims that it is considered the \"independent voice of the profession\".[15]","title":"Readership"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"ABC Profile Certificate of Circulation\" (PDF). Audit Bureau of Circulations. 30 June 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2005. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Brownlow | Mr Brownlow | ["1 The novel","2 Sources","3 Variations","4 Portrayals","5 References"] | Fictional character in Oliver Twist
Fictional character
Mr BrownlowOliver is shocked when the Artful Dodger steals Mr Brownlow's handkerchief at the bookstall. Illustration by George Cruikshank.In-universe informationGenderMaleFamilyOliver Twist (adopted son)NationalityEnglish
Mr Brownlow is a character from the 1838 novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. Brownlow is a bookish and kindly middle-aged bachelor who helps Oliver escape the clutches of Fagin. He later adopts Oliver Twist by the end of the novel.
The novel
Mr Brownlow is introduced when the Artful Dodger and his companion Charley Bates pick his pocket and Oliver Twist is arrested simply for "looking guilty". Later, in court, Brownlow discovers Oliver is completely innocent and, after dealing with the extremely agitated magistrate, Mr Fang, he takes him home fearing the boy to be very ill, which he is. He calls on a doctor, who after making frequent incorrect guesses to Oliver's condition, simply concludes the boy is recovering from a fever.
Brownlow's maid, Mrs Bedwin, is a kind old lady who immediately takes to Oliver upon his arrival. Later, when Grimwig, an old friend of Brownlow's, evaluates the boy and his condition, a boy arrives from the book shop but fails to take some other books that needed to be returned. Oliver volunteers to return them and takes off, much to the chagrin and doubt of Mr Grimwig, who is revealed to be cynical in nature, expecting the boy to return to his old life among the lower class and promises to "eat his head" should the boy return in 10 minutes. A watch is set down and the waiting begins. Later, after Oliver is captured by Nancy and Bill Sikes, it is revealed that much later, close to midnight, the two men are still waiting in the dark. (In the 1997 film version of the novel, Mr Brownlow asks Oliver to take a couple of books and some money and asks him to be back in half an hour, although Oliver says he will be back in 20 minutes.)
The next mention of Brownlow occurs when Mr Bumble rears him after he sees a notice in a newspaper that offers five guineas for any knowledge about Oliver's past or whereabouts; it was a sticky encounter. Mr Bumble at once tells Brownlow that Oliver was born from deplorable lineage and, ever since birth, Oliver has done nothing but display ingratitude and malice. He also mentions Oliver had attacked another boy without provocation and shows Brownlow reports to prove it. Brownlow does not want to believe it at first, but gradually comes to conclusion that Oliver had been playing him for a fool and requests Oliver's name should not be invoked in his household ever again. His housekeeper Mrs Bedwin, however, feels that Oliver was truly a good child and not a criminal.
When Oliver is taken in by the Maylies and asks the kind Dr Losberne to take him to Brownlow's home in London – only to find the house is "FOR LEASE". The only clue to his whereabouts are from his neighbours mentioning the West Indies, saying he was looking for someone.
When Mr Brownlow returns to London, Oliver by chance spots him and can clear his name. Mr Brownlow is very happy about that and takes Oliver in once again, taking part in Nancy's plot to save Oliver from Fagin. At the end of the book, Brownlow officially adopts Oliver as his son.
Sources
The Foundling Restored to its Mother (1858) by Emma Brownlow, depicting her father John Brownlow (behind desk)
Mr Brownlow's name and character generally believed to be derived from John Brownlow, the director of the Foundling Hospital, which was dedicated to looking after abandoned and unwanted children. Dickens, a regular visitor to the hospital, knew Brownlow well. Dickens scholar Robert Alan Colby argues that "in naming Oliver's benefactor Mr Brownlow, Dickens seems to have been paying a tribute to one of the most dedicated social servants of his age". In 1831, seven years before Dickens wrote Oliver Twist, John Brownlow had written a novel about an orphan called Hans Sloane - a Tale, which has a plot broadly similar to Dickens's later work. Several critics have suggested that Dickens took aspects of the basic plot of his novel from Brownlow's earlier work, so the name may have been a tribute for two reasons.
Variations
Brownlow is presented as Oliver's grandfather in David Lean's 1948 film version of the novel (actor: Henry Stephenson). This is also the case in the stage musical version. In the musical, after retrieving him from London Bridge, where Nancy is murdered while trying to return the boy to Brownlow, it is assumed that Oliver goes to live with him. However, this may vary between productions as in the latest revival, as in the 1968 film Oliver is taken hostage and subsequently saved when Bill is shot during his escape attempt (actor: Joseph O'Conor).
In the film version of Oliver!, Brownlow is made into Oliver's great-uncle, and the boy is saved, not at London Bridge, but from the rooftops of London, where Bill Sikes, who has murdered Nancy and taken Oliver as a hostage, has forced him to crawl out on a wooden hoist in order to loop a rope that Sikes intends to use in his escape. However, Sikes is shot by a police officer below, and Oliver is saved.
In Disney's Oliver & Company, Brownlow's variant is represented as a little girl named Jenny Foxworth (actress: Natalie Gregory), who is cared for by her butler Winston while her parents are on a business trip to Europe. She adopts the kitten Oliver after a failed heist and is the one who names him. Unlike the novel, after Oliver disappears, Jenny begins searching for him with the help of her dog Georgette (the film's version of Charlotte) and runs into Fagin who is moved by her plight and gives Oliver back. She is soon after kidnapped by Bill Sykes for a ransom and a chase ensues with Fagin, Oliver and the dogs rescue her and accept her as friends.
Portrayals
Actors who have portrayed Mr Brownlow in films and TV:
Lionel Belmore (1922 film)
Alec B. Francis (1933 film)
Henry Stephenson (1948 film)
George Cruzon (1962, TV serial)
Joseph O'Conor (1968 musical)
Michael Hordern (1982, TV film)
Frank Middlemass (1985, TV serial)
Anthony Finigan (1997, TV film)
Michael Kitchen (1999, miniseries)
Edward Hardwicke (2005 film)
Edward Fox (2007, miniseries)
References
^ Rachel Bowlby, A Child of One's Own: Parental Stories, Oxford University Press, 2013, p.99.
^ a b Colby, R, Fiction with a purpose: major and minor nineteenth-century novels, Indiana University Press, 1967, p.128.
^ Paroissien, David, Oliver Twist: an annotated bibliography, Garland, 1986, p.250.
vteCharles Dickens's Oliver TwistCharacters
Oliver Twist
Bill Sikes
Fagin
Mr Brownlow
Nancy
Rose Maylie
Monks
The Artful Dodger
Charley Bates
Mr Sowerberry
Mr. Bumble
Film adaptations
Oliver Twist (1909)
Oliver Twist (1912)
Oliver Twist (1912)
Oliver Twist (1916)
Oliver Twist (1919)
Oliver Twist (1922)
Oliver Twist (1933)
Oliver Twist (1948)
Oliver! (1968)
Oliver Twist (1974)
Las Aventuras de Oliver Twist (1987)
Oliver Twist (2005)
Film retellings
Manik (1961)
Chitti Tammudu (1962)
Oliver & Company (1988)
Twisted (1996)
Twist (2003)
Boy Called Twist (2004)
Twist (2021)
TV adaptations
Oliver Twist (1962 TV serial)
Oliver Twist (1982 American-British TV film)
Oliver Twist (1982 Australian TV film)
Oliver Twist (1985 TV serial)
Saban's Adventures of Oliver Twist (1996 TV series)
Oliver Twist (1997 TV film)
Oliver Twist (1999 TV series)
Oliver Twist (2007 TV series)
Play
Oliver! (1960)
Songs
"As Long as He Needs Me"
"Consider Yourself"
"Food, Glorious Food"
"I'd Do Anything"
"Oliver!"
"Oom-Pah-Pah"
"Where Is Love?"
"You've Got to Pick a Pocket or Two"
"Be Back Soon"
Related
Oliver! (soundtrack to the 1968 film)
Escape of the Artful Dodger (2001 TV series retelling)
Fagin the Jew (2003 graphic novel)
Oliver and the Artful Dodger (1972 TV film)
I'd Do Anything (2008 TV series)
Dodger (2022 TV series)
The Artful Dodger (2023 TV series) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"Oliver Twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Twist"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Oliver Twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Twist_(character)"}],"text":"Fictional characterMr Brownlow is a character from the 1838 novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. Brownlow is a bookish and kindly middle-aged bachelor who helps Oliver escape the clutches of Fagin. 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He calls on a doctor, who after making frequent incorrect guesses to Oliver's condition, simply concludes the boy is recovering from a fever.Brownlow's maid, Mrs Bedwin, is a kind old lady who immediately takes to Oliver upon his arrival. Later, when Grimwig, an old friend of Brownlow's, evaluates the boy and his condition, a boy arrives from the book shop but fails to take some other books that needed to be returned. Oliver volunteers to return them and takes off, much to the chagrin and doubt of Mr Grimwig, who is revealed to be cynical in nature, expecting the boy to return to his old life among the lower class and promises to \"eat his head\" should the boy return in 10 minutes. A watch is set down and the waiting begins. Later, after Oliver is captured by Nancy and Bill Sikes, it is revealed that much later, close to midnight, the two men are still waiting in the dark. (In the 1997 film version of the novel, Mr Brownlow asks Oliver to take a couple of books and some money and asks him to be back in half an hour, although Oliver says he will be back in 20 minutes.)The next mention of Brownlow occurs when Mr Bumble rears him after he sees a notice in a newspaper that offers five guineas for any knowledge about Oliver's past or whereabouts; it was a sticky encounter. Mr Bumble at once tells Brownlow that Oliver was born from deplorable lineage and, ever since birth, Oliver has done nothing but display ingratitude and malice. He also mentions Oliver had attacked another boy without provocation and shows Brownlow reports to prove it. Brownlow does not want to believe it at first, but gradually comes to conclusion that Oliver had been playing him for a fool and requests Oliver's name should not be invoked in his household ever again. His housekeeper Mrs Bedwin, however, feels that Oliver was truly a good child and not a criminal.When Oliver is taken in by the Maylies and asks the kind Dr Losberne to take him to Brownlow's home in London – only to find the house is \"FOR LEASE\". The only clue to his whereabouts are from his neighbours mentioning the West Indies, saying he was looking for someone.When Mr Brownlow returns to London, Oliver by chance spots him and can clear his name. Mr Brownlow is very happy about that and takes Oliver in once again, taking part in Nancy's plot to save Oliver from Fagin. At the end of the book, Brownlow officially adopts Oliver as his son.","title":"The novel"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Foundling_Restored_To_Its_Mother_1858.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emma Brownlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Brownlow"},{"link_name":"Foundling Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundling_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rob-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rob-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Foundling Restored to its Mother (1858) by Emma Brownlow, depicting her father John Brownlow (behind desk)Mr Brownlow's name and character generally believed to be derived from John Brownlow, the director of the Foundling Hospital, which was dedicated to looking after abandoned and unwanted children.[1] Dickens, a regular visitor to the hospital, knew Brownlow well. Dickens scholar Robert Alan Colby argues that \"in naming Oliver's benefactor Mr Brownlow, Dickens seems to have been paying a tribute to one of the most dedicated social servants of his age\".[2] In 1831, seven years before Dickens wrote Oliver Twist, John Brownlow had written a novel about an orphan called Hans Sloane - a Tale, which has a plot broadly similar to Dickens's later work. Several critics have suggested that Dickens took aspects of the basic plot of his novel from Brownlow's earlier work, so the name may have been a tribute for two reasons.[2][3]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Lean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lean"},{"link_name":"1948 film version of the novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Twist_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Henry Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"Joseph O'Conor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Conor"},{"link_name":"Bill Sikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Sikes"},{"link_name":"Oliver & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Natalie Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Gregory"},{"link_name":"ransom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom"}],"text":"Brownlow is presented as Oliver's grandfather in David Lean's 1948 film version of the novel (actor: Henry Stephenson). This is also the case in the stage musical version. In the musical, after retrieving him from London Bridge, where Nancy is murdered while trying to return the boy to Brownlow, it is assumed that Oliver goes to live with him. However, this may vary between productions as in the latest revival, as in the 1968 film Oliver is taken hostage and subsequently saved when Bill is shot during his escape attempt (actor: Joseph O'Conor).In the film version of Oliver!, Brownlow is made into Oliver's great-uncle, and the boy is saved, not at London Bridge, but from the rooftops of London, where Bill Sikes, who has murdered Nancy and taken Oliver as a hostage, has forced him to crawl out on a wooden hoist in order to loop a rope that Sikes intends to use in his escape. However, Sikes is shot by a police officer below, and Oliver is saved.In Disney's Oliver & Company, Brownlow's variant is represented as a little girl named Jenny Foxworth (actress: Natalie Gregory), who is cared for by her butler Winston while her parents are on a business trip to Europe. She adopts the kitten Oliver after a failed heist and is the one who names him. Unlike the novel, after Oliver disappears, Jenny begins searching for him with the help of her dog Georgette (the film's version of Charlotte) and runs into Fagin who is moved by her plight and gives Oliver back. She is soon after kidnapped by Bill Sykes for a ransom and a chase ensues with Fagin, Oliver and the dogs rescue her and accept her as friends.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lionel Belmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Belmore"},{"link_name":"Alec B. Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_B._Francis"},{"link_name":"Henry Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"George Cruzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Joseph O'Conor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Conor"},{"link_name":"Michael Hordern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hordern"},{"link_name":"Frank Middlemass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Middlemass"},{"link_name":"Anthony Finigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Finigan"},{"link_name":"Michael Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kitchen"},{"link_name":"Edward Hardwicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hardwicke"},{"link_name":"Edward Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fox_(actor)"}],"text":"Actors who have portrayed Mr Brownlow in films and TV:Lionel Belmore (1922 film)\nAlec B. Francis (1933 film)\nHenry Stephenson (1948 film)\nGeorge Cruzon (1962, TV serial)\nJoseph O'Conor (1968 musical)\nMichael Hordern (1982, TV film)\nFrank Middlemass (1985, TV serial)\nAnthony Finigan (1997, TV film)\nMichael Kitchen (1999, miniseries)\nEdward Hardwicke (2005 film)\nEdward Fox (2007, miniseries)","title":"Portrayals"}] | [{"image_text":"The Foundling Restored to its Mother (1858) by Emma Brownlow, depicting her father John Brownlow (behind desk)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Foundling_Restored_To_Its_Mother_1858.jpg/220px-The_Foundling_Restored_To_Its_Mother_1858.jpg"}] | null | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palni_hills | Palani Hills | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Ecoregions","4 Conservation","5 Geology","5.1 History","5.2 Mountains","5.3 Waterfalls","6 Climate","7 Tribes","8 Ecoregions","9 Flora and fauna","10 Threat aversion","11 Visitor information","12 References","13 External links"] | Coordinates: 10°12′N 77°28′E / 10.200°N 77.467°E / 10.200; 77.467Mountain range in India
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Palani HillsHighest pointElevation2,533 m (8,310 ft)Coordinates10°12′N 77°28′E / 10.200°N 77.467°E / 10.200; 77.467GeographyLocationTamil Nadu, IndiaParent rangeWestern GhatsClimbingEasiest routeLaws Ghat Road
Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park (proposed)Kodaikanal Wildlife SanctuaryThe Palani HillsLocationDindigul district, Tamil Nadu, IndiaNearest cityKodaikanalCoordinates10°14′43″N 77°31′26″E / 10.24528°N 77.52389°E / 10.24528; 77.52389Area736.87 square kilometres (284.51 sq mi)Governing bodyTamil Nadu Forest DepartmentThe Palani Hills are a mountain range in the southern Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The Palani Hills are an eastward extension of the Western Ghats ranges, which run parallel to the west coast of India. The Palani Hills adjoin with the high Anamalai range on the west and extend east into the plains of Tamil Nadu, covering an area of 2,068 square kilometres (798 sq mi). The highest part of the range is in the southwest, and reaches 1,800-2,500 metres (5,906-8,202 feet) elevation; the eastern extension of the range is made up of hills 1,000-1,500 m (3,281-4,921 ft) high.
It is also home to the main temple of Murugan, who is worshipped as a major deity in Tamil Nadu.
The Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park is a proposed protected area in Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu. The park will be an upgrade and expansion of the 736.87 km2 (284.51 sq mi) Palani Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary which was to be established in 2008. The park includes about 36% of the 2,068 km2 (798 sq mi) in the Palani Hills. The park is located between latitude 10°7'–10°28' N and longitude 77°16'–77°46' E. Central location is 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) east northeast of Silver Cascade Waterfall and 4 km (2.5 mi) E X NE of Kodaikanal Lake.
History
Boundary of the Wildlife SanctuaryThe Palani Hills derive their name from the ancient temple town of Palani (பழநி in Tamil) located at the northern base of the hills.
In 1906, the great undulating plateau on top of the Palanis comprising four forest ranges were consolidated under the Indian Forest Act of 1878 and designated by the British Government as a single reserve forest, from Kodaikanal town to the Kerala state border in the west and the Bodinayakkanur town limits to the south, and given the name of the Ampthill Downs. It was over 140 square kilometres (53 sq mi) in extent and about one quarter of it then consisted of sholas and three quarters was open, rolling, grassy downs.
The Ampthill Downs area is now named Upper Palani Shola Reserved Forest and totals 145.7 square kilometres (56.3 sq mi) (36,000 acres) of forest land. It is the largest reserve forest division in the Palani Hills. The core of the proposed Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary awaiting government notification is located in this division.
In 1988, the new 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi) Kodaikanal-Berijam Wildlife Sanctuary was included in the protected area proposals considered to be of national priority status by the Wildlife Institute of India. In the early 1990s, the Tamil Nadu Forest Department submitted a proposal to the State government to protect much of the Palani Hills by declaring the area a wildlife sanctuary or a national park.
The proposed park area includes only reserve forest land. These forests are already among the protected areas of Tamil Nadu. Their upgrade to Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park will increase their IUCN status from level VI - Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources to IV - Habitat/Species Management Area or II - National Park and improve the habitat and wildlife conservation of the area.
The sanctuary has been under consideration of the Government of India in consultation with the Government of Tamil Nadu since 1999. The actual park boundaries have not been finalized. In 2007, proposals for declaration of Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary were under consideration of the Government.
On 13 August 2012, in an apparent change away from plans for notification of parts of the Palani Hills as a separate wildlife sanctuary, the Tamil Nadu Gazette notification attached parts of Kodaikanal and Dindigul divisions of reserve forests to the buffer zone of Annamalai Tiger Reserve. About 5155.42 hectares of forest land belonging to Palani Hills Northern Slope, Andipatty reserve forest, 4,344.53 acres in Kudraiyar block forest and 5,548.49 hectares in Mannavanur Range in Kodaikanal will be included in the buffer zone. The villages and hamlets that now form part of the Palani Hills buffer zone are Poondi, Mannavanur, Kilavarai, Polur, Kavunchi, Kumbur, Kilanavayal, Kukkal, Pazhamputhur and Puthurpuram.
The increasingly important economic role of Eco-tourism, including trekking, hiking, camping, mountaineering, rock climbing and bird watching may help the local populace to welcome this new Protected area. It remains to be seen whether the Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park will stimulate or stifle commercial development and tourism. The decision to finally establish the park must balance short term financial benefits of the status quo versus long term stability of the natural and human community.
Geography
Vandaravu peak is the highest peak in the Palani hills. The range lies between the Cumbum Valley on the south, which is drained by the Vaigai River and its upper tributaries, and the Kongunadu region to the north. The northern slopes are drained by the Shanmukha River, Nanganji River, and Kodavanar River, which are tributaries of the Kaveri River. The range lies mostly within Dindigul district, except in the western portion, where it forms the boundary between Dindigul district and Theni district to the south and Idukki District to the south west. The hill station of Kodaikanal lies in the southern central portion of the range. Palani Hills joined with Anamalai Hills and Cardamom Hills at Anamudi peak in Kerala state. Vattavada in Kerala is a part of Palani hills.
The Palni Hills are an eastward spur of the Western Ghats with a maximum east–west length of 65 kilometres (40 mi), and a north–south width of 40 kilometres (25 mi). Area is 2,064 square kilometres (797 sq mi). These hills rise in steep escarpments to a high undulating plateau ranging from 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) to over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) elevation.
The western extremity of the park is contiguous with the Manjampatti Valley core area of the Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park and with The Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala. The Kurinjimala Sanctuary in Kerala borders the southwestern corner of the park. These Wildlife Sanctuaries are adjacent to the recently established Eravikulam National Park.
The park area includes only reserve forest land, including Palni Hills Northern Slope East, Kallar, Palni Hills Southern Slope East, Upper Palni Shola, Allinagaram, and Palni Hills Northern Slope West Reserve Forests in the Dindigul and Kodaikanal Forest Divisions.
Ecoregions
View of the Palani Hills from Kodaikanal
The lower elevations of the Palani Hills, between 250 and 1,000 m (820-3,281 ft), are part of the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests ecoregion. Above 1,000 m (3,281 ft), the deciduous forests transition to the evergreen South Western Ghats montane rain forests. In the highest portions of the range, above 2,000 m (6,562 ft), the montane rainforests give way to shola-grassland mosaic, made up of frost-tolerant montane grasslands interspersed with pockets of stunted shola forests. The hills extend into Kerala as Pampadum Shola National Park.
Conservation
The Palani Hills are currently subject to increasing development pressure as it is under developed for a long time. The Palani Hills Conservation Council, a non-governmental organization headquartered in Kodaikanal, was founded in 1985. In the early 1990s the Tamil Nadu Forest Department proposed to the Tamil Nadu state government that much of the range be granted protected status as a wildlife sanctuary or Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park.
Geology
Perumal Malai in distance seen from Anna Salai, Street bazaar, Kodaikanal, 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) away
Vellari Malai Peak, seen from Talinji Village, 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) away
3. Bear Shola Falls
5. Fairy Falls
8. Neptune Falls and Pool
10. Pambar Falls
11. Silver Cascade, 55 m high, < 1/4 flow
12. Thaliar Falls 975 feet (297 m) high
History
The Palani Hills are formed of pre-Cambrian gneisses, charnockites and schists; they are among the oldest mountain ranges in India. The park is an eastward extension of the Western Ghats hills formed by separation of the India-Madagascar-Seychelles blocks of East Gondwana in the Early Cretaceous period about 120 million years ago.
It is surrounded to the north, east and south by the Deccan Plateau formed later in the massive Deccan Traps eruption 66 million years ago as India drifted over the Reunion Hotspot.
Mountains
The Palani hills are most prominent towards the west, ranging from 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) to 2,553 metres (8,376 ft) (5,906 ft - 8,376 ft). The ten most prominent peaks are:
Vandaravu 2,553 metres (8,376 ft),
Ibex Peak 2,517 metres (8,258 ft)
Vembadi Peak 2,505 metres (8,219 ft),
Gundar 2,461 metres (8,074 ft),
Karunmakadu 2,451 metres (8,041 ft),
Sandana Parai 2,404 metres (7,887 ft)
Venkombu 2,327 metres (7,635 ft)
Tina Vardi 2,270 metres (7,450 ft),
Perumal Malai 2,236 metres (7,336 ft),
Vellari Malai 2,229 metres (7,313 ft)
The hill station of Kodaikanal stands in a 2,195 m (7,202 ft) high basin at the southern edge of the central part. The eastern end of the park is made of hills 1000–1500 m (3,281 ft - 4,921 ft) high.
The Tamil Nadu Department of Geology and Mining has completed detailed Geo-Technical Studies of the Palni Hills determining moderate to high landslide danger in much of the area.
Waterfalls
Main article: List_of_waterfalls_in_India § Tamil_Nadu
There are many waterfalls throughout the park which are popular tourist attractions. Some of the prominent falls associated with the park are: (Distances are referenced from km 0.0 at the bund (dam) on northeast end of Kodaikanal lake at .)
Alanthoni Falls at 20 metres (66 ft) high, elevation 590 metres (1,940 ft) in Manjampatti Valley, core area of Indira Gandhi National Park, between Talinji and Manjampatti villages on the Ten Ar River, public access restricted.
Bamen Falls
Bear Shola Falls at 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Kodaikanal,
Fairy Falls at 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Kodaikanal),
Glen Falls at Vilpatti on Palar (Kallar) River
Gundar Falls at A dangerous sheer cliff that drops over 100 metres (330 ft), to the first level, then drops off a couple more times to the plains.
Neptune Falls and Pool at, 400 metres (1,300 ft) are down a pine needle path through large pines beginning on left of road .5 kilometres (0.31 mi) past Forest Dept. Nursery, 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from Kodaikanal on Poombrai Road.
Palar Upper Falls also called Anju Veedu Falls (Five House Falls), 85 metres (279 ft) photo, photo, on Palar stream 5.5 km southeast of Palar Reservoir and 1.7 km downstream north from Ganesha Puram village, per 1974 survey map. 27 kilometres (17 mi) from Kodaikanal), in the Vilpatti Range. Spectacular waterfalls with dangerous currents. This stream originates in the Kodaikanal lake.
Palar Lower falls 103 metres (338 ft) photo, photo, on Palar stream 5.5 km southeast of Palar Reservoir and 1.7 km downstream north from Ganesha Puram village, per 1974 survey map. 27 kilometres (17 mi) from Kodaikanal), in the Vilpatti Range. Spectacular waterfalls with dangerous currents. This stream originates in the Kodaikanal lake.
Poombarai Falls
Pambar Falls (also called Liril or Vatakanal) at, elevation 2,120 metres (6,960 ft), is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) SE from Kodaikanal.
Silver Cascade at 55 metres (180 ft) high, is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Kodaikanal) on the Ghat Road.
Skamba Falls at is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) NE from Kodaikanal).
Snake Falls Just below Pambar Falls where Levigne stream comes out of Pambar Shola. Is particularly visible from Priests Walk and from top end of Coolie Ghat just below Shenbuganour.
Thalaiyar Falls, (Rat Tail Falls) at, elevation 820 metres (2,690 ft), is 975 feet (297 m) (297 meters) high. It is the highest waterfall in Tamil Nadu and the third highest in India.
Gaur Vellaiyan Falls at, 52 feet (16 m) high, is along the Kilavarai trail between Kilavarai and intersection 11 with Kodaikanal–Munnar Road, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Kodaikanal.
Kathirikkai Falls is at, elevation 2,270 metres (7,450 ft). There is small pool above this 50 m (160 ft) waterfall just southwest of the Kodaikanal–Munnar Road crossing the Kathirikkai Odei (the Second Trout Stream) 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) west of the Forest Dept Hut.
Unnamed Falls at is on Dolphins Nose Trail.
Unnamed Falls 16m at, 16 metres (52 ft) high, is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southwest of Vandaravu Peak in remote southwest corner of Palani Hills.
Kudiraiyar River Falls at Kookkal Kombai, 90 metres (300 ft) high, is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) walk northwest of Kukkal.
Kukkal Falls unnamed? at .6 kilometres (0.37 mi) southwest of Kukkal village center
Polur Falls (போளூர் அருவி) at .
Poondi Falls at estimated from Army Map and contours
Kumbakarai Falls located in the lower Palni foothills, along the Kodai-Vellagavi-Periyakulam footpath. These falls have two stages. At the first stage water collects in huge rock recesses which are each named after wild animals such as tiger, elephant and snake. The Pambar river then flows .5 kilometres (0.31 mi) to the second stage before falling as the main waterfall. Bathing is allowed. There is a bus from Periyakulam with fare of Rs. 5(6.00,7.00 13.00,15.30,16.30 hrs).
Unnamed Falls 10m, in Allinagaram Reserved Forest, elevation 2,220 metres (7,280 ft), location estimated from Map
Unnamed Falls 15m height 15 metres (49 ft), elevation 2,170 metres (7,120 ft), location estimated from Map
Name
Height
Location
Details
Ananthoni Falls
20 metres (66 ft)
between Talinji and Manjampatti villages on the Ten Ar River in Manjampatti Valley, core area of Indira Gandhi National Park, public access restricted.|
Climate
Kodaikanal, India
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
59
18
8
35
19
9
53
20
10
136
21
12
146
21
13
98
19
12
122
18
11
153
18
11
186
18
11
254
17
11
235
16
10
141
17
9
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mmSource: Indian Meteorological Department
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
2.3
64
47
1.4
65
47
2.1
68
50
5.4
69
53
5.8
70
55
3.8
66
54
4.8
64
53
6
64
52
7.3
65
52
10
63
51
9.3
62
49
5.6
62
48
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
The Palani Hills have a montane tropical monsoon climate which varies from west to east. Generally, as one proceeds from the Kerala border in the west to the foothills in the east, average rainfall decreases and temperature increases. Compared to the Deccan plateau and the southwestern coastal plains, temperatures vary from moderate to quite cool. In the central Palani Hills at Kodaikanal, during March to May, the temperature range is between 10.1 and 20.9 °C (50.2 and 69.6 °F). The temperature can rise to a high of 35 °C (95 °F). During December to February it is between 8.1 and 18.6 °C (46.6 and 65.5 °F). In January, night temperatures sometimes drop below freezing, and thin ice is seen on lake edges in the early morning.
The climate of the upper Palnis has four clearly defined seasons:
the dry season, usually between January and March, during which rain is scarce and limited to around 10 rainy days, the air is crisp, dry and cold, and when ground frost occurs;
The warm season of April and May when most tourists arrive for their holiday in the hills and when summer showers and rain may fall on 18 to 20 days;
The Southwest monsoon season extends between June and September, with around 45 days of rainfall spread over the four months;
The Northeast monsoon season from October through early December, when rain is abundant and occurs over 30 or more days. Depending on the timing of the northeast monsoon, the latter half of December may experience a few days of heavy rain or remain completely dry.
The average annual rainfall is 1,617 millimetres (63.7 in), mostly during the north-east monsoon.
Tribes
Paliyan woman & children.
Nomadic Paliyan tribes people have been seen living in some of the several caves in Manjampatti Valley. Paliyan people can be seen near Kukal Cave. The Tamil speaking Pulayan are referred to as the MalaPulayans, a group categorized as scheduled caste by State government of Tamil Nadu. Their traditional livelihood is foraging yams and small gaming in the nearby forest areas combined with cultivation of several species of minor millets in small plots located near their hamlets to meet their subsistence requirements.
They live in small hamlets in huts and government constructed colonies. The sedentary life started with the construction of group houses by the government in the early sixties. The community is vertically divided into two sub divisions called Koora and Kanni, further subdivided into 47 sub sects. Each sub sect is called Kootams, which regulates certain social events. Each kootam has its own deity, which is common to the entire group and once yearly the members of the same kootam assemble to worship the deity.
Many native tribals in the Palani Hills have partially assimilated modern culture but are marginalized on the fringes of society. Their social, economic and physical survival has become a difficult challenge for them and several public and private agencies. Their ancient culture in this area is well documented,.
Relics and artifacts of the Paliyan tribes people can be seen in the Shenbaganur Museum.
Ecoregions
Palani Hills Vegetation MapFull Map with Legend:
The Palani hills are the easternmost part of the Western Ghats of India, which is one of the 25 biodiversity hotspots of the world. Some of the very rare and endangered plants and animals of India are found here. including intact relics of primary indigenous vegetation and a large number of non-native plants.
The hills may be divided into four distinct vertical zones comprising distinct Ecoregions with a wide diversity of Endemic species.
The foothills from 400 to 800 metres (1,300 to 2,600 ft) consist mostly of Deccan thorn scrub forests and South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests. There is also some evergreen forest along streams and rivers at these altitudes.
Between 800 and 1,600 metres (2,600 and 5,200 ft) is dominated by South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests accompanied by shrub savannah, although most has been converted to plantations.
From 1,600 to 2,000 metres (5,200 to 6,600 ft) are upper montane slopes characterised by shola-grassland mosaic, composed of frost-tolerant montane grasslands on the hills interspersed with pockets of dense shola forests in the valleys. This is an undulating plateau interspersed with occasional peaks.
Peaks rising to over 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) with total area of 385 square kilometres (149 sq mi) and average elevation of 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) consist mostly of montane grasslands interspersed with sholas. The grassland component is now largely replaced by forest plantations of wattle, pine and some eucalyptus .
Flora and fauna
Nilgiri tahr
Grizzled giant squirrel
Indian elephant
Mammals: Wild are common in areas away from human habitation and cultivation.
Threatened species in the park area include: Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, Indian leopard, gaur (wild ox), Nilgiri tahr and grizzled giant squirrel.
Endangered Bengal tiger populations in the adjacent Project Tiger reserves of Anamalai Tiger Reserve and the Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in the Agasthyamalai hills could expand back into this area when it is better protected. In February 2010, tigers were sighted in Kodaikanal forests during a six-day carnivore signs survey. A tigress and her cub were spotted playing in the wild. Forest Department officials are studying survey data to estimate the local tiger population based on indirect evidence like pug marks, scats and scratches.Amphibians and reptiles: Several little-known and endemic species of amphibians like Raorchestes dubois, Ghatixalus asterops, Micrixalus nigraventris, Indirana leptodactyla, Nyctibatrachus deccanensis and reptiles like Salea anamallayana, Hemidactylus anamallensis, Kaestlea palnica, Kaestlea travancorica, Ristella rurkii, Platyplectrurus madurensis, Teretrurus rhodogaster, Uropeltis pulneyensis, Uropeltis broughami, Uropeltis woodmasoni, Ahaetulla dispar, Boiga dightoni and Trimeresurus macrolepis occur in this sanctuary. Other more widespread species of herpetofauna also occur lower down.
Plants:
'Ceropegia sp.'
Moist areas exist along the ravines and in the sheltered pockets of high elevation shola forests around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). These sholas are often hotspots of endemic plant life. Notable among these is Pambar Shola. The Pambar Shola, draining to the Pambar River, is now reduced to less than 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) in circumference. It contains several rare and endemic plant species including: Sonerila pulneyensis: a delicate Melastomataceae succulent herb endemic to Pambar Shola, Hoya wightii ssp. pulneyensis: a succulent vine with waxy flowers endemic to Pambar Shola', Plectranthus bourneate: a succulent herb endemic to Pambar Shola, Trichoglottis tenera: an epiphytic orchid. Pambar Shola is its major habitat, Phyllanthus chandrabosei: a shrub endemic to Pambar Shola, Huperzia sp.: a fern ally endemic to Pambar Shola, Selaginella sp.: a delicate creeping fern endemic to Pambar Shola, Psydraxficiformis: a tree, until recently thought extinct, Utleria salicifolia: only one clump known on the Palni hills, Elaeocarpus blascoi: a tree believed extinct until this year, Cyathea crinita: tree fern, highly endangered (Botanical Survey of India), Aeschynanthus perrottetii: known only from one other shola in the Palni hills, Eulophia sp.: a new species for the Palni hills first collected in April 2000,Actinodapohne bourneae: Laurel tree believed extinct (Botanical Survey of India). Two trees found in Pambar Shola, Ceropegia thwaitesii: vine, vulnerable, endemic to Pambar shola, Pimpinella pulneyensis: scarce, Exacum anamallayannum: gentian, only one other known location in Palni hills.
The comprehensive source on Palani Hills flora is currently in print: "The Flora of the Palni Hills, South India" by K.M. Matthew (1999), Tiruchirapalli, 3 vols., xcvi, 1880 p., figs., maps, $193 (set). ISBN 81-900539-3-0. Contents:
Volume I ISBN 81-900539-4-9: Polypetalae: Dedication. Preface. Novelties in this Flora. Precursory or related publications. References. Introduction. I. The Palni hills: 1. Location and physical features. 2. Kodaikanal: taluk and town. 3. Rivers. 4. Roads. 5. Table 2: Gazetteer of localities. 6. Climatic conditions at Kodaikanal. 7. Geology and soils. 8. History. 9. The vegetation: A. Native; B. Alien. 10. References. II. Plant explorations on the Palnis: 1. Past explorations: 1. The Bournes. 2. The Fysons. 3. The Shembaganur team. 4. Natural History Centre at Shembaganur (SHC). 5. Recent explorations. 6. References. 2. Present exploration: 1. Background and scope. 2. Field trip report. 3. Phytogeographical findings. 4. Ethnobotany. 5. Nature conservation. 3. The present Flora: Format and conventions. Acknowledgments. Family sequence. Key to families. Dicotyledones: I. Polypetalae: 1. Ranunculaceae. 2. Alangiaceae.
Volume II ISBN 81-900539-5-7: Gamopetalae: 1. Caprifoliaceae. 2. Labiatae. III. Monochlamvdeae: 1. Plantaginaceae. 2. Salicaceae.
Volume III ISBN 81-900539-6-5: Monocotyledones: 1. Orchidaceae. 2. Gramineae. II. Gymnospermae: 1. Gnetaceae. 2. Cycadaceae.
Kurinji flowers (Strobilanthes kunthiana) which blossom in spectacular fields of violet only once in 12 years are threatened.
Threat aversion
Main article: Kodaikanal § Mercury_pollution
Monoculture pine plantation near Bear Shola
There is decreasing biodiversity, deforestation, grasslands destruction, monoculture tree plantations, and invasive exotic plant species in the park. There is sewage pollution, solid waste pollution and mercury contamination, and mercury pollution. There is also sound pollution, visual pollution, uncontrolled tourism, overdevelopment and lake eutrophication in and near Kodaikanal town. The Government of Tamil Nadu and several local NGO conservation groups are actively working to reduce some of these threats:
The Government of Tamil Nadu completed establishment of a litter free zone and awareness campaign in Kodaikanal in 2000 at a cost of Rs 1. lakh.
The Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board, the Public Works Department and the local bodies are executing Bioremediation of Kodaikanal Lake under the National Lake Conservation Programme, with an expenditure of Rs.33.90 lakhs incurred till 2007.
The Tamil Nadu Forest Dept. is implementing forest maintenance and restoration works over a period of 5 years from 2006 to 2007. Government of Tamil Nadu has sanctioned a sum of Rs.30.00 crores for the following components:
Conservation and eco-restoration of degraded forests in Nilgiris and Palani Hills. During 2007–2008, it is proposed to take up degraded sholas over an extent of 3 square kilometres and to carry out other maintenance and improvement works at a cost of Rs. 590.75 lakhs.
Improvement of roads in the forest areas of Tamil Nadu.
Bio-diversity conservation.
Maintenance and special repairs to Forest Department buildings.
Raising shola seedlings for afforestation.
A sum of Rs.1327.50 lakhs has been released for this purpose during 2006–2007.
The Palani Hills Conservation Council (PHCC) was formed by concerned residents in 1985 One of its first goals was to support and push for the creation of a national park or a wildlife sanctuary in the Palni Hills. Zafar Futehally and M.S. Viraraghavan were its leaders. The PHCC made a clear connection between natural forests and water security and coined the phrase: "The health of the hills is the wealth of the plains." The PHCC generated a National Park proposal used by the Tamil Nadu Forest Department. One of the council's major contributions has been the creation of nurseries for indigenous trees. Today, thanks to its efforts, young shola trees thrive at Kodai institutions and in private gardens. The organisation sought to restrict unsustainable building development in the 1990s. The PHCC has been active in the case against mercury contamination of the once beautiful Pambar Shola.,
The Vattakanal Conservation Trust promotes the conservation of Palni Hills' native plants and habitats by raising plant nurseries, establishing conservation gardens, working with the Forest Department to restore habitats and acquiring properties to ensure survival of specific species and ecosystems
Kodaikanal International School supports and leads environmental initiatives in the surrounding area. It offers an International Baccalaureate Program course on Environmental Systems.
The Save Kurinji Campaign Council organises campaigns and programmes for conservation of the Kurinji plant and its habit.
The Tamil Nadu Green Movement works on Nature Education, Conservation awareness, Judicial intervention, media awareness and works with other NGOs in the Western Ghats.
Elephant Valley at Vilpatti, 8 km NW of Kodaikanal, is a 100-acre (0.40 km2) private nature reserve and organic farm welcoming eco-tourists. They promote the conservation of traditional varieties of fruits, vegetables and cereals, including vegetables of all colours, shapes and sizes and orchards of lime, orange, avocados, guavas and amla intercropped with coffee, pepper, vanilla, cinnamon, nutmeg, mangoes, jack fruit, pomegranate, guavas and bananas.
Visitor information
The Kodaikanal Division Forest Office offers a book called Kodaikanal Beauty in Wilderness, which has a list and map of local treks in the Kodaikanal area. Several trekking destinations are accessible from the Kodaikanal–Munnar Road. Permission from the Forest Department is necessary to visit areas deep inside the forests and for trekking in forests. Forest rest houses are available with advance reservation at Kodaikkanal, Poombarai, Kukkal, Kavunji, Berijam and Devadanapatty. Contact: District Forest officer, Kodaikkanal Forest Division, Kodaikanal, Dindigal District, Tamil Nadu, India. (open 10 am to 6 pm) Phone : 91-4542-240287
References
^ R. P. Singh, Zubairul Islam. Environmental Studies. Concept Publishing Company. p. 172. ISBN 978-81-8069-774-6. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
^ National Wildlife Data Center (2006). "List of Proposed Wildlife Sanctuaries in India". Wildlife Institute of India. Retrieved 26 March 2007.
^ "1.5.3. Biodiversity Conservation, Landscape and Protected Areas Management" (PDF). Policy note 2006-2007. Vol. Demand 15. Tamil Nadu Ministry of Forests and Environment. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
^ "Call for protection of Palani hills". The Hindu. 2006. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
^ Francis, W. Indian Civil Service (1906). "V - Forests". Madras District Gazetteers - Madura. Madras: Superintendent, Government Press. pp. 139 – on the Palni Plateaus.
^ Roshan, George. "National Parks and Sanctuaries : Kodaikanal". Wildvistas. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
^ Mathur, Vinod B.; Rogers, W. Alan; Panwar, Hemendra S. (2002). Wildlife Protected Area Network in India: A Review. Dehra Dun: Wildlife Institute of India. pp. Summary of Protected Area Proposals Considered to be of National Priority Status. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
^ The Hindu, Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 16, 02–15 August 2003, "On The Danger List" by Ian Lockwood, an excellent and comprehensive description of the Palani Hills "On The Danger List"
^ ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS DEPARTMENT, POLICY NOTE ON FOREST DEPARTMENT 2001-2002, DEMAND NO. 44 - FORESTS AND DEMAND NO.58 - CAPITAL OUTLAY ON FORESTS 9. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
^ Selvaraj, N., Minister for Forests. "1.5.3. Biodiversity Conservation, Landscape and Protected Areas Management" (PDF). POLICY NOTE 2006–2007 Demand No. 15. Chennai: Tamil Nadu Forest Department. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ K.A. Shaji (22 August 2012). "Gazette note doesn't exempt Topslip from core zone". The Times of India. Coimbatore: Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
^ Stationary and Printing Department (13 August 2012). "Environment and Forests Department – Declaration of Areas as Critical Tiger Habitats in the Three Tiger Reserves of the State of Tamil Nadu in the Interest of Conservation of Tiger Under Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972" (PDF). Extraordinary Gazette Publication 233. Chennai: Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
^ "Palni Hills". Kodaikanal: Vattakanal Conservation Trust. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
^ Kurinjimala and Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuaries, Map
^ Surukumar, R.; Venkataraman, Arun; Varma, Surendra; Kumar, N. Venkatesa (October 1998). The Asian Elephant In Southern India, Dindigul - Territorial Forest Division - Data (PDF). A GIS Database for Conservation of Project Elephant Reserves. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore: Asian Nature Conservation Foundation, Asian Elephant Conservation and Research Centre. p. 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
^ Surukumar, R.; Venkataraman, Arun; Varma, Surendra; Kumar, N. Venkatesa (October 1998). The Asian Elephant In Southern India, Kodaikanal - Territorial Forest Division - Data (PDF). A GIS Database for Conservation of Project Elephant Reserves. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore: Asian Nature Conservation Foundation, Asian Elephant Conservation and Research Centre. p. 59. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
^ "On the danger list". Frontline. 2 August 2003. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
^ Markham Clements Robert (1862) "Travels in Peru and India, while superintending the collection of chinchona plants and seeds in...", Chapter XXIV, p. 390 - 407, Willim clowes and sons, London, retrieved 3/28/2007 (1862) Journey to the Pulney Hills
^ Wadia, Dr. D.N. (2003). "The making of India". In Indian Science Congress Association (ed.). The Shaping of Indian Science: 1914-1947. Orient Blackswan. pp. 508–511. ISBN 9788173714320.
^ Wikimapia, satellite view
^ Gurung Dr. Harka (Sept, 1999) "Mountains of South Asia", Asia Pacific Mountain Network, Vol. 4, No. 2, retrieved 23 March 2010 "Mountains of South Asia"
^ Industries Department, POLICY NOTE - 2005-2006, DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINING Industries Dept.
^ Lockwood, Ian (29 February 2012). "Pambar Falls in February".
^ Trekking to the Plains Kukkal
^ "Kumbakkarai Falls". Tamilnadu Waterfalls & Dams. Discover Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 23 September 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
^ a b Davinder Sharma, SA, DGM Secretariat. "Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901-2000 data: Kodaikanal" (PDF). Climatological Data of Important Cities. Chennai: Indian Meteorological Department, Regional Meteorological Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Rangan, H., C. A. Kull, and L. Alexander. (2010). "Forest plantations, water availability, and regional climate change: controversies surrounding Acacia mearnsii plantations in the upper Palni Hills, southern India" (PDF). Regional Environmental Change, 10 (2). author version. pp. 103–117. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Kodaikanal.org, Kodaikanal climate
^ Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Kodaikanal
^ P.Thamizoli, K.Balasubramanian, M.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai and P.Ignatius Prabakar, Department of Anthropology, University of Madras, Chennai (2003) "Folk Narratives from the Palni Hills: The Pulayans left behind the dead cattle, driven to the mountain’s edge, shown the dry waterhole" "Folk Narratives from the Palni Hills..." Archived 2007-06-07 at the Wayback Machine
^ Bicultural Versatility as a Frontier Adaptation among Paliyan Foragers of South India, by Dr. Peter Gardner, Edwin Mellen Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-7734-7819-0 "Bicultural Versatility..."
^ Gardner, Excerpts "Bicultural Versatility..." excerpts
^ travelportalindia Shenbaganur Museum
^ Bellan, M.F. (1980) Palani Hills Vegetation Map, Institut de la Carte Internationale du Tapis Végétal, Toulouse, France, retrieved 3/29/2007 Full Map with Legend:
^ Matthew K. M. (1999) "The Flora of the Palni Hills, Parts 1–3.", The Rapinat Herbarium, St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirapalli 620 002, India. 364. pp. Price: set Rs 600. $175, £100.Flora of the Palni Hills
^ "Palni Hills". Kodaikanal: Vattakanal Conservation Trust. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
^ Project Tiger, Kalakad - Mundanthurai Reserve Project Tiger Archived 2013-07-26 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Sathyamangalam could be a tiger reserve". The Times of India, Chennai. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
^ Greenpeace India Pambar shola: a biodiversity treasure trove under threat
^ K.M. Matthew (1999) "The Flora of the Palni Hills, South India", retrieved 24 March 2007 "The Flora of the Palni Hills, South India"
^ News about Kuringi, Endemic birds, Vattakanal Conservation Trust, the Hindu, Frontline, Volume 23 - Issue 17 :: 26 Aug. – 8 Sep. 2006 Kuringi
^ Yashwant Shailendra "Mercury rising in Kodaikanal", Infochange India, Toxic Tours - IV, retrieved 3/28/2007 Mercury rising in Kodaikanal
^ Govt. of Tamilnadu, Tourism, Demand No.50, Policy Note 2000-2001, State Government Schemes, Works in progress under Part-II Scheme 1999-2000, retrieved 26 January 2007. Policy Note 2000-2001, State Government Schemes
^ Tamil Nadu Ministry of Forests and Environment, Policy note 2006-2007, Demand 25, Dept. of Forests, page 49 Ministry of Forests, page 49 Archived 2007-01-01 at the Wayback Machine
^ Tamil Nadu Forest Dept. (2007) Projects & Programs 2007 - 2008, retrieved 9/2/2007 FOREST MAINTENANCE WORKS AS PER THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF 12TH FINANCE COMMISSION Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
^ The Hindu "On The Danger List"
^ Palni Hills Conservation Council Palani Hills Conservation Council
^ Vattakanal Conservation Trust Vattakanal Conservation Trust
^ Kodaikanal International School, Environmental awareness programs.Kodaikanal International School Archived 2007-10-08 at the Wayback Machine
^ Save Kurinji Campaign Council Save Kurinji Campaign Council
^ The Tamil Nadu Green Movement-Tamil Nadu Green Movement Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
^ News: The Group Endeavor for Environment and Nature Sustenance Pleas to the Forestry Minister for Palani Hills National Park.Tamil Nadu Green Movement, News
^ Elephant Valley Organic Farm, retrieved 4/13/2007 Organic Farm Archived 2007-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
^ Kodaikkanal Forest Division Archived 2009-10-31 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palani Hills.
Palni Hills Conservation Council
20 years on, Kodaikanal wildlife sanctuary yet to take shape, The Hindu, 1 September 2012, P. OPPILI and B. ARAVIND KUMAR
Authority control databases International
VIAF
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"Anamalai range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaimalai_Hills"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Islam-1"},{"link_name":"the main temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palani_Murugan_temple"},{"link_name":"Murugan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartikeya"},{"link_name":"protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu#National_Parks"},{"link_name":"Dindigul District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dindigul_District"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal"},{"link_name":"Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu#Wildlife_Sanctuaries"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENVIS1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNMFE-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Palani Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palni_Hills"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal_Lake"}],"text":"Mountain range in IndiaThe Palani Hills are a mountain range in the southern Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The Palani Hills are an eastward extension of the Western Ghats ranges, which run parallel to the west coast of India. The Palani Hills adjoin with the high Anamalai range on the west and extend east into the plains of Tamil Nadu, covering an area of 2,068 square kilometres (798 sq mi). The highest part of the range is in the southwest, and reaches 1,800-2,500 metres (5,906-8,202 feet) elevation; the eastern extension of the range is made up of hills 1,000-1,500 m (3,281-4,921 ft) high.[1]It is also home to the main temple of Murugan, who is worshipped as a major deity in Tamil Nadu.The Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park is a proposed protected area in Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu. The park will be an upgrade and expansion of the 736.87 km2 (284.51 sq mi) Palani Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary which was to be established in 2008.[2][3][4] The park includes about 36% of the 2,068 km2 (798 sq mi) in the Palani Hills. The park is located between latitude 10°7'–10°28' N and longitude 77°16'–77°46' E. Central location is 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) east northeast of Silver Cascade Waterfall and 4 km (2.5 mi) E X NE of Kodaikanal Lake.","title":"Palani Hills"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/9/10.2/77.4/en"},{"link_name":"Palani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palani"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Indian Forest Act of 1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Forest_Act,_1927"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal"},{"link_name":"Bodinayakkanur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodinayakkanur"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francis-5"},{"link_name":"Palani Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal"},{"link_name":"Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roshan-6"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal"},{"link_name":"Berijam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berijam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wildlife Institute of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Institute_of_India"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathur-7"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu Forest Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Forest_Department"},{"link_name":"wildlife sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuary"},{"link_name":"national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"reserve forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_forest"},{"link_name":"protected areas of Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"VI - Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources to IV - Habitat/Species Management Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Commission_on_Protected_Areas#IUCN_Categories_of_Protected_Area"},{"link_name":"National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"wildlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife"},{"link_name":"conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_biology"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selvaraj-10"},{"link_name":"Annamalai Tiger Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Wildlife_Sanctuary_and_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Palani Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Andipatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andipatty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mannavanur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannavanur"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal"},{"link_name":"Poondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poondi"},{"link_name":"Mannavanur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannavanur"},{"link_name":"Kumbur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbur"},{"link_name":"Kilanavayal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilanavayal"},{"link_name":"Kukkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukkal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaji-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNUGAZ-12"},{"link_name":"economic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic"},{"link_name":"Eco-tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-tourism"},{"link_name":"hiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiking"},{"link_name":"camping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping"},{"link_name":"mountaineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering"},{"link_name":"rock climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_climbing"},{"link_name":"bird watching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_watching"},{"link_name":"financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial"},{"link_name":"status quo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo"},{"link_name":"stability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_stability"}],"text":"Boundary of the Wildlife SanctuaryThe Palani Hills derive their name from the ancient temple town of Palani (பழநி in Tamil) located at the northern base of the hills.In 1906, the great undulating plateau on top of the Palanis comprising four forest ranges were consolidated under the Indian Forest Act of 1878 and designated by the British Government as a single reserve forest, from Kodaikanal town to the Kerala state border in the west and the Bodinayakkanur town limits to the south, and given the name of the Ampthill Downs. It was over 140 square kilometres (53 sq mi) in extent and about one quarter of it then consisted of sholas and three quarters was open, rolling, grassy downs.[5]The Ampthill Downs area is now named Upper Palani Shola Reserved Forest and totals 145.7 square kilometres (56.3 sq mi) (36,000 acres) of forest land. It is the largest reserve forest division in the Palani Hills. The core of the proposed Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary awaiting government notification is located in this division.[6]In 1988, the new 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi) Kodaikanal-Berijam Wildlife Sanctuary was included in the protected area proposals considered to be of national priority status by the Wildlife Institute of India.[7] In the early 1990s, the Tamil Nadu Forest Department submitted a proposal to the State government to protect much of the Palani Hills by declaring the area a wildlife sanctuary or a national park.[8]The proposed park area includes only reserve forest land. These forests are already among the protected areas of Tamil Nadu. Their upgrade to Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park will increase their IUCN status from level VI - Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources to IV - Habitat/Species Management Area or II - National Park and improve the habitat and wildlife conservation of the area.The sanctuary has been under consideration of the Government of India in consultation with the Government of Tamil Nadu since 1999.[9] The actual park boundaries have not been finalized. In 2007, proposals for declaration of Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary were under consideration of the Government.[10]On 13 August 2012, in an apparent change away from plans for notification of parts of the Palani Hills as a separate wildlife sanctuary, the Tamil Nadu Gazette notification attached parts of Kodaikanal and Dindigul divisions of reserve forests to the buffer zone of Annamalai Tiger Reserve. About 5155.42 hectares of forest land belonging to Palani Hills Northern Slope, Andipatty reserve forest, 4,344.53 acres in Kudraiyar block forest and 5,548.49 hectares in Mannavanur Range in Kodaikanal will be included in the buffer zone. The villages and hamlets that now form part of the Palani Hills buffer zone are Poondi, Mannavanur, Kilavarai, Polur, Kavunchi, Kumbur, Kilanavayal, Kukkal, Pazhamputhur and Puthurpuram.[11] [12]The increasingly important economic role of Eco-tourism, including trekking, hiking, camping, mountaineering, rock climbing and bird watching may help the local populace to welcome this new Protected area. It remains to be seen whether the Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park will stimulate or stifle commercial development and tourism. The decision to finally establish the park must balance short term financial benefits of the status quo versus long term stability of the natural and human community.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vandaravu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandaravu"},{"link_name":"Cumbum Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbum_Valley"},{"link_name":"Vaigai River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaigai_River"},{"link_name":"Kongunadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongunadu"},{"link_name":"Kaveri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaveri_River"},{"link_name":"Dindigul district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dindigul_district"},{"link_name":"Theni district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theni_district"},{"link_name":"Idukki District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idukki_District"},{"link_name":"hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_station"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal"},{"link_name":"Anamalai Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamalai_Hills"},{"link_name":"Cardamom Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom_Hills"},{"link_name":"Anamudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamudi"},{"link_name":"escarpments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarpment"},{"link_name":"plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vct-13"},{"link_name":"Manjampatti Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjampatti_Valley"},{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinnar_Wildlife_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Kurinjimala Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurinjimala_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Eravikulam National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eravikulam_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surukumar-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surukumar-2-16"}],"text":"Vandaravu peak is the highest peak in the Palani hills. The range lies between the Cumbum Valley on the south, which is drained by the Vaigai River and its upper tributaries, and the Kongunadu region to the north. The northern slopes are drained by the Shanmukha River, Nanganji River, and Kodavanar River, which are tributaries of the Kaveri River. The range lies mostly within Dindigul district, except in the western portion, where it forms the boundary between Dindigul district and Theni district to the south and Idukki District to the south west. The hill station of Kodaikanal lies in the southern central portion of the range. Palani Hills joined with Anamalai Hills and Cardamom Hills at Anamudi peak in Kerala state. Vattavada in Kerala is a part of Palani hills.The Palni Hills are an eastward spur of the Western Ghats with a maximum east–west length of 65 kilometres (40 mi), and a north–south width of 40 kilometres (25 mi). Area is 2,064 square kilometres (797 sq mi). These hills rise in steep escarpments to a high undulating plateau ranging from 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) to over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) elevation.[13]The western extremity of the park is contiguous with the Manjampatti Valley core area of the Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park and with The Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala. The Kurinjimala Sanctuary in Kerala borders the southwestern corner of the park.[14] These Wildlife Sanctuaries are adjacent to the recently established Eravikulam National Park.The park area includes only reserve forest land, including Palni Hills Northern Slope East, Kallar, Palni Hills Southern Slope East, Upper Palni Shola, Allinagaram, and Palni Hills Northern Slope West Reserve Forests in the Dindigul[15] and Kodaikanal Forest Divisions.[16]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palani_hills_kodaikanal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal"},{"link_name":"South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_moist_deciduous_forests"},{"link_name":"ecoregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"South Western Ghats montane rain forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_montane_rain_forests"},{"link_name":"montane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"},{"link_name":"rainforests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest"},{"link_name":"shola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shola"},{"link_name":"montane grasslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands"},{"link_name":"Pampadum Shola National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampadum_Shola_National_Park"}],"text":"View of the Palani Hills from KodaikanalThe lower elevations of the Palani Hills, between 250 and 1,000 m (820-3,281 ft), are part of the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests ecoregion. Above 1,000 m (3,281 ft), the deciduous forests transition to the evergreen South Western Ghats montane rain forests. In the highest portions of the range, above 2,000 m (6,562 ft), the montane rainforests give way to shola-grassland mosaic, made up of frost-tolerant montane grasslands interspersed with pockets of stunted shola forests. The hills extend into Kerala as Pampadum Shola National Park.","title":"Ecoregions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-governmental organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu Forest Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Forest_Department"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontline-17"}],"text":"The Palani Hills are currently subject to increasing development pressure as it is under developed for a long time. The Palani Hills Conservation Council, a non-governmental organization headquartered in Kodaikanal, was founded in 1985. In the early 1990s the Tamil Nadu Forest Department proposed to the Tamil Nadu state government that much of the range be granted protected status as a wildlife sanctuary or Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park.[17]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anna_Salai,_Kodaikanal.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Talinji_Vilage_%26_Vellari_Mali_Peak.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kodaikanal_Bear_Shola_Falls.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kodai_Fairy_Falls.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kodai_Neptune_falls_%26_Pool.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pambar_Falls.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_Cascade_3-4.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rattail_falls.jpg"}],"text":"Perumal Malai in distance seen from Anna Salai, Street bazaar, Kodaikanal, 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) awayVellari Malai Peak, seen from Talinji Village, 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) away3. Bear Shola Falls5. Fairy Falls8. Neptune Falls and Pool10. Pambar Falls11. Silver Cascade, 55 m high, < 1/4 flow12. Thaliar Falls 975 feet (297 m) high","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre-Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Cambrian"},{"link_name":"gneisses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneisses"},{"link_name":"charnockites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charnockite"},{"link_name":"schists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schist"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"East Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana#Break-up"},{"link_name":"Early Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wadia-19"},{"link_name":"Deccan Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Deccan Traps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Traps"},{"link_name":"Reunion Hotspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reunion_Hotspot"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"The Palani Hills are formed of pre-Cambrian gneisses, charnockites and schists; they are among the oldest mountain ranges in India.[18] The park is an eastward extension of the Western Ghats hills formed by separation of the India-Madagascar-Seychelles blocks of East Gondwana in the Early Cretaceous period about 120 million years ago.[19]It is surrounded to the north, east and south by the Deccan Plateau formed later in the massive Deccan Traps eruption 66 million years ago as India drifted over the Reunion Hotspot.[20]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perumal Malai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perumal_Peak"},{"link_name":"hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_station"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Mountains","text":"The Palani hills are most prominent towards the west, ranging from 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) to 2,553 metres (8,376 ft) (5,906 ft - 8,376 ft). The ten most prominent peaks are:Vandaravu 2,553 metres (8,376 ft),\nIbex Peak 2,517 metres (8,258 ft)\nVembadi Peak 2,505 metres (8,219 ft),\nGundar 2,461 metres (8,074 ft),\nKarunmakadu 2,451 metres (8,041 ft),\nSandana Parai 2,404 metres (7,887 ft)\nVenkombu 2,327 metres (7,635 ft)\nTina Vardi 2,270 metres (7,450 ft),\nPerumal Malai 2,236 metres (7,336 ft),\nVellari Malai 2,229 metres (7,313 ft)The hill station of Kodaikanal stands in a 2,195 m (7,202 ft) high basin at the southern edge of the central part. The eastern end of the park is made of hills 1000–1500 m (3,281 ft - 4,921 ft) high.[21]The Tamil Nadu Department of Geology and Mining has completed detailed Geo-Technical Studies of the Palni Hills determining moderate to high landslide danger in much of the area.[22]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfalls"},{"link_name":"Manjampatti Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjampatti_Valley"},{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Vilpatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilpatti"},{"link_name":"photo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.flickr.com/photos/bryanplymale/2032114784/"},{"link_name":"photo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.flickr.com/photos/tamil/269516436/"},{"link_name":"Vilpatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilpatti"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal_lake"},{"link_name":"photo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=1256352&id=1312929832"},{"link_name":"photo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.flickr.com/photos/bryanplymale/2032119466/in/photostream/"},{"link_name":"Vilpatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilpatti"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal_lake"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Thalaiyar Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalaiyar_Falls"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Kilavarai trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal%E2%80%93Munnar_Road#Intersections"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal–Munnar Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal%E2%80%93Munnar_Road"},{"link_name":"Kathirikkai Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc4/hs664.snc4/60465_10150283791775534_874005533_15163290_2218549_n.jpg"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Kukkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukkal"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Kumbakarai Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbakarai_Falls"},{"link_name":"Kodai-Vellagavi-Periyakulam footpath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal%E2%80%93Munnar_Road#Intersections"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumba-25"},{"link_name":"Periyakulam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyakulam"},{"link_name":"Map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kurinji.in/map.html"},{"link_name":"Map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kurinji.in/map.html"}],"sub_title":"Waterfalls","text":"There are many waterfalls throughout the park which are popular tourist attractions. Some of the prominent falls associated with the park are: (Distances are referenced from km 0.0 at the bund (dam) on northeast end of Kodaikanal lake at .)Alanthoni Falls at 20 metres (66 ft) high, elevation 590 metres (1,940 ft) in Manjampatti Valley, core area of Indira Gandhi National Park, between Talinji and Manjampatti villages on the Ten Ar River, public access restricted.\n\nBamen Falls\nBear Shola Falls at 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Kodaikanal,\nFairy Falls at 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Kodaikanal),\nGlen Falls at Vilpatti on Palar (Kallar) River\nGundar Falls at A dangerous sheer cliff that drops over 100 metres (330 ft), to the first level, then drops off a couple more times to the plains.\nNeptune Falls and Pool at, 400 metres (1,300 ft) are down a pine needle path through large pines beginning on left of road .5 kilometres (0.31 mi) past Forest Dept. Nursery, 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from Kodaikanal on Poombrai Road.\nPalar Upper Falls also called Anju Veedu Falls (Five House Falls), 85 metres (279 ft) photo, photo, on Palar stream 5.5 km southeast of Palar Reservoir and 1.7 km downstream north from Ganesha Puram village, per 1974 survey map. 27 kilometres (17 mi) from Kodaikanal), in the Vilpatti Range. Spectacular waterfalls with dangerous currents. This stream originates in the Kodaikanal lake.\nPalar Lower falls 103 metres (338 ft) photo, photo, on Palar stream 5.5 km southeast of Palar Reservoir and 1.7 km downstream north from Ganesha Puram village, per 1974 survey map. 27 kilometres (17 mi) from Kodaikanal), in the Vilpatti Range. Spectacular waterfalls with dangerous currents. This stream originates in the Kodaikanal lake.\nPoombarai Falls\nPambar Falls (also called Liril or Vatakanal) at, elevation 2,120 metres (6,960 ft), is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) SE from Kodaikanal.\nSilver Cascade at 55 metres (180 ft) high, is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Kodaikanal) on the Ghat Road.\nSkamba Falls at is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) NE from Kodaikanal).\nSnake Falls Just below Pambar Falls where Levigne stream comes out of Pambar Shola. Is particularly visible from Priests Walk[23] and from top end of Coolie Ghat just below Shenbuganour.\nThalaiyar Falls, (Rat Tail Falls) at, elevation 820 metres (2,690 ft), is 975 feet (297 m) (297 meters) high. It is the highest waterfall in Tamil Nadu and the third highest in India.\nGaur Vellaiyan Falls at, 52 feet (16 m) high, is along the Kilavarai trail between Kilavarai and intersection 11 with Kodaikanal–Munnar Road, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Kodaikanal.\nKathirikkai Falls[permanent dead link] is at, elevation 2,270 metres (7,450 ft). There is small pool above this 50 m (160 ft) waterfall just southwest of the Kodaikanal–Munnar Road crossing the Kathirikkai Odei (the Second Trout Stream) 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) west of the Forest Dept Hut.\nUnnamed Falls at is on Dolphins Nose Trail.\nUnnamed Falls 16m at, 16 metres (52 ft) high, is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southwest of Vandaravu Peak in remote southwest corner of Palani Hills.\nKudiraiyar River Falls at Kookkal Kombai, 90 metres (300 ft) high, is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) walk northwest of Kukkal.[24]\nKukkal Falls unnamed? at .6 kilometres (0.37 mi) southwest of Kukkal village center\nPolur Falls (போளூர் அருவி) at .\nPoondi Falls at estimated from Army Map and contours\nKumbakarai Falls located in the lower Palni foothills, along the Kodai-Vellagavi-Periyakulam footpath. These falls have two stages. At the first stage water collects in huge rock recesses which are each named after wild animals such as tiger, elephant and snake. The Pambar river then flows .5 kilometres (0.31 mi) to the second stage before falling as the main waterfall.[25] Bathing is allowed. There is a bus from Periyakulam with fare of Rs. 5(6.00,7.00 13.00,15.30,16.30 hrs).\nUnnamed Falls 10m, in Allinagaram Reserved Forest, elevation 2,220 metres (7,280 ft), location estimated from Map\nUnnamed Falls 15m height 15 metres (49 ft), elevation 2,170 metres (7,120 ft), location estimated from Map","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"montane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane"},{"link_name":"tropical monsoon climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate"},{"link_name":"Deccan plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_plateau"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davinder-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The Palani Hills have a montane tropical monsoon climate which varies from west to east. Generally, as one proceeds from the Kerala border in the west to the foothills in the east, average rainfall decreases and temperature increases. Compared to the Deccan plateau and the southwestern coastal plains, temperatures vary from moderate to quite cool. In the central Palani Hills at Kodaikanal, during March to May, the temperature range is between 10.1 and 20.9 °C (50.2 and 69.6 °F). The temperature can rise to a high of 35 °C (95 °F). During December to February it is between 8.1 and 18.6 °C (46.6 and 65.5 °F). In January, night temperatures sometimes drop below freezing, and thin ice is seen on lake edges in the early morning.[26]The climate of the upper Palnis has four clearly defined seasons:the dry season, usually between January and March, during which rain is scarce and limited to around 10 rainy days, the air is crisp, dry and cold, and when ground frost occurs;\nThe warm season of April and May when most tourists arrive for their holiday in the hills and when summer showers and rain may fall on 18 to 20 days;\nThe Southwest monsoon season extends between June and September, with around 45 days of rainfall spread over the four months;\nThe Northeast monsoon season from October through early December, when rain is abundant and occurs over 30 or more days. Depending on the timing of the northeast monsoon, the latter half of December may experience a few days of heavy rain or remain completely dry.[27]The average annual rainfall is 1,617 millimetres (63.7 in), mostly during the north-east monsoon.[28][29]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paliyan_women.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paliyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliyan"},{"link_name":"Manjampatti Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjampatti_Valley"},{"link_name":"scheduled caste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_caste"},{"link_name":"yams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)"},{"link_name":"millets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Paliyan woman & children.Nomadic Paliyan tribes people have been seen living in some of the several caves in Manjampatti Valley. Paliyan people can be seen near Kukal Cave. The Tamil speaking Pulayan are referred to as the MalaPulayans, a group categorized as scheduled caste by State government of Tamil Nadu. Their traditional livelihood is foraging yams and small gaming in the nearby forest areas combined with cultivation of several species of minor millets in small plots located near their hamlets to meet their subsistence requirements.They live in small hamlets in huts and government constructed colonies. The sedentary life started with the construction of group houses by the government in the early sixties. The community is vertically divided into two sub divisions called Koora and Kanni, further subdivided into 47 sub sects. Each sub sect is called Kootams, which regulates certain social events. Each kootam has its own deity, which is common to the entire group and once yearly the members of the same kootam assemble to worship the deity.[30]Many native tribals in the Palani Hills have partially assimilated modern culture but are marginalized on the fringes of society. Their social, economic and physical survival has become a difficult challenge for them and several public and private agencies. Their ancient culture in this area is well documented,.[31][32]Relics and artifacts of the Paliyan tribes people can be seen in the Shenbaganur Museum.[33]","title":"Tribes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palni_Hills_Vegetation_Map-.jpg"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"biodiversity hotspots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot"},{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Ecoregions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregions"},{"link_name":"Endemic species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_species"},{"link_name":"Deccan thorn scrub forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_thorn_scrub_forests"},{"link_name":"South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Deccan_Plateau_dry_deciduous_forests"},{"link_name":"evergreen forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_montane_rain_forests"},{"link_name":"South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_moist_deciduous_forests"},{"link_name":"shola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shola"},{"link_name":"grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland"},{"link_name":"montane grasslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_grassland"},{"link_name":"wattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"eucalyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vct2-36"}],"text":"Palani Hills Vegetation MapFull Map with Legend:[34]The Palani hills are the easternmost part of the Western Ghats of India, which is one of the 25 biodiversity hotspots of the world. Some of the very rare and endangered plants and animals of India are found here. including intact relics of primary indigenous vegetation and a large number of non-native plants.[35]The hills may be divided into four distinct vertical zones comprising distinct Ecoregions with a wide diversity of Endemic species.The foothills from 400 to 800 metres (1,300 to 2,600 ft) consist mostly of Deccan thorn scrub forests and South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests. There is also some evergreen forest along streams and rivers at these altitudes.\nBetween 800 and 1,600 metres (2,600 and 5,200 ft) is dominated by South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests accompanied by shrub savannah, although most has been converted to plantations.\nFrom 1,600 to 2,000 metres (5,200 to 6,600 ft) are upper montane slopes characterised by shola-grassland mosaic, composed of frost-tolerant montane grasslands on the hills interspersed with pockets of dense shola forests in the valleys. This is an undulating plateau interspersed with occasional peaks.\nPeaks rising to over 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) with total area of 385 square kilometres (149 sq mi) and average elevation of 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) consist mostly of montane grasslands interspersed with sholas. The grassland component is now largely replaced by forest plantations of wattle, pine and some eucalyptus .[36]","title":"Ecoregions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Niltahr.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant-squirrel.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elephant_indian.JPG"},{"link_name":"Threatened species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threatened_species"},{"link_name":"Bengal tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tiger"},{"link_name":"Indian elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_elephant"},{"link_name":"Indian leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_leopard"},{"link_name":"gaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaur"},{"link_name":"Nilgiri tahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr"},{"link_name":"grizzled giant squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzled_giant_squirrel"},{"link_name":"Endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered"},{"link_name":"Bengal tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tiger"},{"link_name":"Project Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Anamalai Tiger Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalakkad_Mundanthurai_Tiger_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Agasthyamalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agasthyamalai"},{"link_name":"carnivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kodaitigers-38"},{"link_name":"amphibians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibians"},{"link_name":"Raorchestes dubois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raorchestes_dubois"},{"link_name":"Ghatixalus asterops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghatixalus_asterops"},{"link_name":"Micrixalus nigraventris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrixalus_nigraventris"},{"link_name":"Indirana leptodactyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirana_leptodactyla"},{"link_name":"Nyctibatrachus deccanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_deccanensis"},{"link_name":"reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiles"},{"link_name":"Salea anamallayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salea_anamallayana"},{"link_name":"Hemidactylus anamallensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidactylus_anamallensis"},{"link_name":"Kaestlea palnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaestlea_palnica"},{"link_name":"Kaestlea travancorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaestlea_travancorica"},{"link_name":"Ristella rurkii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristella_rurkii"},{"link_name":"Platyplectrurus madurensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platyplectrurus_madurensis"},{"link_name":"Teretrurus rhodogaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teretrurus_rhodogaster"},{"link_name":"Uropeltis pulneyensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uropeltis_pulneyensis"},{"link_name":"Uropeltis broughami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uropeltis_broughami"},{"link_name":"Uropeltis woodmasoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uropeltis_woodmasoni"},{"link_name":"Ahaetulla dispar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaetulla_dispar"},{"link_name":"Boiga dightoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiga_dightoni"},{"link_name":"Trimeresurus macrolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimeresurus_macrolepis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceropegia_distincta.jpg"},{"link_name":"hotspots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Sonerila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonerila"},{"link_name":"Melastomataceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melastomataceae"},{"link_name":"Hoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoya_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Plectranthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plectranthus"},{"link_name":"Trichoglottis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichoglottis"},{"link_name":"Phyllanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus"},{"link_name":"Huperzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huperzia"},{"link_name":"Selaginella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selaginella"},{"link_name":"Psydraxficiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psydrax"},{"link_name":"Utleria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utleria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elaeocarpus blascoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeocarpus_blascoi"},{"link_name":"Cyathea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyathea"},{"link_name":"Aeschynanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschynanthus"},{"link_name":"Eulophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulophia"},{"link_name":"Actinodapohne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actinodapohne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ceropegia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceropegia"},{"link_name":"Pimpinella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimpinella"},{"link_name":"Exacum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exacum"},{"link_name":"gentian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentian"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-900539-3-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-900539-3-0"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-900539-4-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-900539-4-9"},{"link_name":"Dicotyledones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicotyledones"},{"link_name":"Ranunculaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunculaceae"},{"link_name":"Alangiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alangiaceae"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-900539-5-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-900539-5-7"},{"link_name":"Caprifoliaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprifoliaceae"},{"link_name":"Labiatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiatae"},{"link_name":"Plantaginaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantaginaceae"},{"link_name":"Salicaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicaceae"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-900539-6-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-900539-6-5"},{"link_name":"Monocotyledones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledones"},{"link_name":"Orchidaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae"},{"link_name":"Gramineae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramineae"},{"link_name":"Gymnospermae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermae"},{"link_name":"Gnetaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetaceae"},{"link_name":"Cycadaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycadaceae"},{"link_name":"Kurinji flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobilanthes_kunthiana"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Nilgiri tahrGrizzled giant squirrelIndian elephantMammals: Wild are common in areas away from human habitation and cultivation.Threatened species in the park area include: Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, Indian leopard, gaur (wild ox), Nilgiri tahr and grizzled giant squirrel.Endangered Bengal tiger populations in the adjacent Project Tiger reserves of Anamalai Tiger Reserve and the Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve[37] in the Agasthyamalai hills could expand back into this area when it is better protected. In February 2010, tigers were sighted in Kodaikanal forests during a six-day carnivore signs survey. A tigress and her cub were spotted playing in the wild. Forest Department officials are studying survey data to estimate the local tiger population based on indirect evidence like pug marks, scats and scratches.[38]Amphibians and reptiles: Several little-known and endemic species of amphibians like Raorchestes dubois, Ghatixalus asterops, Micrixalus nigraventris, Indirana leptodactyla, Nyctibatrachus deccanensis and reptiles like Salea anamallayana, Hemidactylus anamallensis, Kaestlea palnica, Kaestlea travancorica, Ristella rurkii, Platyplectrurus madurensis, Teretrurus rhodogaster, Uropeltis pulneyensis, Uropeltis broughami, Uropeltis woodmasoni, Ahaetulla dispar, Boiga dightoni and Trimeresurus macrolepis occur in this sanctuary. Other more widespread species of herpetofauna also occur lower down.Plants:'Ceropegia sp.'Moist areas exist along the ravines and in the sheltered pockets of high elevation shola forests around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). These sholas are often hotspots of endemic plant life. Notable among these is Pambar Shola. The Pambar Shola, draining to the Pambar River, is now reduced to less than 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) in circumference. It contains several rare and endemic plant species including: Sonerila pulneyensis: a delicate Melastomataceae succulent herb endemic to Pambar Shola, Hoya wightii ssp. pulneyensis: a succulent vine with waxy flowers endemic to Pambar Shola', Plectranthus bourneate: a succulent herb endemic to Pambar Shola, Trichoglottis tenera: an epiphytic orchid. Pambar Shola is its major habitat, Phyllanthus chandrabosei: a shrub endemic to Pambar Shola, Huperzia sp.: a fern ally endemic to Pambar Shola, Selaginella sp.: a delicate creeping fern endemic to Pambar Shola, Psydraxficiformis: a tree, until recently thought extinct, Utleria salicifolia: only one clump known on the Palni hills, Elaeocarpus blascoi: a tree believed extinct until this year, Cyathea crinita: tree fern, highly endangered (Botanical Survey of India), Aeschynanthus perrottetii: known only from one other shola in the Palni hills, Eulophia sp.: a new species for the Palni hills first collected in April 2000,Actinodapohne bourneae: Laurel tree believed extinct (Botanical Survey of India). Two trees found in Pambar Shola, Ceropegia thwaitesii: vine, vulnerable, endemic to Pambar shola, Pimpinella pulneyensis: scarce, Exacum anamallayannum: gentian, only one other known location in Palni hills.[39]The comprehensive source on Palani Hills flora is currently in print: \"The Flora of the Palni Hills, South India\" by K.M. Matthew (1999), Tiruchirapalli, 3 vols., xcvi, 1880 p., figs., maps, $193 (set). ISBN 81-900539-3-0. Contents:[40]Volume I ISBN 81-900539-4-9: Polypetalae: Dedication. Preface. Novelties in this Flora. Precursory or related publications. References. Introduction. I. The Palni hills: 1. Location and physical features. 2. Kodaikanal: taluk and town. 3. Rivers. 4. Roads. 5. Table 2: Gazetteer of localities. 6. Climatic conditions at Kodaikanal. 7. Geology and soils. 8. History. 9. The vegetation: A. Native; B. Alien. 10. References. II. Plant explorations on the Palnis: 1. Past explorations: 1. The Bournes. 2. The Fysons. 3. The Shembaganur team. 4. Natural History Centre at Shembaganur (SHC). 5. Recent explorations. 6. References. 2. Present exploration: 1. Background and scope. 2. Field trip report. 3. Phytogeographical findings. 4. Ethnobotany. 5. Nature conservation. 3. The present Flora: Format and conventions. Acknowledgments. Family sequence. Key to families. Dicotyledones: I. Polypetalae: 1. Ranunculaceae. 2. Alangiaceae.\nVolume II ISBN 81-900539-5-7: Gamopetalae: 1. Caprifoliaceae. 2. Labiatae. III. Monochlamvdeae: 1. Plantaginaceae. 2. Salicaceae.\nVolume III ISBN 81-900539-6-5: Monocotyledones: 1. Orchidaceae. 2. Gramineae. II. Gymnospermae: 1. Gnetaceae. 2. Cycadaceae.Kurinji flowers (Strobilanthes kunthiana) which blossom in spectacular fields of violet only once in 12 years are threatened.[41]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kodai-Monoculture_pine_forest.JPG"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity#Threats"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"monoculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoculture"},{"link_name":"invasive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"exotic plant species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"},{"link_name":"sewage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage"},{"link_name":"pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution"},{"link_name":"solid waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_waste"},{"link_name":"mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoning#Toxicity_in_human_beings"},{"link_name":"contamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contamination"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"mercury pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoning#Organic_mercury_compounds"},{"link_name":"sound pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution"},{"link_name":"visual pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_pollution"},{"link_name":"tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"overdevelopment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdevelopment"},{"link_name":"eutrophication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication"},{"link_name":"NGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO"},{"link_name":"conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_movement"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Bioremediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"water security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_security"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal International School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal_International_School"},{"link_name":"International Baccalaureate Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baccalaureate_Program"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Kurinji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurinji"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Vilpatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilpatti"},{"link_name":"nature reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserve"},{"link_name":"organic farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farm"},{"link_name":"eco-tourists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-tourist"},{"link_name":"conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_ethic"},{"link_name":"lime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"avocados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado"},{"link_name":"guavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guava"},{"link_name":"amla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gooseberry"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper"},{"link_name":"vanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla"},{"link_name":"cinnamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon"},{"link_name":"nutmeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg"},{"link_name":"mangoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango"},{"link_name":"jack fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_fruit"},{"link_name":"pomegranate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate"},{"link_name":"guavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guava"},{"link_name":"bananas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Monoculture pine plantation near Bear SholaThere is decreasing biodiversity, deforestation, grasslands destruction, monoculture tree plantations, and invasive exotic plant species in the park. There is sewage pollution, solid waste pollution and mercury contamination,[42] and mercury pollution. There is also sound pollution, visual pollution, uncontrolled tourism, overdevelopment and lake eutrophication in and near Kodaikanal town. The Government of Tamil Nadu and several local NGO conservation groups are actively working to reduce some of these threats:The Government of Tamil Nadu completed establishment of a litter free zone and awareness campaign in Kodaikanal in 2000 at a cost of Rs 1. lakh.[43]\nThe Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board, the Public Works Department and the local bodies are executing Bioremediation of Kodaikanal Lake under the National Lake Conservation Programme, with an expenditure of Rs.33.90 lakhs incurred till 2007.[44]\nThe Tamil Nadu Forest Dept. is implementing forest maintenance and restoration works over a period of 5 years from 2006 to 2007. Government of Tamil Nadu has sanctioned a sum of Rs.30.00 crores for the following components:\nConservation and eco-restoration of degraded forests in Nilgiris and Palani Hills. During 2007–2008, it is proposed to take up degraded sholas over an extent of 3 square kilometres and to carry out other maintenance and improvement works at a cost of Rs. 590.75 lakhs.\nImprovement of roads in the forest areas of Tamil Nadu.\nBio-diversity conservation.\nMaintenance and special repairs to Forest Department buildings.\nRaising shola seedlings for afforestation.A sum of Rs.1327.50 lakhs has been released for this purpose during 2006–2007.[45]The Palani Hills Conservation Council (PHCC) was formed by concerned residents in 1985 One of its first goals was to support and push for the creation of a national park or a wildlife sanctuary in the Palni Hills. Zafar Futehally and M.S. Viraraghavan were its leaders. The PHCC made a clear connection between natural forests and water security and coined the phrase: \"The health of the hills is the wealth of the plains.\" The PHCC generated a National Park proposal used by the Tamil Nadu Forest Department. One of the council's major contributions has been the creation of nurseries for indigenous trees. Today, thanks to its efforts, young shola trees thrive at Kodai institutions and in private gardens. The organisation sought to restrict unsustainable building development in the 1990s. The PHCC has been active in the case against mercury contamination of the once beautiful Pambar Shola.,[46][47]\nThe Vattakanal Conservation Trust promotes the conservation of Palni Hills' native plants and habitats by raising plant nurseries, establishing conservation gardens, working with the Forest Department to restore habitats and acquiring properties to ensure survival of specific species and ecosystems[48]\nKodaikanal International School supports and leads environmental initiatives in the surrounding area. It offers an International Baccalaureate Program course on Environmental Systems.[49]\nThe Save Kurinji Campaign Council organises campaigns and programmes for conservation of the Kurinji plant and its habit.[50]\nThe Tamil Nadu Green Movement works on Nature Education, Conservation awareness, Judicial intervention, media awareness and works with other NGOs in the Western Ghats.[51][52]\nElephant Valley at Vilpatti, 8 km NW of Kodaikanal, is a 100-acre (0.40 km2) private nature reserve and organic farm welcoming eco-tourists. They promote the conservation of traditional varieties of fruits, vegetables and cereals, including vegetables of all colours, shapes and sizes and orchards of lime, orange, avocados, guavas and amla intercropped with coffee, pepper, vanilla, cinnamon, nutmeg, mangoes, jack fruit, pomegranate, guavas and bananas.[53]","title":"Threat aversion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kodaikanal–Munnar Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal%E2%80%93Munnar_Road"},{"link_name":"Poombarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poombarai"},{"link_name":"Kukkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukkal"},{"link_name":"Berijam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berijam_Lake"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"The Kodaikanal Division Forest Office offers a book called Kodaikanal Beauty in Wilderness, which has a list and map of local treks in the Kodaikanal area. Several trekking destinations are accessible from the Kodaikanal–Munnar Road. Permission from the Forest Department is necessary to visit areas deep inside the forests and for trekking in forests. Forest rest houses are available with advance reservation at Kodaikkanal, Poombarai, Kukkal, Kavunji, Berijam and Devadanapatty. Contact: District Forest officer, Kodaikkanal Forest Division, Kodaikanal, Dindigal District, Tamil Nadu, India. (open 10 am to 6 pm) Phone : 91-4542-240287[54]","title":"Visitor information"}] | [{"image_text":"View of the Palani Hills from Kodaikanal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Palani_hills_kodaikanal.jpg/220px-Palani_hills_kodaikanal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Perumal Malai in distance seen from Anna Salai, Street bazaar, Kodaikanal, 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) away","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Anna_Salai%2C_Kodaikanal.JPG/220px-Anna_Salai%2C_Kodaikanal.JPG"},{"image_text":"Vellari Malai Peak, seen from Talinji Village, 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) away","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Talinji_Vilage_%26_Vellari_Mali_Peak.JPG/220px-Talinji_Vilage_%26_Vellari_Mali_Peak.JPG"},{"image_text":"3. Bear Shola Falls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kodaikanal_Bear_Shola_Falls.JPG/220px-Kodaikanal_Bear_Shola_Falls.JPG"},{"image_text":"5. Fairy Falls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kodai_Fairy_Falls.JPG/220px-Kodai_Fairy_Falls.JPG"},{"image_text":"8. Neptune Falls and Pool","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kodai_Neptune_falls_%26_Pool.JPG/220px-Kodai_Neptune_falls_%26_Pool.JPG"},{"image_text":"10. Pambar Falls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pambar_Falls.JPG/220px-Pambar_Falls.JPG"},{"image_text":"11. Silver Cascade, 55 m high, < 1/4 flow","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Silver_Cascade_3-4.JPG/220px-Silver_Cascade_3-4.JPG"},{"image_text":"12. Thaliar Falls 975 feet (297 m) high","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rattail_falls.jpg/220px-Rattail_falls.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paliyan woman & children.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Paliyan_women.jpg/220px-Paliyan_women.jpg"},{"image_text":"Palani Hills Vegetation MapFull Map with Legend:[34]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Palni_Hills_Vegetation_Map-.jpg/220px-Palni_Hills_Vegetation_Map-.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nilgiri tahr","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Niltahr.jpg/220px-Niltahr.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grizzled giant squirrel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Giant-squirrel.jpg/220px-Giant-squirrel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indian elephant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Elephant_indian.JPG/220px-Elephant_indian.JPG"},{"image_text":"'Ceropegia sp.'","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Ceropegia_distincta.jpg/220px-Ceropegia_distincta.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monoculture pine plantation near Bear Shola","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kodai-Monoculture_pine_forest.JPG/220px-Kodai-Monoculture_pine_forest.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"R. 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A GIS Database for Conservation of Project Elephant Reserves. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore: Asian Nature Conservation Foundation, Asian Elephant Conservation and Research Centre. p. 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011231527/http://www.asiannature.org/pdf_resources/TheAsianElephantInSouthernIndia.pdf","url_text":"The Asian Elephant In Southern India, Dindigul - Territorial Forest Division - Data"},{"url":"http://www.asiannature.org/pdf_resources/TheAsianElephantInSouthernIndia.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Surukumar, R.; Venkataraman, Arun; Varma, Surendra; Kumar, N. Venkatesa (October 1998). The Asian Elephant In Southern India, Kodaikanal - Territorial Forest Division - Data (PDF). A GIS Database for Conservation of Project Elephant Reserves. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore: Asian Nature Conservation Foundation, Asian Elephant Conservation and Research Centre. p. 59. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011231527/http://www.asiannature.org/pdf_resources/TheAsianElephantInSouthernIndia.pdf","url_text":"The Asian Elephant In Southern India, Kodaikanal - Territorial Forest Division - Data"},{"url":"http://www.asiannature.org/pdf_resources/TheAsianElephantInSouthernIndia.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"On the danger list\". Frontline. 2 August 2003. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Edwards_(politician) | Enoch Edwards (trade unionist) | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"] | British trade unionist and politician (1852–1912)
For the American physician, see Enoch Edwards (surgeon).
Enoch Edwards
Edwards c.1900
Enoch Edwards (April 1852 – 28 June 1912) was a British trade unionist and politician.
Biography
Edwards was born at Talk-o'-the Hill Staffordshire on 10 April 1852. He was the
son of a pitman, and worked as a boy in a coal-mine.
In 1870 he became treasurer of the North Staffordshire Miners' Association and was elected secretary to the same body in 1877. In 1880 he became president of the Midland Miners' Association; he was later president of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain in 1904.
In 1884 he went to Burslem, where he became a member of the school board and town council in 1886, and later he became alderman and mayor. He was also a member of the Staffordshire County Council. He was elected to Parliament as the Lib-Lab MP for Hanley in 1906. He then was a Labour Party MP in 1909. He died at Southport 28 June 1912 aged 60.
References
^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Edwards, Enoch". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 939.
^ Benson, John. "Edwards, Enoch (1852–1912)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/47350. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Enoch Edwards
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byArthur Heath
Member of Parliament for Hanley 1906–1912
Succeeded byR. L. Outhwaite
Trade union offices
Preceded byJames Hand
Secretary of the North Staffordshire Miners' Federation 1877–1912
Succeeded bySamuel Finney
Preceded byNew position
Treasurer of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain 1889–1904
Succeeded byWilliam Abraham
Preceded byNew position
President of the Midland Counties Miners' Federation 1886–1912
Succeeded bySamuel Finney
Preceded byBen Tillett and Francis Chandler
Trades Union Congress representative to the American Federation of Labour 1902 With: Matthew Arrandale
Succeeded byWilliam Mullin and James O'Grady
Preceded byBen Pickard
President of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain 1904–1912
Succeeded byRobert Smillie
vteMiners' Federation of Great Britain (MFGB) and National Union of Mineworkers (NUM)Presidents
1889 Pickard
1904 En. Edwards
1912 Smillie
1922 Smith
1929 Richards
1931 Eb. Edwards
1932 Lee
1934 J. Jones
1939 Lawther
1954 E. Jones
1960 Machen
1960 Ford
1971 Gormley
1982 Scargill
2002 Lavery
2012 Wilson
Vice-Presidents
1889 Woods
1909 Smillie
1912 Harvey
1914 House
1917 Smith
1922 Walsh
1924 Richards
1929 Eb. Edwards
1931 Lee
1932 J. Jones
1933 Davies
1934 Lawther
1939 Bowman
1950 E. Jones
1954 T. Jones
1961 Collindridge
1963 Bullough
1969 Schofield
1973 McGahey
1987 Thompson
1989 Vacant
1992 Cave
2002 Stanley
2010 Wilson
2012 Thomas
General Secretaries
1889 Ashton
1919 Hodges
1924 Cook
1932 Eb. Edwards
1946 Horner
1959 Paynter
1968 Daly
1984 Heathfield
1992 Scargill
1992 Vacant?
2002 Kemp
2007 Kitchen
Treasurers
1889 En. Edwards
1904 Abraham
1918 Robson
1921 Richardson
Affiliates and areas
Bristol
Cleveland
Cokemen
Colliery Officials and Staffs
Cumberland
Derbyshire
Durham
Forest of Dean
Kent
Lancashire and Cheshire
Leicestershire
Midland Counties (Cannock Chase
North Staffordshire
Old Hill
Pelsall
Shropshire
Warwickshire
West Bromwich)
Northumberland
North Wales
Nottinghamshire
Scotland (Ayrshire
Fife and Kinross
Lanarkshire
Mid and East Lothian
Mid and West Lothian
Stirling)
Somerset
South Derbyshire
South Wales
Yorkshire
Strikes
1893
1912
1926
1969
1972
1974
1984–1985
This article about a Labour Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (MP) representing an English constituency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article about a trade unionist in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enoch Edwards (surgeon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Edwards_(surgeon)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enoch_Edwards.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enoch_Edwards.JPG"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"trade unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unionist"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"}],"text":"For the American physician, see Enoch Edwards (surgeon).Enoch EdwardsEdwards c.1900Enoch Edwards (April 1852 – 28 June 1912) was a British trade unionist and politician.","title":"Enoch Edwards (trade unionist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Talk-o'-the Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talke"},{"link_name":"coal-mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-mine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chisholm_1922,_p.939-1"},{"link_name":"Miners' Federation of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miners%27_Federation_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chisholm_1922,_p.939-1"},{"link_name":"Burslem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burslem"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Lib-Lab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal-Labour_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Hanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Edwards was born at Talk-o'-the Hill Staffordshire on 10 April 1852. He was the\nson of a pitman, and worked as a boy in a coal-mine.[1]In 1870 he became treasurer of the North Staffordshire Miners' Association and was elected secretary to the same body in 1877. In 1880 he became president of the Midland Miners' Association; he was later president of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain in 1904.[1]In 1884 he went to Burslem, where he became a member of the school board and town council in 1886, and later he became alderman and mayor. He was also a member of the Staffordshire County Council. He was elected to Parliament as the Lib-Lab MP for Hanley in 1906. He then was a Labour Party MP in 1909. He died at Southport 28 June 1912 aged 60.[2]","title":"Biography"}] | [{"image_text":"Enoch Edwards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Enoch_Edwards.jpg/220px-Enoch_Edwards.jpg"},{"image_text":"Edwards c.1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Enoch_Edwards.JPG/220px-Enoch_Edwards.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). \"Edwards, Enoch\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 939.","urls":[{"url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/EB1922_-_Volume_30.djvu/page995-1024px-EB1922_-_Volume_30.djvu.jpg","url_text":"\"Edwards, Enoch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Benson, John. \"Edwards, Enoch (1852–1912)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/47350.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F47350","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/47350"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/EB1922_-_Volume_30.djvu/page995-1024px-EB1922_-_Volume_30.djvu.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Edwards, Enoch\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F47350","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/47350"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-enoch-edwards","external_links_name":"contributions in Parliament by Enoch Edwards"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Edwards_(trade_unionist)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Edwards_(trade_unionist)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
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