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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayida_Ounissi | Sayida Ounissi | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Publications","5 References","6 External links"] | Tunisian politician (born 1987)
Sayida OunissiMember of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People for France NordIncumbentAssumed office 26 October 2014
Personal detailsBorn (1987-02-03) 3 February 1987 (age 37)Tunis, TunisiaPolitical partyEnnahdhaAlma materSorbonne University
Sayida Ounissi (born 3 February 1987) is a Tunisian politician representing the party of Ennahdha. She currently serves as Secretary of State for Vocational Training.
Early life and education
Ounissi was born in Tunis on 3 February 1987. She has one sister and three brothers. Her father was an Islamist imam, and left Tunisia in 1993 to escape President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali's regime. The family were smuggled to Algeria before joining him in France.
Ounissi attended the Petet Val secondary school in Sucy-en-Brie in Paris. She graduated from the Sorbonne University with a degree in history and political science in 2008 and with a master's degree in economic and social development in 2011. She began doctoral studies in political science in 2011. Her thesis title is "The implementation of social policies and the coercive role of the state."
Career
Ounissi returned to Tunisia in 2011 after the fall of Ben Ali, working as an intern at the African Development Bank. She was a researcher at the Research Institute on Contemporary Maghreb from 2012 to 2014. She was also active in a public policy analysis centre called the Jasmine Foundation. She served as Vice President of the European NGO Young Muslims of Europe.
Ounissi was elected to the Assembly of the Representatives of the People on 26 October 2014 as a member of the Ennahdha representing the constituency of France Nord, an overseas constituency for members of the Tunisian diaspora in France. She was the youngest Ennahda candidate and became one of the youngest members of parliament. She sat on the Committees of Finance, Planning and Development and of Martyrs and Wounded of the Revolution. During the Bardo National Museum attack on 18 March 2015, she was tweeting live updates detailing the panic and evacuation.
On 20 August 2016, Ounissi was appointed to the Executive Board as Secretary of State for Vocational Training in charge of private initiative in the coalition government of Prime Minister Youssef Chahed and as international spokesperson.
Personal life
Ounissi is an Islamist and wears a hijab. She also considers herself a feminist. She attended the El-Fath mosque until the Salafists took possession of it. She is fluent in both English and French. She became engaged to marry in August 2016.
Publications
Ounissi, Saida (12 February 2013). "Tunisie: le torchon brûle entre Paris et Tunis". Le Huffington Post (in French).
Marks, Monica; Ounissi, Sayida (23 March 2016). Ennahda from within: Islamists or "Muslim Democrats"? A conversation (Report). Brookings Institution.
Ounissi, Sayida; Ejammali, Nafouel (6 July 2016). "Democracy and Islam Go Together". Berlin Policy Journal. July/August 2016.
References
^ "Tunisia Struggles to Realize Democracy Dream". VOA. 8 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
^ a b c d e f Dahmani, Frida (20 September 2016). "Tunisie : qui est Sayida Ounissi, secrétaire d'État à seulement 29 ans et figure du néo-islamisme ?". Jeanue Afrique (in French). Retrieved 12 January 2017.
^ Sherwood, Harriet (24 October 2016). "Tunisian coalition party fights for women's rights with gender violence bill". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
^ a b c d Ben Hamadi, Monica (8 May 2016). "A Modern Young Woman in a Hijab: Sayida Ounissi Is The Face of Tunisia's Changing Political Identity". HuffPost Maghreb. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
^ a b Petré, Christine (1 October 2014). "Young, female Ennahda politician wants to 'cure' Tunisia through dialogue and respect". Middle East Monitor. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
^ a b c "Sayida Ounissi, la nouvelle icône d'Ennahdha ?". Leaders (in French). 31 August 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
^ a b c Ben Zineb, Myriam (29 July 2016). "Ennahda brings fresh blood to party's new Executive Bureau". Al-Monitor. Translated by Sahar Ghoussoub. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
^ Labidi, Mehrezia (3 September 2016). "Why women should lead in Tunisia". Politico. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
^ "Quatre nouvelles femmes députées prêtent serment à Assemblée". Kapitalis (in French). 16 September 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
^ Kohli, Sonali (18 March 2015). "More than 20 people are dead in an attack on a Tunisian museum". Quartz. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
^ "Officiel : Composition du gouvernement d'union nationale". Business News (in French). 20 August 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
^ Lajon, Karen (26 October 2014). "Sayida Ounissi, visage de la nouvelle génération d'Ennahda". Le Journal du Dimanche (in French). Retrieved 12 January 2017.
^ Hamid, Shadi (2016). Islamic Exceptionalism: How the Struggle Over Islam Is Reshaping the World. St Martin's Press. p. 179. ISBN 9781466866720.
External links
Ennahdha biography (in French)
Sayida Ounissi at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tunisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Ennahdha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennahdha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sayida Ounissi (born 3 February 1987) is a Tunisian politician representing the party of Ennahdha.[1] She currently serves as Secretary of State for Vocational Training.","title":"Sayida Ounissi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qui-2"},{"link_name":"imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Zine El Abidine Ben Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modern-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-young-5"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icon-6"},{"link_name":"Sucy-en-Brie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucy-en-Brie"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbonne_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icon-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modern-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fresh-7"}],"text":"Ounissi was born in Tunis on 3 February 1987. She has one sister and three brothers.[2] Her father was an Islamist imam,[3] and left Tunisia in 1993 to escape President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali's regime.[4][5] The family were smuggled to Algeria before joining him in France.[6]Ounissi attended the Petet Val secondary school in Sucy-en-Brie in Paris. She graduated from the Sorbonne University with a degree in history and political science in 2008 and with a master's degree in economic and social development in 2011.[6] She began doctoral studies in political science in 2011.[4] Her thesis title is \"The implementation of social policies and the coercive role of the state.\"[7]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African Development Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development_Bank"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qui-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icon-6"},{"link_name":"Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qui-2"},{"link_name":"Assembly of the Representatives of the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Representatives_of_the_People"},{"link_name":"France Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France_Nord&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"overseas constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_constituency"},{"link_name":"Tunisian diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_diaspora"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modern-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modern-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fresh-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bardo National Museum attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_attack"},{"link_name":"tweeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Youssef Chahed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssef_Chahed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fresh-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qui-2"}],"text":"Ounissi returned to Tunisia in 2011 after the fall of Ben Ali, working as an intern at the African Development Bank.[2][6] She was a researcher at the Research Institute on Contemporary Maghreb from 2012 to 2014. She was also active in a public policy analysis centre called the Jasmine Foundation. She served as Vice President of the European NGO Young Muslims of Europe.[2]Ounissi was elected to the Assembly of the Representatives of the People on 26 October 2014 as a member of the Ennahdha representing the constituency of France Nord, an overseas constituency for members of the Tunisian diaspora in France.[4] She was the youngest Ennahda candidate and became one of the youngest members of parliament.[4][7][8] She sat on the Committees of Finance, Planning and Development and of Martyrs and Wounded of the Revolution.[9] During the Bardo National Museum attack on 18 March 2015, she was tweeting live updates detailing the panic and evacuation.[10]On 20 August 2016, Ounissi was appointed to the Executive Board as Secretary of State for Vocational Training in charge of private initiative in the coalition government of Prime Minister Youssef Chahed and as international spokesperson.[11][7][2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hijab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-young-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Salafists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafists"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qui-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qui-2"}],"text":"Ounissi is an Islamist and wears a hijab. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_reaction_centre_protein_family | Photosynthetic reaction centre protein family | ["1 In bacteria","2 Oxygenic systems","3 In viruses","4 Subfamilies","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"] | Type II reaction centre proteinStructure of the photosynthetic reaction centre from Rhodopseudomonas viridis (PDB: 1PRC). Middle transmembrane section is the two subunits in this family; green blocks represent chlorophyll. Top section is the 4-heme (red) cytochrome c subunit (infobox below). The bottom section along with its connected TM helices is the H subunit.IdentifiersSymbolPhoto_RCPfamPF00124InterProIPR000484PROSITEPDOC00217SCOP21prc / SCOPe / SUPFAMTCDB3.E.2OPM superfamily2OPM protein1dxrAvailable protein structures:Pfam
structures / ECOD
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBjPDBsumstructure summaryPDB1cltM:37-306 4prcM:37-306 1r2cM:37-306
1prcM:37-306 5prcM:37-306 1vrnM:37-306
3prcM:37-306 2prcM:37-306 6prcM:37-306
7prcM:37-306 1dxrM:37-306 1dopA:105-296
2axtA:28-330 1s5lD:28-327
Type I reaction centre proteinSide view of Cyanobacterial photosystem I. Large near-symmetrical proteins in the center, colored blue and pink, are the two subunits of this family.IdentifiersSymbolPsaA_PsaBPfamPF00223InterProIPR001280PROSITEPDOC00347SCOP21jb0 / SCOPe / SUPFAMTCDB5.B.4OPM superfamily2OPM protein1jb0Membranome535Available protein structures:Pfam
structures / ECOD
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBjPDBsumstructure summary
Bacterial type II reaction centre, cytochrome c subunitIdentifiersSymbolCytoC_RCPfamPF02276Pfam clanCL0317InterProIPR003158SCOP21prc / SCOPe / SUPFAMAvailable protein structures:Pfam
structures / ECOD
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBjPDBsumstructure summary
Photosynthetic reaction centre proteins are main protein components of photosynthetic reaction centres (RCs) of bacteria and plants. They are transmembrane proteins embedded in the chloroplast thylakoid or bacterial cell membrane.
Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria have one type of PRC for each of its two photosystems. Non-oxygenic bacteria, on the other hand, have an RC resembling either the Photosystem I centre (Type I) or the Photosystem II centre (Type II). In either case, PRCs have two related proteins (L/M; D1/D2; PsaA/PsaB) making up a quasi-symmetrical 5-helical core complex with pockets for pigment binding. The two types are structurally related and share a common ancestor. Each type have different pockets for ligands to accommodate their specific reactions: while Type I RCs use iron sulfur clusters to accept electrons, Type II RCs use quinones. The centre units of Type I RCs also have six extra transmembrane helices for gathering energy.
In bacteria
The Type II photosynthetic apparatus in non-oxygenic bacteria consists of light-harvesting protein-pigment complexes LH1 and LH2, which use carotenoid and bacteriochlorophyll as primary donors. LH1 acts as the energy collection hub, temporarily storing it before its transfer to the photosynthetic reaction centre (RC). Electrons are transferred from the primary donor via an intermediate acceptor (bacteriophaeophytin) to the primary acceptor (quinine Qa), and finally to the secondary acceptor (quinone Qb), resulting in the formation of ubiquinol QbH2. RC uses the excitation energy to shuffle electrons across the membrane, transferring them via ubiquinol to the cytochrome bc1 complex in order to establish a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used by ATP synthetase to form ATP.
The core complex is anchored in the cell membrane, consisting of one unit of RC surrounded by LH1; in some species there may be additional subunits. A type II RC consists of three subunits: L (light), M (medium), and H (heavy; InterPro: IPR005652). Subunits L and M provide the scaffolding for the chromophore, while subunit H contains a cytoplasmic domain. In Rhodopseudomonas viridis, there is also a non-membranous tetrahaem cytochrome (4Hcyt) subunit on the periplasmic surface.
The structure for a type I system in the anaerobe Heliobacterium modesticaldum was resolved in 2017 (PDB: 5V8K). As a homodimer consisting of only one type of protein in the core complex, it is considered a closer example to what an ancestral unit before the Type I/II split is like compared to all heterodimeric systems.
Oxygenic systems
The D1 (PsbA) and D2 (PsbD) photosystem II (PSII) reaction centre proteins from cyanobacteria, algae and plants only show approximately 15% sequence homology with the L and M subunits, however the conserved amino acids correspond to the binding sites of the photochemically active cofactors. As a result, the reaction centres (RCs) of purple photosynthetic bacteria and PSII display considerable structural similarity in terms of cofactor organisation.
The D1 and D2 proteins occur as a heterodimer that form the reaction core of PSII, a multisubunit protein-pigment complex containing over forty different cofactors, which are anchored in the cell membrane in cyanobacteria, and in the thylakoid membrane in algae and plants. Upon absorption of light energy, the D1/D2 heterodimer undergoes charge separation, and the electrons are transferred from the primary donor (chlorophyll a) via phaeophytin to the primary acceptor quinone Qa, then to the secondary acceptor Qb, which like the bacterial system, culminates in the production of ATP. However, PSII has an additional function over the bacterial system. At the oxidising side of PSII, a redox-active residue in the D1 protein reduces P680, the oxidised tyrosine then withdrawing electrons from a manganese cluster, which in turn withdraw electrons from water, leading to the splitting of water and the formation of molecular oxygen. PSII thus provides a source of electrons that can be used by photosystem I to produce the reducing power (NADPH) required to convert CO2 to glucose.
Instead of assigning specialized roles to quinones, the PsaA-PsaB photosystem I centre evolved to make both quinones immobile. It also recruited the iron-sulphur PsaC subunit to further mitigate the risk of oxidative stress.
In viruses
Photosynthetic reaction centre genes from PSII (PsbA, PsbD) have been discovered within marine bacteriophage. Though it is widely accepted dogma that arbitrary pieces of DNA can be borne by phage between hosts (transduction), one would hardly expect to find transduced DNA within a large number of viruses. Transduction is presumed to be common in general, but for any single piece of DNA to be routinely transduced would be highly unexpected. Instead, conceptually, a gene routinely found in surveys of viral DNA would have to be a functional element of the virus itself (this does not imply that the gene would not be transferred among hosts - which the photosystem within viruses is - but instead that there is a viral function for the gene, that it is not merely hitchhiking with the virus). However, free viruses lack the machinery needed to support metabolism, let alone photosynthesis. As a result, photosystem genes are not likely to be a functional component of the virus like a capsid protein or tail fibre. Instead, it is expressed within an infected host cell. Most virus genes that are expressed in the host context are useful for hijacking the host machinery to produce viruses or for replication of the viral genome. These can include reverse transcriptases, integrases, nucleases or other enzymes. Photosystem components do not fit this mould either.
The production of an active photosystem during viral infection provides active photosynthesis to dying cells. This is not viral altruism towards the host, however. The problem with viral infections tends to be that they disable the host relatively rapidly. As protein expression is shunted from the host genome to the viral genome, the photosystem degrades relatively rapidly (due in part to the interaction with light, which is highly corrosive), cutting off the supply of nutrients to the replicating virus. A solution to this problem is to add rapidly degraded photosystem genes to the virus, such that the nutrient flow is uninhibited and more viruses are produced. One would expect that this discovery will lead to other discoveries of a similar nature; that elements of the host metabolism key to viral production and easily damaged during infection are actively replaced or supported by the virus during infection. Indeed, recently, PSI gene cassettes containing whole gene suites were also reported to exist in marine cyanophages from the Pacific and Indian Oceans
Subfamilies
Photosynthetic reaction centre, M subunit InterPro: IPR005781
Photosystem II reaction centre protein PsbA/D1 InterPro: IPR005867
Photosystem II reaction centre protein PsbD/D2 InterPro: IPR005868
Photosynthetic reaction centre, L subunit InterPro: IPR005871
See also
C-terminal processing peptidase, also known as photosystem II D1 protein processing peptidase
Notes
^ Sadekar S, Raymond J, Blankenship RE (November 2006). "Conservation of distantly related membrane proteins: photosynthetic reaction centers share a common structural core". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (11): 2001–7. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl079. PMID 16887904.
^ a b c d Orf GS, Gisriel C, Redding KE (October 2018). "Evolution of photosynthetic reaction centers: insights from the structure of the heliobacterial reaction center". Photosynthesis Research. 138 (1): 11–37. Bibcode:2018PhoRe.138...11O. doi:10.1007/s11120-018-0503-2. OSTI 1494566. PMID 29603081. S2CID 4473759.
^ Lancaster CR, Bibikova MV, Sabatino P, Oesterhelt D, Michel H (December 2000). "Structural basis of the drastically increased initial electron transfer rate in the reaction center from a Rhodopseudomonas viridis mutant described at 2.00-A resolution". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (50): 39364–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008225200. PMID 11005826.
^ Bahatyrova S, Frese RN, Siebert CA, Olsen JD, Van Der Werf KO, Van Grondelle R, Niederman RA, Bullough PA, Otto C, Hunter CN (August 2004). "The native architecture of a photosynthetic membrane" (PDF). Nature. 430 (7003): 1058–62. Bibcode:2004Natur.430.1058B. doi:10.1038/nature02823. PMID 15329728. S2CID 486505.
^ Scheuring S (October 2006). "AFM studies of the supramolecular assembly of bacterial photosynthetic core-complexes". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 10 (5): 387–93. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.08.007. PMID 16931113.
^ Remy A, Gerwert K (August 2003). "Coupling of light-induced electron transfer to proton uptake in photosynthesis". Nature Structural Biology. 10 (8): 637–44. doi:10.1038/nsb954. PMID 12872158. S2CID 20008703.
^ Deisenhofer J, Michel H (August 1989). "Nobel lecture. The photosynthetic reaction centre from the purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas viridis". The EMBO Journal. 8 (8): 2149–70. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08338.x. PMC 401143. PMID 2676514.
^ Miki K, Kobayashi M, Nogi T, Fathir I, Nozawa T (2000). "Crystal structures of photosynthetic reaction center and high-potential iron-sulfur protein from Thermochromatium tepidum: thermostability and electron transfer". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (25): 13561–13566. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9713561N. doi:10.1073/pnas.240224997. PMC 17615. PMID 11095707.
^ Michel H, Ermler U, Schiffer M (1994). "Structure and function of the photosynthetic reaction center from Rhodobacter sphaeroides". J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 26 (1): 5–15. doi:10.1007/BF00763216. PMID 8027023. S2CID 84295064.
^ Kamiya N, Shen JR (2003). "Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II from Thermosynechococcus vulcanus at 3.7-A resolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (1): 98–103. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100...98K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0135651100. PMC 140893. PMID 12518057.
^ Schroder WP, Shi LX (2004). "The low molecular mass subunits of the photosynthetic supracomplex, photosystem II". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1608 (2–3): 75–96. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2003.12.004. PMID 14871485.
^ Sharon I, Tzahor S, Williamson S, Shmoish M, Man-Aharonovich D, Rusch DB, Yooseph S, Zeidner G, Golden SS, Mackey SR, Adir N, Weingart U, Horn D, Venter JC, Mandel-Gutfreund Y, Béjà O (2007). "Viral photosynthetic reaction center genes and transcripts in the marine environment". ISME J. 1 (6): 492–501. Bibcode:2007ISMEJ...1..492S. doi:10.1038/ismej.2007.67. PMID 18043651.
^ Millard A, Clokie MR, Shub DA, Mann NH (2004). "Genetic organization of the psbAD region in phages infecting marine Synechococcus strains". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (30): 11007–12. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10111007M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401478101. PMC 503734. PMID 15263091.
^ Sullivan MB, Lindell D, Lee JA, Thompson LR, Bielawski JP, Chisholm SW (2006). "Prevalence and evolution of core photosystem II genes in marine cyanobacterial viruses and their hosts". PLoS Biol. 4 (8): e234. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040234. PMC 1484495. PMID 16802857.
^ Lindell D, Sullivan MB, Johnson ZI, Tolonen AC, Rohwer F, Chisholm SW (2004). "Transfer of photosynthesis genes to and from Prochlorococcus viruses". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (30): 11013–8. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10111013L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401526101. PMC 503735. PMID 15256601.
^ Lindell D, Jaffe JD, Johnson ZI, Church GM, Chisholm SW (2005). "Photosynthesis genes in marine viruses yield proteins during host infection". Nature. 438 (7064): 86–9. Bibcode:2005Natur.438...86L. doi:10.1038/nature04111. PMID 16222247. S2CID 4347406.
^ Clokie MR, Shan J, Bailey S, Jia Y, Krisch HM, West S, Mann NH (2006). "Transcription of a 'photosynthetic' T4-type phage during infection of a marine cyanobacterium". Environ. Microbiol. 8 (5): 827–35. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00969.x. PMID 16623740.
^ Bailey S, Clokie MR, Millard A, Mann NH (2004). "Cyanophage infection and photoinhibition in marine cyanobacteria". Res. Microbiol. 155 (9): 720–5. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2004.06.002. PMID 15501648.
^ Sharon I, Alperovitch A, Rohwer F, Haynes M, Glaser F, Atamna-Ismaeel N, Pinter RY, Partensky F, Koonin EV, Wolf YI, Nelson N, Béjà O (2009). "Photosystem-I gene cassettes are present in marine virus genomes". Nature. 461 (7261): 258–262. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..258S. doi:10.1038/nature08284. PMC 4605144. PMID 19710652.
^ Alperovitch-Lavy A, Sharon I, Rohwer F, Aro EM, Glaser F, Milo R, Nelson N, Béjà O (2011). "Reconstructing a puzzle: existence of cyanophages containing both photosystem-I and photosystem-II gene suites inferred from oceanic metagenomic datasets". Environ. Microbiol. 13 (1): 24–32. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02304.x. PMID 20649642.
^ Béjà O, Fridman S, Glaser F (2012). "Viral clones from the GOS expedition with an unusual photosystem-I gene cassette organization". ISME J. 6 (8): 1617–20. Bibcode:2012ISMEJ...6.1617B. doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.23. PMC 3400403. PMID 22456446.
References
Deisenhofer J, Epp O, Miki K, Huber R, Michel H (December 1984). "X-ray structure analysis of a membrane protein complex. Electron density map at 3 A resolution and a model of the chromophores of the photosynthetic reaction center from Rhodopseudomonas viridis". Journal of Molecular Biology. 180 (2): 385–98. doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(84)80011-x. PMID 6392571. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"photosynthetic reaction centres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_reaction_centre"},{"link_name":"thylakoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylakoid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16887904-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid29603081-2"},{"link_name":"specific reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-dependent_reactions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid29603081-2"}],"text":"Photosynthetic reaction centre proteins are main protein components of photosynthetic reaction centres (RCs) of bacteria and plants. They are transmembrane proteins embedded in the chloroplast thylakoid or bacterial cell membrane.Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria have one type of PRC for each of its two photosystems. Non-oxygenic bacteria, on the other hand, have an RC resembling either the Photosystem I centre (Type I) or the Photosystem II centre (Type II). In either case, PRCs have two related proteins (L/M; D1/D2; PsaA/PsaB) making up a quasi-symmetrical 5-helical core complex with pockets for pigment binding. The two types are structurally related and share a common ancestor.[1][2] Each type have different pockets for ligands to accommodate their specific reactions: while Type I RCs use iron sulfur clusters to accept electrons, Type II RCs use quinones. The centre units of Type I RCs also have six extra transmembrane helices for gathering energy.[2]","title":"Photosynthetic reaction centre protein family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"light-harvesting protein-pigment complexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-harvesting_complex"},{"link_name":"carotenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid"},{"link_name":"bacteriochlorophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriochlorophyll"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PUB00014116-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PUB00034760-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PUB00034761-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PUB00015395-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PUB00015279-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PUB00014111-8"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR005652","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR005652"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PUB00034762-9"},{"link_name":"Rhodopseudomonas viridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopseudomonas_viridis"},{"link_name":"Heliobacterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliobacteria"},{"link_name":"PDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank"},{"link_name":"5V8K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rcsb.org/structure/5V8K"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid29603081-2"}],"text":"The Type II photosynthetic apparatus in non-oxygenic bacteria consists of light-harvesting protein-pigment complexes LH1 and LH2, which use carotenoid and bacteriochlorophyll as primary donors.[3] LH1 acts as the energy collection hub, temporarily storing it before its transfer to the photosynthetic reaction centre (RC).[4] Electrons are transferred from the primary donor via an intermediate acceptor (bacteriophaeophytin) to the primary acceptor (quinine Qa), and finally to the secondary acceptor (quinone Qb), resulting in the formation of ubiquinol QbH2. RC uses the excitation energy to shuffle electrons across the membrane, transferring them via ubiquinol to the cytochrome bc1 complex in order to establish a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used by ATP synthetase to form ATP.[5][6][7]The core complex is anchored in the cell membrane, consisting of one unit of RC surrounded by LH1; in some species there may be additional subunits.[8] A type II RC consists of three subunits: L (light), M (medium), and H (heavy; InterPro: IPR005652). Subunits L and M provide the scaffolding for the chromophore, while subunit H contains a cytoplasmic domain.[9] In Rhodopseudomonas viridis, there is also a non-membranous tetrahaem cytochrome (4Hcyt) subunit on the periplasmic surface.The structure for a type I system in the anaerobe Heliobacterium modesticaldum was resolved in 2017 (PDB: 5V8K). As a homodimer consisting of only one type of protein in the core complex, it is considered a closer example to what an ancestral unit before the Type I/II split is like compared to all heterodimeric systems.[2]","title":"In bacteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PUB00015357-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PUB00015359-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid29603081-2"}],"text":"The D1 (PsbA) and D2 (PsbD) photosystem II (PSII) reaction centre proteins from cyanobacteria, algae and plants only show approximately 15% sequence homology with the L and M subunits, however the conserved amino acids correspond to the binding sites of the photochemically active cofactors. As a result, the reaction centres (RCs) of purple photosynthetic bacteria and PSII display considerable structural similarity in terms of cofactor organisation.The D1 and D2 proteins occur as a heterodimer that form the reaction core of PSII, a multisubunit protein-pigment complex containing over forty different cofactors, which are anchored in the cell membrane in cyanobacteria, and in the thylakoid membrane in algae and plants. Upon absorption of light energy, the D1/D2 heterodimer undergoes charge separation, and the electrons are transferred from the primary donor (chlorophyll a) via phaeophytin to the primary acceptor quinone Qa, then to the secondary acceptor Qb, which like the bacterial system, culminates in the production of ATP. However, PSII has an additional function over the bacterial system. At the oxidising side of PSII, a redox-active residue in the D1 protein reduces P680, the oxidised tyrosine then withdrawing electrons from a manganese cluster, which in turn withdraw electrons from water, leading to the splitting of water and the formation of molecular oxygen. PSII thus provides a source of electrons that can be used by photosystem I to produce the reducing power (NADPH) required to convert CO2 to glucose.[10][11]Instead of assigning specialized roles to quinones, the PsaA-PsaB photosystem I centre evolved to make both quinones immobile. It also recruited the iron-sulphur PsaC subunit to further mitigate the risk of oxidative stress.[2]","title":"Oxygenic systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bacteriophage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18043651-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15263091-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16802857-14"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"transduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transduction_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15256601-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16222247-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16623740-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15501648-18"},{"link_name":"cyanophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanophage"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Photosynthetic reaction centre genes from PSII (PsbA, PsbD) have been discovered within marine bacteriophage.[12][13][14] Though it is widely accepted dogma that arbitrary pieces of DNA can be borne by phage between hosts (transduction), one would hardly expect to find transduced DNA within a large number of viruses. Transduction is presumed to be common in general, but for any single piece of DNA to be routinely transduced would be highly unexpected. Instead, conceptually, a gene routinely found in surveys of viral DNA would have to be a functional element of the virus itself (this does not imply that the gene would not be transferred among hosts - which the photosystem within viruses is[15] - but instead that there is a viral function for the gene, that it is not merely hitchhiking with the virus). However, free viruses lack the machinery needed to support metabolism, let alone photosynthesis. As a result, photosystem genes are not likely to be a functional component of the virus like a capsid protein or tail fibre. Instead, it is expressed within an infected host cell.[16][17] Most virus genes that are expressed in the host context are useful for hijacking the host machinery to produce viruses or for replication of the viral genome. These can include reverse transcriptases, integrases, nucleases or other enzymes. Photosystem components do not fit this mould either.The production of an active photosystem during viral infection provides active photosynthesis to dying cells. This is not viral altruism towards the host, however. The problem with viral infections tends to be that they disable the host relatively rapidly. As protein expression is shunted from the host genome to the viral genome, the photosystem degrades relatively rapidly (due in part to the interaction with light, which is highly corrosive), cutting off the supply of nutrients to the replicating virus.[18] A solution to this problem is to add rapidly degraded photosystem genes to the virus, such that the nutrient flow is uninhibited and more viruses are produced. One would expect that this discovery will lead to other discoveries of a similar nature; that elements of the host metabolism key to viral production and easily damaged during infection are actively replaced or supported by the virus during infection. Indeed, recently, PSI gene cassettes containing whole gene suites [(psaJF, C, A, B, K, E and D) and (psaD, C, A and B)] were also reported to exist in marine cyanophages from the Pacific and Indian Oceans [19][20][21]","title":"In viruses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Photosynthetic reaction centre, M subunit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosynthetic_reaction_centre,_M_subunit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR005781","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR005781"},{"link_name":"Photosystem II reaction centre protein PsbA/D1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosystem_II_reaction_centre_protein_PsbA/D1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR005867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR005867"},{"link_name":"Photosystem II reaction centre protein PsbD/D2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosystem_II_reaction_centre_protein_PsbD/D2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR005868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR005868"},{"link_name":"Photosynthetic reaction centre, L subunit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosynthetic_reaction_centre,_L_subunit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR005871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR005871"}],"text":"Photosynthetic reaction centre, M subunit InterPro: IPR005781\nPhotosystem II reaction centre protein PsbA/D1 InterPro: IPR005867\nPhotosystem II reaction centre protein PsbD/D2 InterPro: IPR005868\nPhotosynthetic reaction centre, L subunit InterPro: IPR005871","title":"Subfamilies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pmid16887904_1-0"},{"link_name":"Blankenship RE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Blankenship"},{"link_name":"\"Conservation of distantly related membrane proteins: photosynthetic reaction centers share a common structural core\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsl079"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/molbev/msl079","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsl079"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16887904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16887904"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pmid29603081_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pmid29603081_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pmid29603081_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pmid29603081_2-3"},{"link_name":"\"Evolution of photosynthetic reaction centers: insights from the structure of the heliobacterial reaction 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PMID 19710652.\n\n^ Alperovitch-Lavy A, Sharon I, Rohwer F, Aro EM, Glaser F, Milo R, Nelson N, Béjà O (2011). \"Reconstructing a puzzle: existence of cyanophages containing both photosystem-I and photosystem-II gene suites inferred from oceanic metagenomic datasets\". Environ. Microbiol. 13 (1): 24–32. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02304.x. PMID 20649642.\n\n^ Béjà O, Fridman S, Glaser F (2012). \"Viral clones from the GOS expedition with an unusual photosystem-I gene cassette organization\". ISME J. 6 (8): 1617–20. Bibcode:2012ISMEJ...6.1617B. doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.23. PMC 3400403. PMID 22456446.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"C-terminal processing peptidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-terminal_processing_peptidase"}] | [{"reference":"Sadekar S, Raymond J, Blankenship RE (November 2006). \"Conservation of distantly related membrane proteins: photosynthetic reaction centers share a common structural core\". 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PMID 19710652.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4605144","url_text":"\"Photosystem-I gene cassettes are present in marine virus genomes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.461..258S","url_text":"2009Natur.461..258S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08284","url_text":"10.1038/nature08284"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4605144","url_text":"4605144"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19710652","url_text":"19710652"}]},{"reference":"Alperovitch-Lavy A, Sharon I, Rohwer F, Aro EM, Glaser F, Milo R, Nelson N, Béjà O (2011). \"Reconstructing a puzzle: existence of cyanophages containing both photosystem-I and photosystem-II gene suites inferred from oceanic metagenomic datasets\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardgarvan | Ardgarvan | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 55°01′23″N 6°55′44″W / 55.023°N 6.929°W / 55.023; -6.929Hamlet in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland
Townland in Northern Ireland, United KingdomArdgarvan
Irish: Ard GarbháintownlandIrish transcription(s) • Derivation:Ard Garbháin • Meaning:"Garvan's height"Ardgarvan in 2008ArdgarvanArdgarvan shown within Northern IrelandShow map of Northern IrelandArdgarvanArdgarvan (the United Kingdom)Show map of the United KingdomCoordinates: 55°01′23″N 6°55′44″W / 55.023°N 6.929°W / 55.023; -6.929Sovereign stateUnited KingdomCountryNorthern IrelandCountyLondonderryBaronyKeenaghtCivil parishDrumcahoseSettlementsArdgarvanGovernment • CouncilCauseway Coast and GlensArea • Total286.27 acres (115.85 ha)
Ardgarvan (from Irish Ard Garbháin, meaning 'Garvan's height') is a hamlet and townland in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, 2 km south of Limavady. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 111 people. It is situated within Causeway Coast and Glens district.
The village has developed on the northern side of Ballyavelin Road and is dominated by public housing development. It has limited recreational facilities available to the local community.
See also
List of villages in Northern Ireland
List of towns in Northern Ireland
References
^ a b Placenames Database of Ireland
^ Northern Ireland Environment Agency. "NIEA Map Viewer". Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
^ a b "Ardgarvan Settlement Designation". Planning Service - Draft Northern Area Plan 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
vtePlaces in County LondonderryList of places in County LondonderryCities
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Towns
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Villages, parishes, and townlands
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This article related to the geography of County Londonderry, Northern Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Logainm-1"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"townland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townland"},{"link_name":"County Londonderry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Londonderry"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Limavady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limavady"},{"link_name":"2001 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001"},{"link_name":"Causeway Coast and Glens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_Coast_and_Glens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PS-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PS-3"}],"text":"Hamlet in County Londonderry, Northern IrelandTownland in Northern Ireland, United KingdomArdgarvan (from Irish Ard Garbháin, meaning 'Garvan's height')[1] is a hamlet and townland in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, 2 km south of Limavady. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 111 people. It is situated within Causeway Coast and Glens district.[3]The village has developed on the northern side of Ballyavelin Road and is dominated by public housing development. It has limited recreational facilities available to the local community.[3]","title":"Ardgarvan"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Londonderry.svg/100px-Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Londonderry.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"List of villages in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"title":"List of towns in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Northern_Ireland"}] | [{"reference":"Northern Ireland Environment Agency. \"NIEA Map Viewer\". Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111124125249/http://maps.ehsni.gov.uk/SixInchSeries/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"NIEA Map Viewer\""},{"url":"http://maps.ehsni.gov.uk/SixInchSeries/Default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ardgarvan Settlement Designation\". Planning Service - Draft Northern Area Plan 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.planningni.gov.uk/AreaPlans_Policy/Plans/Northern/draft_plan/Volume2/Part6/SmallSettlements/Ardgarvan.htm","url_text":"\"Ardgarvan Settlement Designation\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ardgarvan¶ms=55.023_N_6.929_W_region:GB_scale:20000_type:city","external_links_name":"55°01′23″N 6°55′44″W / 55.023°N 6.929°W / 55.023; -6.929"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ardgarvan¶ms=55.023_N_6.929_W_region:GB_scale:20000_type:city","external_links_name":"55°01′23″N 6°55′44″W / 55.023°N 6.929°W / 55.023; -6.929"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130217235500/http://www.logainm.ie/1413304.aspx","external_links_name":"Placenames Database of Ireland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111124125249/http://maps.ehsni.gov.uk/SixInchSeries/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"NIEA Map Viewer\""},{"Link":"http://maps.ehsni.gov.uk/SixInchSeries/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.planningni.gov.uk/AreaPlans_Policy/Plans/Northern/draft_plan/Volume2/Part6/SmallSettlements/Ardgarvan.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ardgarvan Settlement Designation\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ardgarvan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafta_Humera | Kafta Humera | ["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Agriculture","4 2020 woreda reorganisation","5 Notes"] | Coordinates: 14°00′N 37°00′E / 14.000°N 37.000°E / 14.000; 37.000District in Tigray Region, Ethiopia
Woreda in Tigray, EthiopiaKafta Humera
ቃፍታ ሑመራWoredaCountry EthiopiaRegion TigrayZoneMi'irabawi Zone (Western)Area • Total4,542.33 km2 (1,753.80 sq mi)Population (2007) • Total92,167
Kafta Humera (Tigrinya: ቃፍታ ሑመራ) is a woreda in Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Located in the Western Tigray of Tigray, Kafta Humera is bordered on the south by Tsegede, on the west by Sudan, by the Tekezé River which separates Kafta Humera from Eritrea on the north, on the east by the North Western zone, and on the southeast by Welkait. Towns in Kafta Humera include Adi Hirdi and Humera.
History
Prior to the Ethiopian Revolution, Kafta Humera was the site of a government program to provide land to landless peasants from Tigray and Eritrea. By the end of 1971, some 500 farmers occupied about 7,000 square kilometers, and a further 50,000 were employed as seasonal workers. Although the program was intended for landless citizens, much of the available land had been taken by absentee landlords from the aristocracy—one estimate is as high as 55% of all grants.
Kafta Humera, was selected by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in 2003 as an area for voluntary resettlement for farmers from overpopulated areas. Along with Tsegede woreda, the other woreda selected in Tigray that year, welcomed that year a total of 7334 heads of households and 618 total family members.
In August 2006, the Tekeze flooded Kafta Humera, displacing 450 households. However, subsequent visits by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs found no need for emergency services. In November of that year, a wild fire near the resettlement sites in Kafta Humera destroyed approximately 10 hectares of forest.
Demographics
Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this woreda has a total population of 92,167, an increase of 48,690 over the 1994 census, of whom 47,909 are men and 44,258 women. With an area of 4,542.33 square kilometers, Kafta Humera has a population density of 20.29, which is less than the Zone average of 28.94 persons per square kilometer; 30,234 or 32.80% are urban inhabitants. A total of 23,449 households were counted in this woreda, resulting in an average of 3.93 persons to a household, and 22,259 housing units. The majority of the inhabitants said they practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 95.16% reporting that as their religion, while 4.7% of the population were Muslim.
The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 48,690 of whom 25,456 were men and 23,234 were women; 16,442 or 33.77% of its population were urban dwellers. The largest ethnic groups reported in Kafta Humera were the Tigrayans (86.26%), the Amharas (7.76%), and foreign residents from Eritrea (2.96%); all other ethnic groups made up 3.02% of the population. Tigrinya is spoken as a first language by 89.36%, and 7.74% speak Amharic; the remaining 2.9% spoke all other primary languages reported. 92.69% of the population said they were Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 6.35% were Muslim. Concerning education, 19.28% of the population were considered literate, which is greater than the Zone average of 9.01%; 25.37% of children aged 7–12 were in primary school, which is greater than the Zone average of 11.34%; 1.89% of the children aged 13–14 were in junior secondary school, which is also greater than the Zone average of 0.65%; and 0.41% of children aged 15–18 were in senior secondary school, which is less than the Zone average of 0.51%. Concerning sanitary conditions, about 91% of the urban houses and 58% of all houses had access to safe drinking water at the time of the census; about 22% of the urban and 9% of all houses had toilet facilities.
Agriculture
A sample enumeration performed by the CSA in 2001 interviewed 11,606 farmers in this woreda, who held an average of 1.89 hectares of land. Of the 21,950 hectares of private land surveyed in Kafta Humera, 93.19% was under cultivation, 0.03% pasture, 4.85% fallow, 0.73% woodland, and 1.19% was devoted to other uses. For the land under cultivation in this woreda, 31.24% is planted in cereals, 0.94% in pulses, 60.87% in oilseeds, and 0.03% in vegetables. The number of hectares planted in fruit trees is missing. 68.8% of the farmers both raise crops and livestock, while 27.97% only grow crops and 3.23% only raise livestock. Land tenure in this woreda is distributed amongst 74.74% owning their land, 25.09% renting, and those holding their land under other forms of tenure 0.17%.
The economy of this woreda is centered on the production of sesame, which by 1996 replaced cotton as the primary cash crop. Sesame is a high-value edible oil that is exported to Israel, Turkey, the Middle East, Japan and China. Over 400 large-scale investors cultivate an average 600 hectares of sesame, while local farmers cultivate up to 12 hectares each. Investors cultivate 58% of the 186,000 hectares of cultivable land, and local farmers the remaining 42%. Sesame production is labor-intensive, especially during the weeding and harvesting period, attracting an average of 200,000 workers from the rest of the Tigray Region, northern Amhara, and Sudan each year. Another important crop in Kafta Humera is sorghum, which both investment and local farmers cultivate as both a cash and a food crop.
2020 woreda reorganisation
In 2020, woreda Kafta Humera became inoperative and its territory belongs to the following new woredas:
Kafta Humera(new, smaller, woreda)
May Kadra woreda
Setit Humera woreda
Humera town
Notes
^ "Local History in Ethiopia" The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 11 December 2007)
^ "Resettlement 2003" Archived 2008-02-29 at the Wayback Machine, Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Agency (accessed 26 November 2006)
^ "OCHA Situation Report No. 3 Floods – Ethiopia (Draft)" Archived 2010-10-05 at the Wayback Machine, UN-OCHA (accessed 8 February 2009)
^ "Regional overview: Tigray", Focus on Ethiopia, November 2006, UN-OCHA (accessed 27 February 2009)
^ Census 2007 Tables: Tigray Region Archived 2010-11-14 at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5 and 3.4.
^ 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region, Vol. 1, part 1 Archived 2008-11-19 at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.12, 2.19, 3.5, 3.7, 6.3, 6.11, 6.13 (accessed 30 December 2008)
^ "Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia. Agricultural Sample Survey (AgSE2001). Report on Area and Production - Tigray Region. Version 1.1 - December 2007" Archived 2009-11-14 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 26 January 2009)
^ "Kafta Humera Woreda Livelihood Report", Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Agency, Ethiopia (accessed 14 October 2009)
14°00′N 37°00′E / 14.000°N 37.000°E / 14.000; 37.000
vteZones and Woredas of the Tigray Region List of districts in the Tigray RegionCentral Zone
Abergele
Adwa
Adwa Town
Axum
Enticho
Kola Tembien
Abiy Addi
La'ilay Maychew
Mereb Lehe
Naeder Adet
Tahtay Maychew
Tanqua Millash
Werie Lehe
Eastern Zone
Adigrat
Atsbi Wenberta
Ganta Afeshum
Gulomahda
Hawzen
Irob
Kilte Awulaelo
Saesi Tsaedaemba
Wukro
South Eastern Zone
Dogu'a Tembien
Enderta
Hintalo Wajirat
Saharti Samre
Southern Zone
Alaje
Alamata
Endamekoni
Korem
Maychew
Ofla
Raya Azebo
Western Zone
Kafta Humera
Tsegede
Welkait
North Western Zone
Asgede Tsimbla
La'ilay Adiyabo
Medebay Zana
Sheraro
Shire Inda Selassie
Tahtay Adiyabo
Tahtay Koraro
Tselemti
Tsimbla
Special Zones
Mekelle | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tigrinya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_language"},{"link_name":"woreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Tigray Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_Region"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Western Tigray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%27irabawi_Zone"},{"link_name":"Tsegede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsegede"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Tekezé River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekez%C3%A9_River"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"North Western zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semien_Mi%27irabawi_Zone"},{"link_name":"Welkait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welkait"},{"link_name":"Humera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humera"}],"text":"District in Tigray Region, EthiopiaWoreda in Tigray, EthiopiaKafta Humera (Tigrinya: ቃፍታ ሑመራ) is a woreda in Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Located in the Western Tigray of Tigray, Kafta Humera is bordered on the south by Tsegede, on the west by Sudan, by the Tekezé River which separates Kafta Humera from Eritrea on the north, on the east by the North Western zone, and on the southeast by Welkait. Towns in Kafta Humera include Adi Hirdi and Humera.","title":"Kafta Humera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethiopian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development_(Ethiopia)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"wild fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_fire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Prior to the Ethiopian Revolution, Kafta Humera was the site of a government program to provide land to landless peasants from Tigray and Eritrea. By the end of 1971, some 500 farmers occupied about 7,000 square kilometers, and a further 50,000 were employed as seasonal workers. Although the program was intended for landless citizens, much of the available land had been taken by absentee landlords from the aristocracy—one estimate is as high as 55% of all grants.[1]Kafta Humera, was selected by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in 2003 as an area for voluntary resettlement for farmers from overpopulated areas. Along with Tsegede woreda, the other woreda selected in Tigray that year, welcomed that year a total of 7334 heads of households and 618 total family members.[2]In August 2006, the Tekeze flooded Kafta Humera, displacing 450 households. However, subsequent visits by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs found no need for emergency services.[3] In November of that year, a wild fire near the resettlement sites in Kafta Humera destroyed approximately 10 hectares of forest.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Statistical Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistical_Agency_(Ethiopia)"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tigrayans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrayans"},{"link_name":"Amharas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_people"},{"link_name":"Tigrinya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_language"},{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"sanitary conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this woreda has a total population of 92,167, an increase of 48,690 over the 1994 census, of whom 47,909 are men and 44,258 women. With an area of 4,542.33 square kilometers, Kafta Humera has a population density of 20.29, which is less than the Zone average of 28.94 persons per square kilometer; 30,234 or 32.80% are urban inhabitants. A total of 23,449 households were counted in this woreda, resulting in an average of 3.93 persons to a household, and 22,259 housing units. The majority of the inhabitants said they practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 95.16% reporting that as their religion, while 4.7% of the population were Muslim.[5]The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 48,690 of whom 25,456 were men and 23,234 were women; 16,442 or 33.77% of its population were urban dwellers. The largest ethnic groups reported in Kafta Humera were the Tigrayans (86.26%), the Amharas (7.76%), and foreign residents from Eritrea (2.96%); all other ethnic groups made up 3.02% of the population. Tigrinya is spoken as a first language by 89.36%, and 7.74% speak Amharic; the remaining 2.9% spoke all other primary languages reported. 92.69% of the population said they were Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 6.35% were Muslim. Concerning education, 19.28% of the population were considered literate, which is greater than the Zone average of 9.01%; 25.37% of children aged 7–12 were in primary school, which is greater than the Zone average of 11.34%; 1.89% of the children aged 13–14 were in junior secondary school, which is also greater than the Zone average of 0.65%; and 0.41% of children aged 15–18 were in senior secondary school, which is less than the Zone average of 0.51%. Concerning sanitary conditions, about 91% of the urban houses and 58% of all houses had access to safe drinking water at the time of the census; about 22% of the urban and 9% of all houses had toilet facilities.[6]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"woodland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"sesame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_production_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"sorghum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A sample enumeration performed by the CSA in 2001 interviewed 11,606 farmers in this woreda, who held an average of 1.89 hectares of land. 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Another important crop in Kafta Humera is sorghum, which both investment and local farmers cultivate as both a cash and a food crop.[8]","title":"Agriculture"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 2020, woreda Kafta Humera became inoperative and its territory belongs to the following new woredas:Kafta Humera(new, smaller, woreda)\nMay Kadra woreda\nSetit Humera woreda\nHumera town","title":"2020 woreda reorganisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Local History in Ethiopia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/h/ORTHOS.pdf"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Resettlement 2003\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dppc.gov.et/downloadable/map/Thematic%20maps/resettlement/Resettlement%202003.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080229100156/http://www.dppc.gov.et/downloadable/map/Thematic%20maps/resettlement/Resettlement%202003.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"OCHA Situation Report No. 3 Floods – Ethiopia (Draft)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ocha-eth.org/Home/downloadables/FloodGeneralSit%20RepNo.1.Aug.06.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101005205836/http://ocha-eth.org/Home/downloadables/FloodGeneralSit%20RepNo.1.Aug.06.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Regional overview: Tigray\", Focus on Ethiopia, November 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ocha-eth.org/Reports/downloadable/FocusonEthiopaNovember2006.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Census 2007 Tables: Tigray Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=275&format=raw&Itemid=521"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101114010300/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=275&format=raw&Itemid=521"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region, Vol. 1, part 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck07%5Ck07_partI.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081119232405/http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck07%5Ck07_partI.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia. 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Millash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanqua_Millash"},{"link_name":"Werie Lehe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werie_Lehe"},{"link_name":"Eastern Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Zone,_Tigray"},{"link_name":"Adigrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adigrat"},{"link_name":"Atsbi Wenberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsbi_Wenberta"},{"link_name":"Ganta Afeshum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganta_Afeshum"},{"link_name":"Gulomahda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulomahda"},{"link_name":"Hawzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawzen_(Ethiopian_District)"},{"link_name":"Irob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irob_(Ethiopian_District)"},{"link_name":"Kilte Awulaelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilte_Awulaelo"},{"link_name":"Saesi Tsaedaemba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saesi_Tsaedaemba"},{"link_name":"Wukro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wukro"},{"link_name":"South Eastern Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Zone,_Tigray"},{"link_name":"Dogu'a Tembien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogu%27a_Tembien"},{"link_name":"Enderta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enderta_(Ethiopian_District)"},{"link_name":"Hintalo Wajirat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hintalo_Wajirat"},{"link_name":"Saharti Samre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharti_Samre"},{"link_name":"Southern Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Zone,_Tigray"},{"link_name":"Alaje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaje"},{"link_name":"Alamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamata_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Endamekoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endamekoni"},{"link_name":"Korem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korem"},{"link_name":"Maychew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maychew"},{"link_name":"Ofla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofla"},{"link_name":"Raya Azebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raya_Azebo"},{"link_name":"Western Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zone,_Tigray"},{"link_name":"Kafta Humera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Tsegede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsegede"},{"link_name":"Welkait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welkait"},{"link_name":"North Western Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Western_Zone,_Tigray"},{"link_name":"Asgede Tsimbla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgede_Tsimbla"},{"link_name":"La'ilay Adiyabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%27ilay_Adiyabo"},{"link_name":"Medebay Zana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medebay_Zana"},{"link_name":"Sheraro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheraro"},{"link_name":"Shire Inda Selassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_Inda_Selassie"},{"link_name":"Tahtay Adiyabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahtay_Adiyabo"},{"link_name":"Tahtay Koraro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahtay_Koraro"},{"link_name":"Tselemti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tselemti"},{"link_name":"Tsimbla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsimbla"},{"link_name":"Mekelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekelle"}],"text":"^ \"Local History in Ethiopia\"[permanent dead link] The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 11 December 2007)\n\n^ \"Resettlement 2003\" Archived 2008-02-29 at the Wayback Machine, Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Agency (accessed 26 November 2006)\n\n^ \"OCHA Situation Report No. 3 Floods – Ethiopia (Draft)\" Archived 2010-10-05 at the Wayback Machine, UN-OCHA (accessed 8 February 2009)\n\n^ \"Regional overview: Tigray\", Focus on Ethiopia, November 2006, UN-OCHA (accessed 27 February 2009)\n\n^ Census 2007 Tables: Tigray Region Archived 2010-11-14 at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5 and 3.4.\n\n^ 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region, Vol. 1, part 1 Archived 2008-11-19 at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.12, 2.19, 3.5, 3.7, 6.3, 6.11, 6.13 (accessed 30 December 2008)\n\n^ \"Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia. Agricultural Sample Survey (AgSE2001). Report on Area and Production - Tigray Region. Version 1.1 - December 2007\" Archived 2009-11-14 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 26 January 2009)\n\n^ \"Kafta Humera Woreda Livelihood Report\", Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Agency, Ethiopia (accessed 14 October 2009)14°00′N 37°00′E / 14.000°N 37.000°E / 14.000; 37.000vteZones and Woredas of the Tigray Region List of districts in the Tigray RegionCentral Zone\nAbergele\nAdwa\nAdwa Town\nAxum\nEnticho\nKola Tembien\nAbiy Addi\nLa'ilay Maychew\nMereb Lehe\nNaeder Adet\nTahtay Maychew\nTanqua Millash\nWerie Lehe\nEastern Zone\nAdigrat\nAtsbi Wenberta\nGanta Afeshum\nGulomahda\nHawzen\nIrob\nKilte Awulaelo\nSaesi Tsaedaemba\nWukro\nSouth Eastern Zone\nDogu'a Tembien\nEnderta\nHintalo Wajirat\nSaharti Samre\nSouthern Zone\nAlaje\nAlamata\nEndamekoni\nKorem\nMaychew\nOfla\nRaya Azebo\nWestern Zone\nKafta Humera\nTsegede\nWelkait\nNorth Western Zone\nAsgede Tsimbla\nLa'ilay Adiyabo\nMedebay Zana\nSheraro\nShire Inda Selassie\nTahtay Adiyabo\nTahtay Koraro\nTselemti\nTsimbla\nSpecial Zones\nMekelle","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kafta_Humera¶ms=14_00_N_37_00_E_type:adm3rd_region:ET","external_links_name":"14°00′N 37°00′E / 14.000°N 37.000°E / 14.000; 37.000"},{"Link":"http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/h/ORTHOS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Local History in Ethiopia\""},{"Link":"http://www.dppc.gov.et/downloadable/map/Thematic%20maps/resettlement/Resettlement%202003.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Resettlement 2003\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080229100156/http://www.dppc.gov.et/downloadable/map/Thematic%20maps/resettlement/Resettlement%202003.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ocha-eth.org/Home/downloadables/FloodGeneralSit%20RepNo.1.Aug.06.pdf","external_links_name":"\"OCHA Situation Report No. 3 Floods – Ethiopia (Draft)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101005205836/http://ocha-eth.org/Home/downloadables/FloodGeneralSit%20RepNo.1.Aug.06.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ocha-eth.org/Reports/downloadable/FocusonEthiopaNovember2006.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Regional overview: Tigray\", Focus on Ethiopia, November 2006"},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=275&format=raw&Itemid=521","external_links_name":"Census 2007 Tables: Tigray Region"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101114010300/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=275&format=raw&Itemid=521","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck07%5Ck07_partI.pdf","external_links_name":"1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region, Vol. 1, part 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081119232405/http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck07%5Ck07_partI.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Agricultural_Sample_Enumeration_2001/Agricultural_Sample_Enumeration_2001(Land_Use)/survey0/data/docs%5Cpdf%5Creport%5CTigray%20land%20use.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Kansas_Cavalry_Regiment | 11th Kansas Cavalry Regiment | ["1 Service","2 Detailed service","3 Casualties","4 Commanders","5 Notable members","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"] | 11th Regiment Kansas Volunteer CavalryActiveApril 1863 – September 26, 1865CountryUnited StatesAllegianceUnionBranchCavalryEngagementsSecond Battle of LexingtonBattle of Little Blue RiverSecond Battle of IndependenceBattle of Byram's FordBattle of WestportBattle of Mine CreekBattle of Platte BridgeBattle of Red ButtesMilitary unit
The 11th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Service
The 11th Kansas Cavalry was organized at Kansas City, Kansas in late April 1863 from the 11th Kansas Infantry, which ceased to exist. It mustered in for three years under the command of Colonel Thomas Ewing Jr.
The regiment was attached to District of the Border and District of Kansas, Department of the Missouri, until February 1865. District of Upper Arkansas to March 1865. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, VII Corps, Department of Arkansas, to April 1865. District of the Plains, Department of Missouri, to September 1865.
The 11th Kansas Cavalry mustered out of service at Fort Leavenworth on July 17, 1865.
Detailed service
Assigned to duty on eastern border of Kansas until October 1864. Expedition from Salem to Mulberry Creek, Kansas, August 8–11, 1863 (detachment). Scout on Republican River, Kansas, August 19–24, 1863 (detachment). Operations against Quantrill on his raid into Kansas August 20–28. Independence, Missouri, August 25. (Companies C and F duty on southern border of Kansas December 1863 to August 1864.) Company L stationed at Fort Riley; Company G at Fort Leavenworth as body guard to General Samuel Curtis. Action at Scott's Ford, Missouri, October 14, 1863. Deep Water Creek, Missouri, October 15. Expedition into Missouri June 16–20, 1864. Scout from Salem to Mulberry Creek August 8–11 (detachment). Operations against Indians in Nebraska August 11-November 28 (1 company). Operations against Price in Missouri and Kansas. Lexington October 19. Little Blue October 21. Independence, Big Blue, and State Line October 22. Westport October 23. Cold Water Grove October 24. Mine Creek, Little Osage River, October 25. Regiment ordered to Fort Riley December 1864. Companies C and E to Fort Larned February 1865. Regiment moved to Fort Kearney, Nebraska, February 20-March 4, then moved to Fort Laramie March 6-April 9, and to Platte Bridge. Duty guarding telegraph lines and operating against Indians until June. Sage Creek, Dakota Territory, April 21. Deer Creek May 21. Platte Bridge, Dakota Territory, June 3. Companies A, B, E, F, L, and M moved to Fort Halleck June 11–24. Protect stage route from Camp Collins, Colorado, to Green River until August 13. White River, Dakota Territory, June 17. Rock Creek July 1. Fort Halleck July 4 and 26. Moved to Fort Leavenworth.
Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 173 men during service; 61 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 110 enlisted men died of disease.
Commanders
Colonel Thomas Ewing Jr.
Colonel Thomas Moonlight
Notable members
Captain Grenville Lew Gove, Company G - died of disease November 7, 1864; Gove County, Kansas is named in his honor
Lieutenant Colonel Preston B. Plumb - U.S. Senator from Kansas (1877–1891)
Private John C. Rooks, Company I - killed at the battle of Prairie Grove; Rooks County, Kansas is named in his honor
Major Edmund G. Ross - printer and newspaperman, later a Republican U.S. Senator from Kansas who is most noted for his "no" vote against the 1868 impeachment of Andrew Johnson.
See also
American Civil War portalKansas portal
11th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry
List of Kansas Civil War Units
Kansas in the Civil War
Notes
^ Castel, Albert. A Frontier State at War: Kansas, 1861-1865 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press), 1958.
^ Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co.), 1908.
^ Official Military History of Kansas Regiments During the War for the Suppression of the Great Rebellion (Leavenworth, KS: W. S. Burke), 1870.
^ Smith, Ronald D. Thomas Ewing Jr.: Frontier Lawyer and Civil War General (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press), 2008. ISBN 0-8262-1806-7
References
Attribution
This article contains text from a text now in the public domain: Dyer, Frederick H. (1908). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. Des Moines, IA: Dyer Publishing Co.
External links
History of the 11th Kansas Cavalry by the Museum of the Kansas National Guard
Guidon of Company A, 11th Kansas Cavalry at the Kansas State Historical Society
vteKansas in the American Civil WarOrigins
Kansas–Nebraska Act
Bleeding Kansas
Wakarusa War
Lawrence
Pottawatomie
Spurs
Black Jack
Franklin
Fort Titus
Osawatomie
Marais des Cygnes
Combatants
Union
Campaigns
Missouri
Battles1861
Osceola
1863
Lawrence
Brooklyn
Baxter Springs
1864
Marais des Cygnes
Mine Creek
Related topics
General Order 11
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Military unitThe 11th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.[1]","title":"11th Kansas Cavalry Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"11th Kansas Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Regiment_Kansas_Volunteer_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ewing Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ewing_Jr."},{"link_name":"Department of the Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Missouri"},{"link_name":"VII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_Corps_(Union_Army)"},{"link_name":"Department of Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Fort Leavenworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 11th Kansas Cavalry was organized at Kansas City, Kansas in late April 1863 from the 11th Kansas Infantry, which ceased to exist. It mustered in for three years under the command of Colonel Thomas Ewing Jr.The regiment was attached to District of the Border and District of Kansas, Department of the Missouri, until February 1865. District of Upper Arkansas to March 1865. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, VII Corps, Department of Arkansas, to April 1865. District of the Plains, Department of Missouri, to September 1865.The 11th Kansas Cavalry mustered out of service at Fort Leavenworth on July 17, 1865.[2]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ryan_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Fort Larned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Larned_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Assigned to duty on eastern border of Kansas until October 1864. Expedition from Salem to Mulberry Creek, Kansas, August 8–11, 1863 (detachment). Scout on Republican River, Kansas, August 19–24, 1863 (detachment). Operations against Quantrill on his raid into Kansas August 20–28. Independence, Missouri, August 25. (Companies C and F duty on southern border of Kansas December 1863 to August 1864.) Company L stationed at Fort Riley; Company G at Fort Leavenworth as body guard to General Samuel Curtis. Action at Scott's Ford, Missouri, October 14, 1863. Deep Water Creek, Missouri, October 15. Expedition into Missouri June 16–20, 1864. Scout from Salem to Mulberry Creek August 8–11 (detachment). Operations against Indians in Nebraska August 11-November 28 (1 company). Operations against Price in Missouri and Kansas. Lexington October 19. Little Blue October 21. Independence, Big Blue, and State Line October 22. Westport October 23. Cold Water Grove October 24. Mine Creek, Little Osage River, October 25. Regiment ordered to Fort Riley December 1864. Companies C and E to Fort Larned February 1865. Regiment moved to Fort Kearney, Nebraska, February 20-March 4, then moved to Fort Laramie March 6-April 9, and to Platte Bridge. Duty guarding telegraph lines and operating against Indians until June. Sage Creek, Dakota Territory, April 21. Deer Creek May 21. Platte Bridge, Dakota Territory, June 3. Companies A, B, E, F, L, and M moved to Fort Halleck June 11–24. Protect stage route from Camp Collins, Colorado, to Green River until August 13. White River, Dakota Territory, June 17. Rock Creek July 1. Fort Halleck July 4 and 26. Moved to Fort Leavenworth.[3]","title":"Detailed service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The regiment lost a total of 173 men during service; 61 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 110 enlisted men died of disease.[4]","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Moonlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Moonlight"}],"text":"Colonel Thomas Ewing Jr.\nColonel Thomas Moonlight","title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)"},{"link_name":"Gove County, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gove_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"Preston B. Plumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_B._Plumb"},{"link_name":"Rooks County, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooks_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Edmund G. Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_G._Ross"}],"text":"Captain Grenville Lew Gove, Company G - died of disease November 7, 1864; Gove County, Kansas is named in his honor\nLieutenant Colonel Preston B. Plumb - U.S. Senator from Kansas (1877–1891)\nPrivate John C. Rooks, Company I - killed at the battle of Prairie Grove; Rooks County, Kansas is named in his honor\nMajor Edmund G. Ross - printer and newspaperman, later a Republican U.S. Senator from Kansas who is most noted for his \"no\" vote against the 1868 impeachment of Andrew Johnson.","title":"Notable members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8262-1806-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-1806-7"}],"text":"^ Castel, Albert. A Frontier State at War: Kansas, 1861-1865 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press), 1958.\n\n^ Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co.), 1908.\n\n^ Official Military History of Kansas Regiments During the War for the Suppression of the Great Rebellion (Leavenworth, KS: W. S. Burke), 1870.\n\n^ Smith, Ronald D. Thomas Ewing Jr.: Frontier Lawyer and Civil War General (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press), 2008. ISBN 0-8262-1806-7","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Kansas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Kansas"},{"title":"11th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Regiment_Kansas_Volunteer_Infantry"},{"title":"List of Kansas Civil War Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kansas_Civil_War_Units"},{"title":"Kansas in the Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_in_the_Civil_War"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722035942/http://www.kansasguardmuseum.org/dispunit.php?id=21","external_links_name":"History of the 11th Kansas Cavalry by the Museum of the Kansas National Guard"},{"Link":"http://www.kshs.org/cool/cwguidons.htm","external_links_name":"Guidon of Company A, 11th Kansas Cavalry at the Kansas State Historical Society"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faniska | Faniska | ["1 Background","2 Performance history","3 Roles","4 Synopsis","5 Recordings","6 References","7 External links"] | Luigi Cherubini
Faniska is an opera eroica in three acts by Luigi Cherubini. The German libretto, by Joseph Sonnleithner, is based on the melodrama Les mines de Pologne (1803) by René-Charles Guilbert de Pixérécourt.
Background
In June 1805, Cherubini took up an invitation to travel to Vienna, where his works were highly appreciated. Here he put on a series of concerts and attended a performance of Beethoven's Fidelio. He met Haydn, a composer he particularly admired, and gave him a medal from the Conservatoire de Paris. Haydn presented Cherubini with the manuscript of his "Drumroll Symphony". Cherubini also accepted a commission to write an opera for the Viennese stage and Faniska was the result. The plot has much in common with Cherubini's earlier rescue opera Lodoïska (1791), including its Polish setting.
Performance history
The opera was first performed at the Theater am Kärntnertor, Vienna, on 25 February 1806. It was enthusiastically received by Beethoven and Haydn but failed to win a lasting place in the repertoire.
Roles
Roles, voice types, premiere cast
Role
Voice type
Premiere cast, 25 February 1806
Rasinski, mayor of Rava
tenor
Faniska, his wife
soprano
Anna Milder
Hedwig, his daughter
soprano
Thérèse Neumann
Zamoski, mayor of Sandomir
bass
Karl Friedrich Clemens Weinmüller
Oranski, captain of the Cossacks in Zamoski's service
bass
Johann Vogel
Moska, Zamoski's maid
soprano
Rasno, her nephew
tenor
Wilhelm Ehlers
Manoski, a friend of Rasinski
tenor
Two Cossack officials
tenor and bass
Chorus: Cossacks, guards, servants, countrymen and women
Synopsis
Act 1
Zamoski, the starosta of Sandomir, orders his Cossack henchman Oranski to kidnap Faniska, the wife of the starosta of Rava, Rasinski. Faniska is taken to Zamoski's castle but manages to resist his advances. Rasinski arrives at the castle disguised as a messenger. Zamoski sees through his disguise and throws Rasinski and Faniska into the castle dungeon.
Act 2
Zamoski's maid Moska and Moska's nephew Rasno try to free the couple from prison but their plan fails.
Act 3
The couple finally manage to escape with Rasno's help. Rasinski's soldiers attack the castle, Zamoski is killed and Oranski is captured and brought to trial.
Recordings
Faniska (Italian version) Natalia Rubis, Krystian Adam, Katarzyna Belkius, Robert Gierlach, Poznan Chamber Choir, Poznan Philharmonic Orchestra, Lukasz Borowicz, 2 CDs Label: DUX, DDD, 2020
References
Notes
^ Deane, p. 16
^ Holden, p. 209
^ "Faniska" (in Italian). Del Teatro. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
^ Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). "Faniska, 25 February 1806". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian).
^ "Milder-Hauptmann, Anna." by F. A. Marshall and Christopher Howard Gibbs in Grove Music Online (subscription required)
Sources
Deane, Basil, Cherubini, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965
Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. ISBN 0-14-029312-4
External links
Faniska (Cherubini): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
vteLuigi CherubiniOperas
Démophoon (1788)
Lodoïska (1791)
Koukourgi (1792)
Eliza (1794)
Médée (1797)
L'hôtellerie portugaise (1798)
Les deux journées (1800)
Anacréon (1803)
Faniska (1806)
Pimmalione (1809)
Le crescendo (1810)
Les Abencérages (1813)
Ali Baba (1833)
Other works
Overture in G major (1815)
List: Operas by Cherubini
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madge_Tennent | Madge Tennent | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Paris (1902-1906)","1.3 Return to Cape Town and Marriage (1907-1915)","1.4 New Zealand and British Samoa (1915-1923)","1.5 Honolulu (1923-1972)","2 Artistic Evolution & Style","2.1 Creed","3 International Recognition","3.1 Critical reception","4 Legacy","5 Notes","6 Footnotes","7 References","8 External links"] | British-American artist
Madge TennentMadge Tennent, 1948BornMadeline Grace Cook(1889-06-22)June 22, 1889Dulwich, South London, EnglandDiedFebruary 5, 1972(1972-02-05) (aged 82)Honolulu, HawaiʻiNationalityBritish, naturalized American in 1936EducationAcadémie Julian, William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Julian AshtonKnown forPainting, drawing, mural, sculptureMovementHawaiian ModernismSpouses
Bertie Phillips Denham
(m. 1909; div. 1914)
Hugh Cowper Tennent OBE
(m. 1915; died 1967)
Children2
Madge Tennent (née Madeline Grace Cook;
June 22, 1889 – February 5, 1972) was a naturalized American artist, born in England, raised in South Africa, and trained in France. She ranks among the most accomplished and globally renowned artists ever to have lived and worked in Hawaiʻi.
A child prodigy, Tennent spent her formative teenage years in Paris, where she honed technical mastery under the tutelage of William-Adolphe Bouguereau at the Académie Julian; simultaneous exposure to the city's leading avant-garde artists, including Paul Cézanne, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Pablo Picasso, stoked her pioneering vision. Having served as an art educator in South Africa, New Zealand, and British Samoa, she settled in Honolulu with her husband and children in 1923.
Tennent's prolific output spanned paintings, drawings, and sculpture. Her reverent fascination with Hawaiian women inspired the sweeping aesthetic quest that would culminate in an iconic signature style: enormous paintings of voluptuous female figures that synthesized brilliant, swirling hues into graceful, harmonious compositions. A prominent figure on the international circuit, Tennent exhibited to critical and popular acclaim around the world. At the time of her death, many critics considered her the most important individual contributor to Hawaiian art in the 20th century.
Biography
Early life
Madge Tennent was born Madeline Grace Cook in Dulwich, England, the first of two daughters born to Arthur and Agnes Cook. Her father was an architect, seascape painter, and fine craftsman in woodcarving, while her mother owned, edited, and wrote for a weekly magazine titled South African Women in Council. Having settled in Cape Town by 1894, the Cooks took a lively interest in comparative creeds that embraced many religions, as well as in matters of psychic and astrological trend. Madge and her sister Violet were nurtured in this stimulating, creative environment, learning to read and write at an early age. Agnes was an accomplished pianist who taught Madge, in particular, to play. Her parents’ efforts to promote tolerance among various races and creeds left a lasting impression on her.
Paris (1902-1906)
Although she had attended an English boarding school and, later, a French convent school in Paris, she otherwise had little formal schooling. Her talent for drawing prompted her parents to enroll her at age twelve in the Cape Town School of Art, where classes were limited to drawing from casts, still life, and portraiture; within a year, she had mastered and surpassed the curriculum. Her parents thus decided to relocate the family to Paris, where Madge could pursue more advanced training in the disciplines of art.
At the Académie Julian, Madge was quickly identified as a child prodigy and invited to study under William-Adolphe Bouguereau, a prominent artist-educator closely identified with Academic art. In competition with older students from five academies, a 13-year-old Madge placed fifth with her full length charcoal drawing of a nude model. Her drive to draw and paint well was sustained without pause as she worked long hours each day. With her family she often visited the Louvre, where she could check her own progress in the realm of the masters.
Return to Cape Town and Marriage (1907-1915)
Tennent in her Cape Town studio, ca. 1914
The Cooks were steeped in the cultural life of Paris, but due to financial reverses, they returned to Cape Town in 1907. Madge was soon appointed the headmistress in art for several girls' schools in different cities of South Africa and the director of a government art school in Cape Town. At age 18, she began exhibiting her work widely. In response to one such exhibition, a critic observed, "One must be a mystic to recognize the meaning with which the pictures are invested."
By 1913, Madge had established her own art school and resumed her piano recitals. Attending one was Hugh Cowper Tennent, a chartered accountant from New Zealand who was stationed in Cape Town with the Natal Light Horse regiment. One of 11 children born to Robert and Emily Tennent, Hugh courted the 26-year-old Madge for three months following their introduction on 25 July 1915. The two were married and, shortly thereafter, embarked to New Zealand.
New Zealand and British Samoa (1915-1923)
Again Madge directed an art school, having been appointed head instructor at the Government School of Art in Woodville, the village where Madge and Hugh lived while he awaited further military orders. On 11 June 1916, she gave birth to Arthur Hugh Cowper Tennent, the first of two sons. When orders came, Hugh was posted to France in support of the allied effort in World War I. Madge relocated to her parents-in-law's home in Invercargill for the duration of Hugh's service abroad.
Hugh returned from France in 1917 with a badly wounded arm. An accountant by trade, he was offered a position as treasurer to the government of British Samoa, which he chose to accept. The Tennents lived in Samoa for six years, during which time Madge was able to indulge a fascination with the native people of Polynesian descent. Madge was able to devote much of her time to drawing charcoal portraits of Samoans.
Honolulu (1923-1972)
In 1923, en route to England to enroll their sons in school, the Tennents stopped over in Honolulu. It was to have been a brief stop, but they soon were persuaded by members of the local cultural elite, including poet Don Blanding, to stay. Madge Tennent was immediately taken with the Hawaiian people, and she would devote the remainder of her life to rendering them in paintings and prints.
Artistic Evolution & Style
Stimulated by the pure colour flourishes of van Gogh, the fire and ice of Cézanne, and the opalescent, jeweled, flower-tinted harmonies of Renoir, this experience of experimentation in colour was a joyous one for me, though it was often the reverse for onlookers, many of whom prophesied a dire aesthetic end for me as an artist.
Madge Tennent, Autobiography: 101
Olympia of Hawaii (with Apologies to Manet), c. 1927, Honolulu Museum of Art
Three Hawaiian Women, 1941, Honolulu Museum of Art
While her husband worked to build his accountancy firm, Madge Tennent supported her family as a portrait artist. With remarkable success, she drew countless child and adult portraits, mainly of Caucasian families. There was little challenge in this, however, and her imagination was already ablaze with the beauty she recognized in the Native Hawaiian and variously multiracial peoples she longed to portray. Influences of seminal European antecedents conspicuously permeated Madge Tennent's transitional paintings of the late 1920s and early 1930s, such as Bathers (1926), Hawaiian Girl (1926), Girl with Apples (1926), Makuahine (1927), and Olympia of Hawaii (with Apologies to Manet) (1927). Olympia of Hawaii, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, exemplifies Tennent's enchantment with color and use of the bright, warm hues endemic to Hawaiʻi. She adapted line and form to the appropriately vivid medium of oil.
The majestic, explicitly Polynesian women that would figure in Mrs. Tennent's iconic imagery surfaced in works such as Reclining Girl (1929) and Three Filipino Ladies (1930), each a synthesis of European modernism's languid, architectonic femininity with Tennent's own racial fixation. Generously applying paint with a palette knife, she avoided sensuousness in the representation of skin texture, instead imbuing the trademark sense of strength and grandeur tinged with fragility apparent in Holoku Ball and Hawaiian Singer (early 1930s). Just as Mrs. Tennent constructed her wahine layer by layer in paint, she built her canvases to equally monumental proportions; when standard issue could no longer satisfy her vision, she sewed pieces of canvas together to attain the desired size.: 100
Hawaiians Hanging Holoku, 1934, Isaacs Art Center
By the mid-1930s, Madge Tennent's works had evolved into the mammoth oils of majestic Hawaiian women that remain her signature to this day. She tapped a brilliant, decidedly tropical color palette to create Hawaiians Hanging Holoku, Lei Queen Fantasia, and Local Color (all 1934), depicting native women engaged in lei-making, dancing, and similarly island-specific activities. Hawaiian Bride (1935), one of the few paintings with which Mrs. Tennent was "almost satisfied," marked a turning point in the development of her distinctive style; there, as in the concurrent Girl in Red Dress (1935) and Two Lei Sellers (1936), she achieved an ethereal intensity with softer hues and blurred, iridescent forms. In these later works, whirling wisps of complementary oils fuse the figures to their floral surroundings, visualizing the resilient bonds that Madge Tennent perceived between the body and spirit of Hawaiʻi. In the summer of 1935, all six canvases traveled from Honolulu to Europe for a series of major one-woman exhibitions that established Mrs. Tennent's presence on the global art circuit.: 109–110
Even the enveloping holoku cannot hide the small wrists, the curled back slender fingers and the columnar arm of even the largest lei woman. Her lifted arms, her wistful smile, the ember-like glow of her sunny flesh, are a perpetual and queenly benediction from one in an honored profession in the Islands possessing the most beautiful people of the world.
Madge Tennent: 34
Her refusal to feel entirely satisfied with her output, even in the face of widespread acclaim,: 111–116 reflected her conviction that the artist “evolves through conscious effort.” This conscious evolution became strikingly apparent in the early 1940s, whereupon Mrs. Tennent's famously vibrant, swirling colors and thick, granular strokes gave way to a subdued monochrome, as in Three Musicians Subdued in Harmony (1940). Thereafter followed paintings in shades of ocean blues and earthy island sepias on linen, such as Hawaiian Three Graces (1941), Three Hawaiian Women (1941), and Three Hawaiians in a Library (1943). Three Hawaiian Women, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, demonstrates this stark contrast to the polychromatic blaze of her earlier works and evidences her lasting belief that “every true artist knows that his work must evolve or die therefore, the moment he has perfected some type of style of expression peculiar to himself he must move on or he becomes academic.” Working on a smaller scale in the 1950s, for example, Madge Tennent executed a series of portraits featuring Hawaiian aliʻi in oils, prints, and watercolors; she treated Hawaiian royalty as descendants from the gods, possessed of heroic proportions and serene facial features that conveyed “a gentleness that tends to make a predominance of convex lines, only seen in the great art of the world.” Until her death in 1972, Tennent would continuously diversify across media and scale, but never once did she stray from or grow tired of her beloved Hawaiian subjects.
Creed
To make heavy forms lyric.
To discover fourth-dimensional interest and to make it animate, bringing it down from its imaginative dimensions to a three-dimensional technique in color, form, and rhythm.
To attempt something profound and universal in a usual and typical Hawaiian subject.
To organize and paint a big subject as one would conduct a symphony. The two in a last analysis being very much akin.
To make color perform, where possible, the work of tone.
To give vibration and chloral movement, as in nature.
To build up color shapes in a three-dimensional painting much as one builds with bricks in a three-dimensional world.
To make an aesthetic, not a static, expression in paint, and to keep a large organization in paint, lyric.
To paint each picture in its most suitable rhythm, these rhythms to be a personal expression, used to give a sense of perpetual vibration or motion.
To compose with light, apart from color, making light as important as color.
To achieve through a fundamental and traditional procedure and a personal technique, in an abstract way (so called), the story of the Hawaiian people.
To paint without thought of pleasing, to keep faith with my furthest discrimination in art, and to make no compromise aesthetically.
International Recognition
Local Color (1934) represented Hawaiʻi at the 1939 New York World's Fair
A renowned art educator as well as painter of modern figurative canvases of Hawaiian subjects, Madge Tennent had a distinguished career based primarily in Hawaiʻi from where she sent paintings to the mainland United States for exhibitions in New York City and Chicago between 1930 and 1939. She was among the first artists to embrace native Hawaiians as a primary subject matter, whom she depicted as large and robust with audacious, swirling forms and colors. Two Sisters of Old Hawaiʻi, in the collection of the Hawaii State Art Museum, is an early example of her large paintings of Hawaiian women. Her influence was increased by her association with the Honolulu Museum of Art in its early days, where she was a frequent lecturer, and where she was included in most of the academy's early group shows.
Mainland and international exhibitions include:
Ferargil Galleries, New York - 1930
California Palace of the Legion of Honor, San Francisco - 1932
12th International Watercolor Exhibition, Art Institute of Chicago - 1932
Society of American Artists Annual, Rockefeller Center, New York - 1931, 1932, & 1936
Northwest Annual Exhibition, Seattle Art Museum - 1933
Bernheim-Jeune, Paris - 1935
Wertheim Gallery, London - 1935 & 1937
Painters & Sculptors of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Art - 1937
Civic Center, San Francisco - 1938
Oakland Museum of California Annual - 1938
Drake Hotel, Chicago - 1939
Contemporary Art of the United States, New York World's Fair - 1939-1940
Critical reception
Writing for the London Evening Standard, Eric Newton praised Tennent's 1937 one-woman exhibition at the Wertheim Gallery: One can see that it would be the easiest thing in the world for Mrs. Tennent to draw and paint with literal accuracy, and leave it at that. She has the equipment of an exceptionally gifted artist, and to prove it she includes one or two heads done with an academic, though masterly touch, which gives one no more than the physical features of her sitters. But luckily she feels the art has other things to do than hold mirrors up to nature. It is plain that Honolulu has set her imagination on fire, and her later paintings are symbolic, rather than representational. Vivid prismatic colors, and a gargantuan sense of form, are the dominant features of her later style. Not so much massive as fantastically round, clad in voluminous draperies of almost painfully intense color, give one a sense of tropical exuberance not confined to paint her art could be described as an experiment in amplitude.
Legacy
During the mid-1950s, Madge Tennent suffered the first of several heart attacks, prompting her to shift from large-scale undertakings on canvas to smaller works on paper. She was diagnosed with a permanent heart ailment in 1958, and by 1965 she had discontinued working and moved into the Maunalani Hospital near Manoa.: 178 After a decade of gradually declining health, Tennent died in Honolulu on 5 February 1972. Her funeral was held at St. Andrew's Cathedral in Honolulu. Three days after her death, the Hawaiʻi State Senate commemorated the artist's vision, accomplishments, and influence:
IN HONOR OF THE LATE MADGE TENNENT
WHEREAS, Madge Tennent, one of Hawaii's most important artists, died on February 5, 1972 in the 82nd year of her long and eventful life; and
WHEREAS, better than any artist to date, Madge Tennent was able to capture and honestly express in her many paintings and drawings the subtle charm and quiet grace and dignity of the Hawaiian people; and
WHEREAS, Madge Tennent was also a warm and generous person, who gave often and generously of her works to friends and to charity; and
WHEREAS, Madge Tennent, having spent a half century in Hawaii, leaves behind a rich legacy of art, which shall forever belong to Hawaii; and therefore,
BE IT RESOLVED by the Senate of the Sixth Legislature of Hawaii, Regular Session of 1972, that this body solemnly notes the passing of a great artist and person.
In the visual arts Madge Tennent has no equal among the under-appreciated artists of Hawaiʻi. Those of us who salute John Kelly, for instance, as a most graphic delineator of Hawaiian types, cannot compare him to Tennent as an artist, anymore than an aficionado of either, links Gershwin to Wagner.
Patricia Hartwell, Cultural Climate
Following Tennent's death, numerous cultural luminaries opined on her outstanding contribution to the cultural landscape of Hawaii. Fellow island artist Isami Doi wrote that Tennent died, "still, twenty years ahead of all of us." "Even if the Hawaiians were to vanish as a race, they would live forever in the paintings of Madge Tennent," remarked noted Native Hawaiian scholar and author John Dominis Holt. "No other artist in Hawaiʻi has so consistently and eloquently painted, sketched, and drawn the Hawaiian Woman as has Tennent. In the physical form of a larger Hawaiian woman, she established the basis upon which to build a lasting, universal aesthetic statement. She gave her life effort and her great talent to the elaboration of this vision." In 2005, Tennent was named one of the 100 most influential contributors to the city of Honolulu. Her large-scale oils on canvas and board have reportedly sold for over $1 million.
The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, the Hawaii State Art Museum, the Honolulu Museum of Art, the National Museum of Women in the Arts (Washington, D. C.), and the Victoria and Albert Museum (London) are among the public collections holding works by Madge Tennent. The single largest intact collection of her works resides at the Isaacs Art Center, which in 2005 was named caretaker of the Tennent Art Foundation.
Tennent's Hawaiian Pattern (1927) was featured in Encounters with Paradise, a seminal survey of Hawai‘i art mounted at the Honolulu Museum of Art in 1992; from July 2014 until January 2015, this important early work appeared alongside two other Tennent canvasses in the museum's Art Deco Hawai‘i exhibition. In September 2016, the Isaacs Art Center mounted a sweeping retrospective of Tennent's work that spanned over 40 works produced over five decades of her life. Titled Rhythm in the Round: The Modernism of Madge Tennent, the exhibition was the largest public show of the artist's work since 1976.
Notes
^ The Tennents arrived in Honolulu on November 14, 1923.
Footnotes
^ "The History of Today: 150 Years". Honolulu Advertiser. 5 February 2006.
^ a b c Haar, Francis; Neogy, Pritwish (1974). Artists of Hawaii: Nineteen Painters and Sculptors. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0824803384.
^ a b c Forbes, David (1992). Encounters with Paradise : Views of Hawaii and Its People, 1778-1941. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0824814403.
^ "Madge Tennent". Clara Database of Women Artists. National Museum of Women in the Arts.
^ Peterson, Barbara (1984). Notable Women of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 373–376.
^ Hilleary, Perry Edward; Judd, Henry Pratt (1954). Men and Women of Hawaii, 1954. Honolulu, HI: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 635.
^ a b Tennent, Madge (1949). Autobiography of an Unarrived Artist. New York: Columbia University Press.
^ a b c d Sandulli, Justin M. (2016). Troubled Paradise: Madge Tennent at a Hawaiian Crossroads (Thesis). Durham, NC: Duke University.
^ Tennent, Madge. "The World's Most Beautiful People". Paradise of the Pacific (December 1944): 33–36.
^ Newton, Eric (July 1937). "Painter of South Sea Beauty". London Evening Standard.
^ Tennent, Arthur (1982). Madge Tennent: My Mother. Honolulu: Edward Enterprises. p. 53.
^ Hartwell, Patricia. "Tennent's Exhibition 'Sure Thing' in Art". Cultural Climate (November 1974).
^ "Madge Tennent: Paintings from Remembered Sources". Honolulu: A Topical Tropical Magazine (October, 1976): 42–43.
^ Tennent, Arthur (1976). Angus, Donald; Kingrey, Kenneth (eds.). The Art and Writing of Madge Tennent. Honolulu: Island Heritage Ltd. p. 22.
^ Holt, John Dominis. "An Appreciation of the Artistic Achievement of Madge Tennent". Paradise of the Pacific (March 1955): 16–19.
^ Nakaso, Dan (30 October 2005). "City honors 100 notables". Honolulu Advertiser. ProQuest 414952614.
^ Kam, Nadine (18 November 2004). "The art of commerce". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
^ "Madge Tennent". askART.
^ "Madge Tennent (1889-1972)". Isaacs Art Center at Hawaii Preparatory Academy.
^ "Art Deco Hawai'i". Honolulu Museum of Art. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
^ "Rhythm in the Round: The modernism of Madge Tennent opens Sept. 9". West Hawaii Today. 30 August 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
^ Hustace, Mollie M.; Sandulli, Justin M. (2016). Rhythm in the Round: The Modernism of Madge Tennent. Kamuela, HI: Hawaii Preparatory Academy. pp. 2–5.
References
Bruce, Lois Margaret, Madge Tennent: Colorful Hawaiians, Hawaii Origin, 1976
Charlot, Jean, The Donald Angus Collection of Oil Paintings by Madge Tennent, Contemporary Arts Center of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1968
Department of Education, State of Hawaii, Artists of Hawaii, Honolulu, Department of Education, State of Hawaii, 1985, pp. 7–14
Forbes, David W., Encounters with Paradise: Views of Hawaii and its People, 1778-1941, Honolulu Academy of Arts, 1992, 210-268
Forbes, David W., He Makana, The Gertrude Mary Joan Damon Haig Collection of Hawaiian Art, Paintings and Prints, Hawaii State Foundation of Culture and the Arts, 2013, pp. 59–61
Haar, Francis and Prithwish Neogy, Artists of Hawaii: Nineteen Painters and Sculptors, University of Hawaii Press, 1974, 9-15
Hartwell, Patricia L. (editor), Retrospective 1967-1987, Hawaii State Foundation on Culture and the Arts, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1987, p. 47
Holt, John Dominis, Literary Conversations with Madge Tennent, Ku Pa'a Incorporated, Honolulu, 1989
Hustace, Mollie M. and Justin M. Sandulli, Rhythm in the Round: The Modernism of Madge Tennent, Kamuela, HI: Hawaii Preparatory Academy, 2016
Morse, Morse (ed.), Honolulu Printmakers, Honolulu, HI, Honolulu Academy of Arts, 2003, p. 22, ISBN 093742658X
Papanikolas, Theresa and DeSoto Brown, Art Deco Hawai'i, Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014, ISBN 9780937426890, p. 126-128
Sandulli, Justin M., Troubled Paradise: Madge Tennent at a Hawaiian Crossroads, Durham, NC: Duke University, 2016
Tennent, Arthur, Madge Tennent, My Mother, Arthur Tennent, Honolulu, 1982
Tennent, Madge and Arthur Tennent, The Art and Writing of Madge Tennent, Island Heritage, Honolulu, 1977
Tennent, Madge, Madge Tennent: Autobiography of an Unarrived Artist, Columbia University Press, New York, 1949
Tennent, Madge G. Cook, Madge Tennent Miscellany, Tennent Art Foundation, 1966
Wagerman, Virginia, Larger Than Life, Hana Hou! (Hawaiian Airlines, 5.5), October/November 2002, https://hanahou.com/5.5/larger-than-life
Hustace, James J. Painters and Etchers of Hawaii-A Biographical Collection-1780-2018, Library of Congress (C)
External links
Madge Tennent Artists of Hawaii: Season 1, Episode 2 (PBS Hawaii: 1984)
Pioneering Art of Madge Tennent on Display at the Isaacs Art Center (Big Island Video News: 2016)
vteArt of Hawai‘iMuseums
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"William-Adolphe Bouguereau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau"},{"link_name":"Académie Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Julian"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Auguste Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"Pablo Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Madge Tennent (née Madeline Grace Cook;\nJune 22, 1889 – February 5, 1972) was a naturalized American artist, born in England, raised in South Africa, and trained in France. She ranks among the most accomplished and globally renowned artists ever to have lived and worked in Hawaiʻi.A child prodigy, Tennent spent her formative teenage years in Paris, where she honed technical mastery under the tutelage of William-Adolphe Bouguereau at the Académie Julian; simultaneous exposure to the city's leading avant-garde artists, including Paul Cézanne, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Pablo Picasso, stoked her pioneering vision. Having served as an art educator in South Africa, New Zealand, and British Samoa, she settled in Honolulu with her husband and children in 1923.Tennent's prolific output spanned paintings, drawings, and sculpture. Her reverent fascination with Hawaiian women inspired the sweeping aesthetic quest that would culminate in an iconic signature style: enormous paintings of voluptuous female figures that synthesized brilliant, swirling hues into graceful, harmonious compositions. A prominent figure on the international circuit, Tennent exhibited to critical and popular acclaim around the world. At the time of her death, many critics considered her the most important individual contributor to Hawaiian art in the 20th century.[1]","title":"Madge Tennent"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haar-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes-3"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Madge Tennent was born Madeline Grace Cook in Dulwich, England, the first of two daughters born to Arthur and Agnes Cook. Her father was an architect, seascape painter, and fine craftsman in woodcarving, while her mother owned, edited, and wrote for a weekly magazine titled South African Women in Council. Having settled in Cape Town by 1894, the Cooks took a lively interest in comparative creeds that embraced many religions, as well as in matters of psychic and astrological trend. Madge and her sister Violet were nurtured in this stimulating, creative environment, learning to read and write at an early age.[2] Agnes was an accomplished pianist who taught Madge, in particular, to play. Her parents’ efforts to promote tolerance among various races and creeds left a lasting impression on her.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Académie Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Julian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"William-Adolphe Bouguereau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau"},{"link_name":"Academic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haar-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes-3"}],"sub_title":"Paris (1902-1906)","text":"Although she had attended an English boarding school and, later, a French convent school in Paris, she otherwise had little formal schooling. Her talent for drawing prompted her parents to enroll her at age twelve in the Cape Town School of Art, where classes were limited to drawing from casts, still life, and portraiture; within a year, she had mastered and surpassed the curriculum. Her parents thus decided to relocate the family to Paris, where Madge could pursue more advanced training in the disciplines of art.[citation needed]At the Académie Julian,[4] Madge was quickly identified as a child prodigy and invited to study under William-Adolphe Bouguereau, a prominent artist-educator closely identified with Academic art. In competition with older students from five academies, a 13-year-old Madge placed fifth with her full length charcoal drawing of a nude model. Her drive to draw and paint well was sustained without pause as she worked long hours each day. With her family she often visited the Louvre, where she could check her own progress in the realm of the masters.[2][3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tennent_Light.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Return to Cape Town and Marriage (1907-1915)","text":"Tennent in her Cape Town studio, ca. 1914The Cooks were steeped in the cultural life of Paris, but due to financial reverses, they returned to Cape Town in 1907. Madge was soon appointed the headmistress in art for several girls' schools in different cities of South Africa and the director of a government art school in Cape Town. At age 18, she began exhibiting her work widely. In response to one such exhibition, a critic observed, \"One must be a mystic to recognize the meaning with which the pictures are invested.\"[5]By 1913, Madge had established her own art school and resumed her piano recitals. Attending one was Hugh Cowper Tennent, a chartered accountant from New Zealand who was stationed in Cape Town with the Natal Light Horse regiment. One of 11 children born to Robert and Emily Tennent, Hugh courted the 26-year-old Madge for three months following their introduction on 25 July 1915.[6] The two were married and, shortly thereafter, embarked to New Zealand.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodville,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Invercargill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invercargill"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"British Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand and British Samoa (1915-1923)","text":"Again Madge directed an art school, having been appointed head instructor at the Government School of Art in Woodville, the village where Madge and Hugh lived while he awaited further military orders. On 11 June 1916, she gave birth to Arthur Hugh Cowper Tennent, the first of two sons. When orders came, Hugh was posted to France in support of the allied effort in World War I. Madge relocated to her parents-in-law's home in Invercargill for the duration of Hugh's service abroad.[citation needed]Hugh returned from France in 1917 with a badly wounded arm. An accountant by trade, he was offered a position as treasurer to the government of British Samoa, which he chose to accept. The Tennents lived in Samoa for six years, during which time Madge was able to indulge a fascination with the native people of Polynesian descent. Madge was able to devote much of her time to drawing charcoal portraits of Samoans.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Note01-7"},{"link_name":"Don Blanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Blanding"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Honolulu (1923-1972)","text":"In 1923, en route to England to enroll their sons in school, the Tennents stopped over in Honolulu.[Note 1] It was to have been a brief stop, but they soon were persuaded by members of the local cultural elite, including poet Don Blanding, to stay. Madge Tennent was immediately taken with the Hawaiian people, and she would devote the remainder of her life to rendering them in paintings and prints.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autobio-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympia_of_Hawaii_(with_Apologies_to_Manet)_by_Madge_Tennent,_c._1927.jpg"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Hawaiian_Women_by_Madge_Tennent,_1941,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sandulli-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tennent_HangingHoloku.jpg"},{"link_name":"Isaacs Art Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaacs_Art_Center"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autobio-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sandulli-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beautiful_People-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sandulli-9"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art"}],"text":"Stimulated by the pure colour flourishes of van Gogh, the fire and ice of Cézanne, and the opalescent, jeweled, flower-tinted harmonies of Renoir, this experience of experimentation in colour was a joyous one for me, though it was often the reverse for onlookers, many of whom prophesied a dire aesthetic end for me as an artist.\n\n\nMadge Tennent, Autobiography[7]: 101Olympia of Hawaii (with Apologies to Manet), c. 1927, Honolulu Museum of ArtThree Hawaiian Women, 1941, Honolulu Museum of ArtWhile her husband worked to build his accountancy firm, Madge Tennent supported her family as a portrait artist. With remarkable success, she drew countless child and adult portraits, mainly of Caucasian families. There was little challenge in this, however, and her imagination was already ablaze with the beauty she recognized in the Native Hawaiian and variously multiracial peoples she longed to portray. Influences of seminal European antecedents conspicuously permeated Madge Tennent's transitional paintings of the late 1920s and early 1930s, such as Bathers (1926), Hawaiian Girl (1926), Girl with Apples (1926), Makuahine (1927), and Olympia of Hawaii (with Apologies to Manet) (1927). Olympia of Hawaii, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, exemplifies Tennent's enchantment with color and use of the bright, warm hues endemic to Hawaiʻi. She adapted line and form to the appropriately vivid medium of oil.The majestic, explicitly Polynesian women that would figure in Mrs. Tennent's iconic imagery surfaced in works such as Reclining Girl (1929) and Three Filipino Ladies (1930), each a synthesis of European modernism's languid, architectonic femininity with Tennent's own racial fixation. Generously applying paint with a palette knife, she avoided sensuousness in the representation of skin texture, instead imbuing the trademark sense of strength and grandeur tinged with fragility apparent in Holoku Ball and Hawaiian Singer (early 1930s). Just as Mrs. Tennent constructed her wahine layer by layer in paint, she built her canvases to equally monumental proportions; when standard issue could no longer satisfy her vision, she sewed pieces of canvas together to attain the desired size.[8]: 100Hawaiians Hanging Holoku, 1934, Isaacs Art CenterBy the mid-1930s, Madge Tennent's works had evolved into the mammoth oils of majestic Hawaiian women that remain her signature to this day. She tapped a brilliant, decidedly tropical color palette to create Hawaiians Hanging Holoku, Lei Queen Fantasia, and Local Color (all 1934), depicting native women engaged in lei-making, dancing, and similarly island-specific activities. Hawaiian Bride (1935), one of the few paintings with which Mrs. Tennent was \"almost satisfied,\"[7] marked a turning point in the development of her distinctive style; there, as in the concurrent Girl in Red Dress (1935) and Two Lei Sellers (1936), she achieved an ethereal intensity with softer hues and blurred, iridescent forms. In these later works, whirling wisps of complementary oils fuse the figures to their floral surroundings, visualizing the resilient bonds that Madge Tennent perceived between the body and spirit of Hawaiʻi. In the summer of 1935, all six canvases traveled from Honolulu to Europe for a series of major one-woman exhibitions that established Mrs. Tennent's presence on the global art circuit.[8]: 109–110Even the enveloping holoku cannot hide the small wrists, the curled back slender fingers and the columnar arm of even the largest lei woman. Her lifted arms, her wistful smile, the ember-like glow of her sunny flesh, are a perpetual and queenly benediction from one in an honored profession in the Islands possessing the most beautiful people of the world.\n\n\nMadge Tennent[9]: 34Her refusal to feel entirely satisfied with her output, even in the face of widespread acclaim,[8]: 111–116 reflected her conviction that the artist “evolves through conscious effort.” This conscious evolution became strikingly apparent in the early 1940s, whereupon Mrs. Tennent's famously vibrant, swirling colors and thick, granular strokes gave way to a subdued monochrome, as in Three Musicians Subdued in Harmony (1940). Thereafter followed paintings in shades of ocean blues and earthy island sepias on linen, such as Hawaiian Three Graces (1941), Three Hawaiian Women (1941), and Three Hawaiians in a Library (1943). Three Hawaiian Women, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, demonstrates this stark contrast to the polychromatic blaze of her earlier works and evidences her lasting belief that “every true artist knows that his work must evolve or die […] therefore, the moment he has perfected some type of style of expression peculiar to himself he must move on or he becomes academic.” Working on a smaller scale in the 1950s, for example, Madge Tennent executed a series of portraits featuring Hawaiian aliʻi in oils, prints, and watercolors; she treated Hawaiian royalty as descendants from the gods, possessed of heroic proportions and serene facial features that conveyed “a gentleness that tends to make a predominance of convex lines, only seen in the great art of the world.” Until her death in 1972, Tennent would continuously diversify across media and scale, but never once did she stray from or grow tired of her beloved Hawaiian subjects.","title":"Artistic Evolution & Style"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Creed","text":"To make heavy forms lyric.\nTo discover fourth-dimensional interest and to make it animate, bringing it down from its imaginative dimensions to a three-dimensional technique in color, form, and rhythm.\nTo attempt something profound and universal in a usual and typical Hawaiian subject.\nTo organize and paint a big subject as one would conduct a symphony. The two in a last analysis being very much akin.\nTo make color perform, where possible, the work of tone.\nTo give vibration and chloral movement, as in nature.\nTo build up color shapes in a three-dimensional painting much as one builds with bricks in a three-dimensional world.\nTo make an aesthetic, not a static, expression in paint, and to keep a large organization in paint, lyric.\nTo paint each picture in its most suitable rhythm, these rhythms to be a personal expression, used to give a sense of perpetual vibration or motion.\nTo compose with light, apart from color, making light as important as color.\nTo achieve through a fundamental and traditional procedure and a personal technique, in an abstract way (so called), the story of the Hawaiian people.\nTo paint without thought of pleasing, to keep faith with my furthest discrimination in art, and to make no compromise aesthetically.","title":"Artistic Evolution & Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tennent_LocalColor.jpg"},{"link_name":"1939 New York World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"Hawaii State Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_State_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"California Palace of the Legion of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honor_(museum)"},{"link_name":"Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Center"},{"link_name":"Seattle Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Bernheim-Jeune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernheim-Jeune"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Civic Center, San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Center,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Oakland Museum of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Museum_of_California"},{"link_name":"New York World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair"}],"text":"Local Color (1934) represented Hawaiʻi at the 1939 New York World's FairA renowned art educator as well as painter of modern figurative canvases of Hawaiian subjects, Madge Tennent had a distinguished career based primarily in Hawaiʻi from where she sent paintings to the mainland United States for exhibitions in New York City and Chicago between 1930 and 1939. She was among the first artists to embrace native Hawaiians as a primary subject matter, whom she depicted as large and robust with audacious, swirling forms and colors. Two Sisters of Old Hawaiʻi, in the collection of the Hawaii State Art Museum, is an early example of her large paintings of Hawaiian women. Her influence was increased by her association with the Honolulu Museum of Art in its early days, where she was a frequent lecturer, and where she was included in most of the academy's early group shows.Mainland and international exhibitions include:Ferargil Galleries, New York - 1930\nCalifornia Palace of the Legion of Honor, San Francisco - 1932\n12th International Watercolor Exhibition, Art Institute of Chicago - 1932\nSociety of American Artists Annual, Rockefeller Center, New York - 1931, 1932, & 1936\nNorthwest Annual Exhibition, Seattle Art Museum - 1933\nBernheim-Jeune, Paris - 1935\nWertheim Gallery, London - 1935 & 1937\nPainters & Sculptors of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Art - 1937\nCivic Center, San Francisco - 1938\nOakland Museum of California Annual - 1938\nDrake Hotel, Chicago - 1939\nContemporary Art of the United States, New York World's Fair - 1939-1940","title":"International Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Newton_(art_critic)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"Writing for the London Evening Standard, Eric Newton praised Tennent's 1937 one-woman exhibition at the Wertheim Gallery:One can see that it would be the easiest thing in the world for Mrs. Tennent to draw and paint with literal accuracy, and leave it at that. She has the equipment of an exceptionally gifted artist, and to prove it she includes one or two heads done with an academic, though masterly touch, which gives one no more than the physical features of her sitters. But luckily she feels the art has other things to do than hold mirrors up to nature. It is plain that Honolulu has set her imagination on fire, and her later paintings are symbolic, rather than representational. Vivid prismatic colors, and a gargantuan sense of form, are the dominant features of her later style. Not so much massive as fantastically round, clad in voluminous draperies of almost painfully intense color, give one a sense of tropical exuberance not confined to paint […] her art could be described as an experiment in amplitude.[10]","title":"International Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sandulli-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haar-2"},{"link_name":"St. Andrew's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_Saint_Andrew_(Honolulu)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-My_Mother-12"},{"link_name":"Hawaiʻi State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Senate"},{"link_name":"John Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Melville_Kelly"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Isami Doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isami_Doi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honolulu_Magazine-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Arts_Museums_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Hawaii State Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_State_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Women in the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Women_in_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Isaacs Art Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaacs_Art_Center"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes-3"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Isaacs Art Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaacs_Art_Center"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"During the mid-1950s, Madge Tennent suffered the first of several heart attacks, prompting her to shift from large-scale undertakings on canvas to smaller works on paper. She was diagnosed with a permanent heart ailment in 1958, and by 1965 she had discontinued working and moved into the Maunalani Hospital near Manoa.[8]: 178 After a decade of gradually declining health, Tennent died in Honolulu on 5 February 1972.[2] Her funeral was held at St. Andrew's Cathedral in Honolulu.[11] Three days after her death, the Hawaiʻi State Senate commemorated the artist's vision, accomplishments, and influence:IN HONOR OF THE LATE MADGE TENNENT\nWHEREAS, Madge Tennent, one of Hawaii's most important artists, died on February 5, 1972 in the 82nd year of her long and eventful life; and\nWHEREAS, better than any artist to date, Madge Tennent was able to capture and honestly express in her many paintings and drawings the subtle charm and quiet grace and dignity of the Hawaiian people; and\nWHEREAS, Madge Tennent was also a warm and generous person, who gave often and generously of her works to friends and to charity; and\nWHEREAS, Madge Tennent, having spent a half century in Hawaii, leaves behind a rich legacy of art, which shall forever belong to Hawaii; and therefore,\n\nBE IT RESOLVED by the Senate of the Sixth Legislature of Hawaii, Regular Session of 1972, that this body solemnly notes the passing of a great artist and person.In the visual arts Madge Tennent has no equal among the under-appreciated artists of Hawaiʻi. Those of us who salute John Kelly, for instance, as a most graphic delineator of Hawaiian types, cannot compare him to Tennent as an artist, anymore than an aficionado of either, links Gershwin to Wagner.\n\n\nPatricia Hartwell, Cultural Climate[12]Following Tennent's death, numerous cultural luminaries opined on her outstanding contribution to the cultural landscape of Hawaii. Fellow island artist Isami Doi wrote that Tennent died, \"still, twenty years ahead of all of us.\"[13] \"Even if the Hawaiians were to vanish as a race, they would live forever in the paintings of Madge Tennent,\" remarked noted Native Hawaiian scholar and author John Dominis Holt.[14] \"No other artist in Hawaiʻi has so consistently and eloquently painted, sketched, and drawn the Hawaiian Woman as has Tennent. In the physical form of a larger Hawaiian woman, she established the basis upon which to build a lasting, universal aesthetic statement. She gave her life effort and her great talent to the elaboration of this vision.\"[15] In 2005, Tennent was named one of the 100 most influential contributors to the city of Honolulu.[16] Her large-scale oils on canvas and board have reportedly sold for over $1 million.[17]The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, the Hawaii State Art Museum, the Honolulu Museum of Art, the National Museum of Women in the Arts (Washington, D. C.), and the Victoria and Albert Museum (London) are among the public collections holding works by Madge Tennent.[18] The single largest intact collection of her works resides at the Isaacs Art Center, which in 2005 was named caretaker of the Tennent Art Foundation.[19]Tennent's Hawaiian Pattern (1927) was featured in Encounters with Paradise, a seminal survey of Hawai‘i art mounted at the Honolulu Museum of Art in 1992;[3] from July 2014 until January 2015, this important early work appeared alongside two other Tennent canvasses in the museum's Art Deco Hawai‘i exhibition.[20] In September 2016, the Isaacs Art Center mounted a sweeping retrospective of Tennent's work that spanned over 40 works produced over five decades of her life.[21] Titled Rhythm in the Round: The Modernism of Madge Tennent, the exhibition was the largest public show of the artist's work since 1976.[22]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Note01_7-0"}],"text":"^ The Tennents arrived in Honolulu on November 14, 1923.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Haar_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Haar_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Haar_2-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0824803384","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824803384"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Forbes_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Forbes_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Forbes_3-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0824814403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824814403"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Madge Tennent\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clara.nmwa.org/index.php?g=entity_detail&entity_id=8104"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Autobio_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Autobio_8-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sandulli_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sandulli_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sandulli_9-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sandulli_9-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Beautiful_People_10-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-My_Mother_12-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Honolulu_Magazine_14-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"ProQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"414952614","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.proquest.com/docview/414952614"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"The art of commerce\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.starbulletin.com/2004/11/18/features/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Madge Tennent\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.askart.com/artist/artist/103743/artist.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Madge Tennent (1889-1972)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//isaacsartcenter.hpa.edu/artist-works.php?artistId=158230&artist=Madge%20Tennent%20(1889-1972)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Art Deco Hawai'i\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//honolulumuseum.org/art/exhibitions/14238-art_deco_hawaii/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Rhythm in the Round: The modernism of Madge Tennent opens Sept. 9\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.westhawaiitoday.com/2016/08/30/north-hawaii-news/rhythm-in-the-round-the-modernism-of-madge-tennent-opens-sept-9/amp/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"}],"text":"^ \"The History of Today: 150 Years\". Honolulu Advertiser. 5 February 2006.\n\n^ a b c Haar, Francis; Neogy, Pritwish (1974). Artists of Hawaii: Nineteen Painters and Sculptors. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0824803384.\n\n^ a b c Forbes, David (1992). Encounters with Paradise : Views of Hawaii and Its People, 1778-1941. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0824814403.\n\n^ \"Madge Tennent\". Clara Database of Women Artists. National Museum of Women in the Arts.\n\n^ Peterson, Barbara (1984). Notable Women of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 373–376.\n\n^ Hilleary, Perry Edward; Judd, Henry Pratt (1954). Men and Women of Hawaii, 1954. Honolulu, HI: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 635.\n\n^ a b Tennent, Madge (1949). Autobiography of an Unarrived Artist. New York: Columbia University Press.\n\n^ a b c d Sandulli, Justin M. (2016). Troubled Paradise: Madge Tennent at a Hawaiian Crossroads (Thesis). Durham, NC: Duke University.\n\n^ Tennent, Madge. \"The World's Most Beautiful People\". Paradise of the Pacific (December 1944): 33–36.\n\n^ Newton, Eric (July 1937). \"Painter of South Sea Beauty\". London Evening Standard.\n\n^ Tennent, Arthur (1982). Madge Tennent: My Mother. Honolulu: Edward Enterprises. p. 53.\n\n^ Hartwell, Patricia. \"Tennent's Exhibition 'Sure Thing' in Art\". Cultural Climate (November 1974).\n\n^ \"Madge Tennent: Paintings from Remembered Sources\". Honolulu: A Topical Tropical Magazine (October, 1976): 42–43.\n\n^ Tennent, Arthur (1976). Angus, Donald; Kingrey, Kenneth (eds.). The Art and Writing of Madge Tennent. Honolulu: Island Heritage Ltd. p. 22.\n\n^ Holt, John Dominis. \"An Appreciation of the Artistic Achievement of Madge Tennent\". Paradise of the Pacific (March 1955): 16–19.\n\n^ Nakaso, Dan (30 October 2005). \"City honors 100 notables\". Honolulu Advertiser. ProQuest 414952614.\n\n^ Kam, Nadine (18 November 2004). \"The art of commerce\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 1 June 2015.\n\n^ \"Madge Tennent\". askART.\n\n^ \"Madge Tennent (1889-1972)\". Isaacs Art Center at Hawaii Preparatory Academy.\n\n^ \"Art Deco Hawai'i\". Honolulu Museum of Art. Retrieved 1 November 2018.\n\n^ \"Rhythm in the Round: The modernism of Madge Tennent opens Sept. 9\". West Hawaii Today. 30 August 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2017.\n\n^ Hustace, Mollie M.; Sandulli, Justin M. (2016). Rhythm in the Round: The Modernism of Madge Tennent. Kamuela, HI: Hawaii Preparatory Academy. pp. 2–5.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [{"image_text":"Tennent in her Cape Town studio, ca. 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tennent_Light.jpg/250px-Tennent_Light.jpg"},{"image_text":"Olympia of Hawaii (with Apologies to Manet), c. 1927, Honolulu Museum of Art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d3/Olympia_of_Hawaii_%28with_Apologies_to_Manet%29_by_Madge_Tennent%2C_c._1927.jpg"},{"image_text":"Three Hawaiian Women, 1941, Honolulu Museum of Art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/31/Three_Hawaiian_Women_by_Madge_Tennent%2C_1941%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG"},{"image_text":"Hawaiians Hanging Holoku, 1934, Isaacs Art Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Tennent_HangingHoloku.jpg/215px-Tennent_HangingHoloku.jpg"},{"image_text":"Local Color (1934) represented Hawaiʻi at the 1939 New York World's Fair","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ee/Tennent_LocalColor.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"The History of Today: 150 Years\". Honolulu Advertiser. 5 February 2006.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Haar, Francis; Neogy, Pritwish (1974). Artists of Hawaii: Nineteen Painters and Sculptors. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0824803384.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824803384","url_text":"978-0824803384"}]},{"reference":"Forbes, David (1992). Encounters with Paradise : Views of Hawaii and Its People, 1778-1941. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0824814403.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824814403","url_text":"978-0824814403"}]},{"reference":"\"Madge Tennent\". Clara Database of Women Artists. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh_(Native_American) | Raleigh (Native American) | ["1 References"] | Warrior of the Secotan Indians in North Carolina (1585)
Raleigh (died 2 April 1589) was a Native American who was among the first to be brought to England from America in the late 16th-century. Living in the home of Sir Richard Grenville in Bideford, he was the first Native American on record to have a Christian conversion and an English burial site preceding Pocahontas.
Sir Richard Grenville captured the Roanoke Island Native American Raleigh (named for Grenville's cousin Sir Walter Raleigh) following a skirmish in 1586 and brought him to Bideford. He may have been one of three Native Americans who were captured, remaining in captivity after the two others escaped. Described as a "Wynganditoian", he had his baptism at Saint Mary's Church in Bideford on 27 March 1588.
Commemorative plaque to Raleigh outside Saint Mary's Church in Bideford in 2018
Sir Walter Raleigh later corrected the place name Raleigh is said to have originated from, stating that "hen some of my people asked the name of that Countrie one of the Savages answered Wingandacon, which is as much to say, as, you weare good clothes, or gay clothes." The mistake may have been corrected by Manteo. It is not likely that Raleigh was a member of the friendly Hatteras Indians led by Manteo but was probably a member of a tribe allied to Wanchese, who had been involved in several skirmishes with English colonists previously on Roanoke.
Little is known of Raleigh or why Grenville brought him to Bideford. Grenville was planning another voyage to America and it could have been his intention to take Raleigh back to Roanoke where his local knowledge and native language would have been useful. He died from influenza in Grenville's house on 2 April 1589, his interment in the churchyard of Saint Mary's Church in Bideford taking place five days later. Raleigh was the first Native American to legally have a Christian conversion and a resting place in England.
A record in the Bodleian Library at Oxford dated 1792 states that Raleigh was not buried in the church crypt, but in the Churchyard. As this record pre-dates the Victorian rebuilding of St Mary's church in the mid-1860s it is probable that his now unmarked grave lies somewhere there still.
References
^ a b Alden T. Vaughan, Transatlantic Encounters: American Indians in Britain, 1500-1776, Cambridge University Press (2006) - Google Books pg 26
^ Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Roanoke, the Abandoned Colony, Volume 2, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., (1984) - Google Books pg 94
^ David Beers Quinn, The Roanoke Voyages, 1584-1590: Documents to illustrate the English Voyages to North America under the Patent granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584, Volume 1, Ashgate (1952) - Google Books pg 495
^ a b c d "Raleigh, a Wynganditoian | Native Heritage Project". nativeheritageproject.com. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
^ Alden T. Vaughan, Sir Walter Ralegh's Indian Interpreters, 1584-1618, The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 59, No. 2 (Apr., 2002), pp. 341-376
^ a b David Howell, The Bideford Heritage Trail, Pub: Bideford 500 Heritage Group (2011) pg 8
^ "Lost Colony Research Group". rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 19 August 2018. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_carolina_algonkin-kleidung08.jpg"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Richard Grenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Grenville"},{"link_name":"Bideford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bideford"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas"},{"link_name":"Roanoke Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Island"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Walter Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Raleigh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alden-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Saint Mary's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary,_Bideford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raleigh_plaque_Bideford_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Mary's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary,_Bideford"},{"link_name":"Bideford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bideford"},{"link_name":"Walter Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Raleigh"},{"link_name":"Manteo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manteo_(Native_American_leader)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alden-1"},{"link_name":"Manteo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manteo_(Native_American_leader)"},{"link_name":"Wanchese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanchese_(Native_American_leader)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nativeheritageproject-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trail-6"},{"link_name":"Saint Mary's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary,_Bideford"},{"link_name":"Bideford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bideford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nativeheritageproject-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nativeheritageproject-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ancestry-7"},{"link_name":"Bodleian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nativeheritageproject-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trail-6"}],"text":"Warrior of the Secotan Indians in North Carolina (1585)Raleigh (died 2 April 1589) was a Native American who was among the first to be brought to England from America in the late 16th-century. Living in the home of Sir Richard Grenville in Bideford, he was the first Native American on record to have a Christian conversion and an English burial site preceding Pocahontas.Sir Richard Grenville captured the Roanoke Island Native American Raleigh (named for Grenville's cousin Sir Walter Raleigh) following a skirmish in 1586 and brought him to Bideford. He may have been one of three Native Americans who were captured, remaining in captivity after the two others escaped.[1][2] Described as a \"Wynganditoian\", he had his baptism at Saint Mary's Church in Bideford on 27 March 1588.[3]Commemorative plaque to Raleigh outside Saint Mary's Church in Bideford in 2018Sir Walter Raleigh later corrected the place name Raleigh is said to have originated from, stating that \"[W]hen some of my people asked the name of that Countrie one of the Savages answered Wingandacon, which is as much to say, as, you weare good clothes, or gay clothes.\" The mistake may have been corrected by Manteo.[1] It is not likely that Raleigh was a member of the friendly Hatteras Indians led by Manteo but was probably a member of a tribe allied to Wanchese, who had been involved in several skirmishes with English colonists previously on Roanoke.[4][5]Little is known of Raleigh or why Grenville brought him to Bideford. Grenville was planning another voyage to America and it could have been his intention to take Raleigh back to Roanoke where his local knowledge and native language would have been useful.[6] He died from influenza in Grenville's house on 2 April 1589, his interment in the churchyard of Saint Mary's Church in Bideford taking place five days later.[4] Raleigh was the first Native American to legally have a Christian conversion and a resting place in England.[4][7]A record in the Bodleian Library at Oxford dated 1792 states that Raleigh was not buried in the church crypt, but in the Churchyard. As this record pre-dates the Victorian rebuilding of St Mary's church in the mid-1860s it is probable that his now unmarked grave lies somewhere there still.[4][6]","title":"Raleigh (Native American)"}] | [{"image_text":"Warrior of the Secotan Indians in North Carolina (1585)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/North_carolina_algonkin-kleidung08.jpg/220px-North_carolina_algonkin-kleidung08.jpg"},{"image_text":"Commemorative plaque to Raleigh outside Saint Mary's Church in Bideford in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Raleigh_plaque_Bideford_2018.jpg/220px-Raleigh_plaque_Bideford_2018.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Raleigh, a Wynganditoian | Native Heritage Project\". nativeheritageproject.com. Retrieved 19 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/07/02/raleigh-a-wynganditoian/","url_text":"\"Raleigh, a Wynganditoian | Native Heritage Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lost Colony Research Group\". rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 19 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://rootsweb.ancestry.com/~molcgdrg/nl/nl-12/nl02-12f.htm","url_text":"\"Lost Colony Research Group\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8-4s2aXr8oQC&dq=raleigh+Wynganditoian&pg=PA26","external_links_name":"Alden T. Vaughan, Transatlantic Encounters: American Indians in Britain, 1500-1776, Cambridge University Press (2006)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CfqZ2SbQbh4C&dq=raleigh+Wynganditoian&pg=PA94","external_links_name":"Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Roanoke, the Abandoned Colony, Volume 2, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., (1984)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AzkrDwAAQBAJ&dq=raleigh+Wynganditoian&pg=PA495","external_links_name":"David Beers Quinn, The Roanoke Voyages, 1584-1590: Documents to illustrate the English Voyages to North America under the Patent granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584, Volume 1, Ashgate (1952)"},{"Link":"http://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/07/02/raleigh-a-wynganditoian/","external_links_name":"\"Raleigh, a Wynganditoian | Native Heritage Project\""},{"Link":"https://rootsweb.ancestry.com/~molcgdrg/nl/nl-12/nl02-12f.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lost Colony Research Group\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_School | Baghdad School | ["1 Background","2 Translations and illustrations of De Materia Medica","3 Transcription and illustration of Maqamat","4 Other works","5 Legacy","6 See also","7 References","8 Sources"] | Schools of Later Abbasid era
Baghdad Schoolمدرسة بغدادOther namesArab School المدرسة العربيةEstablishedlate 12th centuryLocationBaghdad, Kufa, Wasit, Basra, Abbasid CaliphateCampusUrbanLanguageArabic
The Baghdad School, also known as the Arab school, was a relatively short-lived yet influential school of Islamic art developed during the late 12th century in the capital Baghdad of the ruling Abbasid Caliphate. The movement had largely died out by the early 14th century, five decades following the invasion of the Mongols in 1258 and the downfall of the Abbasids' rule, and would eventually be replaced by stylistic movements from the Mongol tradition. The Baghdad School is particularly noted for its distinctive approach to manuscript illustration. The faces depicted in illustrations were individualized and expressive, with the scenes often highlighting realistic features of everyday life from the period. This stylistic movement used strong, bright colors, and employed a balanced sense of design and a decorative quality, with illustrations often lacking traditional frames and appearing between lines of text on manuscript pages.
Background
The Kitab al-baytarah is the only manuscript whose place of production is securely attributed to Baghdad and dated to 1209-1210 through its colophon. Grooming a horse, Kitab al-baytara, 1210, Topkapi Museum.
The Baghdad School of art is noted for its manuscript artwork. The school consisted of calligraphers, illustrators, transcribers and translators, who collaborated to produce illuminated manuscripts derived from non-Arabic sources. The characteristic Baghdad School artistic style, which features sprightly characters bearing highly expressive faces and hand gestures (rather than stereotypical people), reached its peak in the first half of the 13th-century, although some examples can be identified at earlier periods. Illustrations in this style represent a skilful blend of Byzantine, Persian and Arab features.
Very few illuminated copies of the Qu'ran from this period have survived, but a number of secular manuscripts are still extant. These manuscripts are primarily scientific treatises or social commentaries.
The descriptor, "Baghdad School", was coined by the French Orientalist, Eustache De Lorey, in 1938, when he curated an exhibition of illustrations from Maqamat Badi' az-Zaman al-Hamadhani for the Bibliothèque nationale de France. More recent art historians and curators prefer to use the terms Mesopotamian School, while other scholars have suggested that the term should be replaced with something broader, such as the Arab School of Miniatures, because its exponents were not just confined to Baghdad and Iraq.
Actually, the Kitab al-baytarah is the only manuscript whose place of production is securely attributed to Baghdad and dated to 1209 through its colophon, which makes it a key work in trying to define a "Baghdad school" of illustrated manuscripts during the pre-Mongol period (the Mongol Siege of Baghdad dates to 1258). The 1209 edition mentionning Baghdad is in the Egyptian National Library and Archives (Khalil Agha F8). The other, dated 1210, does not mention Baghdad, but is considered a copy of the 1209 edition, and was made by the same calligrapher.
The Kitab al-baytarah has been used as an artistic reference to try to attribute a famous 1237 CE Maqamat al-Hariri manuscript (BNF Arabe 5847) to Baghdad as well. The attempt is based on a certain level of artistic similarity, but this attribution remains uncertain, and the location of the BNF Arabe 5847 remains unsure and it can only said to have been made between Syria and Iraq in 1237 CE.
Another illustrated manuscript which is tentatively attributed to pre-Mongol Baghdad is the dispersed 1224 Dioscorides ( De Materia Medica 1224). Here again, attribution to Baghdad remains tentative, and a more cautious attribution, such as "Iraq or Northern Jazira, possibly Baghdad" is often preferred.
Translations and illustrations of De Materia Medica
“Preparation of Medicine from Honey," translated and illustrated from Dioscorides, possibly by the "Baghdad School"
The Greek materia medica, in particular herbals and bestiaries, which described the characteristics and medicinal uses of various plants and animals found in the Mediterranean world, were among the books transcribed. Several Arabic translations of Dioscorides' work, De Materia Medica have been discovered. Dioscorides' treatise was considered especially important, and remains one of the best examples of manuscript translation and illustration produced by the Baghdad School. Dioscorides was a renowned Greek physician, herbalist, and pharmacist serving the Roman Empire and its armies during the first century CE, whose work gained influence throughout the medieval Islamic world.
Of these, a manuscript known as the Mashhad Manuscript, originally believed to be 13th-century work, has been reassessed and now dated to between 1152 and 1176, providing one of the earliest examples of illustrations in the style of the Baghdad School. Another early example of these translations is the translation and work probably by Abdallah ibn al-Fadl. The illustrations were considered especially important, and it remains one of the best examples of manuscript translation and illustration produced by the Baghdad School. Dioscorides was a renowned Greek physician, herbalist, and pharmacist serving the Roman Empire and its armies during the first century CE, whose work gained influence throughout the medieval Islamic world.
Among the illustrated manuscript leaves of the 13th-century Dioscorides' Materia Medica is the page entitled, “Physician Preparing an Elixir," also referred to by The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History as “Preparation of Medicine from Honey.” It is dated 1224 CE and was found in Iraq or Northern Jazira, possibly Baghdad. The page depicts an illustration of a bearded physician with a colorful blue headscarf and red clothing seated on an ornamental stool. He is mixing a yellow pot with a ladle while overlooking a yellow cauldron hanging from a red tripod above a wide blue container. His other hand is raised up towards his mouth. A large blue jug lies to the left of the tripod. Two overhanging trees on either side of the scene bear leaves and two different types of what appear to be colorful fruit or flowers—red on the left and yellow on the right. The ground below the scene is covered with green grass, however there is no background depicted in the illustration thus reducing the sense of depth. The style of illustration depicted on this manuscript leaf is thus an excellent example of the Baghdad School: the colors are bright and distinctive, the objects depicted in the scene have a balanced, symmetrical design with the trees framing the illustration, and finally, the man's face appears to be in a state of deep, expressive contemplation. The scene itself has a realistic and personalized quality to it, depicting a physician in a natural setting as he prepares a medicinal mixture containing honey for his patients, and yet also has ornamental characteristics with its design and choice of colors—another distinctive feature of the Baghdad School.
Illustrations and text from the 13th-century Arabic translation of De Materia Medica
Transcription and illustration of Maqamat
Main article: Maqamat al-Hariri
A dignitary in Turkic dress: long braids, sharbush fur hat, boots, close-fitting coat. He may be an amir.A local dignitary in loose-fitting dress and turban, possibly Al-Hariri of Basra himself.Frontispiece illustrations from the Maqamat al-Hariri, (1237 edition).
The 1237 edition of the Maqamat al-Hariri is an illuminated manuscript created by Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti in 1237. This is probably the most applauded edition of the Maqamat. It may have been created in Baghdad, based on some stylistic parallels with the Kitab al-baytarah which securely emanated from this city, but this attribution remains quite conjectural. Still the name of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustansir appears in one of the paintings (fol. 164v), which does create a certain connection.
This maqama manuscript is currently kept in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris (BNF Arabe 5847). It is also known as the Schefer Ḥarīrī.
According to its colophon, the manuscript was copied in the year 634 of the Islamic calendar (equivalent to 1237 in the Western calendar). The manuscript details a series of tales regarding the adventures of the fictional character Abu Zayd of Saruj who travels and deceives those around him with his skill in the Arabic language to earn rewards.
The twin frontispieces show one individual in Arab dress, who may be the author himself, and a majestic ruler in Seljuk-type Turkic military dress (long braids, fur hat, boots, fitting coat), who may be the potentate the manuscript was dedicated to.
The book is written in red and black ink, and supplemented by 99 miniatures. These miniatures depict a wide variety of scenes from the Maqamat and from every day life. Most are decorated with gold.
Other illustrations by Yahya Al-Wasiti from al-Hariri's Maqamat
Other works
Two men talking from Kalīla wa-Dimna, c. 1222
Yet other examples of work in the style of the Baghdad School include the illustrations in Kalīla wa-Dimna (Fables of Bidpai), (1222); a collection of fables by the Hindu, Bidpai translated into Arabic, and Rasa'il al-Ikhwan al-Safa (The Epistles of the Sincere Brethren) (1287); an example of an illuminated manuscript produced after the Mongol invasion.
Legacy
In the 20th-century, al-Waiti's illustrations and the Baghdad School served as an inspiration for The Baghdad Modern Art Group. Founded in the 1950s by artists, Jawad Saleem and Shakir Hassan Al Said, members of the group believed that the Mongol invasion of the 13th-century represented a "break in the chain of pictorial Iraqi art" and wanted to reassert a national identity and build a distinctive Iraqi identity which referenced heritage and tradition. As the leader of the group, Saleem promoted the idea of istilham al-turath – "seeking inspiration from tradition".
See also
Arabic miniature
Arabic literature
Culture of Iraq
Hurufiyya movement
Islamic art
Islamic calligraphy
Islamic Golden Age
Iraqi art
List of Iraqi artists
References
^ "Islamic arts - Visual arts". Encyclopædia Britannica.: The main identifiable group of miniature painters is the so-called Baghdad school of the first half of the 13th century. The group should be called the Arab school because the subject matter and style employed could have been identified with any one of the major artistic centres of Egypt and the Fertile Crescent, and very little evidence currently exists to limit this school to one city.
^ a b c d Encyclopædia Britannica Online, s. v. "Baghdad school," accessed May 04, 2013, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48804/Baghdad-school.
^ a b c d e f Grabar 1984, p. 10.
^ Atbaş, Zeynep (1 August 2019). Artistic Aspects of Sultan Bayezid II’s Book Treasury Collection: Extant Volumes Preserved at the Topkapı Palace Museum Library (Treasures of Knowledge: An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3-1503/4) (2 vols)). Brill. pp. 161–211. doi:10.1163/9789004402508_005.
^ "Baghdad School," in: Miriam Drake (ed), Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, Volume 2, 2nd ed., CRC Press, 2003, p. 1259
^ Ekhtiar, M., Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N.Y., Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011, p. 94; Ipşiroğlu, M.S., Painting and Culture of the Mongols, Abrams, 1966, p. 37; Rahimova, Z., "Miniature Painting of the Middle Eastern Arabic School of Miniature," Journal of the Academy of Arts (Uzbekistan), No. 2, 2015, Online:
^ "Baghdad school," in: Miriam Drake (ed), Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, Volume 2, 2nd ed., CRC Press, 2003, p. 1259.
^ Esanu, O., Art, Awakening, and Modernity in the Middle East: The Arab Nude, Routledge, 2017, , n.p.
^ See for example: Day, G.E., "Mesopotamian Manuscripts of Dioscorides," Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, n.d., p,. 277, Online:; Dimand, M.S., A Handbook of Mohammedan Decorative Arts, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1930, pp 18-20 or Rahimova, Z., "Miniature Painting of the Middle Eastern Arabic School of Miniature," Journal of the Academy of Arts (Uzbekistan), No. 2, 2015, Online:
^ Osier, P., Islamic Art and Architecture, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2017, , n.p.
^ a b Contadini 2012, p. 155.
^ "'Abdullah ibn al-Fadl "Physician Preparing an Elixir", Folio from a Materia Medica of Dioscorides". The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
^ "'Abdullah ibn al-Fadl "Physician Preparing an Elixir", Folio from a Materia Medica of Dioscorides". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Attributed to Iraq or Northern Jazira, possibly Baghdad.
^ a b c d “Preparation of Medicine from Honey: Leaf from an Arabic Translation of the Materia Medica of Dioscorides (13.152.6)”. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000--. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/13.152.6 (December 2011)
^ Day, G.E., "Mesopotamian Manuscripts of Dioscorides," Metropolitan Museum of Art, n.d. Online: The manuscript has no colophon with date, but it has a 4-page introduction written by Mihran ibn Mansur ibn Miihran, who translated it for Najm ad-din Alpi, the Urtuqid prince, ruler from 1152 to 1176.
^ Dimand, M., New Accessions of Islamic Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, n.d. Online:; Day, G.E., "Mesopotamian Manuscripts of Dioscorides," Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, n.d., p,. 277, Online: The manuscript has a colophon which establishes the date as the month of Rajab 620 A.H./ July-August 1224
^ a b c d Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017). "A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus". Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia. Austrian Academy of Science Press: 232.
^ Hillenbrand 2010, p. 117.
^ "BNF Arabe 5847". archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr. Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
^ Hillenbrand 2010.
^ a b Ettinghausen 1977, p. 104.
^ Grabar 1984.
^ "Al Maqamat: Beautifully Illustrated Arabic Literary Tradition – 1001 Inventions". Retrieved 2023-07-28.
^ Hillenbrand 2010, p. 126 and note 40.
^ Contadini 2012, p. 126–127: "Official" Turkish figures wear a standard combination of a sharbūsh, a three-quarters length robe, and boots. Arab figures, in contrast, have different headgear (usually a turban), a robe that is either full-length or, if three-quarters length, has baggy trousers below, and they usually wear flat shoes or (...) go barefoot (...) P.127: Reference has already been made to the combination of boots and sharbūsh as markers of official status (...) the combination is standard, even being reflected in thirteenth-century Coptic paintings, and serves to distinguish, in Grabar's formulation, the world of the Turkish ruler and that of the Arab. (...) The type worn by the official figures in the 1237 Maqāmāt, depicted, for example, on fol. 59r,67 consists of a gold cap surmounted by a little round top and with fur trimming creating a triangular area at the front which either shows the gold cap or is a separate plaque. A particular imposing example in this manuscript is the massive sharbūsh with much more fur than usual that is worn by the princely official on the right frontispiece on fol. 1v."
^ "Baghdad school," in: Miriam Drake (ed.), Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, Volume 2, 2nd ed., CRC Press, 2003, p. 1259; Dimand, M.S., A Handbook of Mohammedan Decorative Arts, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1930, p. 20
^ "Baghdad school," in: Encyclopædia Britannica, Online:; Brend, B., Islamic Art, Harvard University Press, 1991, p. 78.
^ Wijdan, A. (ed.), Contemporary Art From The Islamic World, p.166
^ Shabout, N., "Jewad Selim: On Abstraction and Symbolism," in Mathaf Encyclopedia of Modern Art and the Arab World, Online
^ Ulrike al-Khamis, “An Historical Overview 1900s-1990s,” in: Maysaloun, F. (ed.), Strokes of Genius: Contemporary Iraqi Art, London:, Saqi Books, 2001, p. 25; Baram, A., Culture, History and Ideology in the Formation of Ba'thist Iraq,1968-89, Springer, 1991, pp. 70–71.
^ Shabout, N. "Jewad Selim: On Abstraction and Symbolism". Mathaf Encyclopedia of Modern Art and the Arab World.
Sources
Ettinghausen, Richard (1977). La Peinture arabe (in French). Geneva: Skira. pp. 104–124.
Translated as Ettinghausen, Richard (1977b). Arab painting. New York : Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-0081-0.
Grabar, Oleg (1984). The Illustrations of the Maqamat (PDF). University of Chicago Press. p. 7.
"Kitāb al-bayṭarah كتاب البيطرة Azdī, Aḥmad ibn ʿAtīq أزدي، أحمد بن عتيق (Or 1523)". Qatar Digital Library. Qatar Digital Library. 16 May 2014.
Contadini, Anna (1 January 2012). A World of Beasts: A Thirteenth-Century Illustrated Arabic Book on Animals (the Kitāb Na‘t al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshū‘ Tradition. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004222656_005.
Hillenbrand, Robert (1 January 2010). "The Schefer Ḥarīrī: A Study in Islamic Frontispiece Design". Arab Painting: 117–134. doi:10.1163/9789004236615_011.
vteArabic manuscriptsManuscripts7th century
PERF 558
Letters by Muhammad
9th centuryEarliest known illuminated Qur'ans10th century
Maqama
11th century
Maqama
The Book of Fixed Stars (Marsh 144)
Timbuktu Manuscripts
The Speech of Wild Animals
12th century
Maqamat al-Hariri (Arabe 3924)
Kitāb al-Diryāq (Arabe 2964)
De materia medica
Kitāb-al-Daraj
The Book of Fixed Stars (TSMK, A. 3493)
Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
MS Huntington 264
13th century
Maqamat al-Hariri (Arabe 3929, Arabe 6094, Arabe 5847, Esad Efendi 2961, Or. 9718, S.23)
Kitāb al-Diryāq
Kitāb naʿt al-ḥayawān
De materia medica
Kitāb al-bayṭara
Kitab al-Aghani
Kalīla wa-Dimna (Arabe 3465)
Risālat al-Ṣūfī fī al-kawākib
Hadith Bayad wa Riyad (Vat. Arabo 368)
MS 5229
Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity (Esad Efendi 3636)
Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
14th century
Maqamat al-Hariri (Or. Add. 22114, Or. 7293, ÖNB AF9, Marsh 458)
The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries (Or Ms 161)
The Wonders of Creatures and the Marvels of Creation
Jami' al-tawarikh (Or Ms 20, MSS 77)
15th century
Bijapur Collection
Galland Manuscript
17th century
The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries (Arabe 1489)
Concepts
Arabic calligraphy
Arabic miniature
Baghdad School
Sharbūsh | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Islamic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Abbasid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"1258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1258"},{"link_name":"Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-2"}],"text":"The Baghdad School, also known as the Arab school,[1] was a relatively short-lived yet influential school of Islamic art developed during the late 12th century in the capital Baghdad of the ruling Abbasid Caliphate. 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The school consisted of calligraphers, illustrators, transcribers and translators, who collaborated to produce illuminated manuscripts derived from non-Arabic sources. The characteristic Baghdad School artistic style, which features sprightly characters bearing highly expressive faces and hand gestures (rather than stereotypical people), reached its peak in the first half of the 13th-century, although some examples can be identified at earlier periods.[5] Illustrations in this style represent a skilful blend of Byzantine, Persian and Arab features.[6]Very few illuminated copies of the Qu'ran from this period have survived, but a number of secular manuscripts are still extant.[7] These manuscripts are primarily scientific treatises or social commentaries.The descriptor, \"Baghdad School\", was coined by the French Orientalist, Eustache De Lorey, in 1938, when he curated an exhibition of illustrations from Maqamat Badi' az-Zaman al-Hamadhani for the Bibliothèque nationale de France.[8] More recent art historians and curators prefer to use the terms Mesopotamian School,[9] while other scholars have suggested that the term should be replaced with something broader, such as the Arab School of Miniatures, because its exponents were not just confined to Baghdad and Iraq.[10]Actually, the Kitab al-baytarah is the only manuscript whose place of production is securely attributed to Baghdad and dated to 1209 through its colophon, which makes it a key work in trying to define a \"Baghdad school\" of illustrated manuscripts during the pre-Mongol period (the Mongol Siege of Baghdad dates to 1258).[3] The 1209 edition mentionning Baghdad is in the Egyptian National Library and Archives (Khalil Agha F8). The other, dated 1210, does not mention Baghdad, but is considered a copy of the 1209 edition, and was made by the same calligrapher.[11]The Kitab al-baytarah has been used as an artistic reference to try to attribute a famous 1237 CE Maqamat al-Hariri manuscript (BNF Arabe 5847) to Baghdad as well. The attempt is based on a certain level of artistic similarity, but this attribution remains uncertain, and the location of the BNF Arabe 5847 remains unsure and it can only said to have been made between Syria and Iraq in 1237 CE.[3]Another illustrated manuscript which is tentatively attributed to pre-Mongol Baghdad is the dispersed 1224 Dioscorides ( De Materia Medica 1224).[3][12] Here again, attribution to Baghdad remains tentative, and a more cautious attribution, such as \"Iraq or Northern Jazira, possibly Baghdad\" is often preferred.[13]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Materia_Medica_(Arabic_translation,_leaf).jpg"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"materia medica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_medica"},{"link_name":"bestiaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiaries"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metmuseum-14"},{"link_name":"Dioscorides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorides"},{"link_name":"De Materia Medica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Materia_Medica"},{"link_name":"Dioscorides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorides"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-2"},{"link_name":"Dioscorides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorides"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metmuseum-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-2"},{"link_name":"Dioscorides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorides"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metmuseum-14"},{"link_name":"Dioscorides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorides"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metmuseum-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syrischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arabischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wild_Cucumber_in_Arabic_Dioscorides.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arabischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_002.jpg"}],"text":"“Preparation of Medicine from Honey,\" translated and illustrated from Dioscorides, possibly by the \"Baghdad School\"The Greek materia medica, in particular herbals and bestiaries, which described the characteristics and medicinal uses of various plants and animals found in the Mediterranean world, were among the books transcribed.[14] Several Arabic translations of Dioscorides' work, De Materia Medica have been discovered. Dioscorides' treatise was considered especially important, and remains one of the best examples of manuscript translation and illustration produced by the Baghdad School.[2] Dioscorides was a renowned Greek physician, herbalist, and pharmacist serving the Roman Empire and its armies during the first century CE, whose work gained influence throughout the medieval Islamic world.[14]Of these, a manuscript known as the Mashhad Manuscript, originally believed to be 13th-century work, has been reassessed and now dated to between 1152 and 1176, providing one of the earliest examples of illustrations in the style of the Baghdad School.[15] Another early example of these translations is the translation and work probably by Abdallah ibn al-Fadl.[16] The illustrations were considered especially important, and it remains one of the best examples of manuscript translation and illustration produced by the Baghdad School.[2] Dioscorides was a renowned Greek physician, herbalist, and pharmacist serving the Roman Empire and its armies during the first century CE, whose work gained influence throughout the medieval Islamic world.[14]Among the illustrated manuscript leaves of the 13th-century Dioscorides' Materia Medica is the page entitled, “Physician Preparing an Elixir,\" also referred to by The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History as “Preparation of Medicine from Honey.” It is dated 1224 CE and was found in Iraq or Northern Jazira, possibly Baghdad.[14] The page depicts an illustration of a bearded physician with a colorful blue headscarf and red clothing seated on an ornamental stool. He is mixing a yellow pot with a ladle while overlooking a yellow cauldron hanging from a red tripod above a wide blue container. His other hand is raised up towards his mouth. A large blue jug lies to the left of the tripod. Two overhanging trees on either side of the scene bear leaves and two different types of what appear to be colorful fruit or flowers—red on the left and yellow on the right. The ground below the scene is covered with green grass, however there is no background depicted in the illustration thus reducing the sense of depth. The style of illustration depicted on this manuscript leaf is thus an excellent example of the Baghdad School: the colors are bright and distinctive, the objects depicted in the scene have a balanced, symmetrical design with the trees framing the illustration, and finally, the man's face appears to be in a state of deep, expressive contemplation. The scene itself has a realistic and personalized quality to it, depicting a physician in a natural setting as he prepares a medicinal mixture containing honey for his patients, and yet also has ornamental characteristics with its design and choice of colors—another distinctive feature of the Baghdad School.[2]Illustrations and text from the 13th-century Arabic translation of De Materia Medica","title":"Translations and illustrations of De Materia Medica"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruler_in_Turkic_dress_(long_braids,_fur_hat,_boots,_fitting_coat),_in_the_Maqamat_of_al-Hariri,_1237_CE,_probably_Baghdad.jpg"},{"link_name":"sharbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharbush"},{"link_name":"amir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FB232-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Possible_depiction_of_al-Hariri,_in_the_Maqamat_of_al-Hariri,_1237_CE,_probably_Baghdad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Al-Hariri of Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hariri_of_Basra"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FB232-17"},{"link_name":"Maqamat al-Hariri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqamat_al-Hariri"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FB232-17"},{"link_name":"Maqamat al-Hariri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqamat_al-Hariri"},{"link_name":"Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Mahmud_al-Wasiti"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillenbrand2010117-18"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabar198410-3"},{"link_name":"al-Mustansir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustansir_I"},{"link_name":"fol. 164v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Name_of_Caliph_al-Mustansir_in_drawing_of_folio_164v_Maqamat_al-Hariri_1237_edition_(BNF_Arabe_5847).jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContadini2012155-11"},{"link_name":"maqama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqama"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque nationale de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France"},{"link_name":"BNF Arabe 5847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maqamat_of_al-Hariri_-_BNF_Arabe5847"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillenbrand2010-20"},{"link_name":"colophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"Islamic calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEttinghausen1977104-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabar1984-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Seljuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FB232-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillenbrand2010126_and_note_40-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AC-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEttinghausen1977104-21"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabar198410-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maqamat-Arabic.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg"}],"text":"A dignitary in Turkic dress: long braids, sharbush fur hat, boots, close-fitting coat. He may be an amir.[17]A local dignitary in loose-fitting dress and turban, possibly Al-Hariri of Basra himself.[17]Frontispiece illustrations from the Maqamat al-Hariri, (1237 edition).[17]The 1237 edition of the Maqamat al-Hariri is an illuminated manuscript created by Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti in 1237. This is probably the most applauded edition of the Maqamat.[18] It may have been created in Baghdad, based on some stylistic parallels with the Kitab al-baytarah which securely emanated from this city, but this attribution remains quite conjectural.[3] Still the name of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustansir appears in one of the paintings (fol. 164v), which does create a certain connection.[11]This maqama manuscript is currently kept in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris (BNF Arabe 5847).[19] It is also known as the Schefer Ḥarīrī.[20]According to its colophon, the manuscript was copied in the year 634 of the Islamic calendar (equivalent to 1237 in the Western calendar).[21][22] The manuscript details a series of tales regarding the adventures of the fictional character Abu Zayd of Saruj who travels and deceives those around him with his skill in the Arabic language to earn rewards.[23]The twin frontispieces show one individual in Arab dress, who may be the author himself, and a majestic ruler in Seljuk-type Turkic military dress (long braids, fur hat, boots, fitting coat), who may be the potentate the manuscript was dedicated to.[17][24][25]The book is written in red and black ink, and supplemented by 99 miniatures.[21] These miniatures depict a wide variety of scenes from the Maqamat and from every day life. Most are decorated with gold.[3]Other illustrations by Yahya Al-Wasiti from al-Hariri's Maqamat","title":"Transcription and illustration of Maqamat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_men_talking._An_image_from_Kalila_wa_Dimna.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kalīla wa-Dimna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%ABla_wa-Dimna"},{"link_name":"Kalīla wa-Dimna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%ABla_wa-Dimna"},{"link_name":"Fables of Bidpai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Two men talking from Kalīla wa-Dimna, c. 1222Yet other examples of work in the style of the Baghdad School include the illustrations in Kalīla wa-Dimna (Fables of Bidpai), (1222); a collection of fables by the Hindu, Bidpai translated into Arabic,[26] and Rasa'il al-Ikhwan al-Safa (The Epistles of the Sincere Brethren) (1287); an example of an illuminated manuscript produced after the Mongol invasion.[27]","title":"Other works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Baghdad Modern Art Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_art#Jama%E2%80%99et_Baghdad_lil_Fen_al-Hadith_(The_Baghdad_Modern_Art_Group)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Jawad Saleem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawad_Saleem"},{"link_name":"Shakir Hassan Al Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakir_Hassan_Al_Said"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"In the 20th-century, al-Waiti's illustrations and the Baghdad School served as an inspiration for The Baghdad Modern Art Group.[28] Founded in the 1950s by artists, Jawad Saleem and Shakir Hassan Al Said, members of the group believed that the Mongol invasion of the 13th-century represented a \"break in the chain of pictorial Iraqi art\"[29] and wanted to reassert a national identity and build a distinctive Iraqi identity which referenced heritage and tradition.[30] As the leader of the group, Saleem promoted the idea of istilham al-turath – \"seeking inspiration from tradition\".[31]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arab painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/arabpainting0000etti/page/162/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8478-0081-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-0081-0"},{"link_name":"The Illustrations of the Maqamat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/books/Grabar-1984-Maqamat-illustrations.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Kitāb al-bayṭarah كتاب البيطرة Azdī, Aḥmad ibn ʿAtīq أزدي، أحمد بن عتيق (Or 1523)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100022599336.0x000001"},{"link_name":"A World of Beasts: A Thirteenth-Century Illustrated Arabic Book on Animals (the Kitāb Na‘t al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshū‘ Tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163/9789004222656_005"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/9789004222656_005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004222656_005"},{"link_name":"\"The Schefer Ḥarīrī: A Study in Islamic Frontispiece Design\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163/9789004236615_011"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/9789004236615_011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004236615_011"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Arabic_manuscripts"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_manuscripts"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_manuscripts"},{"link_name":"Arabic manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_manuscripts"},{"link_name":"Manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Islamic_manuscripts"},{"link_name":"PERF 558","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PERF_558"},{"link_name":"Letters by Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%27s_letters_to_the_heads_of_state"},{"link_name":"Qur'ans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an"},{"link_name":"Maqama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqama"},{"link_name":"Maqama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqama"},{"link_name":"The Book of Fixed Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Fixed_Stars"},{"link_name":"Marsh 144","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kit%C4%81b_%E1%B9%A2uwar_al-kaw%C4%81kib_(al-th%C4%81bitah)_(Bodleian_Library_MS._Marsh_144)"},{"link_name":"Timbuktu Manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu_Manuscripts"},{"link_name":"The Speech of Wild Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Speech_of_Wild_Animals"},{"link_name":"Maqamat al-Hariri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqamat_al-Hariri"},{"link_name":"Arabe 3924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maqamat_al-Hariri,_BNF_Arabe_3924,_first_page._Dated_1118,_by_al-Q%C4%81sim_ibn_%CA%BFAl%C4%AB_al-_%E1%B8%A4ar%C4%ABr%C4%AB_al-Ba%E1%B9%A3r%C4%AB_(1054-1122).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kitāb al-Diryāq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%C4%81b_al-Diry%C4%81q"},{"link_name":"Arabe 2964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kit%C3%A2b_al-Diry%C3%A2q_-_BNF_Arabe2964"},{"link_name":"De materia medica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_materia_medica"},{"link_name":"Kitāb-al-Daraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kit%C4%81b-al-Daraj"},{"link_name":"The Book of Fixed Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Fixed_Stars"},{"link_name":"TSMK, A. 3493","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kit%C4%81b_%E1%B9%A2uwar_al-kaw%C4%81kib_(al-th%C4%81bitah)_(TSMK,_A._3493)"},{"link_name":"Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Ten_Treatises_of_the_Eye"},{"link_name":"MS Huntington 264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodleian_Library_MS_Huntington_264"},{"link_name":"Maqamat al-Hariri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqamat_al-Hariri"},{"link_name":"Arabe 3929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maqamat_of_al-Hariri_-_BNF_Arabe3929"},{"link_name":"Arabe 6094","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maqamat_of_al-Hariri_-_BNF_Arabe_6094"},{"link_name":"Arabe 5847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maqamat_of_al-Hariri_-_BNF_Arabe5847"},{"link_name":"Esad Efendi 2961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maqamat_of_al-Hariri_-_Suleymaniye_Library,_Esad_Efendi_2916"},{"link_name":"Or. 9718","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maqamat_of_al-Hariri_-_British_Library,_Ms._Or._9718"},{"link_name":"S.23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maqamat_of_al-Hariri_-_St_Petersburg_S23"},{"link_name":"Kitāb al-Diryāq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%C4%81b_al-Diry%C4%81q"},{"link_name":"Kitāb naʿt al-ḥayawān","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%C4%81b_na%CA%BFt_al-%E1%B8%A5ayaw%C4%81n"},{"link_name":"De materia medica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_materia_medica"},{"link_name":"Kitāb al-bayṭara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%C4%81b_al-bay%E1%B9%ADara"},{"link_name":"Kitab al-Aghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-Aghani"},{"link_name":"Kalīla wa-Dimna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%ABla_wa-Dimna"},{"link_name":"Arabe 3465","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kalila_and_Dimna_(BNF)"},{"link_name":"Risālat al-Ṣūfī fī al-kawākib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ris%C4%81lat_al-%E1%B9%A2%C5%ABf%C4%AB_f%C4%AB_al-kaw%C4%81kib"},{"link_name":"Hadith Bayad wa Riyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_Bayad_wa_Riyad"},{"link_name":"Vat. Arabo 368","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Had%C3%AEth_Bay%C3%A2d_wa_Riy%C3%A2d_-_BAVaticana_Ar._Ris._368"},{"link_name":"MS 5229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridawiya_Library,_MS_5229"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity"},{"link_name":"Esad Efendi 3636","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity_(MSS_Esad_Efendi_3636)"},{"link_name":"Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk"},{"link_name":"Maqamat al-Hariri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqamat_al-Hariri"},{"link_name":"Or. 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La Peinture arabe (in French). Geneva: Skira. pp. 104–124.\nTranslated as Ettinghausen, Richard (1977b). Arab painting. New York : Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-0081-0.\nGrabar, Oleg (1984). The Illustrations of the Maqamat (PDF). University of Chicago Press. p. 7.\n\"Kitāb al-bayṭarah كتاب البيطرة Azdī, Aḥmad ibn ʿAtīq أزدي، أحمد بن عتيق (Or 1523)\". Qatar Digital Library. Qatar Digital Library. 16 May 2014.\nContadini, Anna (1 January 2012). A World of Beasts: A Thirteenth-Century Illustrated Arabic Book on Animals (the Kitāb Na‘t al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshū‘ Tradition. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004222656_005.\nHillenbrand, Robert (1 January 2010). \"The Schefer Ḥarīrī: A Study in Islamic Frontispiece Design\". Arab Painting: 117–134. doi:10.1163/9789004236615_011.vteArabic manuscriptsManuscripts7th century\nPERF 558\nLetters by Muhammad\n9th centuryEarliest known illuminated Qur'ans10th century\nMaqama\n11th century\nMaqama\nThe Book of Fixed Stars (Marsh 144)\nTimbuktu Manuscripts\nThe Speech of Wild Animals\n12th century\nMaqamat al-Hariri (Arabe 3924)\nKitāb al-Diryāq (Arabe 2964)\nDe materia medica\nKitāb-al-Daraj\nThe Book of Fixed Stars (TSMK, A. 3493)\nBook of the Ten Treatises of the Eye\nMS Huntington 264\n13th century\nMaqamat al-Hariri (Arabe 3929, Arabe 6094, Arabe 5847, Esad Efendi 2961, Or. 9718, S.23)\nKitāb al-Diryāq\nKitāb naʿt al-ḥayawān\nDe materia medica\nKitāb al-bayṭara\nKitab al-Aghani\nKalīla wa-Dimna (Arabe 3465)\nRisālat al-Ṣūfī fī al-kawākib\nHadith Bayad wa Riyad (Vat. Arabo 368)\nMS 5229\nEncyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity (Esad Efendi 3636)\nDīwān Lughāt al-Turk\n14th century\nMaqamat al-Hariri (Or. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajah_Humabon | Rajah Humabon | ["1 Legendary accounts","2 Spanish contact","3 Conversion to Catholicism, betrayal of Magellan's crew","4 Historical commemoration","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | One of the chiefs of Cebu involved in the Magellan expedition
HumabonKing of CebuReign16th century – 27 April 1521PredecessorSri Parang the LimpSuccessorRajah TupasBornCebu, Kingdom of CebuDiedBefore 1565SpouseHara Humamay (Juana)HouseKingdom of CebuDynastyCholaFatherSri BantugReligionHinduism (before 1521)
Roman Catholicism (after 1521 until Magellan's death)This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards, as page needs proper analysis, some paragraphs here are not verified, there were no kingdoms like in the manner of Europeans, Indians, Chinese, and other Southeast Asians in pre-colonial Philippines, and pre-colonial Cebu was not confirmed to be primarily a Hindu-majority kingdom (otherwise, Pigafetta and succeeding chroniclers would have noted it) despite the occurrences of words of Indian origin. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (May 2024)
Rajah Humabon (also Hamabao or Hamabar in other editions of the "First Voyage Around the World") later baptized as Don Carlos Valderrama, was one of the recorded chiefs in Cebu who encountered Ferdinand Magellan in the 16th century. Humabon ruled at the time of the arrival of Portuguese-born Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan in the Philippines in 1521. Humabon, his wife, and his subjects were the first known Christian converts in the Philippines. However, since there were no Catholic priests in Cebu from 1521 to 1565, this Christianity was not practised until the return of the Spaniards to Cebu. There is no official record of Humabon's existence before the Spanish contact. The existing information was written by Magellan's Italian voyage chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta on Humabon and the indigenous Philippine peoples that existed prior to Spanish colonization. Rajah Humabon is cited as the reason for why Magellan fought in the Battle of Mactan, as the latter wanted to earn the trust of Humabon by helping him subdue his opponent Lapulapu, one of the chiefs (or datu) of Mactan. Despite being referred to as "king" in the journal of Antonio Pigafetta, he was not one like in the manner of a monarch in centralized societies, it is plausible that the title was mistakenly applied because according to succeeding chroniclers, there were no kingdoms in the pre-colonial Philippines.
According to the book "Visayas en la Epoca de la Conquista" ("Visayas at the Time of Conquest") published in 1889 by Isabelo de los Reyes, the name was also pronounced as Hamabao which contains the Cebuano word, mabaw, "shallow" and the prefix ha-, which is added to adjectives referring to degree, or in poetic usage, gives formal flavor to the style. This is possible as it is common in Philippine languages wherein the sounds of /d/, tapped /ɾ/, and /l/ are sometimes identical to one another, case in point danaw and lanaw ("lake") as in Maguindanao, Maranao and Lanao. Using this trend, it is possible that the sound shifted through either the /l/ sound shifting to /w/ or through /r/ to /l/ and then eventually /w/.
Legendary accounts
The local academia is skeptical of the folk narrative as there is no official record of the origins of Rajah Humabon prior to the arrival of Magellan. According to Jovito Abellana, Humabon (also known as Sri Hamabar) was the son of Sri Bantug, and the grandson of Sri Lumay. His ancestor, Sri Lumay, a native from Sumatra and a member of the Chola Dynasty, established the Rajahnate of Cebu, and sired at least four known sons, namely Alho, Ukob, Parang the Limp, and Bantug (father of Rajah Humabon). Sri Alho ruled a land known as Sialo which included the present-day towns of Carcar and Santander in the southern region of Cebu. Sri Ukob ruled a kingdom known as Nahalin in the north which included the present-day towns of Consolación, Liloan, Compostela, Danao, Carmen and Bantayan. He died in battle, fighting with the tribal group known as magalos from Mindanao. A third brother was Sri Parang the Limp, but could not rule because of his physical infirmity. Sri Bantug, the youngest, ruled a kingdom known as Singhapala (a variation of the Sanskrit Singha-Pura, "City of the Lion", which is also the root of Singapore), in a region which is now part of Cebu City, who later died of disease and was succeeded by his son Sri Hamabar, also known as Rajah Humabon. Because of his infirmity, Sri Parang handed Bantug's throne to Bantug's son Humabon as regent, and Humabon became the rajah (king) of Cebu.
Spanish contact
Historical marker installed by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines in 2022 at the Rajah Humabon monument in Cebu City
When Sri Bantug died Sri Parang became his successor, but due to his limp he passed the throne to Humabon. The phrase Cata Raya Chita was documented by historian Antonio Pigafetta to be a warning in the Malay language, from a merchant to the Rajah. Following Pigafetta's inscription, the phrase is creole Malay for "Kata-katanya adalah raya cita-cita". The phrase may mean "What they say is mainly ambitious": kata-kata ("words"), –nya (second person possessive), adalah ("is/are"), raya (great, main, large), cita-cita ("ambitious"). Another interpretation is that the phrase was spoken by merchants under the authority of Rajah Humabon was actually the Old Malay Kota raya kita, meaning "We are of the great fortress": Kota ("fortress"), Raya ("great"), Kita ("we"). The meeting between Rajah Humabon and Enrique of Malacca, the slave accompanying Magellan's voyage, was documented by Antonio Pigafetta and Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi and is evidence that Old Malay was understood in parts of what is now the Philippines .
Conversion to Catholicism, betrayal of Magellan's crew
According to historical accounts, Rajah Humabon was among the first indigenous converted to Catholicism after he, his wives, and his subjects were baptized by the expedition's priest, Pedro de Valderrama. On April 14, 1521, Humabon was christened Carlos Valderrama in honor of King Charles I of Spain, while his chief consort, Hara Humamay was given the name Juana, after Charles' mother, Joanna of Castile. It is later presumed that his conversion to Catholicism was a ploy calculated to ensure that he had the support of the visiting Spaniards and to win their friendship.
He also made a blood compact with Magellan, as a sign of friendship; according to Pigafetta, it was Humabon who had requested Magellan to kill his rival, Lapulapu, the datu or chieftain of nearby Mactan Island.
After the death of Magellan at the Battle of Mactan and the consequent failure of the Spanish to defeat Lapulapu, Humabon's relationship with the Spanish deteriorated, and he eventually renounced Christianity and turned against the Spanish. Humabon and his warriors plotted to poison the remaining Spanish soldiers in Cebu during a feast. Several men were killed, including the then-leaders of the expedition, Duarte Barbosa and João Serrão.
According to the chronicler Pigafetta, Serrão, begging to be saved from the Cebuanos, allegedly referred to Enrique (Magellan's slave) as having instigated the massacre by claiming to Humabon that the Europeans planned to take over the kingdom.
Humabon's motivations for renouncing Christianity and turning against the Spanish are not entirely clear, but it's believed that he was influenced by various factors, including dissatisfaction with Spanish rule, conflicts with other native groups, and his desire to maintain his autonomy and authority over his people.
Historical commemoration
The Rajah Humabon monument is located at Burgos Street in Cebu City.
See also
History of the Philippines
Rajahnate of Cebu
Singhapala - ancient capital of the Rajahanate of Cebu
References
^ a b de los Reyes y Florentino, Isabello (1889). Las islas visayas en la epoca de la conquista (in Spanish). Manila: Tipo-Litografía de Chofré y ca. p. 50. Muchas veces lo tomada de la categoría de la criatura como Hamabao (ó Hamabar según otros autores) que significa principal de poca nobleza...
^ Product of the Philippines : Philippine History Archived October 31, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Ocampo, Ambeth (November 13, 2019). "Lapu-Lapu, Magellan and blind patriotism". Inquirer.net. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
^ Mojarro, Jorge (November 10, 2019). " The anger toward the 'Elcano & Magellan' film is unjustified". Rappler. Rappler Inc. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
^ a b Wolff, John U. (June 24, 2012). A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan.
^ Alcina, Ignacio (1668). Kobak, OFM, Cantius J.; Gutierrez, O.P., Lucio (eds.). History of the Bisayan People in the Philippine Islands. Vol. 3. UST Publishing House. pp. 26–27. However, they confuse among themselves very often the letter L, R, and D. In this fashion they become a single letter to them. One cannot tell if it is Ele (L), Erre (RR or R), or De (D), as they commonly pronounce them because, either they speak them in a confused war, or it is impossible to determine which letters as it is.
^ Ouano-Savellon, Romola (May 4, 2018). ""Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik": Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 42 (3/4): 189–220. JSTOR 44512020. His version of historical incidents, however, is virtually unknown to the academic community, or if referred to, often met with skepticism
^ Marivir Montebon, Retracing Our Roots – A Journey into Cebu’s Pre-Colonial Past, p.15
^ Ouano-Savellon, Romola (2014). ""Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik": Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 42 (3/4): 189–220. JSTOR 44512020. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
^ "The Aginid". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
^ "Early Cebu History". www.cebu-bluewaters.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
^ Jovito Abellana, Aginid, Bayok sa Atong Tawarik, 1952
External links
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Dr. Josephine Acosta Pasricha (Indologist) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Voyage Around the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_First_Voyage_Round_the_World/Pigafetta%27s_Account_of_Magellan%27s_Voyage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Cebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Magellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Magellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pigafetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta"},{"link_name":"Spanish colonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mactan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan"},{"link_name":"Lapulapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapulapu"},{"link_name":"datu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu"},{"link_name":"Mactan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mactan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"there were no kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precolonial_barangay#Barangays_as_apex_city_states"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Maguindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguindanao"},{"link_name":"Maranao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranao_people"},{"link_name":"Lanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanao_(province)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"/l/ sound shifting to /w/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-vocalization"},{"link_name":"/r/ to /l/ and then eventually /w/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambdacism"}],"text":"Rajah Humabon (also Hamabao or Hamabar in other editions of the \"First Voyage Around the World\")[1] later baptized as Don Carlos Valderrama, was one of the recorded chiefs in Cebu who encountered Ferdinand Magellan in the 16th century. Humabon ruled at the time of the arrival of Portuguese-born Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan in the Philippines in 1521.[2] Humabon, his wife, and his subjects were the first known Christian converts in the Philippines. However, since there were no Catholic priests in Cebu from 1521 to 1565, this Christianity was not practised until the return of the Spaniards to Cebu. There is no official record of Humabon's existence before the Spanish contact. The existing information was written by Magellan's Italian voyage chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta on Humabon and the indigenous Philippine peoples that existed prior to Spanish colonization. Rajah Humabon is cited as the reason for why Magellan fought in the Battle of Mactan, as the latter wanted to earn the trust of Humabon by helping him subdue his opponent Lapulapu, one of the chiefs (or datu) of Mactan.[3][4] Despite being referred to as \"king\" in the journal of Antonio Pigafetta, he was not one like in the manner of a monarch in centralized societies, it is plausible that the title was mistakenly applied because according to succeeding chroniclers, there were no kingdoms in the pre-colonial Philippines.According to the book \"Visayas en la Epoca de la Conquista\" (\"Visayas at the Time of Conquest\") published in 1889 by Isabelo de los Reyes, the name was also pronounced as Hamabao which contains the Cebuano word, mabaw, \"shallow\" and the prefix ha-, which is added to adjectives referring to degree, or in poetic usage, gives formal flavor to the style.[1][5] This is possible as it is common in Philippine languages wherein the sounds of /d/, tapped /ɾ/, and /l/ are sometimes identical to one another, case in point danaw and lanaw (\"lake\") as in Maguindanao, Maranao and Lanao[6][5]. Using this trend, it is possible that the sound shifted through either the /l/ sound shifting to /w/ or through /r/ to /l/ and then eventually /w/.","title":"Rajah Humabon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri"},{"link_name":"Sri Lumay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lumay"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Chola Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Singhapala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singhapala"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cebu City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu_City"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"rajah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja"}],"text":"The local academia is skeptical of the folk narrative as there is no official record of the origins of Rajah Humabon prior to the arrival of Magellan. According to Jovito Abellana, Humabon (also known as Sri Hamabar) was the son of Sri Bantug, and the grandson of Sri Lumay. His ancestor, Sri Lumay, a native from Sumatra and a member of the Chola Dynasty, established the Rajahnate of Cebu, and sired at least four known sons, namely Alho, Ukob, Parang the Limp, and Bantug (father of Rajah Humabon).[7] Sri Alho ruled a land known as Sialo which included the present-day towns of Carcar and Santander in the southern region of Cebu. Sri Ukob ruled a kingdom known as Nahalin in the north which included the present-day towns of Consolación, Liloan, Compostela, Danao, Carmen and Bantayan. He died in battle, fighting with the tribal group known as magalos from Mindanao.[8] A third brother was Sri Parang the Limp, but could not rule because of his physical infirmity. Sri Bantug, the youngest, ruled a kingdom known as Singhapala[9][10] (a variation of the Sanskrit Singha-Pura, \"City of the Lion\", which is also the root of Singapore),[11] in a region which is now part of Cebu City, who later died of disease and was succeeded by his son Sri Hamabar, also known as Rajah Humabon. Because of his infirmity, Sri Parang handed Bantug's throne to Bantug's son Humabon as regent, and Humabon became the rajah (king) of Cebu.","title":"Legendary accounts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Humabon_NHCP_marker.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Historical Commission of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Malay language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"Old Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Malay"},{"link_name":"Enrique of Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_of_Malacca"},{"link_name":"Miguel López de Legazpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi"},{"link_name":"Old Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Malay"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Historical marker installed by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines in 2022 at the Rajah Humabon monument in Cebu CityWhen Sri Bantug died Sri Parang became his successor, but due to his limp he passed the throne to Humabon.[12] The phrase Cata Raya Chita was documented by historian Antonio Pigafetta to be a warning in the Malay language, from a merchant to the Rajah. Following Pigafetta's inscription, the phrase is creole Malay for \"Kata-katanya adalah raya cita-cita\". The phrase may mean \"What they say is mainly ambitious\": kata-kata (\"words\"), –nya (second person possessive), adalah (\"is/are\"), raya (great, main, large), cita-cita (\"ambitious\"). Another interpretation is that the phrase was spoken by merchants under the authority of Rajah Humabon was actually the Old Malay Kota raya kita, meaning \"We are of the great fortress\": Kota (\"fortress\"), Raya (\"great\"), Kita (\"we\"). The meeting between Rajah Humabon and Enrique of Malacca, the slave accompanying Magellan's voyage, was documented by Antonio Pigafetta and Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi and is evidence that Old Malay was understood in parts of what is now the Philippines [citation needed].","title":"Spanish contact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Charles I of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Joanna of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"blood compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_compact"},{"link_name":"Lapulapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapulapu"},{"link_name":"datu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu"},{"link_name":"Mactan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mactan_Island"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mactan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan"},{"link_name":"Duarte Barbosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa"},{"link_name":"João Serrão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Serr%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Cebuanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_people"},{"link_name":"Enrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_of_Malacca"}],"text":"According to historical accounts, Rajah Humabon was among the first indigenous converted to Catholicism after he, his wives, and his subjects were baptized by the expedition's priest, Pedro de Valderrama. On April 14, 1521, Humabon was christened Carlos Valderrama in honor of King Charles I of Spain, while his chief consort, Hara Humamay was given the name Juana, after Charles' mother, Joanna of Castile. It is later presumed that his conversion to Catholicism was a ploy calculated to ensure that he had the support of the visiting Spaniards and to win their friendship.He also made a blood compact with Magellan, as a sign of friendship; according to Pigafetta, it was Humabon who had requested Magellan to kill his rival, Lapulapu, the datu or chieftain of nearby Mactan Island.After the death of Magellan at the Battle of Mactan and the consequent failure of the Spanish to defeat Lapulapu, Humabon's relationship with the Spanish deteriorated, and he eventually renounced Christianity and turned against the Spanish. Humabon and his warriors plotted to poison the remaining Spanish soldiers in Cebu during a feast. Several men were killed, including the then-leaders of the expedition, Duarte Barbosa and João Serrão.According to the chronicler Pigafetta, Serrão, begging to be saved from the Cebuanos, allegedly referred to Enrique (Magellan's slave) as having instigated the massacre by claiming to Humabon that the Europeans planned to take over the kingdom.Humabon's motivations for renouncing Christianity and turning against the Spanish are not entirely clear, but it's believed that he was influenced by various factors, including dissatisfaction with Spanish rule, conflicts with other native groups, and his desire to maintain his autonomy and authority over his people.","title":"Conversion to Catholicism, betrayal of Magellan's crew"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cebu City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu_City"}],"text":"The Rajah Humabon monument is located at Burgos Street in Cebu City.","title":"Historical commemoration"}] | [{"image_text":"Historical marker installed by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines in 2022 at the Rajah Humabon monument in Cebu City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Humabon_NHCP_marker.jpg/220px-Humabon_NHCP_marker.jpg"}] | [{"title":"History of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Rajahnate of Cebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu"},{"title":"Singhapala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singhapala"}] | [{"reference":"de los Reyes y Florentino, Isabello (1889). Las islas visayas en la epoca de la conquista (in Spanish). Manila: Tipo-Litografía de Chofré y ca. p. 50. Muchas veces lo tomada de la categoría de la criatura como Hamabao (ó Hamabar según otros autores) que significa principal de poca nobleza...","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lasislasvisayase00reye","url_text":"Las islas visayas en la epoca de la conquista"}]},{"reference":"Ocampo, Ambeth (November 13, 2019). \"Lapu-Lapu, Magellan and blind patriotism\". Inquirer.net. Retrieved November 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo","url_text":"Ocampo, Ambeth"},{"url":"https://opinion.inquirer.net/125201/lapu-lapu-magellan-and-blind-patriotism","url_text":"\"Lapu-Lapu, Magellan and blind patriotism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer","url_text":"Inquirer.net"}]},{"reference":"Mojarro, Jorge (November 10, 2019). \"[OPINION] The anger toward the 'Elcano & Magellan' film is unjustified\". Rappler. Rappler Inc. Retrieved November 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rappler.com/views/imho/244538-anger-toward-elcano-magellan-film-unjustified","url_text":"\"[OPINION] The anger toward the 'Elcano & Magellan' film is unjustified\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappler","url_text":"Rappler"}]},{"reference":"Wolff, John U. (June 24, 2012). A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/40074","url_text":"A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan"}]},{"reference":"Alcina, Ignacio (1668). Kobak, OFM, Cantius J.; Gutierrez, O.P., Lucio (eds.). History of the Bisayan People in the Philippine Islands. Vol. 3. UST Publishing House. pp. 26–27. However, they confuse among themselves very often the letter L, R, and D. In this fashion they become a single letter to them. One cannot tell if it is Ele (L), Erre (RR or R), or De (D), as they commonly pronounce them because, either they speak them in a confused war, or it is impossible to determine which letters as it is.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ouano-Savellon, Romola (May 4, 2018). \"\"Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik\": Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative\". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 42 (3/4): 189–220. JSTOR 44512020. His version of historical incidents, however, is virtually unknown to the academic community, or if referred to, often met with skepticism","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44512020","url_text":"\"\"Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik\": Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44512020","url_text":"44512020"}]},{"reference":"Ouano-Savellon, Romola (2014). \"\"Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik\": Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative\". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 42 (3/4): 189–220. JSTOR 44512020. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180801065602/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44512020","url_text":"\"\"Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik\": Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44512020","url_text":"44512020"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44512020","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Aginid\". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/cebu-lifestyle/2009/09/13/504558/aginid","url_text":"\"The Aginid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Early Cebu History\". www.cebu-bluewaters.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120927113942/http://www.cebu-bluewaters.com/early-cebu-history.html","url_text":"\"Early Cebu History\""},{"url":"http://www.cebu-bluewaters.com/early-cebu-history.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajah_Humabon&action=edit","external_links_name":"You can help"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lasislasvisayase00reye","external_links_name":"Las islas visayas en la epoca de la conquista"},{"Link":"http://www-atdp.berkeley.edu/9931/jvillafl/history.html","external_links_name":"Product of the Philippines : Philippine History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071031010520/http://www-atdp.berkeley.edu/9931/jvillafl/history.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://opinion.inquirer.net/125201/lapu-lapu-magellan-and-blind-patriotism","external_links_name":"\"Lapu-Lapu, Magellan and blind patriotism\""},{"Link":"https://www.rappler.com/views/imho/244538-anger-toward-elcano-magellan-film-unjustified","external_links_name":"\"[OPINION] The anger toward the 'Elcano & Magellan' film is unjustified\""},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/40074","external_links_name":"A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44512020","external_links_name":"\"\"Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik\": Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44512020","external_links_name":"44512020"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180801065602/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44512020","external_links_name":"\"\"Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik\": Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44512020","external_links_name":"44512020"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44512020","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/cebu-lifestyle/2009/09/13/504558/aginid","external_links_name":"\"The Aginid\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120927113942/http://www.cebu-bluewaters.com/early-cebu-history.html","external_links_name":"\"Early Cebu History\""},{"Link":"http://www.cebu-bluewaters.com/early-cebu-history.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721110617/http://www.nhi.gov.ph/downloads/mp0073.pdf","external_links_name":"Rajah Humabon – King of Cebu"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120703210211/http://cebueskrima.s5.com/custom3.html","external_links_name":"Cebu eskrima"},{"Link":"http://www.boholchronicle.com/2007/jan/21/opinion2.htm","external_links_name":"The official website of Boholchronicle"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Aimwell | HMS Aimwell | ["1 Service history","2 References","3 External links"] | Favourite-class tugboat of the Royal Navy
History
United Kingdom
BuilderDefoe Shipbuilding Company, Bay City, Michigan
Launched8 April 1942
Commissioned6 June 1942
Stricken1 May 1946
FateReturned to US Navy, transferred to merchant service in 1948, mined in Mekong River, 1975
General characteristics
Displacement852 tons light
Length143 ft (44 m)
Beam33 ft 4 in (10.16 m) (extreme)
Draught13 ft 2 in (4.01 m) (limiting)
Propulsionone General Motors Diesel-electric model 12-278A
single Fairbanks Morse Main Reduction Gear
Ship's Service Generators
one Diesel-drive 60 kW 120 V D.C.
one Diesel-drive 30 kW 120 V D.C.
single propeller, 1,500shp
Speed13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph)
Complement45
Armament
1 × 3"/50 caliber gun
2 × single 20mm AA guns
HMS Aimwell (W 113) was a Favourite-class tugboat of the Royal Navy during the Second World War.
Service history
Aimwell was laid down on 15 November 1941 at the Defoe Shipbuilding Company in Bay City, Michigan, as BAT-7. She was delivered to the United States Navy and was transferred to the Royal Navy under the Lend-Lease Act on 6 June 1942. HMRT Aimwell was visited by Franklin D. Roosevelt on 26 January 1943, when Roosevelt was returning from the Casablanca Conference. The tug was stationed with West Africa Command between 1942 and 1943. She returned to American custody postwar on 30 March 1946. BAT-7 was struck on 1 May 1946 and sold to Moller on 6 January 1948. Renamed Patricia Moller, she was again renamed Golden Cape in 1952 and finally sold in 1971 to the Luzon Stevedoring Corporation. She was renamed Hawkeye and was mined and sunk in the Mekong on 3 February 1975.
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
^ Roosevelt, Franklin D. (January 1950). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: F.D. Roosevelt, 1943, Volume 12. p. 48. ISBN 9781623769727.
^ "Admiralty War Diaries, West Africa Command".
^ "Aimwell (W-113)". Great Lakes Vessels Online Index. Bowling Green State University. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ "Navsource Service Ship Photo Archive".
External links
Navsource page
Favourite-class tugboats Royal Navy
Advantage
Aimwell
Aspirant
Athlete
Bold
Cheerly
Destiny
Eminent
Emphatic
Favourite
Flare
Flaunt
Integrity
Lariat
Masterful
Mindful
Oriana
Patroculus
Tancred
Vagrant
Weazel
Royal Australian Navy
Reserve
Sprightly
Tancred
Preceded by: Assurance class
Followed by: Bustler class | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Favourite-class tugboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favourite-class_tugboat"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"HMS Aimwell (W 113) was a Favourite-class tugboat of the Royal Navy during the Second World War.","title":"HMS Aimwell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Defoe Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defoe_Shipbuilding_Company"},{"link_name":"Bay City, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Lend-Lease Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease_Act"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Casablanca Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_Conference"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"West Africa Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa_Command"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Moller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moller"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mekong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Aimwell was laid down on 15 November 1941 at the Defoe Shipbuilding Company in Bay City, Michigan, as BAT-7. She was delivered to the United States Navy and was transferred to the Royal Navy under the Lend-Lease Act on 6 June 1942. HMRT Aimwell was visited by Franklin D. Roosevelt on 26 January 1943, when Roosevelt was returning from the Casablanca Conference.[1] The tug was stationed with West Africa Command between 1942 and 1943.[2] She returned to American custody postwar on 30 March 1946. BAT-7 was struck on 1 May 1946 and sold to Moller on 6 January 1948. Renamed Patricia Moller, she was again renamed Golden Cape in 1952 and finally sold in 1971 to the Luzon Stevedoring Corporation.[3] She was renamed Hawkeye and was mined and sunk in the Mekong on 3 February 1975.[4]","title":"Service history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Roosevelt, Franklin D. (January 1950). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: F.D. Roosevelt, 1943, Volume 12. p. 48. ISBN 9781623769727.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NijeAwAAQBAJ&q=AIMWELL","url_text":"Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: F.D. Roosevelt, 1943, Volume 12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623769727","url_text":"9781623769727"}]},{"reference":"\"Admiralty War Diaries, West Africa Command\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-WAfrica1943a.htm","url_text":"\"Admiralty War Diaries, West Africa Command\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aimwell (W-113)\". Great Lakes Vessels Online Index. Bowling Green State University. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://greatlakes.bgsu.edu/vessel/view/000174","url_text":"\"Aimwell (W-113)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Navsource Service Ship Photo Archive\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/40/40b07.htm","url_text":"\"Navsource Service Ship Photo Archive\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NijeAwAAQBAJ&q=AIMWELL","external_links_name":"Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: F.D. Roosevelt, 1943, Volume 12"},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-WAfrica1943a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Admiralty War Diaries, West Africa Command\""},{"Link":"http://greatlakes.bgsu.edu/vessel/view/000174","external_links_name":"\"Aimwell (W-113)\""},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/40/40b07.htm","external_links_name":"\"Navsource Service Ship Photo Archive\""},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/40/40b07.htm","external_links_name":"Navsource"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oettinger_Beer | Oettinger Brewery | ["1 Affordable beer","2 History","3 JoJo Cher's","4 Sponsorship","5 See also","6 References"] | German brewery
Oettinger Brauerei GmbHTypeGesellschaft mit beschränkter HaftungLocationOettingen in Bayern, GermanyOpened1731Annual production volume5.39 million hectolitres (4,590,000 US bbl) in 2015Owned byDirk Kollmar, Kurt Meyer, Michael MayerEmployees1100Websitewww.oettinger-bier.de
Oettinger Brauerei is a brewery group in Germany. Oettinger was Germany's best selling beer brand between 2004 and 2013 with an annual output of 6.21 million hectolitres (5,290,000 US bbl) in 2011.
Oettinger's headquarters are in Oettingen in Bayern but they also have breweries in Mönchengladbach and Braunschweig. They had a brewery in Gotha however this was closed in late 2022.
Copper mash tun in the main vehicle roundabout as you enter Oettingen
Affordable beer
Oettinger bought the brewery producing "5,0 Original" beer in Braunschweig, a competitor in the same market segment. Oettinger is rarely found on tap in pubs and bars – most of it is sold bottled in supermarkets.
It is also exported – in Australia Oettinger Pils is directly imported by the Endeavour Group liquor outlets where it is sold in 330 mL bottles, as well as 500 mL cans.
Oettinger uses several ways to keep beer prices low:
Oettinger does not advertise.
Oettinger does not involve any intermediaries; brewery-owned trucks deliver directly to stores.
The brewing process is highly automated and uses few employees to brew vast amounts of beer.
The low price has made this beer brand the most successful one in Germany with an output of 6.21 million hectolitres (5,290,000 US bbl) in 2011.
A stronger version, "Oettinger super forte" (8.9% alcohol by volume), is also available.
History
The "Fürstliche Brauhaus zu Oettingen" (Prince's brewhouse at Oettingen) was bought in 1956 by the Kollmar family and renamed "Oettinger Brauerei GmbH".
Oettinger Group claims that its beer is brewed in accordance with the Reinheitsgebot.
Jojo was imported to Iran in 1342 according to the order of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. In 1383, Iran nationalized it with 1% alcohol under German license.
JoJo Cher's
Jojo is a new brand and a subsidiary of the Oettinger Brauerei company. It was produced in 2016 and the beer is 100% pure and is bought and sold under the supervision of the German government. Selling without health approval is 10 years in prison.
Sponsorship
From 2006 until 2018, Oettinger was the official sponsor of Rockets, a professional basketball club based in Gotha. The Rockets played as "Oettinger Rockets" in Germany's first division, the Basketball Bundesliga.
See also
Beer portalCompanies portalGermany portal
Beer in Germany § Breweries
List of brewing companies in Germany
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oettinger Brauerei.
^ "Biermarken in Deutschland". aktiongutesbier.de. n.d. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
^ Die beliebtesten deutschen Biermarken Handelsblatt Online, 23 July 2012
^ Dan Murphy's. "Oettinger".
^ "Bier vom Billigheimer: Oettinger - Marktführer ohne Werbung". Der Spiegel. 7 August 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2010., quote: "The term "cheap beer" is actually almost a disqualification. But it's only an attempt. Everything that is marketed well and market adjusted in Germany, is suddenly (called) cheap. Aldi is cheap, IKEA is cheap, the Bild Newspaper is cheap, Oettinger Beer is cheap. Nobody wants it - 'It's dishwater!' But everybody drinks it. (Our) success proves us right."
and he adds with an allusion to advertisements from his competitors Beck's and Licher:
"Every time when your TV program has become interesting to a degree, you see the ship or the commercial or some kingfisher. We have a low opinion of that."
^ "SUPER FORTE". Oettinger Handelspartner. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
^ "Thüringer Bundesliga-Basketballer gehen letztmals als "Oettinger Rockets" auf Korbjagd" (in German). Thueringer-allgemeine.de. 30 December 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
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Oettinger was Germany's best selling beer brand between 2004 and 2013 with an annual output of 6.21 million hectolitres (5,290,000 US bbl) in 2011.[2]Oettinger's headquarters are in Oettingen in Bayern but they also have breweries in Mönchengladbach and Braunschweig. 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Oettinger is rarely found on tap in pubs and bars – most of it is sold bottled in supermarkets.It is also exported – in Australia Oettinger Pils is directly imported by the Endeavour Group liquor outlets where it is sold in 330 mL bottles, as well as 500 mL cans.[3]Oettinger uses several ways to keep beer prices low:Oettinger does not advertise.[4]\nOettinger does not involve any intermediaries; brewery-owned trucks deliver directly to stores.\nThe brewing process is highly automated and uses few employees to brew vast amounts of beer.The low price has made this beer brand the most successful one in Germany with an output of 6.21 million hectolitres (5,290,000 US bbl) in 2011.A stronger version, \"Oettinger super forte\" (8.9% alcohol by volume), is also available.[5]","title":"Affordable beer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reinheitsgebot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinheitsgebot"}],"text":"The \"Fürstliche Brauhaus zu Oettingen\" (Prince's brewhouse at Oettingen) was bought in 1956 by the Kollmar family and renamed \"Oettinger Brauerei GmbH\".Oettinger Group claims that its beer is brewed in accordance with the Reinheitsgebot.Jojo was imported to Iran in 1342 according to the order of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. In 1383, Iran nationalized it with 1% alcohol under German license.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jojo is a new brand and a subsidiary of the Oettinger Brauerei company. It was produced in 2016 and the beer is 100% pure and is bought and sold under the supervision of the German government. Selling without health approval is 10 years in prison.","title":"JoJo Cher's"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockets_(basketball_club)"},{"link_name":"Gotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotha"},{"link_name":"Basketball Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"From 2006 until 2018, Oettinger was the official sponsor of Rockets, a professional basketball club based in Gotha. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Benno_Ohnesorg | Killing of Benno Ohnesorg | ["1 Incident","1.1 Protest","1.2 Violence and shooting","2 Re-investigation","3 Legacy","3.1 In film","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°30′38.2″N 13°18′34.6″E / 52.510611°N 13.309611°E / 52.510611; 13.3096111967 West German police beating of a student
Benno OhnesorgBorn(1940-10-15)15 October 1940Hanover, GermanyDied2 June 1967(1967-06-02) (aged 26)Charlottenburg, West Berlin, West GermanyCause of deathGunshot woundsAlma materFreie Universität BerlinOccupationStudent
Benno Ohnesorg (German pronunciation: ; 15 October 1940 – 2 June 1967) was a West German university student killed by a policeman during a demonstration in West Berlin. His death spurred the growth of the left-wing German student movement.
Incident
Protest
Protest against the Shah of Iran
On 2 June 1967, Ohnesorg participated in a student protest held near the Deutsche Oper in opposition to the state visit of the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was attending a performance of Mozart's The Magic Flute at the Deutsche Oper that night. It was the first political demonstration in which Ohnesorg had ever taken part.
Violence and shooting
The protest turned violent after pro-Shah demonstrators, including agents of the Shah's intelligence service, began battling with students and the police overreacted, employing brutal tactics in their attempts to control the crowd. In the ensuing tumult, demonstrators dispersed into the side streets. In the courtyard of Krumme Straße 66, Ohnesorg was then shot in the back of the head by police officer Karl-Heinz Kurras. Ohnesorg died before he could be treated at a hospital. Kurras stood trial the same year and was acquitted, on 27 November 1967. Ohnesorg was a student of Romance and German studies. He was married and his wife was pregnant with their first child.
A week after Ohnesorg's death, a funeral caravan accompanied his coffin as it was transported from West Berlin through checkpoints in East Germany to his hometown of Hanover in West Germany, where he was buried.
Re-investigation
More than forty years later, in 2009, it was revealed that at the time of the events Kurras had been an informal collaborator of the East German secret police Stasi and a long-time member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, the ruling East German Communist party; however, the motive behind Kurras' act remains unclear. The new information was based on documents discovered in the Stasi archives. Initial reports indicated that the archives contained no evidence that Kurras was acting under Stasi orders when he shot Ohnesorg.
On the basis of the 2009 revelations about Kurras, the German prosecutor's office initiated a new investigation, in order to clarify definitively whether there was any evidence that the killing of Ohnesorg could have been ordered by authorities in East Berlin; in November 2011, that investigation was officially closed with the determination that there was not enough evidence to justify reopening the case. The prosecutor's office noted that, due to the passage of time, many participants in the trial were either no longer alive or otherwise unable to provide reliable testimony, and that documents relevant to the case were evidently among those destroyed by the East German foreign intelligence service in the interval between the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and German reunification in 1990.
Following up in January 2012, Der Spiegel magazine reported that research carried out by federal prosecutors, as well as by the magazine, found that the shooting was not in self-defense as always claimed by Kurras and that it was certainly premeditated. Newly examined film and photographic evidence also implicated fellow officers and superiors, demonstrating that the police covered up the truth in subsequent investigations and trials. Additionally, medical staff who carried out the autopsy on Ohnesorg were ordered to falsify their report. However, the Spiegel report indicated that the new information was still unlikely to be sufficient for the case to be reopened.
Legacy
Relief Der Tod des Demonstranten (The Death of the Demonstrator) by Alfred Hrdlicka; Location: Deutsche Oper Berlin, forecourt
Ohnesorg's death served as a rallying point for the left, and spurred the growth of the left-wing German student movement. The Movement 2 June group, founded around 1971, was named for the day of his death.
Student activist Rudi Dutschke led student protest actions in the period following Ohnesorg's death. Just after Ohnesorg's burial in Hanover, Dutschke, speaking at "The University and Democracy: Conditions and Organization of Resistance" conference held at the university, clashed with philosophy professor Jürgen Habermas over the future of the movement, with Dutschke advocating radical action that might include illegality and violence if necessary, although his first proposed action was a peaceful sit-down strike. The conflict prompted Habermas, who had urged a more moderate approach, famously to characterize Dutschke's ideology as amounting to "left fascism", a formulation that he later retracted.
The student movement that swelled and, in part, became radicalised in the late 1960s, after Ohnesorg's death, influenced many future German politicians who were in their teens and twenties at the time.
A monument next to the Deutsche Oper Berlin, which was designed by Austrian sculptor Alfred Hrdlicka, serves as a memorial for the killing. In December 2008, municipal authorities inaugurated an official memorial panel on the sidewalk in front of the house where Ohnesorg was shot, and in Ohnesorg's hometown of Hanover, a bridge over the Ihme river is named after him.
In film
The opening scene of the 2008 film Der Baader Meinhof Komplex shows Ohnesorg's death, with the role of Ohnesorg played by Martin Glade.
See also
West German student movement
References
^ a b Böttcher, Dirk (2002). "Ohnesorg, Benno" (in German), in: Hannoversches biographisches Lexikon: von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart. Hannover: Schlütersche. p. 275.
^ a b c d e f g h "Gedenktafeln für Benno Ohnesorg Archived 18 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine" (in German). Bezirksamt Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. BerlinOnline Stadtportal (official Berlin website). berlin.de. Note: Includes a downloadable PDF document "Infotafel zur Erschießung Benno Ohnesorgs am 2. Juni 1967" with text in both German and English. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
^ a b Rethmann, Petra (Winter 2006). "On Militancy, Sort Of". Cultural Critique. Vol. 62. pp. 67–91; here: p. 75. doi:10.1353/cul.2006.0008. Retrieved 1 June 2017 via Project Muse database.
^ a b c d "Stasi Archive Surprise: East German Spy Shot West Berlin Martyr Archived 3 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine". Spiegel Online International. spiegel.de. 22 May 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
^ a b c Kulish, Nicholas (26 May 2009). "Spy Fired Shot That Changed West Germany Archived 24 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine". New York Times. nytimes.com. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
^ a b Berman, Russell A. (Summer 2008). "From 'Left-Fascism' to Campus Anti-Semitism: Radicalism as Reaction". Democratiya. pp. 14–30; here: pp. 15–16. Link to PDF available via Dissent Magazine Archived 23 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
^ Küpper, Mechthild (21 May 2009). "Stasi-Mitarbeiter erschoss Benno Ohnesorg Archived 8 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine" (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine. faz.net. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
^ "1968 Revisited: The Truth about the Gunshot that Changed Germany Archived 5 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine". Spiegel Online International. spiegel.de. 28 May 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
^ Beeg, Rena; Betz, Malte; Hellwig, Marcus; Nachtsheim, Katharina; and Uhlenbroich, Burkhard (10 July 2009). "Karl-Heinz Kurras: Gab Mielke ihm de Schießbefehl? Archived 27 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine" (in German). Bild. bild.de. Retrieved 1 June 2017. With photo gallery of the event as well as of Kurras and Ohnesorg.
^ a b "Fall Ohnesorg zu den Akten gelegt" (in German). Frankfurter Rundschau. fr.de. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
^ "Police Covered Up Truth Behind Infamous Student Shooting". Spiegel Online International. spiegel.de. 23 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
^ Rethmann (2006), pp. 76, 87.
^ "West Berlin Gunman Wounds Leader of Left-Wing Students Archived 29 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine" (preview only; subscription required). New York Times. 12 April 1968. "It was Mr. Dutschke who led the Berlin students in their activities against the authorities following a shooting incident in which a policeman shot and killed Benno Ohnesorg, another West Berlin student."
^ DeGroot, Gerard J. (1998). Student Protest: The Sixties and After. London: Routledge. pp. 104–105.
^ Ingram, David (2010). Habermas: Introduction and Analysis. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 8, footnote 17.
^ Kaplan, Fred (12 August 2009). "A Match That Burned the Germans Archived 4 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine" . New York Times. nytimes.com. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
External links
Photograph of Benno Ohnesorg's death (Deutsches Historisches Museum)
Short video about Ohnesorg's death, in English, with contemporary footage, in The Berlin Wall: A Multimedia History, RBB (Berlin-Brandenburg broadcaster)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Benno Ohnesorg.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈbɛno ˈʔoːnəzɔɐ̯k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hannover-1"},{"link_name":"West German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_German"},{"link_name":"West Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"},{"link_name":"German student movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_German_student_movement"}],"text":"1967 West German police beating of a studentBenno Ohnesorg (German pronunciation: [ˈbɛno ˈʔoːnəzɔɐ̯k]; 15 October 1940 – 2 June 1967)[1] was a West German university student killed by a policeman during a demonstration in West Berlin. His death spurred the growth of the left-wing German student movement.","title":"Killing of Benno Ohnesorg"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.0143_(16891731039).jpg"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Oper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Oper_Berlin"},{"link_name":"state visit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit"},{"link_name":"Shah of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Reza Pahlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart"},{"link_name":"The Magic Flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Flute"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlin-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rethmann-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Protest","text":"Protest against the Shah of IranOn 2 June 1967, Ohnesorg participated in a student protest held near the Deutsche Oper in opposition to the state visit of the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was attending a performance of Mozart's The Magic Flute at the Deutsche Oper that night.[2][3] It was the first political demonstration in which Ohnesorg had ever taken part.[citation needed]","title":"Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shah's intelligence service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAVAK"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlin-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel20090522-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlin-2"},{"link_name":"Karl-Heinz Kurras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Kurras"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlin-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlin-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlin-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rethmann-3"},{"link_name":"Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_studies"},{"link_name":"German studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_studies"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kulish-5"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berman-6"}],"sub_title":"Violence and shooting","text":"The protest turned violent after pro-Shah demonstrators, including agents of the Shah's intelligence service,[2] began battling with students and the police overreacted, employing brutal tactics in their attempts to control the crowd.[4] In the ensuing tumult, demonstrators dispersed into the side streets.[2] In the courtyard of Krumme Straße 66, Ohnesorg was then shot in the back of the head by police officer Karl-Heinz Kurras.[2] Ohnesorg died before he could be treated at a hospital.[2] Kurras stood trial the same year and was acquitted, on 27 November 1967.[2][3] Ohnesorg was a student of Romance and German studies. He was married and his wife was pregnant with their first child.[5]A week after Ohnesorg's death, a funeral caravan accompanied his coffin as it was transported from West Berlin through checkpoints in East Germany to his hometown of Hanover in West Germany, where he was buried.[6]","title":"Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"informal collaborator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_collaborator"},{"link_name":"East German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Stasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi"},{"link_name":"Socialist Unity Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel20090522-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel20090522-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kulish-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"prosecutor's office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutors_office"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrRundschau-10"},{"link_name":"East German foreign intelligence service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Directorate_for_Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrRundschau-10"},{"link_name":"Der Spiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"More than forty years later, in 2009, it was revealed that at the time of the events Kurras had been an informal collaborator of the East German secret police Stasi and a long-time member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, the ruling East German Communist party; however, the motive behind Kurras' act remains unclear.[4][7][8] The new information was based on documents discovered in the Stasi archives.[4] Initial reports indicated that the archives contained no evidence that Kurras was acting under Stasi orders when he shot Ohnesorg.[5][9]On the basis of the 2009 revelations about Kurras, the German prosecutor's office initiated a new investigation, in order to clarify definitively whether there was any evidence that the killing of Ohnesorg could have been ordered by authorities in East Berlin; in November 2011, that investigation was officially closed with the determination that there was not enough evidence to justify reopening the case.[10] The prosecutor's office noted that, due to the passage of time, many participants in the trial were either no longer alive or otherwise unable to provide reliable testimony, and that documents relevant to the case were evidently among those destroyed by the East German foreign intelligence service in the interval between the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and German reunification in 1990.[10]Following up in January 2012, Der Spiegel magazine reported that research carried out by federal prosecutors, as well as by the magazine, found that the shooting was not in self-defense as always claimed by Kurras and that it was certainly premeditated. Newly examined film and photographic evidence also implicated fellow officers and superiors, demonstrating that the police covered up the truth in subsequent investigations and trials. Additionally, medical staff who carried out the autopsy on Ohnesorg were ordered to falsify their report. However, the Spiegel report indicated that the new information was still unlikely to be sufficient for the case to be reopened.[11]","title":"Re-investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tod_des_Demonstranten.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hrdlicka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hrdlicka"},{"link_name":"the left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"German student movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_student_movement"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kulish-5"},{"link_name":"Movement 2 June","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_2_June"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel20090522-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Rudi Dutschke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Dutschke"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Habermas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berman-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hrdlicka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hrdlicka"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlin-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlin-2"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover"},{"link_name":"Ihme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ihme"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hannover-1"}],"text":"Relief Der Tod des Demonstranten (The Death of the Demonstrator) by Alfred Hrdlicka; Location: Deutsche Oper Berlin, forecourtOhnesorg's death served as a rallying point for the left, and spurred the growth of the left-wing German student movement.[5] The Movement 2 June group, founded around 1971, was named for the day of his death.[4][12]Student activist Rudi Dutschke led student protest actions in the period following Ohnesorg's death.[13] Just after Ohnesorg's burial in Hanover, Dutschke, speaking at \"The University and Democracy: Conditions and Organization of Resistance\" conference held at the university, clashed with philosophy professor Jürgen Habermas over the future of the movement, with Dutschke advocating radical action that might include illegality and violence if necessary, although his first proposed action was a peaceful sit-down strike. The conflict prompted Habermas, who had urged a more moderate approach, famously to characterize Dutschke's ideology as amounting to \"left fascism\",[6] a formulation that he later retracted.[14][15]The student movement that swelled and, in part, became radicalised in the late 1960s, after Ohnesorg's death, influenced many future German politicians who were in their teens and twenties at the time.[citation needed]A monument next to the Deutsche Oper Berlin, which was designed by Austrian sculptor Alfred Hrdlicka, serves as a memorial for the killing.[2] In December 2008, municipal authorities inaugurated an official memorial panel on the sidewalk in front of the house where Ohnesorg was shot,[2] and in Ohnesorg's hometown of Hanover, a bridge over the Ihme river is named after him.[1]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Der Baader Meinhof Komplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Baader_Meinhof_Komplex"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Martin Glade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Glade&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"In film","text":"The opening scene of the 2008 film Der Baader Meinhof Komplex shows Ohnesorg's death,[16] with the role of Ohnesorg played by Martin Glade.","title":"Legacy"}] | [{"image_text":"Protest against the Shah of Iran","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.0143_%2816891731039%29.jpg/220px-Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.0143_%2816891731039%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Relief Der Tod des Demonstranten (The Death of the Demonstrator) by Alfred Hrdlicka; Location: Deutsche Oper Berlin, forecourt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tod_des_Demonstranten.jpg/220px-Tod_des_Demonstranten.jpg"}] | [{"title":"West German student movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_German_student_movement"}] | [{"reference":"\"Police Covered Up Truth Behind Infamous Student Shooting\". Spiegel Online International. spiegel.de. 23 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,810877,00.html","url_text":"\"Police Covered Up Truth Behind Infamous Student Shooting\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220804204757/https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,810877,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Killing_of_Benno_Ohnesorg¶ms=52_30_38.2_N_13_18_34.6_E_","external_links_name":"52°30′38.2″N 13°18′34.6″E / 52.510611°N 13.309611°E / 52.510611; 13.309611"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ShneE5mxmEUC&pg=PA275","external_links_name":"Hannoversches biographisches Lexikon: von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart"},{"Link":"http://www.berlin.de/ba-charlottenburg-wilmersdorf/bezirk/gedenktafeln/ohnesorg.html","external_links_name":"Gedenktafeln für Benno 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Ohnesorg"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200808205122/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/aktenfund-in-der-birthler-behoerde-stasi-mitarbeiter-erschoss-benno-ohnesorg-1797216.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/1968-revisited-the-truth-about-the-gunshot-that-changed-germany-a-627342.html","external_links_name":"1968 Revisited: The Truth about the Gunshot that Changed Germany"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170605030156/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/1968-revisited-the-truth-about-the-gunshot-that-changed-germany-a-627342.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bild.de/BILD/politik/2009/05/24/karl-heinz-kurras-schiessbefehl/benno-ohnesorg-stasi.html","external_links_name":"Karl-Heinz Kurras: Gab Mielke ihm de Schießbefehl?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090527100942/http://www.bild.de/BILD/politik/2009/05/24/karl-heinz-kurras-schiessbefehl/benno-ohnesorg-stasi.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fr.de/politik/verfahren-gegen-kurras-eingestellt-fall-ohnesorg-zu-den-akten-gelegt-a-1212754","external_links_name":"Fall Ohnesorg zu den Akten gelegt"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,810877,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Police Covered Up Truth Behind Infamous Student Shooting\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220804204757/https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,810877,00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1968/04/12/archives/west-berlin-gunman-wounds-leader-of-leftwing-students-student.html","external_links_name":"West Berlin Gunman Wounds Leader of Left-Wing 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZiS-6 | ZIS-6 | ["1 Specification","2 References","3 External links"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "ZIS-6" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Motor vehicle
ZIS-6OverviewManufacturerZISProduction1933–1941AssemblyRussia: MoscowBody and chassisClassTruckLayoutfront engine, 6×4PowertrainEngine5.55 L ZIS-5, I6, 54 kW (73 hp)Transmission4-speed manual with 2 range transfer caseDimensionsWheelbase3,360 mm (132.3 in)+1,080 mm (42.5 in)Height2,160 mm (85.0 in)Curb weight4,230 kg (9,326 lb)ChronologySuccessorZIS-151
The ZIS-6 (Russian: ЗИС-6) is a Soviet general-purpose 6×4 army cargo truck, a three-axle version of the ZIS-5 two-axle truck. Prototypes occurred in 1931, serial production started in 1933, lasted until October 1941 at the Moscow Zavod imeni Stalina factory and reached a total production of 21,239. It had a payload capacity of 4,000 kg (8,818 lb) and 2,500 kg (5,512 lb) on unpaved roads.
A reliable truck, it served as a base for the creation of a number of specialized military modifications- searchlight truck, radio and radio repair station, mobile field workshop, supply delivering vehicle, troops moving vehicle, and as an artillery towing vehicle, but is best known for its role as the first multiple rocket launcher (Katyusha) in July 1941. It was built by the "Compressor" Plant's Design Office during World War II (1941–45). Very few ZIS-6 trucks survive till today.
During early World War II the ZIS-6 was used as the chassis of the original BM-13 Katyusha multiple rocket launcher by the Red Army, nicknamed "Stalin's Organ" by German soldiers. The truck chassis was equipped with several different versions of the launcher. Later though, the American-produced Studebaker took over as the predominant platform for Katyusha launchers. The ZIS-6 also served as the basis for the VVS-RKKA aircraft fueller BZ-ZIS-6. After the war, the ZIS-6 was replaced with the all-wheel drive ZIS-151.
Specification
6×4, 3-axle 2,5-ton (4-ton - highway)
ZIS-5 based truck
Bore/Stroke: 101.6/114.3 mm
Tyres: 860 mm × 180 mm (34 in × 7 in)
ZIS-6 platformed with BM-13 Katyusha battery
Kolyma road construction (1938)
Civil used autocrane based on a ZIS-6 chassis in Odessa (1942)
References
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ZIS-6.
ZIS-6: The 6x4 ZIS-5 utility Soviet Army truck.
ZIS(AMO) Plant | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"ZIS-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIS-5_(truck)"},{"link_name":"Zavod imeni Stalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZiL"},{"link_name":"Katyusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher"},{"link_name":"Katyusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"several different versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher#Variants"},{"link_name":"ZIS-151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIS-151"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe ZIS-6 (Russian: ЗИС-6) is a Soviet general-purpose 6×4 army cargo truck, a three-axle version of the ZIS-5 two-axle truck. Prototypes occurred in 1931, serial production started in 1933, lasted until October 1941 at the Moscow Zavod imeni Stalina factory and reached a total production of 21,239. It had a payload capacity of 4,000 kg (8,818 lb) and 2,500 kg (5,512 lb) on unpaved roads.A reliable truck, it served as a base for the creation of a number of specialized military modifications- searchlight truck, radio and radio repair station, mobile field workshop, supply delivering vehicle, troops moving vehicle, and as an artillery towing vehicle, but is best known for its role as the first multiple rocket launcher (Katyusha) in July 1941. It was built by the \"Compressor\" Plant's Design Office during World War II (1941–45). Very few ZIS-6 trucks survive till today.During early World War II the ZIS-6 was used as the chassis of the original BM-13 Katyusha multiple rocket launcher by the Red Army, nicknamed \"Stalin's Organ\" by German soldiers. The truck chassis was equipped with several different versions of the launcher. Later though, the American-produced Studebaker took over as the predominant platform for Katyusha launchers. The ZIS-6 also served as the basis for the VVS-RKKA aircraft fueller BZ-ZIS-6. After the war, the ZIS-6 was replaced with the all-wheel drive ZIS-151.","title":"ZIS-6"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katyusha_Rocket_Launcher_-_Artillery_Museum_-_St._Petersburg_-_Russia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Katyusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kolyma_road01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kolyma road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R504_Kolyma_Highway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81.JPG"},{"link_name":"Odessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa"}],"text":"6×4, 3-axle 2,5-ton (4-ton - highway)\nZIS-5 based truck\nBore/Stroke: 101.6/114.3 mm\nTyres: 860 mm × 180 mm (34 in × 7 in)ZIS-6 platformed with BM-13 Katyusha battery\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKolyma road construction (1938)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCivil used autocrane based on a ZIS-6 chassis in Odessa (1942)","title":"Specification"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22ZIS-6%22","external_links_name":"\"ZIS-6\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22ZIS-6%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22ZIS-6%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22ZIS-6%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22ZIS-6%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22ZIS-6%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://truck-encyclopedia.com/ww2/ussr/zis-6-truck.php","external_links_name":"ZIS-6: The 6x4 ZIS-5 utility Soviet Army truck."},{"Link":"http://armchairgeneral.com/rkkaww2/weapons/Trucks_buses.htm#ZIS","external_links_name":"ZIS(AMO) Plant"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenit-2 | Zenit-2 | ["1 History","2 Launch history","3 References"] | This article is about the rocket. For the satellite, see Zenit (satellite) § Zenit 2.Ukrainian-Russian rocket
For the football team, see FC Zenit-2 Saint Petersburg.
Zenit-2 at Site 45/1FunctionCarrier rocketManufacturerYuzhmashCountry of originSoviet Union
(Ukraine)SizeHeight57 metres (187 ft)Diameter3.9 metres (13 ft)Mass460,000 kilograms (1,010,000 lb)StagesTwoCapacity
Payload to LEOMass13,740 kilograms (30,290 lb)11,420 kilograms (25,180 lb) (ISS orbit)Payload to SSOMass5,000 kilograms (11,000 lb)
Associated rocketsFamilyZenitDerivative workZenit-2MZenit-3SLLaunch historyStatusRetiredLaunch sitesBaikonur Site 45Total launches36Success(es)28Failure(s)7Partial failure(s)1First flight13 April 1985Last flight10 June 2004First stagePowered by1 RD-171Maximum thrust8,180 kilonewtons (1,840,000 lbf)Specific impulse337 sBurn time150 secondsPropellantRP-1/LOXSecond stagePowered by1 RD-1201 RD-8Maximum thrust912 kilonewtons (205,000 lbf)79.5 kilonewtons (17,900 lbf)Specific impulse349 sBurn time315 secondsPropellantRP-1/LOX
The Zenit-2 was a Ukrainian, previously Soviet, expendable carrier rocket. First flown in 1985, it has been launched 37 times, with 6 failures. It is a member of the Zenit family of rockets and was designed by the Yuzhmash.
History
With 13–15 ton payload in LEO, it was intended as up-middle-class launcher greater than 7-ton-payload middle Soyuz and smaller than 20-ton-payload heavy Proton. Zenit-2 would be certified for crewed launches and placed in specially built launch pad at Baykonur spaceport, carrying the new crewed partially reusable Zarya spacecraft that developed in end of the 1980s but was cancelled. Also in the 1980s Vladimir Chelomey's firm proposed the never realised 15-ton Uragan spaceplane, which would have been launched by Zenit-2.
A modified version, the Zenit-2S, is used as the first two stages of the Sea Launch Zenit-3SL rocket. Launches of Zenit-2 rockets are conducted from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45/1. A second pad, 45/2, was also constructed, but was only used for two launches before being destroyed in an explosion. A third pad, Site 35 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome was never completed, and work was abandoned after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
The Zenit-2 had its last flight in 2004; it has been superseded by the Zenit-2M, which incorporates enhancements made during the development of the Zenit-3SL. The Zenit-2 has a fairly low flight rate, as the Russian government usually avoids flying national-security payloads on Ukrainian rockets. Zenit-2M itself flew only twice: in 2007 and 2011.
During the late 1990s, the Zenit-2 was marketed for commercial launches. Only one such launch was conducted, with a group of Globalstar satellites, which ended in failure after a computer error resulted in the premature cutoff of the second stage.
The second stage, called the SL-16 by western governments, along with the second stages of the Vostok and Kosmos launch vehicles, makes up about 20% of the total mass of launch debris in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). An analysis that determined the 50 “statistically most concerning” debris objects in low Earth orbit determined that the top 20 were all SL-16 upper stages.
Launch history
Main article: List of Zenit launches
References
^ a b c d "Zenit-2". Roscosmos (in Russian). Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
^ Krebs, Gunter. "Zenit-2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
^ "The Rocket – Zenit-3SL". Sea Launch. Archived from the original on 2009-04-04. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
^ Wade, Mark. "Zenit". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on August 28, 2003. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
^ Wade, Mark. "Plesetsk". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2007-12-29. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
^ Liou, J-C (April 2011). "An Update on LEO Environment Remediation with Active Debris Removal" (PDF). Orbital Debris Quarterly News. 15 (2): 5. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
^ Foust, Jeff (13 October 2020). "Upper stages top list of most dangerous space debris". Space News. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
vte Ukrainian launch vehiclesCyclone (Tsyklon)
Tsyklon-1M
Tsyklon-2
Tsyklon-3
Tsyklon-4
Cyclone-4M
Zenit
Zenit-2
Zenit-2M
Zenit-3SL
Zenit-3SLB
Zenit-3F
Mayak
Mayak
Dnipro (Dnepr)
Dnipro
International projects
Antares
VEGA
Skyrora
Firefly Aerospace
Space agency
vteOrbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems
Comparison of orbital launch systems
Current
Angara
1.2
A5
Atlas V
Ceres
1
1S
Chollima-1
Electron
Falcon 9 Block 5
Falcon Heavy
Firefly Alpha
Gravity-1
GSLV
H-IIA
H3
Hyperbola-1
Jielong
1
3
KAIROS†
Kaituozhe 2
Kinetica 1
Kuaizhou
1
1A
11
Long March
2C
2D
2F
3A
3B/E
3C
4B
4C
5
5B
6
6A
7
7A
8
11
11H
LVM3
Minotaur
I
IV
V
C
Nuri
OS-M1†
Pegasus XL
Proton-M
PSLV
Qaem 100
Qased
RS1†
Shavit 2
Simorgh
SLS
Block 1
Soyuz-2
2.1a / STA
2.1b / STB
2-1v
SSLV
Starship
Tianlong-2
Unha
Vega
original
C
Vulcan Centaur
Zhuque
2
In development
Antares 330
Ariane 6
Bloostar
Cyclone-4M
Epsilon S
Eris
Gravity-2
Hyperbola-2
Irtysh
Kuaizhou
21
31
Long March
9
10
12
Miura 5
MLV
Neutron
New Glenn
New Line 1
NGLV
Nova
OS-M
2
4
Orbex Prime
Pallas-1
Red Dwarf
SLS
Block 1B
Block 2
Soyuz-7
Terran R
Tianlong-3
VLM
Vega E
Zero
Zhuque
3
Zuljanah
Retired
Antares
110
120
130†
230
230+
Ariane
1
2
3
4
5
ASLV
Athena
I
II
Atlas
B
D
E/F
G
H
I
II
III
LV-3B
SLV-3
Able†
Agena
Centaur
Black Arrow
Conestoga†
Delta
A
B
C
D
E
G
J
L
M
N
0100
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
II
III
IV
IV Heavy
Diamant
Dnepr
Energia
Epsilon
Europa
I†
II†
Falcon 1
Falcon 9
v1.0
v1.1
v1.2 "Full Thrust"
Feng Bao 1
GSLV
Mk I
H-I
H-II
H-IIB
Juno I
Juno II
Kaituozhe-1
Kosmos
original
1
2/2I
3
3M
Lambda
4S
LauncherOne
Long March
1
1D†
2A
2E
3
3B
4A
Mu
4S
3C
3H
3S
3SII
V
N1†
N-I
N-II
Naro-1
Paektusan†
Pilot-2†
R-7
Luna
Molniya
M
L
Polyot
Soyuz
original
FG
L
M
U
U2
Soyuz/Vostok
Sputnik
Voskhod
Vostok
L
K
2
2M
R-29
Shtil'
Volna†
Rocket 3
Safir
1
1A
1B
Saturn
I
IB
V
Scout
X-1
Blue Scout II†
X-2†
X-2M
X-3
X-3M
X-4
X-2B†
B
A
B-1
D-1
A-1
E-1
F-1
G-1
Shavit
original
1
SLV
Space Shuttle
SPARK†
Sparta
SS-520
Start-1
Terran 1†
Thor
Able
Ablestar
1
2
Agena
A
B
D
Burner
1
2
Delta
DSV-2U
Thorad-Agena
SLV-2G
SLV-2H
Titan
II GLV
IIIA
IIIB
IIIC
IIID
IIIE
34D
23G
CT-3
IV
Tsyklon
R-36-O
original
2
3
Universal Rocket
UR-500 Proton
Proton-K
Rokot
Strela
Vanguard
VLS-1†
Zenit
2
2M
2FG
3SL
3SLB
3F
Zhuque
1†
Classes
Sounding rocket
Small-lift launch vehicle
Medium-lift launch vehicle
Heavy-lift launch vehicle
Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future
Symbol † indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)
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This rocketry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zenit (satellite) § Zenit 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenit_(satellite)#Zenit_2"},{"link_name":"FC Zenit-2 Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Zenit-2_Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"expendable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expendable_launch_system"},{"link_name":"carrier rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_rocket"},{"link_name":"Zenit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenit_(rocket_family)"},{"link_name":"Yuzhmash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzhmash"}],"text":"This article is about the rocket. For the satellite, see Zenit (satellite) § Zenit 2.Ukrainian-Russian rocketFor the football team, see FC Zenit-2 Saint Petersburg.The Zenit-2 was a Ukrainian, previously Soviet, expendable carrier rocket. First flown in 1985, it has been launched 37 times, with 6 failures. It is a member of the Zenit family of rockets and was designed by the Yuzhmash.","title":"Zenit-2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit"},{"link_name":"Soyuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Proton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)"},{"link_name":"launch pad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_pad"},{"link_name":"Baykonur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baykonur"},{"link_name":"Zarya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarya_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Chelomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Chelomey"},{"link_name":"spaceplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceplane"},{"link_name":"Sea Launch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Launch"},{"link_name":"Zenit-3SL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenit-3SL"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL-3"},{"link_name":"Baikonur Cosmodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome"},{"link_name":"Site 45/1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EA_Zenit-4"},{"link_name":"Site 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome_Site_35"},{"link_name":"Plesetsk Cosmodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EA_Plesetsk-5"},{"link_name":"Zenit-2M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenit-2M"},{"link_name":"Globalstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar"},{"link_name":"Vostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_(rocket_family)"},{"link_name":"Kosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"With 13–15 ton payload in LEO, it was intended as up-middle-class launcher greater than 7-ton-payload middle Soyuz and smaller than 20-ton-payload heavy Proton. Zenit-2 would be certified for crewed launches and placed in specially built launch pad at Baykonur spaceport, carrying the new crewed partially reusable Zarya spacecraft that developed in end of the 1980s but was cancelled. Also in the 1980s Vladimir Chelomey's firm proposed the never realised 15-ton Uragan spaceplane, which would have been launched by Zenit-2.A modified version, the Zenit-2S, is used as the first two stages of the Sea Launch Zenit-3SL rocket.[3] Launches of Zenit-2 rockets are conducted from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45/1. A second pad, 45/2, was also constructed, but was only used for two launches before being destroyed in an explosion.[4] A third pad, Site 35 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome was never completed, and work was abandoned after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[5]The Zenit-2 had its last flight in 2004; it has been superseded by the Zenit-2M, which incorporates enhancements made during the development of the Zenit-3SL. The Zenit-2 has a fairly low flight rate, as the Russian government usually avoids flying national-security payloads on Ukrainian rockets. Zenit-2M itself flew only twice: in 2007 and 2011.During the late 1990s, the Zenit-2 was marketed for commercial launches. Only one such launch was conducted, with a group of Globalstar satellites, which ended in failure after a computer error resulted in the premature cutoff of the second stage.The second stage, called the SL-16 by western governments, along with the second stages of the Vostok and Kosmos launch vehicles, makes up about 20% of the total mass of launch debris in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).[6] An analysis that determined the 50 “statistically most concerning” debris objects in low Earth orbit determined that the top 20 were all SL-16 upper stages.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Launch history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Zenit-2\". Roscosmos (in Russian). Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._P._Ramaswami_Aiyar | C. P. Ramaswami Iyer | ["1 Ancestry and origins","2 Early life and education","3 As a lawyer","4 Travancore","4.1 Indian Independence Movement","4.2 As a member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras","5 Diwan of Travancore","5.1 Travancore-Quilon Bank Collapse","5.2 Temple Entry Proclamation","5.3 Economic and industrial reforms","5.4 Irrigation works","5.5 Other reforms","5.6 Punnapra-Vayalar revolt","5.7 Declaration of independence","6 Later years","7 Death","8 Legacy","9 Criticism","10 Family","11 In popular culture","12 Works","13 Notes","14 References","15 Further reading","16 External links"] | Indian lawyer and politician (1879–1966)
Sachivottama SirC. P. Ramaswami IyerKCSI KCIEPortrait of Ramaswami Iyer, The Hindu (1939)8th Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu UniversityIn office1 July 1954 – 2 July 1956Appointed byRajendra PrasadPreceded byAcharya Narendra DevSucceeded byVeni Shankar JhaDiwan of TravancoreIn office8 October 1936 – 19 August 1947MonarchSri Chithira Thirunal of TravancorePreceded byMuhammad HabibullahSucceeded byP. G. N. UnnithanViceroy's Executive Council (member)In office1931–1936MonarchsGeorge V of the United Kingdom,Edward VIII of the United KingdomGovernor‑GeneralFreeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of WillingdonLaw Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras - Home Minister of the Madras PresidencyIn office1923 – 10 March 1928PremierRaja of Panagal,P. SubbarayanGovernorFreeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon,Sir Charles George Todhunter (acting),George Goschen, 2nd Viscount GoschenSucceeded byT. R. Venkatarama SastriAdvocate-General of MadrasIn office1920–1923GovernorFreeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of WillingdonPreceded byS. Srinivasa IyengarSucceeded byC. Madhavan NairVice-Chancellor of Annamalai UniversityIncumbentAssumed office 26 January 19551st Vice-Chancellor of the University of TravancoreIn office1937–1947Delegate to the League of NationsIn office1926–1927
Personal detailsBorn13 November 1879Wandiwash, Madras, British India(present-day Vandavasi, Tiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu, India)Died26 September 1966(1966-09-26) (aged 86)London, United KingdomNationalityBritish Indian (1879–1947)Indian (1947–1966)Political partyIndian National CongressSpouseLady Sitamma Calamur ViravalliRelationsC. V. Sundara Sastri (father-in-law)
C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri (brother-in-law)
C. V. Viswanatha Sastri (brother-in-law)
C. V. Runganada Sastri (grandfather-in-law) C. Aryama Sundaram (grandson) C. V. Seshadri (grandson) C. V. Karthik Narayanan (grandson) M. R. Srinivasan (grandson-in-law) Sharada Srinivasan (great-granddaughter) Nanditha Krishna (great-granddaughter)
Bharati Krishna Tirtha (cousin-in-law)ChildrenC. R. PattabhiramanC. R. Venkata SubbanC. R. SundaramParentC. R. Pattabhirama IyerResidence(s)The Grove, Madras Bhakti Vilas, TrivandrumAlma materPresidency College, MadrasOccupationLawyerProfessionAttorney-General, StatesmanSignature
Dewan Bahadur Sachivottama Sir Chetput Pattabhiraman Ramaswami Iyer KCSI KCIE LL.D. D.Litt. (12 November 1879 – 26 September 1966), popularly known as Sir C. P., was an Indian lawyer, administrator and statesman, acknowledged as the most powerful man in the Madras Presidency in the decades immediately prior to Indian Independence.
Ramaswami Iyer was born in 1879 in Madras city and studied at Wesley College High School and Presidency College, Madras before qualifying as a lawyer from the Madras Law College. He joined the Madras Bar in 1903.
By 1910, he was the undisputed leader of the Madras Bar, head of the Mylapore clique, the most highly remunerated lawyer in India, and president of the All India Lawyers' Conference, famous as counsel and constitutional advisor to the Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar, the Nawab of Bhopal, and the Maharajas of Jammu & Kashmir (for whom he formulated Kashmir's first constitution in 1934), Patiala, Indore, Gwalior, Bikaner, Travancore, and Cochin. C.P's public renown was further magnified by his role as victorious counsel in a string of high-profile cases, including the Ashe murder trial, Besant v. Narayaniah, the incarceration of poet Mahakavi C. Subramania Bharathiyar, the case of shipping magnate V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, and Pandit Motilal Nehru's defamation suit against C.S. Ranga Iyer.
Despite having just deprived Annie Besant of custody of Jiddu Krishnamurti as opposing counsel, he nonetheless awed her such that she recruited him as a central figure in the Indian Home Rule movement; from 1917, he would serve jointly with Jawaharlal Nehru as General Secretary of Indian National Congress, personally superintending the Congress delegation to the British Parliament; later, represented British India twice at the League of Nations in Geneva, at the First, Second, and Third Round Table Conferences, and at the 1933 World Economic Conference in London, additionally drawing attention with his testimony before a Joint Select Committee of Parliament charged with deliberating Indian reforms.
In 1920, after declining elevation to the High Court of Madras as a puisne justice, where he would have joined his brothers-in-law Sir C.V. Kumaraswami and Viswanatha Sastriar, he was appointed by Lord Willingdon as the youngest-ever Advocate-General of Madras, in which capacity he XYZ, before joining Willingdon's Executive Council as Home Minister, overseeing Law, Police, Irrigation and Ports, the judiciary and legislature, labor, companies, elections, and infrastructure. He began the electrification of South India, established the Pallivasal Hydroelectric Project and Pechiparai Hydroelectric Scheme, and built the Mettur and Pykara Dams, while also laying the groundwork for the Tungabhadra Dam and creating the public park reserve today known as Periyar National Park.
Rising to Vice-President of the Executive Council and chief advisor to the Governor, from 1924 onward he was widely seen as the most powerful man in Madras, with the newly arrived British Governor, Viscount Goschen, consulting or deferring to him in most matters, and consequently ridiculed as his stooge, to the extent that the Justice Party sought to have Goschen recalled to London on those grounds in 1926, at which time they alleged that C.P. had personally suppressed their electoral success. Widespread prurient speculation about the true relationship between C.P. and the Vicereine-elect, Lady Willingdon was inescapable at this time; similarly attached to CP in the court of public rumor were Maharani Indira Devi of Cooch Behar, and the Junior Maharani of Travancore.
In 1931, he was elevated to the Viceroy's Executive Council, tasked now with imperial, pan-Indian strategy and policymaking as minister for Law and Commerce, and (from 1942) Information; at the Viceroy's request, he concurrently became legal and constitutional adviser to the monarchy of Travancore. - a relationship which rapidly transmuted into C.P. exercising total autocracy over the kingdom, in the name of the regent Maharani and then her roi fainéant son, Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, who formally appointed C.P. Dewan of Travancore in 1936.
A young Sir. C.P. during his delegate phase
During his tenure as Diwan, he radically and forcefully transformed Travancore wholesale: industrially, economically, culturally, and socially.
His first act was the issuance of the Temple Entry Proclamation, opening all Travancore temples to all worshippers, whatever their caste; he would proceed to institute mandatory universal education for children, extend universal suffrage, and abolish capital punishment, each of which was a first for an Indian princely state. Kerala’s first modern university emerged with his founding the University of Travancore — later the University of Kerala — in 1937, where he would additionally act as Vice-Chancellor.
He created and launched the State Bank of Travancore, the Travancore Titanium Company, FACT, Indian Rare Earths, Travancore Ceramics Ltd. and other multiple other major concerns with state support, aggressively developing industrial enterprises manufacturing and/or processing glass, aluminum, plywood, rayons, sugar, hardwood, lime, cement, salt, cotton textiles, ceramics, rubber, and coir. He inaugurated the Travancore State Transport Department, today the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation, and further introduced scheduled air transport to the realm, as well as instituting a dedicated Travancore State Civil Service, and installing Travancore's first telephone system. In tandem, fiscally, he abolished land revenue taxation, instead instituting a gradated agricultural income tax. His programs of modernization and industrialization in aggregate quadrupled the economic revenue of Travancore in just eleven years, despite tailwinds from the collapse of Marumakkathayam and fragmentation of the tharavads.
He took charge of the matter of the devadāya offered at Padmanabhaswamy Temple, for the Maharaja merely to safekeep, by instituting the system of autonomous trusts encapsulating the devadāya committed in the Padmanabhaswamy vaults that even today control assets worth >$20bn US.
C.P.'s American Model contrasted with the heavy-handed Dirigisme of administration,
All was not well, however; World War II disruption of supply lines of rice from Burma to a nation already running a 60% food deficit saw some (estimated) 90,000 Travancorean deaths from starvation, malnutrition, or disease. Wartime exodus in Tranvancore atypically consisted in mass flight from urbanized areas into local forests and wilderness. Public awareness of the situation was carefully titrated by C.P.'s unusually autarchic, repressive press controls, and his enacted Defense of Travancore act, which even exceeded the Rowlatt Act in its invasiveness of civil rights. Dissent within Travancore was ruthlessly suppressed, most infamously in the matter of the Punnapra-Vayalar revolt, where two or three thousand communist-assigned workers rebelled against the throne and regime, to be met by instantaneous military aid to the civil power. At least 1,000 insurrectionists were killed by state forces.
and his controversial stand in favour of an independent Travancore.
Following a failed assassination attempt in 1947, he deliberately chose to resign and withdraw to London, rebuffing a blank cheque to rule Indore as its first Prime Minister.
Ancestry and origins
C.P. Ramaswami Iyer belonged to the Vadadeśathu Vadama whose seat was the town of Chetput in the North Arcot district of Madras, which they were ancestrally granted along with the villages of Adayapalayam, and Morakkaniyur as a reward for piety and scholarship. The family traces their lineage to Dikshitar Brahmins of the collateral line of famous Advaitist savant Appayya Dikshita, and his brother Achan, and further back to Deshastha Brahmins who migrated from Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to the town of Chittoor in Andhra Pradesh, from where they migrated to the northern part of Tamil Nadu in the 16th century AD. Through extensive intermarriage typical of caste endogamy, the Chetput lines merged with the family of C. V. Runganada Sastri, with the resulting clan co-dominating the Mylapore clique in tandem with the Vembaukum family.
C.P.'s grandfather, Chetput Ramaswami Iyer served the British East India Company as Tehsildar of Kumbakonam. His family was deeply attached to the Sringeri mutt.
Early life and education
Chetpet Pattabhiraman Ramaswami Iyer was born on Deepavali day (13 November) 1879, to C.R. Pattabhirama Iyer (1857–1903), and his wife, Seethalakshmi Ammal (also called Rangammal) in the town of Wandiwash, North Arcot. C.P.'s father was a leader of the Tanjore bar who relocated to Madras in the wake of his close friend being elevated to the High Court, and soon established himself as one of the leading figures even in the rarefied and cutthroat echelons of the Original Side of the High Court, with a practice ranked in the same tier as that of V. Bhashyam Aiyangar. C.P. had his schooling at the Wesley College High School in Madras. He had an extremely strict upbringing as a result of a prediction that the child would not pass a single exam in his life, and was fostered in the family of C. V. Runganada Sastri, whose granddaughter Seethamal he married on completion of his schooling, whereupon he also enrolled at the Presidency College, Madras.
In college, C.P. won prizes in English, Sanskrit and Mathematics and the Elphinstone Prize for his paper on the Nebular theory. C.P. passed his degree with a gold medal and graduated with distinction from the Madras Law College.
C.P. had always desired to become an English professor. However, his father, Pattabhirama Iyer wished that his son become a lawyer and accordingly, C.P. chose a career in law. He spent his college vacations in the Mysore kingdom with the Diwan, Sir K. Seshadri Iyer whom he reportedly always claimed as his inspiration.
As a lawyer
In 1903, C.P. joined V. Krishnaswamy Iyer as an apprentice. Just before the death of Pattabhirama Iyer the same year, he arranged for C.P.'s admission as a junior to Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar but the latter was not able to accommodate him owing to hishveing been elevated to the bench. Sir C.V. Kumaraswami Sastri, his elder brother-in-law and universally acknowledged successor to Bhashyam Iyengar as leader of the bar, instead served as his master, and C.V. Viswanatha Sastri, who had themselves been recently elevated to justices of the High Court. He fought and won over 300 cases, rapidly building a reputation for himself as India's foremost and highest-remunerated litigator. By 1910 his meteoric rise has led to his being acknowledged as the undisputed leader of the original bar at the Madras High Court, shortly after which he was selected as the President of the First All Indian Lawyers Conference held at Allahabad. Forty-two minutes, my Lord, he once announced to a judge who asked him how much time he would need to finish a case; the next several years saw him win spectaculator victories in some of the highest-profile cases of the time, including the Ashe murder trial and the Besant Narayaniah case., as well as representing the Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar and the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, rapidly earning a considerable private fortune, and rising to become the most powerful man in the Madras presidency for decades., having cultured intimately close, even inappropriate friendships with Lord and Lady Willingdon.
In 1920, then-Governor Lord Willingdon appointed him he the youngest-ever Advocate-General of Madras, during which tenure his income rose to an unprecedented 4,000 rupees, and in which capacity he would serve as premier state prosecutor for four years, until his subsequent promotion to the Governor's Executive Law Council, and, subsequently, the Viceregal Imperial War Council.
Sir. C.P. stint on the Executive Law Council was marked by an intense commitment to industrialization and lowering the levelized post of power, with C.P. championing initiatives ranging from the introduction of hydroelectricity to the Mettur, Pykara and Bhavani projects and for the development of the Cochin, Tuticorin and Vishakhapatanam ports. His superintending the completion of the hydreoelectric project at the high-altitude Pykara in until three years to completion, at an expenditure of less than 6.75 crores was particularly heralded. The more-expensive Mettur initiative, inccuring capital outlays of 385 lakh rupees, nonetheless rendered over 328,396 acres in Tanjore District fully irrigated, with excess electric power being made available downstream.
In 1920, C.P was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly from the Tanjore-Trichinopoly constituency in the vacancy caused by the resignation of A. Rangaswamy Iyenga. On 10 July 1930, which was the first meeting of the Assembly that C.P attended, the House was debating the Simon Commission Report on a cut motion. In 1928, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly and later to the Council of Imperial State State; further immediate distinctions followed in the form of further appointments of honour during this period included as the Indian envoy to the first and second League of Nations, and to the Third Round Table Conference.
Formal decorations rapidly followed: Sir C.P. was made a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire in 1926, and a Knight Commander of the Star of India in 1941, continually buoyed by powerful support from the likes of the Willingdons and the Junior Maharani of Travancore. Sir C.P., at the request of his old friend the Junior Maharani of Travancore, also acceded to take on a further portfolio as the underage Maharaja's constitutional and legal adviser - a sum for which he was now earning 72,000 rupees a year.
Travancore
Indian Independence Movement
In his early days, C.P. was an admirer of Gopal Krishna Gokhale and desired to join the Servants of India society in Poona. In 1912, he fought on behalf of Jiddu Narayaniah against Annie Besant for the custody of his sons J. Krishnamurti and Nityananda in the famous Besant Narayaniah trial and won. Besant, however, later got the verdict annulled by appealing to the Privy Council in England. C.P. developed an admiration for Annie Besant and collaborated with her in organising the Home Rule League and served as its vice-president. In 1917, he became the Secretary of the Indian National Congress. He edited Besant's newspaper, New India, during her incarceration. at the same time, campaigning vigorously for her release. C.P. later distanced himself from the Indian Independence after disagreeing with Mahatma Gandhi over the Swadeshi and Non-Cooperation movements.
As a member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras
In 1920, C.P. was nominated as the Advocate-General of Madras Presidency. He was responsible for the introduction of the City Municipalities Act and the Madras Local Boards Act. In 1923, he was nominated to the executive council of the Governor of Madras and was charged with the portfolios of law and order, police, Public Works Department, irrigation, ports and electricity.
As a member of the executive council, C. P. laid the foundation of the Pykara Dam which was constructed between 1929 and 1932 at a cost of Rs. 67.5 million. He also started the construction of Mettur Dam over the Cauvery river. While the Pykara Hydro-electric project triggered the rapid industrialization of Coimbatore, the Mettur project was used to irrigate vast areas of Tanjore and Trichy districts. As the member in charge of ports, C.P. was also responsible for the improvement of Cochin, Visakhapatnam and Tuticorin ports.
As law member, C.P. was instrumental in passing the Devadasi Abolition Bill proposed by Muthulakshmi Reddy. However, owing to strong protests from devadasis across Madras Presidency, C.P. suggested that the bill be introduced only as a private bill and not a government measure.
Between 1926 and 1927, he was the Indian Delegate at the League of Nations in Geneva. By 1931, he was a Law Member of the Government of India and, in 1932, attended the Third Round Table Conference at London.
In 1933, he was the sole Indian delegate to the World Economic Conference and the next year he drafted a constitution for the state of Kashmir.
Diwan of Travancore
Kowdiar Palace - official residence of the Junior Maharani and her son, the underage monarch, as well as a frequent site for the Diwan to personally counsel the Maharani
Bhakti Vilas, traditionally the secondary official residence of the Diwans of Travancore, used by Sir C.P. for ministerial purposes.
Another view of Bhakti Vilas.
The Kanakakunnu Palace, Sir C.P.'s official residence.
Another view of the Kanakakunnu Palace.
Padma Vilas, the initial official residence of the Diwans of Travancore, within the Fort complex.
The gates of Padma Vilas.
The Travancore royal family and Sir C.P. receiving the Viceroy, Lord Goschen.
In 1931, when Chithira Thirunal was barred from succeeding his deceased uncle as the Maharaja of Travancore, C.P. spoke on his behalf to the Viceroy of India. The Viceroy agreed to crown Chithira Thirunal but only on the condition that C.P. should function as adviser to the young monarch. C.P. agreed and served as Legal and Constitutional adviser and Regent to the prince from 1931 to 1936, drawing compensation of 72,000 rupees a year for his direct services. In 1936, Maharajah Chithira Thirunal personally requested C.P. to be the Diwan of Travancore. C.P. accepted the offer and served as Diwan for a period of ten years.
Travancore-Quilon Bank Collapse
Temple Entry Proclamation
See also: Temple Entry Proclamation
CP + the Maharaja
On 12 November 1936, Maharajah Chithira Thirunal issued the revolutionary Temple Entry Proclamation which gave Hindus of all castes and classes, including Dalits or untouchables, the right to enter Hindu temples in the state. This was bitterly opposed by conservative, yet influential upper-caste Hindus who posed a grave-threat to the life of the Diwan. This proclamation earned for the Maharajah and his Diwan the praise of Mahatma Gandhi and other reformers.
Economic and industrial reforms
Master Builder
"He was builder of dams, canals, hydroelectric works, fertilizer plants, member of Viceroy's executive council, vice-chancellor of three universities, delegate at third round table conference and much more"
~ Khushwant Singh, Master Builder, 17 July 1999
During C.P.'s tenure as Diwan, Travancore made rapid strides in industrial development. The Indian Aluminium Company was invited to set up a factory in the town of Aluva. The first fertiliser plant in India, the Fertilizers and Chemicals of Travancore Ltd. (FACT) was established by C. P. to manufacture ammonium sulphate. This was established with American collaboration in open defiance to the hostility of the Viceroy of India. C.P. also established a plant to manufacture cement and another to manufacture titanium dioxide. The Travancore plywood factory at Punalur The Travancore Rayons Limited was established in 1946 with a plant at Perumbavoor. The first plant to manufacture aluminium cables was opened at Kundara.
By the time, C.P. stepped down as Diwan in 1947, the revenues of the state had increased fourfold from the time he had assumed charge.
Irrigation works
C.P. wished to establish a hydroelectric power project on the Periyar river. However, his efforts were opposed by the Government of Madras. C.P. argued as a lawyer on behalf of Travancore and won. As a result, the Pallivasal hydro-electric power project was established on the Periyar river. He initiated the Pechipara Hydro-electric Scheme (later, the Kodayar Hydroelectric Power Project in Kanyakumari District), the Periyar Game Sanctuary, and other irrigation projects.
Other reforms
C.P. carried out a great deal of pioneering work for the Vivekananda Rock at Cape Comorin and built guest-houses at Kanyakumari. He renovated the Padmanabhapuram Palace of Marthanda Varma's days (in present-day Kanyakumari District) and expanded the Trivandrum Art Gallery.
In 1937, C.P. started the University of Travancore with the Maharajah as Chancellor and himself as Vice Chancellor. In 1939, he was awarded an honorary L.L.D. Degree by the University of Travancore In 1940 under his Dewanship Travancore became the first state to nationalise road transport in India.
The first cement highway in India was constructed between the capital Trivandrum and Kanniyakumari covering a distance of 88 kilometres. The same year capital punishment was abolished and adult franchise introduced. He was also the first to appoint a lady as District Judge (Mrs. Anna Chandy later became the first Indian woman High Court Judge). Iyer introduced for the first time the midday meal scheme to prompt poor children to attend school.
In 1941, the British conferred on him the title of Knight Commander of the Star of India (KCSI). When Indian Independence came into view Travancore and other Princely States were given two options of either staying independent or merging with the dominions of India or Pakistan.
Punnapra-Vayalar revolt
See also: Punnapra-Vayalar uprising
A mass uprising broke out in the Alleppey region in October 1946. On 24 October Travancore police killed near about 200 people in Punnapra and the government ordered martial law in Alleppey and Cherthala. CP's police and army moved to Alleppey and on 27 October, Vayalar witnessed another mass uprising and 150 people were killed on the spot. On the same day, 130 people were killed in different locations of Alleppey in police shoot-outs. According to Prof. A Shreedhara Menon's Kerala History, about 1,000 people died in the Punnapra Vayalar Agitation. Even though the agitation was a short-lived failure, it resulted in better administration of Travancore.
Declaration of independence
When, on 3 June 1947, the United Kingdom accepted demands for a partition and announced its intention to quit India within a short period, the Maharaja of Travancore desired to declare himself independent. Supported by the Diwan, C.P., Chithira Thirunal issued a declaration of independence on 18 June 1947. As Travancore's declaration of independence was unacceptable to India, negotiations were started with the Diwan by the Government of India. Family sources indicate that C.P. himself was not in favour of independence but only greater autonomy, and that a favourable agreement had been reached between C.P. and the Indian representatives by 23 July 1947 but accession to the Indian Union could not be carried out only because it was pending approval by the Raja.
On the other hand, noted historian Ramachandra Guha has written about how C.P., egged on by Mohammed Ali Jinnah, had established secret ties with senior Ministers of the British Government, who encouraged him in the hope that he would give them privileged access to monazite, a material Travancore was rich in and which could give the British a lead in the nuclear arms race.
Nevertheless, an assassination attempt was made on C.P. on 25 July 1947 during a concert commemorating the anniversary of Swati Thirunal. C.P. survived with multiple stab wounds and hastened the accession of Travancore state to the Indian Union soon after his recovery.
Later years
After he resigned his Dewanship of Travancore, C. P. left for London. In the same year, he visited Brazil on the invitation of the Government of Brazil and Argentina, Peru and Mexico as a tourist. He also visited the United States, where he gave talks at the University of California, Berkeley, and had discussions with important bank executives, journalists and US President Harry S. Truman.
In 1949–50, he visited the United States again as a visiting professor of the American Academy of Asian Studies at California. In 1952, he toured Australia and New Zealand as a guest of the respective governments and visited the United States again in 1953 on a lecture tour.
From 1 July 1954 to 2 July 1956, he served as the Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University. From 26 January 1955, C.P. also served as a Vice Chancellor of Annamalai University, thereby becoming the first Indian to function as Vice Chancellor of two universities at the same time.
In 1953, C.P. was appointed member of the Press Council of India. Two years later, C.P. toured China as the leader of an Indian universities delegation. C.P. served as a member of the University Grants Commission (1955), the Punjab Commission (1961), the National Integration Council, the Chairman of the Hindu Religious Endowments Commission from 1960 to 1962, and President of the Inter-University board of India and Ceylon (1965).
Death
In September 1966, C.P. left for England to conduct research on a planned book titled "A History of My Times" at the India Office library. At about 11:30 am, on 26 September 1966, he was in the National Liberal Club (where he had been a member for over 50 years), when he suddenly slumped on his armchair while speaking to a reporter and died instantly. The following day, The Times carried the news of his death:Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, jurist, scholar, statesman and wit, who died suddenly in London yesterday, was one of the outstanding Indians of his day
Condolences were also offered by C. Rajagopalachari,
Zakir Husain (then-President of India), The Hindu, The Times of India, Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi, and K. Kamaraj.
Legacy
C.P. was acknowledged for his talent as a lawyer, administrator and visionary. Edwin Samuel Montagu, who served as the Secretary of State for India from 1917 to 1922, described him as "one of the cleverest men in India". He is credited with having transformed Kanyakumari district into the rice-bowl of Travancore and is acclaimed for being the first person to envisage the industrialisation of Madras Presidency. He is also regarded as an egalitarian and the first caste Hindu lawyer to admit a Dalit, N. Sivaraj as his junior.
Under his leadership, Travancore became the first princely state to abolish capital punishment, first to introduce free and compulsory education and the first princely state to be connected to the rest of India by air. M. G. Ramachandran, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu recollected at C.P.'s birth centenary celebrations in 1979 that C.P. was the first to introduce the midday meal scheme in the form of the Vanchi Poor Fund in Travancore. C. N. Annadurai remarked at a speech in 1967 that C. P. was the first person in India to suggest a plan for interlinking the nation's rivers.
However, his greatest achievement is believed to be the Temple Entry Proclamation which for the first time, permitted Dalits to enter Hindu temples which he introduced despite a severe threat to his life.
C.P. was known for his philanthropic activities and the institutions he helped establish. After his death, The C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation was established in his memory in order to promote traditional arts and crafts.
While serving as a law member of the executive council of the Governor of Madras, Ramaswami Iyer's agenda for social reform and opening the doors of Hindu temples for Dalits and low-caste Hindus were praised by C. Natesa Mudaliar, one of the founders of the South Indian Liberation Federation. C. P. was a patron of arts and music and was member of experts committee consisting of some of the leading musicians and scholars to advise the Madras Music Academy.
C. P. was a friend of the English writer Somerset Maugham who had a prolonged discussion with while on a visit to Trivandrum. Later, Maugham supplied a eulogy for the book, C.P. by his Contemporaries:
He had the geniality of the politician who for years has gone out of his way to be cordial with everyone he meets. He talked very good English, fluently, with a copious choice of words, and he put what he had to say plainly, and with logical sequence. He had a resonant voice and an easy manner. He did not agree with a good deal that I said and corrected me with decision, but with courtesy that took it for granted I was too intelligent to be affronted by contradiction
Indian civil servant C. S. Venkatachar wrote that the Kashmir issue might have been resolved in favour of India had Jawaharlal Nehru chosen C. P. instead of Gopalaswami Ayyangar to present India's case at the United Nations. The same view was also shared by Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar. While chairing the Indian Committee on National Integration, C.P. introduced the clause making it mandatory that newly elected member of Parliament and state assemblies should take an allegiance to the Indian Union. It is believed that the introduction of this clause compelled the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam to give up its goal of secession from the Indian Union.
C.P. was an active freemason and served as a member of the Carnatic Lodge.
Criticism
Sir CP Ramaswami Iyer with Directors of Travancore National and quilon bank which includes C.P. Matthen (MD), K. C. Mammen Mappillai, M. O. Thomas Vakkel Modisseril(Director) and Barrister VT Thomas.
While being hailed as a modernising reformer by many, C. P. is also criticised as a capitalist, authoritarian, imperialist, anti-Christian and anti-Communist by some. C. P. has been sharply criticized for failing to rescue the deteriorating Travancore National and Quilon Bank and for cracking down on the bank and its managing director, C. P. Mathen. It is believed that C.P., allegedly an anti-Christian framed the downfall of Quilon Bank, using his influence. In 1946, Communist dissent over C. P.'s policies erupted in the form of the Punnapra-Vayalar revolt which was crushed with a brutal hand by Travancore army and navy. Communist hatred over C. P.'s policies finally culminated in an assassination attempt upon the Diwan. However, despite deep antagonism between C. P. and Communists, he opposed the dismissal of the Communist government of Kerala headed by E. M. S. Namboodiripad in 1959 by the Jawaharlal Nehru government as "unconstitutional". C. P. was also labelled as a "secessionist" due to his initial reluctance in merging Travancore with the Indian Union. Jawaharlal Nehru said of his attitude towards imperialism:
There is little now in common between us except our nationality. He is today a full-blooded apologist of British rule in India, especially during the last few years; an admirer of dictatorship in India and elsewhere, and himself a shining ornament of autocracy in an Indian state.
His attempt to negotiate a trade agreement with Pakistan on behalf of Travancore was viewed as a betrayal by most Indians.
Family
In 1895, at the age of 16, C. P. was married to nine-year-old Seethamma (1886–1930), granddaughter of Indian polyglot and judge C. V. Runganada Sastri and sister to High Court justices Dewan Bahadur Sir C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri and Dewan Bahadur C.V. Viswanatha Sastri, as well as cousin to Shankaracharya Bharati Krishna Tirtha Maharaj, pontiff of the Dwaraka Math, and later supreme pontiff of Smarta Hinduism at the Govardhan Math, and to the Finance Secretary of the Madras Presidency and former Tehsildar Dewan Bahadur V.S. Viswanatha Rao. She died in March 1930 leaving behind three sons, C. R. Pattabhiraman, C. R. Venkata Subban and C. R. Sundaram. Pattabhiraman participated in the Indian Independence Movement and was active in the Indian National Congress even after C. P.'s resignation from the party. He was elected to the Lok Sabha from Kumbakonam in 1957 and 1962 and served as Deputy Minister and later, Minister of Industries from 1966 to 1967, and then Minister for Law. Pattabhiraman was also one of the founders of the Madras Cricket Club along with P. Subbarayan. C.P.'s nephew would later go on to marry the niece and heiress to V.K. Krishna Menon.
In popular culture
Somerset Maugham named a character in his 1932 novel The Narrow Corner "Ramaswami Iyer" after C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, who he had met on a visit to India.
Vaikom Muhammad Basheer wrote a collection of essays titled Dharmarajyam against the policies of C. P. Ramaswami Iyer. The book was banned and it is said that Basheer himself got these essays printed and sold them at local shops and households, going on foot. Basheer was arrested and jailed for two years later.
Veteran Tamil film actor Nassar played the role of C. P. Ramaswami Iyer in the 1998 Malayalam movie Rakthasakshikal Sindabad.
Works
C. P. Ramaswami Iyer (1966). Gokhale: the man and his mission: Gopal Krishna Gokhale birth centenary lectures. Servants of India Society.
C. P. Ramaswami Iyer (1968). Biographical vistas: sketches of some eminent Indians. Asia Publishing House.
Notes
^ a b migrator (28 November 2021). "Those were the days: Sir CP, one of the most controversial yet fascinating figures of Madras". www.dtnext.in. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
^ Blick, Andrew (17 August 2023), "The United Kingdom in the Twentieth Century", The Cambridge Constitutional History of the United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, pp. 343–369, doi:10.1017/9781009277105.015, ISBN 978-1-009-27710-5, retrieved 12 March 2024
^ Reeves, Peter (January 2012). "Land, water, language and politics in Andhra: regional evolution in India since 1850, by Brian Stoddart A people's collector in the British Raj: Arthur Galletti, by Brian Stoddart". South Asian History and Culture. 3 (1): 133–136. doi:10.1080/19472498.2012.639545. ISSN 1947-2498.
^ "Recovering an Indian". Hindustan Times. 3 January 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
^ Gutmann, Raphaël (15 June 2009). "BEHENJI : A POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY OF MAYAWATI, Ajoy Bose, New Delhi, Penguin Books India, 2008, 277 pages". Politique étrangère. Eté (2): XV. doi:10.3917/pe.092.0426o. ISSN 0032-342X.
^ Sarkar, Jayita (15 July 2022). Ploughshares and Swords. Cornell University Press. doi:10.1515/9781501764424. ISBN 978-1-5017-6442-4.
^ Washbrook, D. A. (29 July 1976). The Emergence of Provincial Politics. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511563430. ISBN 978-0-521-20982-3.
^ "Great Britain : India Office. East India (Constitutional Reforms). Government of India's despatch on proposals for Constitutional Reform, Sept". International Affairs. 10 (1): 139. January 1931. doi:10.1093/ia/10.1.139a. ISSN 1468-2346.
^ "Cambridge South Asian Studies". The Hollow Crown: 459–460. 31 March 1988. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511557989.022. ISBN 978-0-521-32604-9.
^ Arnold, David (7 April 2017). The Congress in Tamilnad. doi:10.4324/9781315294216. ISBN 978-1-315-29421-6.
^ Ponniah, Jesmick; Ganesan, Ganesan Ram; Vijayendran, Akshara (2024). "Clostridial Catastrophe in Orthopedics – A Case Report". Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports. 14 (1): 22–25. doi:10.13107/jocr.2024.v14.i01.4132. ISSN 2321-3817. PMC 10823835. PMID 38292084.
^ "Madras Musings - We care for Madras that is Chennai". madrasmusings.com. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
^ Balasubramanian, Aditya (September 2023). "A forgotten famine of '43? Travancore's muffled 'cry of distress'". Modern Asian Studies. 57 (5): 1495–1529. doi:10.1017/S0026749X21000706. ISSN 0026-749X.
^ Saroja Sundararajan (2002). Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, a Biography. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7764-326-8. p. 7
^ a b Sir C. P. Remembered, p. 7
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 8
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 9
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 6
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 26
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 28
^ a b c Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 29
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 35
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 37
^ a b c d e f g h i Some Madras Leaders
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 38
^ a b c Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 39
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 40
^ Pillai, Manu S., ed. (2013), "Sir CP", Ivory Throne Chronicles of the House of Travancore, Harper Collins
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 48
^ a b "Those were the days: Sir CP, one of the most controversial yet fascinating figures of Madras". DT Next. 28 November 2021.
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 49
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 51
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 54
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 60
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 63
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 65
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 64
^ a b Vadivelu Rajalakshmi (1985). The political behaviour of women in Tamil Nadu. Inter-India Publications.
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 66
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 69
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 83
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 84
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 85
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 77
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 80
^ Singh, Khushwant (2001). Notes on the Great Indian Circus. Penguin India. ISBN 978-0-14-100576-8.
^ a b c d Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 94
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, pp. 97–99
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 95
^ a b Dominique Lapierre, p. 260
^ a b c Dominique Lapierre, p. 261
^ a b c d e A. G. Noorani (2003). "C.P. and independent Travancore". Frontline. 20 (13).
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 111
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 112
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 113
^ a b c d e f K.N. Panikker (20 April 2003). "In the Name of Biography". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b c d e Ramachandra Guha (25 May 2008). "The strange case of Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer". The Hindu.
^ a b c Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 137
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 138
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 139
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 143
^ a b c Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 145
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 144
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 147
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 3
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 4
^ a b c d Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 207
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 208
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 210
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 74
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 90
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 91
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 67
^ "Proposal to interlink river". The Hindu: Business Line. 12 December 2005.
^ The Europa International Foundation Directory 2006. Taylor and Francis. 2006. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-85743-388-3.
^ South Indian Celebrities, p. 51
^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 163
^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 46
^ a b V.K. Raghavan (17 April 2009). "Getting the best out of regionalism". The Hindu:Business Line.
^ S. Muthiah (19 September 2010). "Madras Miscellany – Whither this National Library?". The Hindu.
^ "C. P. Mathen papers gifted to Kerala Council for Historical Research". The Hindu. 7 October 2009. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009.
^ "History of CPI". Communist Party of India. Archived from the original on 10 February 2010.
^ Sir C. P. Remembered, p. 44
^ Sir C. P. Remembered, p. 173
^ Sir C. P. Remembered, p. 178
^ Sir C. P. Remembered, p. 179
^ a b c Sir C. P. Remembered, p. 181
^ a b Sir C. P. Remembered, p. 182
^ "An actor's actor". The Hindu. 27 May 2010. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
References
Shakunthala Jagannathan (1999). Sir C. P. Remembered. Vakils, Feffer and Simmons Ltd. ISBN 81-87111-27-5.
"C. P. Ramaswami Aiyer". Some Madras Leaders. 1922. pp. 76–81.
Lapierre, Dominique; Larry Collins (1997). Freedom at midnight. Vikas Publishing House. ISBN 81-259-0480-8.
Balasubramaniam, K. M. (1934). South Indian Celebrities Vol 1. Madras: Solden & Co. pp. 36–54.
"Biography and timeline at the C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation website". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
Sreedhara Menon. Sir C.P. Thiruvithamcore Charithrathil (in Malayalam).
Further reading
Saroja Sundarrajan (2002). Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, a biography. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7764-326-8.
K. Swaminathan (1959). "C. P.," by his contemporaries: being a commemoration volume issued on the occasion of the eighty-first birthday of Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar. C.P.'s Eighty-First Birthday Celebration Committee.
K. C. George (1975). Immortal Punnapra-Vayalar. Communist Party of India.
P. G. Sahasranama Iyer (1945). Selections from the writings and speeches of Sachivottama Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, Dewan of Travancore. Government Press.
K. R. Venkataraman (1927). A glimpse of Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer Kt. at Trichinopoly. St. Joseph's Industrial School Press.
Speeches of Sachivottama Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar ... Dewan of Travancore. Government Press. 1942.
Triumph and Tragedy in Travancore: Annals of Sir C.P.'s Sixteen years by A. Sreedhara Menon. Current Books, Kottayam.
Preceded byS. Srinivasa Iyengar
Advocate-General of Madras Presidency 1920–1923
Succeeded by
Preceded by
Law Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras 1923–1928
Succeeded by
Preceded by
Law Member of the Executive Council of the Viceroy of India 1931–1936
Succeeded by
Preceded byMuhammad Habibullah
Diwan of Travancore 1936–1947
Succeeded byP.G.N. Unnithan
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to C. P. Ramaswami Iyer.
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taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_revenue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marumakkathayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marumakkathayam"},{"link_name":"tharavads.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharavad"},{"link_name":"Padmanabhaswamy Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple"},{"link_name":"Maharaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja"},{"link_name":"the Padmanabhaswamy vaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple"},{"link_name":"American Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Model"},{"link_name":"Dirigisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirigisme"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"supply lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_line"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Defense of Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defense_of_Travancore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rowlatt Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowlatt_Act"},{"link_name":"Punnapra-Vayalar revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnapra-Vayalar_uprising"},{"link_name":"military aid to the civil power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aid_to_the_civil_power"},{"link_name":"blank cheque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_cheque"},{"link_name":"Indore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indore_State"}],"text":"Dewan Bahadur Sachivottama Sir Chetput Pattabhiraman Ramaswami Iyer KCSI KCIE LL.D. D.Litt. (12 November 1879 – 26 September 1966), popularly known as Sir C. P., was an Indian lawyer, administrator and statesman, acknowledged as the most powerful man in the Madras Presidency in the decades immediately prior to Indian Independence.[1]Ramaswami Iyer was born in 1879 in Madras city and studied at Wesley College High School and Presidency College, Madras before qualifying as a lawyer from the Madras Law College. He joined the Madras Bar in 1903.By 1910, he was the undisputed leader of the Madras Bar,[2] head of the Mylapore clique,[3] the most highly remunerated lawyer in India, and president of the All India Lawyers' Conference, famous as counsel and constitutional advisor to the Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar, the Nawab of Bhopal, and the Maharajas of Jammu & Kashmir (for whom he formulated Kashmir's first constitution in 1934), Patiala, Indore, Gwalior, Bikaner, Travancore, and Cochin.[4] C.P's public renown was further magnified by his role as victorious counsel in a string of high-profile cases, including the Ashe murder trial, Besant v. Narayaniah, the incarceration of poet Mahakavi C. Subramania Bharathiyar, the case of shipping magnate V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, and Pandit Motilal Nehru's defamation suit against C.S. Ranga Iyer.Despite having just deprived Annie Besant of custody of Jiddu Krishnamurti as opposing counsel, he nonetheless awed her such that she recruited him as a central figure in the Indian Home Rule movement; from 1917, he would serve jointly with Jawaharlal Nehru as General Secretary of Indian National Congress,[5] personally superintending the Congress delegation to the British Parliament; later, represented British India twice at the League of Nations in Geneva,[6] at the First, Second, and Third Round Table Conferences, and at the 1933 World Economic Conference in London, additionally drawing attention with his testimony before a Joint Select Committee of Parliament charged with deliberating Indian reforms.In 1920, after declining elevation to the High Court of Madras as a puisne justice, where he would have joined his brothers-in-law Sir C.V. Kumaraswami and Viswanatha Sastriar, he was appointed by Lord Willingdon as the youngest-ever Advocate-General of Madras, in which capacity he XYZ, before joining Willingdon's Executive Council as Home Minister,[7] overseeing Law, Police, Irrigation and Ports, the judiciary and legislature, labor, companies, elections, and infrastructure. He began the electrification of South India, established the Pallivasal Hydroelectric Project and Pechiparai Hydroelectric Scheme, and built the Mettur and Pykara Dams, while also laying the groundwork for the Tungabhadra Dam and creating the public park reserve today known as Periyar National Park.Rising to Vice-President of the Executive Council and chief advisor to the Governor,[8] from 1924 onward he was widely seen as the most powerful man in Madras, with the newly arrived British Governor, Viscount Goschen, consulting or deferring to him in most matters,[9] and consequently ridiculed as his stooge, to the extent that the Justice Party sought to have Goschen recalled to London on those grounds in 1926, at which time they alleged that C.P. had personally suppressed their electoral success.[10][11] Widespread prurient speculation about the true relationship between C.P. and the Vicereine-elect, Lady Willingdon was inescapable at this time;[12] similarly attached to CP in the court of public rumor were Maharani Indira Devi of Cooch Behar, and the Junior Maharani of Travancore.In 1931, he was elevated to the Viceroy's Executive Council, tasked now with imperial, pan-Indian strategy and policymaking as minister for Law and Commerce, and (from 1942) Information; at the Viceroy's request, he concurrently became legal and constitutional adviser to the monarchy of Travancore. -[1] a relationship which rapidly transmuted into C.P. exercising total autocracy over the kingdom, in the name of the regent Maharani and then her roi fainéant son, Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, who formally appointed C.P. Dewan of Travancore in 1936.A young Sir. C.P. during his delegate phaseDuring his tenure as Diwan, he radically and forcefully transformed Travancore wholesale: industrially, economically, culturally, and socially.His first act was the issuance of the Temple Entry Proclamation, opening all Travancore temples to all worshippers, whatever their caste; he would proceed to institute mandatory universal education for children, extend universal suffrage, and abolish capital punishment, each of which was a first for an Indian princely state. Kerala’s first modern university emerged with his founding the University of Travancore — later the University of Kerala — in 1937, where he would additionally act as Vice-Chancellor.He created and launched the State Bank of Travancore, the Travancore Titanium Company, FACT, Indian Rare Earths, Travancore Ceramics Ltd. and other multiple other major concerns with state support, aggressively developing industrial enterprises manufacturing and/or processing glass, aluminum, plywood, rayons, sugar, hardwood, lime, cement, salt, cotton textiles, ceramics, rubber, and coir. He inaugurated the Travancore State Transport Department, today the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation, and further introduced scheduled air transport to the realm, as well as instituting a dedicated Travancore State Civil Service, and installing Travancore's first telephone system. In tandem, fiscally, he abolished land revenue taxation, instead instituting a gradated agricultural income tax. His programs of modernization and industrialization in aggregate quadrupled the economic revenue of Travancore in just eleven years, despite tailwinds from the collapse of Marumakkathayam and fragmentation of the tharavads.He took charge of the matter of the devadāya offered at Padmanabhaswamy Temple, for the Maharaja merely to safekeep, by instituting the system of autonomous trusts encapsulating the devadāya committed in the Padmanabhaswamy vaults that even today control assets worth >$20bn US.C.P.'s American Model contrasted with the heavy-handed Dirigisme of administration,All was not well, however; World War II disruption of supply lines of rice from Burma to a nation already running a 60% food deficit saw some (estimated) 90,000 Travancorean deaths from starvation, malnutrition, or disease.[13] Wartime exodus in Tranvancore atypically consisted in mass flight from urbanized areas into local forests and wilderness. Public awareness of the situation was carefully titrated by C.P.'s unusually autarchic, repressive press controls, and his enacted Defense of Travancore act, which even exceeded the Rowlatt Act in its invasiveness of civil rights. Dissent within Travancore was ruthlessly suppressed, most infamously in the matter of the Punnapra-Vayalar revolt, where two or three thousand communist-assigned workers rebelled against the throne and regime, to be met by instantaneous military aid to the civil power. At least 1,000 insurrectionists were killed by state forces.and his controversial stand in favour of an independent Travancore.Following a failed assassination attempt in 1947, he deliberately chose to resign and withdraw to London, rebuffing a blank cheque to rule Indore as its first Prime Minister.","title":"C. P. Ramaswami Iyer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chetput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetput"},{"link_name":"North Arcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Arcot"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp7-15"},{"link_name":"Dikshitar Brahmins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikshitar"},{"link_name":"Advaitist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita"},{"link_name":"Appayya Dikshita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appayya_Dikshita"},{"link_name":"Deshastha Brahmins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Chittoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittoor"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp7-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp8-16"},{"link_name":"family of C. V. Runganada Sastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Runganada_Sastri"},{"link_name":"Mylapore clique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylapore_clique"},{"link_name":"Vembaukum family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vembaukum_family"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Tehsildar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsildar"},{"link_name":"Kumbakonam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbakonam"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp9-17"},{"link_name":"Sringeri mutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sringeri_mutt"}],"text":"C.P. Ramaswami Iyer belonged to the Vadadeśathu Vadama whose seat was the town of Chetput in the North Arcot district of Madras, which they were ancestrally granted along with the villages of Adayapalayam, and Morakkaniyur as a reward for piety and scholarship.[14][15] The family traces their lineage to Dikshitar Brahmins of the collateral line of famous Advaitist savant Appayya Dikshita, and his brother Achan, and further back to Deshastha Brahmins who migrated from Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to the town of Chittoor in Andhra Pradesh, from where they migrated to the northern part of Tamil Nadu in the 16th century AD.[15][16] Through extensive intermarriage typical of caste endogamy, the Chetput lines merged with the family of C. V. Runganada Sastri, with the resulting clan co-dominating the Mylapore clique in tandem with the Vembaukum family.C.P.'s grandfather, Chetput Ramaswami Iyer served the British East India Company as Tehsildar of Kumbakonam.[17] His family was deeply attached to the Sringeri mutt.","title":"Ancestry and origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deepavali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepavali"},{"link_name":"C.R. Pattabhirama Iyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.R._Pattabhirama_Iyer"},{"link_name":"Wandiwash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandiwash"},{"link_name":"North Arcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Arcot"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp6-18"},{"link_name":"Tanjore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjore"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"V. Bhashyam Aiyangar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Bhashyam_Aiyangar"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp26-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp26-19"},{"link_name":"C. V. Runganada Sastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Runganada_Sastri"},{"link_name":"Presidency College, Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_College,_Madras"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp28-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp29-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp29-21"},{"link_name":"Mysore kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Diwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwan_(title)"},{"link_name":"Sir K. Seshadri Iyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_K._Seshadri_Iyer"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp29-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp35-22"}],"text":"Chetpet Pattabhiraman Ramaswami Iyer was born on Deepavali day (13 November) 1879, to C.R. Pattabhirama Iyer (1857–1903), and his wife, Seethalakshmi Ammal (also called Rangammal) in the town of Wandiwash, North Arcot.[18] C.P.'s father was a leader of the Tanjore bar who relocated to Madras in the wake of his close friend being elevated to the High Court, and soon established himself as one of the leading figures even in the rarefied and cutthroat echelons of the Original Side of the High Court, with a practice ranked in the same tier as that of V. Bhashyam Aiyangar. C.P. had his schooling at the Wesley College High School in Madras.[19] He had an extremely strict upbringing as a result of a prediction that the child would not pass a single exam in his life,[19] and was fostered in the family of C. V. Runganada Sastri, whose granddaughter Seethamal he married on completion of his schooling, whereupon he also enrolled at the Presidency College, Madras.[20]In college, C.P. won prizes in English, Sanskrit and Mathematics and the Elphinstone Prize for his paper on the Nebular theory.[21] C.P. passed his degree with a gold medal and graduated with distinction from the Madras Law College.[21]C.P. had always desired to become an English professor. However, his father, Pattabhirama Iyer wished that his son become a lawyer and accordingly, C.P. chose a career in law. He spent his college vacations in the Mysore kingdom with the Diwan, Sir K. Seshadri Iyer whom he reportedly always claimed as his inspiration.[21][22]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"V. Krishnaswamy Iyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Krishnaswamy_Iyer"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp37-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somemadrasleaders-24"},{"link_name":"Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_V._Bhashyam_Aiyangar"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp38-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp39-26"},{"link_name":"C.V. Kumaraswami Sastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.V._Kumaraswami_Sastri"},{"link_name":"C.V. Viswanatha Sastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.V._Viswanatha_Sastri"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp39-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp40-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp39-26"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp48-29"},{"link_name":"Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad_and_Berar"},{"link_name":"Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtnext.in-30"},{"link_name":"Lord and Lady Willingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_and_Lady_Willingdon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somemadrasleaders-24"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp40-27"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Third Round Table Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Round_Table_Conference"},{"link_name":"Junior Maharani of Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junior_Maharani_of_Travancore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtnext.in-30"}],"text":"In 1903, C.P. joined V. Krishnaswamy Iyer as an apprentice.[23][24] Just before the death of Pattabhirama Iyer the same year, he arranged for C.P.'s admission as a junior to Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar[25] but the latter was not able to accommodate him owing to hishveing been elevated to the bench.[26] Sir C.V. Kumaraswami Sastri, his elder brother-in-law and universally acknowledged successor to Bhashyam Iyengar as leader of the bar, instead served as his master, and C.V. Viswanatha Sastri, who had themselves been recently elevated to justices of the High Court. He fought and won over 300 cases,[26] rapidly building a reputation for himself as India's foremost and highest-remunerated litigator. By 1910 his meteoric rise has led to his being acknowledged as the undisputed leader of the original bar at the Madras High Court, shortly after which he was selected as the President of the First All Indian Lawyers Conference held at Allahabad.[27] Forty-two minutes, my Lord, he once announced to a judge who asked him how much time he would need to finish a case; the next several years saw him win spectaculator victories in some of the highest-profile cases of the time,[28] including the Ashe murder trial[26] and the Besant Narayaniah case.,[29] as well as representing the Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar and the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, rapidly earning a considerable private fortune, and rising to become the most powerful man in the Madras presidency for decades.,[30] having cultured intimately close, even inappropriate friendships with Lord and Lady Willingdon.In 1920, then-Governor Lord Willingdon appointed him he the youngest-ever Advocate-General of Madras, during which tenure his income rose to an unprecedented 4,000 rupees, and in which capacity he would serve as premier state prosecutor for four years, until his subsequent promotion to the Governor's Executive Law Council, and, subsequently, the Viceregal Imperial War Council.[24][27]Sir. C.P. stint on the Executive Law Council was marked by an intense commitment to industrialization and lowering the levelized post of power, with C.P. championing initiatives ranging from the introduction of hydroelectricity to the Mettur, Pykara and Bhavani projects and for the development of the Cochin, Tuticorin and Vishakhapatanam ports. His superintending the completion of the hydreoelectric project at the high-altitude Pykara in until three years to completion, at an expenditure of less than 6.75 crores was particularly heralded. The more-expensive Mettur initiative, inccuring capital outlays of 385 lakh rupees, nonetheless rendered over 328,396 acres in Tanjore District fully irrigated, with excess electric power being made available downstream.In 1920, C.P was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly from the Tanjore-Trichinopoly constituency in the vacancy caused by the resignation of A. Rangaswamy Iyenga. On 10 July 1930, which was the first meeting of the Assembly that C.P attended, the House was debating the Simon Commission Report on a cut motion. In 1928, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly and later to the Council of Imperial State State; further immediate distinctions followed in the form of further appointments of honour during this period included as the Indian envoy to the first and second League of Nations, and to the Third Round Table Conference.Formal decorations rapidly followed: Sir C.P. was made a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire in 1926, and a Knight Commander of the Star of India in 1941, continually buoyed by powerful support from the likes of the Willingdons and the Junior Maharani of Travancore.[30] Sir C.P., at the request of his old friend the Junior Maharani of Travancore, also acceded to take on a further portfolio as the underage Maharaja's constitutional and legal adviser - a sum for which he was now earning 72,000 rupees a year.","title":"As a lawyer"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Travancore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gopal Krishna Gokhale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp35-22"},{"link_name":"Annie Besant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant"},{"link_name":"J. Krishnamurti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Krishnamurti"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somemadrasleaders-24"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp48-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp49-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp49-31"},{"link_name":"Home Rule League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Rule_League"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somemadrasleaders-24"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp51-32"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somemadrasleaders-24"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp51-32"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somemadrasleaders-24"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Swadeshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadeshi"},{"link_name":"Non-Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1909%E2%80%9322)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp54-33"}],"sub_title":"Indian Independence Movement","text":"In his early days, C.P. was an admirer of Gopal Krishna Gokhale and desired to join the Servants of India society in Poona.[22] In 1912, he fought on behalf of Jiddu Narayaniah against Annie Besant for the custody of his sons J. Krishnamurti and Nityananda in the famous Besant Narayaniah trial and won.[24][29][31] Besant, however, later got the verdict annulled by appealing to the Privy Council in England. C.P. developed an admiration for Annie Besant[31] and collaborated with her in organising the Home Rule League and served as its vice-president.[24][32] In 1917, he became the Secretary of the Indian National Congress. He edited Besant's newspaper, New India, during her incarceration.[24][32] at the same time, campaigning vigorously for her release.[24] C.P. later distanced himself from the Indian Independence after disagreeing with Mahatma Gandhi over the Swadeshi and Non-Cooperation movements.[33]","title":"Travancore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madras Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Presidency"},{"link_name":"Governor of Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Madras"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp60-34"},{"link_name":"Pykara Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pykara_Dam"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp63-35"},{"link_name":"Mettur Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mettur_Dam"},{"link_name":"Cauvery river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauvery_river"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp63-35"},{"link_name":"Coimbatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbatore"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp65-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp64-37"},{"link_name":"Cochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin"},{"link_name":"Visakhapatnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam"},{"link_name":"Tuticorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuticorin"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp65-36"},{"link_name":"Devadasi Abolition Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Devadasi_(Prevention_of_Dedication)_Act"},{"link_name":"Muthulakshmi Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-womenpolitical-38"},{"link_name":"devadasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devadasis"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-womenpolitical-38"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp66-39"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp69-40"},{"link_name":"Round Table Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_Conference"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp66-39"},{"link_name":"World Economic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Conference_(London)"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"As a member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras","text":"In 1920, C.P. was nominated as the Advocate-General of Madras Presidency. He was responsible for the introduction of the City Municipalities Act and the Madras Local Boards Act. In 1923, he was nominated to the executive council of the Governor of Madras and was charged with the portfolios of law and order, police, Public Works Department, irrigation, ports and electricity.[34]As a member of the executive council, C. P. laid the foundation of the Pykara Dam which was constructed between 1929 and 1932 at a cost of Rs. 67.5 million.[35] He also started the construction of Mettur Dam over the Cauvery river.[35] While the Pykara Hydro-electric project triggered the rapid industrialization of Coimbatore,[36] the Mettur project was used to irrigate vast areas of Tanjore and Trichy districts.[37] As the member in charge of ports, C.P. was also responsible for the improvement of Cochin, Visakhapatnam and Tuticorin ports.[36]As law member, C.P. was instrumental in passing the Devadasi Abolition Bill proposed by Muthulakshmi Reddy.[38] However, owing to strong protests from devadasis across Madras Presidency, C.P. suggested that the bill be introduced only as a private bill and not a government measure.[38]Between 1926 and 1927, he was the Indian Delegate at the League of Nations in Geneva.[39] By 1931, he was a Law Member[clarification needed] of the Government of India[40] and, in 1932, attended the Third Round Table Conference at London.[39]In 1933, he was the sole Indian delegate to the World Economic Conference and the next year he drafted a constitution for the state of Kashmir.[citation needed]","title":"Travancore"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kowdiar Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowdiar_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BhaktivilasA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bhakti Vilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_Vilas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A._Bhakti_Vilas_0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bhakti Vilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_Vilas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kanakakkunnu-palace-trivandrum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kanakakunnu Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanakakkunnu_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kanakakkunnu_Palace_Thiruvananthapuram_Kerala_DSC00222.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kanakakunnu Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanakakkunnu_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Padmavilasom.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Padmavilasom2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_CP_%2B_Lord_Goschen_%2B_Royals.jpg"},{"link_name":"royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_family"},{"link_name":"Lord Goschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Goschen"},{"link_name":"Chithira Thirunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chithira_Thirunal"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp83-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp84-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp84-42"},{"link_name":"Diwan of Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Diwans_of_Travancore"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp85-43"}],"text":"Kowdiar Palace - official residence of the Junior Maharani and her son, the underage monarch, as well as a frequent site for the Diwan to personally counsel the Maharani\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBhakti Vilas, traditionally the secondary official residence of the Diwans of Travancore, used by Sir C.P. for ministerial purposes.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnother view of Bhakti Vilas.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Kanakakunnu Palace, Sir C.P.'s official residence.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnother view of the Kanakakunnu Palace.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPadma Vilas, the initial official residence of the Diwans of Travancore, within the Fort complex.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe gates of Padma Vilas.The Travancore royal family and Sir C.P. receiving the Viceroy, Lord Goschen.In 1931, when Chithira Thirunal was barred from succeeding his deceased uncle as the Maharaja of Travancore, C.P. spoke on his behalf to the Viceroy of India.[41] The Viceroy agreed to crown Chithira Thirunal but only on the condition that C.P. should function as adviser to the young monarch.[42] C.P. agreed and served as Legal and Constitutional adviser and Regent to the prince from 1931 to 1936, drawing compensation of 72,000 rupees a year for his direct services.[42] In 1936, Maharajah Chithira Thirunal personally requested C.P. to be the Diwan of Travancore. C.P. accepted the offer and served as Diwan for a period of ten years.[43]","title":"Diwan of Travancore"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Travancore-Quilon Bank Collapse","title":"Diwan of Travancore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Temple Entry Proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Entry_Proclamation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CP11_family.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chithira Thirunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chithira_Thirunal"},{"link_name":"Dalits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp77-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp80-45"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp80-45"}],"sub_title":"Temple Entry Proclamation","text":"See also: Temple Entry ProclamationCP + the MaharajaOn 12 November 1936, Maharajah Chithira Thirunal issued the revolutionary Temple Entry Proclamation which gave Hindus of all castes and classes, including Dalits or untouchables, the right to enter Hindu temples in the state.[44] This was bitterly opposed by conservative, yet influential upper-caste Hindus who posed a grave-threat to the life of the Diwan.[45] This proclamation earned for the Maharajah and his Diwan the praise of Mahatma Gandhi and other reformers.[45]","title":"Diwan of Travancore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Aluva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluva"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp94-47"},{"link_name":"ammonium sulphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_sulphate"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp94-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp9799-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp9799-48"},{"link_name":"titanium dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp95-49"},{"link_name":"Perumbavoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perumbavoor"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp95-49"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Economic and industrial reforms","text":"Master Builder\n\n\"He was builder of dams, canals, hydroelectric works, fertilizer plants, member of Viceroy's executive council, vice-chancellor of three universities, delegate at third round table conference and much more\"\n\n\n~ Khushwant Singh, Master Builder, 17 July 1999[46]During C.P.'s tenure as Diwan, Travancore made rapid strides in industrial development. The Indian Aluminium Company was invited to set up a factory in the town of Aluva.[47] The first fertiliser plant in India, the Fertilizers and Chemicals of Travancore Ltd. (FACT) was established by C. P. to manufacture ammonium sulphate.[47][48] This was established with American collaboration in open defiance to the hostility of the Viceroy of India.[48] C.P. also established a plant to manufacture cement and another to manufacture titanium dioxide. The Travancore plywood factory at Punalur[49] The Travancore Rayons Limited was established in 1946 with a plant at Perumbavoor. The first plant to manufacture aluminium cables was opened at Kundara.[49]By the time, C.P. stepped down as Diwan in 1947, the revenues of the state had increased fourfold from the time he had assumed charge.[citation needed]","title":"Diwan of Travancore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Periyar river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_river"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp94-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp94-47"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kanyakumari District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari_District"},{"link_name":"Periyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_National_Park"}],"sub_title":"Irrigation works","text":"C.P. wished to establish a hydroelectric power project on the Periyar river. However, his efforts were opposed by the Government of Madras. C.P. argued as a lawyer on behalf of Travancore and won.[47] As a result, the Pallivasal hydro-electric power project was established on the Periyar river.[47] He initiated [citation needed] the Pechipara Hydro-electric Scheme (later, the Kodayar Hydroelectric Power Project in Kanyakumari District), the Periyar Game Sanctuary, and other irrigation projects.","title":"Diwan of Travancore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vivekananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivekananda"},{"link_name":"Cape Comorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Comorin"},{"link_name":"Kanyakumari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari_(town)"},{"link_name":"Padmanabhapuram Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmanabhapuram_Palace"},{"link_name":"Marthanda Varma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marthanda_Varma"},{"link_name":"Kanyakumari District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari_District"},{"link_name":"Trivandrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivandrum"},{"link_name":"University of Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_University"},{"link_name":"University of Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_University"},{"link_name":"Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"capital punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"adult franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage"},{"link_name":"Anna Chandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Chandy"},{"link_name":"Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore"},{"link_name":"Princely States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_States"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"}],"sub_title":"Other reforms","text":"C.P. carried out a great deal of pioneering work for the Vivekananda Rock at Cape Comorin and built guest-houses at Kanyakumari. He renovated the Padmanabhapuram Palace of Marthanda Varma's days (in present-day Kanyakumari District) and expanded the Trivandrum Art Gallery.In 1937, C.P. started the University of Travancore with the Maharajah as Chancellor and himself as Vice Chancellor. In 1939, he was awarded an honorary L.L.D. Degree by the University of Travancore In 1940 under his Dewanship Travancore became the first state to nationalise road transport in India.The first cement highway in India was constructed between the capital Trivandrum and Kanniyakumari covering a distance of 88 kilometres. The same year capital punishment was abolished and adult franchise introduced. He was also the first to appoint a lady as District Judge (Mrs. Anna Chandy later became the first Indian woman High Court Judge). Iyer introduced for the first time the midday meal scheme to prompt poor children to attend school.In 1941, the British conferred on him the title of Knight Commander of the Star of India (KCSI). When Indian Independence came into view Travancore and other Princely States were given two options of either staying independent or merging with the dominions of India or Pakistan.","title":"Diwan of Travancore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punnapra-Vayalar uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnapra-Vayalar_uprising"}],"sub_title":"Punnapra-Vayalar revolt","text":"See also: Punnapra-Vayalar uprisingA mass uprising broke out in the Alleppey region in October 1946. On 24 October Travancore police killed near about 200 people in Punnapra and the government ordered martial law in Alleppey and Cherthala. CP's police and army moved to Alleppey and on 27 October, Vayalar witnessed another mass uprising and 150 people were killed on the spot. On the same day, 130 people were killed in different locations of Alleppey in police shoot-outs. According to Prof. A Shreedhara Menon's Kerala History, about 1,000 people died in the Punnapra Vayalar Agitation. Even though the agitation was a short-lived failure, it resulted in better administration of Travancore.","title":"Diwan of Travancore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-midnightp260-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-midnightp261-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpandindependenttravancore-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-midnightp260-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-midnightp261-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpandindependenttravancore-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp111-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp112-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp113-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio_thehindu-56"},{"link_name":"Ramachandra Guha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramachandra_Guha"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Ali Jinnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah"},{"link_name":"monazite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monazite"},{"link_name":"nuclear arms race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strangecase_thehindu-57"},{"link_name":"Swati Thirunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swati_Thirunal"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-midnightp261-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpandindependenttravancore-52"}],"sub_title":"Declaration of independence","text":"When, on 3 June 1947, the United Kingdom accepted demands for a partition and announced its intention to quit India within a short period, the Maharaja of Travancore desired to declare himself independent.[50][51][52] Supported by the Diwan, C.P., Chithira Thirunal issued a declaration of independence on 18 June 1947.[50][51][52] As Travancore's declaration of independence was unacceptable to India, negotiations were started with the Diwan by the Government of India.[53] Family sources indicate that C.P. himself was not in favour of independence but only greater autonomy, and that a favourable agreement had been reached between C.P. and the Indian representatives by 23 July 1947 but accession to the Indian Union could not be carried out only because it was pending approval by the Raja.[54][55][56]On the other hand, noted historian Ramachandra Guha has written about how C.P., egged on by Mohammed Ali Jinnah, had established secret ties with senior Ministers of the British Government, who encouraged him in the hope that he would give them privileged access to monazite, a material Travancore was rich in and which could give the British a lead in the nuclear arms race.[57]Nevertheless, an assassination attempt was made on C.P. on 25 July 1947 during a concert commemorating the anniversary of Swati Thirunal. C.P. survived with multiple stab wounds and hastened the accession of Travancore state to the Indian Union soon after his recovery.[51][52]","title":"Diwan of Travancore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp137-58"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp137-58"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Asian Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Asian_Studies"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp137-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp138-59"},{"link_name":"Banaras Hindu University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University"},{"link_name":"Annamalai University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annamalai_University"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp139-60"},{"link_name":"Press Council of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Council_of_India"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp143-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp143-61"},{"link_name":"University Grants Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp145-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp144-63"},{"link_name":"National Integration Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Integration_Council"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp145-62"},{"link_name":"Hindu Religious Endowments Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Religious_and_Charitable_Endowments_Department"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp144-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp145-62"}],"text":"After he resigned his Dewanship of Travancore, C. P. left for London. In the same year, he visited Brazil on the invitation of the Government of Brazil and Argentina, Peru and Mexico as a tourist.[58] He also visited the United States, where he gave talks at the University of California, Berkeley, and had discussions with important bank executives, journalists and US President Harry S. Truman.[58]In 1949–50, he visited the United States again as a visiting professor of the American Academy of Asian Studies at California.[58] In 1952, he toured Australia and New Zealand as a guest of the respective governments and visited the United States again in 1953 on a lecture tour.[59]From 1 July 1954 to 2 July 1956, he served as the Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University. From 26 January 1955, C.P. also served as a Vice Chancellor of Annamalai University, thereby becoming the first Indian to function as Vice Chancellor of two universities at the same time.[60]In 1953, C.P. was appointed member of the Press Council of India.[61] Two years later, C.P. toured China as the leader of an Indian universities delegation.[61] C.P. served as a member of the University Grants Commission (1955),[62] the Punjab Commission (1961),[63] the National Integration Council,[62] the Chairman of the Hindu Religious Endowments Commission from 1960 to 1962,[63] and President of the Inter-University board of India and Ceylon (1965).[62]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Office"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp147-64"},{"link_name":"National Liberal Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Club"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp3-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp4-66"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp207-67"},{"link_name":"C. Rajagopalachari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari"},{"link_name":"Zakir Husain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakir_Husain"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp207-67"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp207-67"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp207-67"},{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp208-68"},{"link_name":"K. Kamaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Kamaraj"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp210-69"}],"text":"In September 1966, C.P. left for England to conduct research on a planned book titled \"A History of My Times\" at the India Office library.[64] At about 11:30 am, on 26 September 1966, he was in the National Liberal Club (where he had been a member for over 50 years), when he suddenly slumped on his armchair while speaking to a reporter and died instantly.[65][66] The following day, The Times carried the news of his death:Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, jurist, scholar, statesman and wit, who died suddenly in London yesterday, was one of the outstanding Indians of his day[67]Condolences were also offered by C. Rajagopalachari,\nZakir Husain (then-President of India),[67] The Hindu,[67] The Times of India,[67] Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi,[68] and K. Kamaraj.[69]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somemadrasleaders-24"},{"link_name":"Edwin Samuel Montagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Samuel_Montagu"},{"link_name":"Kanyakumari district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari_district"},{"link_name":"Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore"},{"link_name":"egalitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarian"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somemadrasleaders-24"},{"link_name":"Dalit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit"},{"link_name":"N. Sivaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Sivaraj"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp74-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp90-71"},{"link_name":"M. G. Ramachandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp90-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp91-72"},{"link_name":"C. N. Annadurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._N._Annadurai"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp67-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlink_rivers-74"},{"link_name":"Temple Entry Proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Entry_Proclamation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somemadrasleaders-24"},{"link_name":"The C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_C._P._Ramaswami_Aiyar_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-europa_foundationdirp210-75"},{"link_name":"C. Natesa Mudaliar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Natesa_Mudaliar"},{"link_name":"South Indian Liberation Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indian_Liberation_Federation"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-southindianp51-76"},{"link_name":"Madras Music Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Music_Academy"},{"link_name":"Somerset Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Maugham"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp163-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp163-77"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strangecase_thehindu-57"},{"link_name":"Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcot_Ramasamy_Mudaliar"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp46-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regionalism_thehindu-79"},{"link_name":"Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regionalism_thehindu-79"},{"link_name":"freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason"},{"link_name":"Carnatic Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnatic_Lodge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu_20100919-80"}],"text":"C.P. was acknowledged for his talent as a lawyer, administrator and visionary.[24] Edwin Samuel Montagu, who served as the Secretary of State for India from 1917 to 1922, described him as \"one of the cleverest men in India\". He is credited with having transformed Kanyakumari district into the rice-bowl of Travancore and is acclaimed for being the first person to envisage the industrialisation of Madras Presidency. He is also regarded as an egalitarian[24] and the first caste Hindu lawyer to admit a Dalit, N. Sivaraj as his junior.[70]Under his leadership, Travancore became the first princely state to abolish capital punishment, first to introduce free and compulsory education and the first princely state to be connected to the rest of India by air.[71] M. G. Ramachandran, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu recollected at C.P.'s birth centenary celebrations in 1979 that C.P. was the first to introduce the midday meal scheme in the form of the Vanchi Poor Fund in Travancore.[71][72] C. N. Annadurai remarked at a speech in 1967 that C. P. was the first person in India to suggest a plan for interlinking the nation's rivers.[73][74]However, his greatest achievement is believed to be the Temple Entry Proclamation which for the first time, permitted Dalits to enter Hindu temples which he introduced despite a severe threat to his life.[citation needed]C.P. was known for his philanthropic activities and the institutions he helped establish.[24] After his death, The C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation was established in his memory in order to promote traditional arts and crafts.[75]While serving as a law member of the executive council of the Governor of Madras, Ramaswami Iyer's agenda for social reform and opening the doors of Hindu temples for Dalits and low-caste Hindus were praised by C. Natesa Mudaliar, one of the founders of the South Indian Liberation Federation.[76] C. P. was a patron of arts and music and was member of experts committee consisting of some of the leading musicians and scholars to advise the Madras Music Academy.C. P. was a friend of the English writer Somerset Maugham who had a prolonged discussion with while on a visit to Trivandrum.[77] Later, Maugham supplied a eulogy for the book, C.P. by his Contemporaries:He had the geniality of the politician who for years has gone out of his way to be cordial with everyone he meets. He talked very good English, fluently, with a copious choice of words, and he put what he had to say plainly, and with logical sequence. He had a resonant voice and an easy manner. He did not agree with a good deal that I said and corrected me with decision, but with courtesy that took it for granted I was too intelligent to be affronted by contradiction[77]Indian civil servant C. S. Venkatachar wrote that the Kashmir issue might have been resolved in favour of India had Jawaharlal Nehru chosen C. P. instead of Gopalaswami Ayyangar to present India's case at the United Nations.[57] The same view was also shared by Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar.[78] While chairing the Indian Committee on National Integration, C.P. introduced the clause making it mandatory that newly elected member of Parliament and state assemblies should take an allegiance to the Indian Union.[79] It is believed that the introduction of this clause compelled the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam to give up its goal of secession from the Indian Union.[79]C.P. was an active freemason and served as a member of the Carnatic Lodge.[80]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Travancore_National_and_quilon_bank.jpg"},{"link_name":"K. C. Mammen Mappillai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._C._Mammen_Mappillai"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio_thehindu-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strangecase_thehindu-57"},{"link_name":"Travancore National and Quilon Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore_National_and_Quilon_Bank"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio_thehindu-56"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mathenpapers-81"},{"link_name":"Punnapra-Vayalar revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnapra-Vayalar_uprising"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio_thehindu-56"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpi-82"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpandindependenttravancore-52"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio_thehindu-56"},{"link_name":"E. M. S. Namboodiripad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp44-83"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpandindependenttravancore-52"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strangecase_thehindu-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio_thehindu-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strangecase_thehindu-57"}],"text":"Sir CP Ramaswami Iyer with Directors of Travancore National and quilon bank which includes C.P. Matthen (MD), K. C. Mammen Mappillai, M. O. Thomas Vakkel Modisseril(Director) and Barrister VT Thomas.While being hailed as a modernising reformer by many, C. P. is also criticised as a capitalist, authoritarian, imperialist, anti-Christian and anti-Communist by some.[56][57] C. P. has been sharply criticized for failing to rescue the deteriorating Travancore National and Quilon Bank[56] and for cracking down on the bank and its managing director, C. P. Mathen. It is believed that C.P., allegedly an anti-Christian framed the downfall of Quilon Bank, using his influence.[81] In 1946, Communist dissent over C. P.'s policies erupted in the form of the Punnapra-Vayalar revolt which was crushed with a brutal hand by Travancore army and navy.[56][82] Communist hatred over C. P.'s policies finally culminated in an assassination attempt upon the Diwan.[52][56] However, despite deep antagonism between C. P. and Communists, he opposed the dismissal of the Communist government of Kerala headed by E. M. S. Namboodiripad in 1959 by the Jawaharlal Nehru government as \"unconstitutional\".[83] C. P. was also labelled as a \"secessionist\" due to his initial reluctance in merging Travancore with the Indian Union.[52][57] Jawaharlal Nehru said of his attitude towards imperialism:There is little now in common between us except our nationality. He is today a full-blooded apologist of British rule in India, especially during the last few years; an admirer of dictatorship in India and elsewhere, and himself a shining ornament of autocracy in an Indian state.[56]His attempt to negotiate a trade agreement with Pakistan on behalf of Travancore was viewed as a betrayal by most Indians.[57]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. V. Runganada Sastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Runganada_Sastri"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp173-84"},{"link_name":"Sir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Kumaraswami_Sastri"},{"link_name":"C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Kumaraswami_Sastri"},{"link_name":"Bharati Krishna Tirtha Maharaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharati_Krishna_Tirtha"},{"link_name":"Dwaraka Math","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_Sharada_Peetham"},{"link_name":"Smarta Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smarta_tradition"},{"link_name":"Govardhan Math","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govardhan_Math"},{"link_name":"Tehsildar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsildar"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp178-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp179-86"},{"link_name":"C. R. Pattabhiraman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._R._Pattabhiraman"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp181-87"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp181-87"},{"link_name":"Lok Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp181-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp182-88"},{"link_name":"P. Subbarayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Subbarayan"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp182-88"},{"link_name":"V.K. Krishna Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.K._Krishna_Menon"}],"text":"In 1895, at the age of 16, C. P. was married to nine-year-old Seethamma (1886–1930), granddaughter of Indian polyglot and judge C. V. Runganada Sastri[84] and sister to High Court justices Dewan Bahadur Sir C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri and Dewan Bahadur C.V. Viswanatha Sastri, as well as cousin to Shankaracharya Bharati Krishna Tirtha Maharaj, pontiff of the Dwaraka Math, and later supreme pontiff of Smarta Hinduism at the Govardhan Math, and to the Finance Secretary of the Madras Presidency and former Tehsildar Dewan Bahadur V.S. Viswanatha Rao. She died in March 1930[85][86] leaving behind three sons, C. R. Pattabhiraman, C. R. Venkata Subban and C. R. Sundaram.[87] Pattabhiraman participated in the Indian Independence Movement and was active in the Indian National Congress even after C. P.'s resignation from the party.[87] He was elected to the Lok Sabha from Kumbakonam in 1957 and 1962[87] and served as Deputy Minister and later, Minister of Industries from 1966 to 1967, and then Minister for Law.[88] Pattabhiraman was also one of the founders of the Madras Cricket Club along with P. Subbarayan.[88] C.P.'s nephew would later go on to marry the niece and heiress to V.K. Krishna Menon.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somerset Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Maugham"},{"link_name":"Vaikom Muhammad Basheer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikom_Muhammad_Basheer"},{"link_name":"Dharmarajyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmarajyam"},{"link_name":"Nassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassar_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Rakthasakshikal Sindabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakthasakshikal_Sindabad"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu_20100527-89"}],"text":"Somerset Maugham named a character in his 1932 novel The Narrow Corner \"Ramaswami Iyer\" after C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, who he had met on a visit to India.\nVaikom Muhammad Basheer wrote a collection of essays titled Dharmarajyam against the policies of C. P. Ramaswami Iyer. The book was banned and it is said that Basheer himself got these essays printed and sold them at local shops and households, going on foot. Basheer was arrested and jailed for two years later.\nVeteran Tamil film actor Nassar played the role of C. P. Ramaswami Iyer in the 1998 Malayalam movie Rakthasakshikal Sindabad.[89]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"C. P. Ramaswami Iyer (1966). Gokhale: the man and his mission: Gopal Krishna Gokhale birth centenary lectures. Servants of India Society.\nC. P. Ramaswami Iyer (1968). Biographical vistas: sketches of some eminent Indians. Asia Publishing House.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Those were the days: Sir CP, one of the most controversial yet fascinating figures of Madras\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dtnext.in/city/2021/11/28/those-were-the-days-sir-cp-one-of-the-most-controversial-yet-fascinating-figures-of-madras"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The United Kingdom in the Twentieth Century\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009277105.015"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/9781009277105.015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009277105.015"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-009-27710-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-27710-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Land, water, language and politics in Andhra: regional evolution in India since 1850, by Brian Stoddart A people's collector in the British Raj: Arthur Galletti, by Brian Stoddart\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2012.639545"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/19472498.2012.639545","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F19472498.2012.639545"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1947-2498","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1947-2498"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Recovering an Indian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hindustantimes.com/india/recovering-an-indian/story-8XAR210asu340FBrI3orAN.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"BEHENJI : A POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY OF MAYAWATI, Ajoy Bose, New Delhi, Penguin Books India, 2008, 277 pages\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.3917/pe.092.0426o"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3917/pe.092.0426o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3917%2Fpe.092.0426o"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0032-342X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-342X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Ploughshares and Swords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501764424"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1515/9781501764424","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1515%2F9781501764424"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-5017-6442-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6442-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"The Emergence of Provincial Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511563430"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/cbo9780511563430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511563430"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-20982-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20982-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Great Britain : India Office. 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Remembered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sir_C._P._Remembered"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cpp178_85-0"},{"link_name":"Sir C. P. Remembered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sir_C._P._Remembered"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cpp179_86-0"},{"link_name":"Sir C. P. Remembered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sir_C._P._Remembered"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cpp181_87-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cpp181_87-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cpp181_87-2"},{"link_name":"Sir C. P. Remembered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sir_C._P._Remembered"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cpp182_88-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cpp182_88-1"},{"link_name":"Sir C. P. Remembered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sir_C._P._Remembered"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-thehindu_20100527_89-0"},{"link_name":"\"An actor's actor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121025053524/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article439396.ece"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article439396.ece"}],"text":"^ a b migrator (28 November 2021). \"Those were the days: Sir CP, one of the most controversial yet fascinating figures of Madras\". www.dtnext.in. Retrieved 12 March 2024.\n\n^ Blick, Andrew (17 August 2023), \"The United Kingdom in the Twentieth Century\", The Cambridge Constitutional History of the United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, pp. 343–369, doi:10.1017/9781009277105.015, ISBN 978-1-009-27710-5, retrieved 12 March 2024\n\n^ Reeves, Peter (January 2012). \"Land, water, language and politics in Andhra: regional evolution in India since 1850, by Brian Stoddart A people's collector in the British Raj: Arthur Galletti, by Brian Stoddart\". South Asian History and Culture. 3 (1): 133–136. doi:10.1080/19472498.2012.639545. ISSN 1947-2498.\n\n^ \"Recovering an Indian\". Hindustan Times. 3 January 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2024.\n\n^ Gutmann, Raphaël (15 June 2009). \"BEHENJI : A POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY OF MAYAWATI, Ajoy Bose, New Delhi, Penguin Books India, 2008, 277 pages\". Politique étrangère. Eté (2): XV. doi:10.3917/pe.092.0426o. ISSN 0032-342X.\n\n^ Sarkar, Jayita (15 July 2022). Ploughshares and Swords. Cornell University Press. doi:10.1515/9781501764424. ISBN 978-1-5017-6442-4.\n\n^ Washbrook, D. A. (29 July 1976). The Emergence of Provincial Politics. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511563430. ISBN 978-0-521-20982-3.\n\n^ \"Great Britain : India Office. East India (Constitutional Reforms). Government of India's despatch on proposals for Constitutional Reform, Sept\". International Affairs. 10 (1): 139. January 1931. doi:10.1093/ia/10.1.139a. ISSN 1468-2346.\n\n^ \"Cambridge South Asian Studies\". The Hollow Crown: 459–460. 31 March 1988. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511557989.022. ISBN 978-0-521-32604-9.\n\n^ Arnold, David (7 April 2017). The Congress in Tamilnad. doi:10.4324/9781315294216. ISBN 978-1-315-29421-6.\n\n^ Ponniah, Jesmick; Ganesan, Ganesan Ram; Vijayendran, Akshara (2024). \"Clostridial Catastrophe in Orthopedics – A Case Report\". Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports. 14 (1): 22–25. doi:10.13107/jocr.2024.v14.i01.4132. ISSN 2321-3817. PMC 10823835. PMID 38292084.\n\n^ \"Madras Musings - We care for Madras that is Chennai\". madrasmusings.com. Retrieved 21 March 2024.\n\n^ Balasubramanian, Aditya (September 2023). \"A forgotten famine of '43? Travancore's muffled 'cry of distress'\". Modern Asian Studies. 57 (5): 1495–1529. doi:10.1017/S0026749X21000706. ISSN 0026-749X.\n\n^ Saroja Sundararajan (2002). Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, a Biography. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7764-326-8. p. 7\n\n^ a b Sir C. P. Remembered, p. 7\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 8\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 9\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 6\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 26\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 28\n\n^ a b c Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 29\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 35\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 37\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Some Madras Leaders\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 38\n\n^ a b c Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 39\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 40\n\n^ Pillai, Manu S., ed. (2013), \"Sir CP\", Ivory Throne Chronicles of the House of Travancore, Harper Collins\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 48\n\n^ a b \"Those were the days: Sir CP, one of the most controversial yet fascinating figures of Madras\". DT Next. 28 November 2021.\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 49\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 51\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 54\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 60\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 63\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 65\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 64\n\n^ a b Vadivelu Rajalakshmi (1985). The political behaviour of women in Tamil Nadu. Inter-India Publications.\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 66\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 69\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 83\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 84\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 85\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 77\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 80\n\n^ Singh, Khushwant (2001). Notes on the Great Indian Circus. Penguin India. ISBN 978-0-14-100576-8.\n\n^ a b c d Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 94\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, pp. 97–99\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 95\n\n^ a b Dominique Lapierre, p. 260\n\n^ a b c Dominique Lapierre, p. 261\n\n^ a b c d e A. G. Noorani (2003). \"C.P. and independent Travancore\". Frontline. 20 (13).\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 111\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 112\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 113\n\n^ a b c d e f K.N. Panikker (20 April 2003). \"In the Name of Biography\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)\n\n^ a b c d e Ramachandra Guha (25 May 2008). \"The strange case of Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer\". The Hindu.\n\n^ a b c Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 137\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 138\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 139\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 143\n\n^ a b c Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 145\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 144\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 147\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 3\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 4\n\n^ a b c d Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 207\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 208\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 210\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 74\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 90\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 91\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 67\n\n^ \"Proposal to interlink river\". The Hindu: Business Line. 12 December 2005.\n\n^ The Europa International Foundation Directory 2006. Taylor and Francis. 2006. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-85743-388-3.\n\n^ South Indian Celebrities, p. 51\n\n^ a b Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 163\n\n^ Sir C.P. Remembered, p. 46\n\n^ a b V.K. Raghavan (17 April 2009). \"Getting the best out of regionalism\". The Hindu:Business Line.\n\n^ S. Muthiah (19 September 2010). \"Madras Miscellany – Whither this National Library?\". The Hindu.\n\n^ \"C. P. Mathen papers gifted to Kerala Council for Historical Research\". The Hindu. 7 October 2009. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009.\n\n^ \"History of CPI\". Communist Party of India. Archived from the original on 10 February 2010.\n\n^ Sir C. P. Remembered, p. 44\n\n^ Sir C. P. Remembered, p. 173\n\n^ Sir C. P. Remembered, p. 178\n\n^ Sir C. P. Remembered, p. 179\n\n^ a b c Sir C. P. Remembered, p. 181\n\n^ a b Sir C. P. Remembered, p. 182\n\n^ \"An actor's actor\". The Hindu. 27 May 2010. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2011.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7764-326-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7764-326-8"}],"text":"Saroja Sundarrajan (2002). Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, a biography. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7764-326-8.\nK. Swaminathan (1959). \"C. P.,\" by his contemporaries: being a commemoration volume issued on the occasion of the eighty-first birthday of Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar. C.P.'s Eighty-First Birthday Celebration Committee.\nK. C. George (1975). Immortal Punnapra-Vayalar. Communist Party of India.\nP. G. Sahasranama Iyer (1945). Selections from the writings and speeches of Sachivottama Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, Dewan of Travancore. Government Press.\nK. R. Venkataraman (1927). A glimpse of Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer Kt. at Trichinopoly. St. Joseph's Industrial School Press.\nSpeeches of Sachivottama Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar ... Dewan of Travancore. Government Press. 1942.\nTriumph and Tragedy in Travancore: Annals of Sir C.P.'s Sixteen years by A. Sreedhara Menon. Current Books, Kottayam.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"A young Sir. C.P. during his delegate phase","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/CP_Ramaswami_Aiyar.jpg/220px-CP_Ramaswami_Aiyar.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Travancore royal family and Sir C.P. receiving the Viceroy, Lord Goschen.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sir_CP_%2B_Lord_Goschen_%2B_Royals.jpg/220px-Sir_CP_%2B_Lord_Goschen_%2B_Royals.jpg"},{"image_text":"CP + the Maharaja","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/CP11_family.jpg/220px-CP11_family.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sir CP Ramaswami Iyer with Directors of Travancore National and quilon bank which includes C.P. Matthen (MD), K. C. Mammen Mappillai, M. O. Thomas Vakkel Modisseril(Director) and Barrister VT Thomas.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Travancore_National_and_quilon_bank.jpg/315px-Travancore_National_and_quilon_bank.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"C. P. Ramaswami Iyer (1966). Gokhale: the man and his mission: Gopal Krishna Gokhale birth centenary lectures. Servants of India Society.","urls":[]},{"reference":"C. P. Ramaswami Iyer (1968). Biographical vistas: sketches of some eminent Indians. Asia Publishing House.","urls":[]},{"reference":"migrator (28 November 2021). \"Those were the days: Sir CP, one of the most controversial yet fascinating figures of Madras\". www.dtnext.in. Retrieved 12 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dtnext.in/city/2021/11/28/those-were-the-days-sir-cp-one-of-the-most-controversial-yet-fascinating-figures-of-madras","url_text":"\"Those were the days: Sir CP, one of the most controversial yet fascinating figures of Madras\""}]},{"reference":"Blick, Andrew (17 August 2023), \"The United Kingdom in the Twentieth Century\", The Cambridge Constitutional History of the United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, pp. 343–369, doi:10.1017/9781009277105.015, ISBN 978-1-009-27710-5, retrieved 12 March 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009277105.015","url_text":"\"The United Kingdom in the Twentieth Century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009277105.015","url_text":"10.1017/9781009277105.015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-27710-5","url_text":"978-1-009-27710-5"}]},{"reference":"Reeves, Peter (January 2012). \"Land, water, language and politics in Andhra: regional evolution in India since 1850, by Brian Stoddart A people's collector in the British Raj: Arthur Galletti, by Brian Stoddart\". South Asian History and Culture. 3 (1): 133–136. doi:10.1080/19472498.2012.639545. ISSN 1947-2498.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2012.639545","url_text":"\"Land, water, language and politics in Andhra: regional evolution in India since 1850, by Brian Stoddart A people's collector in the British Raj: Arthur Galletti, by Brian Stoddart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19472498.2012.639545","url_text":"10.1080/19472498.2012.639545"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1947-2498","url_text":"1947-2498"}]},{"reference":"\"Recovering an Indian\". Hindustan Times. 3 January 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/recovering-an-indian/story-8XAR210asu340FBrI3orAN.html","url_text":"\"Recovering an Indian\""}]},{"reference":"Gutmann, Raphaël (15 June 2009). \"BEHENJI : A POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY OF MAYAWATI, Ajoy Bose, New Delhi, Penguin Books India, 2008, 277 pages\". Politique étrangère. Eté (2): XV. doi:10.3917/pe.092.0426o. ISSN 0032-342X.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pe.092.0426o","url_text":"\"BEHENJI : A POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY OF MAYAWATI, Ajoy Bose, New Delhi, Penguin Books India, 2008, 277 pages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fpe.092.0426o","url_text":"10.3917/pe.092.0426o"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-342X","url_text":"0032-342X"}]},{"reference":"Sarkar, Jayita (15 July 2022). Ploughshares and Swords. Cornell University Press. doi:10.1515/9781501764424. ISBN 978-1-5017-6442-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501764424","url_text":"Ploughshares and Swords"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781501764424","url_text":"10.1515/9781501764424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6442-4","url_text":"978-1-5017-6442-4"}]},{"reference":"Washbrook, D. A. (29 July 1976). The Emergence of Provincial Politics. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511563430. ISBN 978-0-521-20982-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511563430","url_text":"The Emergence of Provincial Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511563430","url_text":"10.1017/cbo9780511563430"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20982-3","url_text":"978-0-521-20982-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Great Britain : India Office. East India (Constitutional Reforms). Government of India's despatch on proposals for Constitutional Reform, Sept\". International Affairs. 10 (1): 139. January 1931. doi:10.1093/ia/10.1.139a. ISSN 1468-2346.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/10.1.139a","url_text":"\"Great Britain : India Office. East India (Constitutional Reforms). Government of India's despatch on proposals for Constitutional Reform, Sept\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fia%2F10.1.139a","url_text":"10.1093/ia/10.1.139a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2346","url_text":"1468-2346"}]},{"reference":"\"Cambridge South Asian Studies\". The Hollow Crown: 459–460. 31 March 1988. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511557989.022. ISBN 978-0-521-32604-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511557989.022","url_text":"\"Cambridge South Asian Studies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511557989.022","url_text":"10.1017/cbo9780511557989.022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32604-9","url_text":"978-0-521-32604-9"}]},{"reference":"Arnold, David (7 April 2017). The Congress in Tamilnad. doi:10.4324/9781315294216. ISBN 978-1-315-29421-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315294216","url_text":"The Congress in Tamilnad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315294216","url_text":"10.4324/9781315294216"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-29421-6","url_text":"978-1-315-29421-6"}]},{"reference":"Ponniah, Jesmick; Ganesan, Ganesan Ram; Vijayendran, Akshara (2024). \"Clostridial Catastrophe in Orthopedics – A Case Report\". Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports. 14 (1): 22–25. doi:10.13107/jocr.2024.v14.i01.4132. ISSN 2321-3817. PMC 10823835. PMID 38292084.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2024.v14.i01.4132","url_text":"\"Clostridial Catastrophe in Orthopedics – A Case Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.13107%2Fjocr.2024.v14.i01.4132","url_text":"10.13107/jocr.2024.v14.i01.4132"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2321-3817","url_text":"2321-3817"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823835","url_text":"10823835"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38292084","url_text":"38292084"}]},{"reference":"\"Madras Musings - We care for Madras that is Chennai\". madrasmusings.com. Retrieved 21 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2025%20No%202/a-life-full-of-controversy.html","url_text":"\"Madras Musings - We care for Madras that is Chennai\""}]},{"reference":"Balasubramanian, Aditya (September 2023). \"A forgotten famine of '43? Travancore's muffled 'cry of distress'\". Modern Asian Studies. 57 (5): 1495–1529. doi:10.1017/S0026749X21000706. ISSN 0026-749X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0026749X21000706/type/journal_article","url_text":"\"A forgotten famine of '43? Travancore's muffled 'cry of distress'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X21000706","url_text":"10.1017/S0026749X21000706"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X","url_text":"0026-749X"}]},{"reference":"Saroja Sundararajan (2002). Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, a Biography. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7764-326-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7764-326-8","url_text":"978-81-7764-326-8"}]},{"reference":"Pillai, Manu S., ed. (2013), \"Sir CP\", Ivory Throne Chronicles of the House of Travancore, Harper Collins","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Those were the days: Sir CP, one of the most controversial yet fascinating figures of Madras\". DT Next. 28 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dtnext.in/city/2021/11/28/those-were-the-days-sir-cp-one-of-the-most-controversial-yet-fascinating-figures-of-madras","url_text":"\"Those were the days: Sir CP, one of the most controversial yet fascinating figures of Madras\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DT_Next","url_text":"DT Next"}]},{"reference":"Vadivelu Rajalakshmi (1985). The political behaviour of women in Tamil Nadu. Inter-India Publications.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Singh, Khushwant (2001). Notes on the Great Indian Circus. Penguin India. ISBN 978-0-14-100576-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100576-8","url_text":"978-0-14-100576-8"}]},{"reference":"A. G. Noorani (2003). \"C.P. and independent Travancore\". Frontline. 20 (13).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2013/stories/20030704000807800.htm","url_text":"\"C.P. and independent Travancore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)","url_text":"Frontline"}]},{"reference":"K.N. Panikker (20 April 2003). \"In the Name of Biography\". The Hindu. 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ISBN 978-1-85743-388-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-388-3","url_text":"978-1-85743-388-3"}]},{"reference":"V.K. Raghavan (17 April 2009). \"Getting the best out of regionalism\". The Hindu:Business Line.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/04/17/stories/2009041750780900.htm","url_text":"\"Getting the best out of regionalism\""}]},{"reference":"S. Muthiah (19 September 2010). \"Madras Miscellany – Whither this National Library?\". The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Muthiah","url_text":"S. Muthiah"},{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article696892.ece","url_text":"\"Madras Miscellany – Whither this National Library?\""}]},{"reference":"\"C. P. Mathen papers gifted to Kerala Council for Historical Research\". The Hindu. 7 October 2009. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091028135153/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/07/stories/2009100759851300.htm","url_text":"\"C. P. Mathen papers gifted to Kerala Council for Historical Research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/07/stories/2009100759851300.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of CPI\". Communist Party of India. Archived from the original on 10 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100210191223/http://www.cpindia.org/html/body_cpi.html","url_text":"\"History of CPI\""},{"url":"http://www.cpindia.org/html/body_cpi.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"An actor's actor\". The Hindu. 27 May 2010. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025053524/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article439396.ece","url_text":"\"An actor's actor\""},{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article439396.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shakunthala Jagannathan (1999). Sir C. P. Remembered. Vakils, Feffer and Simmons Ltd. ISBN 81-87111-27-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-87111-27-5","url_text":"81-87111-27-5"}]},{"reference":"\"C. P. Ramaswami Aiyer\". Some Madras Leaders. 1922. pp. 76–81.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lapierre, Dominique; Larry Collins (1997). Freedom at midnight. Vikas Publishing House. ISBN 81-259-0480-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Lapierre","url_text":"Lapierre, Dominique"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Collins_(writer)","url_text":"Larry Collins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-259-0480-8","url_text":"81-259-0480-8"}]},{"reference":"Balasubramaniam, K. M. (1934). South Indian Celebrities Vol 1. Madras: Solden & Co. pp. 36–54.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Biography and timeline at the C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation website\". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043452/http://cprfoundation.org/otherpages/01-cpr.htm","url_text":"\"Biography and timeline at the C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation website\""},{"url":"http://cprfoundation.org/otherpages/01-cpr.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sreedhara Menon. Sir C.P. Thiruvithamcore Charithrathil (in Malayalam).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Saroja Sundarrajan (2002). Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, a biography. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7764-326-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7764-326-8","url_text":"978-81-7764-326-8"}]},{"reference":"K. Swaminathan (1959). \"C. P.,\" by his contemporaries: being a commemoration volume issued on the occasion of the eighty-first birthday of Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar. C.P.'s Eighty-First Birthday Celebration Committee.","urls":[]},{"reference":"K. C. George (1975). Immortal Punnapra-Vayalar. Communist Party of India.","urls":[]},{"reference":"P. G. Sahasranama Iyer (1945). Selections from the writings and speeches of Sachivottama Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, Dewan of Travancore. Government Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"K. R. Venkataraman (1927). A glimpse of Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer Kt. at Trichinopoly. St. Joseph's Industrial School Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Speeches of Sachivottama Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar ... Dewan of Travancore. Government Press. 1942.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Triumph and Tragedy in Travancore: Annals of Sir C.P.'s Sixteen years by A. Sreedhara Menon. Current Books, Kottayam.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.dtnext.in/city/2021/11/28/those-were-the-days-sir-cp-one-of-the-most-controversial-yet-fascinating-figures-of-madras","external_links_name":"\"Those were the days: Sir CP, one of the most controversial yet fascinating figures of Madras\""},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009277105.015","external_links_name":"\"The United Kingdom in the Twentieth Century\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009277105.015","external_links_name":"10.1017/9781009277105.015"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2012.639545","external_links_name":"\"Land, water, language and politics in Andhra: regional evolution in India since 1850, by Brian Stoddart A people's collector in the British Raj: Arthur Galletti, by Brian Stoddart\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19472498.2012.639545","external_links_name":"10.1080/19472498.2012.639545"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1947-2498","external_links_name":"1947-2498"},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/recovering-an-indian/story-8XAR210asu340FBrI3orAN.html","external_links_name":"\"Recovering an Indian\""},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pe.092.0426o","external_links_name":"\"BEHENJI : A POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY OF MAYAWATI, Ajoy Bose, New Delhi, Penguin Books India, 2008, 277 pages\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fpe.092.0426o","external_links_name":"10.3917/pe.092.0426o"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-342X","external_links_name":"0032-342X"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501764424","external_links_name":"Ploughshares and Swords"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781501764424","external_links_name":"10.1515/9781501764424"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511563430","external_links_name":"The Emergence of Provincial Politics"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511563430","external_links_name":"10.1017/cbo9780511563430"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/10.1.139a","external_links_name":"\"Great Britain : India Office. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrogin_Senior_High_School | Narrogin Senior High School | ["1 Overview","2 Boarding","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 32°56′10″S 117°11′27″E / 32.9361°S 117.1909°E / -32.9361; 117.1909
Public co-educational high day school in AustraliaNarrogin Senior High SchoolView of the Narrogin Senior High SchoolLocationNarrogin, Wheatbelt region, Western AustraliaAustraliaCoordinates32°56′10″S 117°11′27″E / 32.9361°S 117.1909°E / -32.9361; 117.1909InformationTypePublic co-educational high day schoolMottoAdvance with IntegrityEstablished1955; 69 years ago (1955)Educational authorityWA Department of EducationPrincipalSandii StankovicYears7–12Enrolment677 (2012)Campus typeRegionalColour(s)Green, white, gold and black Websitewww.nshs.wa.edu.au
Narrogin Senior High School is a comprehensive public co-educational high day school, located in Narrogin, a regional centre in the Wheatbelt region, 192 kilometres (119 mi) southeast of Perth, Western Australia.
The school was established in 1955 and by 2012 had an enrolment of 556 students between Year 8 and Year 12. By 2019, this number had increased to 677.
Overview
A longstanding competitor in the High School Country Week tournament the school won the champion school award when competing with the Agricultural school in 1984, 1985 and 1987 and then as the senior high school alone in 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993 and 1994.
Narrogin Senior High School is ranked very highly in the delivery of public education, servicing surrounding communities as well as Narrogin itself.
Boarding
Narrogin Residential College is located next to the high school, and provides boarding facilities for students of Narrogin Senior High School and C. Y. O'Connor College of TAFE.
See also
Western Australia portalSchools portal
List of schools in rural Western Australia
References
^ "Alphabetical list of Western Australian schools" (PDF). Department of Education. 19 April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
^ "School Sport WA - SHS Country Week results". 2010. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
^ "Narrogin Senior High School |". Archived from the original on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
^ "Narrogin Residential College". Narrogin Senior High School. Archived from the original on 12 March 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
External links
Media related to Narrogin Senior High School at Wikimedia Commons
Narrogin Senior High School website
vtePublic high schools in Western AustraliaPerthNorthern
Alkimos
Ashdale
Aveley
Balcatta
Balga
Ballajura
Belridge
Bob Hawke
Bullsbrook (K–12)
Butler
Carine
Churchlands
Clarkson
Cyril Jackson
Dianella
Duncraig
Eastern Hills
Ellenbrook
Girrawheen
Governor Stirling
Greenwood
Hampton
John Forrest
Joseph Banks
Kiara
Kinross (7–10)
Mindarie (11–12)
Morley
Mount Lawley
Ocean Reef
Perth Modern
Shenton
Swan View
Wanneroo
Warwick
Woodvale
Yanchep
Southern
Applecross
Armadale
Atwell
Baldivis
Belmont
Byford
Canning (10–12)
Canning Vale
Cannington (K–10)
Cecil Andrews
Comet Bay
Como
Darling Range
Fremantle
Gilmore
Hammond Park
Harrisdale
John Curtin
Kalamunda
Kelmscott
Kent Street
Lakeland
Leeming
Lesmurdie
Lynwood
Melville
North Lake (10–12)
Ridge View
Rockingham
Roleystone (K–10)
Rossmoyne
Safety Bay
Sevenoaks (11–12)
Southern River
Thornlie
Warnbro
Willetton
Yule Brook (7–10)
RegionalGascoyne
Carnarvon (K–12)
Goldfields-Esperance
Eastern Goldfields
Esperance
Kalgoorlie-Boulder
Great Southern
Albany
Denmark
Katanning
Mount Barker (K–12)
North Albany
Kimberley
Broome
East Kimberley (K–12)
Mid West
Geraldton
Champion Bay
Peel
Coastal Lakes
Coodanup
Halls Head
John Tonkin
Pinjarra
Pilbara
Hedland
Karratha
Newman
Tom Price
South West
Australind
Bridgetown
Bunbury
Busselton
Cape Naturaliste
Collie
Eaton
Harvey
Manea (11–12)
Manjimup
Margaret River
Newton Moore
Wheatbelt
Central Midlands
Merredin (K–12)
Narrogin
Northam
Indian Ocean Territories
Christmas Island*
Cocos Islands*
Former schools
Bentley
Cannington
City Beach
Claremont
Craigie
Fremantle Boys'
Girdlestone
Hamilton
Hollywood
Kewdale
Padbury
Perth Boys'
Perth Girls'
Princess May
Scarborough
Swanbourne
South Fremantle
Tuart
Tuart Hill
Yanchep DHS
Western Australia portal
WA Department of Education
List of schools in the Perth metropolitan area
List of schools in rural Western Australia(all schools Year 7–Year 12, unless indicated otherwise)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%BAs_Ver_Magn%C3%BAsson | Magnús Ver Magnússon | ["1 Career","1.1 Powerlifting","1.2 Strongman","1.3 Other","2 Personal records","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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(Learn how and when to remove this message)Icelandic strongman (born 1963)
Not to be confused with Magnús Magnússon (strongman) or other people named Magnus Magnusson.This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Magnús.
Magnús Ver MagnússonMagnús in October 2007Personal informationBorn (1963-04-23) 23 April 1963 (age 61)Egilsstaðir, IcelandOccupation(s)Strongman, powerlifterHeight190 cm (6 ft 3 in)Children2
Medal record
Strongman
Representing Iceland
World's Strongest Man
1st
1991 World's Strongest Man
2nd
1992 World's Strongest Man
2nd
1993 World's Strongest Man
1st
1994 World's Strongest Man
1st
1995 World's Strongest Man
1st
1996 World's Strongest Man
Qualified
1997 World's Strongest Man
Pure Strength
1st
1989 w/Hjalti Árnason
2nd
1990 w/Hjalti Árnason
World Strongman Challenge
2nd
1989
3rd
1990
2nd
1992
2nd
1993
2nd
1996
1st
1997
European Hercules
1st
1997
Europe's Strongest Man
1st
1992
1st
1994
3rd
1996
2nd
1997
2nd
1998
World Muscle Power Championships
3rd
1991
2nd
1992
2nd
1994
1st
1995
Le Defi Mark Ten International
2nd
1988
1st
1989
3rd
1990
Iceland's Strongest Man
3rd
1985
3rd
1986
3rd
1987
2nd
1988
1st
1989
1st
1991
1st
1993
1st
1995
1st
1996
1st
2001
1st
2004
Manfred Hoeberl Classic
1st
1995
Powerlifting
Representing Iceland
EPF European Powerlifting Championships
2nd
1989
125kg
3rd
1990
125kg
1st
1991
125kg
IPF Junior World Championships
3rd
1985
110kg
EPF Junior European Championships
3rd
1985
110kg
3rd
1986
110kg
Magnús Ver Magnússon (born 23 April 1963) is an Icelandic former powerlifter and strongman competitor. He is a four-time World's Strongest Man, having won in 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996 and is widely regarded as one of the greatest strongmen of all time.
Career
Powerlifting
Magnús began powerlifting in 1984. In 1985, he won a medal in the junior European and World Championships. He won the Senior European title in the 125 kg (276 lb) class in 1988 and 1990. His best lifts in competition include a 437.5 kg (964.5 lb) squat, 400 kg (882 lb) raw squat, 275 kg (605 lb) bench press with shirt and 250 kg raw bench press, 375 kg (827 lb) raw deadlift, and a raw total of 1015 kg (2238 lb). He once held the world record for a tire deadlift of 445 kg (981 lb).
Strongman
Magnús competed in his first strongman contest in 1985, finishing third in the Iceland's Strongest Man competition won by Jón Páll Sigmarsson. He decided to focus solely on strongman competition after he won the 1991 World's Strongest Man contest. His strongman victories include the 1989 Pure Strength contest in Scotland, the 1991 and 1993 International Power Challenge, the 1992 Scandinavian Strongest Man (Finland), the 1992 Nordic Strongest Man (Denmark), the 1994 Europe's Strongest Man, the 1995 World Muscle Power Championship, and the 1995 and 1997 Viking Challenge.
In addition to his four World's Strongest Man titles, Magnús was also runner-up in 1992 and 1993. He has also won the Iceland's strongest man competition many times and the West coast Viking (Vestfjarðavíkingurinn) of Iceland nine times. He is considered to be one of the first modern strongman competitors and is regarded by many to be one of the best strongmen of all time. He carried Jón Páll's formula of being athletic for the dynamic tests of strength and having tremendous static strength to outlift some of the best Powerlifters. He was able to easily out-deadlift the favoured O.D Wilson by 40 kg in 1991 and out-squatted the world record holder in the squat, Gerrit Badenhorst, in 1995. After Magnus squatted 437.5 kg, Badenhorst commented that he had previously underestimated Magnus' pure strength and that Magnus' squat was the greatest squat he had ever seen from someone of his bodyweight.
He competed in a one-off event at the Giants Live Strongman Championship 2019 held in Wembley against fellow strongman legend Bill Kazmaier in the Hercules Hold, with the weight being reduced by 20 kg on each side from what the professional athletes were working with. Despite having not competed in a strongman event since 2005, Magnusson stunned the capacity crowd with a time of 101.2 seconds (1m 41.2s), whilst Kazmaier could only manage just over 18 seconds.
Other
In 2008, Magnús made an appearance on Comedy Central's The Daily Show. He also appeared in a Coors Light commercial as the "World's Strongest Man" which aired in the U.S.
Magnús frequently judges international powerlifting and strongman competitions. He owns a powerlifting and strongman gym in Kópavogur called Jakaból (Nest of Giants).
Magnús is the founder of the Magnús Ver Magnússon Classic, the MVM Classic, a strongman competition held in Iceland that qualifies the winner for the World's Strongest Man. Magnús has 2 daughters and a grandson.
More recently he has launched the Magnús Ver Magnússon Adaptive Strength World Championships where adaptive athletes registered for the World Strength Games are automatically registered to compete. Magnús is also a brand ambassador of HEMPE pain gels which he says help him to recover faster after training.
Personal records
Squat - 437.5 kg (964.5 lbs) (World's Strongest Man 1995) (not to competition depth)
Squat - 400 kg (882 lbs) at 1991 Icelandic powerlifting championships
Deadlift - 370.5 kg (817 lbs) at 1991 Icelandic powerlifting championships
Deadlift - 370 kg (816 lbs) at 1996 WSM Final
Tire Deadlift (off 15") - 455 kg (1003 lbs)
Bench press - 275 kg (606 lbs) at 2004 Icelandic powerlifting championships
Log press - 160 kg (353 lbs) at 1995 Strongest Man on Earth
Natural Stone press - 136 kg (300 lbs) (Former world record)
See also
List of strongmen
References
^ "The Top Ten World's Strongest Men of All-Time". World's Strongest Man. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011.
^ "Magnús Ver Magnússon squat 437,5 kg". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-05.
External links
Profile
Magnús's Coors Light commercial
vteWorld's Strongest Man champions
1977: Bruce Wilhelm (USA)
1978: Bruce Wilhelm (USA)
1979: Don Reinhoudt (USA)
1980: Bill Kazmaier (USA)
1981: Bill Kazmaier (USA)
1982: Bill Kazmaier (USA)
1983: Geoff Capes (UK)
1984: Jón Páll Sigmarsson (ISL)
1985: Geoff Capes (UK)
1986: Jón Páll Sigmarsson (ISL)
1988: Jón Páll Sigmarsson (ISL)
1989: Jamie Reeves (UK)
1990: Jón Páll Sigmarsson (ISL)
1991: Magnús Ver Magnússon (ISL)
1992: Ted van der Parre (NED)
1993: Gary Taylor (UK)
1994: Magnús Ver Magnússon (ISL)
1995: Magnús Ver Magnússon (ISL)
1996: Magnús Ver Magnússon (ISL)
1997: Jouko Ahola (FIN)
1998: Magnus Samuelsson (SWE)
1999: Jouko Ahola (FIN)
2000: Janne Virtanen (FIN)
2001: Svend Karlsen (NOR)
2002: Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL)
2003: Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL)
2004: Vasyl Virastyuk (UKR)
2005: Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL)
2006: Phil Pfister (USA)
2007: Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL)
2008: Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL)
2009: Žydrūnas Savickas (LIT)
2010: Žydrūnas Savickas (LIT)
2011: Brian Shaw (USA)
2012: Žydrūnas Savickas (LIT)
2013: Brian Shaw (USA)
2014: Žydrūnas Savickas (LIT)
2015: Brian Shaw (USA)
2016: Brian Shaw (USA)
2017: Eddie Hall (UK)
2018: Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL)
2019: Martins Licis (USA)
2020: Oleksii Novikov (UKR)
2021: Tom Stoltman (UK)
2022: Tom Stoltman (UK)
2023: Mitchell Hooper (CAN)
2024: Tom Stoltman (UK)
vteEurope's Strongest Man champions
1980: Geoff Capes (ENG)
1981: Lars Hedlund (SWE)
1982: Geoff Capes (ENG)
1983: Simon Wulfse (NED)
1984: Geoff Capes (ENG)
1985: Jón Páll Sigmarsson (ISL)
1986: Jón Páll Sigmarsson (ISL)
1987: Ab Wolders (NED)
1988: Jamie Reeves (ENG)
1989: Jamie Reeves (ENG)
1990: Henning Thorsen (DEN)
1991: Gary Taylor (WAL) & Forbes Cowan (SCO) (tied)
1992: Ted van der Parre (NED) & László Fekete (HUN)
1993: Manfred Hoeberl (AUT)
1994: Magnús Ver Magnússon (ISL) & Manfred Hoeberl (AUT)
1995: Riku Kiri (FIN)
1996: Riku Kiri (FIN)
1997: Riku Kiri (FIN)
1998: Jouko Ahola (FIN)
1999: Jouko Ahola (FIN)
2000: Berend Veneberg (NED)
2001: Svend Karlsen (DEN)
2002: Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL)
2003: Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL)
2004: Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL)
2005: Jarek Dymek (POL)
2007: Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL)
2008: Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL)
2009: Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL)
2010: Žydrūnas Savickas (LIT)
2012: Žydrūnas Savickas (LIT)
2013: Žydrūnas Savickas (LIT)
2014: Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL)
2015: Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL)
2016: Laurence Shahlaei (ENG)
2017: Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL)
2018: Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL)
2019: Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL)
2020: Luke Richardson (ENG)
2021: Luke Stoltman (SCO)
2022: Oleksii Novikov (UKR)
2023: Pavlo Kordiyaka (UKR)
2024: Luke Stoltman (SCO)
vteWorld Muscle Power champions
1985–86: Jón Páll Sigmarsson
1987: Geoff Capes
1988: Bill Kazmaier
1989–91: Jón Páll Sigmarsson
1992: Jamie Reeves
1993–94: Manfred Hoeberl
1995: Magnús Ver Magnússon
1996: Forbes Cowan
1997: Raimonds Bergmanis
1998: Jouko Ahola
1999: Hugo Girard
2000: Jamie Reeves
2001: Hugo Girard
2002: Svend Karlsen
2003–04: Hugo Girard
2005: Cancelled
vteWorld Strongman Challenge ChampionsOriginal – 1987 to 1998
1987: Geoff Capes
1988: Riku Kiri
1989: Mark Higgins
1990: Mark Higgins
1991: Riku Kiri
1992: Jamie Reeves
1993: Gerrit Badenhorst
1994: Andreas Gudmundsson
1995: Jouko Ahola
1996: Nathan Jones
1997: Magnús Ver Magnússon
1998: Magnus Samuelsson
Beauty and the Beast – 1999 to 2003
1999: Jouko Ahola
2000: Janne Virtanen
2001: Magnus Samuelsson
2002: Hugo Girard
2003: Mariusz Pudzianowski
IFSA – 2006
2006: Žydrūnas Savickas
vteIceland’s Strongest Man champions
1985: Jón Páll Sigmarsson (ISL)
1986: Jón Páll Sigmarsson (ISL)
1987: Jón Páll Sigmarsson (ISL)
1988: Bill Kazmaier (USA)
1989: Magnús Ver Magnússon (ISL)
1990: Jón Páll Sigmarsson (ISL)
1991: Magnús Ver Magnússon (ISL)
1992: Jón Páll Sigmarsson (ISL)
1993: Magnús Ver Magnússon (ISL)
1994: Gunnar Þór Guðjónsson (ISL)
1995: Magnús Ver Magnússon (ISL)
1996: Magnús Ver Magnússon (ISL)
1997: Torfi Ólafsson (ISL)
1998: Regin Vágadal (Faroe Islands)
1999: Gunnar Þór Guðjónsson (ISL)
2000: Gunnar Þór Guðjónsson (ISL)
2001: Magnús Ver Magnússon (ISL)
2002: Magnús Magnússon (ISL)
2003: Benedikt Magnússon (ISL)
2004: Magnús Ver Magnússon (ISL)
2005: Kristinn Óskar Haraldsson (ISL)
2006: Kristinn Óskar Haraldsson (ISL)
2007: Kristinn Óskar Haraldsson (ISL)
2008: Kristinn Óskar Haraldsson (ISL)
2009: Stefán Sölvi Pétursson (ISL)
2010: Stefán Sölvi Pétursson (ISL)
2011: Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL)
2012: Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL)
2013: Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL)
2014: Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL)
2015: Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL)
2016: Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL)
2017: Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL)
2018: Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL)
2019: Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL)
2020: Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL)
2021: Stefán Karel Torfason (ISL)
2022: Kristján Jón Haraldsson (ISL)
2023: Kristján Jón Haraldsson (ISL)
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magnús Magnússon (strongman)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%BAs_Magn%C3%BAsson_(strongman)"},{"link_name":"other people named Magnus Magnusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Magnusson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Icelandic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"powerlifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlifting"},{"link_name":"strongman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongman_(strength_athlete)"},{"link_name":"World's Strongest Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Man"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Icelandic strongman (born 1963)Not to be confused with Magnús Magnússon (strongman) or other people named Magnus Magnusson.This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Magnús.Magnús Ver Magnússon (born 23 April 1963) is an Icelandic former powerlifter and strongman competitor. He is a four-time World's Strongest Man, having won in 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996 and is widely regarded as one of the greatest strongmen of all time.[1]","title":"Magnús Ver Magnússon"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"squat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squat_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"bench press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_press"},{"link_name":"deadlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlift"}],"sub_title":"Powerlifting","text":"Magnús began powerlifting in 1984. In 1985, he won a medal in the junior European and World Championships. He won the Senior European title in the 125 kg (276 lb) class in 1988 and 1990. His best lifts in competition include a 437.5 kg (964.5 lb) squat, 400 kg (882 lb) raw squat, 275 kg (605 lb) bench press with shirt and 250 kg raw bench press, 375 kg (827 lb) raw deadlift, and a raw total of 1015 kg (2238 lb). 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He decided to focus solely on strongman competition after he won the 1991 World's Strongest Man contest. His strongman victories include the 1989 Pure Strength contest in Scotland, the 1991 and 1993 International Power Challenge, the 1992 Scandinavian Strongest Man (Finland), the 1992 Nordic Strongest Man (Denmark), the 1994 Europe's Strongest Man, the 1995 World Muscle Power Championship, and the 1995 and 1997 Viking Challenge.In addition to his four World's Strongest Man titles, Magnús was also runner-up in 1992 and 1993. He has also won the Iceland's strongest man competition many times and the West coast Viking (Vestfjarðavíkingurinn) of Iceland nine times. He is considered to be one of the first modern strongman competitors and is regarded by many to be one of the best strongmen of all time. He carried Jón Páll's formula of being athletic for the dynamic tests of strength and having tremendous static strength to outlift some of the best Powerlifters. He was able to easily out-deadlift the favoured O.D Wilson by 40 kg in 1991 and out-squatted the world record holder in the squat, Gerrit Badenhorst, in 1995. After Magnus squatted 437.5 kg, Badenhorst commented that he had previously underestimated Magnus' pure strength and that Magnus' squat was the greatest squat he had ever seen from someone of his bodyweight.He competed in a one-off event at the Giants Live Strongman Championship 2019 held in Wembley against fellow strongman legend Bill Kazmaier in the Hercules Hold, with the weight being reduced by 20 kg on each side from what the professional athletes were working with. 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He also appeared in a Coors Light commercial as the \"World's Strongest Man\" which aired in the U.S.Magnús frequently judges international powerlifting and strongman competitions. He owns a powerlifting and strongman gym in Kópavogur called Jakaból (Nest of Giants).Magnús is the founder of the Magnús Ver Magnússon Classic, the MVM Classic, a strongman competition held in Iceland that qualifies the winner for the World's Strongest Man. Magnús has 2 daughters and a grandson.More recently he has launched the Magnús Ver Magnússon Adaptive Strength World Championships where adaptive athletes registered for the World Strength Games are automatically registered to compete. Magnús is also a brand ambassador of HEMPE pain gels which he says help him to recover faster after training.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Squat - 437.5 kg (964.5 lbs) (World's Strongest Man 1995)[2] (not to competition depth)\nSquat - 400 kg (882 lbs) [Single ply] at 1991 Icelandic powerlifting championships\nDeadlift - 370.5 kg (817 lbs) [Single ply] at 1991 Icelandic powerlifting championships\nDeadlift - 370 kg (816 lbs) at 1996 WSM Final\nTire Deadlift (off 15\") - 455 kg (1003 lbs)\nBench press - 275 kg (606 lbs) [Single ply] at 2004 Icelandic powerlifting championships\nLog press - 160 kg (353 lbs) at 1995 Strongest Man on Earth\nNatural Stone press - 136 kg (300 lbs) (Former world record)","title":"Personal records"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of strongmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_strongmen"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Top Ten World's Strongest Men of All-Time\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSF_Prespa_Birlik | KSF Prespa Birlik | ["1 History","1.1 The Formation of KSF Prespa Birlik","2 Club Values","2.1 Youth Development","2.2 Culture","2.3 Code of Conduct[4]","3 Women's Senior Team","4 Men's Senior Team Season to Season","5 Footnotes","6 External links"] | Football clubKSF Prespa BirlikFull nameKultur- och SportföreningenPrespa BirlikFounded1973Dissolved2023GroundHeleneholms IPMalmöSwedenCapacity1,500
Home colours
KSF Prespa Birlik was a Swedish football, culture, and sports association founded in 1973 in Malmö. The football section of the club was dissolved in 2023.
The club was named after the geographical area Prespa. The word "birlik" means unity in Turkish. The football club was founded by ethnic Swedish Turks and Macedonian Turkish born or living in Malmö and the surrounding areas with ancestral roots from the Prespa region in the Former Yugoslavia.
History
The Formation of KSF Prespa Birlik
The Turks who came to Sweden in the 1960s came as a labor force. In the autumn of 1973, the association was founded. Through many attempts at a start-up, they eventually succeeded in forming a non-political and non-religious association. It became an open association for everyone. The association had many committed members, parents, leaders and young people.
In 1984, with a larger organization and number of members, the association was renamed KSF Prespa Birlik. KSF stands for "Kultur och Sportföreningen Prespa Birlik" in Turkish, which translates to Culture and Sports Association Prespa Unity. This restructuring led to rapid growth and brought the number of members up to 600.
The business flourished rapidly, not least in sports. In addition to the senior team, they formed a B-team and many other youth teams in football, table tennis, billiards, chess and more. Also in the cultural activities, they created folklore groups of different ages, circle courses under the auspices of ABF and discussion forums for integration. The association began to take place in Malmö both in sports and culture, they played football in the then Division 4, they took social responsibility for association members and young people.
Swedish Turks and Macedonian Turkish who came to Sweden had dreams of working hard, saving money and returning to their homeland. For some, the dream of moving back did not come true. The association believes its community has a much better life in Sweden.
Club Values
Youth Development
Prespa Birlik has a basic value that says that young Malmö residents should have the chance to pursue their passion regardless of conditions. The club offers young people in low-resource areas a meaningful leisure time. Many young people have a difficult journey from adolescence to studies into adulthood and into the labor market. The costs for those who do not succeed are extremely high humanly, socially and financially. Thus, the value of preventing this is very significant for us. The club's goal is to promote at least 2-3 players to the senior team each year. In the younger age groups, the individual development and joy of football is at the center with the goal of educating new potential senior team players.
For many young people, football can be a way into society and the association continues to play an active role.
Prespa Birlik currently has four youth teams (U21, U19, U17, and U14) with a total of around 150 young players.
Culture
Prespa Birlik sees diversity as a strength and has always played an important role in including people from different cultures, or with different backgrounds, and creating common values that the sports movement stands for. The association believes that role will become even more important in the future. The association want severyone who wants to be given the opportunity to play football and participate in the association as much and for as long as possible. In addition to the organized football activities, Prespa Birlik has focused on creating new meeting places and a safe environment that means creating a community where ethnicity, background, religion and gender do not matter. It will thus be a job that includes working with issues of values, breaking norms and increasing acceptance and understanding.
KSF Prespa Birlik is thus not just a football club. The association also works to be a positive force in society. The goal is to spread and maintain positive values, counteract violence, racism and exclusion. Community involvement is the association's way of contributing to sustainable development and, through football, uniting people in Malmö.
Code of Conduct
KSF Prespa Birlik is part of Swedish society and the Swedish sports movement and shares the values that form the basis for sports in Sweden and for society at large. This means that the association:
Is are a democratic and open association where everyone is welcome.
Protect the laws and rules of society and sports and the goals of the sports movement.
Wants to awaken and spread the joy of football and sports.
Cherishes a magnificent setting around the matches with a good atmosphere and a warm and inviting atmosphere for everyone.
Treats officials, opponents and visiting audiences with kindness and respect.
Celebrate honest and fair competition and face both defeat and victory in a sporting way.
Is an integral part of society and a positive social force that works to bring pride and joy to the people of Malmö.
Cares about young people's social education with a focus on team spirit, community, ability to work together and respect for others.
Distances ourselves from racism, violence, threats and other forms of verbal, physical, degrading and other attacks on people.
Pay tribute to the principle of equal value for all and distance ourselves from discrimination.
Cares about the integration of people with other cultural backgrounds in society.
Women's Senior Team
Prespa Birlik has only one Women's Football Team, playing in Sweden's 4th League.
Men's Senior Team Season to Season
Season
Level
Division
Section
Position
Movements
2006
Tier 8
Division 6
Skåne Sydvästra A
1st
Promoted
2007
Tier 7
Division 5
Skåne Sydvästra
5th
2008
Tier 7
Division 5
Skåne Sydvästra A
8th
2009
Tier 7
Division 5
Skåne Sydvästra
6th
2010
Tier 7
Division 5
Skåne Sydvästra
2nd
Promotion Playoffs
2011
Tier 6
Division 4
Skåne Sydvästra
1st
Promoted
2012
Tier 5
Division 3
Södra Götaland
2nd
Promotion Playoffs
2013
Tier 4
Division 2
Södra Götaland
6th
2014
Tier 4
Division 2
Östra Götaland
11th
2015
Tier 4
Division 2
Södra Götaland
1st
Promoted
2016
Tier 3
Division 1
Södra
13th
Relegated
2017
Tier 4
Division 2
Östra Götaland
5th
2018
Tier 4
Division 2
Västra Götaland
10th
2019
Tier 4
Division 2
Västra Götaland
10th
2020
Tier 4
Division 2
Västra Götaland
12th
2021
Tier 4
Division 2
Södra Götaland
Footnotes
^ "Nyheter". www.prespabirlik.se. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
^ a b c d e f g h http://www.prespabirlik.se/klubben/>-historik-19803818
^ a b c "Om Klubben". Prespa Birlik. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
^ "VVU (Vision-värdegrund-uppförandekod)". Prespa Birlik. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
External links
Nyheter | www.prespabirlik.se – Official website
Authority control databases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Golenpaul | Dan Golenpaul | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Dan Golenpaul (1900 – February 13, 1974) was the creator of Information Please, a popular American radio quiz show which aired on NBC from 1938 to 1951. Golenpaul also edited early editions of the spin-off book, the Information Please Almanac. He was married to Ann Golenpaul, with whom he founded Golenpaul Associates, a radio production company. He died in New York City in 1974 after a long illness.
References
^ "Golenpaul, Dan". Infoplease. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
^ "Facts about Clifton Fadiman". Who2 Biographies. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
^ "Ann Golenpaul Dies; Radio Show Producer". The New York Times. May 13, 1986. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
^ "Milestones, Feb. 25, 1974". Time. February 25, 1974. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
External links
"Radio: Golenpaul's Pride". Time. March 1, 1943.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Poland
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC
IdRef
This United States biographical article related to radio is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dan Golenpaul"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0156812.html","external_links_name":"\"Golenpaul, Dan\""},{"Link":"https://www.who2.com/bio/clifton-fadiman/","external_links_name":"\"Facts about Clifton Fadiman\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/13/obituaries/ann-golenpaul-dies-radio-show-producer.html","external_links_name":"\"Ann Golenpaul Dies; Radio Show Producer\""},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,879297,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Milestones, Feb. 25, 1974\""},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,932944,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Radio: Golenpaul's Pride\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1452120/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083019727","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/110935242","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyh9TXfYwjHyQP68j86Kd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1130677397","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007360418105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82040070","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810587663905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1130677397.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kd3sx0","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/131187961","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Golenpaul&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompkins_Wake | Tompkins Wake | ["1 History","2 Awards and recognition","2.1 2016","2.2 2017","2.3 2018","2.4 2019","2.5 2020","2.6 2021","2.7 2022","3 References"] | Law firm
Tompkins WakeHeadquartersHamiltonNo. of offices4No. of lawyers120+No. of employees210+Major practice areasFull ServiceKey peopleScott Ratuki (Chair), Jon Calder (CEO)Date founded1922Websitewww.tompkinswake.com
Tompkins Wake is a New Zealand law firm, headquartered in Hamilton, New Zealand with offices also in Auckland, Rotorua and Tauranga. The firm was founded as Tompkins and Wake in Hamilton on 22 June 1922 by Lance Tompkins and Cecil Barry Wake (known as Barry Wake).
History
Tompkins was a prominent lawyer in Hamilton. In 1958, he was appointed a Queen's Counsel. In 1963, he was called to the Supreme Court.
Sir David Tompkins (Lance Tompkins' son), studied from 1947 to 1952 and graduated from the then University of New Zealand with an LLB. He was also a partner in Tompkins Wake, was made a QC, and then sat as a High Court Judge in Auckland. Sir David was Chancellor of the University of Waikato from 1981 to 1985.
While the firm still bears its founders' names, it did become Tompkins, Wake, Paterson and Bathgate during the 1960s through to the 1980s when it returned to Tompkins Wake.
The firm famously launched the "Case for Hamilton" in 2009, threatening to sue the rest of New Zealand because it was difficult to recruit lawyers.
In November 2010 Tompkins Wake acquired Swarbrick Dixon to create Hamilton's largest law firm. The firm then opened its Auckland office in 2012 and in November 2014 Tompkins Wake merged with Davys Burton in Rotorua.
Awards and recognition
2016
New Zealand Law Awards Finalist – Mid Market Deal of the Year
2017
Best Lawyers 2017 – Robert Bycroft, leading authority in Biotechnology Law
New Zealand Law Awards Finalist – Mid Size Law Firm of the Year
New Zealand Law Awards Finalist – Consumer, Media and Tech Deal of the Year
2018
The Legal 500 Asia Pacific – Leading Firm, Corporate M& A, Projects and Resource Management (Tier 3)
The Legal 500 Asia Pacific – Recommended Lawyers, Bridget Parham, Bryce Davey, Mark Renner, Phil Taylor, Robert Bycroft, Theresa Le Bas, Tom Arieli
Best Lawyers 2018 – Robert Bycroft, leading authority in Biotechnology Law
New Zealand Law Awards Finalist – Mid Size law Firm of the Year
New Zealand Law Awards Finalist – Employer of Choice (51–100 Lawyers)
New Zealand Law Awards Finalist – Mid-Market Deal of the Year
2019
The Legal 500 Asia Pacific – Leading Firm, Corporate M& A (Tier 4), Projects and Resource Management (Tier 3)
The Legal 500 Asia Pacific – Recommended Lawyers, Bridget Parham, Bryce Davey, Marianne Mackintosh, Mark Renner, Philip Monahan, Phil Taylor, Robert Bycroft, Theresa Le Bas, Tom Arieli
Chambers and Partners, Asia Pacific – Liz Lim, Recognised Practitioner, Banking and Finance, New Zealand
Best Lawyers 2019 – Robert Bycroft, leading authority in Biotechnology Law
New Zealand Lawyer, 2019 Innovative Law Firm, Winner
Asialaw Profiles - Notable Firm, Real Estate and Construction Law
Asialaw Profiles - Scott Ratuki - Notable Practitioner, Construction Law
New Zealand Law Awards Winner - Mid-Size Law Firm of the Year
New Zealand Law Awards Winner - Managing Partner of the Year (<100 Lawyers), Jon Calder
New Zealand Law Awards Finalist - Mid-Market Deal of the Year
New Zealand Law Awards Finalist - Employer of Choice (51-100 Lawyers)
International Financial Legal Review (IFLR 1000), Notable Firm, Banking and Finance
2020
New Zealand Lawyer, 2020 Employer of Choice, Winner
Best Lawyers 2020 - Robert Bycroft, leading authority in Biotechnology Law
Best Lawyers 2020 - Mark Lowndes, leading authority in Corporate Law
The Legal 500 Asia Pacific - Leading Firm, Banking and Finance, Corporate M& A, Dispute Resolution, Intellectual Property, Projects and Resource Management (including Environment) and Real Estate and Construction
The Legal 500 Asia Pacific - Leading Individual, Mark Lowndes
The Legal 500 Asia Pacific - Recommended Lawyers, Bridget Parham, James MacGillivray, Kate Cornegé, Marianne Mackintosh, Mark Hammond, Mark Renner, Peter Duncan, Peter Fanning, Phil Taylor, Scott Ratuki, Shelley Slade-Gully, Stephanie Ambler, Theresa Le Bas and Tom Arieli
The Legal 500 Asia Pacific - Next Generation Partner, Kerri Dewe
The Legal 500 United Kingdom - Recommended Lawyer, Wayne Hofer
Chambers and Partners, Asia Pacific & Global - Mark Lowndes, Ranked Lawyer, Corporate/Commercial, New Zealand
Doyles Guide - Preeminent Lawyer, Family and Relationship Property - Zandra Wackenier
New Zealand Lawyer, 2020 Innovative Law Firms, Winner
International Financial Legal Review (IFLR1000) - Notable Firm, Project Development (Infrastructure projects, Energy and natural resources projects, Non-commercial construction (prisons, hospitals, etc.))
International Financial Legal Review (IFLR1000) - Notable Firm, M&A
New Zealand Law Awards Winner - Mid-size Law Firm of the Year
New Zealand Law Awards Winner - Managing Partner of the Year (<100 Lawyers), Jon Calder
New Zealand Law Awards Winner - Employer of Choice (51-100 Lawyers)
2021
New Zealand Lawyer, Elite Women List 2021 - Stephanie Ambler
New Zealand Law Awards Excellence Award - M&A Deal of the Year
New Zealand Law Awards Winner - Insolvency and Restructuring Deal of the Year
New Zealand Law Awards Winner - Employer of Choice (51-100 Lawyers)
New Zealand Law Awards Winner - Mid-Size Law Firm of the Year
International Financial Legal Review (IFLR1000) - Kerri Dewe, Highly Regarded Lawyer, M&A,
International Financial Legal Review (IFLR1000) - Mark Lowndes, Highly Regarded Lawyer, M&A, Technology and telecommunications
International Financial Legal Review (IFLR1000) - Notable Firm, Mergers & Acquisitions 2021
International Financial Legal Review (IFLR1000) - Notable Firm, Project Development 2021
New Zealand Lawyer - Jon Calder, Most Influential Lawyers List 2021
Doyles Guide - Leading Family and Relationship Property Law Firm, Tier 2
Doyles Guide - Leading Lawyer, Family and Relationship Property - Stephanie Ambler and Zandra Wackenier
Benchmark Litigation - Commercial and transactions, Tier 3
Best Lawyers - Mark Lowndes, leading authority in Corporate Law, Information Technology Law and Telecommunications Law
Best Lawyers - James MacGillivray, leading authority in Arbitration and Mediation | Litigation
Best Lawyers - Robert Bycroft, leading authority in Biotechnology Law
AsiaLaw Profiles - Mark Lowndes, Notable Practitioner, Corporate and M&A
AsiaLaw Profiles - Notable Firm, Corporate and M&A, Construction, Dispute Resolution, Real Estate
Chambers and Partners, Asia Pacific - Tompkins Wake, Dispute Resolution, Band 4
Chambers and Partners, Asia Pacific - James MacGillivray, Dispute Resolution, Band 4
Chambers and Partners, Asia Pacific & Global - Mark Lowndes, Corporate/Commercial, Band 4
The Legal 500 Asia Pacific - Leading Firm, Dispute Resolution, Intellectual Property, Projects and Resources Management (including Environment), Real Estate and Construction, Corporate and M&A
The Legal 500 Asia Pacific - Recommended Lawyers, Andrew Orme, Bridget Parham, Bryce Davey, Campbell Stewart, Fraser Wood, James MacGillivray, Kate Cornegé, Kate Searancke, Kerri Dewe, Mark Hammond, Mark Lowndes, Mark Renner, Marianne Mackintosh, Peter Duncan, Peter Fanning, Phil Taylor, Robert Bycroft, Scott Ratuki, Shelley Slade-Gully, Simon Jass, Stephanie Ambler, Theresa Le Bas and Tom Arieli
2022
Best Lawyers
Best Lawyers - Mark Lowndes, Lawyer of the Year, Technology Law (Auckland)
Best Lawyers - Robert Bycroft, leading authority in Biotechnology Law
Best Lawyers - James MacGillivray, leading authority in Arbitration and Mediation and Litigation
Best Lawyers - Mark Lowndes, leading authority in Corporate Law, Information Technology Law, Technology Law and Telecommunications Law.
Benchmark Litigation
Benchmark Litigation - Commercial and transactions, Tier 3
Chambers and Partners
Asia Pacific - Tompkins Wake, Dispute Resolution, Band 4
Asia Pacific - James MacGillivray, Dispute Resolution, Band 4
Asia Pacific - Mark Lowndes, Corporate/Commercial, Band 4
Doyles Guide
Leading New Zealand Māori Law, Māori Land & Treaty of Waitangi Law Firm, Recommended
Recommended Lawyer, Employment and Safety Law - Daniel Erickson
Leading Family and Relationship Property Law Firm, Tier 1
Preeminent Lawyer, Family and Relationship Property - Stephanie Ambler
Leading Lawyer, Family and Relationship Property - Zandra Wackenier
Recommended Lawyer, Family and Relationship Property - Kate Sullivan
Rising Star, Family and Relationship Property - Lauren Gamble
Human Resources Director (HRD)
5 Star Employer of Choice 2022
NZ Law Awards
Winner, Employer of Choice (<100 Lawyers)
Excellence Awardee, Large Law Firm of the Year
Excellence Awardee, Insolvency and Restructuring Deal of the Year – Liquidation of Autoterminal New Zealand Limited
Excellence Awardee, Young Private Practice Lawyer of the Year – Tina Liu
Excellence Awardee, Managing Partner of the Year (<100 Lawyers) – Jon Calder
NZ|Lawyer
Rising Star - Tina Liu, Morgan Brady and Fiona Dalziel
Elite Women - Stephanie Ambler and Theresa Le Bas
The Legal 500
Private Practice Arbitration Powerlist - Australia and New Zealand - James MacGillivray
Asia Pacific - Recommended Lawyers, Bridget Parham, Bryce Davey, Campbell Stewart, Fraser Wood, James MacGillivray, Kate Cornege, Kate Searancke, Kerri Dewe, Mark Hammond, Mark Lowndes, Mark Renner, Marianne Mackintosh, Peter Duncan, Peter Fanning, Phil Taylor, Robert Bycroft, Scott Ratuki, Shelley Slade-Gully, Stephanie Ambler, Theresa Le Bas, Tom Arieli and Zandra Wackenier.
Asia Pacific - Leading Firm, Corporate and M&A, Dispute Resolution, Intellectual Property, Projects and Resources Management (including Environment), Real Estate and Construction
References
^ "Family of Lawyers". Auckland Law School. University of Auckland. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
^ "Former Chancellors of the University of Waikato: University of Waikato Calendar". calendar.waikato.ac.nz. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
^ "Obituary Judge John Bathgate". NZ Law Society. NZ Law Society. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
^ "Take that NZ: Lawyers consider suing the nation". Stuff. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ "Tompkins Wake and Davys Burton to merge". NZ Law Society. NZ Law Society. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
^ "2017". www.lawawards.co.nz. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ a b "The Legal 500 Asia Pacific 2018 – New Zealand – Corporate and M&A recommended Law firms, Lawyers". www.legal500.com. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ "Best Lawyers List for New Zealand | Best Lawyers". www.bestlawyers.com. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ a b c "NZ Law Award Finalists 2018". NZ Law Awards. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
^ "The Legal 500 > Tompkins Wake > Hamilton, NEW ZEALAND >". www.legal500.com.
^ "The Legal 500 > Tompkins Wake > Hamilton, NEW ZEALAND > What we say".
^ a b "Search". www.bestlawyers.com. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
^ "New Zealand's innovative firms revealed". www.thelawyermag.com. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
^ a b c "NZ Law Awards 2020 winners revealed". www.thelawyermag.com. Retrieved 28 April 2021. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"law firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firm"},{"link_name":"Hamilton, New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Rotorua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorua"},{"link_name":"Tauranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga"},{"link_name":"Lance Tompkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Tompkins"}],"text":"Tompkins Wake is a New Zealand law firm, headquartered in Hamilton, New Zealand with offices also in Auckland, Rotorua and Tauranga. The firm was founded as Tompkins and Wake in Hamilton on 22 June 1922 by Lance Tompkins and Cecil Barry Wake (known as Barry Wake).","title":"Tompkins Wake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_King%27s_and_Queen%27s_Counsel_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bathgate_obit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Tompkins was a prominent lawyer in Hamilton. In 1958, he was appointed a Queen's Counsel. In 1963, he was called to the Supreme Court.[1]Sir David Tompkins (Lance Tompkins' son), studied from 1947 to 1952 and graduated from the then University of New Zealand with an LLB. He was also a partner in Tompkins Wake, was made a QC, and then sat as a High Court Judge in Auckland. Sir David was Chancellor of the University of Waikato from 1981 to 1985.[2]While the firm still bears its founders' names, it did become Tompkins, Wake, Paterson and Bathgate during the 1960s through to the 1980s when it returned to Tompkins Wake.[3]The firm famously launched the \"Case for Hamilton\"[4] in 2009, threatening to sue the rest of New Zealand because it was difficult to recruit lawyers.In November 2010 Tompkins Wake acquired Swarbrick Dixon to create Hamilton's largest law firm. The firm then opened its Auckland office in 2012 and in November 2014 Tompkins Wake merged with Davys Burton in Rotorua.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2016","text":"New Zealand Law Awards Finalist – Mid Market Deal of the Year","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"2017","text":"Best Lawyers 2017 – Robert Bycroft, leading authority in Biotechnology Law\nNew Zealand Law Awards Finalist – Mid Size Law Firm of the Year[6]\nNew Zealand Law Awards Finalist – Consumer, Media and Tech Deal of the Year","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"}],"sub_title":"2018","text":"The Legal 500 Asia Pacific – Leading Firm, Corporate M& A, Projects and Resource Management (Tier 3) [7]\nThe Legal 500 Asia Pacific – Recommended Lawyers, Bridget Parham, Bryce Davey, Mark Renner, Phil Taylor, Robert Bycroft, Theresa Le Bas, Tom Arieli[7]\nBest Lawyers 2018 – Robert Bycroft, leading authority in Biotechnology Law[8]\nNew Zealand Law Awards Finalist – Mid Size law Firm of the Year[9]\nNew Zealand Law Awards Finalist – Employer of Choice (51–100 Lawyers)[9]\nNew Zealand Law Awards Finalist – Mid-Market Deal of the Year[9]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2019","text":"The Legal 500 Asia Pacific – Leading Firm, Corporate M& A (Tier 4), Projects and Resource Management (Tier 3)[10]\nThe Legal 500 Asia Pacific – Recommended Lawyers, Bridget Parham, Bryce Davey, Marianne Mackintosh, Mark Renner, Philip Monahan, Phil Taylor, Robert Bycroft, Theresa Le Bas, Tom Arieli[11]\nChambers and Partners, Asia Pacific – Liz Lim, Recognised Practitioner, Banking and Finance, New Zealand[citation needed]\nBest Lawyers 2019 – Robert Bycroft, leading authority in Biotechnology Law[12]\nNew Zealand Lawyer, 2019 Innovative Law Firm, Winner [13]\nAsialaw Profiles - Notable Firm, Real Estate and Construction Law\nAsialaw Profiles - Scott Ratuki - Notable Practitioner, Construction Law\nNew Zealand Law Awards Winner - Mid-Size Law Firm of the Year\nNew Zealand Law Awards Winner - Managing Partner of the Year (<100 Lawyers), Jon Calder\nNew Zealand Law Awards Finalist - Mid-Market Deal of the Year\nNew Zealand Law Awards Finalist - Employer of Choice (51-100 Lawyers)\nInternational Financial Legal Review (IFLR 1000), Notable Firm, Banking and Finance","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"New Zealand Lawyer, 2020 Employer of Choice, Winner\nBest Lawyers 2020 - Robert Bycroft, leading authority in Biotechnology Law [12]\nBest Lawyers 2020 - Mark Lowndes, leading authority in Corporate Law\nThe Legal 500 Asia Pacific - Leading Firm, Banking and Finance, Corporate M& A, Dispute Resolution, Intellectual Property, Projects and Resource Management (including Environment) and Real Estate and Construction\nThe Legal 500 Asia Pacific - Leading Individual, Mark Lowndes\nThe Legal 500 Asia Pacific - Recommended Lawyers, Bridget Parham, James MacGillivray, Kate Cornegé, Marianne Mackintosh, Mark Hammond, Mark Renner, Peter Duncan, Peter Fanning, Phil Taylor, Scott Ratuki, Shelley Slade-Gully, Stephanie Ambler, Theresa Le Bas and Tom Arieli\nThe Legal 500 Asia Pacific - Next Generation Partner, Kerri Dewe\nThe Legal 500 United Kingdom - Recommended Lawyer, Wayne Hofer\nChambers and Partners, Asia Pacific & Global - Mark Lowndes, Ranked Lawyer, Corporate/Commercial, New Zealand\nDoyles Guide - Preeminent Lawyer, Family and Relationship Property - Zandra Wackenier\nNew Zealand Lawyer, 2020 Innovative Law Firms, Winner\nInternational Financial Legal Review (IFLR1000) - Notable Firm, Project Development (Infrastructure projects, Energy and natural resources projects, Non-commercial construction (prisons, hospitals, etc.))\nInternational Financial Legal Review (IFLR1000) - Notable Firm, M&A\nNew Zealand Law Awards Winner - Mid-size Law Firm of the Year [14]\nNew Zealand Law Awards Winner - Managing Partner of the Year (<100 Lawyers), Jon Calder [14]\nNew Zealand Law Awards Winner - Employer of Choice (51-100 Lawyers) [14]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021","text":"New Zealand Lawyer, Elite Women List 2021 - Stephanie Ambler\nNew Zealand Law Awards Excellence Award - M&A Deal of the Year\nNew Zealand Law Awards Winner - Insolvency and Restructuring Deal of the Year\nNew Zealand Law Awards Winner - Employer of Choice (51-100 Lawyers)\nNew Zealand Law Awards Winner - Mid-Size Law Firm of the Year\nInternational Financial Legal Review (IFLR1000) - Kerri Dewe, Highly Regarded Lawyer, M&A,\nInternational Financial Legal Review (IFLR1000) - Mark Lowndes, Highly Regarded Lawyer, M&A, Technology and telecommunications\nInternational Financial Legal Review (IFLR1000) - Notable Firm, Mergers & Acquisitions 2021\nInternational Financial Legal Review (IFLR1000) - Notable Firm, Project Development 2021\nNew Zealand Lawyer - Jon Calder, Most Influential Lawyers List 2021\nDoyles Guide - Leading Family and Relationship Property Law Firm, Tier 2\nDoyles Guide - Leading Lawyer, Family and Relationship Property - Stephanie Ambler and Zandra Wackenier\nBenchmark Litigation - Commercial and transactions, Tier 3\nBest Lawyers - Mark Lowndes, leading authority in Corporate Law, Information Technology Law and Telecommunications Law\nBest Lawyers - James MacGillivray, leading authority in Arbitration and Mediation | Litigation\nBest Lawyers - Robert Bycroft, leading authority in Biotechnology Law\nAsiaLaw Profiles - Mark Lowndes, Notable Practitioner, Corporate and M&A\nAsiaLaw Profiles - Notable Firm, Corporate and M&A, Construction, Dispute Resolution, Real Estate\nChambers and Partners, Asia Pacific - Tompkins Wake, Dispute Resolution, Band 4\nChambers and Partners, Asia Pacific - James MacGillivray, Dispute Resolution, Band 4\nChambers and Partners, Asia Pacific & Global - Mark Lowndes, Corporate/Commercial, Band 4\nThe Legal 500 Asia Pacific - Leading Firm, Dispute Resolution, Intellectual Property, Projects and Resources Management (including Environment), Real Estate and Construction, Corporate and M&A\nThe Legal 500 Asia Pacific - Recommended Lawyers, Andrew Orme, Bridget Parham, Bryce Davey, Campbell Stewart, Fraser Wood, James MacGillivray, Kate Cornegé, Kate Searancke, Kerri Dewe, Mark Hammond, Mark Lowndes, Mark Renner, Marianne Mackintosh, Peter Duncan, Peter Fanning, Phil Taylor, Robert Bycroft, Scott Ratuki, Shelley Slade-Gully, Simon Jass, Stephanie Ambler, Theresa Le Bas and Tom Arieli","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2022","text":"Best LawyersBest Lawyers - Mark Lowndes, Lawyer of the Year, Technology Law (Auckland)\nBest Lawyers - Robert Bycroft, leading authority in Biotechnology Law\nBest Lawyers - James MacGillivray, leading authority in Arbitration and Mediation and Litigation\nBest Lawyers - Mark Lowndes, leading authority in Corporate Law, Information Technology Law, Technology Law and Telecommunications Law.Benchmark LitigationBenchmark Litigation - Commercial and transactions, Tier 3Chambers and PartnersAsia Pacific - Tompkins Wake, Dispute Resolution, Band 4\nAsia Pacific - James MacGillivray, Dispute Resolution, Band 4\nAsia Pacific - Mark Lowndes, Corporate/Commercial, Band 4Doyles GuideLeading New Zealand Māori Law, Māori Land & Treaty of Waitangi Law Firm, Recommended\nRecommended Lawyer, Employment and Safety Law - Daniel Erickson\nLeading Family and Relationship Property Law Firm, Tier 1\nPreeminent Lawyer, Family and Relationship Property - Stephanie Ambler\nLeading Lawyer, Family and Relationship Property - Zandra Wackenier\nRecommended Lawyer, Family and Relationship Property - Kate Sullivan\nRising Star, Family and Relationship Property - Lauren GambleHuman Resources Director (HRD)5 Star Employer of Choice 2022NZ Law AwardsWinner, Employer of Choice (<100 Lawyers)\nExcellence Awardee, Large Law Firm of the Year\nExcellence Awardee, Insolvency and Restructuring Deal of the Year – Liquidation of Autoterminal New Zealand Limited\nExcellence Awardee, Young Private Practice Lawyer of the Year – Tina Liu\nExcellence Awardee, Managing Partner of the Year (<100 Lawyers) – Jon CalderNZ|LawyerRising Star - Tina Liu, Morgan Brady and Fiona Dalziel\nElite Women - Stephanie Ambler and Theresa Le BasThe Legal 500Private Practice Arbitration Powerlist - Australia and New Zealand - James MacGillivray\nAsia Pacific - Recommended Lawyers, Bridget Parham, Bryce Davey, Campbell Stewart, Fraser Wood, James MacGillivray, Kate Cornege, Kate Searancke, Kerri Dewe, Mark Hammond, Mark Lowndes, Mark Renner, Marianne Mackintosh, Peter Duncan, Peter Fanning, Phil Taylor, Robert Bycroft, Scott Ratuki, Shelley Slade-Gully, Stephanie Ambler, Theresa Le Bas, Tom Arieli and Zandra Wackenier.\nAsia Pacific - Leading Firm, Corporate and M&A, Dispute Resolution, Intellectual Property, Projects and Resources Management (including Environment), Real Estate and Construction","title":"Awards and recognition"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Family of Lawyers\". Auckland Law School. University of Auckland. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/news/news-stories/news-2012/2012/10/23/Family-of-Lawyers.html","url_text":"\"Family of Lawyers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Auckland","url_text":"University of Auckland"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Chancellors of the University of Waikato: University of Waikato Calendar\". calendar.waikato.ac.nz. Retrieved 13 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://calendar.waikato.ac.nz/officershonoursstaff/chancellors.html","url_text":"\"Former Chancellors of the University of Waikato: University of Waikato Calendar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary Judge John Bathgate\". NZ Law Society. NZ Law Society. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lawsociety.org.nz/news-and-communications/people-in-the-law/obituaries/obituaries-list/judge-john-duncan-bathgate,-1934-1997","url_text":"\"Obituary Judge John Bathgate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Take that NZ: Lawyers consider suing the nation\". Stuff. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/740358/Take-that-NZ-Lawyers-consider-suing-the-nation","url_text":"\"Take that NZ: Lawyers consider suing the nation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tompkins Wake and Davys Burton to merge\". NZ Law Society. NZ Law Society. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lawsociety.org.nz/news-and-communications/people-in-the-law/recent-movements/recent-movements-archive/tompkins-wake-and-davys-burton-to-merge","url_text":"\"Tompkins Wake and Davys Burton to merge\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017\". www.lawawards.co.nz. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lawawards.co.nz/index.php/finalists/2017-finalists","url_text":"\"2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Legal 500 Asia Pacific 2018 – New Zealand – Corporate and M&A recommended Law firms, Lawyers\". www.legal500.com. Retrieved 10 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legal500.com/c/new-zealand/corporate-and-manda","url_text":"\"The Legal 500 Asia Pacific 2018 – New Zealand – Corporate and M&A recommended Law firms, Lawyers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Lawyers List for New Zealand | Best Lawyers\". www.bestlawyers.com. Retrieved 10 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bestlawyers.com/current-edition/New-Zealand","url_text":"\"Best Lawyers List for New Zealand | Best Lawyers\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Law Award Finalists 2018\". NZ Law Awards. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lawawards.co.nz/index.php/finalists/2018-finalists","url_text":"\"NZ Law Award Finalists 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Legal 500 > Tompkins Wake > Hamilton, NEW ZEALAND >\". www.legal500.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legal500.com/firms/31200-tompkins-wake/31312-hamilton-new-zealand","url_text":"\"The Legal 500 > Tompkins Wake > Hamilton, NEW ZEALAND >\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Legal 500 > Tompkins Wake > Hamilton, NEW ZEALAND > What we say\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legal500.com/firms/31200-tompkins-wake/31312-hamilton-new-zealand","url_text":"\"The Legal 500 > Tompkins Wake > Hamilton, NEW ZEALAND > What we say\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search\". www.bestlawyers.com. Retrieved 28 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bestlawyers.com/search?query=robert%20bycroft&page=1","url_text":"\"Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand's innovative firms revealed\". www.thelawyermag.com. Retrieved 28 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelawyermag.com/nz/news/general/new-zealands-innovative-firms-revealed/206960","url_text":"\"New Zealand's innovative firms revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Law Awards 2020 winners revealed\". www.thelawyermag.com. Retrieved 28 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelawyermag.com/nz/news/general/nz-law-awards-2020-winners-revealed/241586","url_text":"\"NZ Law Awards 2020 winners revealed\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.tompkinswake.com/","external_links_name":"www.tompkinswake.com"},{"Link":"https://www.law.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/news/news-stories/news-2012/2012/10/23/Family-of-Lawyers.html","external_links_name":"\"Family of Lawyers\""},{"Link":"https://calendar.waikato.ac.nz/officershonoursstaff/chancellors.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Chancellors of the University of Waikato: University of Waikato Calendar\""},{"Link":"https://www.lawsociety.org.nz/news-and-communications/people-in-the-law/obituaries/obituaries-list/judge-john-duncan-bathgate,-1934-1997","external_links_name":"\"Obituary Judge John Bathgate\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/740358/Take-that-NZ-Lawyers-consider-suing-the-nation","external_links_name":"\"Take that NZ: Lawyers consider suing the nation\""},{"Link":"http://www.lawsociety.org.nz/news-and-communications/people-in-the-law/recent-movements/recent-movements-archive/tompkins-wake-and-davys-burton-to-merge","external_links_name":"\"Tompkins Wake and Davys Burton to merge\""},{"Link":"http://www.lawawards.co.nz/index.php/finalists/2017-finalists","external_links_name":"\"2017\""},{"Link":"http://www.legal500.com/c/new-zealand/corporate-and-manda","external_links_name":"\"The Legal 500 Asia Pacific 2018 – New Zealand – Corporate and M&A recommended Law firms, Lawyers\""},{"Link":"https://www.bestlawyers.com/current-edition/New-Zealand","external_links_name":"\"Best Lawyers List for New Zealand | Best Lawyers\""},{"Link":"http://www.lawawards.co.nz/index.php/finalists/2018-finalists","external_links_name":"\"NZ Law Award Finalists 2018\""},{"Link":"http://www.legal500.com/firms/31200-tompkins-wake/31312-hamilton-new-zealand","external_links_name":"\"The Legal 500 > Tompkins Wake > Hamilton, NEW ZEALAND >\""},{"Link":"http://www.legal500.com/firms/31200-tompkins-wake/31312-hamilton-new-zealand","external_links_name":"\"The Legal 500 > Tompkins Wake > Hamilton, NEW ZEALAND > What we say\""},{"Link":"https://www.bestlawyers.com/search?query=robert%20bycroft&page=1","external_links_name":"\"Search\""},{"Link":"https://www.thelawyermag.com/nz/news/general/new-zealands-innovative-firms-revealed/206960","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand's innovative firms revealed\""},{"Link":"https://www.thelawyermag.com/nz/news/general/nz-law-awards-2020-winners-revealed/241586","external_links_name":"\"NZ Law Awards 2020 winners revealed\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bowchier | Richard Bowchier | ["1 References"] | Richard Bowchier (28 January 1661 – 3 November 1723) was the Archdeacon of Lewes from 1693 until 1723. He was also known as an antiquarian.
Bouchier was born in Pilton, Devon. He was a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. He was incorporated at Oxford in 1683. He was a Prebend and Canon of Chichester Cathedral and Vicar of Amport.
References
^ ”Chichester Diocese Clergy Lists:Clergy succession from the earliest times to the year 1900" Hennessy,G: London, St Peter's Press, 1900
^ Johnstone, Hilda (March 1946). "Richard Bowchier, Archdeacon and Antiquary". History. 31 (New Series) (113): 1–8. JSTOR 24402579.
^ Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900, John Venn/John Archibald Venn Cambridge University Press > (10 volumes 1922 to 1953) Part II. 1752–1900 Vol. i. Abbey – Challis, (1940) p329
^ Bludworth-Brakell Pages 142-170 Alumni Oxonienses 1500-1714
^ 'Appendix 1: Residentiary canons of Chichester', in Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541-1857: Volume 2, Chichester Diocese, ed. Joyce M Horn (London, 1971), pp. 71-80. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/fasti-ecclesiae/1541-1847/vol2/pp71-80 .
^ CCEd
^ GEMMS
Church of England titles
Preceded byJoseph Sayer
Archdeacon of Lewes 1693–1723
Succeeded byJames Williamson
vteDiocese of Chichester
Chichester Cathedral
The Palace, Chichester
Diocesan Church House, Hove
Area scheme (1984–2013)
Office holders
Martin Warner, Bishop of Chichester
Ruth Bushyager, Bishop of Horsham
Will Hazlewood, Bishop of Lewes
AEO: the bishop diocesan & Rob Munro, Bishop suffragan of Ebbsfleet
Dean of Chichester (vacant)
Martin Lloyd Williams, Archdeacon of Brighton & Lewes
Edward Dowler, Archdeacon of Hastings
Luke Irvine-Capel, Archdeacon of Chichester
Angela Martin, Archdeacon of Horsham
Historic offices
Archdeacon of Hastings (1912–1975; merged back into Lewes archdeaconry)
vteArchdeacons of Lewes, of Hastings and of Lewes & HastingsHigh Medieval
Jordan de Melburne
Joceline
Eustachius de Leveland
Reginald de Wintonia
William de Lughteburg
Robert Passelewe
Simon de Clympingham
Henry
Godfrey de Peckham
Thomas de Berghstede
Late Medieval
Thomas Cobham
John de Godele
Hamelin de Godele
John Geytentun
Thomas de Codelowe
Walter de Lyndrich
William de Loughteburgh
John Courdray
Walter Forey
Richard Stone
John Wendover
John Brampton
Lewis Coychurch
Thomas Hanwell
William Skylton
John Dogett
John Plemth
Simon Climping
Thomas Oatley
Richard Hill
Edward Vaughan
William Atwater
William Cradock
Oliver Pole
Anthony Wayte
Edward More
Early modern
John Sherry
Richard Brisley
Robert Taylor
Edmund Weston
Thomas Drant
William Coell
William Cotton
John Mattock
Richard Buckenham
William Hutchinson
Thomas Hook
Philip King
Nathaniel Hardy
Toby Henshaw
Joseph Sayer
Richard Bowchier
James Williamson
Edmund Bateman
Thomas D'Oyly
John Courtail
Matthias D'Oyly
Edward Raynes
Thomas Birch
Julius Hare
William Otter
Late modern
John Hannah
Robert Sutton
Theodore Churton (became Archdeacon of Hastings)
Henry Southwell, Bishop suffragan of Lewes
Hugh Hordern
Francis Smythe
Lloyd Morrell
Peter Booth
Max Godden (became Archdeacon of Lewes & Hastings)
Hastings (1912–1975)
created from Lewes
Theodore Churton (previously Archdeacon of Lewes)
Benedict Hoskyns
Arthur Upcott
Thomas Cook, Bishop suffragan of Lewes
Arthur Alston
Ernest Reid
Guy Mayfield
dissolved/merged to Lewes & Hastings
Lewes & Hastings
Max Godden (previously Archdeacon of Lewes)
Christopher Luxmoore
Hugh Glaisyer
Nicholas Reade
Philip Jones
renamed to Hastings
Hastings (2014–present)
Philip Jones (previously Archdeacon of Lewes & Hastings)
Stan Tomalin (Acting)
Edward Bryant & Nick Cornell (Acting)
Edward Dowler
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
This article about a Church of England archdeacon in the Province of Canterbury is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pilton, Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilton,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Prebend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebend"},{"link_name":"Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chichester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Vicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar"},{"link_name":"Amport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amport"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Bouchier was born in Pilton, Devon. He was a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.[3] He was incorporated at Oxford in 1683.[4] He was a Prebend and Canon[5] of Chichester Cathedral[6] and Vicar of Amport.[7]","title":"Richard Bowchier"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Johnstone, Hilda (March 1946). \"Richard Bowchier, Archdeacon and Antiquary\". History. 31 (New Series) (113): 1–8. JSTOR 24402579.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24402579","url_text":"24402579"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24402579","external_links_name":"24402579"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/alumnicantabrigipt1vol1univiala/page/186/mode/2up","external_links_name":"> (10 volumes 1922 to 1953) Part II. 1752–1900 Vol. i. Abbey – Challis, (1940) p329"},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/alumni-oxon/1500-1714/pp142-170","external_links_name":"Bludworth-Brakell Pages 142-170 Alumni Oxonienses 1500-1714"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/fasti-ecclesiae/1541-1847/vol2/pp71-80","external_links_name":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/fasti-ecclesiae/1541-1847/vol2/pp71-80"},{"Link":"https://theclergydatabase.org.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?PersonID=61943","external_links_name":"CCEd"},{"Link":"https://gemms.itercommunity.org/view_record.php?table=person&id=2788","external_links_name":"GEMMS"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000063153128","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/64351643","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpdQ37YyhrkRMp8kGVpyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85355727","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bowchier&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Carriles | Eduardo Carriles | ["1 Biography","2 References"] | Spanish lawyer, businessman and politician (1923–2020)
Eduardo CarrilesMinister of FinanceIn office7 July 1976 – 4 July 1977Prime MinisterAdolfo Suárez
Personal detailsBorn28 November 1923Santander, SpainDied12 January 2020(2020-01-12) (aged 96)Madrid, SpainPolitical partyUnión Democrática EspañolaSpouse
Carola Díaz de Bustamante
(m. 1950)Children8
Eduardo Carriles (1923–2020) was a Spanish lawyer, businessman and politician who served as the minister of finance between 1976 and 1977.
Biography
Carriles was born in Santander on 28 November 1923. He was a lawyer by profession. He served as the general secretary of a company, Aeronáutica Industrial, and director of various other companies. Carriles was part of the reformist Tácito group, but he left the group with others to establish the Unión Democrática Española.
Carriles was part of the Unión when he was appointed minister of finance to the cabinet led by Adolfo Suárez on 7 July 1976. In the cabinet Carriles and other ministers, including Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo, Andrés Reguera, Landelino Lavilla, Enrique de la Mata, Marcelino Oreja and Alfonso Osorio, were called Tácito group due to their previous involvement in the movement. Like previous finance ministers Carriles could not manage to reduce economic crisis experienced in Spain in the period 1973–1977. His term as minister of finance ended on 4 July 1977.
Carriles married Carola Díaz de Bustamante in 1950, and they had eight children. He was the recipient of Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III. He died on 12 January 2020. The funeral was held in the Church of San Francisco de Borja, Madrid, on 6 February.
References
^ a b c d e "Eduardo Carriles Galarraga". El Pais (in Spanish). 7 July 1976. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
^ Charles T. Powell (1990). "The "Tacito" group and the transition to democracy, 1973-1977". In Frances Lannon; Paul Preston (eds.). Élites and Power in Twentieth-Century Spain. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 265–266. ISBN 978-0198228806.
^ Harry Debelius (8 July 1976). "No political shadings among members of Spain's new Cabinet". The Times. No. 59750. Madrid. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
^ Maria Cristina Palomares (2002). The quest for survival after Franco: The moderate Francoists' slow journey to the polls (1964-1977) (PhD thesis). London School of Economics. p. 296. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021.
^ Joseph Harrison; David Corkill (2016). Spain: A Modern European Economy. London; New York: Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-317-05167-1.
^ a b c d "Además fue Abogado del Estado y ministro de Hacienda en el Gobierno de Adolfo Suárez". Cope. 17 January 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2021. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards"},{"link_name":"minister of finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Spain)"}],"text":"Eduardo Carriles (1923–2020) was a Spanish lawyer, businessman and politician who served as the minister of finance between 1976 and 1977.","title":"Eduardo Carriles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elp76-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elp76-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elp76-1"},{"link_name":"Unión Democrática Española","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Democratic_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_government_of_Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Suárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elp76-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Calvo_Sotelo"},{"link_name":"Andrés Reguera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Reguera"},{"link_name":"Landelino Lavilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landelino_Lavilla"},{"link_name":"Enrique de la Mata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_de_la_Mata"},{"link_name":"Marcelino Oreja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelino_Oreja,_1st_Marquis_of_Oreja"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Osorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Osorio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cope-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elp76-1"},{"link_name":"Order of Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cope-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cope-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cope-6"}],"text":"Carriles was born in Santander on 28 November 1923.[1] He was a lawyer by profession.[1] He served as the general secretary of a company, Aeronáutica Industrial, and director of various other companies.[1] Carriles was part of the reformist Tácito group, but he left the group with others to establish the Unión Democrática Española.[2]Carriles was part of the Unión when he was appointed minister of finance to the cabinet led by Adolfo Suárez on 7 July 1976.[1][3] In the cabinet Carriles and other ministers, including Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo, Andrés Reguera, Landelino Lavilla, Enrique de la Mata, Marcelino Oreja and Alfonso Osorio, were called Tácito group due to their previous involvement in the movement.[4] Like previous finance ministers Carriles could not manage to reduce economic crisis experienced in Spain in the period 1973–1977.[5] His term as minister of finance ended on 4 July 1977.[6]Carriles married Carola Díaz de Bustamante in 1950, and they had eight children.[1] He was the recipient of Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III.[6] He died on 12 January 2020.[6] The funeral was held in the Church of San Francisco de Borja, Madrid, on 6 February.[6]","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Eduardo Carriles Galarraga\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sahroni | Ahmad Sahroni | ["1 Personal life","2 Career","2.1 Politics","3 References"] | Indonesian politician (born 1977)
Ahmad SahroniMember of People's Representative CouncilIncumbentAssumed office 1 October 2014ConstituencyJakarta 3
Personal detailsBorn (1977-08-08) 8 August 1977 (age 46)North Jakarta, IndonesiaPolitical partyNasdem
Ahmad Sahroni (born 8 August 1977) is an Indonesian politician from Nasdem Party who is a member of the People's Representative Council.
Personal life
Ahmad Sahroni was born in Tanjung Priok, North Jakarta on 8 August 1977. His mother, Hernawati Peggy was a nasi padang seller of Minangkabau descent.
After working for some time, he continued higher education, studying at an economic institute in Bekasi.
He is married to Feby Belinda and the couple has two children. He also became the president of the Ferrari Owners' Club Indonesia and Harley Davidson Club Indonesia. Recently featured in CNBC article on benefits of flying private citing safety as a key factor.
Career
After graduating from high school, Sahroni worked various jobs, including being a driver for a fuel company, working on a cruise ship, and as a waiter. Eventually, he became a company director for the fuel company, and later founded his own company.
He published his autobiography in 2013.
Politics
Sahroni leading a meeting of DPR's Commission III.
Sahroni participated in the 2014 Indonesian legislative election, running from Jakarta's 3rd electoral district (North Jakarta, West Jakarta and Thousand Islands Regency). He won 60,683 votes and placed fourth in the district, winning a seat. He became a member of the body's third commission. He endorsed the enforcement of stricter punishment for drug dealers and kingpins.
He was reelected to the legislature following the 2019 legislative election.
References
^ "Cerita Ahmad Sahroni, Dari Cuci Piring Hingga Anggota DPR RI". Tribun Timur (in Indonesian). 2 May 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ a b "Pernah Diusir dari Loby, Berkantor di Bawah Pohon". JPNN (in Indonesian). 30 June 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ "H. AHMAD SAHRONI, SE". dpr.go.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ "Feby Belinda, Satu Keajaiban Dalam Hidup Sahroni" (in Indonesian). Ahmad Sahroni. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ "Ferrari Java Rally 2014 – The Prancing Horse Journeys into The Cities of The Kings". Ferrari. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ "Kisah Si Anak Priok Meraih Mimpi". Tempo (in Indonesian). 28 September 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ "Charles Honoris Kalahkan Effendi Simbolon hingga Marzuki Alie di DKI 3". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). 24 April 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ Batubara, Puteranegara (19 November 2018). "DPR Soroti Peningkatan Taraf Pendidikan & Perekonomian Warga Jakarta Utara". Okezone (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ Ali, Muhammad (26 September 2018). "Sahroni DPR: Jangan Beri Ruang Peredaran Narkoba". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ "Ini Caleg DPR RI dari Dapil Jakarta yang Lolos ke Senayan". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). 2019-05-21. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
vteMembers of People's Representative Council from Jakarta, 2019–20241st districtAnis Byarwati (PKS)Eko Hendro Purnomo (PAN)Habiburokhman (Gerindra)Mardani Ali Sera (PKS)Putra Nababan (PDI-P)Sondang Tiar Debora Tampubolon (PDI-P)2nd districtChristina Aryani (Golkar)Eriko Sotarduga (PDI-P)Hidayat Nur Wahid (PKS)Kurniasih Mufidayati (PKS)Himmatul Aliyah (Gerindra)Masinton Pasaribu (PDI-P)Melani Leimena Suharli (PD)3rd districtDian Istiqomah (PAN, replacing Abraham Lunggana)Adang Daradjatun (PKS)Ahmad Sahroni (Nasdem)Charles Honoris (PDI-P)Darmadi Durianto (PDI-P)Effendi Simbolon (PDI-P)Kamrussamad (Gerindra)Santoso (PD)
vteMembers of People's Representative Council from Jakarta, 2014–20191st districtAchmad Fauzan (PPP)Ahmad Zainuddin (PKS)Asril Hamzah Tanjung (Gerindra)Bambang Atmanto Wiyogo (Golkar)Dwi Astuti Wulandari (PD)Wiryanti Sukamdani (PDI-P)2nd districtBiem Benyamin (Gerindra)Eriko Sotarduga (PDI-P)Fayakhun Andriadi (Golkar)Hidayat Nur Wahid (PKS)Lena Maryana (PPP)Masinton Pasaribu (PDI-P)Melani Leimena Suharli (PD)3rd districtAbdul Aziz (PPP, replacing Dimyati Natakusumah)Adang Daradjatun (PKS)Ahmad Sahroni (Nasdem)Aryo Djojohadikusumo (Gerindra)Charles Honoris (PDI-P)Darmadi Durianto (PDI-P)Effendi Simbolon (PDI-P)Ivan Doly Gultom (Golkar, replacing Tantowi Yahya)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Netherlands | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nasdem Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdem_Party"},{"link_name":"People's Representative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council"}],"text":"Ahmad Sahroni (born 8 August 1977) is an Indonesian politician from Nasdem Party who is a member of the People's Representative Council.","title":"Ahmad Sahroni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanjung Priok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Priok"},{"link_name":"North Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Jakarta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"nasi padang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_padang"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usir-2"},{"link_name":"Bekasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekasi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ahmad Sahroni was born in Tanjung Priok, North Jakarta on 8 August 1977.[1] His mother, Hernawati Peggy was a nasi padang seller of Minangkabau descent.[2]After working for some time, he continued higher education, studying at an economic institute in Bekasi.[3]\nHe is married to Feby Belinda and the couple has two children.[4] He also became the president of the Ferrari Owners' Club Indonesia and Harley Davidson Club Indonesia. Recently featured in CNBC article on benefits of flying private citing safety as a key factor. [5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usir-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"After graduating from high school, Sahroni worked various jobs, including being a driver for a fuel company, working on a cruise ship, and as a waiter. Eventually, he became a company director for the fuel company, and later founded his own company.[2]He published his autobiography in 2013.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahmad_Sahroni_Memimpin_Rapat_Kerja_Komisi_III_DPR_RI.jpg"},{"link_name":"2014 Indonesian legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Indonesian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"North Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Jakarta"},{"link_name":"West Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Thousand Islands Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Islands_Regency"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2019 legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Indonesian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"Sahroni leading a meeting of DPR's Commission III.Sahroni participated in the 2014 Indonesian legislative election, running from Jakarta's 3rd electoral district (North Jakarta, West Jakarta and Thousand Islands Regency). He won 60,683 votes and placed fourth in the district, winning a seat.[7] He became a member of the body's third commission.[8] He endorsed the enforcement of stricter punishment for drug dealers and kingpins.[9]He was reelected to the legislature following the 2019 legislative election.[10]","title":"Career"}] | [{"image_text":"Sahroni leading a meeting of DPR's Commission III.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ahmad_Sahroni_Memimpin_Rapat_Kerja_Komisi_III_DPR_RI.jpg/220px-Ahmad_Sahroni_Memimpin_Rapat_Kerja_Komisi_III_DPR_RI.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Cerita Ahmad Sahroni, Dari Cuci Piring Hingga Anggota DPR RI\". Tribun Timur (in Indonesian). 2 May 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://makassar.tribunnews.com/2016/05/02/cerita-ahmad-sahroni-dari-cuci-piring-hingga-anggota-dpr-ri","url_text":"\"Cerita Ahmad Sahroni, Dari Cuci Piring Hingga Anggota DPR RI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pernah Diusir dari Loby, Berkantor di Bawah Pohon\". JPNN (in Indonesian). 30 June 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpnn.com/news/pernah-diusir-dari-loby-berkantor-di-bawah-pohon","url_text":"\"Pernah Diusir dari Loby, Berkantor di Bawah Pohon\""}]},{"reference":"\"H. AHMAD SAHRONI, SE\". dpr.go.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190221111903/http://www.dpr.go.id/anggota/detail/id/1392","url_text":"\"H. AHMAD SAHRONI, SE\""},{"url":"http://www.dpr.go.id/anggota/detail/id/1392","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Feby Belinda, Satu Keajaiban Dalam Hidup Sahroni\" (in Indonesian). Ahmad Sahroni. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berani.or.id/feby-belinda-satu-keajaiban-dalam-hidup-sahroni","url_text":"\"Feby Belinda, Satu Keajaiban Dalam Hidup Sahroni\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ferrari Java Rally 2014 – The Prancing Horse Journeys into The Cities of The Kings\". Ferrari. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://auto.ferrari.com/en_EN/news-events/news/ferrari-java-rally-2014-prancing-horse-journeys-cities-kings/","url_text":"\"Ferrari Java Rally 2014 – The Prancing Horse Journeys into The Cities of The Kings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari","url_text":"Ferrari"}]},{"reference":"\"Kisah Si Anak Priok Meraih Mimpi\". Tempo (in Indonesian). 28 September 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://gaya.tempo.co/read/517459/kisah-si-anak-priok-meraih-mimpi","url_text":"\"Kisah Si Anak Priok Meraih Mimpi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Honoris Kalahkan Effendi Simbolon hingga Marzuki Alie di DKI 3\". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). 24 April 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/04/24/2231475/Charles.Honoris.Kalahkan.Effendi.Simbolon.hingga.Marzuki.Alie.di.DKI.3","url_text":"\"Charles Honoris Kalahkan Effendi Simbolon hingga Marzuki Alie di DKI 3\""}]},{"reference":"Batubara, Puteranegara (19 November 2018). \"DPR Soroti Peningkatan Taraf Pendidikan & Perekonomian Warga Jakarta Utara\". Okezone (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.okezone.com/read/2018/11/19/606/1980079/dpr-soroti-peningkatan-taraf-pendidikan-perekonomian-warga-jakarta-utara","url_text":"\"DPR Soroti Peningkatan Taraf Pendidikan & Perekonomian Warga Jakarta Utara\""}]},{"reference":"Ali, Muhammad (26 September 2018). \"Sahroni DPR: Jangan Beri Ruang Peredaran Narkoba\". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/3653088/sahroni-dpr-jangan-beri-ruang-peredaran-narkoba","url_text":"\"Sahroni DPR: Jangan Beri Ruang Peredaran Narkoba\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ini Caleg DPR RI dari Dapil Jakarta yang Lolos ke Senayan\". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). 2019-05-21. Retrieved 12 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2019/05/21/11563401/ini-caleg-dpr-ri-dari-dapil-jakarta-yang-lolos-ke-senayan?page=all","url_text":"\"Ini Caleg DPR RI dari Dapil Jakarta yang Lolos ke Senayan\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://makassar.tribunnews.com/2016/05/02/cerita-ahmad-sahroni-dari-cuci-piring-hingga-anggota-dpr-ri","external_links_name":"\"Cerita Ahmad Sahroni, Dari Cuci Piring Hingga Anggota DPR RI\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpnn.com/news/pernah-diusir-dari-loby-berkantor-di-bawah-pohon","external_links_name":"\"Pernah Diusir dari Loby, Berkantor di Bawah Pohon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190221111903/http://www.dpr.go.id/anggota/detail/id/1392","external_links_name":"\"H. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Rodado | Ángel Rodado | ["1 Club career","2 Honours","3 References","4 External links"] | Spanish footballer
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rodado and the second or maternal family name is Jareño.
Ángel RodadoPersonal informationFull name
Ángel Rodado JareñoDate of birth
(1997-03-07) 7 March 1997 (age 27)Place of birth
Palma, SpainHeight
1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s)
ForwardTeam informationCurrent team
Wisła KrakówNumber
9Youth career
Mallorca2014–2015
→ San Fernando (loan)Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2016–2018
Mallorca B
56
(29)2018–2022
Ibiza
88
(27)2021–2022
→ Barcelona B (loan)
24
(7)2022–
Wisła Kraków
58
(29)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 30 May 2024
Ángel Rodado Jareño (born 7 March 1997) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Wisła Kraków.
Club career
Born in Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Rodado was a RCD Mallorca youth graduate. He made his senior debut with the reserves on 21 February 2016, starting in a 2–0 Tercera División away win against CF Sant Rafel, and featured in a further six matches as his side achieved promotion to Segunda División B in the play-offs.
Rodado scored his first senior goal on 4 September 2016, netting the opener in a 2–1 win at Atlético Levante UD. In the 2017–18 campaign, he scored 30 goals for the B's, which included hat-tricks against CE Santanyí (6–0 home win), CE Mercadal (5–0 home win) and UD Poblense (4–3 home win).
On 16 August 2018, Rodado joined neighbouring UD Ibiza in the third division. He featured regularly for the club, and helped in their first-ever promotion to Segunda División in the 2020–21 season.
Rodado made his professional debut on 13 August 2021, coming on as a late substitute for Sergio Castel in a 0–0 away draw against Real Zaragoza. Late in the month, he moved to FC Barcelona on a one-year loan deal, and was assigned to the B-team in Primera División RFEF.
On 20 August 2022, Rodado moved abroad for the first time in his career to join Polish I liga side Wisła Kraków on a three-year deal. On 2 May 2024, he scored the winning goal in extra time of a 2–1 victory over Pogoń Szczecin in the 2023–24 Polish Cup final. With four goals throughout the campaign, he was the best scorer in the competition, along with Korona Kielce's Martin Remacle. With 21 goals in 30 I liga appearances, he also finished the 2023–24 season as the league's top scorer.
Honours
Wisła Kraków
Polish Cup: 2023–24
Individual
I liga top scorer: 2023–24
Polish Cup top scorer: 2023–24
References
^ "Crónica 3ª Div.: RCD.Mallorca "B" 6–0 CD. Santanyi" (in Spanish). Fútbol Balear. 30 September 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ "Crónica 3ª Div.: RCD. Mallorca "B" 5–0 CE. Mercadal" (in Spanish). Fútbol Balear. 12 October 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ "Crónica 3ª Div.: RCD Mallorca "B" 4–3 UD Poblense" (in Spanish). Fútbol Balear. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ "Ángel Rodado, nuevo jugador de la UD Ibiza" (in Spanish). UD Ibiza. 16 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ "El Zaragoza decepciona y empata ante un valiente Ibiza" (in Spanish). Marca. 13 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
^ "Ángel Rodado, cedido al FC Barcelona" (in Spanish). UD Ibiza. 30 August 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
^ "Ángel Rodado piłkarzem Białej Gwiazdy" (in Polish). Wisła Kraków. 20 August 2022.
^ a b "Olbrzymia niespodzianka w finale Pucharu Polski. Wisła Kraków wygrała z Pogonią Szczecin ". sport.tvp.pl (in Polish). 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
^ a b "Fortuna Puchar Polski 2023/2024 - Strzelcy". 90minut.pl (in Polish). 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
^ a b "Statystyki" (in Polish). I liga. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
^ a b Michałek, Mateusz (20 February 2024). "Ángel Rodado jednak z 11, a nie 12 golami w tym sezonie I ligi ". transfery.info (in Polish). Retrieved 30 May 2024.
External links
Ángel Rodado at BDFutbol
Ángel Rodado at LaPreferente.com (in Spanish)
Ángel Rodado at Soccerway
vteWisła Kraków – current squad
1 Broda
5 Colley
6 Uryga (c)
7 Sapała
8 Carbó
9 Rodado
10 Villar
11 Bregu
14 Żyro
17 Alfaro
18 Talar
19 Satrústegui
20 Dziedzic
21 Gogół
22 Goku
23 Sobczak
25 Jaroch
26 Łasicki
28 Juncà
31 Chichkan
41 Duda
43 Szot
50 Kutwa
51 Tokarczyk
52 Krzyżanowski
53 Stępak
66 Basha
77 Baena
80 Olejarka
Niewiadomski
Manager: Moskal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Wisła Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82a_Krak%C3%B3w"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rodado and the second or maternal family name is Jareño.Ángel Rodado Jareño (born 7 March 1997) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Wisła Kraków.","title":"Ángel Rodado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palma de Mallorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca"},{"link_name":"Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"RCD Mallorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCD_Mallorca"},{"link_name":"the reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCD_Mallorca_B"},{"link_name":"Tercera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"CF Sant Rafel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Sant_Rafel"},{"link_name":"Segunda División B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B"},{"link_name":"the play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n_play-offs"},{"link_name":"Atlético Levante UD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Levante_UD"},{"link_name":"2017–18 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"hat-tricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-tricks"},{"link_name":"CE Santanyí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CE_Santany%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"CE Mercadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CE_Mercadal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"UD Poblense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Poblense"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"UD Ibiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Ibiza"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"2020–21 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B"},{"link_name":"substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Sergio Castel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Castel"},{"link_name":"Real Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"the B-team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_B"},{"link_name":"Primera División RFEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_RFEF"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"I liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_liga"},{"link_name":"Wisła Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82a_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pogoń Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogo%C5%84_Szczecin"},{"link_name":"2023–24 Polish Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Polish_Cup#Final"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSC-8"},{"link_name":"Korona Kielce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korona_Kielce"},{"link_name":"Martin Remacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Remacle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STR-9"},{"link_name":"2023–24 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_I_liga"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stats24-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stal-11"}],"text":"Born in Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Rodado was a RCD Mallorca youth graduate. He made his senior debut with the reserves on 21 February 2016, starting in a 2–0 Tercera División away win against CF Sant Rafel, and featured in a further six matches as his side achieved promotion to Segunda División B in the play-offs.Rodado scored his first senior goal on 4 September 2016, netting the opener in a 2–1 win at Atlético Levante UD. In the 2017–18 campaign, he scored 30 goals for the B's, which included hat-tricks against CE Santanyí (6–0 home win),[1] CE Mercadal (5–0 home win)[2] and UD Poblense (4–3 home win).[3]On 16 August 2018, Rodado joined neighbouring UD Ibiza in the third division.[4] He featured regularly for the club, and helped in their first-ever promotion to Segunda División in the 2020–21 season.Rodado made his professional debut on 13 August 2021, coming on as a late substitute for Sergio Castel in a 0–0 away draw against Real Zaragoza.[5] Late in the month, he moved to FC Barcelona on a one-year loan deal, and was assigned to the B-team in Primera División RFEF.[6]On 20 August 2022, Rodado moved abroad for the first time in his career to join Polish I liga side Wisła Kraków on a three-year deal.[7] On 2 May 2024, he scored the winning goal in extra time of a 2–1 victory over Pogoń Szczecin in the 2023–24 Polish Cup final.[8] With four goals throughout the campaign, he was the best scorer in the competition, along with Korona Kielce's Martin Remacle.[9] With 21 goals in 30 I liga appearances, he also finished the 2023–24 season as the league's top scorer.[10][11]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Polish_Cup"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSC-8"},{"link_name":"I liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_liga"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_I_liga"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stats24-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stal-11"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Polish_Cup"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STR-9"}],"text":"Wisła KrakówPolish Cup: 2023–24[8]IndividualI liga top scorer: 2023–24[10][11]\nPolish Cup top scorer: 2023–24[9]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Crónica 3ª Div.: RCD.Mallorca \"B\" 6–0 CD. Santanyi\" [Report 3rd Div.: RCD.Mallorca \"B\" 6–0 CD. Santanyi] (in Spanish). Fútbol Balear. 30 September 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.futbolbalear.es/2017/09/30/cronica-terceradivisin-mallorcab6-0santanyi/","url_text":"\"Crónica 3ª Div.: RCD.Mallorca \"B\" 6–0 CD. Santanyi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crónica 3ª Div.: RCD. Mallorca \"B\" 5–0 CE. Mercadal\" [Report 3rd Div.: RCD. Mallorca \"B\" 5–0 CE. Mercadal] (in Spanish). Fútbol Balear. 12 October 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.futbolbalear.es/2017/10/12/cronica-terceradivisin-mallorcab5-0cemercadal/","url_text":"\"Crónica 3ª Div.: RCD. Mallorca \"B\" 5–0 CE. Mercadal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crónica 3ª Div.: RCD Mallorca \"B\" 4–3 UD Poblense\" [Report 3rd Div.: RCD Mallorca \"B\" 4–3 UD Poblense] (in Spanish). Fútbol Balear. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.futbolbalear.es/2018/05/12/cronica-terceradivisin-mallorcab4-3poblense/","url_text":"\"Crónica 3ª Div.: RCD Mallorca \"B\" 4–3 UD Poblense\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ángel Rodado, nuevo jugador de la UD Ibiza\" [Ángel Rodado, new player of UD Ibiza] (in Spanish). UD Ibiza. 16 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibizaud.com/comunicado-oficial-angel-rodado/","url_text":"\"Ángel Rodado, nuevo jugador de la UD Ibiza\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Zaragoza decepciona y empata ante un valiente Ibiza\" [Zaragoza disappoint and draw against a valiant Ibiza] (in Spanish). Marca. 13 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marca.com/futbol/segunda-division/zaragoza-vs-ibiza/cronica/2021/08/14/6116d20e268e3e4d628b45ff.html","url_text":"\"El Zaragoza decepciona y empata ante un valiente Ibiza\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_(newspaper)","url_text":"Marca"}]},{"reference":"\"Ángel Rodado, cedido al FC Barcelona\" [Ángel Rodado, loaned to FC Barcelona] (in Spanish). UD Ibiza. 30 August 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibizaud.com/angel-rodado-cedido-al-fc-barcelona/","url_text":"\"Ángel Rodado, cedido al FC Barcelona\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ángel Rodado piłkarzem Białej Gwiazdy\" (in Polish). Wisła Kraków. 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wisla.krakow.pl/aktualnosci/aktualnosci/angel-rodado-pilkarzem-bialej-gwiazdy","url_text":"\"Ángel Rodado piłkarzem Białej Gwiazdy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82a_Krak%C3%B3w","url_text":"Wisła Kraków"}]},{"reference":"\"Olbrzymia niespodzianka w finale Pucharu Polski. Wisła Kraków wygrała z Pogonią Szczecin [WIDEO]\". sport.tvp.pl (in Polish). 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport.tvp.pl/77323025/olbrzymia-niespodzianka-w-finale-pucharu-polski-wisla-krakow-wygrala-z-pogonia-szczecin-wideo","url_text":"\"Olbrzymia niespodzianka w finale Pucharu Polski. Wisła Kraków wygrała z Pogonią Szczecin [WIDEO]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fortuna Puchar Polski 2023/2024 - Strzelcy\". 90minut.pl (in Polish). 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.90minut.pl/strzelcy.php?id=12908","url_text":"\"Fortuna Puchar Polski 2023/2024 - Strzelcy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statystyki\" (in Polish). I liga. Retrieved 30 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.1liga.org/statystyki-sezon-2023-24/og%C3%B3lne","url_text":"\"Statystyki\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_liga","url_text":"I liga"}]},{"reference":"Michałek, Mateusz (20 February 2024). \"Ángel Rodado jednak z 11, a nie 12 golami w tym sezonie I ligi [OFICJALNIE]\". transfery.info (in Polish). Retrieved 30 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://transfery.info/aktualnosci/angel-rodado-jednak-z-11-a-nie-12-golami-w-tym-sezonie-i-ligi-oficjalnie/205008","url_text":"\"Ángel Rodado jednak z 11, a nie 12 golami w tym sezonie I ligi [OFICJALNIE]\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.futbolbalear.es/2017/09/30/cronica-terceradivisin-mallorcab6-0santanyi/","external_links_name":"\"Crónica 3ª Div.: RCD.Mallorca \"B\" 6–0 CD. 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Wisła Kraków wygrała z Pogonią Szczecin [WIDEO]\""},{"Link":"http://www.90minut.pl/strzelcy.php?id=12908","external_links_name":"\"Fortuna Puchar Polski 2023/2024 - Strzelcy\""},{"Link":"https://www.1liga.org/statystyki-sezon-2023-24/og%C3%B3lne","external_links_name":"\"Statystyki\""},{"Link":"https://transfery.info/aktualnosci/angel-rodado-jednak-z-11-a-nie-12-golami-w-tym-sezonie-i-ligi-oficjalnie/205008","external_links_name":"\"Ángel Rodado jednak z 11, a nie 12 golami w tym sezonie I ligi [OFICJALNIE]\""},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j23348.html","external_links_name":"Ángel Rodado"},{"Link":"https://www.lapreferente.com/J207088/.html#marcoCentral","external_links_name":"Ángel Rodado"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/angel-rodado-jareno/455282/","external_links_name":"Ángel Rodado"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankfoot | Bankfoot | ["1 Education","2 Public spaces","3 Sport","3.1 Football","3.2 Other sports","4 Public transport","4.1 Train","4.2 Bus","5 Notable residents","6 See also","7 References"] | Coordinates: 56°30′04″N 3°30′58″W / 56.501°N 3.516°W / 56.501; -3.516
Human settlement in ScotlandBankfootA view south along Bankfoot's Dunkeld RoadBankfootLocation within Perth and KinrossPopulation1,240 (2020)OS grid referenceNO067354Council areaPerth and KinrossLieutenancy areaPerth and KinrossCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townPERTHPostcode districtPH1Dialling code01738PoliceScotlandFireScottishAmbulanceScottish
UK ParliamentOchil and South PerthshireScottish ParliamentPerthshire North
List of places
UK
Scotland
56°30′04″N 3°30′58″W / 56.501°N 3.516°W / 56.501; -3.516
Bankfoot is a village in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, approximately 8 miles (13 km) north of Perth and 7 miles (11 km) south of Dunkeld. Bankfoot had a population of 1,136 in 2001. In the 2011 Census the population of Bankfoot was 1,110 people with there being a slightly higher number of male residents (51.4%) than female residents (48.6%). It was found that 33% of Bankfoot residents were aged 60 or older.
Education
Bankfoot Post Office was on the village's Main Street. It closed in 2008, with its services moved inside a nearby convenience store. As of 2017, this building is now occupied by an architect's office
The village has a primary school – Auchtergaven Primary School – which is named after the Church of Scotland parish of Auchtergaven, in which Bankfoot resides.
Public spaces
The Bankfoot Church Centre opened in October 2008 to replace the nineteenth century church building which was destroyed by fire in February 2004. The building is used every day by many groups, fitting its tag line during the build "Bankfoot Church and Community Building Together".
Sport
Football
Bankfoot was home to the junior football club Bankfoot Athletic.
Other sports
Bankfoot has a tennis club with two courts, a badminton club and a bowling club, which hosted the Caledonia Challenge Cup in August 2010.
Public transport
Train
Bankfoot railway station in 1961.
Until 1931 Bankfoot had a railway station, Bankfoot railway station, which was on the branch line to and from Perth railway station.
Bus
A bus service, started in the 1930s, of Stanley-based Allan & Scott, used to run the 5 miles (8 kilometres) between Stanley and Bankfoot twice a day on Sundays. The service was taken over in 1946 by A&C McLennan of Spittalfield. Permission to use double decker buses was granted in 1950. In 1952, the fare was 51/2 shillings single and 10 shillings return, with gradual increases to 8 shillings single and one farthing return by 1963. By 1966, the service operated only on the first Sunday of each month. Service was withdrawn in 1967, although A&C McLennan was still in operation in 1969.
Notable residents
Miles Briggs - MSP
Jessie Margaret King (1862–?), writer
See also
List of places in Perth and Kinross
References
^ "Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
^ "Browser Population". Archived from the original on 23 February 2012.
^ GROS. "Area Profiles | Census Data Explorer | Scotland's Census". www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
^ GROS. "Area Profiles | Census Data Explorer | Scotland's Census". www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
^ "Post office services to be restored at Bankfoot" - The Courier, 15 August 2011
^ http://www.auchtergaven.pkc.sch.uk/ (accessed on 21/06/08)
^ http://www.bankfootchurch.org.uk/ "The website of the Bankfoot Church Centre" (accessed on 24/01/2011)
^ "Bankfoot to host Caledonia Challenge Cup" - Perthshire Advertiser, 20 August 2010
^ The Courier, 2 April 2020, p. 28
^ "Scottish fare increases" - Commercial Motor, 17 October 1969
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bankfoot.
vteSettlements in Perth and KinrossGowrie and Stormont
Abernethy
Abernyte
Achalader
Airntully
Alyth
Ardler
Balbeggie
Bankfoot
Birnam
Blairgowrie and Rattray
Bridge of Cally
Burrelton
Campmuir
Caputh
Clunie
Collace
Cottown
Craigie
Coupar Angus
Dunkeld
Errol
Finegand
Forteviot
Glencarse
Harrietfield
Huntingtower and Ruthvenfield
Inchture
Inchyra
Invergowrie
Kettins
Kilspindie
Kinfauns
Kingoodie
Kinloch (Blairgowrie)
Kinloch (Coupar Angus)
Kinnaird (Gowrie)
Kinrossie
Kirkmichael
Leetown
Longforgan
Luncarty
Meikleour
Meigle
Moneydie
Murthly
Perth
Pitcairngreen
Pitcur
Pitmiddle
Rait
Redgorton
Rhynd
St Madoes
St Martins
Scone
Spittal of Glenshee
Stanley
Stormontfield
Waterloo
Wolfhill
Woodside
Atholl
Aldclune
Blair Atholl
Ballinluig
Bridge of Tilt
Dalguise
Dowally
Kinnaird (Atholl)
Killiecrankie
Logierait
Old Blair
Pitlochry
Struan
Trinafour
Breadalbane
Aberfeldy
Acharn
Achnafauld
Amulree
Ardtalnaig
Bridge of Balgie
Dull
Fearnan
Fortingall
Garrow
Grandtully
Kinloch Rannoch
Lawers
Kenmore
Strathtay
Weem
Strathearn
Aberargie
Abercairny
Aberdalgie
Aberuthven
Almondbank
Ardoch
Auchterarder
Balgowan
Blackford
Braco
Bridge of Earn
Carpow
Comrie
Crieff
Dunning
Findo Gask
Forgandenny
Forteviot
Fowlis Wester
Greenloaning
Invermay
Madderty
Methven
Monzievaird
Muthill
Ochtertyre
Pitkeathly Wells
St Fillans
Tibbermore
Tullibardine
Kinross/Fothriff
Abbots Deuglie
Balado
Blairingone
Carnbo
Carsehall
Crook of Devon
Dalqueich
Duncrievie
Glenfarg
Glenlomond
Keltybridge
Kinnesswood
Kinross
Middleton
Milnathort
Powmill
Rumbling Bridge
Scotlandwell | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perth and Kinross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Dunkeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkeld"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2011 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_census,_2011"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Human settlement in ScotlandBankfoot is a village in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, approximately 8 miles (13 km) north of Perth and 7 miles (11 km) south of Dunkeld. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_R._Davis | Walter R. Davis | ["1 Early life","2 Businessman","3 Philanthropist","4 Honors","5 References","6 External links"] | Walter Royal Davis (January 11, 1920 – May 19, 2008) was a Texas oil tycoon and philanthropist originally from Elizabeth City, North Carolina. He was also an influential figure in state politics and higher education. Davis Library, the main library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill since it opened in 1984, is named for him, he having been a trustee at the university for 16 years. He died at his home in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, at the age of 88. He also had a home in Midland, Texas.
Early life
Davis was born in Pasquotank County in poor, rural northeastern North Carolina, the youngest of seven children of modest farming parents. He graduated from Hargrave Military Academy in 1938. He supported himself with jobs in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, Roanoke, Virginia, and as a truck driver in California, eventually joining management at a trucking firm.
Businessman
In 1952, he moved to Texas, where he borrowed $1,000 to buy five trucks that could carry crude oil from wells in the Permian Basin to distant refineries. By the 1960s, this investment had grown into the Permian Corporation, a multimillion-dollar business and the world's largest independent petroleum transport company, with 1,100 employees, a tractor-trailer fleet of 550 vehicles and a strong presence in 15 oil states. After selling his company to Occidental Petroleum in 1966, Davis became the top executive after CEO Armand Hammer, helping lead Occidental as the company developed the first oil wells in the Middle East. Davis broke with Hammer and started a second oil transport company, bought refineries, and invested in oil and gas drilling ventures and other businesses. He also invested in real-estate projects in his home state, including Kildaire Farms in Cary, North Carolina, and Bald Head Island and Southern Shores along the N.C. coast. Permian was later sold to National Intergroup, a holding company created by National Steel Corporation, in 1985. Six years later, in 1991, it was bought by Ashland Inc. in a deal valued at $250 million and merged with Scurlock Oil Company to create a subsidiary company known as Scurlock Permian Corporation. Ashland agreed to sell Scurlock Permian to Plains All American Pipeline in 1999.
Philanthropist
Walter Royal Davis Library at UNC-Chapel Hill
Despite finding his tremendous success elsewhere, Davis never forgot the state of his birth, to which he returned in the 1970s. He became a great benefactor to North Carolina's environment and its institutions. An unlettered man himself, but always aware of the power of education, he rose to the rank of trustee at UNC-Chapel Hill, a post he held for 16 years, two of them as chairman of the board. During this time he shared his hard-earned wealth in a number of ways, including establishing scholarships and helping the less advantaged earn degrees. It was also during this time, in the 1970s, that he successfully fought to claim $32 million in funds from the state legislature from the sale of the university's utilities. It is from these funds that Davis Library became a reality, as well as renovations to Wilson Library and the Health Sciences Library. His many gifts have provided funds for students, faculty, campus buildings, research and strategic initiatives such as the Davis Oral History Fund supporting scholarly works in the Southern Oral History Program, a component of the Center for the Study of the American South. Davis said that the reason he worked so hard to provide higher education opportunities to others was that he never had that opportunity.
Davis was also a major donor to the Dean Smith Center, which opened in 1986 and is still the home court of the UNC-Chapel Hill men's basketball team, and a scholarship program for students who agreed to teach in poor counties in northeastern North Carolina. In 1999 during a trustee meeting, then UNC-Chapel Hill student body president Nic Heinke asked his fellow board members to give a donation to Hurricane Floyd relief efforts. Heinke passed around his baseball cap and came up with $400 in donations from trustees. When the hat got to Davis, he dropped in a check for $100,000. Then at age 79, Davis had to ask a fellow trustee to fill out the check because his eyesight was poor. He asked that the money go to displaced students at hard-hit East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina.
In the spring of 1999, Reyna Walters, student body president at UNC-Chapel Hill, chatted with Davis about her plan to earn money over the summer for a trip to Europe. He said he would make the trip happen, and soon after, a $10,000 check for Walters arrived from Davis. He was also known to leave five-thousand-dollar tips for struggling clerks and waitresses.
Honors
In 1994, Walter Davis was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal from the General Alumni Association of UNC-Chapel Hill. He has also been awarded the William Richardson Davie Award from the UNC-Chapel Hill board of trustees, and in 2004 was the inaugural recipient of the Light on the Hill Award. Davis also served on the Duke University board of trustees, and was a member of the University of North Carolina board of governors for 10 years.
References
^ a b "Walter Royal Davis receives Carolina's inaugural Light on the Hill award" (Press release). Carolina News Services. 2004-05-24. Archived from the original on 2018-07-27. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Ashland Oil Plans to Buy Permian". The New York Times. 1991-04-30. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Ashland: The Scoop". iWon.com. IAC Search & Media. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Happy Anniversary, Davis Library!". University Libraries, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on 2004-11-06. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Siceloff, Bruce; Jane Stancill (2008-05-20). "Walter Davis dies at 88". The News & Observer. Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Siceloff, Bruce; Jane Stancill; Rob Christensen (2008-05-21). "Philanthropist Walter Davis dies: Tar Heel made fortune in oil, and N.C. benefited". The News & Observer. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Derifaj, Jason (2007-08-09). "Walter Royal Davis". Honorary Degrees Conferred. North Carolina State University. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
External links
Davis Library
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Walter R. Davis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pasquotank County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasquotank_County"},{"link_name":"Hargrave Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargrave_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis01-1"}],"text":"Davis was born in Pasquotank County in poor, rural northeastern North Carolina, the youngest of seven children of modest farming parents. He graduated from Hargrave Military Academy in 1938. He supported himself with jobs in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, Roanoke, Virginia, and as a truck driver in California, eventually joining management at a trucking firm.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Permian Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"Occidental Petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum"},{"link_name":"Armand Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Hammer"},{"link_name":"Cary, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Bald Head Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_Head_Island,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Southern Shores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Shores"},{"link_name":"National Steel Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Steel_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Ashland Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland_Inc."},{"link_name":"Scurlock Oil Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scurlock_Oil_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Plains All American Pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_All_American_Pipeline"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 1952, he moved to Texas, where he borrowed $1,000 to buy five trucks that could carry crude oil from wells in the Permian Basin to distant refineries. By the 1960s, this investment had grown into the Permian Corporation, a multimillion-dollar business and the world's largest independent petroleum transport company, with 1,100 employees, a tractor-trailer fleet of 550 vehicles and a strong presence in 15 oil states. After selling his company to Occidental Petroleum in 1966, Davis became the top executive after CEO Armand Hammer, helping lead Occidental as the company developed the first oil wells in the Middle East. Davis broke with Hammer and started a second oil transport company, bought refineries, and invested in oil and gas drilling ventures and other businesses. He also invested in real-estate projects in his home state, including Kildaire Farms in Cary, North Carolina, and Bald Head Island and Southern Shores along the N.C. coast. Permian was later sold to National Intergroup, a holding company created by National Steel Corporation, in 1985. Six years later, in 1991, it was bought by Ashland Inc. in a deal valued at $250 million and merged with Scurlock Oil Company to create a subsidiary company known as Scurlock Permian Corporation.[2] Ashland agreed to sell Scurlock Permian to Plains All American Pipeline in 1999.[3]","title":"Businessman"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_Royal_Davis_Library.jpg"},{"link_name":"Center for the Study of the American South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_the_American_South"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dean Smith Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Smith_Center"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Floyd"},{"link_name":"East Carolina University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Carolina_University"},{"link_name":"Greenville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Walter Royal Davis Library at UNC-Chapel HillDespite finding his tremendous success elsewhere, Davis never forgot the state of his birth, to which he returned in the 1970s. He became a great benefactor to North Carolina's environment and its institutions. An unlettered man himself, but always aware of the power of education, he rose to the rank of trustee at UNC-Chapel Hill, a post he held for 16 years, two of them as chairman of the board. During this time he shared his hard-earned wealth in a number of ways, including establishing scholarships and helping the less advantaged earn degrees. It was also during this time, in the 1970s, that he successfully fought to claim $32 million in funds from the state legislature from the sale of the university's utilities. It is from these funds that Davis Library became a reality, as well as renovations to Wilson Library and the Health Sciences Library. His many gifts have provided funds for students, faculty, campus buildings, research and strategic initiatives such as the Davis Oral History Fund supporting scholarly works in the Southern Oral History Program, a component of the Center for the Study of the American South. Davis said that the reason he worked so hard to provide higher education opportunities to others was that he never had that opportunity.[4]Davis was also a major donor to the Dean Smith Center, which opened in 1986 and is still the home court of the UNC-Chapel Hill men's basketball team, and a scholarship program for students who agreed to teach in poor counties in northeastern North Carolina. In 1999 during a trustee meeting, then UNC-Chapel Hill student body president Nic Heinke asked his fellow board members to give a donation to Hurricane Floyd relief efforts. Heinke passed around his baseball cap and came up with $400 in donations from trustees. When the hat got to Davis, he dropped in a check for $100,000. Then at age 79, Davis had to ask a fellow trustee to fill out the check because his eyesight was poor. He asked that the money go to displaced students at hard-hit East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina.[5]In the spring of 1999, Reyna Walters, student body president at UNC-Chapel Hill, chatted with Davis about her plan to earn money over the summer for a trip to Europe. He said he would make the trip happen, and soon after, a $10,000 check for Walters arrived from Davis. He was also known to leave five-thousand-dollar tips for struggling clerks and waitresses.[6]","title":"Philanthropist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Richardson Davie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Richardson_Davie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis01-1"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1994, Walter Davis was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal from the General Alumni Association of UNC-Chapel Hill. He has also been awarded the William Richardson Davie Award from the UNC-Chapel Hill board of trustees, and in 2004 was the inaugural recipient of the Light on the Hill Award.[1] Davis also served on the Duke University board of trustees, and was a member of the University of North Carolina board of governors for 10 years.[7]","title":"Honors"}] | [{"image_text":"Walter Royal Davis Library at UNC-Chapel Hill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Walter_Royal_Davis_Library.jpg/220px-Walter_Royal_Davis_Library.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Walter Royal Davis receives Carolina's inaugural Light on the Hill award\" (Press release). Carolina News Services. 2004-05-24. Archived from the original on 2018-07-27. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dinajpur | Dakshin Dinajpur district | ["1 History","2 Economy","3 Divisions","3.1 Administrative subdivisions","3.2 Assembly constituencies","4 Demographics","4.1 Religion","4.2 Languages","5 Education","6 Tourist attractions","7 Notable People","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 25°13′N 88°46′E / 25.22°N 88.76°E / 25.22; 88.76This article is about a District in West Bengal. For the District in Bangladesh, see Dinajpur District, Bangladesh.
District in West Bengal, IndiaDakshin Dinajpur districtDistrict
Clockwise from top-left: Dargah of Shah Ata, Panchamukhi Shiva Temple in Aminpur, Manohali Zaimindar Bari, Mounds at Bangarh, Site of Usha and Aniruddha's MarriageLocation of Dakshin Dinajpur in West BengalCountry IndiaState West BengalDivisionMaldaHeadquartersBalurghatGovernment • Lok Sabha constituenciesBalurghat • Vidhan Sabha constituenciesKushmandi, Kumarganj, Balurghat, Tapan, Gangarampur, HarirampurArea • Total2,219 km2 (857 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total1,676,276 • Urban236,295Demographics • Literacy82.36% (2021) • Sex ratio950Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)Major highwaysNH 512Economy(2021)2% of GSDP
Nominal GSDP per capita = $ 1130 (₹ 81,700)
PPP = $ 1530 (₹ 113,220)Websiteddinajpur.nic.in
The Atreyee D. A. V. Public School in Balurghat
Dakshin Dinajpur (Bengali pronunciation: ), also known as South Dinajpur, is a district in the Indian state of West Bengal, India. It was created on 1 April 1992 by the division of the erstwhile West Dinajpur District.The Headquarter (sadar) of the district is at Balurghat. It comprises two subdivisions: Balurghat and Gangarampur. According to the 2011 census, it is the third least populous district of West Bengal (out of 23).
History
The erstwhile Dinajpur District, at the time of the partition of India, was split up into West Dinajpur district and East Dinajpur. The East Dinajpur district, now called Dinajpur, became part of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The West Dinajpur district was enlarged in 1956, when States Reorganisation Act recommendations were implemented, with the addition of some areas of Bihar. The district was bifurcated into Uttar Dinajpur and Dakshin Dinajpur on 1 April 1992.
Economy
Dakshin Dinajpur is predominantly an agricultural district with a large area of land under cultivation. The district is drained by north-south flowing rivers like Atreyee, Purnabhaba, Tangon and Jamuna River, to give rise to a sizeable, unorganised fishing community.
Dakshin Dinajpur is a "non-large scale industry" but there are a number of medium and small hand loom industries especially Gangarampur block. Internet access is available from most of the cities, even broadband connections are available. There is one State Highway with only 77 km of National Highway No. 512 in the district. A new railway line has been laid between Eklakhi and Balurghat, the district headquarters. Train services were started on 30 December 2004.
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Dakshin Dinajpur one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the eleven districts in West Bengal currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
Divisions
Administrative subdivisions
The district comprises two subdivisions: Balurghat and Gangarampur at Buniadpur. Balurghat subdivision consists of Balurghat municipality and four community development blocks: Hili, Balurghat, Kumarganj and Tapan. Gangarampur subdivision consists of Gangarampur, Buniadpur municipalities and four community development blocks: Gangarampur, Bansihari, Harirampur and Kushmandi. Balurghat is the district headquarters. There are nine police stations, eight development blocks, Three municipalities, 64 gram panchayats and 2317 villages in this district.
Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocs which are divided into rural areas and census towns.
Balurghat subdivision
Balurghat: municipality
Hili (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 5 gram panchayats.
Balurghat (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 11 gram panchayats.
Kumarganj (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
Tapan (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 11 gram panchayats.
Gangarampur subdivision at Buniadpur
Buniadpur : Municipality
Gangarampur : Municipality
Gangarampur (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 11 gram panchayats.
Bansihari (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 4 gram panchayats.
Harirampur (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 6 gram panchayats.
Kushmandi (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
Assembly constituencies
As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal, the district was divided into six assembly constituencies:
S No.
Name
Lok Sabha constituency
MLA
Party
37
Kushmandi (SC)
Balurghat
Rekha Roy
All India Trinamool Congress
38
Kumarganj
Toraf Hossain Mandal
All India Trinamool Congress
39
Balurghat
Ashok Lahiri
Bharatiya Janata Party
40
Tapan (ST)
Budhrai Tudu
Bharatiya Janata Party
41
Gangarampur (SC)
Satyendra Nath Ray
Bharatiya Janata Party
42
Harirampur
Biplab Mitra
All India Trinamool Congress
Tapan constituency is reserved for ST candidates. Kushmandi and Gangarampur constituencies are reserved for SC candidates. Along with Itahar assembly constituency from Uttar Dinajpur district, the six assembly constituencies of this district form the Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency).
Demographics
See also: List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1901340,163— 1911363,212+0.66%1921319,170−1.28%1931342,245+0.70%1941383,042+1.13%1951448,275+1.59%1961563,598+2.32%1971772,618+3.20%1981989,294+2.50%19911,230,608+2.21%20011,503,178+2.02%20111,676,276+1.10%source:According to the 2011 census Dakshin Dinajpur district has a population of 1,676,276. roughly equal to the nation of Guinea-Bissau. or the US state of Idaho. This gives it a ranking of 295th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 753 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,950/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 11.16%. Dakshin Dinajpur has a sex ratio of 954 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 73.86%. 14.10% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 28.80% and 16.43% of the population respectively.
Religion
Religions of Dakshin Dinajpur district (2011)
Religion
Percent
Hinduism
73.55%
Islam
24.63%
Christianity
1.48%
Other or not stated
0.34%
Religion in present-day Dakshin Dinajpur district
Religion
Population (1941): 88–91
Percentage (1941)
Population (2011)
Percentage (2011)
Islam
136,873
38.61%
412,788
24.63%
Hinduism
135,299
38.16%
1,232,850
73.55%
Tribal religion
82,105
23.16%
2,786
0.17%
Christianity
146
0.04%
24,794
1.48%
Others
105
0.03%
3,058
0.17%
Total Population
354,528
100%
1,676,276
100%
Dakshin Dinajpur district has a majority Hindu population with over 73% people following Hinduism. Islam is the second-largest religion in the district with over 24% adherents. Christianity is followed by 1.48% of people. Muslims and Christians are almost entirely rural, and the urban population is nearly entirely Hindu. Muslims are a significant minority in Harirampur (49.00%) and Kushmandi (38.86%) CD blocks.
Languages
Languages of Dakshin Dinajpur District (2011)
Bengali (84.41%) Santali (9.68%) Kurukh (1.31%) Sadri (1.25%) Hindi (1.05%) Others (2.30%)
Bengali is the principal language of the district. The main Bengali dialect of this region is variously known as Varendri Bengali or Dinajpuri Bengali.
According to the 2011 census, 84.41% of the population spoke Bengali, 9.68% Santali, 1.31% Kurukh, 1.25% Sadri and 1.05% Hindi as their first language.
Education
Dakshin Dinajpur University has started functioning from 2021. It is located at Mahinagar, Balurghat. There is a government nursing college at Balurghat. There is one JNV present.There is one D.A.V group school (Atreyee DAV Public School) and a Techno Group school at Balurghat.
There are a few good schools in Balurghat and Gangarampur. There are four CBSE affiliated and one CISCE affiliated school in Balurghat. Of late, The Green View English Academy is the only CISCE affiliated school in the entire district. The Atreyee D.A.V Public School has earned several accolades, giving the entire district an honorable position in the academic map of the country. VVM Junior Level National Champion (2018–19), Saswata Bose, is a student of The ADAVPS. Many government schools exist throughout the district.
Higher Education Institutions
Institution Type
Institution Name
Institution Location
University
Dakshin Dinajpur University
Balurghat
Agricultural Universities (India)
Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya
Majhian
General College
Balurghat College
Balurghat
Balurghat Mahila Mahavidyalaya
Balurghat
Buniadpur Mahavidyalaya
Buniadpur
Dewan Abdul Goni College
Harirampur, West Bengal
Gangarampur B.Ed College
Gangarampur
Gangarampur College
Gangarampur
Jamini Majumdar Memorial College
Patiram
Kumarganj College
Kumarganj
Kushmandi Government College
Kushmandi
Nathaniyal Murmu Memorial College
Tapan, Dakshin Dinajpur
S.B.S. Government College, Hili
Hili, Dakshin Dinajpur
Jamini Majumdar Memorial College
Patiram
Dakshin Dinajpur B.Ed College
Fulbari
Balurghat B.Ed.College
Balurghat
Vidyasagar College Of Education
Gangarampur
Dakshin Dinajpur D.Ed College
Tapan, Dakshin Dinajpur
Tebhaga Teachers Training College
Margram
Bahadurpur B.Ed College
Dhkshin Bahadurpur
Bangarh Scholar Teacher's Training Institute
Bolla
Atryee College Of Education
Dangi
Buniadpur Teachers' Training College
Buniadpur
Polytechnic College
Gangarampur Government Polytechnic
Gangarampur
Hilli Government Polytechnic
Hili, Dakshin Dinajpur
Industrial training institute
Banshihari Government ITI
Bansihari (community development block)
Balurghat Government ITI
Balurghat
Harirampur Government ITI
Harirampur, West Bengal
Hili Government ITI
Hili, Dakshin Dinajpur
Kumarganj Government ITI
Kumarganj
Tafijuddin Ahamed Memorial,Kushmandi Government ITI
Kushmandi
Tapan Government ITI
Tapan, Dakshin Dinajpur
Law College
Balurghat Law College
Balurghat
Nursing College
Nursing Training School Dakshin Dinajpur
Balurghat
Tourist attractions
Bairhatta
Bangarh
Kaldighi Park (Gangarampur)
Gour Dighi
Grave of Bakhtiar Khilji
Dhal Dighi
Bolla Kali Temple
Binshira Roth yatra
Khanpur (Tebhaga movement)
Radha Gobindo Mandir (Tapan)
Sarongbari
Mahipal Dighi
Notable People
Abhijit Mondal - Footballer.
Sukanta Majumdar - Asstt. Professor, University of Gour Banga, politician, 10th President of West Bengal BJP
Biplab Mitra - politician
Rekha Roy - Politician
Biswanath Chowdhury - former minister of West Bengal state
Budhrai Tudu - politician
Mafuja Khatun - politician
Sankar Chakraborty - politician
Toraf Hossain Mandal - politician
Satyendra Nath Ray - politician
Prasanta Kumar Majumdar - politician
Ranen Barman - politician
Palas Barman - politician
Rasendra Nath Barman - politician
Selku Mardi - politician
Dhiren Banerjee - Indian Freedom fighter,politician and physician,
Narmada Chandra Roy - politician and a seven-time MLA from Kushmandi
Debasree Chaudhuri - politician, former Minister of State for Woman and Child Development government of India
Narayan Biswas - minister of government of West Bengal
References
^ a b c d e f g "District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
^ "Uttar Dinajpur Website". Government of India Portal. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
^ "Historical Perspective". Official website of South Dinajpur district from Government of India Portal. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
^ a b Ministry of Panchayati Raj (8 September 2009). "A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme" (PDF). National Institute of Rural Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
^ a b "Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008". West Bengal. National Informatics Centre, India. 19 March 2008. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
^ "District Profile". Official website of the South Dinajpur district. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
^ "Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001". West Bengal. Directorate of census operations. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
^ "Press Note, Delimitation Commission" (PDF). Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal. Delimitation Commission. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
^ "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". www.censusindia.gov.in.
^ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison: Population". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2011. Guinea-Bissau 1,596,677 July 2011 est.
^ "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2011. Idaho 1,567,582
^ a b "Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
^ "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI BENGAL PROVINCE" (PDF). Retrieved 13 August 2022.
^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
^ a b c d e f "Places of Interest | District Dakshin Dinajpur, Government of West Bengal | India". Retrieved 23 January 2024.
^ "DAKSHIN DINAJPUR - West Bengal Tourism, Experience Bengal, Dept. of Tourism, Govt. of W. B. *Nengra Pir Mela.Daulatpur". wbtourism.gov.in. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ "DAKSHIN DINAJPUR - Attractions & activities - West Bengal Tourism, Experience Bengal, Dept. of Tourism, Govt. of W. B." www.wbtourism.gov.in. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
^ Including Jainism, Christianity, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Ad-Dharmis, or not stated
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Places adjacent to Dakshin Dinajpur district
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Joypurhat, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh
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vteCities, towns and locations in Dakshin Dinajpur district, Malda divisionCities, towns and locations in Uttar Dinajpur district Dinajpur District, Bangladesh Joypurhat District, BangladeshNaogaon District, Bangladesh Cities, towns and locations in Malda districtCities, municipal and census townsBalurghat subdivision
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Divisions of West BengalLocationsother than cities and townsBalurghat subdivision
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Related topics
Dakshin Dinajpur topics
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vteDakshin Dinajpur district topicsGeneral
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See also
Cities and towns in Dakshin Dinajpur district
People from Dakshin Dinajpur district
Villages in Dakshin Dinajpur district
vteState of West BengalCapital: KolkataState symbols
Emblem: Emblem of West Bengal
Anthem: Banglar Mati Banglar Jol
Animal: Fishing cat
Bird: White-throated kingfisher
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Fish: Ilish
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vteMinority Concentrated Districts in IndiaAndaman and Nicobar Islands
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Siddharthnagar
Uttarakhand
Haridwar
Udham Singh Nagar
West Bengal
Bardhaman
Birbhum
Cooch Behar
Dakshin Dinajpur
Howrah
Kolkata
Maldah
Murshidabad
Nadia
North 24 Parganas
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Uttar Dinajpur
Source: "List of 90 Minority Concentration Districts" (PDF). www.minorityaffairs.gov.in. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
Authority control databases International
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25°13′N 88°46′E / 25.22°N 88.76°E / 25.22; 88.76 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinajpur District, Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinajpur_District,_Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atreyee_D._A._V._Public_School_(2007).jpg"},{"link_name":"Atreyee D. A. V. Public School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atreyee_D._A._V._Public_School"},{"link_name":"Balurghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balurghat"},{"link_name":"[dokkʰiɳ dinadʒpur]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"West Dinajpur District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Dinajpur_District"},{"link_name":"Balurghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balurghat"},{"link_name":"Balurghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balurghat_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Gangarampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangarampur"},{"link_name":"23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-1"}],"text":"This article is about a District in West Bengal. For the District in Bangladesh, see Dinajpur District, Bangladesh.District in West Bengal, IndiaThe Atreyee D. A. V. Public School in BalurghatDakshin Dinajpur (Bengali pronunciation: [dokkʰiɳ dinadʒpur]), also known as South Dinajpur, is a district in the Indian state of West Bengal, India. It was created on 1 April 1992 by the division of the erstwhile West Dinajpur District.The Headquarter (sadar) of the district is at Balurghat. It comprises two subdivisions: Balurghat and Gangarampur. According to the 2011 census, it is the third least populous district of West Bengal (out of 23).[1]","title":"Dakshin Dinajpur district"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinajpur District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinajpur_District,_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"partition of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"West Dinajpur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Dinajpur_district"},{"link_name":"Dinajpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinajpur_District,_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"East Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"States Reorganisation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Uttar Dinajpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The erstwhile Dinajpur District, at the time of the partition of India, was split up into West Dinajpur district and East Dinajpur. The East Dinajpur district, now called Dinajpur, became part of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The West Dinajpur district was enlarged in 1956, when States Reorganisation Act recommendations were implemented, with the addition of some areas of Bihar. The district was bifurcated into Uttar Dinajpur and Dakshin Dinajpur on 1 April 1992.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atreyee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrai_River"},{"link_name":"Purnabhaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punarbhaba_River"},{"link_name":"Tangon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangon_River"},{"link_name":"Jamuna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamuna_River"},{"link_name":"Eklakhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eklakhi_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Balurghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balurghat"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Panchayati Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Panchayati_Raj"},{"link_name":"most backward districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India"},{"link_name":"640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_India"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brgf-4"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brgf-4"}],"text":"Dakshin Dinajpur is predominantly an agricultural district with a large area of land under cultivation. The district is drained by north-south flowing rivers like Atreyee, Purnabhaba, Tangon and Jamuna River, to give rise to a sizeable, unorganised fishing community.Dakshin Dinajpur is a \"non-large scale industry\" but there are a number of medium and small hand loom industries especially Gangarampur block. Internet access is available from most of the cities, even broadband connections are available. There is one State Highway with only 77 km of National Highway No. 512 in the district. A new railway line has been laid between Eklakhi and Balurghat, the district headquarters. Train services were started on 30 December 2004.In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Dakshin Dinajpur one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640).[4] It is one of the eleven districts in West Bengal currently[when?] receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).[4]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balurghat subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balurghat_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Hili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hili_(Community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Balurghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balurghat_(community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Kumarganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumarganj"},{"link_name":"Tapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapan_(Community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Gangarampur subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangarampur_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Gangarampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangarampur"},{"link_name":"Buniadpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buniadpur"},{"link_name":"Gangarampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangarampur_(community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Bansihari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansihari_(community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Harirampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harirampur_(community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Kushmandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushmandi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blocdir-5"},{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities"},{"link_name":"gram panchayats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_panchayat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blocdir-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adminsetup-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Balurghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balurghat"},{"link_name":"Hili (Community development block)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hili_(Community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Balurghat (Community development block)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balurghat_(Community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Kumarganj (Community development block)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumarganj_(Community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Tapan (Community development block)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapan_(Community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Buniadpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buniadpur"},{"link_name":"Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Gangarampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangarampur"},{"link_name":"Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Gangarampur (Community development block)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangarampur_(Community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Bansihari (Community development block)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansihari_(Community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Harirampur (Community development block)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harirampur_(Community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Kushmandi (Community development block)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushmandi_(Community_development_block)"}],"sub_title":"Administrative subdivisions","text":"The district comprises two subdivisions: Balurghat and Gangarampur at Buniadpur. Balurghat subdivision consists of Balurghat municipality and four community development blocks: Hili, Balurghat, Kumarganj and Tapan. Gangarampur subdivision consists of Gangarampur, Buniadpur municipalities and four community development blocks: Gangarampur, Bansihari, Harirampur and Kushmandi.[5] Balurghat is the district headquarters. There are nine police stations, eight development blocks, Three municipalities, 64 gram panchayats and 2317 villages in this district.[5][6]Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocs which are divided into rural areas and census towns.[7]Balurghat subdivisionBalurghat: municipality\nHili (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 5 gram panchayats.\nBalurghat (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 11 gram panchayats.\nKumarganj (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.\nTapan (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 11 gram panchayats.Gangarampur subdivision at BuniadpurBuniadpur : Municipality\nGangarampur : Municipality\nGangarampur (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 11 gram panchayats.\nBansihari (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 4 gram panchayats.\nHarirampur (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 6 gram panchayats.\nKushmandi (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.","title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delimitation Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delimitation_Commission"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Itahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itahar_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Uttar Dinajpur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district"},{"link_name":"Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balurghat_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"}],"sub_title":"Assembly constituencies","text":"As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal, the district was divided into six assembly constituencies:[8]Tapan constituency is reserved for ST candidates. Kushmandi and Gangarampur constituencies are reserved for SC candidates. Along with Itahar assembly constituency from Uttar Dinajpur district, the six assembly constituencies of this district form the Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency).","title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_census_of_India"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-1"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-10"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-1"},{"link_name":"population growth rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-1"},{"link_name":"sex ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratio"},{"link_name":"females","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-1"},{"link_name":"literacy rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-1"}],"text":"See also: List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rateAccording to the 2011 census Dakshin Dinajpur district has a population of 1,676,276.[1] roughly equal to the nation of Guinea-Bissau.[10] or the US state of Idaho.[11] This gives it a ranking of 295th in India (out of a total of 640).[1] The district has a population density of 753 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,950/sq mi).[1] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 11.16%.[1] Dakshin Dinajpur has a sex ratio of 954 females for every 1000 males[1] and a literacy rate of 73.86%. 14.10% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 28.80% and 16.43% of the population respectively.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-religion-12"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"Harirampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harirampur_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Kushmandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushmandi,_Dakshin_Dinajpur"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Religions of Dakshin Dinajpur district (2011)[12]\n\nReligion\n\nPercent\n\n\nHinduism\n \n73.55%\n\n\nIslam\n \n24.63%\n\n\nChristianity\n \n1.48%\n\n\nOther or not stated\n \n0.34%Dakshin Dinajpur district has a majority Hindu population with over 73% people following Hinduism. Islam is the second-largest religion in the district with over 24% adherents. Christianity is followed by 1.48% of people. Muslims and Christians are almost entirely rural, and the urban population is nearly entirely Hindu. Muslims are a significant minority in Harirampur (49.00%) and Kushmandi (38.86%) CD blocks.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languages-15"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Santali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_language"},{"link_name":"Kurukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukh_language"},{"link_name":"Sadri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadri_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Bengali dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_dialects"},{"link_name":"Varendri Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varendri_dialect"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Santali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_language"},{"link_name":"Kurukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukh_language"},{"link_name":"Sadri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadri_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languages-15"}],"sub_title":"Languages","text":"Languages of Dakshin Dinajpur District (2011)[14]\n\n Bengali (84.41%) Santali (9.68%) Kurukh (1.31%) Sadri (1.25%) Hindi (1.05%) Others (2.30%)Bengali is the principal language of the district. The main Bengali dialect of this region is variously known as Varendri Bengali or Dinajpuri Bengali.According to the 2011 census, 84.41% of the population spoke Bengali, 9.68% Santali, 1.31% Kurukh, 1.25% Sadri and 1.05% Hindi as their first language.[14]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dakshin Dinajpur University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_University"},{"link_name":"Atreyee D.A.V Public School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atreyee_D.A.V_Public_School"}],"text":"Dakshin Dinajpur University has started functioning from 2021. It is located at Mahinagar, Balurghat. There is a government nursing college at Balurghat. There is one JNV present.There is one D.A.V group school (Atreyee DAV Public School) and a Techno Group school at Balurghat.\nThere are a few good schools in Balurghat and Gangarampur. There are four CBSE affiliated and one CISCE affiliated school in Balurghat. Of late, The Green View English Academy is the only CISCE affiliated school in the entire district. The Atreyee D.A.V Public School has earned several accolades, giving the entire district an honorable position in the academic map of the country. VVM Junior Level National Champion (2018–19), Saswata Bose, is a student of The ADAVPS. Many government schools exist throughout the district.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"Bangarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangarh"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"Gangarampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangarampur"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"Tebhaga movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebhaga_movement"},{"link_name":"Tapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapan_(community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Bairhatta[15]\nBangarh[15]\nKaldighi Park (Gangarampur)[15]\nGour Dighi[15]\nGrave of Bakhtiar Khilji[15]\nDhal Dighi\nBolla Kali Temple\nBinshira Roth yatra\nKhanpur (Tebhaga movement)\nRadha Gobindo Mandir (Tapan)\nSarongbari[15]\nMahipal Dighi[16][17]","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abhijit Mondal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhijit_Mondal"},{"link_name":"Sukanta Majumdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukanta_Majumdar"},{"link_name":"Biplab Mitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplab_Mitra"},{"link_name":"Rekha Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekha_Roy"},{"link_name":"Biswanath Chowdhury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biswanath_Chowdhury"},{"link_name":"Budhrai Tudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhrai_Tudu"},{"link_name":"Mafuja Khatun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafuja_Khatun"},{"link_name":"Sankar Chakraborty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankar_Chakraborty"},{"link_name":"Toraf Hossain Mandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraf_Hossain_Mandal"},{"link_name":"Satyendra Nath Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Ray"},{"link_name":"Prasanta Kumar Majumdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasanta_Kumar_Majumdar"},{"link_name":"Ranen Barman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranen_Barman"},{"link_name":"Palas Barman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palas_Barman"},{"link_name":"Rasendra Nath Barman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasendra_Nath_Barman"},{"link_name":"Selku Mardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selku_Mardi"},{"link_name":"Dhiren Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhiren_Banerjee"},{"link_name":"Narmada Chandra Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_Chandra_Roy"},{"link_name":"Debasree Chaudhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debasree_Chaudhuri"}],"text":"Abhijit Mondal - Footballer.\nSukanta Majumdar - Asstt. Professor, University of Gour Banga, politician, 10th President of West Bengal BJP\nBiplab Mitra - politician\nRekha Roy - Politician\nBiswanath Chowdhury - former minister of West Bengal state\nBudhrai Tudu - politician\nMafuja Khatun - politician\nSankar Chakraborty - politician\nToraf Hossain Mandal - politician\nSatyendra Nath Ray - politician\nPrasanta Kumar Majumdar - politician\nRanen Barman - politician\nPalas Barman - politician\nRasendra Nath Barman - politician\nSelku Mardi - politician\nDhiren Banerjee - Indian Freedom fighter,politician and physician,\nNarmada Chandra Roy - politician and a seven-time MLA from Kushmandi\nDebasree Chaudhuri - politician, former Minister of State for Woman and Child Development government of IndiaNarayan Biswas - minister of government of West Bengal","title":"Notable People"}] | [{"image_text":"The Atreyee D. A. V. Public School in Balurghat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Atreyee_D._A._V._Public_School_%282007%29.jpg/220px-Atreyee_D._A._V._Public_School_%282007%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Divisions of West Bengal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Division_Of_West_Bangal_Map.jpg/199px-Division_Of_West_Bangal_Map.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"District Census 2011\". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php","url_text":"\"District Census 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uttar Dinajpur Website\". Government of India Portal. Retrieved 10 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://uttardinajpur.nic.in/UDWEB.html","url_text":"\"Uttar Dinajpur Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Perspective\". Official website of South Dinajpur district from Government of India Portal. Retrieved 10 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://ddinajpur.nic.in/Historical_Perspective/historical_perspective.html","url_text":"\"Historical Perspective\""}]},{"reference":"Ministry of Panchayati Raj (8 September 2009). \"A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme\" (PDF). National Institute of Rural Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf","url_text":"\"A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme\""},{"url":"http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008\". West Bengal. National Informatics Centre, India. 19 March 2008. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs%28RevisedMarch-2008%29.doc","url_text":"\"Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008\""},{"url":"http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"District Profile\". Official website of the South Dinajpur district. Retrieved 9 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://ddinajpur.nic.in/District_Profile/district_profile.html","url_text":"\"District Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001\". West Bengal. Directorate of census operations. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040835/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_5.htm","url_text":"\"Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001\""},{"url":"http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_5.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Press Note, Delimitation Commission\" (PDF). Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal. Delimitation Commission. Retrieved 18 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf","url_text":"\"Press Note, Delimitation Commission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India\". www.censusindia.gov.in.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html","url_text":"\"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India\""}]},{"reference":"US Directorate of Intelligence. \"Country Comparison: Population\". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2011. Guinea-Bissau 1,596,677 July 2011 est.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html","url_text":"\"Country Comparison: Population\""},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Resident Population Data\". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2011. Idaho 1,567,582","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php","url_text":"\"2010 Resident Population Data\""},{"url":"https://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal\". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS","url_text":"\"Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"\"CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI BENGAL PROVINCE\" (PDF). Retrieved 13 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37365/GIPE-020591.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI BENGAL PROVINCE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal\". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX","url_text":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Places of Interest | District Dakshin Dinajpur, Government of West Bengal | India\". Retrieved 23 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ddinajpur.nic.in/places-of-interest/","url_text":"\"Places of Interest | District Dakshin Dinajpur, Government of West Bengal | India\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAKSHIN DINAJPUR - West Bengal Tourism, Experience Bengal, Dept. of Tourism, Govt. of W. B. *Nengra Pir Mela.Daulatpur\". wbtourism.gov.in. Retrieved 3 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wbtourism.gov.in/destination/district/dakshin_dinajpur","url_text":"\"DAKSHIN DINAJPUR - West Bengal Tourism, Experience Bengal, Dept. of Tourism, Govt. of W. B. *Nengra Pir Mela.Daulatpur\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAKSHIN DINAJPUR - Attractions & activities - West Bengal Tourism, Experience Bengal, Dept. of Tourism, Govt. of W. B.\" www.wbtourism.gov.in. Retrieved 4 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wbtourism.gov.in/destination/attractions_activities/dakshin_dinajpur","url_text":"\"DAKSHIN DINAJPUR - Attractions & activities - West Bengal Tourism, Experience Bengal, Dept. of Tourism, Govt. of W. B.\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dakshin_Dinajpur_district¶ms=25.22_N_88.76_E_region:IN-WB","external_links_name":"25°13′N 88°46′E / 25.22°N 88.76°E / 25.22; 88.76"},{"Link":"https://ddinajpur.nic.in/","external_links_name":"ddinajpur.nic.in"},{"Link":"http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php","external_links_name":"\"District Census 2011\""},{"Link":"http://uttardinajpur.nic.in/UDWEB.html","external_links_name":"\"Uttar Dinajpur Website\""},{"Link":"http://ddinajpur.nic.in/Historical_Perspective/historical_perspective.html","external_links_name":"\"Historical Perspective\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme\""},{"Link":"http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs%28RevisedMarch-2008%29.doc","external_links_name":"\"Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008\""},{"Link":"http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ddinajpur.nic.in/District_Profile/district_profile.html","external_links_name":"\"District Profile\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040835/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_5.htm","external_links_name":"\"Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001\""},{"Link":"http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_5.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Press Note, Delimitation Commission\""},{"Link":"https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html","external_links_name":"\"Country Comparison: Population\""},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php","external_links_name":"\"2010 Resident Population Data\""},{"Link":"https://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS","external_links_name":"\"Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal\""},{"Link":"https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37365/GIPE-020591.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"\"CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI BENGAL PROVINCE\""},{"Link":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX","external_links_name":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal\""},{"Link":"https://ddinajpur.nic.in/places-of-interest/","external_links_name":"\"Places of Interest | District Dakshin Dinajpur, Government of West Bengal | India\""},{"Link":"https://wbtourism.gov.in/destination/district/dakshin_dinajpur","external_links_name":"\"DAKSHIN DINAJPUR - West Bengal Tourism, Experience Bengal, Dept. of Tourism, Govt. of W. B. *Nengra Pir Mela.Daulatpur\""},{"Link":"https://www.wbtourism.gov.in/destination/attractions_activities/dakshin_dinajpur","external_links_name":"\"DAKSHIN DINAJPUR - Attractions & activities - West Bengal Tourism, Experience Bengal, Dept. of Tourism, Govt. of W. B.\""},{"Link":"http://ddinajpur.nic.in/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/default/files/mcd_90districts.pdf","external_links_name":"\"List of 90 Minority Concentration Districts\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125706012","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006171373","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dakshin_Dinajpur_district¶ms=25.22_N_88.76_E_region:IN-WB","external_links_name":"25°13′N 88°46′E / 25.22°N 88.76°E / 25.22; 88.76"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_Atonement | Limited atonement | ["1 History","2 Theology","2.1 Biblical passages","2.2 Confessional positions","3 Objections to the doctrine","3.1 Comparison among Protestants","4 References","5 External links"] | Calvinist theological doctrine
See also: Unlimited atonement and Universal reconciliation
Part of a series onAtonement inChristianity
Theories
Classic paradigm
Ransom(Patristic)
Christus Victor(20th century)
Recapitulation(Patristic)
Objective paradigm
Satisfaction(Scholastic / Anselmian)
Penal substitution(Scholastic / Reformed / Arminian)
Governmental(Arminian)
Subjective paradigm
Moral influence(Mixed)
Moral example(Socinian)
Types
Limited(Scholastic / Reformed)
Unlimited(E. Orthodox / Catholic / Arminian)
vte
The Five Pointsof Calvinism
(TULIP)
Total depravity
Unconditional election
Limited atonement
Irresistible grace
Perseverance of the saintsvte
Limited atonement (also called definite atonement or particular redemption) is a doctrine accepted in some Christian theological traditions. It is particularly associated with the Reformed tradition and is one of the five points of Calvinism. The doctrine states that though the death of Jesus Christ is sufficient to atone for the sins of the whole world, it was the intention of God the Father that the atonement of Christ's death would work itself out in only the elect, thereby leading them without fail to salvation. According to Limited Atonement, Christ died for the sins of the elect alone, and no atonement was provided for the reprobate. This is in contrast to a belief that God's prevenient grace (or "enabling grace") enables all to respond to the salvation offered by God in Jesus Christ Acts 2:21 so that it is each person's decision and response to God's grace that determines whether Christ's atonement will be effective to that individual. A modified form of the doctrine also exists in Molinism.
History
The second century document Martyrdom of Polycarp said that Christ "suffered for the world of the saved", which can be interpreted to support an idea like limited atonement, however it is not certain to teach a form of particular redemption and the book can also be understood in other ways, which do not necessate the view of limited atonement.
The elements of the doctrine to be known as limited atonement were held by Gottschalk of Orbais (c. 808 – c. 867), Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1290 – 1349), and Gregory of Rimini (c. 1300 – 1358), though there was less precision regarding the extent of the atonement before the Reformation period.
The Synod of Dort was convened in 1618 in order to decide a controversy between the followers of Jacobus Arminius (Arminians), and other Calvinists. One of the issues involved had to do with the reason for the limitation of the efficacy of Christ's satisfaction for sin (roughly, atonement). Both sides of the controversy agreed that this efficacy was limited to the elect. The disagreement had to do with the grounds for this limitation. For Arminius, the ground was the free choice of people to believe, foreknown by God, with God predestining people based on this foreseen faith. For the opponents of Arminius, whose views are represented in the Canons of Dort, this efficacy was limited based on God's predestination, without any foreknowledge of human choice. Calvin clearly taught this second view, and it is also the view of Reformed theologians following the Synod of Dort.
The doctrine of limited atonement also includes the claim that the purpose for which Jesus gave his life was limited to the elect - the atonement is limited in its purpose. For this reason, the so-called "four-point Calvinists", such as the 17th century English Puritan Richard Baxter, reject the doctrine of limited atonement and instead believe that the atonement is available to all who will believe in Christ. They also argue that it was never endorsed by Calvin or the Synod of Dort. They refer to both Calvin's claim that "It is also a fact, without controversy, that Christ came to atone for the sins 'of the whole world'" and to Article 3 of the Second Main Point of Doctrine of the Synod of Dort which states that "This death of God's Son is the only and entirely complete sacrifice and satisfaction for sins; it is of infinite value and worth, more than sufficient to atone for the sins of the whole world.". Others, however, claim that Calvin and the Canons of Dort are somewhat vague on this issue and accept the claim of limited atonement that the efficacy of his death was limited both in purpose and scope to the elect, though they believe his death was sufficient payment for the sin of the whole world.
With regard to the limited purpose or intent of the atonement to save only the elect, another argument was put forth later in the 17th century. Moses Amyraut and several others (Amyraldists) proposed a system called hypothetical universalism, which taught that in God's decree for Christ to be a sufficient atonement for all sin, his intention was to save all on condition that they believe. This decree was prior to his decree to elect some people for whom the atonement was to be efficacious, and so the efficacy of the atonement was still limited to the elect. Most of the Reformed rejected this view because it envisioned a decree of God (the conditional decree to save all) that was intentionally not realized.
Theology
The doctrine of the limited scope (or extent) of the atonement is intimately tied up with the doctrine of the nature of the atonement. It also has much to do with the general Calvinist view of predestination. Calvinists advocate the satisfaction theory of the atonement, which developed in the writings of Anselm of Canterbury and Thomas Aquinas. In brief, the Calvinistic refinement of this theory, known as penal substitution, states that the atonement of Christ pays the penalty incurred by the sins of men—that is, Christ receives the wrath of God for sins and thereby receives in himself the penalty of the sins of men.
The doctrine of limited atonement is often argued from the theological argument of double jeopardy. In the limited view, Jesus Christ has taken the penalty of the elect - that Jesus died for those who would believe, so that those for whom Christ died must be saved and cannot be damned as it would be unjust for God to punish the same sins twice (double jeopardy). If Jesus died for all, they argue, then all must be saved. The penal theory of the atonement is therefore the basis of the necessity for a limited atonement.
The Calvinist view of predestination teaches that God created Adam in a state of original righteousness, but he fell into sin and all humanity in him as their federal head. Those elected to salvation were chosen without a view to their faith or good works but by the sovereign will of God.
The Calvinist atonement is called definite by some because they believe it certainly secures the salvation of those for whom Christ died, and it is called limited in its extent because it effects salvation for the elect only. Calvinists do not believe the power of the atonement is limited in any way, which is to say that no sin is too great to be expiated by Christ's sacrifice, in their view. Among English Calvinistic (Particular) Baptists, the doctrine was usually known as particular redemption, giving its adherents the name Particular Baptists. This term emphasizes the intention of God to save particular persons through the atonement, as opposed to mankind in general as General Baptists believe.
Biblical passages
The classic Bible passage cited to prove a limited extent to the atonement is John 10 in which Jesus uses shepherding practices as a metaphor for his relationship to his followers. A shepherd of those times would call his sheep from a mix of flocks, and his sheep would hear his voice and follow, while the sheep of other flocks would ignore any but their own shepherd's voice. In that context, Jesus says, "I am the good shepherd. I know my own and my own know me, ...and I lay down my life for the sheep," and he tells the Pharisees that they "do not believe because are not part of flock." He continues, "My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me. I give them eternal life, and they will never perish, and no one will snatch them out of my hand." Since Calvinists (and many other Christians) believe that not all have eternal life with God, Calvinists conclude that there are only two possibilities: either Jesus was wrong in saying that he would lose none of his sheep (a conclusion they reject), or Jesus must not have laid down his life for everyone, as they understand John 10 to imply. Formally, the Calvinist position can be expressed this way:
Jesus lays down his life for the sheep.
Jesus will lose none of his sheep.
Many people will not receive eternal life.[Matthew 7:13-14
Therefore, the Calvinist position is that Jesus did die for everyone, but his atoning death will only save those whom the Father purposed to save.
Additionally, in the high priestly prayer, Jesus prays for the protection and sanctification of those who believed in him, and he explicitly excludes praying for all: "I am not praying for the world but for those whom you have given me, for they are yours.". Paul instructs the elders in Ephesus "to shepherd the church of God which He purchased with His own blood," and he says in his letter to the same church that "Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her." Likewise, Jesus foreshadows that he will lay down his life "for his friends," and an angel tells Jesus' earthly father Joseph that he "will save His people from their sins". Calvinists believe that these passages demonstrate that Jesus died for the church (that is, the elect) only.
Opponents to Calvinism often cite passages such as those below they believe clearly contradict limited atonement:
Jesus promises that whosoever believes in him has everlasting life. John 3:16
Peter proclaims that everyone who calls upon Jesus will be saved. Acts 2:21
God calls all people everywhere to repent. Acts 17:30, 2 Peter 3:9
God desires all people to be saved. 1 Timothy 2:4
Jesus is a ransom for all. 1 Timothy 2:6
Jesus is the propitiation "for our sins, and not for ours only but also for the sins of the whole world." 1 John 2:2
Confessional positions
Chapter 3, paragraph 6 of the Westminster Confession of Faith says, "Neither are any other redeemed by Christ, effectually called, justified, adopted, sanctified, and saved, but the elect only."
The Canons of Dort assert that "This death of God's Son is the only and entirely complete sacrifice and satisfaction for sins; it is of infinite value and worth, more than sufficient to atone for the sins of the whole world" (Section 2, Article 3). Article 8 of the same section says
For it was the entirely free plan and very gracious will and intention of God the Father that the enlivening and saving effectiveness of his Son's costly death should work itself out in all his chosen ones, in order that he might grant justifying faith to them only and thereby lead them without fail to salvation. In other words, it was God's will that Christ through the blood of the cross (by which he confirmed the new covenant) should effectively redeem from every people, tribe, nation, and language all those and only those who were chosen from eternity to salvation and given to him by the Father; that he should grant them faith (which, like the Holy Spirit's other saving gifts, he acquired for them by his death); that he should cleanse them by his blood from all their sins, both original and actual, whether committed before or after their coming to faith; that he should faithfully preserve them to the very end; and that he should finally present them to himself, a glorious people, without spot or wrinkle.
Objections to the doctrine
Limited atonement is contrasted with the view popularly termed unlimited atonement, which is advocated by Arminian, Methodist, Lutheran, Messianic Jewish, and Roman Catholic theologians (among others) and which says Christ's work makes redemption possible for all but certain for none. (This doctrine should not be confused with concepts of universal reconciliation, in which God saves his entire creation). Though Lutherans and Catholics share a similar doctrine of the nature of the atonement with Calvinists, they differ on its extent, whereas Arminians and Methodists generally accept an alternate theory of the nature of the atonement such as the Governmental theory of atonement. The elect in such models are all the people who choose to avail themselves of God's gracious offer of salvation through Christ, not a pre-determined group. Thus, these systems place a limit on the efficacy of the atonement rather than on its extent, like Calvinists.
Some have contended that the doctrine of particular redemption implies that Christ's sacrifice was insufficient to atone for the sins of the whole world, but Calvinists have universally rejected this notion, instead holding that the value of the atonement is infinite but that God intentionally withholds its efficacious availability only to the elect.
Comparison among Protestants
This table summarizes three different Protestant beliefs.
Topic
Calvinism
Confessional Lutheranism
Arminianism
Justification
Justification is limited to those predestined to salvation, completed at Christ's death.
Justification for all men (universal objective justification), completed at Christ's death and resurrection and received through faith alone
Justification made possible for all through Christ's death, but only completed upon choosing faith in Jesus.
In the Lutheran confessions, the Formula of Concord on the article on the doctrine of election states:
The eternal election of God, however, vel praedestinatio (or predestination), that is, God's ordination to salvation, does not extend at once over the godly and the wicked, but only over the children of God, who were elected and ordained to eternal life before the foundation of the world was laid, as Paul says, Eph. 1:4. 5: He hath chosen us in Him, having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ.
The Canons of Dort, one of the earliest Calvinist confessions, state in the Second Head, Article 8:
it was the will of God that Christ by the blood of the cross, whereby He confirmed the new covenant, should effectually redeem out of every people, tribe, nation, and language, all those, and those only, who were from eternity chosen to salvation and given to Him by the Father;
In contrast, James Arminius states in his works the following:
To these succeeds the fourth decree, by which God decreed to save and damn certain particular persons. This decree has its foundation in the foreknowledge of God, by which he knew from all eternity those individuals who would, through his preventing (prevenient) grace, believe, and, through his subsequent grace would persevere, according to the before described administration of those means which are suitable and proper for conversion and faith; and, by which foreknowledge, he likewise knew those who would not believe and persevere.
References
^ Sproul, R. C. (April 8, 2017). "TULIP and Reformed Theology: Limited Atonement". Ligonier Ministries. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved August 5, 2021. I prefer not to use the term limited atonement because it is misleading. I rather speak of definite redemption or definite atonement, which communicates that God the Father designed the work of redemption specifically with a view to providing salvation for the elect, and that Christ died for His sheep and laid down His life for those the Father had given to Him.
^ "Canons of Dort". Second Head: Article 3. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ a b "Canons of Dort". Second Head: Article 8. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Lashley, James Douglas (2013-05-22). Calvinism, Arminianism, or Another Option: A Hubmaierian/Molinist View of Soteriology. ISBN 978-1490323961.
^ Smirne), Policarpo (santo, vescovo di (2013-07-25). Polycarp's Epistle to the Philippians and the Martyrdom of Polycarp: Introduction, Text, and Commentary. University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-922839-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Clark, R. Scott (2011). "Limited Atonement". Westminster Seminary California. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
^ Muller, Richard A. (2012). Calvin and the Reformed Tradition (Ebook ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic. p. 52.
^ a b Muller, Richard A. (2012). Calvin and the Reformed Tradition (Ebook ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic. p. 53.
^ Sproul, R.C. "TULIP and Reformed Theology: Limited Atonement". Ligonier Ministries. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
^ Calvin, John (1552). Concerning the Eternal Predestination of God. Westminster John Knox Press.
^ "Canons of Dort". Christian Reformed Church. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
^ Muller, Richard A. (2003). After Calvin. Oxford: Oxford University Press(subscription required). p. 14–15.
^ 2Cor 5:21, Rom 8:3b
^ Jn 10:1–5
^ a b John 10:14–15
^ Jn 10:26
^ 10:27f
^ John 10:28
^ Jn 17:9b
^ Eph 5:25
^ Jon 15:13 cf. Jn 10:15
^ Matthew 1:21
^ The Westminster Confession , III:6, says that only the “elect” are “effectually called, justified, adopted, sanctified, and saved.” However in his Calvin and the Reformed Tradition (Baker, 2012), 45, Richard A. Muller observes that “a sizeable body of literature has interpreted Calvin as teaching “limited atonement,” but “an equally sizeable body . . . Calvin as teaching “unlimited atonement.”
^ "IV. Justification by Grace through Faith". This We Believe. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Retrieved 5 Feb 2015. We believe that God has justified all sinners, that is, he has declared them righteous for the sake of Christ. This is the central message of Scripture upon which the very existence of the church depends. It is a message relevant to people of all times and places, of all races and social levels, for "the result of one trespass was condemnation for all men" (Romans 5:18). All need forgiveness of sins before God, and Scripture proclaims that all have been justified, for "the result of one act of righteousness was justification that brings life for all men" (Romans 5:18). We believe that individuals receive this free gift of forgiveness not on the basis of their own works, but only through faith (Ephesians 2:8,9)...On the other hand, although Jesus died for all, Scripture says that "whoever does not believe will be condemned" (Mark 16:16). Unbelievers forfeit the forgiveness won for them by Christ (John 8:24). {{cite web}}: External link in |quote= (help)
^ Becker, Siegbert W. "Objective Justification" (PDF). Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 26 Jan 2015.
^ "Universal Justification". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 5 Feb 2015. Christ paid for all our sins. God the Father has therefore forgiven them. But to benefit from this verdict we need to hear about it and trust in it. If I deposit money in the bank for you, to benefit from it you need to hear about it and use it. Christ has paid for your sins, but to benefit from it you need to hear about it and believe in it. We need to have faith but we should not think of faith as our contribution. It is a gift of God which the Holy Spirit works in us.
^ "Justification / Salvation". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 29 Jan 2015. Romans 3:23-24, 5:9, 18 are other passages that lead us to say that it is most appropriate and accurate to say that universal justification is a finished fact. God has forgiven the sins of the whole world whether people believe it or not. He has done more than "made forgiveness possible." All this is for the sake of the perfect substitutionary work of Jesus Christ.
^ Augsburg Confession, Article V, Of Justification. People “cannot be justified before God by their own strength, merits, or works, but are freely justified for Christ's sake, through faith, when they believe that they are received into favor, and that their sins are forgiven for Christ's sake. . . .”
^ ”Faith is a condition of justification.” Keith D. Stanglin and Thomas H. McCall, Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace (Oxford University, 2012), 136.
^ "The Book of Concord, Formula of Concord". XI. Election, paragraph 5.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ "Works of James Arminius, Vol. 1". Sentiments on predestination, paragraph IV.
External links
Pro
The Death of Death in the Death of Christ by John Owen (ISBN 0-85151-382-4) with a famous introduction by J. I. Packer, who says, "It is safe to say that no comparable exposition of the work of redemption as planned and executed by the Triune Jehovah has ever been done since Owen published his. None has been needed....obody has a right to dismiss the doctrine of the limitedness, or particularity, of atonement as a monstrosity of Calvinistic logic until he has refuted Owen's proof that it is part of the uniform biblical presentation of redemption, clearly taught in plain text after plain text. And nobody has done that yet." Those who oppose the doctrine would disagree that Owen has "proved" anything from "plain text after plain text," maintaining that instead he has misinterpreted his texts; they would also disagree with the assertion that "no one has done that yet."
"For Whom Did Christ Die?", part 3, chapter 8 of Charles Hodge's Systematic Theology
"Particular Redemption", a sermon by Charles Spurgeon delivered on 1858-02-28
"Limited Atonement", chapter 12 from The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination by Loraine Boettner
Articles on Definite Atonement at Monergism.com
"Limited Atonement", a series of articles by Ra McLaughlin
Con
Introduction to The Death Christ Died: A Case for Unlimited Atonement by Robert Lightner
Calvin's Error of Limited Atonement by D.A. Waite
"Father, Whose Everlasting Love" by Charles Wesley
Sermon #128: "Free Grace" by John Wesley
'God's Strategy in Human History,' Roger Forster, Paul Marston, Wipf & Stock Publishers (July 2001). This contains both a theological discussion as well as an historical overview of the doctrine of Calvinism in the church, claiming that it originated with St. Augustine. Numerous earlier Church Fathers are quoted to support this. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unlimited atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlimited_atonement"},{"link_name":"Universal reconciliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_reconciliation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine"},{"link_name":"Christian theological traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_theology"},{"link_name":"Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"five points of Calvinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dort2.3-2"},{"link_name":"only the elect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dort-3"},{"link_name":"prevenient grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevenient_grace"},{"link_name":"Acts 2:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#2:21"},{"link_name":"Molinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molinism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"See also: Unlimited atonement and Universal reconciliationLimited atonement (also called definite atonement[1] or particular redemption) is a doctrine accepted in some Christian theological traditions. It is particularly associated with the Reformed tradition and is one of the five points of Calvinism. The doctrine states that though the death of Jesus Christ is sufficient to atone for the sins of the whole world,[2] it was the intention of God the Father that the atonement of Christ's death would work itself out in only the elect, thereby leading them without fail to salvation. According to Limited Atonement, Christ died for the sins of the elect alone, and no atonement was provided for the reprobate.[3] This is in contrast to a belief that God's prevenient grace (or \"enabling grace\") enables all to respond to the salvation offered by God in Jesus Christ Acts 2:21 so that it is each person's decision and response to God's grace that determines whether Christ's atonement will be effective to that individual. A modified form of the doctrine also exists in Molinism.[4]","title":"Limited atonement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martyrdom of Polycarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Polycarp"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gottschalk of Orbais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottschalk_of_Orbais"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bradwardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine"},{"link_name":"Gregory of Rimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Rimini"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Synod of Dort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Dort"},{"link_name":"Jacobus Arminius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius"},{"link_name":"Arminians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminians"},{"link_name":"Calvinists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinist"},{"link_name":"efficacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficacy"},{"link_name":"atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"predestining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination"},{"link_name":"Canons of Dort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_of_Dort"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muller_2012_53-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"\"four-point Calvinists\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist-Arminian_debate#Four-point_Calvinists"},{"link_name":"Richard Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Baxter"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muller_2012_53-8"},{"link_name":"Moses Amyraut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Amyraut"},{"link_name":"Amyraldists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyraldist"},{"link_name":"hypothetical universalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetical_universalism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The second century document Martyrdom of Polycarp said that Christ \"suffered for the world of the saved\", which can be interpreted to support an idea like limited atonement, however it is not certain to teach a form of particular redemption and the book can also be understood in other ways, which do not necessate the view of limited atonement.[5]The elements of the doctrine to be known as limited atonement were held by Gottschalk of Orbais (c. 808 – c. 867), Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1290 – 1349), and Gregory of Rimini (c. 1300 – 1358), though there was less precision regarding the extent of the atonement before the Reformation period.[6]The Synod of Dort was convened in 1618 in order to decide a controversy between the followers of Jacobus Arminius (Arminians), and other Calvinists. One of the issues involved had to do with the reason for the limitation of the efficacy of Christ's satisfaction for sin (roughly, atonement). Both sides of the controversy agreed that this efficacy was limited to the elect. The disagreement had to do with the grounds for this limitation. For Arminius, the ground was the free choice of people to believe, foreknown by God, with God predestining people based on this foreseen faith. For the opponents of Arminius, whose views are represented in the Canons of Dort, this efficacy was limited based on God's predestination, without any foreknowledge of human choice.[7] Calvin clearly taught this second view, and it is also the view of Reformed theologians following the Synod of Dort.[8]The doctrine of limited atonement also includes the claim that the purpose for which Jesus gave his life was limited to the elect - the atonement is limited in its purpose.[9] For this reason, the so-called \"four-point Calvinists\", such as the 17th century English Puritan Richard Baxter, reject the doctrine of limited atonement and instead believe that the atonement is available to all who will believe in Christ. They also argue that it was never endorsed by Calvin or the Synod of Dort. They refer to both Calvin's claim that \"It is also a fact, without controversy, that Christ came to atone for the sins 'of the whole world'\"[10] and to Article 3 of the Second Main Point of Doctrine of the Synod of Dort which states that \"This death of God's Son is the only and entirely complete sacrifice and satisfaction for sins; it is of infinite value and worth, more than sufficient to atone for the sins of the whole world.\".[11] Others, however, claim that Calvin and the Canons of Dort are somewhat vague on this issue[8] and accept the claim of limited atonement that the efficacy of his death was limited both in purpose and scope to the elect, though they believe his death was sufficient payment for the sin of the whole world.With regard to the limited purpose or intent of the atonement to save only the elect, another argument was put forth later in the 17th century. Moses Amyraut and several others (Amyraldists) proposed a system called hypothetical universalism, which taught that in God's decree for Christ to be a sufficient atonement for all sin, his intention was to save all on condition that they believe. This decree was prior to his decree to elect some people for whom the atonement was to be efficacious, and so the efficacy of the atonement was still limited to the elect. Most of the Reformed rejected this view because it envisioned a decree of God (the conditional decree to save all) that was intentionally not realized.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Calvinist view of predestination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination_(Calvinism)"},{"link_name":"satisfaction theory of the atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_(satisfaction_view)"},{"link_name":"Anselm of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"penal substitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_substitution"},{"link_name":"sins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"predestination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination"},{"link_name":"federal head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_theology"},{"link_name":"(Particular) Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particular_Baptists"},{"link_name":"Particular Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_Baptist"},{"link_name":"General Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Baptist"}],"text":"The doctrine of the limited scope (or extent) of the atonement is intimately tied up with the doctrine of the nature of the atonement. It also has much to do with the general Calvinist view of predestination. Calvinists advocate the satisfaction theory of the atonement, which developed in the writings of Anselm of Canterbury and Thomas Aquinas. In brief, the Calvinistic refinement of this theory, known as penal substitution, states that the atonement of Christ pays the penalty incurred by the sins of men—that is, Christ receives the wrath of God for sins and thereby receives in himself the penalty of the sins of men.[13]The doctrine of limited atonement is often argued from the theological argument of double jeopardy. In the limited view, Jesus Christ has taken the penalty of the elect - that Jesus died for those who would believe, so that those for whom Christ died must be saved and cannot be damned as it would be unjust for God to punish the same sins twice (double jeopardy). If Jesus died for all, they argue, then all must be saved. The penal theory of the atonement is therefore the basis of the necessity for a limited atonement.The Calvinist view of predestination teaches that God created Adam in a state of original righteousness, but he fell into sin and all humanity in him as their federal head. Those elected to salvation were chosen without a view to their faith or good works but by the sovereign will of God.The Calvinist atonement is called definite by some because they believe it certainly secures the salvation of those for whom Christ died, and it is called limited in its extent because it effects salvation for the elect only. Calvinists do not believe the power of the atonement is limited in any way, which is to say that no sin is too great to be expiated by Christ's sacrifice, in their view. Among English Calvinistic (Particular) Baptists, the doctrine was usually known as particular redemption, giving its adherents the name Particular Baptists. This term emphasizes the intention of God to save particular persons through the atonement, as opposed to mankind in general as General Baptists believe.","title":"Theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"John 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.esv.org/John+10:1"},{"link_name":"shepherding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd"},{"link_name":"metaphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bibleverse|John|10:14-15|ESV-15"},{"link_name":"Pharisees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharisee"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"John 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bibleverse|John|10:14-15|ESV-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Matthew 7:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_7:13"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_7:14"},{"link_name":"sanctification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctification"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"elders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_(religious)"},{"link_name":"Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus"},{"link_name":"Acts 20:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_20:28"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"John 3:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_3:16"},{"link_name":"Acts 2:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#2:21"},{"link_name":"Acts 17:30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#17:30"},{"link_name":"2 Peter 3:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Peter#3:9"},{"link_name":"1 Timothy 2:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#2:4"},{"link_name":"1 Timothy 2:6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#2:6"},{"link_name":"1 John 2:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_John#2:2"}],"sub_title":"Biblical passages","text":"The classic Bible passage cited to prove a limited extent to the atonement is John 10 in which Jesus uses shepherding practices as a metaphor for his relationship to his followers. A shepherd of those times would call his sheep from a mix of flocks, and his sheep would hear his voice and follow, while the sheep of other flocks would ignore any but their own shepherd's voice.[14] In that context, Jesus says, \"I am the good shepherd. I know my own and my own know me, ...and I lay down my life for the sheep,\"[15] and he tells the Pharisees that they \"do not believe because [they] are not part of [his] flock.\"[16] He continues, \"My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me. I give them eternal life, and they will never perish, and no one will snatch them out of my hand.\"[17] Since Calvinists (and many other Christians) believe that not all have eternal life with God, Calvinists conclude that there are only two possibilities: either Jesus was wrong in saying that he would lose none of his sheep (a conclusion they reject), or Jesus must not have laid down his life for everyone, as they understand John 10 to imply. Formally, the Calvinist position can be expressed this way:Jesus lays down his life for the sheep.[15]\nJesus will lose none of his sheep.[18]\nMany people will not receive eternal life.[Matthew 7:13-14Therefore, the Calvinist position is that Jesus did die for everyone, but his atoning death will only save those whom the Father purposed to save.Additionally, in the high priestly prayer, Jesus prays for the protection and sanctification of those who believed in him, and he explicitly excludes praying for all: \"I am not praying for the world but for those whom you have given me, for they are yours.\".[19] Paul instructs the elders in Ephesus \"to shepherd the church of God which He purchased with His own blood,\"[Acts 20:28] and he says in his letter to the same church that \"Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her.\"[20] Likewise, Jesus foreshadows that he will lay down his life \"for his friends,\"[21] and an angel tells Jesus' earthly father Joseph that he \"will save His people from their sins\".[22] Calvinists believe that these passages demonstrate that Jesus died for the church (that is, the elect) only.Opponents to Calvinism often cite passages such as those below they believe clearly contradict limited atonement:Jesus promises that whosoever believes in him has everlasting life. John 3:16\nPeter proclaims that everyone who calls upon Jesus will be saved. Acts 2:21\nGod calls all people everywhere to repent. Acts 17:30, 2 Peter 3:9\nGod desires all people to be saved. 1 Timothy 2:4 \nJesus is a ransom for all. 1 Timothy 2:6\nJesus is the propitiation \"for our sins, and not for ours only but also for the sins of the whole world.\" 1 John 2:2","title":"Theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westminster Confession of Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith"}],"sub_title":"Confessional positions","text":"Chapter 3, paragraph 6 of the Westminster Confession of Faith says, \"Neither are any other redeemed by Christ, effectually called, justified, adopted, sanctified, and saved, but the elect only.\"The Canons of Dort assert that \"This death of God's Son is the only and entirely complete sacrifice and satisfaction for sins; it is of infinite value and worth, more than sufficient to atone for the sins of the whole world\" (Section 2, Article 3). Article 8 of the same section saysFor it was the entirely free plan and very gracious will and intention of God the Father that the enlivening and saving effectiveness of his Son's costly death should work itself out in all his chosen ones, in order that he might grant justifying faith to them only and thereby lead them without fail to salvation. In other words, it was God's will that Christ through the blood of the cross (by which he confirmed the new covenant) should effectively redeem from every people, tribe, nation, and language all those and only those who were chosen from eternity to salvation and given to him by the Father; that he should grant them faith (which, like the Holy Spirit's other saving gifts, he acquired for them by his death); that he should cleanse them by his blood from all their sins, both original and actual, whether committed before or after their coming to faith; that he should faithfully preserve them to the very end; and that he should finally present them to himself, a glorious people, without spot or wrinkle.","title":"Theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unlimited atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlimited_atonement"},{"link_name":"Arminian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminianism"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Messianic Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianic_Jewish"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"universal reconciliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_reconciliation"},{"link_name":"Governmental theory of atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmental_theory_of_atonement"}],"text":"Limited atonement is contrasted with the view popularly termed unlimited atonement, which is advocated by Arminian, Methodist, Lutheran, Messianic Jewish, and Roman Catholic theologians (among others) and which says Christ's work makes redemption possible for all but certain for none. (This doctrine should not be confused with concepts of universal reconciliation, in which God saves his entire creation). Though Lutherans and Catholics share a similar doctrine of the nature of the atonement with Calvinists, they differ on its extent, whereas Arminians and Methodists generally accept an alternate theory of the nature of the atonement such as the Governmental theory of atonement. The elect in such models are all the people who choose to avail themselves of God's gracious offer of salvation through Christ, not a pre-determined group. Thus, these systems place a limit on the efficacy of the atonement rather than on its extent, like Calvinists.Some have contended that the doctrine of particular redemption implies that Christ's sacrifice was insufficient to atone for the sins of the whole world, but Calvinists have universally rejected this notion, instead holding that the value of the atonement is infinite but that God intentionally withholds its efficacious availability only to the elect.","title":"Objections to the doctrine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formula of Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_of_Concord"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-formulaconcord-30"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dort-3"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arminius-v1-31"},{"link_name":"preventing (prevenient) grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevenient_grace"}],"sub_title":"Comparison among Protestants","text":"This table summarizes three different Protestant beliefs.In the Lutheran confessions, the Formula of Concord on the article on the doctrine of election[30] states:The eternal election of God, however, vel praedestinatio (or predestination), that is, God's ordination to salvation, does not extend at once over the godly and the wicked, but only over the children of God, who were elected and ordained to eternal life before the foundation of the world was laid, as Paul says, Eph. 1:4. 5: He hath chosen us in Him, having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ.The Canons of Dort, one of the earliest Calvinist confessions, state in the Second Head, Article 8:[3][...]it was the will of God that Christ by the blood of the cross, whereby He confirmed the new covenant, should effectually redeem out of every people, tribe, nation, and language, all those, and those only, who were from eternity chosen to salvation and given to Him by the Father;[...]In contrast, James Arminius states in his works the following:[31][...]To these succeeds the fourth decree, by which God decreed to save and damn certain particular persons. This decree has its foundation in the foreknowledge of God, by which he knew from all eternity those individuals who would, through his preventing (prevenient) grace, believe, and, through his subsequent grace would persevere, according to the before described administration of those means which are suitable and proper for conversion and faith; and, by which foreknowledge, he likewise knew those who would not believe and persevere.[...]","title":"Objections to the doctrine"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Sproul, R. C. (April 8, 2017). \"TULIP and Reformed Theology: Limited Atonement\". Ligonier Ministries. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved August 5, 2021. I prefer not to use the term limited atonement because it is misleading. I rather speak of definite redemption or definite atonement, which communicates that God the Father designed the work of redemption specifically with a view to providing salvation for the elect, and that Christ died for His sheep and laid down His life for those the Father had given to Him.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ligonier.org/learn/articles/tulip-and-reformed-theology-limited-atonement","url_text":"\"TULIP and Reformed Theology: Limited Atonement\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210805035547/https://www.ligonier.org/learn/articles/tulip-and-reformed-theology-limited-atonement","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Canons of Dort\". Second Head: Article 3. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120919133747/http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/dort.htm","url_text":"\"Canons of Dort\""},{"url":"http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/dort.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canons of Dort\". Second Head: Article 8. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120919133747/http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/dort.htm","url_text":"\"Canons of Dort\""},{"url":"http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/dort.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lashley, James Douglas (2013-05-22). Calvinism, Arminianism, or Another Option: A Hubmaierian/Molinist View of Soteriology. ISBN 978-1490323961.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1490323961","url_text":"978-1490323961"}]},{"reference":"Smirne), Policarpo (santo, vescovo di (2013-07-25). Polycarp's Epistle to the Philippians and the Martyrdom of Polycarp: Introduction, Text, and Commentary. University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-922839-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eZkRAAAAQBAJ&dq=martyrdom+of+polycarp+limited+atonement&pg=PA319","url_text":"Polycarp's Epistle to the Philippians and the Martyrdom of Polycarp: Introduction, Text, and Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922839-3","url_text":"978-0-19-922839-3"}]},{"reference":"Clark, R. Scott (2011). \"Limited Atonement\". Westminster Seminary California. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Scott_Clark","url_text":"Clark, R. Scott"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021023147/http://clark.wscal.edu/atonement.php","url_text":"\"Limited Atonement\""},{"url":"http://clark.wscal.edu/atonement.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Muller, Richard A. (2012). Calvin and the Reformed Tradition (Ebook ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic. p. 52.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Muller_(theologian)","url_text":"Muller, Richard A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Academic","url_text":"Baker Academic"}]},{"reference":"Muller, Richard A. (2012). Calvin and the Reformed Tradition (Ebook ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic. p. 53.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Muller_(theologian)","url_text":"Muller, Richard A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Academic","url_text":"Baker Academic"}]},{"reference":"Sproul, R.C. \"TULIP and Reformed Theology: Limited Atonement\". Ligonier Ministries. Retrieved 23 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ligonier.org/blog/tulip-and-reformed-theology-limited-atonement/","url_text":"\"TULIP and Reformed Theology: Limited Atonement\""}]},{"reference":"Calvin, John (1552). Concerning the Eternal Predestination of God. Westminster John Knox Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Canons of Dort\". Christian Reformed Church. Retrieved 22 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crcna.org/welcome/beliefs/confessions/canons-dort#3550","url_text":"\"Canons of Dort\""}]},{"reference":"Muller, Richard A. (2003). After Calvin. Oxford: Oxford University Press(subscription required). p. 14–15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Muller_(theologian)","url_text":"Muller, Richard A."},{"url":"https://www.questia.com/read/105180022/after-calvin-studies-in-the-development-of-a-theological","url_text":"After Calvin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"\"IV. Justification by Grace through Faith\". This We Believe. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Retrieved 5 Feb 2015. We believe that God has justified all sinners, that is, he has declared them righteous for the sake of Christ. This is the central message of Scripture upon which the very existence of the church depends. It is a message relevant to people of all times and places, of all races and social levels, for \"the result of one trespass was condemnation for all men\" (Romans 5:18). All need forgiveness of sins before God, and Scripture proclaims that all have been justified, for \"the result of one act of righteousness was justification that brings life for all men\" (Romans 5:18). We believe that individuals receive this free gift of forgiveness not on the basis of their own works, but only through faith (Ephesians 2:8,9)...On the other hand, although Jesus died for all, Scripture says that \"whoever does not believe will be condemned\" (Mark 16:16). Unbelievers forfeit the forgiveness won for them by Christ (John 8:24).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wels.net/what-we-believe/statements-beliefs/this-we-believe/justification","url_text":"\"IV. Justification by Grace through Faith\""},{"url":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=rm5:18&version=NIV","url_text":"Romans 5:18"},{"url":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=rm5:18&version=NIV","url_text":"Romans 5:18"},{"url":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=eph2:8-9&version=NIV","url_text":"Ephesians 2:8,9"},{"url":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=mk16:16&version=NIV","url_text":"Mark 16:16"},{"url":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=jn8:24&version=NIV","url_text":"John 8:24"}]},{"reference":"Becker, Siegbert W. \"Objective Justification\" (PDF). Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 26 Jan 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150205172946/http://www.wlsessays.net/files/BeckerJustification.pdf","url_text":"\"Objective Justification\""},{"url":"http://www.wlsessays.net/files/BeckerJustification.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Universal Justification\". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 5 Feb 2015. Christ paid for all our sins. God the Father has therefore forgiven them. But to benefit from this verdict we need to hear about it and trust in it. If I deposit money in the bank for you, to benefit from it you need to hear about it and use it. Christ has paid for your sins, but to benefit from it you need to hear about it and believe in it. We need to have faith but we should not think of faith as our contribution. It is a gift of God which the Holy Spirit works in us.","urls":[{"url":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080102112033/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=45&cuItem_itemID=16624","url_text":"\"Universal Justification\""},{"url":"https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=45&cuItem_itemID=16624","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Justification / Salvation\". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 29 Jan 2015. Romans 3:23-24, 5:9, 18 are other passages that lead us to say that it is most appropriate and accurate to say that universal justification is a finished fact. God has forgiven the sins of the whole world whether people believe it or not. He has done more than \"made forgiveness possible.\" All this is for the sake of the perfect substitutionary work of Jesus Christ.","urls":[{"url":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080102113440/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=45&cuItem_itemID=2954","url_text":"\"Justification / Salvation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod","url_text":"Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod"},{"url":"http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=45&cuItem_itemID=2954","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Book of Concord, Formula of Concord\". XI. Election, paragraph 5.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookofconcord.org/sd-election.php#para5","url_text":"\"The Book of Concord, Formula of Concord\""}]},{"reference":"\"Works of James Arminius, Vol. 1\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthin_Grammar_School | Ruthin School | ["1 Education","2 History","2.1 Beginnings","2.2 Re-foundation","2.3 Relocation and twentieth-century","2.4 Twenty-first century","3 Traditions","3.1 Church services","3.2 Hill fort run","4 Sovereign's visitatorial rights","5 Old Ruthinian Association","6 Distinguished Old Ruthinians","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°07′02″N 3°17′59″W / 53.1171°N 3.2997°W / 53.1171; -3.2997Public school in Denbighshire, Wales
Ruthin SchoolRuthin School's main building, opened in 1893AddressMold RoadRuthin, Denbighshire, LL15 1EEWalesCoordinates53°07′02″N 3°17′59″W / 53.1171°N 3.2997°W / 53.1171; -3.2997InformationTypePrivate day & boardingMottoDei Gratia Sum Quod SumEnglish translation: By the Grace of God I am What I amEstablishedc. 1284; 740 years ago (1284)GenderCoeducationalAge11 to 18VisitorHM Queen Elizabeth IIWebsitehttp://www.ruthinschool.co.uk
Ruthin School is a private day and boarding school located on the outskirts of Ruthin, the county town of Denbighshire, North Wales. It is over seven hundred years old, making it one of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom. Originally a school for boys, it has been co-educational since 1990.
Education
Inside the main building
In 2023, Ruthin School achieved 70% Grade A/A* in A-level. In the 2013 A Level results, 60.23% of grades attained by students at the school were A* or A. This figure was increased in 2016 to 76%, as well as a pass rate of 100%. 90% of 2017 university applications at the school were to Russell Group or top 20 universities. In 2017 the school had the 27th best A-level results of British independent schools.
The school won the 2016, 2017 and 2018 UKMT national mathematics competitions, resulting in their selection to represent the United Kingdom in Europe for three consecutive years. The school won the national Chemistry Analyst Competition in 2015, and has had gold award winning pupils in Olympiads for Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry every year in recent times.
According to the 2014 Estyn inspection report, English and mathematics at key stage four are well above Wales' average, and percentage of year 11 students achieving the level 2 threshold is also above the Welsh average. A* to C grades awarded for GCSE entries has improved and increased steadily for the past few years. Sixth Form students are at well above the Wales average at level 3, achieving good results in their A levels.
History
Beginnings
Ruthin School was founded in the wake of Edward I's conquest of Wales. Whilst the precise date of the foundation is not certain, Keith Thompson argues in his history of the school that 1284 is the most likely date and Reginald de Grey the most likely founder. In any event, it is clear from the Taxatio Ecclesiastica of 1291 that a collegiate church and school existed at Ruthin by that date.
Evidence of Ruthin School in the subsequent centuries is sparse. Surviving documents such as a Confirmatio of 1314/1315 which recognised the existence, rights and liberties of "collegio de Ruthin fundato per Reginald de Grey" indicate the existence of the School but nothing more is known of the size of the establishment.
Following Owain Glyndŵr's attack on Ruthin in September 1400, it appears that the collegiate church, and presumably also the school, continued to function unscathed until the dissolution of the former in 1535. Evidence for the school's continuation over the following decades is sketchy, but it is known that in 1561 the tithes of the sinecure of Llanelidan were applied to the use of the school, which suggests that pupils at that time would have been from local homes.
Re-foundation
In 1574, Gabriel Goodman, the Dean of Westminster and an Old Ruthinian, built a two-storey, limestone building to house the school in the shadow of the Church. The school appears to have prospered, and in 1595 Dean Goodman successfully petitioned Queen Elizabeth I to grant the tithes of Llanelidan to the school in perpetuity.
Following its refoundation, the grammar school educated the sons of local gentry, including the Grosvenor, Kenyon and Trevor families. Former pupils included Lloyd Kenyon, 1st Baron Kenyon and Sir John Trevor sometime Master of the Rolls and Speaker of the Speaker of the House of Commons.
Relocation and twentieth-century
In 1893 the school moved from the immediate vicinity of the church to a building designed by John Douglas on its site on the eastern outskirts of the town. In 1923 Lord Kenyon opened the Memorial Cricket Pavilion to honour those Old Ruthinians who had died during the First World War.
As the century progressed, the demand for places increased, and in 1949 Bishop Wynne House was inaugurated. Just over a decade later, a new school hall comprising a refectory, kitchens, classrooms, and a theatre were constructed.
Expansion continued, and in 1971 a preparatory department was established in the former Archbishop Williams' house. The quatercentenary of the School's re-foundation was commemorated by the launch of plans for the construction of a new wing consisting of dormitories, a music room, classrooms, locker rooms and other facilities, plans which culminated in 1980.
The School's septcentenary was commemorated by a visit of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, the School's Visitor, and His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh on 16 March 1984 when a clock in the central tower was unveiled.
Twenty-first century
On the hundredth anniversary of the school's relocation, the Hall was further extended and in 2006 the Hewer Hall, a sports facility, was opened by The Princess Royal.
The then Principal, Toby Belfield, caused controversy in May 2015 when he questioned the merits of a bilingual education in a letter to the Denbighshire Free Press, acknowledging that "tradition and heritage are important – but much more important is to ensure that we do not reduce the opportunities available for Welsh children." His claims that bilingual education was educationally "weaker" than in England and abroad received widespread attention nationally, splitting opinion. The school attracted national attention again in February 2017, after leaked emails from the Principal (addressed to the students and parents) concerning a crackdown on behaviour caused controversy. The principal stated that he wished to expel students who engaged in romantic relationships and/or give them inferior references for university admissions, stating that he would "always" "definitely" give a worse reference; and that he would "not hesitate" to expel students who engaged in sexual activity. After the e-mails were released, Belfield released a contradictory statement that if the student was making high marks, he would not reduce the quality of his or her recommendations even if he or she was dating.
In an ironic twist, it was discovered Belfield was trying to engage in relationships with several students after hundreds of sexualised text messages that he had sent to the school's female pupils emerged. He complimented his students 'breasts' and asked about their 'virginities', as well as boasting about how he used to meet students abroad. The girls ages ranged from 15 to 18. The extent of Belfield's grooming is still unknown, yet it is understood he sought to remain in contact with several female students after they had left school. Belfield was placed on leave at the end of 2019; he had already been suspended following an earlier investigation two years prior, but allowed to return to work.
In January 2020, following an unannounced inspection, Care Inspectorate Wales, which oversees the welfare and safeguarding of children, published a damning report on "inadequate" policies and procedures that are in breach of discrimination and human rights laws, stating "serious shortfalls" meant pupils are "not appropriately safeguarded" and "at risk of harm".
Traditions
Church services
The school traditionally travels to the Collegiate and Parochial Church of St Peter three times annually: once to mark Remembrance Day, once for a Christmas Carol Service, and once for Founder's Day.
Hill fort run
In the summer term there is an annual race from school to the summit of Moel Fenlli and back down again – a 7.5-mile (12.1 km) cross-country race in which school students and staff compete. The prize for the winner is a pot of marmalade, with trophies for the first boy and girl finishing in each age group.
Sovereign's visitatorial rights
The monarch is the visitor of Ruthin School, whose rights have traditionally been exercised by the Lord Lieutenant.
Old Ruthinian Association
The Old Ruthinian Association consists of former pupils of Ruthin School. The Association was founded after the First World War and gathers for its annual meeting on the Saturday of Remembrance Weekend at Ruthin Castle.
Distinguished Old Ruthinians
(1568) Richard Parry: Bishop of St Asaph, translator of the Welsh Bible
(1589) Godfrey Goodman: Bishop of Gloucester
(1590) John Williams: Dean of Westminster, Bishop of Lincoln, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England, Archbishop of York
(1640) William Lloyd: Bishop of Llandaff; Bishop of Peterborough; Bishop of Norwich
(1645) Sir John Trevor: Master of the Rolls; Speaker of the House of Commons; knight
(1650) Thomas Lloyd: Deputy Governor of Pennsylvania
(1675) John Wynne: Bishop of St Asaph; Bishop of Bath & Wells
(c.1709) Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 3rd Baronet and 'Prince of Wales' (1693–1749)
(1722) Josiah Tucker: Dean of Gloucester
(1733) Richard Perryn: Baron of the Exchequer
(1744) Lloyd Kenyon, 1st Baron Kenyon: Master of the Rolls; Lord Chief Justice of England
(1851) Rowland Ellis: Bishop of Aberdeen and Orkney
(1860) Elias Owen; Welsh international footballer
(1886) Sir Lewis Casson: M.C.; actor and producer; knight
(1935) Sir Ian Richmond: LL.D., F.S.A., F.B.A., Professor of Archaeology, University of Oxford; Fellow of All Souls; knight
(1951) Neil Vernon-Roberts: Kenyan sports shooter
(1954) Bob Barber: M.A., M.B.A., Test cricketer, captain of Lancashire and Warwickshire County Cricket Clubs
(1964) Mike Roberts: Welsh international rugby union player
(1980) Julian Lennon: Musician, photographer, and philanthropist
See also
List of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom
List of non-ecclesiastical and non-residential works by John Douglas
References
^ "Explore Ruthin School: See Reviews, Rankings, Fees, And More". Britannia UK.
^ "A Level and AS Level Results 2016". Ruthin School. 20 August 2016.
^ "School Information". Ruthin School.
^ "Top 100 Independent Schools by A Levels and Pre U". Best Schools.
^ "Perfect score wins national maths challenge for second year". Independent Education Today. 18 February 2016.
^ "Mathematics – UK National Champions – AGAIN!!!". Ruthin School. 7 February 2018.
^ @UKMathsTrust (7 February 2017). "Congratulations to Ruthin School, the winners of the Senior Team Maths Challenge 2017!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ Estyn Inspection Report; accessed 11/06/2014
^ a b Ritschel, Chelsea (2 January 2018). "Public school headmaster backtracks threats of expulsion for pupils found in relationships". The Independent. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ Turner, Camilla (2 January 2018). "Headteacher of leading public school says he will expel pupils who have a boyfriend or girlfriend". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ a b "Strict head sent flirtatious messages to 'naughty' girls". The Times. 2 January 2020.
^ "Damning report finds 'serious shortfalls' at Ruthin boarding school with pupils 'at risk of harm'". ITV News. 2 January 2020.
^ "Ruthin School pupils 'at risk of harm' says damning care watchdog report". North Wales Live. 2 January 2020.
^ "Top Ruthin school slammed in care report". Denbighshire Free Press. 2 January 2020.
^ "Categories". Ruthin School.
^ "Hill-fort Run 2009". Ruthin School. 23 June 2009.
^ "Hill Fort Run". Ruthin School.
^ Cholerton, Moira. "Elias Owen (son of Elias)". Owen children. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
Further reading
Thompson, Keith M. (1974). Ruthin School: the first seven centuries. Ruthin: Ruthin School Quatercentenary Committee. ISBN 0950387304.
External links
School website
Old Ruthinian Association website
Profile on the Independent Schools Council website
Authority control databases
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The quatercentenary of the School's re-foundation was commemorated by the launch of plans for the construction of a new wing consisting of dormitories, a music room, classrooms, locker rooms and other facilities, plans which culminated in 1980.The School's septcentenary was commemorated by a visit of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, the School's Visitor, and His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh on 16 March 1984 when a clock in the central tower was unveiled.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Princess Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RitschelBack-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RitschelBack-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Twenty-first century","text":"On the hundredth anniversary of the school's relocation, the Hall was further extended and in 2006 the Hewer Hall, a sports facility, was opened by The Princess Royal.The then Principal, Toby Belfield, caused controversy in May 2015 when he questioned the merits of a bilingual education in a letter to the Denbighshire Free Press, acknowledging that \"tradition and heritage are important – but much more important is to ensure that we do not reduce the opportunities available for Welsh children.\" His claims that bilingual education was educationally \"weaker\" than in England and abroad received widespread attention nationally, splitting opinion.[citation needed] The school attracted national attention again in February 2017, after leaked emails from the Principal (addressed to the students and parents) concerning a crackdown on behaviour caused controversy.[9] The principal stated that he wished to expel students who engaged in romantic relationships and/or give them inferior references for university admissions, stating that he would \"always\" \"definitely\" give a worse reference; and that he would \"not hesitate\" to expel students who engaged in sexual activity.[10] After the e-mails were released, Belfield released a contradictory statement that if the student was making high marks, he would not reduce the quality of his or her recommendations even if he or she was dating.[9]In an ironic twist, it was discovered Belfield was trying to engage in relationships with several students after hundreds of sexualised text messages that he had sent to the school's female pupils emerged. He complimented his students 'breasts' and asked about their 'virginities', as well as boasting about how he used to meet students abroad.[11] The girls ages ranged from 15 to 18. The extent of Belfield's grooming is still unknown, yet it is understood he sought to remain in contact with several female students after they had left school. Belfield was placed on leave at the end of 2019; he had already been suspended following an earlier investigation two years prior, but allowed to return to work.[11]In January 2020, following an unannounced inspection, Care Inspectorate Wales, which oversees the welfare and safeguarding of children, published a damning report on \"inadequate\" policies and procedures that are in breach of discrimination and human rights laws, stating \"serious shortfalls\" meant pupils are \"not appropriately safeguarded\" and \"at risk of harm\".[12][13][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collegiate and Parochial Church of St Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_and_Parochial_Church_of_St_Peter,_Ruthin"},{"link_name":"Remembrance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_Day"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Church services","text":"The school traditionally travels to the Collegiate and Parochial Church of St Peter three times annually: once to mark Remembrance Day, once for a Christmas Carol Service, and once for Founder's Day.[15]","title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moel Fenlli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moel_Fenlli"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"marmalade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmalade"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Hill fort run","text":"In the summer term there is an annual race from school to the summit of Moel Fenlli and back down again – a 7.5-mile (12.1 km) cross-country race in which school students and staff compete.[16] The prize for the winner is a pot of marmalade, with trophies for the first boy and girl finishing in each age group.[17]","title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"visitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor"},{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant"}],"text":"The monarch is the visitor of Ruthin School, whose rights have traditionally been exercised by the Lord Lieutenant.","title":"Sovereign's visitatorial rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Ruthinian Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Ruthinian_Association"}],"text":"The Old Ruthinian Association consists of former pupils of Ruthin School. The Association was founded after the First World War and gathers for its annual meeting on the Saturday of Remembrance Weekend at Ruthin Castle.","title":"Old Ruthinian Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Parry_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of St Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Asaph"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Goodman"},{"link_name":"John Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Williams,_Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"Dean of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Lord Keeper of the Great Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"William Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lloyd_(bishop_of_Norwich)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Llandaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Llandaff"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Peterborough"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Norwich"},{"link_name":"Sir John Trevor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trevor_(speaker)"},{"link_name":"Master of the Rolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_the_Rolls"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lloyd_(lieutenant_governor)"},{"link_name":"John Wynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wynne_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of St Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Asaph"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Bath & Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bath_%26_Wells"},{"link_name":"Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Watkin_Williams-Wynn,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Josiah Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Richard Perryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Perryn"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Kenyon, 1st Baron Kenyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Kenyon,_1st_Baron_Kenyon"},{"link_name":"Lord Chief Justice of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England"},{"link_name":"Rowland Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Ellis_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Aberdeen and Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Aberdeen_and_Orkney"},{"link_name":"Elias Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Owen_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sir Lewis Casson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Casson"},{"link_name":"Sir Ian Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Richmond"},{"link_name":"Neil Vernon-Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Vernon-Roberts"},{"link_name":"sports shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_shooter"},{"link_name":"Bob Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Barber_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Test cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"Mike Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Roberts_(Welsh_rugby_player)"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Julian Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Lennon"}],"text":"(1568) Richard Parry: Bishop of St Asaph, translator of the Welsh Bible\n(1589) Godfrey Goodman: Bishop of Gloucester\n(1590) John Williams: Dean of Westminster, Bishop of Lincoln, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England, Archbishop of York\n(1640) William Lloyd: Bishop of Llandaff; Bishop of Peterborough; Bishop of Norwich\n(1645) Sir John Trevor: Master of the Rolls; Speaker of the House of Commons; knight\n(1650) Thomas Lloyd: Deputy Governor of Pennsylvania\n(1675) John Wynne: Bishop of St Asaph; Bishop of Bath & Wells\n(c.1709) Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 3rd Baronet and 'Prince of Wales' (1693–1749) [in Peter DG Thomas' Politics in Eighteenth Century Wales (1998)]\n(1722) Josiah Tucker: Dean of Gloucester\n(1733) Richard Perryn: Baron of the Exchequer\n(1744) Lloyd Kenyon, 1st Baron Kenyon: Master of the Rolls; Lord Chief Justice of England\n(1851) Rowland Ellis: Bishop of Aberdeen and Orkney\n(1860) Elias Owen; Welsh international footballer[18]\n(1886) Sir Lewis Casson: M.C.; actor and producer; knight\n(1935) Sir Ian Richmond: LL.D., F.S.A., F.B.A., Professor of Archaeology, University of Oxford; Fellow of All Souls; knight\n(1951) Neil Vernon-Roberts: Kenyan sports shooter\n(1954) Bob Barber: M.A., M.B.A., Test cricketer, captain of Lancashire and Warwickshire County Cricket Clubs\n(1964) Mike Roberts: Welsh international rugby union player\n(1980) Julian Lennon: Musician, photographer, and philanthropist","title":"Distinguished Old Ruthinians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0950387304","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0950387304"}],"text":"Thompson, Keith M. (1974). Ruthin School: the first seven centuries. Ruthin: Ruthin School Quatercentenary Committee. ISBN 0950387304.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Inside the main building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ruthin_School_Uploads_11.jpg/180px-Ruthin_School_Uploads_11.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"List of non-ecclesiastical and non-residential works by John Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-ecclesiastical_and_non-residential_works_by_John_Douglas"}] | [{"reference":"\"Explore Ruthin School: See Reviews, Rankings, Fees, And More\". Britannia UK.","urls":[{"url":"https://britannia-study.co.uk/boarding-schools/ruthin-school-review/","url_text":"\"Explore Ruthin School: See Reviews, Rankings, Fees, And More\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Level and AS Level Results 2016\". Ruthin School. 20 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ruthinschool.co.uk/news/a-level-results-2016/","url_text":"\"A Level and AS Level Results 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"School Information\". Ruthin School.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ruthinschool.co.uk/school-information/","url_text":"\"School Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Independent Schools by A Levels and Pre U\". Best Schools.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.best-schools.co.uk/uk-school-league-tables/list-of-league-tables/top-100-schools-by-a-level","url_text":"\"Top 100 Independent Schools by A Levels and Pre U\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perfect score wins national maths challenge for second year\". Independent Education Today. 18 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://ie-today.co.uk/dashboard2/news/perfect-score-wins-national-maths-challenge-for-second-year/","url_text":"\"Perfect score wins national maths challenge for second year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mathematics – UK National Champions – AGAIN!!!\". Ruthin School. 7 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ruthinschool.co.uk/news/mathematics-uk-national-champions/","url_text":"\"Mathematics – UK National Champions – AGAIN!!!\""}]},{"reference":"@UKMathsTrust (7 February 2017). \"Congratulations to Ruthin School, the winners of the Senior Team Maths Challenge 2017!\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/UKMathsTrust/status/829007714948882432","url_text":"\"Congratulations to Ruthin School, the winners of the Senior Team Maths Challenge 2017!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Ritschel, Chelsea (2 January 2018). \"Public school headmaster backtracks threats of expulsion for pupils found in relationships\". The Independent. Retrieved 24 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/public-school-headmaster-ruthin-school-pupil-relationships-expelled-north-wales-co-educational-a8174711.html","url_text":"\"Public school headmaster backtracks threats of expulsion for pupils found in relationships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Camilla (2 January 2018). \"Headteacher of leading public school says he will expel pupils who have a boyfriend or girlfriend\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2018/01/23/headteacher-leading-public-school-says-will-expel-pupils-have/","url_text":"\"Headteacher of leading public school says he will expel pupils who have a boyfriend or girlfriend\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Strict head sent flirtatious messages to 'naughty' girls\". The Times. 2 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/strict-head-sent-flirtatious-messages-to-naughty-girls-h52xj28ql","url_text":"\"Strict head sent flirtatious messages to 'naughty' girls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Damning report finds 'serious shortfalls' at Ruthin boarding school with pupils 'at risk of harm'\". ITV News. 2 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2020-01-20/damning-report-finds-serious-shortfalls-at-ruthin-boarding-school-with-pupils-at-risk-of-harm/","url_text":"\"Damning report finds 'serious shortfalls' at Ruthin boarding school with pupils 'at risk of harm'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruthin School pupils 'at risk of harm' says damning care watchdog report\". North Wales Live. 2 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/ruthin-school-pupils-at-risk-17597798","url_text":"\"Ruthin School pupils 'at risk of harm' says damning care watchdog report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Ruthin school slammed in care report\". Denbighshire Free Press. 2 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denbighshirefreepress.co.uk/news/18176210.top-school-slammed-care-report/","url_text":"\"Top Ruthin school slammed in care report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Categories\". Ruthin School.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ruthinschool.co.uk/events/categories/","url_text":"\"Categories\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hill-fort Run 2009\". Ruthin School. 23 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ruthinschool.co.uk/news/hill-fort-run-2009/","url_text":"\"Hill-fort Run 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hill Fort Run\". Ruthin School.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ruthinschool.co.uk/school-information/extra-curricular/hill-fort-run/","url_text":"\"Hill Fort Run\""}]},{"reference":"Cholerton, Moira. \"Elias Owen (son of Elias)\". Owen children. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.owen.cholerton.org/05_elias_52.php","url_text":"\"Elias Owen (son of Elias)\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Keith M. (1974). Ruthin School: the first seven centuries. Ruthin: Ruthin School Quatercentenary Committee. ISBN 0950387304.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0950387304","url_text":"0950387304"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ruthin_School¶ms=53.1171_N_3.2997_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"53°07′02″N 3°17′59″W / 53.1171°N 3.2997°W / 53.1171; -3.2997"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ruthin_School¶ms=53.1171_N_3.2997_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"53°07′02″N 3°17′59″W / 53.1171°N 3.2997°W / 53.1171; -3.2997"},{"Link":"http://www.ruthinschool.co.uk/","external_links_name":"http://www.ruthinschool.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://britannia-study.co.uk/boarding-schools/ruthin-school-review/","external_links_name":"\"Explore Ruthin School: See Reviews, Rankings, Fees, And More\""},{"Link":"https://www.ruthinschool.co.uk/news/a-level-results-2016/","external_links_name":"\"A Level and AS Level Results 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.ruthinschool.co.uk/school-information/","external_links_name":"\"School Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.best-schools.co.uk/uk-school-league-tables/list-of-league-tables/top-100-schools-by-a-level","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 Independent Schools by A Levels and Pre U\""},{"Link":"https://ie-today.co.uk/dashboard2/news/perfect-score-wins-national-maths-challenge-for-second-year/","external_links_name":"\"Perfect score wins national maths challenge for second year\""},{"Link":"https://www.ruthinschool.co.uk/news/mathematics-uk-national-champions/","external_links_name":"\"Mathematics – UK National Champions – AGAIN!!!\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/UKMathsTrust/status/829007714948882432","external_links_name":"\"Congratulations to Ruthin School, the winners of the Senior Team Maths Challenge 2017!\""},{"Link":"http://www.estyn.gov.uk/english/provider/6636027/","external_links_name":"Estyn Inspection Report; accessed 11/06/2014"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/public-school-headmaster-ruthin-school-pupil-relationships-expelled-north-wales-co-educational-a8174711.html","external_links_name":"\"Public school headmaster backtracks threats of expulsion for pupils found in relationships\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2018/01/23/headteacher-leading-public-school-says-will-expel-pupils-have/","external_links_name":"\"Headteacher of leading public school says he will expel pupils who have a boyfriend or girlfriend\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/strict-head-sent-flirtatious-messages-to-naughty-girls-h52xj28ql","external_links_name":"\"Strict head sent flirtatious messages to 'naughty' girls\""},{"Link":"https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2020-01-20/damning-report-finds-serious-shortfalls-at-ruthin-boarding-school-with-pupils-at-risk-of-harm/","external_links_name":"\"Damning report finds 'serious shortfalls' at Ruthin boarding school with pupils 'at risk of harm'\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/ruthin-school-pupils-at-risk-17597798","external_links_name":"\"Ruthin School pupils 'at risk of harm' says damning care watchdog report\""},{"Link":"https://www.denbighshirefreepress.co.uk/news/18176210.top-school-slammed-care-report/","external_links_name":"\"Top Ruthin school slammed in care report\""},{"Link":"https://www.ruthinschool.co.uk/events/categories/","external_links_name":"\"Categories\""},{"Link":"https://www.ruthinschool.co.uk/news/hill-fort-run-2009/","external_links_name":"\"Hill-fort Run 2009\""},{"Link":"https://www.ruthinschool.co.uk/school-information/extra-curricular/hill-fort-run/","external_links_name":"\"Hill Fort Run\""},{"Link":"http://www.owen.cholerton.org/05_elias_52.php","external_links_name":"\"Elias Owen (son of Elias)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ruthinschool.co.uk/","external_links_name":"School website"},{"Link":"https://www.ruthinora.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Old Ruthinian Association website"},{"Link":"https://www.isc.co.uk/schools/wales/denbighshire/ruthin/ruthin-school/","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000446693615","external_links_name":"ISNI"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Sheepshanks | Ernest Sheepshanks | ["1 Personal","2 Education and sports","3 Journalism career","4 Controversy","5 References","6 External links"] | English cricketer and war correspondent
Ernest Richard Sheepshanks (22 March 1910 – 31 December 1937), also known as Dick Sheepshanks, was an English amateur first-class cricketer who played one match for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1929, and a war correspondent who was killed in the Spanish Civil War.
Personal
Sheepshanks was born at Arthington Hall, Leeds, Yorkshire, England. His family had made its fortune in wool. He is buried in the churchyard at Arthington Hall.
Education and sports
Sheepshanks attended Eton College, where he was captain of cricket, and helped them win the annual fixture against Harrow School in 1928. He then studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1928 to 1931, where he was a contemporary of Victor Rothschild and Guy Burgess.
It was in his first year at Cambridge, in 1929, that he played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club against the University, although he never played for Cambridge University itself. Sheepshanks, as a right-handed batsman, scored 26 in his only innings. After following on, Cambridge scored 425 for 7 and the match was drawn.
Journalism career
Sheepshanks joined Reuters as a journalist on 16 October 1933. He died, aged 27, in December 1937 at Caudiel, Teruel, Spain, where he was working as a special correspondent at the Battle of Teruel in the Spanish Civil War, covering the war from a pro-Franco position. A shell landed just in front of the press car he was in; Bradish Johnson of Newsweek was killed outright, Eddie Neil of Associated Press and Sheepshanks were fatally wounded, but Kim Philby of The Times, much later exposed as a Soviet spy, suffered only a minor head wound.
Controversy
Decades later Tom Duprée, British honorary consul at Saint Jean de Luz, France in 1937, suggested Philby had set a bomb in the car to kill Sheepshanks before he blew his cover, but Professor Donald Read considered this highly improbable.
References
^ a b Warner, David (2011). The Yorkshire County Cricket Club: 2011 Yearbook (113th ed.). Ilkley, Yorkshire: Great Northern Books. p. 377. ISBN 978-1-905080-85-4.
^ Charlotte Moore (14 May 1995). "PROPERTY: Five centuries of the past to play with - Arts & Entertainment". The Independent. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
^ a b "Dick Sheepshanks". Thebaron.info. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
^ Lord Rothschild, Meditations of a Broomstick (London: Collins, 1977), p. 16. ISBN 0002165120
^ Cricinfo Player Profile retrieved 27 November 2008
^ Fighting for Franco, Judith Keene, 2001
External links
Cricinfo Profile
Cricket Archive Statistics
This biographical article related to an English cricket person born in the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a British journalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_status_in_first-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"first-class cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YB-1"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"}],"text":"Ernest Richard Sheepshanks (22 March 1910 – 31 December 1937), also known as Dick Sheepshanks, was an English amateur first-class cricketer who played one match for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1929,[1] and a war correspondent who was killed in the Spanish Civil War.","title":"Ernest Sheepshanks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thebaron-3"}],"text":"Sheepshanks was born at Arthington Hall, Leeds, Yorkshire, England. His family had made its fortune in wool.[2] He is buried in the churchyard at Arthington Hall.[3]","title":"Personal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"Harrow School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Victor Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Rothschild,_3rd_Baron_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"Guy Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Burgess"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YB-1"},{"link_name":"following on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follow-on"}],"text":"Sheepshanks attended Eton College, where he was captain of cricket, and helped them win the annual fixture against Harrow School in 1928. He then studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1928 to 1931, where he was a contemporary of Victor Rothschild and Guy Burgess.[4]It was in his first year at Cambridge, in 1929, that he played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club against the University, although he never played for Cambridge University itself. Sheepshanks, as a right-handed batsman, scored 26 in his only innings.[1] After following on, Cambridge scored 425 for 7 and the match was drawn.","title":"Education and sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thebaron-3"},{"link_name":"Caudiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudiel"},{"link_name":"Teruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teruel"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Battle of Teruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Teruel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"Kim Philby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"}],"text":"Sheepshanks joined Reuters as a journalist on 16 October 1933.[3] He died, aged 27, in December 1937 at Caudiel, Teruel, Spain, where he was working as a special correspondent at the Battle of Teruel in the Spanish Civil War, covering the war from a pro-Franco position.[5] A shell landed just in front of the press car he was in; Bradish Johnson of Newsweek was killed outright, Eddie Neil of Associated Press and Sheepshanks were fatally wounded, but Kim Philby of The Times, much later exposed as a Soviet spy, suffered only a minor head wound.","title":"Journalism career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"honorary consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_consul"},{"link_name":"Saint Jean de Luz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Jean_de_Luz"},{"link_name":"Donald Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Read"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keene-6"}],"text":"Decades later Tom Duprée, British honorary consul at Saint Jean de Luz, France in 1937, suggested Philby had set a bomb in the car to kill Sheepshanks before he blew his cover, but Professor Donald Read considered this highly improbable.[6]","title":"Controversy"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Warner, David (2011). The Yorkshire County Cricket Club: 2011 Yearbook (113th ed.). Ilkley, Yorkshire: Great Northern Books. p. 377. ISBN 978-1-905080-85-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905080-85-4","url_text":"978-1-905080-85-4"}]},{"reference":"Charlotte Moore (14 May 1995). \"PROPERTY: Five centuries of the past to play with - Arts & Entertainment\". The Independent. Retrieved 20 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/property-five-centuries-of-the-past-to-play-with-1619569.html","url_text":"\"PROPERTY: Five centuries of the past to play with - Arts & Entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dick Sheepshanks\". Thebaron.info. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201205546/http://thebaron.info/styled-41/styled-43/dicksheepshanks.html","url_text":"\"Dick Sheepshanks\""},{"url":"http://thebaron.info/styled-41/styled-43/dicksheepshanks.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/property-five-centuries-of-the-past-to-play-with-1619569.html","external_links_name":"\"PROPERTY: Five centuries of the past to play with - Arts & Entertainment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201205546/http://thebaron.info/styled-41/styled-43/dicksheepshanks.html","external_links_name":"\"Dick Sheepshanks\""},{"Link":"http://thebaron.info/styled-41/styled-43/dicksheepshanks.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://content-www.cricinfo.com/england/content/player/20710.html","external_links_name":"Cricinfo Player Profile"},{"Link":"http://content-www.cricinfo.com/england/content/player/20710.html","external_links_name":"Cricinfo Profile"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/32/32713/32713.html","external_links_name":"Cricket Archive Statistics"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Sheepshanks&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Sheepshanks&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Humphreys | Mike Humphreys | ["1 Amateur career","2 Professional career","3 Personal","4 References","5 External links"] | American baseball player (born 1967)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Mike Humphreys" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Baseball player
Mike HumphreysOutfielderBorn: (1967-04-10) April 10, 1967 (age 57)Dallas, TexasBatted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutJuly 29, 1991, for the New York YankeesLast MLB appearanceOctober 3, 1993, for the New York YankeesMLB statisticsBatting average.176Home runs1Runs batted in9
Teams
New York Yankees (1991–1993)
Michael Butler Humphreys (born April 10, 1967) is a former Major League Baseball player. Humphreys played for the New York Yankees from 1991 to 1993. He batted and threw right-handed.
Amateur career
Humphreys played collegiately for the Texas Tech Red Raiders. In 1987, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Orleans Cardinals of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star.
Professional career
He was drafted by the San Diego Padres in the 15th round of the 1988 MLB draft. He then went on to play for the New York Yankees.
Personal
His son, Zack, was a catcher for the TCU Horned Frogs.
He was signed as a free agent on 7/13/2021 by the Los Angeles Angels. He currently plays for the Rocket City Trash Pandas (AA-level minor league team for the Angels) in Madison, Alabama.
References
^ "Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League" (PDF). capecodbaseball.org. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ "Hyannis, Cotuit battle for third as Harwich continues to win". Barnstable Patriot. Barnstable, MA. July 9, 1987. p. 8.
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
This biographical article relating to an American baseball outfielder born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"right-handed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-handed"}],"text":"Baseball playerMichael Butler Humphreys[citation needed] (born April 10, 1967) is a former Major League Baseball player. Humphreys played for the New York Yankees from 1991 to 1993. He batted and threw right-handed.","title":"Mike Humphreys"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Tech Red Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"collegiate summer baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_summer_baseball"},{"link_name":"Orleans Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orleans_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Humphreys played collegiately for the Texas Tech Red Raiders.[citation needed] In 1987, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Orleans Cardinals of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star.[1][2]","title":"Amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"1988 MLB draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_MLB_draft"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"}],"text":"He was drafted by the San Diego Padres in the 15th round of the 1988 MLB draft.[citation needed] He then went on to play for the New York Yankees.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TCU Horned Frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCU_Horned_Frogs_baseball"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"His son, Zack, was a catcher for the TCU Horned Frogs.[citation needed]He was signed as a free agent on 7/13/2021 by the Los Angeles Angels. He currently plays for the Rocket City Trash Pandas (AA-level minor league team for the Angels) in Madison, Alabama.","title":"Personal"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League\" (PDF). capecodbaseball.org. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://capecodbaseball.org.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std-content/repos/Top/2012website/archives/Current%20Year/All_Time_MLB_CCBL_Alumni.pdf","url_text":"\"Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hyannis, Cotuit battle for third as Harwich continues to win\". Barnstable Patriot. Barnstable, MA. July 9, 1987. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/APA/Yarmouth/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=BAR%2F1987%2F07%2F09&id=Ar00811&sk=8AFE71E1&viewMode=image","url_text":"\"Hyannis, Cotuit battle for third as Harwich continues to win\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mike+Humphreys%22","external_links_name":"\"Mike Humphreys\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mike+Humphreys%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mike+Humphreys%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mike+Humphreys%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mike+Humphreys%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mike+Humphreys%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://capecodbaseball.org.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std-content/repos/Top/2012website/archives/Current%20Year/All_Time_MLB_CCBL_Alumni.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League\""},{"Link":"http://digital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/APA/Yarmouth/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=BAR%2F1987%2F07%2F09&id=Ar00811&sk=8AFE71E1&viewMode=image","external_links_name":"\"Hyannis, Cotuit battle for third as Harwich continues to win\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/h/humphmi01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=humphr002mic","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Humphreys&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetted_perimeter | Wetted perimeter | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Perimeter of a cross sectional area that is wet
Cross sectional area of a trapezoidal open channel, red highlights wetted perimeter
Change of wetted perimeter (blue) of trapezoidal canal as a function of angle ψ.
The wetted perimeter is the perimeter of the cross sectional area that is "wet". The length of line of the intersection of channel wetted surface with a cross sectional plane normal to the flow direction. The term wetted perimeter is common in civil engineering, environmental engineering, hydrology, geomorphology, and heat transfer applications; it is associated with the hydraulic diameter or hydraulic radius. Engineers commonly cite the cross sectional area of a river.
The wetted perimeter can be defined mathematically as
P
=
∑
i
=
0
∞
l
i
{\displaystyle P=\sum _{i=0}^{\infty }{l_{i}}}
where li is the length of each surface in contact with the aqueous body.
In open channel flow, the wetted perimeter is defined as the surface of the channel bottom and sides in direct contact with the aqueous body. Friction losses typically increase with an increasing wetted perimeter, resulting in a decrease in head. In a practical experiment, one is able to measure the wetted perimeter with a tape measure weighted down to the river bed to get a more accurate measurement.
When a channel is much wider than it is deep, the wetted perimeter approximates the channel width.
See also
Hydrological transport model
Manning formula
Hydraulic radius
References
^ a b c Knighton, David (1998). Fluvial forms and processes: a new perspective (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0340663134.
vteRivers, streams and springsRivers(lists)
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This engineering-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This geomorphology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wetted_Perimeter.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wetted_perimeter.gif"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knighton-1"},{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Engineering"},{"link_name":"environmental engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Engineering"},{"link_name":"hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology"},{"link_name":"geomorphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology"},{"link_name":"heat transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer"},{"link_name":"hydraulic diameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_diameter"},{"link_name":"hydraulic radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_radius"},{"link_name":"open channel flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_channel_flow"},{"link_name":"Friction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction"},{"link_name":"head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_head"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knighton-1"},{"link_name":"measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knighton-1"}],"text":"Cross sectional area of a trapezoidal open channel, red highlights wetted perimeterChange of wetted perimeter (blue) of trapezoidal canal as a function of angle ψ.The wetted perimeter is the perimeter of the cross sectional area that is \"wet\".[1] The length of line of the intersection of channel wetted surface with a cross sectional plane normal to the flow direction. The term wetted perimeter is common in civil engineering, environmental engineering, hydrology, geomorphology, and heat transfer applications; it is associated with the hydraulic diameter or hydraulic radius. Engineers commonly cite the cross sectional area of a river.The wetted perimeter can be defined mathematically asP\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n l\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P=\\sum _{i=0}^{\\infty }{l_{i}}}where li is the length of each surface in contact with the aqueous body.In open channel flow, the wetted perimeter is defined as the surface of the channel bottom and sides in direct contact with the aqueous body. Friction losses typically increase with an increasing wetted perimeter, resulting in a decrease in head.[1] In a practical experiment, one is able to measure the wetted perimeter with a tape measure weighted down to the river bed to get a more accurate measurement.When a channel is much wider than it is deep, the wetted perimeter approximates the channel width.[1]","title":"Wetted perimeter"}] | [{"image_text":"Cross sectional area of a trapezoidal open channel, red highlights wetted perimeter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Wetted_Perimeter.svg/220px-Wetted_Perimeter.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Change of wetted perimeter (blue) of trapezoidal canal as a function of angle ψ.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Wetted_perimeter.gif/220px-Wetted_perimeter.gif"}] | [{"title":"Hydrological transport model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrological_transport_model"},{"title":"Manning formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manning_formula"},{"title":"Hydraulic radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_radius"}] | [{"reference":"Knighton, David (1998). Fluvial forms and processes: a new perspective (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0340663134.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340663134","url_text":"978-0340663134"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wetted_perimeter&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wetted_perimeter&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Buchanan | Larry Buchanan | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Later life, death, and legacy","4 The AIP TV Movies","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"] | American film director (1923–2004)
Larry Buchanan (January 31, 1923 − December 2, 2004), born Marcus Larry Seale Jr., was a film director, producer and writer, who proclaimed himself a "schlockmeister". Many of his extremely low-budget films have landed on "worst movie" lists or in the public domain, but all at least broke even and many made a profit. Most of his films were made for television and were never shown theatrically.
He is perhaps most famous for his AIP films In the Year 2889, The Eye Creatures, Zontar, the Thing from Venus, Curse of the Swamp Creature, Creature of Destruction, It's Alive!, and Mars Needs Women, all of which were released directly to late night television.
Early life
Buchanan was born in Lost Prairie, Texas, on Jan. 31, 1923. He was orphaned as a baby and was raised in Dallas in an orphanage. It was while growing up there that he became fascinated with the movies which were shown in the orphanage's theater. He considered becoming a minister early in life, but got into the movie industry instead.
Career
Buchanan visited Hollywood and landed a job in the props department at 20th Century Fox. It was while working here that his acting career got off the ground. He played some bit parts in movies, and the studio gave him the stage name "Larry Buchanan", which he used for his entire career. He enlisted in the United States Army Signal Corps in order to learn how to direct movies. He was based in New York, which allowed him to act in stage plays in the evenings.
In the early 1950s, Buchanan began producing, directing, writing, editing, and acting in his own low budget movies. The first was a one-reeler, The Cowboy (1949), which he shot back in Dallas for $900. His first feature film was Grubsteak (1952); he knew Stanley Kubrick from working in New York at this time and Kubrick offered to be his cinematographer on Grubsteak, but he wanted more money than Buchanan could pay. Buchanan worked as an assistant to director George Cukor on The Marrying Kind (1952).
Buchanan is perhaps best known for exploitation, science fiction, and other genre films, including Free, White and 21 (1963), The Naked Witch (1964, made for $8,000), High Yellow (1965), A Bullet for Pretty Boy (1970), Goodbye, Norma Jean (1976), Hughes and Harlow: Angels in Hell (1977), Mistress of the Apes (1979), The Loch Ness Horror (1981) and Goodnight, Sweet Marilyn (1989).
Among Buchanan's work, several direct-to-television films which he wrote, produced, and directed back in Dallas under his own "Azalea Films" imprint in the mid-to-late-1960s for American International Pictures, still generate a good degree of fan attention today. The titles − The Eye Creatures (1967), Zontar, the Thing from Venus (1967), Creature of Destruction (1967), Mars Needs Women (1968), Curse of the Swamp Creature (1968), In the Year 2889 (1969), Hell Raiders (1969), and It's Alive! (1969) − were largely color remakes of AIP films from the 1950s. Buchanan's instructions from AIP were: "We want cheap color pictures, we want half-assed names in them, we want them eighty minutes long and we want them now".
In 1964 Buchanan created The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald, which presented an alternate history in which Lee Harvey Oswald was not killed by Jack Ruby and stood trial for the assassination of John F. Kennedy. In 1984 he produced Down on Us, which charged that the U.S. government was responsible for the deaths of Jimi Hendrix, Jim Morrison and Janis Joplin.
Among the notable features of Buchanan's movies were:
Monsters with eyes literally made from ping-pong balls
day-for-night footage "with a blue gel slapped across the camera lens with the noonday sun clearly visible on surfaces of water, car bumpers, etc."
Extremely low production values
One reasonably well-known (if over-the-hill) lead actor (such as John Ashley or John Agar).
Later life, death, and legacy
Buchanan died in Tucson, Arizona on December 2, 2004 at age 81. He died of complications from a collapsed lung, according to his wife, Joan Buchanan (they were married for 52 years). Buchanan left behind his wife,
one daughter and three sons.
After his death, a long obituary in The New York Times summarized his work thus: "One quality united Mr. Buchanan's diverse output: It was not so much that his films were bad; they were deeply, dazzlingly, unrepentantly bad. His work called to mind a famous line from H. L. Mencken, who, describing President Warren G. Harding's prose, said, 'It is so bad that a sort of grandeur creeps into it.'"
He left behind an entire career of poorly made films, many of which have become cult films for being "so-bad-they're-good". Buchanan chronicled his unusual life in his 1997 autobiography, It Came from Hunger: Tales of a Cinema Schlockmeister. This only authoritative record of Buchanan's life has recently been reprinted as a softcover book available on Amazon, the story of Buchanan's arduous journey from Texas orphanage to Hollywood director, and a look inside the wacky world of low budget filmmaking.
The AIP TV Movies
The Eye Creatures (1967) - remake of Invasion of the Saucer Men (1957)
Zontar, the Thing from Venus (1967) - remake of It Conquered the World (1956)
Creature of Destruction (1967) - remake of The She-Creature (1956)
Mars Needs Women (1968) - an original script by Buchanan
Curse of the Swamp Creature (1968) - loose remake of Voodoo Woman (1957)
In the Year 2889 (1969) - remake of Day the World Ended (1955)
Hell Raiders (1969) - remake of Suicide Battalion (1958)
It's Alive! (1969) - adapted from the Richard Matheson story "Being"
References
Notes
^ Palmer, Randy (2009). Paul Blaisdell, Monster Maker: A Biography of the B Movie Makeup and Special Effects Artist. McFarland & Company. p. 246. ISBN 978-0786440993.
^ Palmer, Randy (2009). Paul Blaisdell, Monster Maker: A Biography of the B Movie Makeup and Special Effects Artist. McFarland & Company. p. 246. ISBN 978-0786440993.
^ a b c d
Fox, Margalit (December 19, 2004). "Larry Buchanan Dies at 81; B-Movie 'Schlockmeister'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
^ Goodsell p 61
^ a b Goodsell p 62
^
St. Clair Smith, Douglass (May 1986). "How Bad Were They?". Texas Monthly: 211.
^ Goodsell, Greg, "The Weird and Wacky World of Larry Buchanan", Filmfax, No. 38 April/May 1993 p 64
^ Fox, Margalit (December 19, 2004). "Larry Buchanan Dies at 81; B-Movie 'Schlockmeister'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
^ Craig, Rob (2007). The Films of Larry Buchanan: A Critical Examination. North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2982-0.
^ Palmer, Randy (2009). Paul Blaisdell, Monster Maker: A Biography of the B Movie Makeup and Special Effects Artist. McFarland & Company. p. 246. ISBN 978-0786440993.
Bibliography
Craig, Rob (2007). The Films of Larry Buchanan: A Critical Examination. North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2982-0.
Goodsell, Greg, "The Weird and Wacky World of Larry Buchanan", Filmfax, No. 38 April/May 1993 p 60-66
External links
Larry Buchanan at IMDb
Obituary at Los Angeles Times
vteFilms directed by Larry Buchanan
The Cowboy (short) (1951)
Grubstake (1952)
A Taste of Venom (1956)
The Naked Witch (1961)
Common Law Wife (1963)
Free, White and 21 (1963)
Naughty Dallas (1964)
Under Age (1964)
The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald (1964)
The Eye Creatures (1965)
High Yellow (1965)
Zontar, the Thing from Venus (1966)
Curse of the Swamp Creature (1966)
Sam (1967)
Mars Needs Women (1967)
In the Year 2889 (1967)
Creature of Destruction (1967)
Hell Raiders (1968)
Comanche Crossing (1968)
The Other Side of Bonnie and Clyde (1968)
It's Alive! (1969)
Strawberries Need Rain (1970)
A Bullet for Pretty Boy (1970)
The Rebel Jesus (1972)
Goodbye, Norma Jean (1976)
Hughes and Harlow: Angels in Hell (1977)
Mistress of the Apes (1979)
The Loch Ness Horror (1981)
Down on Us (1984)
Goodnight, Sweet Marilyn (1989)
The Copper Scroll of Mary Magdalene (2004)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"schlockmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_movies_(exploitation_boom)"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"In the Year 2889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Year_2889_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Eye Creatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eye_Creatures"},{"link_name":"Zontar, the Thing from Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zontar,_the_Thing_from_Venus"},{"link_name":"Curse of the Swamp Creature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_the_Swamp_Creature"},{"link_name":"Creature of Destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creature_of_Destruction"},{"link_name":"It's Alive!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Alive!_(1969_film)"},{"link_name":"Mars Needs Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Needs_Women"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Larry Buchanan (January 31, 1923 − December 2, 2004), born Marcus Larry Seale Jr., was a film director, producer and writer, who proclaimed himself a \"schlockmeister\". Many of his extremely low-budget films have landed on \"worst movie\" lists or in the public domain, but all at least broke even and many made a profit. Most of his films were made for television and were never shown theatrically. [1]He is perhaps most famous for his AIP films In the Year 2889, The Eye Creatures, Zontar, the Thing from Venus, Curse of the Swamp Creature, Creature of Destruction, It's Alive!, and Mars Needs Women, all of which were released directly to late night television.[2]","title":"Larry Buchanan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes2004-3"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"orphanage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphanage"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Buchanan was born in Lost Prairie, Texas, on Jan. 31, 1923.[3] He was orphaned as a baby and was raised in Dallas in an orphanage. It was while growing up there that he became fascinated with the movies which were shown in the orphanage's theater. He considered becoming a minister early in life, but got into the movie industry instead.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes2004-3"},{"link_name":"United States Army Signal Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodsellp62-5"},{"link_name":"one-reeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-reeler"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodsellp62-5"},{"link_name":"George Cukor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cukor"},{"link_name":"The Marrying Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marrying_Kind"},{"link_name":"exploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_film"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Free, White and 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free,_White_and_21"},{"link_name":"The Naked Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Naked_Witch"},{"link_name":"High Yellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Yellow"},{"link_name":"A Bullet for Pretty Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bullet_for_Pretty_Boy"},{"link_name":"Goodbye, Norma Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye,_Norma_Jean"},{"link_name":"Hughes and Harlow: Angels in Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_and_Harlow:_Angels_in_Hell"},{"link_name":"Mistress of the Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Apes"},{"link_name":"The Loch Ness Horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loch_Ness_Horror"},{"link_name":"Goodnight, Sweet Marilyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodnight,_Sweet_Marilyn"},{"link_name":"American International Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Pictures"},{"link_name":"The Eye Creatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eye_Creatures"},{"link_name":"Zontar, the Thing from Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zontar,_the_Thing_from_Venus"},{"link_name":"Creature of Destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creature_of_Destruction"},{"link_name":"Mars Needs Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Needs_Women"},{"link_name":"Curse of the Swamp Creature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_the_Swamp_Creature"},{"link_name":"In the Year 2889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Year_2889_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hell Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Raiders"},{"link_name":"It's Alive!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Alive!_(1969_film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St._Clair_Smith_1986-6"},{"link_name":"The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trial_of_Lee_Harvey_Oswald_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"alternate history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"Lee Harvey Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald"},{"link_name":"Jack Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ruby"},{"link_name":"assassination of John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Down on Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_on_Us"},{"link_name":"U.S. government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"Jim Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Janis Joplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janis_Joplin"},{"link_name":"day-for-night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day-for-night"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmfax-7"},{"link_name":"John Ashley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashley_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Agar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Agar"}],"text":"Buchanan visited Hollywood and landed a job in the props department at 20th Century Fox. It was while working here that his acting career got off the ground. He played some bit parts in movies, and the studio gave him the stage name \"Larry Buchanan\", which he used for his entire career.[3] He enlisted in the United States Army Signal Corps in order to learn how to direct movies. He was based in New York, which allowed him to act in stage plays in the evenings.[5]In the early 1950s, Buchanan began producing, directing, writing, editing, and acting in his own low budget movies. The first was a one-reeler, The Cowboy (1949), which he shot back in Dallas for $900. His first feature film was Grubsteak (1952); he knew Stanley Kubrick from working in New York at this time and Kubrick offered to be his cinematographer on Grubsteak, but he wanted more money than Buchanan could pay.[5] Buchanan worked as an assistant to director George Cukor on The Marrying Kind (1952).Buchanan is perhaps best known for exploitation, science fiction, and other genre films, including Free, White and 21 (1963), The Naked Witch (1964, made for $8,000), High Yellow (1965), A Bullet for Pretty Boy (1970), Goodbye, Norma Jean (1976), Hughes and Harlow: Angels in Hell (1977), Mistress of the Apes (1979), The Loch Ness Horror (1981) and Goodnight, Sweet Marilyn (1989).Among Buchanan's work, several direct-to-television films which he wrote, produced, and directed back in Dallas under his own \"Azalea Films\" imprint in the mid-to-late-1960s for American International Pictures, still generate a good degree of fan attention today. The titles − The Eye Creatures (1967), Zontar, the Thing from Venus (1967), Creature of Destruction (1967), Mars Needs Women (1968), Curse of the Swamp Creature (1968), In the Year 2889 (1969), Hell Raiders (1969), and It's Alive! (1969) − were largely color remakes of AIP films from the 1950s. Buchanan's instructions from AIP were: \"We want cheap color pictures, we want half-assed names in them, we want them eighty minutes long and we want them now\".[6]In 1964 Buchanan created The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald, which presented an alternate history in which Lee Harvey Oswald was not killed by Jack Ruby and stood trial for the assassination of John F. Kennedy. In 1984 he produced Down on Us, which charged that the U.S. government was responsible for the deaths of Jimi Hendrix, Jim Morrison and Janis Joplin.Among the notable features of Buchanan's movies were:Monsters with eyes literally made from ping-pong balls\nday-for-night footage \"with a blue gel slapped across the camera lens with the noonday sun clearly visible on surfaces of water, car bumpers, etc.\"[7]\nExtremely low production values\nOne reasonably well-known (if over-the-hill) lead actor (such as John Ashley or John Agar).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes2004-3"},{"link_name":"H. L. Mencken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Mencken"},{"link_name":"Warren G. Harding's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes2004-3"},{"link_name":"cult films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_film"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Buchanan died in Tucson, Arizona on December 2, 2004 at age 81. He died of complications from a collapsed lung, according to his wife, Joan Buchanan (they were married for 52 years). Buchanan left behind his wife,\none daughter and three sons.[3]After his death, a long obituary in The New York Times summarized his work thus: \"One quality united Mr. Buchanan's diverse output: It was not so much that his films were bad; they were deeply, dazzlingly, unrepentantly bad. His work called to mind a famous line from H. L. Mencken, who, describing President Warren G. Harding's prose, said, 'It is so bad that a sort of grandeur creeps into it.'\"[3]He left behind an entire career of poorly made films, many of which have become cult films for being \"so-bad-they're-good\". Buchanan chronicled his unusual life in his 1997 autobiography, It Came from Hunger: Tales of a Cinema Schlockmeister. This only authoritative record of Buchanan's life has recently been reprinted as a softcover book available on Amazon, the story of Buchanan's arduous journey from Texas orphanage to Hollywood director, and a look inside the wacky world of low budget filmmaking.[8][9]","title":"Later life, death, and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hell Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Raiders"},{"link_name":"It's Alive!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Alive!_(1969_film)"},{"link_name":"Richard Matheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Matheson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Eye Creatures (1967) - remake of Invasion of the Saucer Men (1957)\nZontar, the Thing from Venus (1967) - remake of It Conquered the World (1956)\nCreature of Destruction (1967) - remake of The She-Creature (1956)\nMars Needs Women (1968) - an original script by Buchanan\nCurse of the Swamp Creature (1968) - loose remake of Voodoo Woman (1957)\nIn the Year 2889 (1969) - remake of Day the World Ended (1955)\nHell Raiders (1969) - remake of Suicide Battalion (1958)\nIt's Alive! (1969) - adapted from the Richard Matheson story \"Being\"[10]","title":"The AIP TV Movies"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Fox, Margalit (December 19, 2004). \"Larry Buchanan Dies at 81; B-Movie 'Schlockmeister'\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/19/movies/19buchanan.html","url_text":"\"Larry Buchanan Dies at 81; B-Movie 'Schlockmeister'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"St. Clair Smith, Douglass (May 1986). \"How Bad Were They?\". Texas Monthly: 211.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Craig, Rob (2007). The Films of Larry Buchanan: A Critical Examination. North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2982-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2982-0","url_text":"978-0-7864-2982-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/19/movies/19buchanan.html","external_links_name":"\"Larry Buchanan Dies at 81; B-Movie 'Schlockmeister'\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0118041/","external_links_name":"Larry Buchanan"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2004/dec/13/local/me-buchanan13","external_links_name":"Obituary"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1800677/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078262546","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/46902489","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqbgwJkxphCHVyMmjYVmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4935612","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13189499k","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13189499k","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119502178","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92101792","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119502178.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/193811502","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Veljkov-Medakovi%C4%87 | Vera Veljkov-Medaković | ["1 Education","2 Musical career","3 Personal life","4 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vera Veljkov-Medaković" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Vera VeljkovPianist and piano teacherBackground informationBirth nameVera VeljkovBorn(1923-07-18)July 18, 1923Bavaniste, Serbia, YugoslaviaDiedSeptember 29, 2011(2011-09-29) (aged 88)Belgrade, SerbiaGenresClassicalOccupation(s)Pedagogue, PianistInstrument(s)PianoMusical artist
Vera Veljkov-Medaković (Serbian Cyrillic: Вера Вељков-Медаковић) (July 18, 1923 – September 29, 2011) was a Serbian pianist and piano teacher.
Education
Veljkov studied at the elementary and secondary music school "Stanković" in Belgrade. Her teacher, Rikard Schwartz, dedicated his Children's Suite for Piano to her when she was twelve. She graduated with honors. After she finished high school, she studied the piano at the Belgrade Music Academy piano department under prof. Emil Hayek, graduating with the highest marks in 1942.
As one of the most promising students of the Belgrade Music Academy, she traveled to Paris in 1947 for training. She studied the piano at the Conservatoire de Paris with Lazare Lévy for a period of two years, and then another year with Marguerite Long, where visiting "Les cours pour les Francais et Etrangers virtuoses". She later returned to Belgrade with a degree from the Paris Conservatory, she continued her work at the Music Academy, where she remained until her retirement in 1984. At the Music Academy (FMA), she underwent re-election in all vocations, from assistant to full professor, and at one time performed and served as chief of the Department of piano at the Faculty of Music.
Musical career
Her first solo concert was on April 8, 1943 at the Kolarac National University of Belgrade. Since her return from Paris in 1950, she performed in twenty four different piano recitals, including programs with Serbian composers such as Biserka Cvejic, a soloist in Vienna and Munich, with the works of S. Rajičić, P. Milosevic, M. Tajcevic, V. Peričić, D. Kostic and D. Radic. With various orchestras in the country and abroad, she performed as a soloist in multiple venues, including Beethoven in G major, Mozart concerto for piano and orchestra in b minor, KV491, Liszt Concerto for Piano and Orchestra in E flat major and Ravel Concerto for Piano and Concerto in G major.
She recorded for radio and television broadcasts beginning in 1945, including the TV show Family Notes with the Symphony Orchestra of RTB, and recorded a total of 23 shows for radio and three television programs. She recorded six shows for Radio Dubrovnik as well as works of Serbian composers for Vienna Radio. As an accompanist she has performed in radio shows with soloists Vera Sušnjak faith-Vojnović, Rose Arbanas, Olga Vukmirovic and Biserka Cvejic, with the program of Serbian, German, American, French and Spanish composers, as well as black and American Indian songs for voice and piano.
In October 1983, she performed in a concert in Novi Sad honoring the work of Petar Konjović.
She performed as a soloist in Austria, Germany, France, Romania and all the centers of the former Yugoslavia.
Personal life
Veljkov married academician Dejan Medaković.
References
^ a b c Сретеновић, Мирјана. "Сећање на Рикарда Шварца, композитора страдалог у Јасеновцу" . Politika Online. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
^ Stefanović, Dimitrije (1989). Life and work of Petar Konjović (in Serbian). Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti. ISBN 978-86-7025-054-3. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"}],"text":"Musical artistVera Veljkov-Medaković (Serbian Cyrillic: Вера Вељков-Медаковић) (July 18, 1923 – September 29, 2011) was a Serbian pianist and piano teacher.","title":"Vera Veljkov-Medaković"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Rikard Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikard_Schwarz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Belgrade Music Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Music_Academy"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Conservatoire de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lazare Lévy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazare_L%C3%A9vy"},{"link_name":"Marguerite Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Long"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Veljkov studied at the elementary and secondary music school \"Stanković\" in Belgrade. Her teacher, Rikard Schwartz, dedicated his Children's Suite for Piano to her when she was twelve.[1] She graduated with honors. After she finished high school, she studied the piano at the Belgrade Music Academy piano department under prof. Emil Hayek, graduating with the highest marks in 1942.As one of the most promising students of the Belgrade Music Academy, she traveled to Paris in 1947 for training. She studied the piano at the Conservatoire de Paris with Lazare Lévy for a period of two years, and then another year with Marguerite Long, where visiting \"Les cours pour les Francais et Etrangers virtuoses\". She later returned to Belgrade with a degree from the Paris Conservatory, she continued her work at the Music Academy,[1] where she remained until her retirement in 1984. At the Music Academy (FMA), she underwent re-election in all vocations, from assistant to full professor, and at one time performed and served as chief of the Department of piano at the Faculty of Music.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart"},{"link_name":"Liszt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liszt"},{"link_name":"Ravel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravel"},{"link_name":"Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"Novi Sad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Sad"},{"link_name":"Petar Konjović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"}],"text":"Her first solo concert was on April 8, 1943 at the Kolarac National University of Belgrade. Since her return from Paris in 1950, she performed in twenty four different piano recitals, including programs with Serbian composers such as Biserka Cvejic, a soloist in Vienna and Munich, with the works of S. Rajičić, P. Milosevic, M. Tajcevic, V. Peričić, D. Kostic and D. Radic. With various orchestras in the country and abroad, she performed as a soloist in multiple venues, including Beethoven in G major, Mozart concerto for piano and orchestra in b minor, KV491, Liszt Concerto for Piano and Orchestra in E flat major and Ravel Concerto for Piano and Concerto in G major.She recorded for radio and television broadcasts beginning in 1945, including the TV show Family Notes with the Symphony Orchestra of RTB, and recorded a total of 23 shows for radio and three television programs. She recorded six shows for Radio Dubrovnik as well as works of Serbian composers for Vienna Radio. As an accompanist she has performed in radio shows with soloists Vera Sušnjak faith-Vojnović, Rose Arbanas, Olga Vukmirovic and Biserka Cvejic, with the program of Serbian, German, American, French and Spanish composers, as well as black and American Indian songs for voice and piano.In October 1983, she performed in a concert in Novi Sad honoring the work of Petar Konjović.[2]She performed as a soloist in Austria, Germany, France, Romania and all the centers of the former Yugoslavia.","title":"Musical career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dejan Medaković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejan_Medakovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Veljkov married academician Dejan Medaković.[1]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Сретеновић, Мирјана. \"Сећање на Рикарда Шварца, композитора страдалог у Јасеновцу\" [The memory of Richard Schwartz, the composer who died in Jasenovac]. Politika Online. Retrieved 2024-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/525937/kompozitori-holokaust-jasenovac","url_text":"\"Сећање на Рикарда Шварца, композитора страдалог у Јасеновцу\""}]},{"reference":"Stefanović, Dimitrije (1989). Life and work of Petar Konjović (in Serbian). Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti. ISBN 978-86-7025-054-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GxoLAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%22&pg=PA7","url_text":"Life and work of Petar Konjović"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7025-054-3","url_text":"978-86-7025-054-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vera+Veljkov-Medakovi%C4%87%22","external_links_name":"\"Vera Veljkov-Medaković\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vera+Veljkov-Medakovi%C4%87%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vera+Veljkov-Medakovi%C4%87%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vera+Veljkov-Medakovi%C4%87%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vera+Veljkov-Medakovi%C4%87%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vera+Veljkov-Medakovi%C4%87%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/525937/kompozitori-holokaust-jasenovac","external_links_name":"\"Сећање на Рикарда Шварца, композитора страдалог у Јасеновцу\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GxoLAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%22&pg=PA7","external_links_name":"Life and work of Petar Konjović"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Abbaro | Mo Abbaro | ["1 Life and career","2 Family","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Sudanese ceramicist (1933–2016)
Mo AbbaroBornMohammed Ahmed Abdalla Abbaro17 October 1933Abu Jibayha, SudanDied12 March 2016(2016-03-12) (aged 82)London, EnglandOther namesMo Abdalla; Mohammed Abdalla Abbaro; Mohmed Abdalla; Mo Abdalla AbbaroEducationKhartoum Technical Institute; Central School of Arts and Crafts; North Staffordshire College of CeramicsOccupation(s)Ceramicist and potterSpouse
Rose Glennie (m. 1964)Children3
Mo Abbaro (17 October 1933 – 12 March 2016), also known professionally as Mo Abdalla or Mohammed Ahmed Abdalla Abbaro, was a London-based Sudanese ceramicist and potter, who has been described by artist Oliver Bloom as "one of the world's finest ceramicists".
Life and career
Mohammed Ahmed Abdalla Abbaro was born in Abu Jibayha, Sudan. He graduated in Fine and Applied Arts from Khartoum Technical Institute in 1958, the following year winning a scholarship to London to study ceramics at the Central School of Arts and Crafts. He did postgraduate studies in industrial pottery design at the North Staffordshire College of Ceramics, after which he had a period of training in chemical analyses of ceramics materials at the North Staffs College of Ceramics Technology. He went back to Sudan to teach ceramics for some years, but decided to return to England in 1966 to pursue his career in Britain.
He taught ceramics at the Camden Arts Centre for more than two decades, and had many exhibitions in London—including at the Barbican Centre, the Whitechapel Gallery (as part of Africa '95), the Mall Galleries, and the Iraqi Cultural Centre—and elsewhere in the UK, as well as in the US and Sweden. His studio and showroom were in King Henry's Road, close to Primrose Hill.
He turned to writing in later life, publishing works on ceramic technique, such as Modern Ceramics—On the Interplay of Forms and Surfaces (2000), as well as on his own family history, including The History of the Abbaros of Sudan since the 15th Century (1997).
His ceramics are in the collections of London's British Museum, the Institut du Monde Arabe in Paris, and the Smithsonian Museum, Washington. His work was shown in Frederique Cifuentes's 2017 exhibition Sudan: Emergence of Singularities at the P21 Gallery, London.
Family
He was married to Rose (née Glennie), since 1964, daughter of composer Elisabeth Lutyens and granddaughter of Sir Edwin Lutyens.
Abbaro died aged 80 in London on 12 March 2016, survived by his wife and their son and two daughters.
See also
Visual arts of Sudan
References
^ a b c d e f g h i "Mo Abbaro, ceramicist – obituary", Daily Telegraph, 19 May 2016.
^ a b c d e Abbaro, Halida and Besheer (2016), "Mohammed Ahmed Abdalla Abbaro 1933-2016", CPA News: The Craft Potters Association, Number 167, pp. 8–9.
^ Bennett, Natalie (29 August 2004). "Sudan's ancient treasures reveal the mighty culture that humbled the pharoahs". The Independent.
^ "Mohammed Abdalla (Biographical details)", The British Museum.
^ "Sudan, Democratic Republic of the — IV. Painting, graphic arts and sculpture", Oxford Islamic Studies Online.
^ a b c d "Mo A Abbaro, Ceramisist", British Museum. Archived 25 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine website.
^ a b Abbaro, Besheer (Summer 2016). "A Tribute to Mo Abdalla (1935–2016)". The Lutyens Trust. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
^ "Mohammed Ahmed Abdalla", Smithsonian National Institute of African Art.
^ Dabrowska, Karen (9 April 2017). "Sudanese artists showcased for first time in London". The Arab Weekly. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
^ "Mo Abbaro ceramicist". buru.org.uk. Ben Uri Research Unit (BURU). Retrieved 18 February 2024.
External links
Oliver Bloom, "The ceramicist", YouTube video, 18 October 2012.
Authority control databases
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in industrial pottery design at the North Staffordshire College of Ceramics, after which he had a period of training in chemical analyses of ceramics materials at the North Staffs College of Ceramics Technology.[5][6] He went back to Sudan to teach ceramics for some years, but decided to return to England in 1966[2] to pursue his career in Britain.[6]He taught ceramics at the Camden Arts Centre for more than two decades,[2] and had many exhibitions in London—including at the Barbican Centre, the Whitechapel Gallery (as part of Africa '95),[7] the Mall Galleries, and the Iraqi Cultural Centre[1]—and elsewhere in the UK, as well as in the US and Sweden.[6] His studio and showroom were in King Henry's Road, close to Primrose Hill.[6]He turned to writing in later life, publishing works on ceramic technique, such as Modern Ceramics—On the Interplay of Forms and Surfaces (2000), as well as on his own family history,[1] including The History of the Abbaros of Sudan since the 15th Century 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datsun_1600_(510) | Datsun 510 | ["1 Popularity","2 Variations and market differences","2.1 Japan","2.2 North America","2.3 Europe","2.4 Oceania","2.5 South America","2.6 Taiwan","2.7 South Africa","3 Later years","4 Motorsport","4.1 Major motorsport victories","5 References","6 External links"] | For 510 model years after 1973, see Nissan Violet § A10 series (1977–1981).
Motor vehicle
Datsun 510Datsun Bluebird SSS 4-door (510)OverviewManufacturerNissanAlso calledDatsun 1300, 1500, 1600Datsun BluebirdYue Loong Bluebird 706 (sedan)ProductionAugust 1967–1973AssemblyJapan: Yokosuka, Kanagawa (Oppama plant)Australia: Melbourne, VictoriaNew Zealand: ThamesTaiwanMexico: Civac, CuernavacaDesignerTeruo UchinoBody and chassisBody style2/4-door sedan 2-door coupé 5-door station wagonLayoutFR layoutPowertrainEngine1.3 L J13 OHV I41.3 L L13 I41.4 L L14 I41.5 L J15 OHV I41.6 L L16 I41.8 L L18 I4DimensionsWheelbase95.3 in (2,420 mm)Length163.2 in (4,145 mm) (estate) 163 in (4,128 mm) (coupé)Width61.4 in (1,560 mm)Height56.5 in (1,435 mm) (estate)56 in (1,410 mm) (coupé)Curb weight2,072.3 lb (940 kg) (estate)2,127 lb (965 kg) (coupé)ChronologySuccessorDatsun 610
The Datsun 510 was a series of the Datsun Bluebird sold from 1968 to 1973, and offered outside the U.S. and Canada as the Datsun 1600.
The rear-wheel drive 510's engineering was inspired by contemporary European sedans, particularly the 1966 BMW 1600-2 – incorporating an overhead camshaft engine and four-wheel independent suspension by means of MacPherson struts in front, and semi-trailing arms on the rear wheels. The styling is attributed to Datsun in-house designer, Teruo Uchino.
Nissan USA president Yutaka Katayama pushed for offering this generation of the Bluebird with a larger overhead cam engine with more power than the preceding models. The design originated with Prince Motor Company, which merged with Nissan in 1966.
The 510-series Bluebird was released in the domestic Japanese market on August 15, 1967. In North America, the Datsun 510 was launched in October 1967 as a four-door sedan, followed by a two-door sedan (June 1968), five-door station wagon, and two-door coupé (November 1968).
The range became famous for Nissan's rallying successes outside Japan and paved the way for greater Nissan sales internationally.
The series was available with either a four-speed manual transmission or optional three-speed automatic. 510s, in some markets, offered twin Hitachi side-draft carburetors, which were a smaller version of the British SU design used on Jaguars and MGs. These engines also used enhanced compression and camshaft profiles to produce more power. SSS models (not offered in North America) offered upgraded instrumentation and interior trim, as well as appropriate exterior badges.
Popularity
Affordable performance combined with simple mechanicals helped the Datsun 510 remain a popular automotive enthusiast's car for many years after its discontinuation. Avid collectors can be found around the world with significant numbers in the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand.
One advantage of the early Datsun cars is that many of the parts were interchangeable – engines, transmissions, and suspension setups, for example, were all similar enough to swap with minor modifications. This allowed the Datsun 510 to be easily upgraded from the 1.6l – L16 engine, to the 1.8l – L18 engine, and later to the 2.0L L20B engine, and to go from the four-speed manual transmission to the 63 mm (shaft-center distance) five-speed transmissions made available for the early (S10) 200SX and (A10) HL510, and the 71 mm five-speed transmissions used in the (S30 & S130) 280-series Z cars, 1980 to '83 (S110) 200SX, the 1977 to '80 (810) 810, the 1981 to '84 (910) 810/Maxima/Bluebird, and the C210/R30 series of Skylines. The 71 mm five-speed transmissions also saw extensive use in the 620/720/D21 series pick-up trucks in both long and short (rare) extension-housing versions.
Its positive reputation in North America also led to Nissan re-using the 510 model name there later on for the unrelated, 1978–1981 Nissan Stanza 'A10' in an effort to capture this range's glory - an effort reviewers considered a failure.
Hot Wheels manufactures several versions of the car.
Variations and market differences
The P510 (RHD) and PL510 (LHD) were the most prevalent models in many export markets, including the U.S. The 1969 KP510T two-door coupe version arrived in small numbers to right-hand-drive markets, predominantly Japan's domestic market, unsaddled by engine emission regulations. The K prefix cars are coupés, with a swept roofline and shorter deck lid, while wagons carry a W prefix. For the 1974 model year, the 510 four-door sedan was dropped in favor of the 1974 PL610 series cars. Around the world, the J series pushrod-engined model was most common.
1970-1972 Datsun 510 2-door sedan (USA)
Datsun 1600 4-door
1968 Datsun Bluebird estate wagon
Datsun Bluebird SSS coupé (Japan)
Japan
When first shown, at the 1967 Tokyo Motor Show, Japanese customers received the overhead-camshaft 1.3-liter engine with a claimed 72 PS (53 kW) – according to Nissan, an engine more capable than competitor Toyota's 1.5-liter version. The little engine was not helped by being married to a three-speed manual gearbox. From the beginning, however, North American customers received the larger 1.6 coupled to a four-speed all-synchro transmission. Indeed, by October 1968 the Bluebird was made available with a 1600 cc engine to Japanese buyers as well. The 510-series Bluebirds differed widely depending on the market. In South America, Asia (excluding Japan), and in Africa, the 510 sedan, two-door, and station wagon models traded rear independent suspension for a leaf-sprung solid axle. The engines for these markets also differed. Rather than the OHC L-series, they received pushrod inline four-cylinder engines from the J-series with either 1.3 or 1.5-liter displacement. These variants were also known as Datsun 1500 (J15 engine) and Datsun 1300 (J13 engine).
1972-1973 Datsun Bluebird 1400 Deluxe (510N, Japan)
In September 1970, the 1.3 and 1.5-liter engines were replaced with 1.4-liter units. In September 1971 the new, larger, Bluebird U (610) appeared in Japanese showrooms, but the 510 continued on sale as a lower-priced, more compact version. It also received a minor facelift with plastic surrounds for the headlamps, while the 1800 cc models were discontinued. The chassis code was changed to 510N.
North America
Originally only available as a four-door sedan or a station wagon for the 1968 model year, the two-door sedan saw a limited introduction during the summer of 1968 - making this the rarest U.S. 510 year and model. In Canada it was marketed as the Datsun 1600 rather than using the internal, "510" model code. The two-door sedan body style became popular and was imported into the U.S. and Canada in large numbers for the next five model years. The Datsun 510 released to the North American market had a Hitachi downdraft-carbureted 1.6-liter L-series straight-four engine, with an advertised gross power of 96 hp (72 kW), a claimed top speed of 100 mph, front disc brakes, four-wheel independent suspension (MacPherson struts in front and semi-trailing arms in rear), except the wagons, which used a rear solid live axle with leaf springs.
The 1968 510s are unique, with a stainless steel grille, inward pivoting wipers, small amber front turn signals, no rear side marker lights, and different taillights from later models (without chrome trim). For 1969, the grille was changed and now has an unpainted, stainless steel central section with rounder bars than those found the year before. The wide "DATSUN" text was replaced with an upright rectangle with a "D" in the middle. The windshield wipers were changed for a more traditional layout and round side marker lights were added at the rear. Larger taillights, all red with a small, white reversing lamp, were introduced and remained until the end of production. The interior saw minor changes; most importantly the ignition was moved onto the steering column. All North American model 510s received tinted glass from 1970 on.
In Canada and the U.S., unitized-body Datsun PL510 cars have become rare in the Rust Belt regions, but can still be seen in areas where corrosive materials are not generally used on the roads- such as Western and Southern States. The greatest numbers of the cars seem to be in the West Coast region, where Japanese cars first succeeded in the market.
Europe
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The first European imports were delivered shortly after the announcement of the car in Japan, spearhead the brand there. UK imports were announced at the October 1968 Motor Show. The L16 saloons appeared first, joined shortly by the estate. L13 models arrived in early 1969, and a series of minor updates and equipment changes dictated by the US market followed. The L14 model replaced the L13 in October, 1970, and was imported with the L16 until May, 1972, when the car was replaced by the far more successful (in the UK) 610. Nissan imported about 4000 510 models into the UK, and less than 10 of those original UK spec cars are known to exist. Nissan established a proper dealer network around the time the 510 was discontinued, (Octav Botnar was instrumental in the massive success of the brand in the UK) so the 510 never really received the marketing nor recognition that was achieved in other countries. All official imports in the UK were four-door saloons or estates, but several two-doors and at least one four-door SSS version are in the country.
Oceania
Australian versions of the Datsun 1600 were delivered either as a full import (1967 and early 1969), or assembled in Australia from local and Japanese parts. These 510 Datsuns were equipped with L16 engines. Australia officially received only the four-door sedan and station wagon models. The last of the P510 series went through Australian assembly lines in 1972, and due to the extensive use for rallying, the cars are now quite hard to find in any reasonable condition.
Nissan-Datsun New Zealand had the four-door manual sedans assembled locally from 1968, replacing two generations of Bluebirds (the name continued to be used in Japan and elsewhere) with the new 1600 export badge. Local content was about 40% and included glass, wiring, batteries, radiators, carpet and interior trim. Locally made radios were a dealer-fit accessory. The cars were built under contract at Campbell Motor Industries in Thames; the preceding Bluebird had been built at NZ Motor Bodies in Auckland. The 1968 1600s/510s had inward pivoting wipers and a rectangular speedometer; wipers soon were changed to a parallel action that cleared more glass, reversible for LHD versions. The 1970 facelift brought a new safety-style dashboard with recessed round dials, larger tail lamps with additional chrome trim in the lens, larger front combination lamps, increased bumper height, and detail changes to the grille. Automatic versions were a special import, built up, and only if (limited) import license was available, and a few SSS sedans were also imported fully assembled. The 1600, popular for modification and racing, not least due to its independent rear suspension (when contemporary rivals like the Ford Cortina and Toyota Corona had live, leaf-sprung rear axles), was replaced by the 180B in 1972, and was sought after used for many years afterwards.
South America
South American versions of the Datsun 510 were delivered with OHV pushrod engines of the J series variety and leaf spring suspensions (no IRS) on all models. Marketed as Datsun 1300 or Datsun 1500, depending on engine size.
Taiwan
The 510 was assembled in Taiwan as the Yue Loong Bluebird 706 and was powered by the J13 from the 411 and had leaf spring rear suspension.
South Africa
The P510-series Datsun 1600 was built in South Africa in Pretoria between 1969 and 1974 with sedan or coupé bodywork. This generation marked the end of the "Bluebird" badge there. The sedan was available as a 1600 DeLuxe, 1600 SSS, 1600GL, 1600GL SSS (L16 engine) and later as the 1800GL and SSS They all had independent rear suspension and the SSS version, introduced in July 1969, had twin carbs. Coupé models were 1600 GL and 1800 GL. The SSS has 109 hp (81 kW) SAE. These cars were very popular for motor sport in South Africa. The cars were used in numerous rallies by Ewold van Bergen from Pretoria, South Africa, who was a test engineer for Nissan Japan.
Later years
The Datsun 510 model name continued in Canada and the U.S. from 1974 until 1981, but the vehicles which wore the badge were quite different from the original flagship 510s, with updated styling, solid rear axles, and rectangular headlights. The 1981 model had a 2.0L (L20B) engine rated at 96 HP. In 1982 the 510 was replaced by the (Nissan) Stanza.
In 2013 and 2014, Nissan showed the Nissan Freeflow IDX and NISMO IDX at various auto shows, said to be influenced by the Datsun 510.
Motorsport
1970 Datsun Bluebird 510, the winning car of the 18th East African Safari Rally
Australian Northern Territory Speedway Champion circa 1970 – Still holds records today
The 510 is best known in the United States for its competitiveness in the Trans Am Series under 2500cc class. John Morton won the 1971 and 1972 championships driving Pete Brock's BRE Racing 510. The Datsun 510 remains one of the most popular production cars in numerous SCCA classes of amateur racing, partly due to Nissan Motor Corporation in USA's commitment to providing an extensive selection of common replacement parts from its many area parts distribution centers, special replacement parts from their master parts distribution center (based in Los Angeles), as well as parts from Nissan Motorsports, Nissan's performance division (based in Tennessee).
The Datsun 1600 was also very competitive in the Australian Rally Championship with outright and class wins throughout the 70s and the 80s and currently in historic classes.
Major motorsport victories
Event / Series
Year
Driver
Co-driver
Car
Ampol Trial
1970
Edgar Herrmann
Hans Schüller
Datsun 1600 SSS
East African Safari Rally
1970
Edgar Herrmann
Hans Schüller
Datsun 1600 SSS
SCCA Trans Am 2.5 Championship
1972
John Morton
N/A
Datsun 510 2 door sedan
Australian Rally Championship
1982
Geoff Portman
Ross Runnalls
Datsun 1600
Australian Rally Championship
1983
Ross Dunkerton
Geoff Jones
Datsun 1600
References
^ Davis, Pedr; Davis, Tony (1990). Volvo downunder: A Swedish success story. Blakehurst, NSW: Marque. p. 76. ISBN 0-947079-14-9.
^ 1968 Datsun Bluebird 510 at earlydatsun.com Archived 4 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 17 July 2012
^ Levy, George Damon (20 January 1986). "Pete Brock's 'Screaming Yellow Zonker.'". Autoweek. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007 – via The Dime, Quarterly..
^ a b Blackwell, Merlin. "The Bluebird Takes Wing..." The 510 Realm. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
^ Numata, Toru (6 September 2007). 新聞広告でたどる60〜70年代の日本車 . Tankobon. p. 7. ISBN 978-4-89522-500-7.
^ Lamm, Michael (January 1978), "Driving the Datsun 510", Popular Mechanics, p. 87
^ "Don't get sick of the Hot Wheels Datsun 510 just yet. You need this RLC Membership model with Neo Real Riders". the Lamley Group. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ a b Yamaguchi, Jack (February 1968). "14th Tokyo Motor Show: & Still Trying Harder". Road & Track. p. 112.
^ "トヨタ自動車販売(株)『モータリゼーションとともに. 資料』(1970.11)" . Shibusawa Shashi Database (in Japanese). Shibusawa Eiichi Memorial Foundation. p. 143. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020.
^ a b Spreadbury, Michael. "Datsun 510 Spotter's Guide". The Dime Quarterly. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007.
^ Emslie, Robin, ed. (September 1969). "New Cars: Datsun 1600 SSS". Motoring Mirror. 7 (5). Cape Town, South Africa: Motorpress: 29.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Datsun Bluebird (510).
Model Info (from Datsuns.com)
Some facts and myths about Datsun 510
1968 Datsun Bluebird 510
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Patrol | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nissan Violet § A10 series (1977–1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Violet#A10_series_(1977%E2%80%931981)"},{"link_name":"Datsun Bluebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Bluebird#510_series"},{"link_name":"rear-wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"1966 BMW 1600-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_02_Series"},{"link_name":"overhead camshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOHC#Single_overhead_camshaft"},{"link_name":"independent suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_suspension"},{"link_name":"MacPherson struts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacPherson_strut"},{"link_name":"semi-trailing arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing_arm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nissan USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_USA"},{"link_name":"Yutaka Katayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutaka_Katayama"},{"link_name":"Prince Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBwing-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"manual transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmission"},{"link_name":"automatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission"},{"link_name":"SU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU_carburetor"},{"link_name":"Jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_(car)"},{"link_name":"MGs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_(car)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"For 510 model years after 1973, see Nissan Violet § A10 series (1977–1981).Motor vehicleThe Datsun 510 was a series of the Datsun Bluebird sold from 1968 to 1973, and offered outside the U.S. and Canada as the Datsun 1600.The rear-wheel drive 510's engineering was inspired by contemporary European sedans, particularly the 1966 BMW 1600-2 – incorporating an overhead camshaft engine and four-wheel independent suspension by means of MacPherson struts in front, and semi-trailing arms on the rear wheels.[3] The styling is attributed to Datsun in-house designer, Teruo Uchino.[citation needed]Nissan USA president Yutaka Katayama pushed for offering this generation of the Bluebird with a larger overhead cam engine with more power than the preceding models. The design originated with Prince Motor Company, which merged with Nissan in 1966.[4]The 510-series Bluebird was released in the domestic Japanese market on August 15, 1967.[5] In North America, the Datsun 510 was launched in October 1967 as a four-door sedan, followed by a two-door sedan (June 1968), five-door station wagon, and two-door coupé (November 1968).The range became famous for Nissan's rallying successes outside Japan and paved the way for greater Nissan sales internationally.The series was available with either a four-speed manual transmission or optional three-speed automatic. 510s, in some markets, offered twin Hitachi side-draft carburetors, which were a smaller version of the British SU design used on Jaguars and MGs.[citation needed] These engines also used enhanced compression and camshaft profiles to produce more power. SSS models (not offered in North America) offered upgraded instrumentation and interior trim, as well as appropriate exterior badges.","title":"Datsun 510"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_L_engine#L16"},{"link_name":"L18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_L_engine#L18"},{"link_name":"L20B engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_L_engine#L20B"},{"link_name":"Skylines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Skyline#C10"},{"link_name":"Nissan Stanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Violet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hot Wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Wheels"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Affordable performance combined with simple mechanicals helped the Datsun 510 remain a popular automotive enthusiast's car for many years after its discontinuation. Avid collectors can be found around the world with significant numbers in the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand.One advantage of the early Datsun cars is that many of the parts were interchangeable – engines, transmissions, and suspension setups, for example, were all similar enough to swap with minor modifications. This allowed the Datsun 510 to be easily upgraded from the 1.6l – L16 engine, to the 1.8l – L18 engine, and later to the 2.0L L20B engine, and to go from the four-speed manual transmission to the 63 mm (shaft-center distance) five-speed transmissions made available for the early (S10) 200SX and (A10) HL510, and the 71 mm five-speed transmissions used in the (S30 & S130) 280-series Z cars, 1980 to '83 (S110) 200SX, the 1977 to '80 (810) 810, the 1981 to '84 (910) 810/Maxima/Bluebird, and the C210/R30 series of Skylines. The 71 mm five-speed transmissions also saw extensive use in the 620/720/D21 series pick-up trucks in both long and short (rare) extension-housing versions.Its positive reputation in North America also led to Nissan re-using the 510 model name there later on for the unrelated, 1978–1981 Nissan Stanza 'A10' in an effort to capture this range's glory - an effort reviewers considered a failure.[6]Hot Wheels manufactures several versions of the car.[7]","title":"Popularity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1970-1972_Datsun_510_2-door_sedan_in_Mexican_Orange,_front_left.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Datsun_1600_(14951295867).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1968_Datsun_Bluebird_wagon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Datsun_Bluebird_Coupe_(510)_001.JPG"}],"text":"The P510 (RHD) and PL510 (LHD) were the most prevalent models in many export markets, including the U.S. The 1969 KP510T two-door coupe version arrived in small numbers to right-hand-drive markets, predominantly Japan's domestic market, unsaddled by engine emission regulations. The K prefix cars are coupés, with a swept roofline and shorter deck lid, while wagons carry a W prefix. For the 1974 model year, the 510 four-door sedan was dropped in favor of the 1974 PL610 series cars. Around the world, the J series pushrod-engined model was most common.[citation needed]1970-1972 Datsun 510 2-door sedan (USA)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDatsun 1600 4-door\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1968 Datsun Bluebird estate wagon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDatsun Bluebird SSS coupé (Japan)","title":"Variations and market differences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT268-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT268-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSB143-9"},{"link_name":"L-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_L_engine"},{"link_name":"J-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_J_engine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Datsun-Bluebird1400Deluxe.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bluebird U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Bluebird#610"}],"sub_title":"Japan","text":"When first shown, at the 1967 Tokyo Motor Show, Japanese customers received the overhead-camshaft 1.3-liter engine with a claimed 72 PS (53 kW) – according to Nissan, an engine more capable than competitor Toyota's 1.5-liter version.[8] The little engine was not helped by being married to a three-speed manual gearbox. From the beginning, however, North American customers received the larger 1.6 coupled to a four-speed all-synchro transmission.[8] Indeed, by October 1968 the Bluebird was made available with a 1600 cc engine to Japanese buyers as well.[9] The 510-series Bluebirds differed widely depending on the market. In South America, Asia (excluding Japan), and in Africa, the 510 sedan, two-door, and station wagon models traded rear independent suspension for a leaf-sprung solid axle. The engines for these markets also differed. Rather than the OHC L-series, they received pushrod inline four-cylinder engines from the J-series with either 1.3 or 1.5-liter displacement. These variants were also known as Datsun 1500 (J15 engine) and Datsun 1300 (J13 engine).1972-1973 Datsun Bluebird 1400 Deluxe (510N, Japan)In September 1970, the 1.3 and 1.5-liter engines were replaced with 1.4-liter units. In September 1971 the new, larger, Bluebird U (610) appeared in Japanese showrooms, but the 510 continued on sale as a lower-priced, more compact version. It also received a minor facelift with plastic surrounds for the headlamps, while the 1800 cc models were discontinued. The chassis code was changed to 510N.","title":"Variations and market differences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBwing-4"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi,_Ltd."},{"link_name":"carbureted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbureted"},{"link_name":"L-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_L_engine"},{"link_name":"straight-four engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-four_engine"},{"link_name":"disc brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_brake"},{"link_name":"independent suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_suspension"},{"link_name":"live axle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_axle"},{"link_name":"leaf springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_springs"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dimeqtr-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dimeqtr-10"}],"sub_title":"North America","text":"Originally only available as a four-door sedan or a station wagon for the 1968 model year, the two-door sedan saw a limited introduction during the summer of 1968 - making this the rarest U.S. 510 year and model. In Canada it was marketed as the Datsun 1600 rather than using the internal, \"510\" model code.[4] The two-door sedan body style became popular and was imported into the U.S. and Canada in large numbers for the next five model years. The Datsun 510 released to the North American market had a Hitachi downdraft-carbureted 1.6-liter L-series straight-four engine, with an advertised gross power of 96 hp (72 kW), a claimed top speed of 100 mph, front disc brakes, four-wheel independent suspension (MacPherson struts in front and semi-trailing arms in rear), except the wagons, which used a rear solid live axle with leaf springs.The 1968 510s are unique, with a stainless steel grille, inward pivoting wipers, small amber front turn signals, no rear side marker lights, and different taillights from later models (without chrome trim).[10] For 1969, the grille was changed and now has an unpainted, stainless steel central section with rounder bars than those found the year before. The wide \"DATSUN\" text was replaced with an upright rectangle with a \"D\" in the middle. The windshield wipers were changed for a more traditional layout and round side marker lights were added at the rear.[10] Larger taillights, all red with a small, white reversing lamp, were introduced and remained until the end of production. The interior saw minor changes; most importantly the ignition was moved onto the steering column. All North American model 510s received tinted glass from 1970 on.In Canada and the U.S., unitized-body Datsun PL510 cars have become rare in the Rust Belt regions, but can still be seen in areas where corrosive materials are not generally used on the roads- such as Western and Southern States. The greatest numbers of the cars seem to be in the West Coast region, where Japanese cars first succeeded in the market.","title":"Variations and market differences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Europe","text":"The first European imports were delivered shortly after the announcement of the car in Japan, spearhead the brand there. UK imports were announced at the October 1968 Motor Show. The L16 saloons appeared first, joined shortly by the estate. L13 models arrived in early 1969, and a series of minor updates and equipment changes dictated by the US market followed. The L14 model replaced the L13 in October, 1970, and was imported with the L16 until May, 1972, when the car was replaced by the far more successful (in the UK) 610. Nissan imported about 4000 510 models into the UK, and less than 10 of those original UK spec cars are known to exist.[citation needed] Nissan established a proper dealer network around the time the 510 was discontinued, (Octav Botnar was instrumental in the massive success of the brand in the UK) so the 510 never really received the marketing nor recognition that was achieved in other countries. All official imports in the UK were four-door saloons or estates, but several two-doors and at least one four-door SSS version are in the country.[citation needed]","title":"Variations and market differences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Oceania","text":"Australian versions of the Datsun 1600 were delivered either as a full import (1967 and early 1969), or assembled in Australia from local and Japanese parts. These 510 Datsuns were equipped with L16 engines. Australia officially received only the four-door sedan and station wagon models.[citation needed] The last of the P510 series went through Australian assembly lines in 1972, and due to the extensive use for rallying, the cars are now quite hard to find in any reasonable condition.Nissan-Datsun New Zealand had the four-door manual sedans assembled locally from 1968, replacing two generations of Bluebirds (the name continued to be used in Japan and elsewhere) with the new 1600 export badge. Local content was about 40% and included glass, wiring, batteries, radiators, carpet and interior trim. Locally made radios were a dealer-fit accessory. The cars were built under contract at Campbell Motor Industries in Thames; the preceding Bluebird had been built at NZ Motor Bodies in Auckland. The 1968 1600s/510s had inward pivoting wipers and a rectangular speedometer; wipers soon were changed to a parallel action that cleared more glass, reversible for LHD versions. The 1970 facelift brought a new safety-style dashboard with recessed round dials, larger tail lamps with additional chrome trim in the lens, larger front combination lamps, increased bumper height, and detail changes to the grille. Automatic versions were a special import, built up, and only if (limited) import license was available, and a few SSS sedans were also imported fully assembled. The 1600, popular for modification and racing, not least due to its independent rear suspension (when contemporary rivals like the Ford Cortina and Toyota Corona had live, leaf-sprung rear axles), was replaced by the 180B in 1972, and was sought after used for many years afterwards.","title":"Variations and market differences"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"South America","text":"South American versions of the Datsun 510 were delivered with OHV pushrod engines of the J series variety and leaf spring suspensions (no IRS) on all models. Marketed as Datsun 1300 or Datsun 1500, depending on engine size.","title":"Variations and market differences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_J_engine"}],"sub_title":"Taiwan","text":"The 510 was assembled in Taiwan as the Yue Loong Bluebird 706 and was powered by the J13 from the 411 and had leaf spring rear suspension.","title":"Variations and market differences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mm969-11"}],"sub_title":"South Africa","text":"The P510-series Datsun 1600 was built in South Africa in Pretoria between 1969 and 1974 with sedan or coupé bodywork. This generation marked the end of the \"Bluebird\" badge there. The sedan was available as a 1600 DeLuxe, 1600 SSS, 1600GL, 1600GL SSS (L16 engine) and later as the 1800GL and SSS They all had independent rear suspension and the SSS version, introduced in July 1969, had twin carbs. Coupé models were 1600 GL and 1800 GL. The SSS has 109 hp (81 kW) SAE.[11] These cars were very popular for motor sport in South Africa. The cars were used in numerous rallies by Ewold van Bergen from Pretoria, South Africa, who was a test engineer for Nissan Japan.","title":"Variations and market differences"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Datsun 510 model name continued in Canada and the U.S. from 1974 until 1981, but the vehicles which wore the badge were quite different from the original flagship 510s, with updated styling, solid rear axles, and rectangular headlights. The 1981 model had a 2.0L (L20B) engine rated at 96 HP. In 1982 the 510 was replaced by the (Nissan) Stanza.In 2013 and 2014, Nissan showed the Nissan Freeflow IDX and NISMO IDX at various auto shows, said to be influenced by the Datsun 510.","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Datsun_Bluebird_510_003.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barry_Burns_-_Datsport.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Trans Am Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_Am_Series"},{"link_name":"John Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morton_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"1970 Datsun Bluebird 510, the winning car of the 18th East African Safari RallyAustralian Northern Territory Speedway Champion circa 1970 – Still holds records today[citation needed]The 510 is best known in the United States for its competitiveness in the Trans Am Series under 2500cc class. John Morton won the 1971 and 1972 championships driving Pete Brock's BRE Racing 510. The Datsun 510 remains one of the most popular production cars in numerous SCCA classes of amateur racing, partly due to Nissan Motor Corporation in USA's commitment to providing an extensive selection of common replacement parts from its many area parts distribution centers, special replacement parts from their master parts distribution center (based in Los Angeles), as well as parts from Nissan Motorsports, Nissan's performance division (based in Tennessee).\nThe Datsun 1600 was also very competitive in the Australian Rally Championship with outright and class wins throughout the 70s and the 80s and currently in historic classes. [citation needed]","title":"Motorsport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Ampol Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Australia_Trial"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970_Ampol_Trial&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Edgar Herrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Herrmann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Hans Schüller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Sch%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"East African Safari Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_Rally"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=18th_East_African_Safari_Rally&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Edgar Herrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Herrmann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Hans Schüller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Sch%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"SCCA Trans Am 2.5 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Am_Series"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Trans-Am_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"John Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morton_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"N/A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N/A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Australian Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Australian_Rally_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Geoff Portman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoff_Portman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Ross Runnalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ross_Runnalls_(co-driver)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Australian Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Australian_Rally_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Ross Dunkerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Dunkerton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"}],"sub_title":"Major motorsport victories","text":"Event / Series\n\nYear\n\nDriver\n\nCo-driver\n\nCar\n\n\n Ampol Trial\n\n1970\n\n Edgar Herrmann\n\n Hans Schüller\n\nDatsun 1600 SSS\n\n\n East African Safari Rally\n\n1970\n\n Edgar Herrmann\n\n Hans Schüller\n\nDatsun 1600 SSS\n\n\n SCCA Trans Am 2.5 Championship\n\n1972\n\n John Morton\n\n N/A\n\nDatsun 510 2 door sedan\n\n\n Australian Rally Championship\n\n1982\n\n Geoff Portman\n\n Ross Runnalls\n\nDatsun 1600\n\n\n Australian Rally Championship\n\n1983\n\n Ross Dunkerton\n\n Geoff Jones\n\nDatsun 1600","title":"Motorsport"}] | [{"image_text":"1972-1973 Datsun Bluebird 1400 Deluxe (510N, Japan)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Datsun-Bluebird1400Deluxe.JPG/220px-Datsun-Bluebird1400Deluxe.JPG"},{"image_text":"1970 Datsun Bluebird 510, the winning car of the 18th East African Safari Rally","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Datsun_Bluebird_510_003.JPG/220px-Datsun_Bluebird_510_003.JPG"},{"image_text":"Australian Northern Territory Speedway Champion circa 1970 – Still holds records today[citation needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Barry_Burns_-_Datsport.jpg/220px-Barry_Burns_-_Datsport.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Davis, Pedr; Davis, Tony (1990). Volvo downunder: A Swedish success story. Blakehurst, NSW: Marque. p. 76. ISBN 0-947079-14-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-947079-14-9","url_text":"0-947079-14-9"}]},{"reference":"Levy, George Damon (20 January 1986). \"Pete Brock's 'Screaming Yellow Zonker.'\". Autoweek. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007 – via The Dime, Quarterly.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070629100345/http://dimequarterly.tierranet.com/Autoweek.html","url_text":"\"Pete Brock's 'Screaming Yellow Zonker.'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoweek","url_text":"Autoweek"},{"url":"http://dimequarterly.tierranet.com/Autoweek.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Blackwell, Merlin. \"The Bluebird Takes Wing...\" The 510 Realm. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051126/http://www.the510realm.com/510history/car/index.html","url_text":"\"The Bluebird Takes Wing...\""},{"url":"http://www.the510realm.com/510history/car/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Numata, Toru (6 September 2007). 新聞広告でたどる60〜70年代の日本車 [Memories of Japanese cars of the 60s & 70s via newspaper advertising]. Tankobon. p. 7. ISBN 978-4-89522-500-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-89522-500-7","url_text":"978-4-89522-500-7"}]},{"reference":"Lamm, Michael (January 1978), \"Driving the Datsun 510\", Popular Mechanics, p. 87","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fM8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA87","url_text":"\"Driving the Datsun 510\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don't get sick of the Hot Wheels Datsun 510 just yet. You need this RLC Membership model with Neo Real Riders\". the Lamley Group. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://lamleygroup.com/2018/02/12/dont-get-sick-of-the-hot-wheels-datsun-510-just-yet-you-need-this-rlc-membership-model-with-neo-real-riders/","url_text":"\"Don't get sick of the Hot Wheels Datsun 510 just yet. You need this RLC Membership model with Neo Real Riders\""}]},{"reference":"Yamaguchi, Jack (February 1968). \"14th Tokyo Motor Show: & Still Trying Harder\". Road & Track. p. 112.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_%26_Track","url_text":"Road & Track"}]},{"reference":"\"トヨタ自動車販売(株)『モータリゼーションとともに. 資料』(1970.11)\" [Toyota Motor Sales Co., Ltd. \"With Motorization\" document (1970.11)]. Shibusawa Shashi Database (in Japanese). Shibusawa Eiichi Memorial Foundation. p. 143. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201124143611/https://shashi.shibusawa.or.jp/details_nenpyo.php?sid=6680&query=&class=&d=all&page=143","url_text":"\"トヨタ自動車販売(株)『モータリゼーションとともに. 資料』(1970.11)\""},{"url":"https://shashi.shibusawa.or.jp/details_nenpyo.php?sid=6680&query=&class=&d=all&page=143","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Spreadbury, Michael. \"Datsun 510 Spotter's Guide\". The Dime Quarterly. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071217023139/http://dimequarterly.tierranet.com/tech/spreadbury.guide.html","url_text":"\"Datsun 510 Spotter's Guide\""},{"url":"http://dimequarterly.tierranet.com/tech/spreadbury.guide.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Emslie, Robin, ed. (September 1969). \"New Cars: Datsun 1600 SSS\". Motoring Mirror. 7 (5). Cape Town, South Africa: Motorpress: 29.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datsun_510&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.earlydatsun.com/datsun510.html","external_links_name":"1968 Datsun Bluebird 510 at earlydatsun.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110904115948/http://www.earlydatsun.com/datsun510.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070629100345/http://dimequarterly.tierranet.com/Autoweek.html","external_links_name":"\"Pete Brock's 'Screaming Yellow Zonker.'\""},{"Link":"http://dimequarterly.tierranet.com/Autoweek.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051126/http://www.the510realm.com/510history/car/index.html","external_links_name":"\"The Bluebird Takes Wing...\""},{"Link":"http://www.the510realm.com/510history/car/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fM8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA87","external_links_name":"\"Driving the Datsun 510\""},{"Link":"https://lamleygroup.com/2018/02/12/dont-get-sick-of-the-hot-wheels-datsun-510-just-yet-you-need-this-rlc-membership-model-with-neo-real-riders/","external_links_name":"\"Don't get sick of the Hot Wheels Datsun 510 just yet. You need this RLC Membership model with Neo Real Riders\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201124143611/https://shashi.shibusawa.or.jp/details_nenpyo.php?sid=6680&query=&class=&d=all&page=143","external_links_name":"\"トヨタ自動車販売(株)『モータリゼーションとともに. 資料』(1970.11)\""},{"Link":"https://shashi.shibusawa.or.jp/details_nenpyo.php?sid=6680&query=&class=&d=all&page=143","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071217023139/http://dimequarterly.tierranet.com/tech/spreadbury.guide.html","external_links_name":"\"Datsun 510 Spotter's Guide\""},{"Link":"http://dimequarterly.tierranet.com/tech/spreadbury.guide.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.datsuns.com/modelguide/modelguide-pl510.htm","external_links_name":"Model Info (from Datsuns.com)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090227023112/http://japanesenostalgiccar.com/article.cgi?section=profiles&article=datsun510rotary","external_links_name":"Some facts and myths about Datsun 510"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110904115948/http://www.earlydatsun.com/datsun510.html","external_links_name":"1968 Datsun Bluebird 510"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint-Pierre_d%27Aulnay | Church of Saint-Pierre d'Aulnay | ["1 Notes","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°01′23″N 0°21′19″W / 46.02306°N 0.35528°W / 46.02306; -0.35528Church of Saint-Pierre-de-la-Tour d'Aulnay.
The Church of Saint-Pierre d'Aulnay (French: Église Saint-Pierre d'Aulnay) is an important Medieval church on the way to Saint-Jacques de Compostelle, in Aulnay, Charente-Maritime. The Church is thought to have been built in 1120–1140.
Numerous oriental influences can be seen in its designs. For example, the first arc of the gate is inspired from Oriental designs. Designs of elephants also find their origin in Oriental designs.
Numerous mouldings of the Church are visible at the Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine in Paris.
Portal of Eglise Saint-Pierre, Aulnay-de-Saintonge, mid 12th century.
Oriental stylistic influence on the first arc of the gate of the church, Aulnay-de-Saintonge, mid 12th century.
Capital with elephants, Eglise Saint-Pierre, Aulnay-de-Saintonge, mid 12th century.
Notes
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Church of Saint-Pierre d'Aulnay.
^ "Sculptée en faible relief, la première voussure du portail d'Aulnay-de-Saintonge est couverte de rinceaux peuplés de griffons et de centaures d'inspiration orientale." in Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, Guide du Musée p.48, ISBN 978-2-915755-20-6
^ "Les représentations d'éléphants sur un chapiteau de l'église d'Aulnay puisent ainsi leurs modèles dans le décor des coffrets d'ivoire des tissus et des soiries d'Orient" in Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, Guide du Musée p.48, ISBN 978-2-915755-20-6
46°01′23″N 0°21′19″W / 46.02306°N 0.35528°W / 46.02306; -0.35528
External links
Description of a portal of church of Saint-Pierre in 3D .
vteRoutes of Santiago de Compostela in FranceUNESCO World Heritage SiteParis Route orVia Turonensis
Cathedral of Notre-Dame (Amiens)
Church of Saint-Pierre (Aulnay)
Cathedral of Sainte-Marie (Bayonne)
Basilica of Saint-Seurin (Bordeaux)
Basilica of Saint-Michel (Bordeaux)
Cathedral of Saint-André (Bordeaux)
Parochial church of Saint-Jacques (Compiègne)
Church of Saint-Jacques-Le-Majeur et Saint-Jean-Baptiste (Folleville)
Church of Saint-Hilaire (Melle)
Bell tower of the old church (Mimizan)
Mont-Saint-Michel
Tour Saint-Jacques (Paris)
Church of Saint-Hilaire le Grand (Poitiers)
Former pilgrims hospital (Pons)
Royal abbey of Saint-Jean-Baptiste (Saint-Jean-d'Angély)
Church of Saint-Eutrope (Saintes)
Abbey of Saint-Jean (Sorde-l'Abbaye)
Church of Notre-Dame-de-la-Fin-des-Terres (Soulac-sur-Mer)
Vézelay Route orVia Lemovicensis
Church of Saint-Jacques d’Asquins (Asquins)
Former cathedral of Saint-Jean-Baptiste (Bazas)
Cathedral of Saint-Etienne (Bourges)
Church of Notre-Dame-en-Vaux (Châlons-en-Champagne)
Priory church of Sainte-Croix-Notre-Dame (La Charité-sur-Loire)
Basilica of Notre-Dame (L'Épine)
Collegial church of Saint-Étienne (Neuvy-Saint-Sépulchre)
Cathedral of Saint-Front (Périgueux)
Church of Saint-Léonard (Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat)
Abbey (Saint-Sever)
Former abbey of Notre-Dame de la Sauve Majeure (La Sauve)
Church of Saint-Pierre (La Sauve)
Basilica of Sainte-Madeleine (Vézelay)
Le Puy Route orVia PodiensisMonuments
Cathedral of Saint Caprais (Agen)
Church of Sainte-Quitterie (Aire-sur-l'Adour)
Bridge of Artigues or Lartigues (Beaumont/Larressingle)
Abbey church of Notre-Dame de la Nativité (Le Buisson-de-Cadouin)
Cathedral of Saint-Etienne (Cahors)
Pont Valentré (Cahors)
Church of Notre-Dame-du-Port (Clermont-Ferrand)
Abbey church of Sainte-Foy (Conques)
Bridge over river Dourdou (Conques)
Old Bridge (Espalion)
Bridge over river Lot (Estaing)
Hospital of Saint-Jacques (Figeac)
Dolmen of Pech-Laglaire (Gréalou)
Church of Saint-Blaise (L'Hôpital-Saint-Blaise)
Abbey church pf Saint-Pierre and cloister (Moissac)
Cathedral of Notre-Dame (Le Puy-en-Velay)
Hospital of Saint-Jacques (Le Puy-en-Velay)
Church of Saint-Sauveur and crypt of Saint-Amadour (Rocamadour)
Collegial church of Saint-Pierre (La Romieu)
Church of Saint-Avit (Saint-Avit-Sénieur)
Bridge called "des pèlerins" over river Boralde (Saint-Chély-d'Aubrac)
Gate of Saint Jacques (Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port)
Sections
Between Nasbinals and Saint-Chély-d'Aubrac (17 km)
Between Saint-Côme-d'Olt and Estaing (17 km)
Between Montredon and Figeac (18 km)
Between Faycelles and Cajarc (22.5 km)
Between Bach and Cahors (26 km)
Between Lectoure and Condom (35 km)
Between d'Aroue and Ostabat (22 km)
Arles Route orVia Tolasana
Pont du Diable (Aniane)
Hospice of the Plan and chapel of Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption (Aragnouet)
Church of St Honorat (Arles)
Cathedral of Sainte-Marie (Auch)
Church of Notre-Dame de Tramesaygues (Audressein)
Parochial church of Saint-Jean-Baptiste (Gavarnie-Gèdre)
Church of Saint-Jacques (Gazost)
Church of Saint-Laurent (Jézeau)
Church of Sainte-Marie (Oloron-Sainte-Marie)
Church of Notre-Dame-du-Bourg (Rabastens)
Former cathedral of Notre-Dame (Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges)
Early Christian basilica, Chapel of Saint-Julien (Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges)
Former abbatial church (Saint-Gilles)
Former abbey of Gellone (Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert)
Former cathedral and cloister, cathedral of Notre-Dame-de-la-Sède, episcopal palace, rempart (Saint-Lizier)
Basilica of Saint-Sernin (Toulouse)
Hospital of Saint-Jacques (Toulouse)
Basilica of Saint-Just (Valcabrère)
Authority control databases: Geographic
Mérimée
2
This article about a church building or other Christian place of worship in France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F06.Aulnay.2181.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint-Jacques de Compostelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jacques_de_Compostelle"},{"link_name":"Aulnay, Charente-Maritime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulnay,_Charente-Maritime"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_l%27Architecture_et_du_Patrimoine"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portail_Eglise_Saint-Pierre_Aulnay-de-Saintonge_mid_12th_century.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islamic_stylistic_detail_Eglise_Saint-Pierre_Aulnay-de-Saintonge_mid_12th_century.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oriental stylistic influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Christian_art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capital_with_elephants_Eglise_Saint-Pierre_Aulnay-de-Saintonge_mid_12th_century.jpg"}],"text":"Church of Saint-Pierre-de-la-Tour d'Aulnay.The Church of Saint-Pierre d'Aulnay (French: Église Saint-Pierre d'Aulnay) is an important Medieval church on the way to Saint-Jacques de Compostelle, in Aulnay, Charente-Maritime. The Church is thought to have been built in 1120–1140.Numerous oriental influences can be seen in its designs. For example, the first arc of the gate is inspired from Oriental designs.[1] Designs of elephants also find their origin in Oriental designs.[2]Numerous mouldings of the Church are visible at the Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine in Paris.Portal of Eglise Saint-Pierre, Aulnay-de-Saintonge, mid 12th century.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOriental stylistic influence on the first arc of the gate of the church, Aulnay-de-Saintonge, mid 12th century.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCapital with elephants, Eglise Saint-Pierre, Aulnay-de-Saintonge, mid 12th century.","title":"Church of Saint-Pierre d'Aulnay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of Saint-Pierre d'Aulnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:%C3%89glise_Saint-Pierre-de-la-Tour_d%27Aulnay"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-915755-20-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-915755-20-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-915755-20-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-915755-20-6"},{"link_name":"46°01′23″N 0°21′19″W / 46.02306°N 0.35528°W / 46.02306; -0.35528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_of_Saint-Pierre_d%27Aulnay¶ms=46_01_23_N_0_21_19_W_region:FR-T_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Church of Saint-Pierre d'Aulnay.^ \"Sculptée en faible relief, la première voussure du portail d'Aulnay-de-Saintonge est couverte de rinceaux peuplés de griffons et de centaures d'inspiration orientale.\" in Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, Guide du Musée p.48, ISBN 978-2-915755-20-6\n\n^ \"Les représentations d'éléphants sur un chapiteau de l'église d'Aulnay puisent ainsi leurs modèles dans le décor des coffrets d'ivoire des tissus et des soiries d'Orient\" in Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, Guide du Musée p.48, ISBN 978-2-915755-20-646°01′23″N 0°21′19″W / 46.02306°N 0.35528°W / 46.02306; -0.35528","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Church of Saint-Pierre-de-la-Tour d'Aulnay.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/F06.Aulnay.2181.jpg/220px-F06.Aulnay.2181.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_of_Saint-Pierre_d%27Aulnay¶ms=46_01_23_N_0_21_19_W_region:FR-T_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"46°01′23″N 0°21′19″W / 46.02306°N 0.35528°W / 46.02306; -0.35528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_of_Saint-Pierre_d%27Aulnay¶ms=46_01_23_N_0_21_19_W_region:FR-T_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"46°01′23″N 0°21′19″W / 46.02306°N 0.35528°W / 46.02306; -0.35528"},{"Link":"https://sketchfab.com/models/05ce04347a7b4b7093058700b39ff00a","external_links_name":"Description of a portal of church of Saint-Pierre in 3D ."},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00104605","external_links_name":"Mérimée"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00104603","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Saint-Pierre_d%27Aulnay&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hardy_(geneticist) | John Hardy (geneticist) | ["1 Education","2 Career and research","3 Awards and honours","4 References"] | SirJohn HardyFRSBornJohn Anthony Hardy (1954-11-09) 9 November 1954 (age 69)Alma mater
University of Leeds (BSc)
Imperial College London (PhD)
Awards
Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2016)
FRS (2009)
FMedSci (2008)
Scientific careerInstitutions
St Mary's Hospital, London
Mayo Clinic
National Institute on Aging
University of South Florida
University College London
ThesisThe release of amino acids and phenylethylamine from mammalian synaptosomes (1981)
Websiteucl.ac.uk/rlweston-inst/people/johnSir John Anthony Hardy FRS (born 9 November 1954) is a human geneticist and molecular biologist at the Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies at University College London with research interests in neurological diseases.
Education
Hardy attended St Ambrose College in the late 1960s, where his interest in biochemistry was encouraged by his Biology teacher, Mrs Cox. He received his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Leeds in 1976 and his PhD from Imperial College London in 1981 for research on dopamine and amino acid neuropharmacology.
Career and research
Following his PhD, Hardy did postdoctoral research at the MRC Neuropathogenesis Unit in Newcastle upon Tyne, England and then further postdoctoral work at the Swedish Brain Bank in Umeå, Sweden where he started to work on Alzheimer's disease.
He became Assistant Professor of Biochemistry at St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London in 1985 and initiated genetic studies of Alzheimer's disease there. He became Associate Professor in 1989 and then took the Pfeiffer Endowed Chair of Alzheimer's Research at the University of South Florida, in Tampa in 1992. In 1996 he moved to Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida, as Consultant and Professor of Neuroscience.
He became Chair of Neuroscience in 2000 and moved to National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, as Chief of the Laboratory of Neurogenetics in 2001. In 2007 he took up the Chair of Molecular Biology of Neurological Disease at the Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, University College London.
On 29 November 2015, he was awarded the Breakthrough Prize.
In 2018, Hardy, along with Christian Haass, Bart De Strooper and Michel Goedert, received the Brain Prize for "groundbreaking research on the genetic and molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease."
Awards and honours
Among other awards and honours, Hardy has won the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for dissecting the causes of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and frontotemporal dementia; the MetLife prize for research into Alzheimer's disease, and the Potamkin Prize for his work in describing the first genetic mutations in the amyloid gene in Alzheimer's disease, in 1991. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2009. He was knighted in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to "human health in improving our understanding of dementia and neurodegenerative diseases".
2018 – The Brain Prize
2017 – Honorary Doctor of Science, Leeds University
2015 – Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences
2015 – Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO)
2014 – The Michael J. Fox Foundation award for Parkinson research
2014 – Thudichum Medal from the Biochemical Society
2014 – Dan David Prize
2011 – Elected Fellow of the Institute of Biology
2010 – Honorary Doctor of Science, Newcastle University
2009 – Elected Fellow of the Royal Society
2008 – Honorary MD, Umeå University, Sweden,
2008 – Elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci)
2008 – Anne Marie Oprecht International Prize for Research in Parkinson's Disease
2002 – Kaul Prize for Research into Alzheimer's disease
1995 – Allied Signal Prize for Research into Aging
1994 – Metlife Foundation Award for Medical Research in Alzheimer's Disease
1993 – Potamkin Prize from the American Academy of Neurology, for Alzheimer's Research
1992 – IPSEN Prize for Research into Alzheimer's Disease
1991 – Peter Debje Prize, University of Limburg, Belgium, For Alzheimer's Research
References
^ a b c d "Professor John Hardy FMedSci FRS". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
^ a b "Professor John Hardy FRS FMedSci". Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
^ "HARDY, Prof. John". Who's Who. Vol. 2015 (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Hutton, Mike; Heutink, Peter; Lendon, Corinne L.; Rizzu, Patrizia; Baker, Matt; Froelich, Susanne; Houlden, Henry; Pickering-Brown, Stuart; Chakraverty, Sumi; Isaacs, Adrian; Grover, Andrew; Hackett, Jennifer; Adamson, Jennifer; Lincoln, Sarah; Dickson, Dennis; Davies, Peter; Petersen, Ronald C.; Stevens, Martijn; de Graaff, Esther; Wauters, Erwin; van Baren, Jeltje; Hillebrand, Marcel; Joosse, Marijke; Kwon, Jennifer M.; Nowotny, Petra; Che, Lien Kuei; Norton, Joanne; Morris, John C.; Reed, Lee A.; Trojanowski, John; Basun, Hans; Lannfelt, Lars; Neystat, Michael; Fahn, Stanley; Dark, Francis; Tannenberg, Tony; Dodd, Peter R.; Hayward, Nick; Kwok, John B. J.; Schofield, Peter R.; Andreadis, Athena; Snowden, Julie; Craufurd, David; Neary, David; Owen, Frank; Oostra, Ben A.; Hardy, John; Goate, Alison; van Swieten, John; Mann, David; Lynch, Timothy (1998). "Association of missense and 5'-splice-site mutations in tau with the inherited dementia FTDP-17". Nature. 393 (6686): 702–705. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..702H. doi:10.1038/31508. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 9641683. S2CID 205001265.
^ Goate, Alison; Chartier-Harlin, Marie-Christine; Mullan, Mike; Brown, Jeremy; Crawford, Fiona; Fidani, Liana; Giuffra, Luis; Haynes, Andrew; Irving, Nick; James, Louise; Mant, Rebecca; Newton, Phillippa; Rooke, Karen; Roques, Penelope; Talbot, Chris; Pericak-Vance, Margaret; Roses, Alien; Williamson, Robert; Rossor, Martin; Owen, Mike; Hardy, John (1991). "Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease". Nature. 349 (6311): 704–706. Bibcode:1991Natur.349..704G. doi:10.1038/349704a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 1671712. S2CID 4336069.
^ Hardy, J. (2002). "The Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease: Progress and Problems on the Road to Therapeutics". Science. 297 (5580): 353–356. Bibcode:2002Sci...297..353H. doi:10.1126/science.1072994. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12130773. S2CID 15150253.
^ Keegan (7 January 2022). "Old Boys News - New Year's Honours 2022". Saint Ambrose College Weekly News Bulletin. p. 6. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
^ a b c Neuroscience NIH Archived 10 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ HIH.gov Archived 5 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ thebrainprize.org
^ "No. 63571". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 2022. p. N2.
^ Devlin, Hannah (6 March 2018). "Brain prize winner calls Brexit a 'disaster' for the NHS and science". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
^ "John Hardy". Leeds University. July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ https://breakthroughprize.org/ Breakthrough Prize 2016
^ "The EMBO Pocket Directory" (PDF). European Molecular Biology Organization. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015.
^ "EMBO announces new members for 2015". Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Organization. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
^ Pritzker, MJ Fox Award for Parkinson Research
^ "Dan David Prize: LAUREATES 2014: Combatting Memory Loss, JOHN A. HARDY".
^ "MetLife Foundation Awards for Medical Research in Alzheimer's Disease" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2018.
vteBreakthrough Prize laureatesMathematics
Simon Donaldson, Maxim Kontsevich, Jacob Lurie, Terence Tao and Richard Taylor (2015)
Ian Agol (2016)
Jean Bourgain (2017)
Christopher Hacon, James McKernan (2018)
Vincent Lafforgue (2019)
Alex Eskin (2020)
Martin Hairer (2021)
Takuro Mochizuki (2022)
Daniel A. Spielman (2023)
Simon Brendle (2024)
Fundamentalphysics
Nima Arkani-Hamed, Alan Guth, Alexei Kitaev, Maxim Kontsevich, Andrei Linde, Juan Maldacena, Nathan Seiberg, Ashoke Sen, Edward Witten (2012)
Special: Stephen Hawking, Peter Jenni, Fabiola Gianotti (ATLAS), Michel Della Negra, Tejinder Virdee, Guido Tonelli, Joseph Incandela (CMS) and Lyn Evans (LHC) (2013)
Alexander Polyakov (2013)
Michael Green and John Henry Schwarz (2014)
Saul Perlmutter and members of the Supernova Cosmology Project; Brian Schmidt, Adam Riess and members of the High-Z Supernova Team (2015)
Special: Ronald Drever, Kip Thorne, Rainer Weiss and contributors to LIGO project (2016)
Yifang Wang, Kam-Biu Luk and the Daya Bay team, Atsuto Suzuki and the KamLAND team, Kōichirō Nishikawa and the K2K / T2K team, Arthur B. McDonald and the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory team, Takaaki Kajita and Yōichirō Suzuki and the Super-Kamiokande team (2016)
Joseph Polchinski, Andrew Strominger, Cumrun Vafa (2017)
Charles L. Bennett, Gary Hinshaw, Norman Jarosik, Lyman Page Jr., David Spergel (2018)
Special: Jocelyn Bell Burnell (2018)
Charles Kane and Eugene Mele (2019)
Special: Sergio Ferrara, Daniel Z. Freedman, Peter van Nieuwenhuizen (2019)
The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (2020)
Eric Adelberger, Jens H. Gundlach and Blayne Heckel (2021)
Special: Steven Weinberg (2021)
Hidetoshi Katori and Jun Ye (2022)
Charles H. Bennett, Gilles Brassard, David Deutsch, Peter W. Shor (2023)
John Cardy and Alexander Zamolodchikov (2024)
Life sciences
Cornelia Bargmann, David Botstein, Lewis C. Cantley, Hans Clevers, Titia de Lange, Napoleone Ferrara, Eric Lander, Charles Sawyers, Robert Weinberg, Shinya Yamanaka and Bert Vogelstein (2013)
James P. Allison, Mahlon DeLong, Michael N. Hall, Robert S. Langer, Richard P. Lifton and Alexander Varshavsky (2014)
Alim Louis Benabid, Charles David Allis, Victor Ambros, Gary Ruvkun, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier (2015)
Edward Boyden, Karl Deisseroth, John Hardy, Helen Hobbs and Svante Pääbo (2016)
Stephen J. Elledge, Harry F. Noller, Roeland Nusse, Yoshinori Ohsumi, Huda Zoghbi (2017)
Joanne Chory, Peter Walter, Kazutoshi Mori, Kim Nasmyth, Don W. Cleveland (2018)
C. Frank Bennett and Adrian R. Krainer, Angelika Amon, Xiaowei Zhuang, Zhijian Chen (2019)
Jeffrey M. Friedman, Franz-Ulrich Hartl, Arthur L. Horwich, David Julius, Virginia Man-Yee Lee (2020)
David Baker, Catherine Dulac, Dennis Lo, Richard J. Youle (2021)
Jeffery W. Kelly, Katalin Karikó, Drew Weissman, Shankar Balasubramanian, David Klenerman and Pascal Mayer (2022)
Clifford P. Brangwynne, Anthony A. Hyman, Demis Hassabis, John Jumper, Emmanuel Mignot, Masashi Yanagisawa (2023)
Carl June, Michel Sadelain, Sabine Hadida, Paul Negulescu, Fredrick Van Goor, Thomas Gasser, Ellen Sidransky and Andrew Singleton (2024)
vteFellows of the Royal Society elected in 2009Fellows
Robert Ainsworth
Ross J. Anderson
Michael Ashfold
Michael Batty
Martin Buck
Peter Buneman
Michel Chrétien
Jenny Clack
Michael Duff
Richard Ellis
Jeff Ellis
James Gimzewski
David Glover
Chris Goodnow
Wendy Hall
Nicholas Harberd
John Hardy
Brian Hemmings
Christine Holt
Christopher Hunter
Graham Hutchings
Peter Isaacson
Jonathan Keating
Dimitris Kioussis
Stephen Larter
David Leigh
David MacKay
Arthur B. McDonald
Angela McLean
David Owen
Richard Passingham
Guy Richardson
Wolfram Schultz
Keith Shine
Henning Sirringhaus
Maurice Skolnick
Karen Steel
Malcolm Stevens
Jesper Svejstrup
Jonathan Tennyson
John Todd
Burt Totaro
John Vederas
John Wood
Foreign
John Holdren
H. Robert Horvitz
Thomas Kailath
Roger D. Kornberg
Yakov Sinai
Joseph Stiglitz
Rashid Sunyaev
Steven D. Tanksley
Royal
William, Prince of Wales
Authority control databases International
ISNI
National
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Academics
ORCID
ResearcherID
Scopus | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"geneticist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticist"},{"link_name":"molecular biologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biologist"},{"link_name":"Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reta_Lila_Weston_Institute_of_Neurological_Studies"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"neurological diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological_disease"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whoswho-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuttonHeutink1998-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoateChartier-Harlin1991-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardy2002-6"}],"text":"Sir John Anthony Hardy FRS[1] (born 9 November 1954)[citation needed] is a human geneticist and molecular biologist at the Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies at University College London with research interests in neurological diseases.[3][4][5][6]","title":"John Hardy (geneticist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Ambrose College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ambrose_College"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"University of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neuroscience_NIH-8"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neuroscience_NIH-8"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"amino acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"neuropharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropharmacology"}],"text":"Hardy attended St Ambrose College in the late 1960s, where his interest in biochemistry was encouraged by his Biology teacher, Mrs Cox.[7] He received his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Leeds in 1976[8] and his PhD from Imperial College London in 1981[8] for research on dopamine and amino acid neuropharmacology.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"postdoctoral research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoctoral_research"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Umeå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neuroscience_NIH-8"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Hospital,_London"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HIH.gov-9"},{"link_name":"University of South Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Florida"},{"link_name":"Tampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa"},{"link_name":"Mayo Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville"},{"link_name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"National Institute on Aging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_on_Aging"},{"link_name":"Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reta_Lila_Weston_Institute_of_Neurological_Studies"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Breakthrough Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize"},{"link_name":"Christian Haass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Haass"},{"link_name":"Bart De Strooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_De_Strooper"},{"link_name":"Michel Goedert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Goedert"},{"link_name":"Brain Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Prize"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thebrainprize.org-10"}],"text":"Following his PhD, Hardy did postdoctoral research at the MRC Neuropathogenesis Unit in Newcastle upon Tyne, England and then further postdoctoral work at the Swedish Brain Bank in Umeå, Sweden where he started to work on Alzheimer's disease.[8]He became Assistant Professor of Biochemistry at St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London in 1985 and initiated genetic studies of Alzheimer's disease there.[9] He became Associate Professor in 1989 and then took the Pfeiffer Endowed Chair of Alzheimer's Research at the University of South Florida, in Tampa in 1992. In 1996 he moved to Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida, as Consultant and Professor of Neuroscience.He became Chair of Neuroscience in 2000 and moved to National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, as Chief of the Laboratory of Neurogenetics in 2001. In 2007 he took up the Chair of Molecular Biology of Neurological Disease at the Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, University College London.On 29 November 2015, he was awarded the Breakthrough Prize.In 2018, Hardy, along with Christian Haass, Bart De Strooper and Michel Goedert, received the Brain Prize for \"groundbreaking research on the genetic and molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease.\"[10]","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize_in_Life_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"MetLife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetLife"},{"link_name":"Potamkin Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamkin_Prize"},{"link_name":"genetic mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mutation"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2009"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"2022 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Brain Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brain_Prize"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Leeds University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_University"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize_in_Life_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Organization"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embo-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Michael J. Fox Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Michael_J._Fox_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Thudichum Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Wilhelm_Thudichum"},{"link_name":"Biochemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_Society"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dan David Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_David_Prize"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Institute of Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Biology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Newcastle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2009 – Elected Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2009"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"Umeå University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Medical_Sciences,_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fmedsci-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Metlife Foundation Award for Medical Research in Alzheimer's Disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metlife_Foundation_Award_for_Medical_Research_in_Alzheimer%27s_Disease"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetLife-19"},{"link_name":"Potamkin Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamkin_Prize"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Neurology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Among other awards and honours, Hardy has won the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for dissecting the causes of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and frontotemporal dementia; the MetLife prize for research into Alzheimer's disease, and the Potamkin Prize for his work in describing the first genetic mutations in the amyloid gene in Alzheimer's disease, in 1991. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2009.[1] He was knighted in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to \"human health in improving our understanding of dementia and neurodegenerative diseases\".[11]2018 – The Brain Prize[12]\n2017 – Honorary Doctor of Science, Leeds University[13]\n2015 – Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences[14]\n2015 – Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO)[15][16]\n2014 – The Michael J. Fox Foundation award for Parkinson research[17]\n2014 – Thudichum Medal from the Biochemical Society[citation needed]\n2014 – Dan David Prize[18]\n2011 – Elected Fellow of the Institute of Biology[citation needed]\n2010 – Honorary Doctor of Science, Newcastle University[citation needed]\n2009 – Elected Fellow of the Royal Society[1]\n2008 – Honorary MD, Umeå University, Sweden, [citation needed]\n2008 – Elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci)[2]\n2008 – Anne Marie Oprecht International Prize for Research in Parkinson's Disease\n2002 – Kaul Prize for Research into Alzheimer's disease[citation needed]\n1995 – Allied Signal Prize for Research into Aging\n1994 – Metlife Foundation Award for Medical Research in Alzheimer's Disease[19]\n1993 – Potamkin Prize from the American Academy of Neurology, for Alzheimer's Research[citation needed]\n1992 – IPSEN Prize for Research into Alzheimer's Disease[citation needed]\n1991 – Peter Debje Prize, University of Limburg, Belgium, For Alzheimer's Research[citation needed]","title":"Awards and honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Professor John Hardy FMedSci FRS\". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117105355/https://royalsociety.org/people/john-hardy-11582/","url_text":"\"Professor John Hardy FMedSci FRS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society","url_text":"Royal Society"},{"url":"https://royalsociety.org/people/john-hardy-11582/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor John Hardy FRS FMedSci\". Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160802020616/http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/professor-john-hardy/","url_text":"\"Professor John Hardy FRS FMedSci\""},{"url":"http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/professor-john-hardy/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HARDY, Prof. John\". Who's Who. Vol. 2015 (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U254852","url_text":"\"HARDY, Prof. John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Hutton, Mike; Heutink, Peter; Lendon, Corinne L.; Rizzu, Patrizia; Baker, Matt; Froelich, Susanne; Houlden, Henry; Pickering-Brown, Stuart; Chakraverty, Sumi; Isaacs, Adrian; Grover, Andrew; Hackett, Jennifer; Adamson, Jennifer; Lincoln, Sarah; Dickson, Dennis; Davies, Peter; Petersen, Ronald C.; Stevens, Martijn; de Graaff, Esther; Wauters, Erwin; van Baren, Jeltje; Hillebrand, Marcel; Joosse, Marijke; Kwon, Jennifer M.; Nowotny, Petra; Che, Lien Kuei; Norton, Joanne; Morris, John C.; Reed, Lee A.; Trojanowski, John; Basun, Hans; Lannfelt, Lars; Neystat, Michael; Fahn, Stanley; Dark, Francis; Tannenberg, Tony; Dodd, Peter R.; Hayward, Nick; Kwok, John B. J.; Schofield, Peter R.; Andreadis, Athena; Snowden, Julie; Craufurd, David; Neary, David; Owen, Frank; Oostra, Ben A.; Hardy, John; Goate, Alison; van Swieten, John; Mann, David; Lynch, Timothy (1998). \"Association of missense and 5'-splice-site mutations in tau with the inherited dementia FTDP-17\". Nature. 393 (6686): 702–705. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..702H. doi:10.1038/31508. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 9641683. S2CID 205001265.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.393..702H","url_text":"1998Natur.393..702H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F31508","url_text":"10.1038/31508"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","url_text":"0028-0836"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9641683","url_text":"9641683"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205001265","url_text":"205001265"}]},{"reference":"Goate, Alison; Chartier-Harlin, Marie-Christine; Mullan, Mike; Brown, Jeremy; Crawford, Fiona; Fidani, Liana; Giuffra, Luis; Haynes, Andrew; Irving, Nick; James, Louise; Mant, Rebecca; Newton, Phillippa; Rooke, Karen; Roques, Penelope; Talbot, Chris; Pericak-Vance, Margaret; Roses, Alien; Williamson, Robert; Rossor, Martin; Owen, Mike; Hardy, John (1991). \"Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease\". Nature. 349 (6311): 704–706. Bibcode:1991Natur.349..704G. doi:10.1038/349704a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 1671712. S2CID 4336069.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rossor","url_text":"Rossor, Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.349..704G","url_text":"1991Natur.349..704G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F349704a0","url_text":"10.1038/349704a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","url_text":"0028-0836"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1671712","url_text":"1671712"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4336069","url_text":"4336069"}]},{"reference":"Hardy, J. (2002). \"The Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease: Progress and Problems on the Road to Therapeutics\". Science. 297 (5580): 353–356. Bibcode:2002Sci...297..353H. doi:10.1126/science.1072994. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12130773. 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Retrieved 11 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.st-ambrosecollege.org.uk/attachments/download.asp?file=2762&type=pdf","url_text":"\"Old Boys News - New Year's Honours 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 63571\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 2022. p. N2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63571/supplement/N2","url_text":"\"No. 63571\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Devlin, Hannah (6 March 2018). \"Brain prize winner calls Brexit a 'disaster' for the NHS and science\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/mar/06/brain-prize-winner-calls-brexit-a-disaster-for-the-nhs-and-science","url_text":"\"Brain prize winner calls Brexit a 'disaster' for the NHS and science\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Hardy\". Leeds University. July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leeds.ac.uk/info/130509/honorary_graduates/493/john_hardy","url_text":"\"John Hardy\""}]},{"reference":"\"The EMBO Pocket Directory\" (PDF). European Molecular Biology Organization. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150316002020/http://www.embo.org/documents/members/The_EMBO_Pocket_Directory.pdf","url_text":"\"The EMBO Pocket Directory\""},{"url":"http://www.embo.org/documents/members/The_EMBO_Pocket_Directory.pd","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EMBO announces new members for 2015\". Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Organization. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160321063845/http://www.embo.org/news/press-releases/press-releases-2015/embo-announces-new-members-for-2015","url_text":"\"EMBO announces new members for 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Organization","url_text":"European Molecular Biology Organization"},{"url":"http://www.embo.org/news/press-releases/press-releases-2015/embo-announces-new-members-for-2015","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dan David Prize: LAUREATES 2014: Combatting Memory Loss, JOHN A. HARDY\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dandavidprize.org/laureates/2014/175-present-combatting-memory-loss/624-prof-john-a-hardy","url_text":"\"Dan David Prize: LAUREATES 2014: Combatting Memory Loss, JOHN A. HARDY\""}]},{"reference":"\"MetLife Foundation Awards for Medical Research in Alzheimer's Disease\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_Sorrow | Infant Sorrow | ["1 Background","2 Poem","3 References"] | Poem by William Blake
This article is about the William Blake poem. For the fictional band, see Forgetting Sarah Marshall and Get Him to the Greek.
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William Blake's original plate for Infant Sorrow
"Infant Sorrow" is a poem by William Blake from Songs of Experience.
Background
This poem belongs to the Songs of Experience by William Blake. It is the counter poem of "Infant Joy". The poem suggests that childbirth is not always joyful and happy but can bring sorrow and pain. The response of the child itself may be different from that of the child in "Infant Joy" because of the behavior of the parents. In this poem the parents seem depressed by this unwanted birth, and this may be reflecting on the child itself.
This poem could be considered as a work of societal allusion. It is well known that William Blake was strongly opposed to the industrial revolution; similarly, he was opposed to the mistreatment of children by rich factory owners. When the infant is being brought helpless and naked to the "dangerous world", this world could refer to the industrial revolution. Blake utilizes this as a symbol of temporary security. While the child is young, it will be nurtured and protected by its parents. But once the child matures, it will find a life devoid of any joy or pleasure, such as working in the factories with no security. The child decides to "sulk" upon the breast of the child's mother, almost in a manner that allows the child to enjoy what little comfort it has left. This poem is powerful in the sense that it outlines the sometimes desperate, sorrowful situation facing children as they grow.
Poem
My mother groand! my father wept.
Into the dangerous world I leapt:
Helpless, naked, piping loud;
Like a fiend hid in a cloud.
Struggling in my fathers hands:
Striving against my swaddling bands:
Bound and weary I thought best
To sulk upon my mothers breast.
References
^ Blake, William (1988). Erdman, David V. (ed.). The Complete Poetry and Prose (Newly revised ed.). Anchor Books. p. 28. ISBN 0385152132.
vteWilliam BlakeLiterary worksEarly writings
Poetical Sketches
An Island in the Moon
All Religions are One
There is No Natural Religion
Songs of Innocence and of ExperienceSongs of Innocence
The Shepherd
The Ecchoing Green
The Lamb
The Little Black Boy
The Blossom
The Chimney Sweeper
The Little Boy Lost
The Little Boy Found
Laughing Song
A Cradle Song
The Divine Image
Holy Thursday
Night
Spring
Nurse's Song
Infant Joy
A Dream
On Another's Sorrow
Songs of Experience
Introduction
Earth's Answer
The Clod and the Pebble
Holy Thursday
The Little Girl Lost
The Little Girl Found
The Chimney Sweeper
Nurse's Song
The Sick Rose
The Fly
The Angel
The Tyger
My Pretty Rose Tree
Ah! Sun-flower
The Lilly
The Garden of Love
The Little Vagabond
London
The Human Abstract
Infant Sorrow
A Poison Tree
A Little Boy Lost
A Little Girl Lost
To Tirzah
The School Boy
The Voice of the Ancient Bard
A Divine Image (found only in Copy BB)
Prophetic booksThe continental prophecies
America a Prophecy
Europe a Prophecy
The Song of Los
Other
Tiriel
The Book of Thel
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
The French Revolution
Visions of the Daughters of Albion
The Book of Urizen
The Book of Ahania
The Book of Los
The Four Zoas
Milton
Jerusalem: The Emanation of the Giant Albion
The Pickering Manuscript
"Auguries of Innocence"
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Ancients | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forgetting Sarah Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgetting_Sarah_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Get Him to the Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Him_to_the_Greek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blake_Infant_Sorrow.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake"},{"link_name":"Songs of Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_of_Experience"}],"text":"This article is about the William Blake poem. For the fictional band, see Forgetting Sarah Marshall and Get Him to the Greek.William Blake's original plate for Infant Sorrow\"Infant Sorrow\" is a poem by William Blake from Songs of Experience.","title":"Infant Sorrow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Infant Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_Joy"},{"link_name":"childbirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth"},{"link_name":"allusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion"},{"link_name":"industrial revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution"}],"text":"This poem belongs to the Songs of Experience by William Blake. It is the counter poem of \"Infant Joy\". The poem suggests that childbirth is not always joyful and happy but can bring sorrow and pain. The response of the child itself may be different from that of the child in \"Infant Joy\" because of the behavior of the parents. In this poem the parents seem depressed by this unwanted birth, and this may be reflecting on the child itself.This poem could be considered as a work of societal allusion. It is well known that William Blake was strongly opposed to the industrial revolution; similarly, he was opposed to the mistreatment of children by rich factory owners. When the infant is being brought helpless and naked to the \"dangerous world\", this world could refer to the industrial revolution. Blake utilizes this as a symbol of temporary security. While the child is young, it will be nurtured and protected by its parents. But once the child matures, it will find a life devoid of any joy or pleasure, such as working in the factories with no security. The child decides to \"sulk\" upon the breast of the child's mother, almost in a manner that allows the child to enjoy what little comfort it has left. This poem is powerful in the sense that it outlines the sometimes desperate, sorrowful situation facing children as they grow.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"My mother groand! my father wept.\nInto the dangerous world I leapt:\nHelpless, naked, piping loud;\nLike a fiend hid in a cloud.\n\nStruggling in my fathers hands:\nStriving against my swaddling bands:\nBound and weary I thought best\nTo sulk upon my mothers breast.[1]","title":"Poem"}] | [{"image_text":"William Blake's original plate for Infant Sorrow","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Blake_Infant_Sorrow.jpg/220px-Blake_Infant_Sorrow.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Blake, William (1988). Erdman, David V. (ed.). The Complete Poetry and Prose (Newly revised ed.). Anchor Books. p. 28. ISBN 0385152132.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake","url_text":"Blake, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_V._Erdman","url_text":"Erdman, David V."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/completepoetrypr00blak/page/","url_text":"The Complete Poetry and Prose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385152132","url_text":"0385152132"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Infant+Sorrow%22","external_links_name":"\"Infant Sorrow\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Infant+Sorrow%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Infant+Sorrow%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Infant+Sorrow%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Infant+Sorrow%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Infant+Sorrow%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infant_Sorrow&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/completepoetrypr00blak/page/","external_links_name":"The Complete Poetry and Prose"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1839 | Khivan campaign of 1839 | ["1 Background","2 Preparations","3 Campaign","4 Results","5 See also","6 Source and notes"] | Failed Russian invasion of the Khanate of Khiva
Russo-Khivan War of 1839–1840Part of Russian conquest of TurkestanDate10 October 1839 – June 1840LocationKhiva (present-day western Uzbekistan, southwestern Kazakhstan and much of Turkmenistan)Result
Khivan-Kazakh military victory
Russian invasion of Khiva repelledBelligerents
Khiva
Junior jüz
RussiaCommanders and leaders
Allah Quli Bahadur Makhambet Otemisuly
Nicholas I Vasily PerovskyStrength
unknown
6651 troopsCasualties and losses
unknown
2,500 killed or died of diseases
vteRussian conquest of Central Asia
Russian conquest of Kokand
Itchan Kala
Khujand
Uzynagash
1st Kokand
2nd Kokand
Saroikan
Tashkent
Russian conquest of Khiva
1st Khiva
2nd Khiva
3rd Khiva
1st Geok Tepe
2nd Geok Tepe
Russian conquest of Bukhara
Sarybulak
Istaravshan
Irjar
Jizzakh
Samarkand
Zerabulak
Kitab
Other
Datuly's rebellion
Kenesary's Rebellion
Akmolinsk
Aktau
Punitive campaigns
Lake Balkhash
Taymanuly's rebellion
Khan Ordasy
Tastobe
Aqbulaq River
Orenburg
Ural and Turgai
Panjdeh
Adaev uprising
Marv
Andijan
The Russo-Khivan War of 1839–1840 was a failed Russian attempt to conquer the Khanate of Khiva. Vasily Perovsky set out from Orenburg with 5,000 men, met an unusually cold winter, lost most of his camels, and was forced to turn back after going halfway.
Russians attacked Khiva four times. Around 1602, some free Cossacks made three raids on Khiva. In 1717, Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky attacked Khiva and was soundly defeated, only a few men escaping to tell the tale. After the Russian defeat in 1839–1840, Khiva was finally conquered by the Russians during the Khivan campaign of 1873.
Background
The Khanate of Khiva was situated south of the Aral Sea in the delta of the Oxus River. Here irrigation supported a population of about half a million. The problem was that Khiva was an oasis surrounded by several hundred miles of steppe and desert. The Russians could easily defeat the Khivan army but they first had to move enough troops across the hostile steppe.
General-adjutant Count V. A. Perovsky. Painting by Karl Briulov (1837)
By about 1743 Russia had established itself on the Orenburg Line about 750 miles north of Khiva. Orenburg was long the base from which Russia watched and tried to control the steppes to the east and south. Over the next century they gained increasing control over the Kazakh nomads. There were the usual border disputes on a lawless frontier. The Russians complained that the Khan did not do enough to stop raiders, although his ability to control them was limited.
A second problem was the Khivan slave trade. Khiva kept many Persian slaves which they bought from the Turkomans. A small number of Russians were also taken from the Orenburg Line. From the early nineteenth century an increasing number of Russian fishermen were captured on the Caspian Sea. After other attempts to pressure the Khan had failed, in August 1836 Russia ordered the arrest of all Khivan merchants in Russian territory – about 572 people and 1,400,000 silver rubles in goods. The Khan was told that his subjects would be released when all Russian slaves were released. In late September, Khan Allah Quli Bahadur said he would release his Russians, but when the caravan arrived there were only 25, almost all old men who had been in slavery for 30 or 40 years. Five more were released in 1838 and 80 more in August 1839. On 24 March 1839 the czar approved an attack on Khiva. The goal was not annexation but, if possible, to replace the current Khan with a Kazakh loyal to Russia. The final plan was approved on 10 October.
OrenburgFort EmbaAq BulaqKhivaNovoAlexAstrakhanclass=notpageimage| Khivan campaign of 1839 Locations of Fort Emba ad Aq Bulaq are not exact
Preparations
The land around Khiva has enough grass and water to support a thin nomadic population, but not enough for an army. The troops would have to carry nearly everything with them. As one moves south, grass and water diminish, as did Russian knowledge of the ground, an important matter for an army marching from one waterhole to the next. Since the grass died down in summer, spring and autumn were the best times for travel. Winter was sometimes preferred to reduce the need for water. Winter snow and cold are not too bad in normal years, but 1839 was not a normal year.
5000 men would be used, 3000 for the actual fighting and 2000 to guard the supply line. Orenburg was chosen as the starting point, since this was the main base and had connections to the Russian heartland. Additional supplies would be taken by sea to Novo Alexandrovsk and carried east to the main column. 7750 Bashkir carts were mobilized to haul supplies to Orenburg. 10400 camels and 2000 camel drivers were requisitioned from the Kazakhs. This required military force in the case of one tribe.
In June Colonel Heke went south with two companies and 1200 carts to explore the route and establish advanced depots. He reached the Emba River on 30 June and sent a smaller group forward to establish the next depot. The Aq Bulaq River 100 miles south was chosen and a fort was built there in August. A large amount of hay was mown and reeds and willows were collected for fuel. For 40 kilometers north of Aq Bulaq there were salt marshes with no adequate water or grass. By September a fort had been built on the Emba and hay mown. Fort Emba had a garrison of 634 men and Aq Bulaq 399. The forts were unhealthy and by December 93 men had died. On the first of November a caravan of 1128 camels left Orenburg and reached the Emba 24 days later.
Campaign
Some officers thought that it was too late in the season but the campaign proceeded anyway. On 26 November the first column left Orenburg. Three more columns left a day or two apart. The first snow fell on 2 December. On 18 December the mercury in the thermometers congealed (minus 35 Fahrenheit). The first snow storm struck on the 19th. They reached the Emba on 31 December with no deaths but numerous cases of frostbite. In the previous 27 days the temperature never rose above 12 degrees Fahrenheit.
On 30 December 2,000 to 3,000 Khivans attacked Aq Bulaq. After 2 unsuccessful days they turned their attention to a supply column 17 kilometers away. When this also failed they withdrew. The Russians lost 5 killed and 13 wounded. Eighty Khivan bodies were counted. About this time some of the Kazakh camel drivers staged a mutiny. After two ringleaders were shot the rest returned to duty. (One writer says that the camel drivers knew the country and correctly guessed that the expedition would fail, something that Perovsky was forced to admit a month later,) Also about this time word was received from the Caspian. The supply ships had been delayed by contrary winds and had become frozen in, only two limping back to Astrakhan. Those frozen near Novo Alexandrovsk were unloaded. Those further away were burnt by a group sent from Khiva. This group then attacked those Kazakhs who were working with the Russians, thereby cutting off the supply of fresh camels. In November Aitov was sent to collect camels to haul supplies from the Caspian to Fort Emba. Returning with 538 camels his camel drivers revolted, returned the camels to their owners and sent Aitov to Khiva. By 13 January there were 202 sick on the Emba and one fifth of the camels were too weak to be used.
In January the columns began leaving Fort Emba, the main one reaching Aq Bulak on 6 February, covering about 100 miles in 16 days. The temperature was well below zero Fahrenheit. Men had to walk in front of the camels to clear a path through the snow. Between the Emba and Ak Bulaq 1200 camels died and about 2500 had to be abandoned due to exhaustion. Unnecessary supplies were burnt for fuel. The cold made it impossible to wash or change clothes. In early February Bizyanov was sent about 100 miles south and reported the snow was even deeper. Of the 2750 Orenburg Infantry, who were not used to campaigning, only two thirds were fit for duty and 236 had died. Given the rate of loss of men and camels it was clear that if the army reached Khiva it would be in no condition to fight.
On 13 February Perovsky decided to retreat.
All four columns were back on the Emba by the end of February. The temperature remained below zero Fahrenheit. Roots were dug up for fuel and supplies were burned for heat. Since all the grass around Fort Emba had been consumed and there were many dead camels that would begin to rot in spring, Fort Emba was moved to a new location about 30 kilometers away. Cossacks were sent out to obtain more camels. 500 were secured by negotiation. 700 were sent from Orenburg. Bizyanov attacked the Adaev tribe at mouth of the Emba, killed 450 men, and brought back a large number of camels. By mid-May there were 3480 camels. At this time there were 1130 men sick in camp, 613 with scurvy. The troops began leaving the Emba on 30 May, encountered nothing worse than mud and by late June were dispersed along the Orenburg Line.
Results
1054 Russians died out of the original 5000. Deaths of Kazakh camel drivers are not given. Bashkir carters lost 199 men and 8869 horses. The expedition cost 1.7 million rubles. Economic losses to the Bashkirs and Kazakhs were estimated at 2.5 million rubles each. Of the original 10500 camels only 1500 remained alive by April. During the campaign there were 3124 cases of sickness, 608 of them mortal. It was noted that the death rate for the Ural Cossacks was 1 in 200 and among the Orenburg Infantry 1 in 14, the difference being ascribed to habituation to steppe campaigning. The following year a British agent convinced the Khan to free 416 Russian slaves. The Khivan traders and their goods were released. Perovsky retained his command and in 1853 won the battle of Ak Mechet. Khiva was finally subjugated by the Khivan campaign of 1873.
See also
First Anglo-Afghan War
Source and notes
This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Anonymous, "A Narrative of the Russian Military Expedition to Khiva under General Perofski", Translated from the Russian for the Foreign Department of the Government of India, Calcutta, 1867
Morrison, Alexander, "The Russian Conquest of Central Asia", 2021, Chapter 2
notes:
^ The locations of Fort Emba and Aq Bulaq are estimated from Yuri Bregel, An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, map 31 and a barely legible map on the last page of Anomymous. The Aq Bulaq River is one of the two springs (the other is Kok Bulaq) feeding the salty lake Shoshkakol (lake of the pigs) located 15 km north of the foot of the Ustyurt plateau (chink Dongystau, Mountain of the boar). The ruin of the pentagonal fort (330 x 380m) is visible on satellite image at the location: E57°50'53.52"-N47°02'21.50". The first Fort Emba was at the junction of the Emba and the Aty-Yakshi.
^ Articles Orenburg and Aral, Kazakhstan have climate tables for this part of the world.
^ Morrison, page 105.
^ All dates in this article are New Style. Anonymous normally gives both Old Style and New Style dates. For this (page 156) he gives only 01February. Comparison with other dates shows that was probably Old Style.
^ Anonymous, page 123, without explanation. He does not report Bashkirs south of Orenburg.
^ Possibly paper or non-silver assignat rubles, since the budget, page 69, was 425000 silver rubles and 12000 gold ducats.
^ Camels were requisitioned at 3 silver rubles each for 6 months. Anonymous does not report compensation for dead camels
^ Anonymous, pages 170,173,176. 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rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrym_Datuly%27s_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Kenesary's Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenesary%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Akmolinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Akmolinsk_(1838)"},{"link_name":"Aktau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raid_on_Aktau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5"},{"link_name":"Punitive campaigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punitive_campaigns_in_the_Kazakh_Khanate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8C_(1843%E2%80%941844)"},{"link_name":"Lake Balkhash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Balkhash&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE"},{"link_name":"Taymanuly's rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isatay_Taymanuly%27s_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Khan Ordasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Khan_Ordasy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8"},{"link_name":"Tastobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tastobe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5"},{"link_name":"Aqbulaq River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Aqbulaq_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5"},{"link_name":"Orenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Orenburg_(1855)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5_(1855)"},{"link_name":"Ural and Turgai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_the_Ural_and_Turgai_Oblasts"},{"link_name":"Panjdeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjdeh_incident"},{"link_name":"Adaev uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adaev_uprising_(1870)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(1870)"},{"link_name":"Marv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Marv_(1884)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Andijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andijan_uprising_of_1898"},{"link_name":"Khanate of Khiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva"},{"link_name":"Vasily Perovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Perovsky"},{"link_name":"Orenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orenburg"},{"link_name":"Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bekovich-Cherkassky"},{"link_name":"Khivan campaign of 1873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873"}],"text":"vteRussian conquest of Central Asia\nRussian conquest of Kokand\nItchan Kala [ru]\nKhujand [ru]\nUzynagash [ru]\n1st Kokand [ru]\n2nd Kokand [ru]\nSaroikan [ru]\nTashkent [ru]\nRussian conquest of Khiva\n1st Khiva [ru]\n2nd Khiva\n3rd Khiva\n1st Geok Tepe\n2nd Geok Tepe\nRussian conquest of Bukhara\nSarybulak [ru]\nIstaravshan [ru]\nIrjar [ru]\nJizzakh [ru]\nSamarkand\nZerabulak\nKitab [ru]\nOther\nDatuly's rebellion [ru]\nKenesary's Rebellion\nAkmolinsk\nAktau [ru]\nPunitive campaigns [ru]\nLake Balkhash [ru]\nTaymanuly's rebellion [ru]\nKhan Ordasy [ru]\nTastobe [ru]\nAqbulaq River [ru]\nOrenburg [ru]\nUral and Turgai\nPanjdeh\nAdaev uprising [ru]\nMarv [ru]\nAndijanThe Russo-Khivan War of 1839–1840 was a failed Russian attempt to conquer the Khanate of Khiva. Vasily Perovsky set out from Orenburg with 5,000 men, met an unusually cold winter, lost most of his camels, and was forced to turn back after going halfway.Russians attacked Khiva four times. Around 1602, some free Cossacks made three raids on Khiva. In 1717, Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky attacked Khiva and was soundly defeated, only a few men escaping to tell the tale. After the Russian defeat in 1839–1840, Khiva was finally conquered by the Russians during the Khivan campaign of 1873.","title":"Khivan campaign of 1839"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khanate of Khiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva"},{"link_name":"Aral Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral_Sea"},{"link_name":"Oxus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syr_Darya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrullovKP_PtVPerovskogoGTG.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karl Briulov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Briulov"},{"link_name":"Orenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orenburg"},{"link_name":"Khivan slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"Allah Quli Bahadur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_Kuli_Bahadur_Khan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Kazakhstan.png"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Kazakhstan.png"}],"text":"The Khanate of Khiva was situated south of the Aral Sea in the delta of the Oxus River. Here irrigation supported a population of about half a million. The problem was that Khiva was an oasis surrounded by several hundred miles of steppe and desert. The Russians could easily defeat the Khivan army but they first had to move enough troops across the hostile steppe.General-adjutant Count V. A. Perovsky. Painting by Karl Briulov (1837)By about 1743 Russia had established itself on the Orenburg Line about 750 miles north of Khiva. Orenburg was long the base from which Russia watched and tried to control the steppes to the east and south. Over the next century they gained increasing control over the Kazakh nomads. There were the usual border disputes on a lawless frontier. The Russians complained that the Khan did not do enough to stop raiders, although his ability to control them was limited.A second problem was the Khivan slave trade. Khiva kept many Persian slaves which they bought from the Turkomans. A small number of Russians were also taken from the Orenburg Line. From the early nineteenth century an increasing number of Russian fishermen were captured on the Caspian Sea. After other attempts to pressure the Khan had failed, in August 1836 Russia ordered the arrest of all Khivan merchants in Russian territory – about 572 people and 1,400,000 silver rubles in goods. The Khan was told that his subjects would be released when all Russian slaves were released. In late September, Khan Allah Quli Bahadur said he would release his Russians, but when the caravan arrived there were only 25, almost all old men who had been in slavery for 30 or 40 years. Five more were released in 1838 and 80 more in August 1839. On 24 March 1839 the czar approved an attack on Khiva. The goal was not annexation but, if possible, to replace the current Khan with a Kazakh loyal to Russia. The final plan was approved on 10 October.OrenburgFort EmbaAq BulaqKhivaNovoAlexAstrakhanclass=notpageimage| Khivan campaign of 1839 Locations of Fort Emba ad Aq Bulaq are not exact","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Novo Alexandrovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort-Shevchenko"},{"link_name":"Emba River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emba_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The land around Khiva has enough grass and water to support a thin nomadic population, but not enough for an army. The troops would have to carry nearly everything with them. As one moves south, grass and water diminish, as did Russian knowledge of the ground, an important matter for an army marching from one waterhole to the next. Since the grass died down in summer, spring and autumn were the best times for travel. Winter was sometimes preferred to reduce the need for water. Winter snow and cold are not too bad in normal years, but 1839 was not a normal year.5000 men would be used, 3000 for the actual fighting and 2000 to guard the supply line. Orenburg was chosen as the starting point, since this was the main base and had connections to the Russian heartland. Additional supplies would be taken by sea to Novo Alexandrovsk and carried east to the main column. 7750 Bashkir carts were mobilized to haul supplies to Orenburg. 10400 camels and 2000 camel drivers were requisitioned from the Kazakhs. This required military force in the case of one tribe.In June Colonel Heke went south with two companies and 1200 carts to explore the route and establish advanced depots. He reached the Emba River on 30 June and sent a smaller group forward to establish the next depot. The Aq Bulaq River[1] 100 miles south was chosen and a fort was built there in August. A large amount of hay was mown and reeds and willows were collected for fuel. For 40 kilometers north of Aq Bulaq there were salt marshes with no adequate water or grass. By September a fort had been built on the Emba and hay mown. Fort Emba had a garrison of 634 men and Aq Bulaq 399. The forts were unhealthy and by December 93 men had died. On the first of November a caravan of 1128 camels left Orenburg and reached the Emba 24 days later.","title":"Preparations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Some officers thought that it was too late in the season[2] but the campaign proceeded anyway. On 26 November the first column left Orenburg. Three more columns left a day or two apart. The first snow fell on 2 December. On 18 December the mercury in the thermometers congealed (minus 35 Fahrenheit). The first snow storm struck on the 19th. They reached the Emba on 31 December with no deaths but numerous cases of frostbite. In the previous 27 days the temperature never rose above 12 degrees Fahrenheit.On 30 December 2,000 to 3,000 Khivans attacked Aq Bulaq. After 2 unsuccessful days they turned their attention to a supply column 17 kilometers away. When this also failed they withdrew. The Russians lost 5 killed and 13 wounded. Eighty Khivan bodies were counted. About this time some of the Kazakh camel drivers staged a mutiny. After two ringleaders were shot the rest returned to duty. (One writer says that the camel drivers knew the country and correctly guessed that the expedition would fail, something that Perovsky was forced to admit a month later,[3]) Also about this time word was received from the Caspian. The supply ships had been delayed by contrary winds and had become frozen in, only two limping back to Astrakhan. Those frozen near Novo Alexandrovsk were unloaded. Those further away were burnt by a group sent from Khiva. This group then attacked those Kazakhs who were working with the Russians, thereby cutting off the supply of fresh camels. In November Aitov was sent to collect camels to haul supplies from the Caspian to Fort Emba. Returning with 538 camels his camel drivers revolted, returned the camels to their owners and sent Aitov to Khiva. By 13 January there were 202 sick on the Emba and one fifth of the camels were too weak to be used.In January the columns began leaving Fort Emba, the main one reaching Aq Bulak on 6 February, covering about 100 miles in 16 days. The temperature was well below zero Fahrenheit. Men had to walk in front of the camels to clear a path through the snow. Between the Emba and Ak Bulaq 1200 camels died and about 2500 had to be abandoned due to exhaustion. Unnecessary supplies were burnt for fuel. The cold made it impossible to wash or change clothes. In early February Bizyanov was sent about 100 miles south and reported the snow was even deeper. Of the 2750 Orenburg Infantry, who were not used to campaigning, only two thirds were fit for duty and 236 had died. Given the rate of loss of men and camels it was clear that if the army reached Khiva it would be in no condition to fight. \nOn 13 February [4] Perovsky decided to retreat.All four columns were back on the Emba by the end of February. The temperature remained below zero Fahrenheit. Roots were dug up for fuel and supplies were burned for heat. Since all the grass around Fort Emba had been consumed and there were many dead camels that would begin to rot in spring, Fort Emba was moved to a new location about 30 kilometers away. Cossacks were sent out to obtain more camels. 500 were secured by negotiation. 700 were sent from Orenburg. Bizyanov attacked the Adaev tribe at mouth of the Emba, killed 450 men, and brought back a large number of camels. By mid-May there were 3480 camels. At this time there were 1130 men sick in camp, 613 with scurvy. The troops began leaving the Emba on 30 May, encountered nothing worse than mud and by late June were dispersed along the Orenburg Line.","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"a British agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Shakespear"},{"link_name":"Ak Mechet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyzylorda"},{"link_name":"Khivan campaign of 1873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873"}],"text":"1054 Russians died out of the original 5000. Deaths of Kazakh camel drivers are not given. Bashkir carters lost 199 men and 8869 horses.[5] The expedition cost 1.7 million rubles.[6] Economic losses to the Bashkirs and Kazakhs were estimated at 2.5 million rubles each.[7] Of the original 10500 camels only 1500 remained alive by April. During the campaign there were 3124 cases of sickness, 608 of them mortal.[8] It was noted that the death rate for the Ural Cossacks was 1 in 200 and among the Orenburg Infantry 1 in 14, the difference being ascribed to habituation to steppe campaigning. The following year a British agent convinced the Khan to free 416 Russian slaves. The Khivan traders and their goods were released. Perovsky retained his command and in 1853 won the battle of Ak Mechet. Khiva was finally subjugated by the Khivan campaign of 1873.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Orenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orenburg"},{"link_name":"Aral, Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral,_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Old Style and New Style dates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"rubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubles"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"Anonymous, \"A Narrative of the Russian Military Expedition to Khiva under General Perofski\", Translated from the Russian for the Foreign Department of the Government of India, Calcutta, 1867\nMorrison, Alexander, \"The Russian Conquest of Central Asia\", 2021, Chapter 2\nnotes:^ The locations of Fort Emba and Aq Bulaq are estimated from Yuri Bregel, An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, map 31 and a barely legible map on the last page of Anomymous. The Aq Bulaq River is one of the two springs (the other is Kok Bulaq) feeding the salty lake Shoshkakol (lake of the pigs) located 15 km north of the foot of the Ustyurt plateau (chink Dongystau, Mountain of the boar). The ruin of the pentagonal fort (330 x 380m) is visible on satellite image at the location: E57°50'53.52\"-N47°02'21.50\". The first Fort Emba was at the junction of the Emba and the Aty-Yakshi.\n\n^ Articles Orenburg and Aral, Kazakhstan have climate tables for this part of the world.\n\n^ Morrison, page 105.\n\n^ All dates in this article are New Style. Anonymous normally gives both Old Style and New Style dates. For this (page 156) he gives only 01February. Comparison with other dates shows that was probably Old Style.\n\n^ Anonymous, page 123, without explanation. He does not report Bashkirs south of Orenburg.\n\n^ Possibly paper or non-silver assignat rubles, since the budget, page 69, was 425000 silver rubles and 12000 gold ducats.\n\n^ Camels were requisitioned at 3 silver rubles each for 6 months. Anonymous does not report compensation for dead camels\n\n^ Anonymous, pages 170,173,176. This is a contradiction since there were not 400 battle deaths.","title":"Source and notes"}] | [{"image_text":"General-adjutant Count V. A. Perovsky. Painting by Karl Briulov (1837)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BrullovKP_PtVPerovskogoGTG.jpg/220px-BrullovKP_PtVPerovskogoGTG.jpg"}] | [{"title":"First Anglo-Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War"}] | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumhead_court-martial | Drumhead court-martial | ["1 Origins","2 World War II","2.1 Nazi Germany","2.2 Imperial Japan","3 In popular culture","4 References"] | Court-martial held in the field to hear urgent charges of offences committed in action
This article is about the summary form of military justice. For the formal application of military law and justice, see court-martial.
An example of an illustration from the Thirty Years' War showing a drum used as a table at military executions
A drumhead court-martial is a court-martial held in the field to render summary justice for offenses committed in action. The term is said to originate from drums used as improvised tables and drumheads as writing surfaces at fast-track military trials and executions.
Origins
The earliest recorded usage is in an English memoir of the Peninsular War (1807). The term sometimes has connotations of summary justice, with an implied lack of judicial impartiality, as noted in the transcripts of the trial at Nuremberg of Josef Bühler.
According to Sir Arthur Wynne Morgan Bryant, such courts-martial have ordered lashings or hangings to punish soldiers (and their officers) who were cowardly, disobedient, or, conversely, acted rashly; and especially as a discouragement to drunkenness. It is also used as a reference to a kangaroo court in its derogatory form.
World War II
Nazi Germany
From 1934, every division of the German Army had a court martial. After the occupation of Poland, the Oberkommando des Heeres wished to introduce a system which allowed speedy trials to be performed, as it was believed that a fast process would be a more effective deterrent. In November 1939 a law was passed which permitted drumhead trials if it was deemed necessary during warfare. Every commander of a regiment could either decide to inform the court martial of his division, or he could convene a drumhead trial when somebody was accused of a crime. The decision of a drumhead trial could be executed immediately. With the beginning of the year 1944 the high command formed a special police, the "High command Feldjägerkorps", which were in command of special drumhead trials named fliegende Standgerichte, composed of motorized judges.
During the last two months of World War II, Adolf Hitler authorized the use of Fliegendes Sonder-Standgericht ("flying special court martial" or "flying special drumhead"), mobile courts-martial used by the German armed forces. The use of "flying" refers to their mobility and may also refer to the earlier "flying courts martial" held in Italian Libya. Italian military judges were flown by aircraft to the location of captured rebels, where the rebels were tried in a court martial shortly after capture.
An example of this was the summary trial of five officers found guilty of failing to prevent the Western Allies from capturing the Ludendorff Bridge during the Battle of Remagen on 7 March 1945. On a direct order from Hitler, Generalleutnant Rudolf Hübner tried Major Hans Scheller, Captain Willi Bratge, Capt. Karl Friesenhahn, Lt. Karl Heinz Peters, Maj. Herbert Strobel and Maj. August Kraft. Hübner, who had no legal experience, acted as both prosecutor and judge. He conducted extremely brief show trials during which he harangued the defendants for their alleged command failures, and then pronounced sentence. All of the officers were sentenced to death except for Friesenhahn, who had unsuccessfully attempted to detonate explosive charges wired to the bridge before later being captured by Allied forces. Other than Bratge (who had been captured along with Friesenhahn), the convicted officers were taken to nearby woods within 24 hours, executed with a shot to the back of the neck, and buried where they fell.
After the failed plot to assassinate Hitler in July 1944, General Friedrich Fromm, after capturing the conspirators, hosted an impromptu court martial sentencing the lead conspirators to death by firing squad. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, accused of association with the assassination plot, was similarly tried and executed.
After Admiral Canaris, head of the Abwehr, the German military intelligence service, was suspected of involvement in the 20 July Plot to assassinate Hitler, Hitler authorised Heinrich Himmler to have Canaris tried and sentenced to death by a drumhead court-martial.
Imperial Japan
Main article: Japanese war crimes
The Enemy Airmen's Act contributed to the deaths of hundreds of Allied airmen throughout WWII in the Pacific Theater. An estimated 132 Allied airmen shot down during the bombing campaign against Japan in 1944–1945 were summarily executed after short kangaroo trials or drumhead courts-martial.
In popular culture
The Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Drumhead" is focused on a drumhead court-martial. In that episode, the retired Rear Admiral Norah Satie returns to serve as an investigator, first to investigate possible sabotage, but the investigations scope is quickly expanded to other, unrelated crimes. A major plot device is the use of Betazoid telepathy as a sign of guilt, which is not admissible evidence under Federation law. Captain Jean-Luc Picard denounces the proceedings, which are explained as resembling a "drumhead court martial", hence the name.
References
^ Definition from Brewer's Dictionary
^ 'Court martial, n. 1.b. drumhead court-martial', Oxford English Dictionary Online (2009), citing Sir Charles Shaw, Personal memoirs and correspondence, comprising a narrative of the war ... in Portugal and Spain (1837), II, 449.
^ Transcript Archived 2020-01-03 at the Wayback Machine at the Nizkor project
^ Years of Victory (1802–1812), Arthur Bryant, 1944
^ Peter Lutz Kalmbach: Feldjäger, Sicherheitsdienst, Sonderkommandos. Polizeiorgane und Standgerichtsbarkeit in der Endphase des Zweiten Weltkrieges. In: Kriminalisitk. Unabhängige Zeitschrift für die kriminalistische Wissenschaft und Praxis 2014, pp. 454–458
^ Kraft, Guenther (1946). "The shooting of Major Kraft in consequence of the Remagen incident; an account by his son". Fold3 (in German). Ancestry.com. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
^ Dermot, Bradley (2002). Die Generale des Heeres, 1921–1945, Band 6 (Hochbaum-Klutmann). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio Verlag.
^ Zack Handlen (January 20, 2011). "Qpid/The Drumhead". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
Authority control databases: National
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRW_Vidar | TRW Vidar | ["1 History","1.1 Vidar Corporation","1.2 TRW Vidar","1.3 American Digital Switching","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | American telecommunications company
TRW Vidar was an American telecommunications company, owned by TRW Inc., that made digital telephone switches from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. They were the first, or one of the first, companies to make such a switch. Before being acquired by TRW Inc., they were known as Vidar Corporation and later, after a buyout, they were known as American Digital Switching.
History
Vidar Corporation
Vidar Corporation was founded in 1959 and was headquartered in Mountain View, California. Its initial business focus was making solid-state electronics and related instruments for automatic control systems. By 1960 it was filing patent applications in the electronic instrumentation area. Its product line included temperature gauges and strain gauges.
By the mid-1960s it had added a manufacturing facility, in San Luis Obispo, California. Vidar Corporation frequently hired engineering graduates from Stanford University. During the 1960s, Vidar's products used analog circuitry, but they were beginning the switch to digital elements. By the late 1960s, Vidar was focused on making telecommunications equipment as well as components for data processing.
Vidar Corporation was acquired by Continental Telephone Corporation in May 1970 for around $20 million.
The Vidar subsidiary continued to focus on making telecommunications equipment. It had positive results in 1973, with profits of over $4 million on revenues of over $38 million, but in 1974 revenues fell sharply to $21 million and the subsidiary lost over $4 million.
TRW Vidar
The Vidar division was acquired from Continental Telephone by TRW, Inc., a large conglomerate in a number of businesses, in May 1975 for $14 million. At that point it became known as TRW Vidar; they additionally had offices in Sunnyvale, California, which after a while became their headquarters. Organizationally, TRW Vidar was part of the larger TRW Electronics organization.
TRW Vidar's first product was the IMA2 switch. It then produced the ITS-5 switch, which met the Class-5 telephone switch requirements, the ITS-4 switch, which met the Class-4 telephone switch requirements, and the ITS-4/5 switch, which included both functionalities. The market for the TRW Vidar switches was independent telephone companies, and among the more prominent users of the switch were GTE and United Telephone as well as Continental Telephone.
Computationally, the control processing for the TRW Vidar ITS switches was done by two Intel 8080 microprocessors, in a high use/low use, fault-tolerant configuration. According to recollections published in the Embedded Muse newsletter, the control code was written in the C programming language and cross-compiled to the 8080 from a PDP-11 minicomputer running Version 6 Unix.
According to a 1989 Orlando Sentinel story, TRW Vidar "installed the industry's first digital switch in 1976." TRW Vidar declared, in the January 1978 issue of SIGNAL Magazine, "The IMA2, TRW Vidar's all solid-state switch, in service since March 1976, is the first system in North America to operate integrated digital T-carrier transmission with digital switching." However, according to the website Telephone World, TRW Vidar "produced and demonstrated the first digital central office switch" but were beaten to an actual installation of a commercial production digital switch by Northern Telecom and its DMS-10, and the first commercial installations of TRW Vidar switches did not happen until 1978. Still another account is presented in the 1982 book Digital Telephony by industry author John Bellamy, which states that TRW Vidar's IMA2 was the first digital toll switch in operation but that the first digital end office switch was one from Stromberg-Carlson. In any case, TRW Vidar was certainly one of the first companies to produce a working digital switch for use in central offices.
By 1982 there were stresses within the telephony industry due to the breakup of the Bell System and the early 1980s recession in the United States. The Vidar business was characterized by large development and start-up costs and a low near-term size of the independent companies market. Moreover, the Vidar unit did not fit into TRW's strategic plans. Accordingly, TRW Vidar withdrew from active engagement in the digital switch marketplace.
In the view of several executives involved with TRW Vidar, the TRW parent never really understood what they had at the time. One such executive left TRW in 1979 and, partly inspired by the difficulties he saw TRW going through, co-founded The Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), which became the leading company providing the Unix operating system on Intel commodity hardware. As a result, some have considered SCO to have been an offshoot of TRW Vidar. The CEO of TRW Vidar offered to buy out the company almost as soon as it withdrew from the digital switch market.
The Vidar switch continued to be used by independent telephone companies for the next several years, however, although those companies were concerned about the level of servicing and support the switch would receive from TRW.
American Digital Switching
In 1989, a buyout actually took place. American Digital Switching came into creation as the result of a joint management-and-customer buyout of the Vidar switch business from TRW. This kind of buyout was unusual; the new firm, headquartered in Melbourne, Florida, was owned by three co-founding former employees of TRW Vidor, an investment firm, and some twenty-four different independent telephone companies. The new company's main product was developed as the Centura 2000 switch.
In 1996, American Digital Switching was acquired by Symetrics Industries, Inc. and began operating as a subsidiary of Symetrics. At that point American Digital Switching was described as "a provider of central-office digital switching systems and support services to telephone companies in rural communities." By the late 1990s, sales of the Centura 2000 switch were not growing.
The American Digital Switching subsidiary was still in business as of the year 2000. But by 2001 they were not, and what property American Digital Switching had remaining was put up at a Brevard County, Florida auction.
See also
List of telephone switches
References
^ Per general view of these search snippets.
^ a b Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Volume 767. United States Department of Commerce. 1961. p. TM 61.
^ "Four Firms Join WEMA". San Mateo Times. March 27, 1961. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c Vernon, Tom (March 14, 2018). "Jim Wood Focuses on the Basics". Radio World. pp. 3–5. ProQuest 2030180480.
^ As indicated by 'help wanted' advertisements during this period, see for instance "Electronics Technicians". Santa Maria Times. April 22, 1966. p. 39 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "Continental Okays Vidar Purchase Plan". The Indianapolis Star. New York Times News Service. May 3, 1970. p. 4 (Section 3) – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Business Briefs". Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. May 5, 1970. p. 15 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c Koshetz, Herbert (May 15, 1975). "Assets of Vidar Sold to TRW, Inc". The New York Times. p. 82.
^ "California Microwave buys TRW Vidar area". San Francisco Examiner. June 25, 1982. p. C1 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "uncertain". Telephone Engineer & Management. 1977. p. 61 (issue uncertain).
^ a b "The 1978 AFCEA Sustaining and Group Member Capabilities Directory: TRW Vidar". SIGNAL Magazine. January 1978. pp. 78, 132.
^ a b Dittberner Associates, Inc. (1977). DTIC ADA055519: Telephone Switching Technology Survey. Washington, D.C.: Defense Technical Information Center. pp. 106–109.
^ a b c d e f Oates, Sarah (October 25, 1989). "Company thriving after switch in owners". The Orlando Sentinel. pp. F-1, F-2.
^ "Editor's Notes". Embedded Muse. The Ganssle Group. April 7, 2008.
^ "TRW-Vidar Switching Systems". Telephone World. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
^ Bellamy, John (1982). Digital Telephony. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 48. ISBN 9780471080893.
^ "Our History". Palmerton Telephone. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
^ a b c Patterson, Rick (March 7, 1982). "ITT, TI point to recovery". Johnson City Press-Chronicle. p. 2A – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c "American Digital Switching - formed to serve independent telco switch market". Telephone News. October 2, 1989. p. 8 – via Gale General OneFile.
^ a b Falk, Bennett; Eisenhart, Mary (February 1987). "The Santa Cruz Operation: Taking Care Of Business With XENIX". MicroTimes. pp. 46–54. At p. 48.
^ Bezroukov, Nikolai (July 28, 2019). "XENIX – Microsoft Short-lived Love Affair with Unix". Softpanorama. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
^ a b c "Firms involved in almost every facet of cellular technology". Florida Today. May 28, 2000. p. 8A B – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "Symetrics Industries buys American Digital". Orlando Sentinel. May 1, 1996. ProQuest 278801587.
^ "Legals: Notice of Sheriff's Sale". Florida Today. September 27, 2001. p. 11F – via Newspapers.com.
Further reading
A. Joel, "Digital Switching – How It Has Developed", in IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 948–959, July 1979, doi: 10.1109/TCOM.1979.1094511.
External links
Overview & Background on Electronic & Digital Switching Systems – at Telephone World
vteTRW Inc.Subsidiaries
Lucas Industries
LucasVarity
TRW Automotive
TRW Vidar
Products
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Northrop Grumman | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TRW Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRW_Inc."},{"link_name":"digital telephone switches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchange#Digital_switches"}],"text":"TRW Vidar was an American telecommunications company, owned by TRW Inc., that made digital telephone switches from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. They were the first, or one of the first, companies to make such a switch. Before being acquired by TRW Inc., they were known as Vidar Corporation and later, after a buyout, they were known as American Digital Switching.","title":"TRW Vidar"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mountain View, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uspo-1961-2"},{"link_name":"solid-state electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_electronics"},{"link_name":"automatic control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_control"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uspo-1961-2"},{"link_name":"temperature gauges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_gauge"},{"link_name":"strain gauges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_gauge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rw-2018-4"},{"link_name":"San Luis Obispo, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo,_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rw-2018-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rw-2018-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytns-1970-6"},{"link_name":"Continental Telephone Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Telephone_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytns-1970-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1975-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1975-8"}],"sub_title":"Vidar Corporation","text":"Vidar Corporation was founded in 1959[1] and was headquartered in Mountain View, California.[2] Its initial business focus was making solid-state electronics and related instruments for automatic control systems.[3] By 1960 it was filing patent applications in the electronic instrumentation area.[2] Its product line included temperature gauges and strain gauges.[4]By the mid-1960s it had added a manufacturing facility, in San Luis Obispo, California.[5] Vidar Corporation frequently hired engineering graduates from Stanford University.[4] During the 1960s, Vidar's products used analog circuitry, but they were beginning the switch to digital elements.[4] By the late 1960s, Vidar was focused on making telecommunications equipment as well as components for data processing.[6]Vidar Corporation was acquired by Continental Telephone Corporation in May 1970 for around $20 million.[7][6]The Vidar subsidiary continued to focus on making telecommunications equipment.[8] It had positive results in 1973, with profits of over $4 million on revenues of over $38 million, but in 1974 revenues fell sharply to $21 million and the subsidiary lost over $4 million.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1975-8"},{"link_name":"Sunnyvale, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"TRW Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRW_Electronics"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-signal-11"},{"link_name":"Class-5 telephone switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-5_telephone_switch"},{"link_name":"Class-4 telephone switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-4_telephone_switch"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtic-12"},{"link_name":"independent telephone companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_telephone_company"},{"link_name":"GTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTE"},{"link_name":"United Telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Telephone"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-1989-13"},{"link_name":"Intel 8080","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8080"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtic-12"},{"link_name":"C programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_programming_language"},{"link_name":"PDP-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11"},{"link_name":"Version 6 Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_6_Unix"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Orlando Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-1989-13"},{"link_name":"SIGNAL Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGNAL_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-signal-11"},{"link_name":"Northern Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Telecom"},{"link_name":"DMS-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMS-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telephone-world-15"},{"link_name":"Stromberg-Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromberg-Carlson"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"breakup of the Bell System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Bell_System"},{"link_name":"early 1980s recession in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_1980s_recession_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jcpc-1982-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jcpc-1982-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tn-1989-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jcpc-1982-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-microtimes-20"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-1989-13"},{"link_name":"The Santa Cruz Operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Santa_Cruz_Operation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-microtimes-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-1989-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tn-1989-19"}],"sub_title":"TRW Vidar","text":"The Vidar division was acquired from Continental Telephone by TRW, Inc., a large conglomerate in a number of businesses, in May 1975 for $14 million.[8] At that point it became known as TRW Vidar; they additionally had offices in Sunnyvale, California, which after a while became their headquarters.[9] Organizationally, TRW Vidar was part of the larger TRW Electronics organization.[10]TRW Vidar's first product was the IMA2 switch.[11] It then produced the ITS-5 switch, which met the Class-5 telephone switch requirements, the ITS-4 switch, which met the Class-4 telephone switch requirements, and the ITS-4/5 switch, which included both functionalities.[12] The market for the TRW Vidar switches was independent telephone companies, and among the more prominent users of the switch were GTE and United Telephone as well as Continental Telephone.[13]Computationally, the control processing for the TRW Vidar ITS switches was done by two Intel 8080 microprocessors, in a high use/low use, fault-tolerant configuration.[12] According to recollections published in the Embedded Muse newsletter, the control code was written in the C programming language and cross-compiled to the 8080 from a PDP-11 minicomputer running Version 6 Unix.[14]According to a 1989 Orlando Sentinel story, TRW Vidar \"installed the industry's first digital switch in 1976.\"[13] TRW Vidar declared, in the January 1978 issue of SIGNAL Magazine, \"The IMA2, TRW Vidar's all solid-state switch, in service since March 1976, is the first system in North America to operate integrated digital T-carrier transmission with digital switching.\"[11] However, according to the website Telephone World, TRW Vidar \"produced and demonstrated the first digital central office switch\" but were beaten to an actual installation of a commercial production digital switch by Northern Telecom and its DMS-10, and the first commercial installations of TRW Vidar switches did not happen until 1978.[15] Still another account is presented in the 1982 book Digital Telephony by industry author John Bellamy, which states that TRW Vidar's IMA2 was the first digital toll switch in operation but that the first digital end office switch was one from Stromberg-Carlson.[16] In any case, TRW Vidar was certainly one of the first companies to produce a working digital switch for use in central offices.[17]By 1982 there were stresses within the telephony industry due to the breakup of the Bell System and the early 1980s recession in the United States.[18] The Vidar business was characterized by large development and start-up costs and a low near-term size of the independent companies market.[18] Moreover, the Vidar unit did not fit into TRW's strategic plans.[19] Accordingly, TRW Vidar withdrew from active engagement in the digital switch marketplace.[18]In the view of several executives involved with TRW Vidar, the TRW parent never really understood what they had at the time.[20][13] One such executive left TRW in 1979 and, partly inspired by the difficulties he saw TRW going through, co-founded The Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), which became the leading company providing the Unix operating system on Intel commodity hardware.[20] As a result, some have considered SCO to have been an offshoot of TRW Vidar.[21] The CEO of TRW Vidar offered to buy out the company almost as soon as it withdrew from the digital switch market.[13]The Vidar switch continued to be used by independent telephone companies for the next several years, however, although those companies were concerned about the level of servicing and support the switch would receive from TRW.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-1989-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tn-1989-19"},{"link_name":"Melbourne, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-1989-13"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-2000-22"},{"link_name":"Symetrics Industries, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symetrics_Industries&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-1996-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-1996-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-2000-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-2000-22"},{"link_name":"Brevard County, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevard_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"American Digital Switching","text":"In 1989, a buyout actually took place.[13] American Digital Switching came into creation as the result of a joint management-and-customer buyout of the Vidar switch business from TRW.[19] This kind of buyout was unusual; the new firm, headquartered in Melbourne, Florida, was owned by three co-founding former employees of TRW Vidor, an investment firm, and some twenty-four different independent telephone companies.[13] The new company's main product was developed as the Centura 2000 switch.[22]In 1996, American Digital Switching was acquired by Symetrics Industries, Inc. and began operating as a subsidiary of Symetrics.[23] At that point American Digital Switching was described as \"a provider of central-office digital switching systems and support services to telephone companies in rural communities.\"[23] By the late 1990s, sales of the Centura 2000 switch were not growing.[22]The American Digital Switching subsidiary was still in business as of the year 2000.[22] But by 2001 they were not, and what property American Digital Switching had remaining was put up at a Brevard County, Florida auction.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Digital Switching – How It Has Developed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1094511"}],"text":"A. Joel, \"Digital Switching – How It Has Developed\", in IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 948–959, July 1979, doi: 10.1109/TCOM.1979.1094511.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of telephone switches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_telephone_switches"}] | [{"reference":"Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Volume 767. United States Department of Commerce. 1961. p. TM 61.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HDkhkkGyh4oC&q=%22vidar+corporation%22+%22mountain+view%22&pg=PA580-IA43","url_text":"Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Volume 767"}]},{"reference":"\"Four Firms Join WEMA\". San Mateo Times. March 27, 1961. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/38990831/?terms=%22vidar%2Bcorporation%22%2Belectronics","url_text":"\"Four Firms Join WEMA\""}]},{"reference":"Vernon, Tom (March 14, 2018). \"Jim Wood Focuses on the Basics\". Radio World. pp. 3–5. ProQuest 2030180480.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/2030180480","url_text":"2030180480"}]},{"reference":"\"Electronics Technicians\". Santa Maria Times. April 22, 1966. p. 39 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/569543656/?terms=%22vidar%2Bcorporation%22%2Belectronics%2Bobispo","url_text":"\"Electronics Technicians\""}]},{"reference":"\"Continental Okays Vidar Purchase Plan\". The Indianapolis Star. New York Times News Service. May 3, 1970. p. 4 (Section 3) – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/106853039/?terms=%22vidar%2Bcorporation%22%2B%22continental%2Btelephone%22","url_text":"\"Continental Okays Vidar Purchase Plan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Business Briefs\". Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. May 5, 1970. p. 15 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/684750610/?terms=vidar%2Bcontinental%2Btelephone","url_text":"\"Business Briefs\""}]},{"reference":"Koshetz, Herbert (May 15, 1975). \"Assets of Vidar Sold to TRW, Inc\". The New York Times. p. 82.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/15/archives/assets-of-vidar-sold-to-trw-inc-sale-of-continental-phone-unit-put.html","url_text":"\"Assets of Vidar Sold to TRW, Inc\""}]},{"reference":"\"California Microwave buys TRW Vidar area\". San Francisco Examiner. June 25, 1982. p. C1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/460573767/?terms=%22TRW%20Vidar%22%20sunnyvale&match=1","url_text":"\"California Microwave buys TRW Vidar area\""}]},{"reference":"\"uncertain\". Telephone Engineer & Management. 1977. p. 61 (issue uncertain).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dC07AAAAMAAJ&q=%22TRW+Electronics%22","url_text":"\"uncertain\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 1978 AFCEA Sustaining and Group Member Capabilities Directory: TRW Vidar\". SIGNAL Magazine. January 1978. pp. 78, 132.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=22MbAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA132","url_text":"\"The 1978 AFCEA Sustaining and Group Member Capabilities Directory: TRW Vidar\""}]},{"reference":"Dittberner Associates, Inc. (1977). DTIC ADA055519: Telephone Switching Technology Survey. Washington, D.C.: Defense Technical Information Center. pp. 106–109.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA055519/page/n113/mode/2up","url_text":"DTIC ADA055519: Telephone Switching Technology Survey"}]},{"reference":"Oates, Sarah (October 25, 1989). \"Company thriving after switch in owners\". The Orlando Sentinel. pp. F-1, F-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1989-10-25-8910242656-story.html","url_text":"\"Company thriving after switch in owners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Editor's Notes\". Embedded Muse. The Ganssle Group. April 7, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ganssle.com/tem/tem159.htm","url_text":"\"Editor's Notes\""}]},{"reference":"\"TRW-Vidar Switching Systems\". Telephone World. Retrieved May 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://telephoneworld.org/telephone-switching-systems/trw-vidar-switching-systems/","url_text":"\"TRW-Vidar Switching Systems\""}]},{"reference":"Bellamy, John (1982). Digital Telephony. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 48. ISBN 9780471080893.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/digitaltelephony00bell/page/48/mode/2up?view=theater&q=vidar","url_text":"Digital Telephony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471080893","url_text":"9780471080893"}]},{"reference":"\"Our History\". Palmerton Telephone. Retrieved May 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ptelco.com/index.php/our-history/","url_text":"\"Our History\""}]},{"reference":"Patterson, Rick (March 7, 1982). \"ITT, TI point to recovery\". Johnson City Press-Chronicle. p. 2A – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/590659362/?terms=%22trw%2Belectronics%22%2B%22trw%2Bvidar%22","url_text":"\"ITT, TI point to recovery\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Digital Switching - formed to serve independent telco switch market\". Telephone News. October 2, 1989. p. 8 – via Gale General OneFile.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A8025015/ITOF?u=wikipedia&sid=ITOF&xid=a6f28784","url_text":"\"American Digital Switching - formed to serve independent telco switch market\""}]},{"reference":"Falk, Bennett; Eisenhart, Mary (February 1987). \"The Santa Cruz Operation: Taking Care Of Business With XENIX\". MicroTimes. pp. 46–54.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HDA9AQAAIAAJ&q=trw+larry+michels","url_text":"\"The Santa Cruz Operation: Taking Care Of Business With XENIX\""}]},{"reference":"Bezroukov, Nikolai (July 28, 2019). \"XENIX – Microsoft Short-lived Love Affair with Unix\". Softpanorama. Retrieved May 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.softpanorama.org/People/Torvalds/Finland_period/xenix_microsoft_shortlived_love_affair_with_unix.shtml","url_text":"\"XENIX – Microsoft Short-lived Love Affair with Unix\""}]},{"reference":"\"Firms involved in almost every facet of cellular technology\". Florida Today. May 28, 2000. p. 8A B – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/178003518/?terms=%22American%2BDigital%2BSwitching%22","url_text":"\"Firms involved in almost every facet of cellular technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Symetrics Industries buys American Digital\". Orlando Sentinel. May 1, 1996. ProQuest 278801587.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/278801587","url_text":"278801587"}]},{"reference":"\"Legals: Notice of Sheriff's Sale\". Florida Today. September 27, 2001. p. 11F – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/178476023/?terms=%22American%2BDigital%2BSwitching%22","url_text":"\"Legals: Notice of Sheriff's Sale\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?q=vernon+anderson++%22vidar%22+1959&biw=1048&bih=563&tbm=bks&sxsrf=ALeKk00WqJuMFnQ7cAkrHeh2WjLAL3eKUg%3A1621897091664&ei=gy-sYPf-J_6t5NoP55ujqA0&oq=vernon+anderson++%22vidar%22+1959&gs_l=psy-ab.3...18171.21546.0.21881.6.6.0.0.0.0.116.571.4j2.6.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..0.3.300...33i299k1.0.JZH6I8Qcxhg","external_links_name":"these search snippets"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HDkhkkGyh4oC&q=%22vidar+corporation%22+%22mountain+view%22&pg=PA580-IA43","external_links_name":"Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Volume 767"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/38990831/?terms=%22vidar%2Bcorporation%22%2Belectronics","external_links_name":"\"Four Firms Join WEMA\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/2030180480","external_links_name":"2030180480"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/569543656/?terms=%22vidar%2Bcorporation%22%2Belectronics%2Bobispo","external_links_name":"\"Electronics Technicians\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/106853039/?terms=%22vidar%2Bcorporation%22%2B%22continental%2Btelephone%22","external_links_name":"\"Continental Okays Vidar Purchase Plan\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/684750610/?terms=vidar%2Bcontinental%2Btelephone","external_links_name":"\"Business Briefs\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/15/archives/assets-of-vidar-sold-to-trw-inc-sale-of-continental-phone-unit-put.html","external_links_name":"\"Assets of Vidar Sold to TRW, Inc\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/460573767/?terms=%22TRW%20Vidar%22%20sunnyvale&match=1","external_links_name":"\"California Microwave buys TRW Vidar area\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dC07AAAAMAAJ&q=%22TRW+Electronics%22","external_links_name":"\"uncertain\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=22MbAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA132","external_links_name":"\"The 1978 AFCEA Sustaining and Group Member Capabilities Directory: TRW Vidar\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA055519/page/n113/mode/2up","external_links_name":"DTIC ADA055519: Telephone Switching Technology Survey"},{"Link":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1989-10-25-8910242656-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Company thriving after switch in owners\""},{"Link":"http://www.ganssle.com/tem/tem159.htm","external_links_name":"\"Editor's Notes\""},{"Link":"https://telephoneworld.org/telephone-switching-systems/trw-vidar-switching-systems/","external_links_name":"\"TRW-Vidar Switching Systems\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/digitaltelephony00bell/page/48/mode/2up?view=theater&q=vidar","external_links_name":"Digital Telephony"},{"Link":"http://www.ptelco.com/index.php/our-history/","external_links_name":"\"Our History\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/590659362/?terms=%22trw%2Belectronics%22%2B%22trw%2Bvidar%22","external_links_name":"\"ITT, TI point to recovery\""},{"Link":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A8025015/ITOF?u=wikipedia&sid=ITOF&xid=a6f28784","external_links_name":"\"American Digital Switching - formed to serve independent telco switch market\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HDA9AQAAIAAJ&q=trw+larry+michels","external_links_name":"\"The Santa Cruz Operation: Taking Care Of Business With XENIX\""},{"Link":"http://www.softpanorama.org/People/Torvalds/Finland_period/xenix_microsoft_shortlived_love_affair_with_unix.shtml","external_links_name":"\"XENIX – Microsoft Short-lived Love Affair with Unix\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/178003518/?terms=%22American%2BDigital%2BSwitching%22","external_links_name":"\"Firms involved in almost every facet of cellular technology\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/278801587","external_links_name":"278801587"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/178476023/?terms=%22American%2BDigital%2BSwitching%22","external_links_name":"\"Legals: Notice of Sheriff's Sale\""},{"Link":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1094511","external_links_name":"Digital Switching – How It Has Developed"},{"Link":"https://telephoneworld.org/telephone-switching-systems/overview-background-on-electronic-digital-switching-systems/","external_links_name":"Overview & Background on Electronic & Digital Switching Systems – at Telephone World"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie_Johnsen | Jennie Johnsen | ["1 References"] | Norwegian politician
Jennie Johnsen (born 3 December 1977 in Skien) is a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
From 1998 to 2001 she was the leader of the Young Liberals of Norway, the youth wing of the Liberal Party. She was a vice leader of the Liberal Party from 2002 to 2004.
In 1995, at only 17 years of age, she was elected to serve in Skien city council. She held a seat in Oslo city council from 2003 to 2007.
She served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Oslo during the term 2005–2009.
References
"Jennie Johnsen" (in Norwegian). Storting.
Preceded bySverre Molandsveen
Leader of the Young Liberals of Norway 2003–2007
Succeeded byMonica Tjelmeland
This article about a Norwegian politician born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skien"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Young Liberals of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Liberals_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Skien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skien"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stortinget"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"}],"text":"Jennie Johnsen (born 3 December 1977 in Skien) is a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.From 1998 to 2001 she was the leader of the Young Liberals of Norway, the youth wing of the Liberal Party. She was a vice leader of the Liberal Party from 2002 to 2004.In 1995, at only 17 years of age, she was elected to serve in Skien city council. She held a seat in Oslo city council from 2003 to 2007.She served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Oslo during the term 2005–2009.","title":"Jennie Johnsen"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Jennie Johnsen\" (in Norwegian). Storting.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stortinget.no/no/Representanter-og-komiteer/Representantene/Representantfordeling/Representant/?perid=JNJ&tab=Biography","url_text":"\"Jennie Johnsen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting","url_text":"Storting"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.stortinget.no/no/Representanter-og-komiteer/Representantene/Representantfordeling/Representant/?perid=JNJ&tab=Biography","external_links_name":"\"Jennie Johnsen\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennie_Johnsen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Makedonija_Gjor%C4%8De_Petrov | FK Makedonija G.P. | ["1 History","2 Honours","2.1 Domestic League","2.2 Domestic Cup","3 Recent seasons","4 Makedonija GP in Europe","5 Players","5.1 Current squad","5.2 Academy players with first-team appearances","6 Historical list of coaches","7 References","8 External links"] | Macedonian association football club
Football clubFK Makedonija G.P.Full nameFK Makedonija Gjorche PetrovNickname(s)Лавови (Lions)Жолто-црвени (The Yellow-reds)Founded1932; 92 years ago (1932)GroundǴorče Petrov StadiumCapacity3,000ChairmanLjupcho KopcharovskiManagerBoban GrnčarovLeagueMacedonian Second League2023–24Macedonian First League, 11th (relegated)WebsiteClub website
Home colours
Away colours
Third colours
FK Makedonija Gjorche Petrov (Macedonian: ФК Македонија Ѓорче Петров), commonly referred to as FK Makedonija G.P. (Macedonian: ФК Македонија Ѓ.П.) is a football club based in the municipality of Gjorche Petrov, in Skopje, North Macedonia. They are currently playing in the Macedonian Second League.
History
The club was founded in 1932 as HASK (Hanrievski amaterski sportski klub). During its history, the club was also known as Lokomotiva, Rudar, Industrijalec, and Jugokokta. The club received its current name in the 1989/90 season in commemoration of Gyorche Petrov, a revolutionary considered an important figure of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization.
Champions 1991 Makedonija had a great season, with 23 victories 9 losses and only 2 draws. Finishing on the top of the league table in front of traditionally great teams like: Rabotnichki, Belasica, SKOPJE, Tikvesh, Metalurg, KUMANOVO all previous Champions at the time and next season up-coming champion SASA. The title was won mainly because of the great games and victories at the home ground in Gjorche Petrov. That season Makedonija got up on the higher level and established the club as the league favorites.
Makedonija entered the Macedonian First League when Macedonian Republic League transformed into First League in 1992. They were relegated in 1993/94 season. After playing one season in the Macedonian Second League they were back in the top division. In the 1997/98 season they finished third and qualified to play in the Intertoto Cup, where they played against NK Olimpija Ljubljana from Sloveniain the first round, and SC Bastia from France in the second. In the 2001/02 season they were relegated again, and played three seasons in the second division. Makedonija GP returned to the First League in the 2005/06 season with their best performance, finishing second.
Macedonian First League Trophy 1991, 2009
National Football Cup 2006, 2022, 2023
Cup Winners 2006 In the season 2005-06 FK Makedonija won the National Cup for the first time. In the final first round they had to face FK Ohrid at their famous Bilyana's Springs stadium. FK Makedonija managed to pull out an easy away win 0–3. In the second round they've eliminated FK Napredok on aggregate 4-2, winning the home game 2-0 and drawing away 2-2. The Quarter-finals came and they faced FK Cementarnica winning both matches home and away 1-0 making it 2-0 on aggregate. In the semi-finals they've faced FK Sileks, drawing the first match at home 1-1, while winning the famous game away 2-1 and reaching their first final.
The final game was held at the City Park National Arena. In a thriller match they won their first final by 3-2 with a goal in 92 second minute of stoppage time. The goal scorer was legendary Filip Ivanovski.
They played in the qualifying rounds of the UEFA Cup 2006-07, where they lost to Lokomotiv Sofia 3–1 on aggregate.
Champions 2009 Makedonija had another great season and this time with even more difficult opponents such as: Vardar, Sileks, Pobeda, Pelister, Rabotnichki all numerous times Champions in the decades before. This time Makedonija played great winning both Home and Away games. This season Makedonija managed to reach the European Champions League qualifying stage. They've finished their Marvelous season on the top of the league table by Winning 17 games, 10 draws and only 3 defeats, establishing the reputation of the big team in the domestic league championship.
After Makedonija GP quit the first league at the 2009–10 season, the club was unable to participate at any senior level; however, the club's board took over a third-tier club MFK Treska from the nearby village of Šiševo, moving the team to Makedonija's stadium, and became supported by the old Makedonija's fans. MFK Treska won the Macedonian Third League North promotion play-off in 2010–11, and had been playing in the Macedonian Second League in the 2011–12 season with ambitions to gain promotion to the top flight by sharing the top place on the table after the first round of the season. The name change request was expected for some time now, and the Football Federation of Macedonia, on January 10, 2012, finally accepted the request by MFK Treska to change its name and become officially registered as FK Makedonija Ǵorče Petrov, name under which they will compete for the rest of the season.
Cup Winners 2022-The Shoot Out Champions In the season 2021-22 FK Makedonija won the National Cup. In the Final Round 1 they met FK Detonit and managed easy away Victory 0–3. In the second round they draw away with Akademija Pandev 1-1 and the penalty roulette decided the match, ending 3-5 for FK Makedonija. They had the home ground advantage in the quarter-finals eliminating the Champions. Regular time was a draw 0-0 and after the shootout 4-1 for the hosts. In the semi-finals, they had to play away again. The match finished 0-0, and again they've beat the home side FK Struga after penalty roulette 2-4.
The final match was played at the City Park National Arena. It was a draw after the regular time again finishing 0-0. FK Makedonija managed to beat FK Sileks in the final match after the shoot out this time 4-3.
FK Makedonija did not manage to climb high on the Championship table in the season 2022-23, and they ended up on 7th place. Only top three teams qualify for the European Competitions, so FK Makedonija had to focus on the national Cup. And they managed to defend the title from 2021-22 that brought them European summer again.
Cup Winners 2023-Again in a Shoot Out thriller In the season 2022-23 FK Makedonija won the National Cup again second time in a row. In the first round 1 they managed easy way through by bye as defending champions. In the second round they met Pobeda away, winning 0-2. They had the home ground advantage beating Akademija Pandev by 1-0 in the quarter-finals. In the semi-finals, they met with Tetovo team home drawing 1-1 in a tough equal match. They had to go in a penalty roulette for the heavy victory of 4-3.
The final match was played at the FFM Petar Milosevski ground. They had to face the National league Champions and the best team for this season FK Struga. After the regular time it was a draw again finishing 1-1. FK Makedonija won the final match against Champions FK Struga in a penalty shootout 2-0.
Honours
Domestic League
Champions
Winners (2): 1990-91, 2008–09
Domestic Cup
Macedonian Football Cup
Winners (3): 2005-06, 2021–22, 2022–23
Recent seasons
Logo of Treska
Season
League
Cup
European competitions
Top goalscorer
Division
P
W
D
L
F
A
Pts
Pos
Player
Goals
1992–93
1. MFL
34
10
12
12
31
51
32
14th
1993–94
1. MFL
30
2
6
22
17
55
10
16th ↓
R2
1994–95
2. MFL West
30
9
6
15
31
40
33
1st ↑
1995–96
1. MFL
28
10
7
11
35
37
37
7th
QF
1996–97
1. MFL
26
10
4
12
38
30
34
7th
SF
Dragan Mučibabić
12
1997–98
1. MFL
25
12
5
8
34
25
42
3rd
QF
Vlado Trifunov
11
1998–99
1. MFL
29
10
7
9
44
40
37
6th
QF
Intertoto Cup
R2
1999–00
1. MFL
26
10
6
10
29
28
36
7th
QF
Mario Petkov
11
2000–01
1. MFL
26
9
4
13
46
42
31
10th
R1
Mario Petkov
19
2001–02
1. MFL
20
7
3
10
29
28
24
11th ↓
R2
2002–03
2. MFL
36
11
9
13
45
39
42
8th
R2
2003–04
2. MFL
32
15
6
11
50
46
51
7th
R2
2004–05
2. MFL
33
22
5
6
76
34
71
3rd ↑
R2
2005–06
1. MFL
33
21
6
6
55
23
69
2nd
W
Filip Ivanovski
22
2006–07
1. MFL
33
18
10
5
65
29
64
3rd
R2
UEFA Cup
QR1
Filip Ivanovski
10
2007–08
1. MFL
33
13
5
15
34
42
24
7th
SF
Intertoto Cup
R2
2008–09
1. MFL
30
17
10
3
46
15
61
1st
RU
César de Brito
11
2009–10
1. MFL
FFM expelled Makedonija GP from the league
↓
QF
Champions League
QR2
Ivica Gligorovski
14
2010–111
3. MFL NorthGroup A
21
15
1
5
61
25
46
1st ↑
PR
2011–121
2. MFL
33
14
6
10
48
31
48
4th
R1
2012–13
2. MFL
30
21
4
5
60
21
67
1st ↑
PR
Vladimir Mojsovski
13
2013–14
1. MFL
33
9
5
19
40
56
32
10th ↓
R2
Ermedin Adem
11
2014–15
2. MFL
27
11
8
8
29
18
41
4th
R1
2015–16
2. MFL
27
13
7
7
35
33
46
2nd ↑
QF
Kristijan Stojkoski
14
2016–17
1. MFL
36
4
11
21
35
80
23
10th ↓
R1
Alen Jasharoski
12
2017–18
2. MFL West
27
17
5
5
49
23
56
1st ↑
R1
Bobi Bozhinovski
13
2018–19
1. MFL
36
12
11
13
45
50
47
5th
RU
Hristijan Kirovski
11
2019–202
1. MFL
23
7
8
8
24
28
29
6th
N/A
Europa League
QR1
Padú
7
2020–21
1. MFL
33
16
7
10
53
43
55
4th
SF
Bobi Bozhinovski
8
2021–22
1. MFL
33
17
6
10
46
44
57
4th
W
Conference League
QR2
Ermedin Adem
11
2022–23
1. MFL
30
10
9
11
37
33
39
7th
W
Conference League
QR1
Filip Mishevski
6
2023–24
1. MFL
33
8
5
20
29
44
29
11th ↓
SF
Conference League
QR1
Keith LarsonKrste Velkoski
4
1 In the 2010–11 and in the autumn part of 2011–12 season the club was competed under the name Treska.
2 The 2019–20 season was abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia.
Makedonija GP in Europe
Q = qualifier
R1 = first round / R2 = second round
Season
Competition
Round
Club
Score
1998
UEFA Intertoto Cup
R1
Olimpija Ljubljana
4–2, 1–1
R2
SC Bastia
1–0, 0–7
2006/07
UEFA Cup
Q1
Lokomotiv Sofia
0–2, 1–1
2007
UEFA Intertoto Cup
R1
Ethnikos Achnas
0–1, 2–0
R2
Cherno More Varna
0–4, 0–3
2009/10
UEFA Champions League
Q2
BATE Borisov
0–2, 0–2
2019/20
UEFA Europa League
Q1
Alashkert
1–3, 0–3
2022/23
UEFA Europa Conference League
Q2
CSKA Sofia
0–0, 0−4
2023/24
UEFA Europa Conference League
Q1
RFS
0–1, 1–4
Players
Current squad
As of 1 June 2024
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
1
GK
MKD
Hristijan Stevkovski
2
DF
MKD
Maksim Slavkov
3
DF
MKD
Kosta Manev
4
DF
MKD
Filip Mishevski (captain)
9
FW
MKD
Emir Skenderi
10
FW
MKD
Krste Velkoski
11
FW
MKD
Nikola Velichkovski
12
GK
MKD
Stefan Jakimovski
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
17
MF
MKD
Jovan Popzlatanov
18
FW
MKD
Samir Fazli
20
FW
ALB
Altin Aliji
22
MF
MKD
Darko Sekovski
23
MF
MKD
Kristijan Gjorgjievski
29
FW
MKD
Ivan Galevski
33
DF
MKD
Hristijan Pecov
88
MF
MKD
Gjorgi Stoilov
Academy players with first-team appearances
Players from the youth team that have been summoned with the first team in the current season.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
15
MF
MKD
Aleksandar Anastasijeski
16
MF
MKD
Kristijan Tanevski
25
GK
MKD
David Stojanovikj
27
FW
MKD
Aleksej Slavkov
30
MF
MKD
Dario Jakimovski
32
FW
MKD
Tarik Demishoski
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
71
MF
MKD
Altin Nuredinovski
—
GK
MKD
Pavel Trajkovski
—
DF
MKD
Teo Jolakoski
—
MF
MKD
Mihael Jovanovikj
—
MF
MKD
Dimitar Martinovski
Historical list of coaches
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2016)
Zoran Stratev (1991–1995)
Kiril Dojčinovski (1999)
Slobodan Goračinov (1999)
Vujadin Stanojković (2000)
Zoran Tanevski (2001)
Baze Lazarevski (2001)
Dobre Dimovski (2001)
Ane Andovski (2002)
Perica Gruevski (2005 – 9 Feb 2006)
Radmilo Ivančević (10 Feb 2006 – 25 Aug 2007)
Zoran Stratev (2007)
Robert Stojanovski (26 Aug 2007 – 10 Nov 2007)
Ilcho Gjorgioski (11 Nov 2007 – 2010)
Ljupcho Matevski (2012)
Vasko Bozhinovski (2012)
Bobi Stojkoski (2012 – 2013)
Borce Hristov (1 Jul 2013 – 5 Aug 2013)
Gjorgji Todorovski (8 Aug 2013 – 3 Mar 2014)
Marjan Sekulovski (4 Mar 2014 – 5 May 2014)
Jovica Knežević (1 Jul 2015 – 30 Jun 2016)
Bobi Stojkoski (8 Apr 2016 – 20 Aug 2016)
Jovica Knežević (1 Jan 2016 – 15 Jun 2018)
Aleksandar Tanevski (1 Jul 2018 – 11 Nov 2019)
Naci Şensoy (20 Nov 2019 – 11 Mar 2020)
Zikica Tasevski (12 Mar 2020 – 25 Apr 2021)
Aleksandar Tanevski (26 Apr 2021 – 17 Oct 2021)
Muharem Bajrami (17 Oct 2021 – 9 Mar 2023)
Goran Simov (13 Mar 2023 – present)
References
^ History Archived 2012-01-13 at the Wayback Machine at official website (in Macedonian)
^ Treska officially becomes Makedonija GjP Archived 2012-01-17 at the Wayback Machine at MacedonianFootball.com, 10-1-2012
^ "Вонредна седница на Управен одбор на Фудбалска федерација на Македонија: Прекин на натпреварувачката сезона 2019/2020". Фудбалска Федерација на Македонија. 4 June 2020. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
External links
Official website (in Macedonian)
FK Makedonija G.P. on Instagram
FK Makedonija G.P. on Facebook
Video on YouTube
Supporters Website (in Macedonian)
Club info at MacedonianFootball (in English)
Football Federation of Macedonia (in Macedonian)
vte2024–25 Macedonian Second Football League teams
Arsimi
Bashkimi
Belasica
Borec
Bregalnica
Detonit Plachkovica
Kozhuf
Makedonija G.P.
Novaci
Ohrid
Osogovo
Pobeda
Sasa
Skopje
Vardar (N)
Vardarski
vteMacedonian First Football LeagueSeasons
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
2024–25 teams
AP Brera
Besa (DD)
Gostivari
Pelister
Rabotnichki
Shkëndija
Shkupi
Sileks
Struga
Tikvesh
Vardar
Voska Sport
Former teams
11 Oktomvri
Balkan
Bashkimi
Belasica
Borec
Bregalnica (D)
Bregalnica (Sh)
Cementarnica 55
Drita
Gorno Lisiche
Karaorman
Kozhuf
Kumanovo
Ljuboten
Madjari Solidarnost
Makedonija G.P.
Metalurg
Milano
Mladost (CD)
Napredok
Ohrid
Osogovo
Pobeda (1941)
Pobeda (2010)
Renova
Rudar
Sasa
Skopje
Sloga Jugomagnat
Teteks
Turnovo
Vardarski
Vëllazërimi 77
Associated competitions
Macedonian Cup
Supercup
Second League
Third League
UEFA Champions League
UEFA Europa League
UEFA Conference League | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Gjorche Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Second_Football_League"}],"text":"Football clubFK Makedonija Gjorche Petrov (Macedonian: ФК Македонија Ѓорче Петров), commonly referred to as FK Makedonija G.P. (Macedonian: ФК Македонија Ѓ.П.) is a football club based in the municipality of Gjorche Petrov, in Skopje, North Macedonia. They are currently playing in the Macedonian Second League.","title":"FK Makedonija G.P."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gyorche Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyorche_Petrov"},{"link_name":"Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization"},{"link_name":"Macedonian First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_First_League"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Second_League"},{"link_name":"Intertoto Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Intertoto_Cup_1998"},{"link_name":"NK Olimpija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Olimpija_Ljubljana_(1911)"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Sloveniain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"SC Bastia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Bastia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FMFL_trophy.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macedonia_cup.jpg"},{"link_name":"Filip Ivanovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Ivanovski"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup 2006-07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup_2006-07"},{"link_name":"Lokomotiv Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokomotiv_Sofia"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Second_League"},{"link_name":"Football Federation of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"bye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_(sports)"}],"text":"The club was founded in 1932 as HASK (Hanrievski amaterski sportski klub).[1] During its history, the club was also known as Lokomotiva, Rudar, Industrijalec, and Jugokokta. The club received its current name in the 1989/90 season in commemoration of Gyorche Petrov, a revolutionary considered an important figure of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization.Champions 1991 Makedonija had a great season, with 23 victories 9 losses and only 2 draws. Finishing on the top of the league table in front of traditionally great teams like: Rabotnichki, Belasica, SKOPJE, Tikvesh, Metalurg, KUMANOVO all previous Champions at the time and next season up-coming champion SASA. The title was won mainly because of the great games and victories at the home ground in Gjorche Petrov. That season Makedonija got up on the higher level and established the club as the league favorites.Makedonija entered the Macedonian First League when Macedonian Republic League transformed into First League in 1992. They were relegated in 1993/94 season. After playing one season in the Macedonian Second League they were back in the top division. In the 1997/98 season they finished third and qualified to play in the Intertoto Cup, where they played against NK Olimpija Ljubljana from Sloveniain the first round, and SC Bastia from France in the second. In the 2001/02 season they were relegated again, and played three seasons in the second division. Makedonija GP returned to the First League in the 2005/06 season with their best performance, finishing second.Macedonian First League Trophy 1991, 2009National Football Cup 2006, 2022, 2023Cup Winners 2006 In the season 2005-06 FK Makedonija won the National Cup for the first time. In the final first round they had to face FK Ohrid at their famous Bilyana's Springs stadium. FK Makedonija managed to pull out an easy away win 0–3. In the second round they've eliminated FK Napredok on aggregate 4-2, winning the home game 2-0 and drawing away 2-2. The Quarter-finals came and they faced FK Cementarnica winning both matches home and away 1-0 making it 2-0 on aggregate. In the semi-finals they've faced FK Sileks, drawing the first match at home 1-1, while winning the famous game away 2-1 and reaching their first final.The final game was held at the City Park National Arena. In a thriller match they won their first final by 3-2 with a goal in 92 second minute of stoppage time. The goal scorer was legendary Filip Ivanovski.They played in the qualifying rounds of the UEFA Cup 2006-07, where they lost to Lokomotiv Sofia 3–1 on aggregate.Champions 2009 Makedonija had another great season and this time with even more difficult opponents such as: Vardar, Sileks, Pobeda, Pelister, Rabotnichki all numerous times Champions in the decades before. This time Makedonija played great winning both Home and Away games. This season Makedonija managed to reach the European Champions League qualifying stage. They've finished their Marvelous season on the top of the league table by Winning 17 games, 10 draws and only 3 defeats, establishing the reputation of the big team in the domestic league championship.After Makedonija GP quit the first league at the 2009–10 season, the club was unable to participate at any senior level; however, the club's board took over a third-tier club MFK Treska from the nearby village of Šiševo, moving the team to Makedonija's stadium, and became supported by the old Makedonija's fans. MFK Treska won the Macedonian Third League North promotion play-off in 2010–11, and had been playing in the Macedonian Second League in the 2011–12 season with ambitions to gain promotion to the top flight by sharing the top place on the table after the first round of the season. The name change request was expected for some time now, and the Football Federation of Macedonia, on January 10, 2012, finally accepted the request by MFK Treska to change its name and become officially registered as FK Makedonija Ǵorče Petrov, name under which they will compete for the rest of the season.[2]Cup Winners 2022-The Shoot Out Champions In the season 2021-22 FK Makedonija won the National Cup. In the Final Round 1 they met FK Detonit and managed easy away Victory 0–3. In the second round they draw away with Akademija Pandev 1-1 and the penalty roulette decided the match, ending 3-5 for FK Makedonija. They had the home ground advantage in the quarter-finals eliminating the Champions. Regular time was a draw 0-0 and after the shootout 4-1 for the hosts. In the semi-finals, they had to play away again. The match finished 0-0, and again they've beat the home side FK Struga after penalty roulette 2-4.\nThe final match was played at the City Park National Arena. It was a draw after the regular time again finishing 0-0. FK Makedonija managed to beat FK Sileks in the final match after the shoot out this time 4-3.FK Makedonija did not manage to climb high on the Championship table in the season 2022-23, and they ended up on 7th place. Only top three teams qualify for the European Competitions, so FK Makedonija had to focus on the national Cup. And they managed to defend the title from 2021-22 that brought them European summer again.Cup Winners 2023-Again in a Shoot Out thriller In the season 2022-23 FK Makedonija won the National Cup again second time in a row. In the first round 1 they managed easy way through by bye as defending champions. In the second round they met Pobeda away, winning 0-2. They had the home ground advantage beating Akademija Pandev by 1-0 in the quarter-finals. In the semi-finals, they met with Tetovo team home drawing 1-1 in a tough equal match. They had to go in a penalty roulette for the heavy victory of 4-3.\nThe final match was played at the FFM Petar Milosevski ground. They had to face the National league Champions and the best team for this season FK Struga. After the regular time it was a draw again finishing 1-1. FK Makedonija won the final match against Champions FK Struga in a penalty shootout 2-0.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_First_Football_League"},{"link_name":"1990-91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_Macedonian_Republic_League"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Macedonian_First_Football_League"}],"sub_title":"Domestic League","text":"Champions\nWinners (2): 1990-91, 2008–09","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonian Football Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2005-06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Macedonian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Macedonian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Macedonian_Football_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Domestic Cup","text":"Macedonian Football Cup\nWinners (3): 2005-06, 2021–22, 2022–23","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MFKTreska.gif"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Logo of Treska1 In the 2010–11 and in the autumn part of 2011–12 season the club was competed under the name Treska.2 The 2019–20 season was abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia.[3]","title":"Recent seasons"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Q = qualifier\nR1 = first round / R2 = second round","title":"Makedonija GP in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 1 June 2024Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Academy players with first-team appearances","text":"Players from the youth team that have been summoned with the first team in the current season.\n\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Zoran Stratev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Stratev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kiril Dojčinovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiril_Doj%C4%8Dinovski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Slobodan Goračinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Gora%C4%8Dinov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Vujadin Stanojković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vujadin_Stanojkovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Zoran Tanevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoran_Tanevski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Baze Lazarevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baze_Lazarevski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Dobre Dimovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dobre_Dimovski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Ane Andovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ane_Andovski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Perica Gruevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perica_Gruevski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Radmilo Ivančević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radmilo_Ivan%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Ilcho Gjorgioski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C4%8Do_Gjorgioski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Bobi Stojkoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobi_Stojkoski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Borce Hristov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borce_Hristov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Gjorgji Todorovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjorgji_Todorovski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Marjan Sekulovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjan_Sekulovski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Jovica Knežević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jovica_Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Tanevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandar_Tanevski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Naci Şensoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naci_%C5%9Eensoy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Zikica Tasevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zikica_Tasevski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Tanevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandar_Tanevski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Muharem Bajrami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muharem_Bajrami"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Goran Simov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goran_Simov"}],"text":"Zoran Stratev (1991–1995)\n Kiril Dojčinovski (1999)\n Slobodan Goračinov (1999)\n Vujadin Stanojković (2000)\n Zoran Tanevski (2001)\n Baze Lazarevski (2001)\n Dobre Dimovski (2001)\n Ane Andovski (2002)\n Perica Gruevski (2005 – 9 Feb 2006)\n Radmilo Ivančević (10 Feb 2006 – 25 Aug 2007)\n Zoran Stratev (2007)\n Robert Stojanovski (26 Aug 2007 – 10 Nov 2007)\n Ilcho Gjorgioski (11 Nov 2007 – 2010)\n Ljupcho Matevski (2012)\n Vasko Bozhinovski (2012)\n Bobi Stojkoski (2012 – 2013)\n Borce Hristov (1 Jul 2013 – 5 Aug 2013)\n Gjorgji Todorovski (8 Aug 2013 – 3 Mar 2014)\n Marjan Sekulovski (4 Mar 2014 – 5 May 2014)\n Jovica Knežević (1 Jul 2015 – 30 Jun 2016)\n Bobi Stojkoski (8 Apr 2016 – 20 Aug 2016)\n Jovica Knežević (1 Jan 2016 – 15 Jun 2018)\n Aleksandar Tanevski (1 Jul 2018 – 11 Nov 2019)\n Naci Şensoy (20 Nov 2019 – 11 Mar 2020)\n Zikica Tasevski (12 Mar 2020 – 25 Apr 2021)\n Aleksandar Tanevski (26 Apr 2021 – 17 Oct 2021)\n Muharem Bajrami (17 Oct 2021 – 9 Mar 2023)\n Goran Simov (13 Mar 2023 – present)","title":"Historical list of coaches"}] | [{"image_text":"Macedonian First League Trophy 1991, 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/FMFL_trophy.png/200px-FMFL_trophy.png"},{"image_text":"National Football Cup 2006, 2022, 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Macedonia_cup.jpg"},{"image_text":"Logo of Treska","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/MFKTreska.gif"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Вонредна седница на Управен одбор на Фудбалска федерација на Македонија: Прекин на натпреварувачката сезона 2019/2020\". Фудбалска Федерација на Македонија. 4 June 2020. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage:_Inspired_by_Jules_Verne | Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne | ["1 Gameplay","1.1 Intelligence Management System","2 Synopsis","2.1 Setting","2.2 Characters","2.3 Plot","3 Development","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"] | 2005 video game
2005 video gameVoyage: Inspired by Jules VerneDeveloper(s)Kheops StudioPublisher(s)The Adventure CompanyDesigner(s)Alexis LangPlatform(s)WindowsReleaseNA: 18 August 2005UK: 3 March 2006Genre(s)AdventureMode(s)Single-player
Ardan jumps across the surface of the Moon in a minigame.
Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne (known as Journey to the Moon in the United Kingdom and Australia) is a point-and-click adventure game with pre-rendered graphics, developed by Kheops Studio and published by The Adventure Company for the PC in 2005. The game's story focuses on a French adventurer's journey to the Moon in the 19th century, and the ancient lunar civilization he subsequently finds.
Voyage is loosely based on the novels From the Earth to the Moon (1865) and Around the Moon (1870) by French science fiction author Jules Verne, and the 1901 novel The First Men in the Moon by English science fiction author H. G. Wells. Reactions to the game were mixed. In particular, some reviewers praised it for immersing the player in the look and feel of the 19th century; others have criticized it for featuring dated graphics and dull textures.
While staying true to most adventure game conventions, Voyage has some unique features for its genre. These include two dexterity minigames which take advantage of the reduced gravity in the game's lunar setting, and an "Intelligence Management System", in which a score is assigned to the player for every puzzle they solve, and for certain actions. The Adventure Company introduced this feature to motivate players to replay the game to increase their cumulative score.
Gameplay
The main focus of Voyage is puzzle-solving. The player can move by clicking, and can swivel the camera 360 degrees. There are several types of puzzle in Voyage including those involving native plant life on the Moon, mechanical puzzles, audio puzzles, and mathematical puzzles. Many of these puzzles require the player to decipher and use the native language of the Moon's inhabitants.
Voyage features two unique dexterity minigames. Using a low-gravity setting, the first minigame requires the player to collect floating bubbles in a can, and the second requires the player to execute large jumps across the surface of the Moon. These two minigames form only a minor part of the game. The game also has several timed sequences requiring the player to complete puzzles under a time limit. The consequence of failing a puzzle of this sort is death, after which the player is able to return and replay the puzzle. Players can also be killed as the result of taking incorrect actions related to the game's story.
A critical aspect of gameplay in Voyage is the inventory system, which allows the player to pick up and keep dozens of different items. However, the maximum quantity of a given item that the player may keep in his inventory at any one time is three. One of the main uses of the inventory is to combine items together to make new items. This process of breaking and reforming items in the inventory comprises a large portion of the puzzle aspect of the game. The inventory can also be used to create meals which the player can consume; this ability plays a major role in several puzzles. Another use of the inventory is to create hybrid lunar plants, which play a critical role in the earlier puzzles of the game.
Intelligence Management System
The "Intelligence Management System" featured in Voyage is a score assigned to the player by the Selenites, the natives of the Moon. For each puzzle the player solves, and for certain actions, this score is increased, and the Selenites treat the player with more respect. During an interview with GamersInfo, Benoît Hozjan, managing director and co-founder of Kheops Studio, described the system:
For Voyage, you have the universe famous 'lunar IQ'. For instance, during a quiz, players who answer randomly should have fewer points, the players will be not restricted but it will take much more time to progress... The player will have different ways to enter a new room. Sometimes the clues are very subtle but almost each time there are 2 or 3 clues to solve a challenge and a higher IQ may help you!
In the same interview, Alexis Lang, lead game designer at Kheops, commented that "a low score does not mean that you are stupid in any way, it just means that some pompous and bombastic lunar people think that your character is dumb!" This reflects the fact that the "Intelligence Management System" is designed primarily to earn the respect of the Selenites, but Hozjan also said that the players can try to increase their score and share their experience through forums. The Adventure Company has marketed the system as bringing a degree of replay value to Voyage, as players can replay the game in attempts to achieve a higher score.
Synopsis
Setting
Voyage is set in 1865. President Barbicane of the "Gun Club" decides to build an enormous cannon in Baltimore to shoot a shell, capable of supporting human life, towards the Moon in the hopes of a successful landing. Voyage's protagonist, Michel Ardan, volunteers to travel in the aluminium shell. After the game's brief introduction in the shell, Ardan lands on the Moon and discovers the Selenites, as well as a complex ecosystem of lunar plants. The main accessible areas in the game are the Moon's surface, and the underground Selenite civilization.
The Selenites are the subterranean inhabitants of the Moon, and are a highly intelligent society maintained by hierarchy and secret. They possess blue skin, large black eyes and transparent cerebral lobes on the sides of their heads. This is in fact a reference to H. G. Wells' 1901 novel The First Men in the Moon, as the adventurers never actually land on the Moon in Verne's original story.
The Selenites are divided into castes. They live in a large complex under the surface of the Moon from which they rarely venture, with the exception of the "exiles". The Selenites "banish dregs of their society, the criminals and psychotics", to the surface of the Moon. There are three Selenite exiles with whom the player can interact; they live on the surface and sleep in their isolated underground stables at night. Each exile has two different plants on either shoulder with which they share a special bond.
Characters
The player character is Michel Ardan, an eccentric and intrepid French scientist who is enthusiastic, daring and cheerful. President Barbicane, the President of the Gun Club, and Captain Nicholl, an engineer, are both found dead at the start of the game, not having survived the flight to the Moon. A woman called Diana features in the game's backstory, as a woman whose ancestors made contact with the Selenites. Apart from these human characters, there are also several Selenite characters such as the Supreme Moon Ruler, the High Dignitary, Scurvy, Scruple, and the three exiles.
Plot
Voyage begins as Ardan awakes in the shell and discovers that his two companions, Barbicane and Nicholl, are dead. The first part of the game consists of Ardan investigating the shell, trying to regain his memory of what happened, and how Barbicane and Nicholl died. He will also encounter other problems, most notably when his oxygen supply is low and needs to be remedied. Eventually Ardan's journey will carry him into orbit around the Moon in which he must prepare himself for a lunar landing.
Once Ardan successfully lands the shell on the Moon, he must solve a series of puzzles on the surface in order to gain access to the hidden civilization below. There he encounters the Selenite race. Following this, Ardan focuses on finding a way to leave the Moon and report his findings to Earth. After acquiring what he needs, Ardan travels back to Earth in the shell. He lands in the ocean and manages to swim to a nearby island, where he meets another famous Jules Verne character, Captain Nemo.
Development
Journey to the Center of the Moon was announced for the PC at E3 2005. The Adventure Company collaborated with developers Kheops Studios for the release. Benoît Hozjan, the co-founder of Kheops Studio, became Managing Director of the game, while Alexis Lang became the Lead Game Designer.
Journey to the Center of the Moon was later renamed Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne. Benoît Hozjan explained the change, saying that Journey to the Center of the Moon was confusing for some people and thought to be the sequel to Journey to the Center of the Earth, another Verne-inspired PC game, and marketing decided to change it. The name was changed on July 7, a few months after the game's announcement.
Benoît Hozjan explained Kheops Studio's choice of Jules Verne's work as a basis for Voyage. According to Hozjan, Jules Verne's novels provide the two core elements of adventure games: dreams and challenges. The characters are ordinary men engaged in concrete challenges that are an inspiration for puzzles. He further went on to say that the game is influenced by Verne's From the Earth to the Moon, which documents the lead up to the lunar trip, but draws more heavily from the sequel Around the Moon, which recounts the actual voyage. The main difference, Hozjan said, was that in the novel the protagonists fail to reach the Moon, whereas in Voyage the trip is a success. Additionally, Alexis Lang attributed the inspiration for the Selenites to H.G. Wells' The First Men in the Moon. Alexis commented that Wells pictured a very ancient Selenite civilisation horrified at human roughness, and that Wells was more misanthropist than Verne. The developers added a touch of irony in their story and chose an optimistic and joyful main character.
The Adventure Company released the Voyage demo in August 2005. The demo included the game's introduction in the shell. Voyage, originally slated for a September 27 release, was shipped to stores ahead of schedule on August 16 of the same year.
Reception
Review scores
Publication
Score (/100)
2404
86
Just Adventure
83
Quandary
80
Adventure Gamers
80
Game Chronicles
79
Jolt Online Gaming UK
76
BonusStage
75
GameOver Online
73
Gamezone
68
G4
60
ICGames
60
GameSpot
60
In general, Voyage received mixed reviews upon its release. According to Metacritic, reviewers have given Voyage scores between 60% and 86%. One of the more positively received aspects of the game was its ability to recreate the mood of 19th century science-fiction, with GameSpot writing that the game nicely re-creates the whimsical mood of 19th-century sci-fi and a sense of wonder. In contrast, Game Over Online Magazine said that once the player leaves the capsule and arrives on the moon, instead of viewing colorful and wondrous sights, the game turns into a drab and unlikely bore. The puzzle aspect of Voyage met with mixed responses. On the other hand, GameSpot accused the puzzle aspects of Voyage of reducing Jules Verne's tale of a visit to the moon in 1865 to a series of clumsily arranged logic puzzles geared to try the patience of adventure-game veterans. The puzzles in the game are often extremely difficult, with Just Adventure attributing the unexpected difficulty in the game to the fact that there are often several different ways to achieve the same goals, thanks to the game's "Intelligence Management System". The game's inventory system received praise from Gamersinfo as being very well done.
In terms of graphics, Voyage was poorly received, with the graphics being described by Gamezone as containing some vibrant colors, but lacking the lush, spectacular view that has been seen in countless other adventure games. Voyage has also been criticized for its lack of story and over-reliance on back story. The game's music was generally appreciated, with Jolt describing the music as having a nice retro-futuristic feel which sets the mood perfectly. G4 commented on the game's voice acting as overly dramatic but appropriate, but criticized many of the sound effects as being cheesy. GameSpot described Ardan's dialogue as somewhat lame, and also criticized the game's sound effects. Metacritic averaged out the scores of several internet reviews of Voyage to reach a rating of 71%, the closest to an 'overall' rating of the game.
References
^ a b "Voyage journeys into stores". GameSpot. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
^ a b "Journey to the Moon gameinfo". ToTheGame. Archived from the original on 2008-02-10. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
^ a b c "Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne (2005)". kheopsstudio.fr. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
^ a b c d e "Inspired by Jules Verne... Voyage". adventurecompanygames.com. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-05-31. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
^ a b c d e "Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne Review". 2404.org. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-03-10. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Journey to the Moon". journey-to-the-moon.com. 2006. Archived from the original on June 2, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Interview - Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne". gamersinfo.net. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-06-08. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
^ a b c d "Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne". Metacritic. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne". GameSpot. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
^ a b "Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne". gamezone.com. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-04-04. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
^ a b c "Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne". gamezone.com. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-05-28. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
^ a b c "From Your PC to the Moon". G4. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-05-10. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
^ a b c d "Voyage – A History of the Selenites". www.adventuregamers.com. 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
^ a b c d e "GameOver Game Reviews: Voyage". game-over.net. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
^ a b c "Review: Journey to the Moon". jolt.co.uk. 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-02-21. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
^ a b c "Jules Verne: Journey to the Moon". ic-games.co.uk. 2006. Archived from the original on October 6, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
^ a b "Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne". gamersinfo.net. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-06-08. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
^ a b c d e "Voyage Walkthrough". gameboomers.com. 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-10-18. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
^ "Journey to the Center of the Moon E3 2005 Preshow Report". GameSpot. 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
^ a b c "TAC takes a Voyage from the Moon". GameSpot. 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
^ "Voyage demo now available on DLX". GameSpot. 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
^ "Voyage". justadventure.com. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-05-03. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
External links
Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne official website
"Inspired by Jules Verne... Voyage". Archived from the original on 2007-05-31. at The Adventure Company (archive)
Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne at Kheops Studio
Voyage at MobyGames
vteKheops StudioJules Verne games
Return to Mysterious Island
Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne
Return to Mysterious Island 2
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Crystal Key 2 (co-developed)
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Related
Cavorite | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jumping_game.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tothegame-2"},{"link_name":"point-and-click adventure game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-and-click_adventure_game"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2404site-5"},{"link_name":"Kheops Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kheops_Studio"},{"link_name":"The Adventure Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventure_Company"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kheops-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adventurecompany-4"},{"link_name":"the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainsite-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2404site-5"},{"link_name":"From the Earth to the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Around the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainsite-6"},{"link_name":"The First Men in the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Men_in_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamersinfopreview-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamezone-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamezoneoffsite-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adventurecompany-4"}],"text":"2005 video gameArdan jumps across the surface of the Moon in a minigame.Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne (known as Journey to the Moon in the United Kingdom and Australia)[2] is a point-and-click adventure game with pre-rendered graphics,[5] developed by Kheops Studio and published by The Adventure Company for the PC in 2005.[3][4] The game's story focuses on a French adventurer's journey to the Moon in the 19th century,[6] and the ancient lunar civilization he subsequently finds.[5]Voyage is loosely based on the novels From the Earth to the Moon (1865) and Around the Moon (1870) by French science fiction author Jules Verne,[6] and the 1901 novel The First Men in the Moon by English science fiction author H. G. Wells.[7] Reactions to the game were mixed.[8] In particular, some reviewers praised it for immersing the player in the look and feel of the 19th century;[9] others have criticized it for featuring dated graphics and dull textures.[10]While staying true to most adventure game conventions, Voyage has some unique features for its genre.[9] These include two dexterity minigames which take advantage of the reduced gravity in the game's lunar setting, and an \"Intelligence Management System\", in which a score is assigned to the player for every puzzle they solve, and for certain actions.[9][11] The Adventure Company introduced this feature to motivate players to replay the game to increase their cumulative score.[4]","title":"Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2404site-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g4tv-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adventuregamers-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gameover-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jolt-15"},{"link_name":"minigames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minigame"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adventuregamers-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gameover-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gameover-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gameover-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jolt-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icgames-16"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2404site-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2404site-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icgames-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icgames-16"}],"text":"The main focus of Voyage is puzzle-solving.[5] The player can move by clicking, and can swivel the camera 360 degrees.[12] There are several types of puzzle in Voyage including those involving native plant life on the Moon, mechanical puzzles, audio puzzles, and mathematical puzzles.[13][14] Many of these puzzles require the player to decipher and use the native language of the Moon's inhabitants.[15]Voyage features two unique dexterity minigames. Using a low-gravity setting, the first minigame requires the player to collect floating bubbles in a can,[13] and the second requires the player to execute large jumps across the surface of the Moon.[9] These two minigames form only a minor part of the game.[9] The game also has several timed sequences requiring the player to complete puzzles under a time limit.[14] The consequence of failing a puzzle of this sort is death, after which the player is able to return and replay the puzzle.[14] Players can also be killed as the result of taking incorrect actions related to the game's story.[14]A critical aspect of gameplay in Voyage is the inventory system, which allows the player to pick up and keep dozens of different items.[15] However, the maximum quantity of a given item that the player may keep in his inventory at any one time is three.[16] One of the main uses of the inventory is to combine items together to make new items.[5] This process of breaking and reforming items in the inventory comprises a large portion of the puzzle aspect of the game.[5] The inventory can also be used to create meals which the player can consume; this ability plays a major role in several puzzles.[16] Another use of the inventory is to create hybrid lunar plants, which play a critical role in the earlier puzzles of the game.[16]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamezoneoffsite-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamezoneoffsite-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamersinfopreview-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamersinfopreview-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamersinfopreview-7"},{"link_name":"replay value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replay_value"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adventurecompany-4"}],"sub_title":"Intelligence Management System","text":"The \"Intelligence Management System\" featured in Voyage is a score assigned to the player by the Selenites, the natives of the Moon.[11] For each puzzle the player solves, and for certain actions, this score is increased, and the Selenites treat the player with more respect.[11] During an interview with GamersInfo, Benoît Hozjan, managing director and co-founder of Kheops Studio, described the system:[7]For Voyage, you have the universe famous 'lunar IQ'. For instance, during a quiz, players who answer randomly should have fewer points, the players will be not restricted but it will take much more time to progress... The player will have different ways to enter a new room. Sometimes the clues are very subtle but almost each time there are 2 or 3 clues to solve a challenge and a higher IQ may help you!In the same interview, Alexis Lang, lead game designer at Kheops, commented that \"a low score does not mean that you are stupid in any way, it just means that some pompous and bombastic lunar people think that your character is dumb!\"[7] This reflects the fact that the \"Intelligence Management System\" is designed primarily to earn the respect of the Selenites, but Hozjan also said that the players can try to increase their score and share their experience through forums.[7] The Adventure Company has marketed the system as bringing a degree of replay value to Voyage, as players can replay the game in attempts to achieve a higher score.[4]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainsite-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainsite-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamersinfo-17"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainsite-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adventuregamers-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adventuregamers-13"}],"sub_title":"Setting","text":"Voyage is set in 1865. President Barbicane of the \"Gun Club\" decides to build an enormous cannon in Baltimore to shoot a shell, capable of supporting human life, towards the Moon in the hopes of a successful landing.[6] Voyage's protagonist, Michel Ardan, volunteers to travel in the aluminium shell.[6] After the game's brief introduction in the shell, Ardan lands on the Moon and discovers the Selenites, as well as a complex ecosystem of lunar plants.[17] The main accessible areas in the game are the Moon's surface, and the underground Selenite civilization.The Selenites are the subterranean inhabitants of the Moon, and are a highly intelligent society maintained by hierarchy and secret.[6] They possess blue skin, large black eyes and transparent cerebral lobes on the sides of their heads.[9] This is in fact a reference to H. G. Wells' 1901 novel The First Men in the Moon, as the adventurers never actually land on the Moon in Verne's original story.The Selenites are divided into castes. They live in a large complex under the surface of the Moon from which they rarely venture, with the exception of the \"exiles\". The Selenites \"banish [these] dregs of their society, the criminals and psychotics\",[13] to the surface of the Moon. There are three Selenite exiles with whom the player can interact; they live on the surface and sleep in their isolated underground stables at night. Each exile has two different plants on either shoulder with which they share a special bond.[13]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"player character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainsite-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainsite-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainsite-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainsite-6"}],"sub_title":"Characters","text":"The player character is Michel Ardan, an eccentric and intrepid French scientist who is enthusiastic, daring and cheerful.[6] President Barbicane, the President of the Gun Club, and Captain Nicholl, an engineer, are both found dead at the start of the game, not having survived the flight to the Moon.[6] A woman called Diana features in the game's backstory, as a woman whose ancestors made contact with the Selenites.[6] Apart from these human characters, there are also several Selenite characters such as the Supreme Moon Ruler, the High Dignitary, Scurvy, Scruple, and the three exiles.[6]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walkthrough-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walkthrough-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walkthrough-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walkthrough-18"},{"link_name":"Captain Nemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Nemo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walkthrough-18"}],"sub_title":"Plot","text":"Voyage begins as Ardan awakes in the shell and discovers that his two companions, Barbicane and Nicholl, are dead. The first part of the game consists of Ardan investigating the shell, trying to regain his memory of what happened, and how Barbicane and Nicholl died. He will also encounter other problems, most notably when his oxygen supply is low and needs to be remedied. Eventually Ardan's journey will carry him into orbit around the Moon in which he must prepare himself for a lunar landing.Once Ardan successfully lands the shell on the Moon, he must solve a series of puzzles on the surface in order to gain access to the hidden civilization below.[18] There he encounters the Selenite race.[18] Following this, Ardan focuses on finding a way to leave the Moon and report his findings to Earth.[18] After acquiring what he needs, Ardan travels back to Earth in the shell.[18] He lands in the ocean and manages to swim to a nearby island, where he meets another famous Jules Verne character, Captain Nemo.[18]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_(Electronic_Entertainment_Expo)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voyageannounced-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kheops-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adventurecompany-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamersinfopreview-7"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voyagerenamed-20"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamersinfopreview-7"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voyagerenamed-20"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamersinfopreview-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamersinfopreview-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamersinfopreview-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamersinfopreview-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voyagedemo-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voyagerenamed-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-releasedate-1"}],"text":"Journey to the Center of the Moon was announced for the PC at E3 2005.[19] The Adventure Company collaborated with developers Kheops Studios for the release.[3][4] Benoît Hozjan, the co-founder of Kheops Studio, became Managing Director of the game, while Alexis Lang became the Lead Game Designer.[7]Journey to the Center of the Moon was later renamed Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne.[20] Benoît Hozjan explained the change, saying that Journey to the Center of the Moon was confusing for some people and thought to be the sequel to Journey to the Center of the Earth, another Verne-inspired PC game, and marketing decided to change it.[7] The name was changed on July 7, a few months after the game's announcement.[20]Benoît Hozjan explained Kheops Studio's choice of Jules Verne's work as a basis for Voyage. According to Hozjan, Jules Verne's novels provide the two core elements of adventure games: dreams and challenges. The characters are ordinary men engaged in concrete challenges that are an inspiration for puzzles.[7] He further went on to say that the game is influenced by Verne's From the Earth to the Moon, which documents the lead up to the lunar trip, but draws more heavily from the sequel Around the Moon, which recounts the actual voyage.[7] The main difference, Hozjan said, was that in the novel the protagonists fail to reach the Moon, whereas in Voyage the trip is a success.[7] Additionally, Alexis Lang attributed the inspiration for the Selenites to H.G. Wells' The First Men in the Moon. Alexis commented that Wells pictured a very ancient Selenite civilisation horrified at human roughness, and that Wells was more misanthropist than Verne. The developers added a touch of irony in their story and chose an optimistic and joyful main character.[7]The Adventure Company released the Voyage demo in August 2005.[21] The demo included the game's introduction in the shell. Voyage, originally slated for a September 27 release,[20] was shipped to stores ahead of schedule on August 16 of the same year.[1]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-8"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-8"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gameover-14"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot-9"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-justadventure-22"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamersinfopreview-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamersinfo-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamezone-10"},{"link_name":"retro-futuristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro-futurism"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jolt-15"},{"link_name":"G4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4_(U.S._TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g4tv-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g4tv-12"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot-9"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-8"}],"text":"In general, Voyage received mixed reviews upon its release.[8] According to Metacritic, reviewers have given Voyage scores between 60% and 86%.[8] One of the more positively received aspects of the game was its ability to recreate the mood of 19th century science-fiction, with GameSpot writing that the game nicely re-creates the whimsical mood of 19th-century sci-fi and a sense of wonder.[9] In contrast, Game Over Online Magazine said that once the player leaves the capsule and arrives on the moon, instead of viewing colorful and wondrous sights, the game turns into a drab and unlikely bore.[14] The puzzle aspect of Voyage met with mixed responses. On the other hand, GameSpot accused the puzzle aspects of Voyage of reducing Jules Verne's tale of a visit to the moon in 1865 to a series of clumsily arranged logic puzzles geared to try the patience of adventure-game veterans.[9] The puzzles in the game are often extremely difficult, with Just Adventure attributing the unexpected difficulty in the game to the fact that there are often several different ways to achieve the same goals,[22] thanks to the game's \"Intelligence Management System\".[7] The game's inventory system received praise from Gamersinfo as being very well done.[17]In terms of graphics, Voyage was poorly received, with the graphics being described by Gamezone as containing some vibrant colors, but lacking the lush, spectacular view that has been seen in countless other adventure games.[10] Voyage has also been criticized for its lack of story and over-reliance on back story. The game's music was generally appreciated, with Jolt describing the music as having a nice retro-futuristic feel which sets the mood perfectly.[15] G4 commented on the game's voice acting as overly dramatic but appropriate,[12] but criticized many of the sound effects as being cheesy.[12] GameSpot described Ardan's dialogue as somewhat lame,[9] and also criticized the game's sound effects.[9] Metacritic averaged out the scores of several internet reviews of Voyage to reach a rating of 71%, the closest to an 'overall' rating of the game.[8]","title":"Reception"}] | [{"image_text":"Ardan jumps across the surface of the Moon in a minigame.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Jumping_game.jpg/220px-Jumping_game.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Voyage journeys into stores\". GameSpot. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930233721/http://au.gamespot.com/pc/adventure/journeytothecenterofthemoon/news.html?sid=6131201&mode=recent","url_text":"\"Voyage journeys into stores\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"http://au.gamespot.com/pc/adventure/journeytothecenterofthemoon/news.html?sid=6131201&mode=recent","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Journey to the Moon gameinfo\". ToTheGame. Archived from the original on 2008-02-10. Retrieved 2008-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080210084442/http://www.tothegame.com/pc-4362-jules-verne-journey-to-the-moon-for-pc.html","url_text":"\"Journey to the Moon gameinfo\""},{"url":"http://www.tothegame.com/pc-4362-jules-verne-journey-to-the-moon-for-pc.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne (2005)\". kheopsstudio.fr. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927110159/http://www.kheopsstudio.fr/site/games.php?lang=2&op=show&id=5%2F","url_text":"\"Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne (2005)\""},{"url":"http://www.kheopsstudio.fr/site/games.php?lang=2&op=show&id=5/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Inspired by Jules Verne... Voyage\". adventurecompanygames.com. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-05-31. Retrieved 2007-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070531215352/http://www.adventurecompanygames.com/tac/voyage/","url_text":"\"Inspired by Jules Verne... Voyage\""},{"url":"http://www.adventurecompanygames.com/tac/voyage/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Voyage: Inspired by Jules Verne Review\". 2404.org. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-03-10. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_de_communes_de_Tr%C3%A9vi%C3%A8res | Communauté de communes de Trévières | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 49°20′09″N 0°53′48″W / 49.3357°N 0.8968°W / 49.3357; -0.8968Former communauté de communes in Normandy, FranceTrévièresFormer communauté de communesCountryFranceRegionNormandyDepartmentCalvadosNo. of communes25Established2000Disbanded2017SeatFormignyArea172.96 km2 (66.78 sq mi)Population (1999)6,279 • Density36/km2 (90/sq mi)
The communauté de communes de Trévières is a former communauté de communes in the Calvados department, in northern France. It was created in January 2000. It was merged into the new Communauté de communes Isigny-Omaha Intercom in January 2017.
The Communauté de communes comprised the following communes:
Aignerville
Asnières-en-Bessin
Bernesq
Blay
Bricqueville
Colleville-sur-Mer
Colombières
Crouay
Écrammeville
Étréham
La Folie
Formigny
Louvières
Maisons
Mandeville-en-Bessin
Mosles
Rubercy
Russy
Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer
Saint-Martin-de-Blagny
Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes
Surrain
Tour-en-Bessin
Trévières
Vierville-sur-Mer
References
^ a b CC de Trévières (N° SIREN : 241400670), BANATIC. Accessed 2 April 2022.
^ Arrêté préfectoral 13 October 2016, p 85
49°20′09″N 0°53′48″W / 49.3357°N 0.8968°W / 49.3357; -0.8968 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"communauté de communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_de_communes"},{"link_name":"Calvados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvados_(department)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BANATIC-1"},{"link_name":"Communauté de communes Isigny-Omaha Intercom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_de_communes_Isigny-Omaha_Intercom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BANATIC-1"},{"link_name":"Aignerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aignerville"},{"link_name":"Asnières-en-Bessin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asni%C3%A8res-en-Bessin"},{"link_name":"Bernesq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernesq"},{"link_name":"Blay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blay"},{"link_name":"Bricqueville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricqueville"},{"link_name":"Colleville-sur-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleville-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"Colombières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombi%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Crouay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouay"},{"link_name":"Écrammeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89crammeville"},{"link_name":"Étréham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tr%C3%A9ham"},{"link_name":"La Folie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Folie"},{"link_name":"Formigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formigny"},{"link_name":"Louvières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvi%C3%A8res,_Calvados"},{"link_name":"Maisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisons,_Calvados"},{"link_name":"Mandeville-en-Bessin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeville-en-Bessin"},{"link_name":"Mosles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosles"},{"link_name":"Rubercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubercy"},{"link_name":"Russy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russy,_Calvados"},{"link_name":"Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"Saint-Martin-de-Blagny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martin-de-Blagny"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes"},{"link_name":"Surrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrain"},{"link_name":"Tour-en-Bessin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour-en-Bessin"},{"link_name":"Trévières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9vi%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Vierville-sur-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierville-sur-Mer"}],"text":"Former communauté de communes in Normandy, FranceThe communauté de communes de Trévières is a former communauté de communes in the Calvados department, in northern France. It was created in January 2000.[1] It was merged into the new Communauté de communes Isigny-Omaha Intercom in January 2017.[2]The Communauté de communes comprised the following communes:[1]Aignerville\nAsnières-en-Bessin\nBernesq\nBlay\nBricqueville\nColleville-sur-Mer\nColombières\nCrouay\nÉcrammeville\nÉtréham\nLa Folie\nFormigny\nLouvières\nMaisons\nMandeville-en-Bessin\nMosles\nRubercy\nRussy\nSaint-Laurent-sur-Mer\nSaint-Martin-de-Blagny\nSainte-Honorine-des-Pertes\nSurrain\nTour-en-Bessin\nTrévières\nVierville-sur-Mer","title":"Communauté de communes de Trévières"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Communaut%C3%A9_de_communes_de_Tr%C3%A9vi%C3%A8res¶ms=49.3357_N_0.8968_W_","external_links_name":"49°20′09″N 0°53′48″W / 49.3357°N 0.8968°W / 49.3357; -0.8968"},{"Link":"https://www.banatic.interieur.gouv.fr/V5/recherche-de-groupements/fiche-raison-sociale.php?siren=241400670&arch=01/01/2016","external_links_name":"CC de Trévières (N° SIREN : 241400670)"},{"Link":"http://www.calvados.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Recueil_des_actes_administratifs_no_115_du_19_octobre_2016.pdf","external_links_name":"Arrêté préfectoral"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Communaut%C3%A9_de_communes_de_Tr%C3%A9vi%C3%A8res¶ms=49.3357_N_0.8968_W_","external_links_name":"49°20′09″N 0°53′48″W / 49.3357°N 0.8968°W / 49.3357; -0.8968"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Louisiana_Regiment_Infantry_(African_Descent) | 8th Louisiana Infantry Regiment (African Descent) | ["1 Organization","2 Vicksburg Campaign","3 U.S. Colored Troops","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | 8th Louisiana Regiment Infantry (African Descent)Active1863–1864CountryUnited States of AmericaAllegiance USABranchUnion ArmyTypeInfantryEngagementsAmerican Civil WarCommandersNotablecommandersHiram ScofieldMilitary unit
The 8th Louisiana Regiment Infantry (African Descent) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was composed primarily of freed or escaped slaves from Louisiana's plantations and was commanded by white officers.
Organization
In the spring of 1863, Col. Hiram Scofield, a veteran officer in the 2nd Iowa Infantry, organized the 8th Louisiana Infantry at Lake Providence, Louisiana. The new regiment was mustered into service on May 5.
Vicksburg Campaign
During the Vicksburg Campaign, the regiment was attached to the African Brigade, District of Northeast Louisiana. The brigade was led successively by Col. Isaac F. Shepard (who was under arrest at the time of the Battle of Milliken's Bend) and then Hermann Lieb (wounded June 7, 1863). Finally, Lt. Col. Charles J. Paine led the brigade as the campaign wound down. Returning to Lake Providence, the regiment was engaged in a minor battle on June 9 against a small Confederate force composed of the 13th Texas Infantry Regiment and the 13th Louisiana Cavalry Battalion.
The 8th Louisiana was then on routine garrison duty at Vicksburg, Mississippi, until the late winter of 1864. Then, it participated in the expedition up the Yazoo River from February 1 until March 8, and participated in the capture of Yazoo City, Mississippi, on February 4.
U.S. Colored Troops
The regiment subsequently returned to Vicksburg, where it was reorganized as the 47th Regiment Infantry, United States Colored Troops on March 11.
See also
List of Louisiana Union Civil War units
American Civil War portal
References
^ Dyer, Frederick Henry (1908). Compendium of the War of the Rebellion: Regimental Histories. New York: T. Yoseloff.
^ United Nations Library (2006). Bibliography Of State Participation In The Civil War, 1861-1866. Martino Publishing. ISBN 1-57898-519-6.
^ "Inventory of the Hiram Scofield Papers, 1857-1906". The Newberry Library. 2003. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
^ Bearss, Edwin, The Vicksburg Campaign, Volume III, p. 1206.
^ Official Records, Series I, Volume XXIV, Chapter XXXVI, Part 2, p. 448.
^ Civil War Archive
^ "Union Regimental Histories: United States Colored Troops Infantry". The Civil War Archive. Archived from the original on 31 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
External links
8th Louisiana Infantry, African Descent – Vicksburg National Military Park
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The new regiment was mustered into service on May 5.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vicksburg Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg_Campaign"},{"link_name":"brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"Battle of Milliken's Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Milliken%27s_Bend"},{"link_name":"Hermann Lieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Lieb"},{"link_name":"Charles J. Paine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Paine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Yazoo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazoo_River"},{"link_name":"Yazoo City, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazoo_City,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"During the Vicksburg Campaign, the regiment was attached to the African Brigade, District of Northeast Louisiana. The brigade was led successively by Col. Isaac F. Shepard (who was under arrest at the time of the Battle of Milliken's Bend) and then Hermann Lieb (wounded June 7, 1863). Finally, Lt. Col. Charles J. Paine led the brigade as the campaign wound down.[4] Returning to Lake Providence, the regiment was engaged in a minor battle on June 9 against a small Confederate force composed of the 13th Texas Infantry Regiment and the 13th Louisiana Cavalry Battalion.[5]The 8th Louisiana was then on routine garrison duty at Vicksburg, Mississippi, until the late winter of 1864. Then, it participated in the expedition up the Yazoo River from February 1 until March 8, and participated in the capture of Yazoo City, Mississippi, on February 4.[6]","title":"Vicksburg Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"47th Regiment Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_United_States_Colored_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"United States Colored Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The regiment subsequently returned to Vicksburg, where it was reorganized as the 47th Regiment Infantry, United States Colored Troops on March 11.[7]","title":"U.S. Colored Troops"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Louisiana Union Civil War units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_Union_Civil_War_units"},{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"}] | [{"reference":"Dyer, Frederick Henry (1908). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semboku_Rapid_Railway_(company) | Semboku Rapid Railway (company) | ["1 Business summary","1.1 Future plans","2 Railroad route","3 Subsidiary companies","4 References","5 External links"] | Japanese railway company
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Semboku Rapid Railway" company – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Semboku Rapid Railway Co., Ltd.IndustryRailwayHeadquartersOsaka Prefecture, Japan
Semboku Rapid Railway Co., Ltd. (泉北高速鉄道株式会社, Senboku Kōsoku Tetsudō Kabushiki Gaisha) is a company managing the commercial distribution center and the Semboku Rapid Railway in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. It was formerly known as third-sector company Osaka Prefectural Urban Development Co., Ltd. (大阪府都市開発株式会社, Ōsaka-fu Toshi Kaihatsu Kabushiki Gaisha) until June 30, 2014. Osaka Prefectural Urban Development and its subsidiary company were called the OTK Group (OTKグループ, OTK Gurūpu) together.
Business summary
A Semboku Rapid Railway 7000 series train
The main purpose of the company that most are familiar with is the operation of the Semboku Rapid Railway in southern Osaka Prefecture. The railroad starts at Nakamozu Station on the Nankai Kōya Line and ends at Izumi-Chūō Station. During the 1960s, the Osaka Prefectural government planned a route link to Semboku New Town, one of many planned communities at the time of the post-war boom. The Nankai Electric Railway was to undertake the total planning, construction and operation of the new route, but because Nankai had several large accidents in the later half of that decade, Japan's national railroad safety board forced Nankai to purchase new rolling stock and start restoration track and wayside equipment. Because of the required sudden investment, Nankai stalled on the Semboku line's construction timetable. The Osaka prefectural government, using an existing third sector company, stepped in to undertake the new railway's construction and operation.
In addition to this, the original business as a logistics distribution center management body is still in operation. There are currently two truck terminals under its management in the following locations:
Higashi Osaka commercial distribution center
Kita-Osaka commercial distribution center
On July 1, 2014, the share of the company owned by the prefectural government was transferred to Nankai Electric Railway and the company joined the Nankai Group.
Future plans
Owing to ongoing financial constraints caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Semboku Rapid Railway announced that it would be merged into Nankai Railway. The merger is planned to take place in early 2025.
Railroad route
Semboku Rapid Railway
Subsidiary companies
Semboku Railway Service
Sentersu Industries
Rinku International Physical Distribution
Panjo
Osaka Rinku Hotel
References
^ a b Semboku Rapid Railway Co., Ltd. (July 1, 2014). "社名変更に関するお知らせ" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 12, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
^ "南海電鉄，泉北高速鉄道と経営統合へ". Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). 20 December 2023. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Semboku Rapid Railway.
Official website (in Japanese)
vteMajor and semi-major private rail operators of JapanKantō region
Keikyu Corporation
Keio Corporation
Keisei Electric Railway
Odakyu Electric Railway
Sagami Railway (Sōtetsu)
Seibu Railway
Tobu Railway
Tokyo Metro‡
Tokyu Corporation
Shin-Keisei Electric Railway§
Chūbu region
Nagoya Railroad (Meitetsu)
Kintetsu Railway
Kinki region
Hankyu Corporation
Hanshin Electric Railway
Keihan Electric Railway
Kintetsu Railway
Nankai Electric Railway
Kita-Osaka Kyuko Railway‡§
Kōbe Rapid Transit Railway§
Osaka Metro‡*
Semboku Rapid Railway§
Sanyō Electric Railway§
Kyūshū region
Nishi-Nippon Railroad (Nishitetsu)
‡ indicates rapid transit operators § indicates semi-major rail operators
*Not a member of Associations of Private Japanese Railways, therefore excluded under the formal Japanese definition, although its comparable size is undisputed
vteTransit in Keihanshin (Greater Keihanshin)Shinkansen lines
Tōkaidō Shinkansen
San'yō Shinkansen
Hokuriku Shinkansen (planned)
Chūō Shinkansen (planned)
JR West lines("Urban network")
A Hokuriku/Tōkaidō/San'yō
Biwako
JR Kyoto
JR Kobe
N Akō
Wadamisaki
B Kosei
C Kusatsu
D Nara
Sanin
Sagano
F Osaka Higashi
G JR Takarazuka (Fukuchiyama)
H Gakkentoshi (Katamachi)/JR Tozai
I Kakogawa
J Bantan
K Kishin
L Maizuru
O Osaka Loop
P JR Yumesaki (Sakurajima)
Q Yamatoji
Kansai
R Hanwa (Hagoromo)
S Kansai Airport
T Wakayama
U Man-yo Mahoroba (Sakurai)
V Kansai
W Kisei
Naniwasuji (under construction)
Urban rail transit systems Osaka Metro(list of stations)
Midōsuji Line
Tanimachi Line
Yotsubashi Line
Chūō Line
Sennichimae Line
Sakaisuji Line
Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line
Imazatosuji Line
Nankō Port Town Line
Kobe Municipal Subway
Seishin-Yamate Line
Kaigan Line
Hokushin Line
Kyoto Municipal Subway
Karasuma Line
Tōzai Line
Osaka Monorail
Main
Saito
Hankai Tramway
Hankai
Uemachi
Kobe New Transit
Port Island Line
Rokkō Island Line
Keifuku Electric Railroad (Randen)
Arashiyama Line
Kitano Line
Eizan Electric Railway (Eiden)
Eizan Main Line
Kurama Line
Five majorprivate rail operators Hankyu
Hankyu Kobe Main
Itami
Imazu
Koyo
Hankyu Takarazuka Main
Minoo
Hankyu Kyoto Main
Senri
Arashiyama
Hanshin
Hanshin Main
Namba
Mukogawa
Keihan
Keihan Main
Oto
Nakanoshima
Katano
Uji
Otsu Lines
■ Keishin
■ Ishiyama Sakamoto
Nankai
Nankai Main
Takashinohama
Airport
Tanagawa
Kada
Wakayamako
Koya
Shiomibashi
Naniwasuji (under construction)
Kintetsu Railway
A Namba/Nara
G Ikoma
B Kyoto/Kashihara
H Tenri
I Tawaramoto
C Keihanna
D Osaka
J Shigi
F Minami Osaka/Yoshino
N Domyoji
O Nagano
P Gose
Four semi-majorprivate rail operators Semboku Rapid
Semboku Rapid Railway
Kitakyu
Namboku Line
Kōbe Rapid
Tōzai Line
Namboku Line
Sanyo
Sanyo Main Line
Aboshi Line
Other railways
Chizu Express
Shintetsu
Arima
Sanda
Kōen-Toshi
Ao
Kobe Kosoku
Wakayama Railway Kishigawa Line
Noseden
Myoken Line
Nissei Line
Ohmi Railway
Main
Yōkaichi
Taga
Mizuma Railway Mizuma Line
Shigaraki Kohgen Railway
Cable car and aerial tramways
Keihan Cable Car
Kintetsu
Y Ikoma Cable Car
Z Nishi-Shigi Cable Car
Katsuragisan Ropeway
Kōyasan Cable Car
Eizan Cable Car
Eizan Ropeway
Mount Rokko Cable Car & Tourism Company
Rokko Cable Line
Terminals
Rail
Osaka/Umeda/Nishi-Umeda/Higashi-Umeda/Kitashinchi
Tennoji/Osaka Abenobashi
Nankai Namba/Osaka Namba/JR Namba
Kyōbashi
Shin-Osaka
Osaka Uehommachi
Tsuruhashi
Kyōto
Kyoto-kawaramachi/Gion-Shijō
Sanjo
Sannomiya
JR West
others
Kintetsu Nara
Airports
Itami
Kansai/Wing Shuttle
Kobe
Tokushima Airport
Ports
Port of Kobe
Port of Osaka
Sakai
Himeji
Miscellaneous
Ferry Operators
Kanko Kisen
Hankyu Ferry
Nankai Ferry
Akashi-Awaji Ferry
Cards
ICOCA
PiTaPa
Rail transport in Japan
Osaka City Air Terminal (& Bus)
Japan transit: Tokyo
Keihanshin
Nagoya
Fukuoka
Hakone Fuji Izu
Hokkaido
Aomori
Sendai
Akita
Niigata
Toyama
Nagano
Okayama
Hiroshima
Shikoku
Metro systems
Shinkansen
trams (list)
aerial lifts (list)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semboku Rapid Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semboku_Rapid_Railway"},{"link_name":"Osaka Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"third-sector company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-namechange-1"}],"text":"Semboku Rapid Railway Co., Ltd. (泉北高速鉄道株式会社, Senboku Kōsoku Tetsudō Kabushiki Gaisha) is a company managing the commercial distribution center and the Semboku Rapid Railway in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. It was formerly known as third-sector company Osaka Prefectural Urban Development Co., Ltd. (大阪府都市開発株式会社, Ōsaka-fu Toshi Kaihatsu Kabushiki Gaisha) until June 30, 2014.[1] Osaka Prefectural Urban Development and its subsidiary company were called the OTK Group (OTKグループ, OTK Gurūpu) together.","title":"Semboku Rapid Railway (company)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senboku-rapid-railway-7000Series02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Osaka Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Nakamozu Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakamozu_Station"},{"link_name":"Nankai Kōya Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankai_K%C5%8Dya_Line"},{"link_name":"Izumi-Chūō Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumi-Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Station_(Osaka)"},{"link_name":"Nankai Electric Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankai_Electric_Railway"},{"link_name":"Higashi Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashi%C5%8Dsaka,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Nankai Electric Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankai_Electric_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-namechange-1"}],"text":"A Semboku Rapid Railway 7000 series trainThe main purpose of the company that most are familiar with is the operation of the Semboku Rapid Railway in southern Osaka Prefecture. The railroad starts at Nakamozu Station on the Nankai Kōya Line and ends at Izumi-Chūō Station. During the 1960s, the Osaka Prefectural government planned a route link to Semboku New Town, one of many planned communities at the time of the post-war boom. The Nankai Electric Railway was to undertake the total planning, construction and operation of the new route, but because Nankai had several large accidents in the later half of that decade, Japan's national railroad safety board forced Nankai to purchase new rolling stock and start restoration track and wayside equipment. Because of the required sudden investment, Nankai stalled on the Semboku line's construction timetable. The Osaka prefectural government, using an existing third sector company, stepped in to undertake the new railway's construction and operation.In addition to this, the original business as a logistics distribution center management body is still in operation. There are currently two truck terminals under its management in the following locations:Higashi Osaka commercial distribution center\nKita-Osaka commercial distribution centerOn July 1, 2014, the share of the company owned by the prefectural government was transferred to Nankai Electric Railway and the company joined the Nankai Group.[1]","title":"Business summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Nankai Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankai_Electric_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Future plans","text":"Owing to ongoing financial constraints caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Semboku Rapid Railway announced that it would be merged into Nankai Railway.[2] The merger is planned to take place in early 2025.","title":"Business summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semboku Rapid Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semboku_Rapid_Railway"}],"text":"Semboku Rapid Railway","title":"Railroad route"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Semboku Railway Service\nSentersu Industries\nRinku International Physical Distribution\nPanjo\nOsaka Rinku Hotel","title":"Subsidiary companies"}] | [{"image_text":"A Semboku Rapid Railway 7000 series train","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Senboku-rapid-railway-7000Series02.jpg/220px-Senboku-rapid-railway-7000Series02.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Semboku Rapid Railway Co., Ltd. (July 1, 2014). \"社名変更に関するお知らせ\" [Notice of Change of Corporate Name] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 12, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140712070716/http://www.semboku.jp/company/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/d654a80c8f72b6556f29d20c0af33768.pdf","url_text":"\"社名変更に関するお知らせ\""},{"url":"http://www.semboku.jp/company/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/d654a80c8f72b6556f29d20c0af33768.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"南海電鉄，泉北高速鉄道と経営統合へ\". Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). 20 December 2023. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220210359/https://railf.jp/news/2023/12/21/050800.html","url_text":"\"南海電鉄，泉北高速鉄道と経営統合へ\""},{"url":"https://railf.jp/news/2023/12/21/050800.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Semboku+Rapid+Railway%22+company","external_links_name":"\"Semboku Rapid Railway\" company"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Semboku+Rapid+Railway%22+company+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Semboku+Rapid+Railway%22+company&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Semboku+Rapid+Railway%22+company+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Semboku+Rapid+Railway%22+company","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Semboku+Rapid+Railway%22+company&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140712070716/http://www.semboku.jp/company/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/d654a80c8f72b6556f29d20c0af33768.pdf","external_links_name":"\"社名変更に関するお知らせ\""},{"Link":"http://www.semboku.jp/company/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/d654a80c8f72b6556f29d20c0af33768.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220210359/https://railf.jp/news/2023/12/21/050800.html","external_links_name":"\"南海電鉄，泉北高速鉄道と経営統合へ\""},{"Link":"https://railf.jp/news/2023/12/21/050800.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.semboku.jp/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/86145911172527061915","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001227084","external_links_name":"Japan"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_railway_station | Cranbourne railway station | ["1 History","2 Platforms, facilities and services","3 Transport links","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°06′00″S 145°16′52″E / 38.1000°S 145.2811°E / -38.1000; 145.2811Railway station in Melbourne, Australia
Not to be confused with Cranbourne East railway station.
CranbournePTV commuter rail stationSouthbound view from Platform 1, with two Comeng trains on both platforms, August 2014General informationLocationStation Street,Cranbourne, Victoria 3977City of CaseyAustraliaCoordinates38°06′00″S 145°16′52″E / 38.1000°S 145.2811°E / -38.1000; 145.2811Owned byVicTrackOperated byMetro TrainsLine(s)CranbourneDistance45.12 kilometres fromSouthern CrossPlatforms2 (1 island)Tracks2Connections
Bus Coach
ConstructionStructure typeGroundParking641Bicycle facilitiesAvailableAccessibleYes — step free accessOther informationStatusOperational, premium stationStation codeCBEFare zoneMyki Zone 2WebsitePublic Transport VictoriaHistoryOpened1 October 1888; 135 years ago (1888-10-01)Rebuilt24 March 1995November 2008ElectrifiedMarch 1995 (1500 V DC overhead)Passengers2005–2006343,5462006–2007403,062 17.32%2007–2008481,170 19.37%2008–2009565,958 17.62%2009–2010626,873 10.76%2010–2011686,372 9.49%2011–2012684,704 0.24%2012–2013Not measured2013–2014600,142 12.35%2014–2015643,244 7.18%2015–2016751,998 16.9%2016–2017819,114 8.92%2017–2018772,094 5.74%2018–2019817,742 5.91%2019–2020773,050 5.46%2020–2021407,700 47.26%2021–2022462,300 13.39%2022–2023787,600 70.36%
Services
Preceding station
Metro Trains
Following station
Merinda Parktowards Flinders Street or Dandenong
Cranbourne line
Terminus
Merinda Parktowards Sunbury
Sunshine–Dandenong corridor(under construction)
Former services
Preceding station
Disused railways
Following station
Line open
South Gippsland line
Clyde
Track layout
Legend
to Merinda Park
1
2
Former South Gippsland line
LocationCranbourneLocation within Melbourne
Cranbourne railway station is the terminus of the suburban electrified Cranbourne line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the south-eastern Melbourne suburb of Cranbourne, and opened on 1 October 1888.
History
Cranbourne opened as a station on the South Gippsland line. Until 24 July 1993, it was served by V/Line trains to Leongatha and beyond. As with the suburb itself, the station gets its name from the Cranbourne Inn, established in the mid-19th century by the Ruffy brothers, who were squatters in the area. The area was named either after a town in Berkshire, England, or Viscount Cranborne.
Between March 1920 and June 1956, trains regularly operated from sidings about a mile south of the station, dispatching between ten and thirty goods trucks a week, loaded with locally mined construction-quality sand.
In 1959, flashing light signals were provided at the former South Gippsland Highway level crossing, which was at the down end of the station.
In early 1973, a water tank that had been located within the former station yard was removed.
In 1981, flashing light signals were provided at the former Camms Road level crossing, which was located in the up direction from the station. Boom barriers were installed during the electrification of the line.
In November 1993, Train Order Working replaced Electric Staff safeworking to Cranbourne. On 24 March 1995, the electrification and power signalling of the line from Dandenong was commissioned. In 1994, during the electrification project, the original station building was removed by the Mornington Railway Preservation Society. The former goods shed, and a number of tracks, had been removed from the station yard by August of that year.
The last regular train beyond Cranbourne ran on 15 January 1998, when sand trains from Koala Siding (near Nyora) to Spotswood ceased operation.
In April 2008, work started on the construction of six train stabling sidings at the station, to enable more trains to run on the line at peak times without having to duplicate the line. The work was completed in November of that year. As part of that project, the station and bus interchange received an upgrade.
At the 2018 and 2022 state elections, the Coalition promised to extend the Cranbourne line to the suburb of Clyde.
On 30 November 2018, the Level Crossing Removal Project announced that the Camms Road level crossing would be grade-separated. On 25 June 2021, designs for the level crossing were released, which involved raising Camms Road over the railway line via an overpass. Construction commenced on the project in early 2023 and, on 30 November of that year, the level crossing was abolished, with the overpass opening to vehicular traffic.
The Level Crossing Removal Project was also involved in the duplication of the railway line between Cranbourne and Dandenong. Major work started in 2020, and was completed by 13 February 2022, a year ahead of schedule. The duplication also involved a new timetable for the Cranbourne line, with services operating roughly every 10 minutes during the morning peak-hour.
Platforms, facilities and services
Cranbourne has one island platform with two faces. The station building has a customer service window, two enclosed waiting rooms, and toilets. It is served by Cranbourne line trains.
Platform 1:
Cranbourne line all stations and limited express services to Flinders Street; all stations shuttle services to Dandenong
Platform 2:
Cranbourne line all stations and limited express services to Flinders Street; all stations shuttle services to Dandenong
By late 2025, it is planned that trains on the Cranbourne line will be through-routed with those on the Sunbury line, via the new Metro Tunnel.
Transport links
Cranbourne Transit operates eight bus routes via Cranbourne station, under contract to Public Transport Victoria:
791 : to Frankston station
792 : to Pearcedale
795 : to Warneet
796 : to Clyde
798 : Cranbourne Park Shopping Centre – Selandra Rise (Cranbourne East)
893 : Cranbourne Park Shopping Centre – Dandenong station
897 : Clyde North – Lynbrook station (via Cranbourne Park Shopping Centre)
898 : to Clyde North
Ventura Bus Lines operates three routes via Cranbourne station, under contract to Public Transport Victoria:
760 : to Seaford station
841 : Narre Warren North – Cranbourne
Night Bus 982 : Dandenong station – Cranbourne (Saturday and Sunday mornings only)
References
^ a b c d Estimated Annual Patronage by Network Segment Financial Year 2005–2006 to 2018–19 Archived 17 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine Department of Transport
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Railway station and tram stop patronage in Victoria for 2008–2021 Archived 17 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine Philip Mallis
^ a b Annual metropolitan train station patronage (station entries) Archived 6 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine Data Vic
^ a b c d e "Cranbourne". vicsig.net. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
^ Banger, Chris (March 1997). "Rail Passenger Service Withdrawals Since 1960". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. pp. 77–82.
^ a b "Cranbourne". Victorian Places. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
^ Cauchi, Mark (February 2019). "Rails Through the Dunes – The Cranbourne Sand Sidings, Part Two". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. pp. 38–51.
^ "Way and Works". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. March 1973. p. 54.
^ "Show of hands for a new rail service". The Age. 25 March 1995. p. 7.
^ "Cranbourne Electrification Opened" Railway Digest May 1995 page 16
^ Fiddian, Mark (1997). Trains, Tracks, Travellers. A history of the Victorian Railways. South Eastern Independent Newspapers. p. 154. ISBN 1-875475-12-5.
^ "Works". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. August 1994. p. 250.
^ "Works". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. October 1994. p. 317.
^ "Farewell – The Sand Train". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. February 1998. pp. 71–76.
^ "Media Release: Cranbourne Station Train Stabling Project on Track". Minister for Public Transport Media Release. www.dpc.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 22 July 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2008.
^ Bichel, Lia (13 November 2008). "$37m train transformation". Cranbourne Star News. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
^ Jacks, Timna (11 July 2018). "Matthew Guy pledges nearly $500m to extend Cranbourne train line". The Age. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
^ "More level crossing removals on the way". Level Crossing Removal Project. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
^ "Camms Road, Cranbourne". Level Crossing Removal Project. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
^ "Designs released for Camms Road". Level Crossing Removal Project. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
^ "New shared user path opens on the Cranbourne Line". Victoria's Big Build. 8 May 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
^ "Camms Road 73rd level crossing gone for good". Victoria's Big Build. December 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
^ "Cranbourne Line Upgrade". Level Crossing Removal Project. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
^ "Works ramping up on the Cranbourne Line Upgrade". Level Crossing Removal Project. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
^ a b "Cranbourne Line duplicated, Greens Road crossing removed and new station open". Level Crossing Removal Project. 13 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
^ "Cranbourne Line". Public Transport Victoria.
^ "791 Frankston Station – Cranbourne Station". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
^ "792 Cranbourne Station – Pearcedale". Public Transport Victoria. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
^ "795 Warneet - Cranbourne". Public Transport Victoria.
^ "796 Cranbourne Station - Clyde". Public Transport Victoria.
^ "798 Cranbourne Park SC – Selandra Rise". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
^ "893 Cranbourne Park SC – Dandenong Station". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
^ "897 Clyde North – Lynbrook Station via Cranbourne Park SC". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
^ "898 Clyde North – Cranbourne Station via Cranbourne Park SC". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
^ "760 Cranbourne – Seaford via Carrum Downs". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
^ "841 Narre Warren North - Cranbourne via Narre Warren & Cranbourne North". Public Transport Victoria.
^ "982 Dandenong Station – Cranbourne via Endeavour Hills & Hampton Park". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
External links
Media related to Cranbourne railway station, Melbourne at Wikimedia Commons
Melway map
vtePublic Transport Victoria railway stations
List of railway stations in Melbourne
List of regional railway stations in Victoria
List of closed railway stations in Melbourne
List of closed railway stations in Victoria
Metro Trains Melbourne services and stationsCranbourne
Parliament
Melbourne Central
Flagstaff
Southern Cross
Flinders Street
Richmond
South Yarra
(Malvern)
Caulfield
Carnegie
Murrumbenna
Hughesdale
Oakleigh
Huntingdale
Clayton
Westall
Springvale
Sandown Park
Noble Park
Yarraman
Dandenong
Lynbrook
Merinda Park
Cranbourne
Frankston, Werribee & Williamstown
Lilydale, Belgrave, Alamein & Glen Waverley
Pakenham & Cranbourne
Sandringham
Mernda & Hurstbridge
Stony Point
Sunbury, Craigieburn & Upfield
V/Line services and stations
Eastern (Gippsland)
North Eastern (Seymour)
Northern (Bendigo)
South Western (Geelong)
Western (Ballarat)
Stations and services in italics are planned or under construction
Stations in (parentheses) are uncommon stops for the listed service | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cranbourne East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"suburban electrified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_in_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicsigcranbourne-4"}],"text":"Railway station in Melbourne, AustraliaNot to be confused with Cranbourne East railway station.Cranbourne railway station is the terminus of the suburban electrified Cranbourne line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the south-eastern Melbourne suburb of Cranbourne, and opened on 1 October 1888.[4]","title":"Cranbourne railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Gippsland line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Gippsland_railway_line"},{"link_name":"V/Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V/Line"},{"link_name":"Leongatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leongatha_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsrailmar97-5"},{"link_name":"squatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting_(Australian_history)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vpcranbourne-6"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Viscount 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signalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalling"},{"link_name":"Dandenong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theage-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mornington Railway Preservation Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington_Railway#Mornington_Railway_Preservation_Society"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsrailaug94-12"},{"link_name":"goods shed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_shed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsrailoct94-13"},{"link_name":"Koala Siding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM_Siding"},{"link_name":"Nyora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyora_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Spotswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotswood_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsrailfeb98-14"},{"link_name":"stabling sidings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_yard"},{"link_name":"duplicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-track_railway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicsigcranbourne-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"bus interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_interchange"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Victorian_state_election"},{"link_name":"2022 state elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Victorian_state_election"},{"link_name":"Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Level Crossing Removal Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_Crossing_Removal_Project"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lxracammsrd1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lxracammsrd2-19"},{"link_name":"overpass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpass#Highway_and_road"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lxracammsrd3-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bigbuild1-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bigbuild2-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lxrpduplication1-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lxrpduplication2-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lxrpduplication3-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lxrpduplication3-25"}],"text":"Cranbourne opened as a station on the South Gippsland line. Until 24 July 1993, it was served by V/Line trains to Leongatha and beyond.[5] As with the suburb itself, the station gets its name from the Cranbourne Inn, established in the mid-19th century by the Ruffy brothers, who were squatters in the area.[6] The area was named either after a town in Berkshire, England, or Viscount Cranborne.[6]Between March 1920 and June 1956, trains regularly operated from sidings about a mile south of the station, dispatching between ten and thirty goods trucks a week, loaded with locally mined construction-quality sand.[7]In 1959, flashing light signals were provided at the former South Gippsland Highway level crossing, which was at the down end of the station.[4]In early 1973, a water tank that had been located within the former station yard was removed.[8]In 1981, flashing light signals were provided at the former Camms Road level crossing, which was located in the up direction from the station.[4] Boom barriers were installed during the electrification of the line.In November 1993, Train Order Working replaced Electric Staff safeworking to Cranbourne.[4] On 24 March 1995, the electrification and power signalling of the line from Dandenong was commissioned.[9][10][11] In 1994, during the electrification project, the original station building was removed by the Mornington Railway Preservation Society.[12] The former goods shed, and a number of tracks, had been removed from the station yard by August of that year.[13]The last regular train beyond Cranbourne ran on 15 January 1998, when sand trains from Koala Siding (near Nyora) to Spotswood ceased operation.[14]In April 2008, work started on the construction of six train stabling sidings at the station, to enable more trains to run on the line at peak times without having to duplicate the line. The work was completed in November of that year.[4][15] As part of that project, the station and bus interchange received an upgrade.[16]At the 2018 and 2022 state elections, the Coalition promised to extend the Cranbourne line to the suburb of Clyde.[17]On 30 November 2018, the Level Crossing Removal Project announced that the Camms Road level crossing would be grade-separated.[18][19] On 25 June 2021, designs for the level crossing were released, which involved raising Camms Road over the railway line via an overpass.[20] Construction commenced on the project in early 2023[21] and, on 30 November of that year, the level crossing was abolished, with the overpass opening to vehicular traffic.[22]The Level Crossing Removal Project was also involved in the duplication of the railway line between Cranbourne and Dandenong.[23] Major work started in 2020, and was completed by 13 February 2022, a year ahead of schedule.[24][25] The duplication also involved a new timetable for the Cranbourne line, with services operating roughly every 10 minutes during the morning peak-hour.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"island platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_railway_line"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Flinders Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Dandenong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_railway_line"},{"link_name":"through-routed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_service"},{"link_name":"Sunbury line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Metro Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Tunnel"}],"text":"Cranbourne has one island platform with two faces. The station building has a customer service window, two enclosed waiting rooms, and toilets. It is served by Cranbourne line trains.[26]Platform 1:Cranbourne line all stations and limited express services to Flinders Street; all stations shuttle services to DandenongPlatform 2:Cranbourne line all stations and limited express services to Flinders Street; all stations shuttle services to DandenongBy late 2025, it is planned that trains on the Cranbourne line will be through-routed with those on the Sunbury line, via the new Metro Tunnel.","title":"Platforms, facilities and services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cranbourne Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_Transit"},{"link_name":"eight bus routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Public Transport Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Transport_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Frankston station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptv791-27"},{"link_name":"Pearcedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearcedale,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptv792-28"},{"link_name":"Warneet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warneet,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne Park Shopping Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_Park_Shopping_Centre"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_East,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptv798-31"},{"link_name":"Dandenong station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptv893-32"},{"link_name":"Clyde North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_North,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Lynbrook station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynbrook_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptv897-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptv898-34"},{"link_name":"Ventura Bus Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_Bus_Lines"},{"link_name":"Seaford station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaford_railway_station,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptv760-35"},{"link_name":"Narre Warren North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narre_Warren_North,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Night Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Network_(Melbourne)#Night_Bus"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptv982-37"}],"text":"Cranbourne Transit operates eight bus routes via Cranbourne station, under contract to Public Transport Victoria:791 : to Frankston station[27]\n 792 : to Pearcedale[28]\n 795 : to Warneet[29]\n 796 : to Clyde[30]\n 798 : Cranbourne Park Shopping Centre – Selandra Rise (Cranbourne East)[31]\n 893 : Cranbourne Park Shopping Centre – Dandenong station[32]\n 897 : Clyde North – Lynbrook station (via Cranbourne Park Shopping Centre)[33]\n 898 : to Clyde North[34]Ventura Bus Lines operates three routes via Cranbourne station, under contract to Public Transport Victoria:760 : to Seaford station[35]\n 841 : Narre Warren North – Cranbourne[36]\nNight Bus 982 : Dandenong station – Cranbourne (Saturday and Sunday mornings only)[37]","title":"Transport links"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Cranbourne\". vicsig.net. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vicsig.net/infrastructure/location/Cranbourne","url_text":"\"Cranbourne\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221225024727/https://vicsig.net/infrastructure/location/Cranbourne","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Banger, Chris (March 1997). \"Rail Passenger Service Withdrawals Since 1960\". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. pp. 77–82.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsrail","url_text":"Newsrail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Railway_Historical_Society","url_text":"Australian Railway Historical Society"}]},{"reference":"\"Cranbourne\". Victorian Places. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.victorianplaces.com.au/cranbourne","url_text":"\"Cranbourne\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230309103650/https://victorianplaces.com.au/cranbourne","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cauchi, Mark (February 2019). \"Rails Through the Dunes – The Cranbourne Sand Sidings, Part Two\". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. pp. 38–51.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Way and Works\". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. March 1973. p. 54.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Show of hands for a new rail service\". The Age. 25 March 1995. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]},{"reference":"Fiddian, Mark (1997). Trains, Tracks, Travellers. A history of the Victorian Railways. South Eastern Independent Newspapers. p. 154. ISBN 1-875475-12-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-875475-12-5","url_text":"1-875475-12-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Works\". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. August 1994. p. 250.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Works\". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. October 1994. p. 317.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Farewell – The Sand Train\". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. February 1998. pp. 71–76.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Media Release: Cranbourne Station Train Stabling Project on Track\". Minister for Public Transport Media Release. www.dpc.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 22 July 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080722063902/http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/955cbeae7df9460dca256c8c00152d2b/16a31250939e85d6ca257410007a9d5b%21OpenDocument","url_text":"\"Media Release: Cranbourne Station Train Stabling Project on Track\""},{"url":"http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/955cbeae7df9460dca256c8c00152d2b/16a31250939e85d6ca257410007a9d5b!OpenDocument","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bichel, Lia (13 November 2008). \"$37m train transformation\". Cranbourne Star News. Retrieved 16 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://cranbournenews.starcommunity.com.au/news/2008-11-13/37m-train-transformation/","url_text":"\"$37m train transformation\""}]},{"reference":"Jacks, Timna (11 July 2018). \"Matthew Guy pledges nearly $500m to extend Cranbourne train line\". The Age. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/matthew-guy-pledges-nearly-500m-to-extend-cranbourne-train-line-20180711-p4zqtr.html","url_text":"\"Matthew Guy pledges nearly $500m to extend Cranbourne train line\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180817124925/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/matthew-guy-pledges-nearly-500m-to-extend-cranbourne-train-line-20180711-p4zqtr.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"More level crossing removals on the way\". Level Crossing Removal Project. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://levelcrossings.vic.gov.au/media/news/More-level-crossing-removals-on-the-way","url_text":"\"More level crossing removals on the way\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210128043416/https://levelcrossings.vic.gov.au/media/news/More-level-crossing-removals-on-the-way","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Camms Road, Cranbourne\". Level Crossing Removal Project. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://levelcrossings.vic.gov.au/projects/camms-road-cranbourne","url_text":"\"Camms Road, Cranbourne\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211009093847/https://levelcrossings.vic.gov.au/projects/camms-road-cranbourne","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Designs released for Camms Road\". Level Crossing Removal Project. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://levelcrossings.vic.gov.au/media/news/designs-released-for-camms-road","url_text":"\"Designs released for Camms Road\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210912041403/https://levelcrossings.vic.gov.au/media/news/designs-released-for-camms-road","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New shared user path opens on the Cranbourne Line\". Victoria's Big Build. 8 May 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/news/level-crossing-removal-project/new-shared-user-path-opens-on-the-cranbourne-line","url_text":"\"New shared user path opens on the Cranbourne Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Camms Road 73rd level crossing gone for good\". Victoria's Big Build. December 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/news/level-crossing-removal-project/camms-road-73rd-level-crossing-gone-for-good","url_text":"\"Camms Road 73rd level crossing gone for good\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cranbourne Line Upgrade\". Level Crossing Removal Project. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://levelcrossings.vic.gov.au/projects/cranbourne-line-upgrade","url_text":"\"Cranbourne Line Upgrade\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220322230735/https://levelcrossings.vic.gov.au/projects/cranbourne-line-upgrade","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Works ramping up on the Cranbourne Line Upgrade\". Level Crossing Removal Project. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://levelcrossings.vic.gov.au/media/news/works-ramping-up-on-the-cranbourne-line-upgrade","url_text":"\"Works ramping up on the Cranbourne Line Upgrade\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220324033148/https://levelcrossings.vic.gov.au/media/news/works-ramping-up-on-the-cranbourne-line-upgrade","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cranbourne Line duplicated, Greens Road crossing removed and new station open\". Level Crossing Removal Project. 13 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://levelcrossings.vic.gov.au/media/news/cranbourne-line-duplicated-greens-road-removed","url_text":"\"Cranbourne Line duplicated, Greens Road crossing removed and new station open\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220227103149/https://levelcrossings.vic.gov.au/media/news/cranbourne-line-duplicated-greens-road-removed","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cranbourne Line\". Public Transport Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/4","url_text":"\"Cranbourne Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"791 Frankston Station – Cranbourne Station\". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/14999/791-frankston-station-cranbourne-station","url_text":"\"791 Frankston Station – Cranbourne Station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Transport_Victoria","url_text":"Public Transport Victoria"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230502230536/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/14999/791-frankston-station-cranbourne-station","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"792 Cranbourne Station – Pearcedale\". Public Transport Victoria. Retrieved 30 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15535/792-cranbourne-station-pearcedale","url_text":"\"792 Cranbourne Station – Pearcedale\""}]},{"reference":"\"795 Warneet - Cranbourne\". Public Transport Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15001","url_text":"\"795 Warneet - Cranbourne\""}]},{"reference":"\"796 Cranbourne Station - Clyde\". Public Transport Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15003","url_text":"\"796 Cranbourne Station - Clyde\""}]},{"reference":"\"798 Cranbourne Park SC – Selandra Rise\". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15005/798-cranbourne-park-sc-selandra-rise","url_text":"\"798 Cranbourne Park SC – Selandra Rise\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230311092328/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15005/798-cranbourne-park-sc-selandra-rise/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"893 Cranbourne Park SC – Dandenong Station\". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15614/893-cranbourne-park-sc-dandenong-station","url_text":"\"893 Cranbourne Park SC – Dandenong Station\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230324161540/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15614/893-cranbourne-park-sc-dandenong-station","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"897 Clyde North – Lynbrook Station via Cranbourne Park SC\". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15606/897-clyde-north-lynbrook-station/","url_text":"\"897 Clyde North – Lynbrook Station via Cranbourne Park SC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230324161336/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15606/897-clyde-north-lynbrook-station/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"898 Clyde North – Cranbourne Station via Cranbourne Park SC\". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15608/898-clyde-north-cranbourne-station-via-cranbourne-park-sc","url_text":"\"898 Clyde North – Cranbourne Station via Cranbourne Park SC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230503003553/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15608/898-clyde-north-cranbourne-station-via-cranbourne-park-sc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"760 Cranbourne – Seaford via Carrum Downs\". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15533/760-cranbourne-seaford-via-carrum-downs","url_text":"\"760 Cranbourne – Seaford via Carrum Downs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230502232040/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15533/760-cranbourne-seaford-via-carrum-downs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"841 Narre Warren North - Cranbourne via Narre Warren & Cranbourne North\". Public Transport Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/5460","url_text":"\"841 Narre Warren North - Cranbourne via Narre Warren & Cranbourne North\""}]},{"reference":"\"982 Dandenong Station – Cranbourne via Endeavour Hills & Hampton Park\". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15618/982-dandenong-station-cranbourne-via-endeavour-hills-and-hampton-park","url_text":"\"982 Dandenong Station – Cranbourne via Endeavour Hills & Hampton Park\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230218130032/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15618/982-dandenong-station-cranbourne-via-endeavour-hills-and-hampton-park","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cranbourne_railway_station¶ms=38.1_S_145.2811_E_type:railwaystation_region:AU-VIC","external_links_name":"38°06′00″S 145°16′52″E / 38.1000°S 145.2811°E / -38.1000; 145.2811"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cranbourne_railway_station¶ms=38.1_S_145.2811_E_type:railwaystation_region:AU-VIC","external_links_name":"38°06′00″S 145°16′52″E / 38.1000°S 145.2811°E / -38.1000; 145.2811"},{"Link":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/stop/1045","external_links_name":"Public Transport 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLA_Nanjing_Political_College | Nanjing Political College | ["1 History","2 Affiliated hospital","3 References"] | University in China
PLA Nanjing Political College中国人民解放军南京政治学院PLA Nanjing Political CollegeTypeMilitary collegeEstablished1977 (1977)PresidentJiang Qianlin (蒋乾麟)LocationNanjing, Jiangsu, ChinaCampus1100 muAffiliationsPeople's Liberation Army General Political Department
The Nanjing Political College (中国人民解放军南京政治学院) was a military college of political science located in Gulou, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. It was affiliated with the General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army. The college was merged into the College of Political Science of the People's Liberation Army National Defense University.
History
It was formed in 1977 and initially called "PLA Nanjing Political School". In June 1986, it was renamed "PLA Nanjing Political College". In May 1999, PLA Air Force Political College merged into the university.
Affiliated hospital
The Affiliated Hospital of PLA Nanjing Political College, was founded in 1988.
References
^ "江苏省南京市南京政治学院". Xinhua News (in Chinese). 2007-12-07. Archived from the original on January 4, 2008.
^ "国防大学政治学院由2所正军级、1所副军级军校合并而成，副军级！". Netease News. 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
^ Chubb, Andrew (July 25, 2013). "Propaganda, Not Policy: Explaining the PLA's "Hawkish Faction" (Part One)". Jamestown Foundation. In 2009, in his introductory remarks preceding lecture at his alma mater, the PLAAF Political Academy in Shanghai (now part of the PLA Nanjing Political Academy), Dai explained
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acantha | Acantha | ["1 Mythology","2 Origin of the myth","3 See also","4 Notes"] | Unattested tale from Greek mythology
For other uses, see Acanthus (disambiguation).
Acanthus mollis on the ruins of the Palatine Hill, Rome.
Acantha (Ancient Greek: Ἀκάνθα, romanized: Akántha, lit. 'thorn') is often claimed to be a minor character in Greek mythology whose metamorphosis was the origin of the Acanthus plant. Acantha's myth however does not appear in any classical source.
Mythology
The tale supposedly goes that Acantha was a nymph loved by the god Apollo. Acantha, however, rebuffed Apollo's continued advances and scratched his face. As a result, Apollo transformed her into the Acanthus, a plant with spiny leaves.
Origin of the myth
The story has, over the years, been retold in books, encyclopedias, and journals. Compilers have, however, often omitted reference to classical sources. For instance the first edition of John Lemprière's Bibliotheca Classica, an early encyclopaedia of mythological figures, provides no reference for the story. In the updated 1839 edition three references are given. These are to Pliny the Elder's Natural History, Pedanius Dioscorides' De Materia Medica and Hesychius of Alexandria's Lexicon. On inspection, however, Pliny makes absolutely no reference to Acantha, Dioscorides refers only to the plant and Hesychius simply explains what the word means. A number of latter compilers have similarly not cited classical references when retelling the myth.
The myth does not appear in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, a volume which includes every Latin word, including proper names. The Thesaurus Linguae Graecae, a similarly comprehensive source containing a complete repository of Ancient Greek texts from Homer through to A.D. 200, is also absent the myth. The story is not present in either the Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, a work praised for its breadth and quality, or Der Neue Pauly, an encyclopaedia considered an unparalleled masterpiece of classical German scholarship.
Acantha's tale has lifted elements from the myth of Oenone, a nymph who scratched Apollo's face while he raped her, as attested in the poem Fasti by the Roman poet Ovid; that text however has been extended with various spurious post-Ovidian interpolations, and Oenone's rape is, like Acantha herself, otherwise unattested. According to Cicero a woman named Acantho became the mother of the "fourth sun" in Rhodes.
See also
Syrinx
Pitys (mythology)
Hyacinth (mythology)
Leda and the Swan
Europa (mythology)
Erinoma
Ganymede (mythology)
Clytie
Mecon
Asteria
Myrina
Lotis
Orchis
Amethyste
Rhodanthe
Notes
^ “Acantha Definition and Meaning | Collins English Dictionary.” Collins Dictionaries, 2021, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/acantha.
^ a b c Coulter, Charles Russell and Turner, Patricia (2000). Encyclopedia Of Ancient Deities. Routledge. pg.62. ISBN 1579582702.
^ "Acantha & Callimachus: Invention of Corinthian Order". kalliergeia.com. 8 July 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
^ a b Beeton, Samuel Orchart (1871). Beeton's Classical dictionary. Warwick. pg.2. Available at books.google.co.uk
^ a b Parley, Peter (1839). Tales about the mythology of Greece and Rome. Oxford University Press. pg.347
^ Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants. Cambridge University Press. pg.33. ISBN 0521685532.
^ a b Evslin, Bernard (2012). Gods, Demigods and Demons: An Encyclopedia of Greek Mythology. Open Road Media. Acantha. ISBN 1453272968
^ Mackay, Charles (1861), A Weekly Journal of Fact and Fiction, Volumes 1-13, pg.353
^ Lemprière, John (1788). Bibliotheca Classica. T. Cadell. Acantha
^ Lemprière, John (1839). A Classical Dictionary, Containing a Copious Account of All the Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors. Available at books.google.co.uk
^ Pliny the Elder, translation by Bostock, John and Riley, H.T (2009). Natural History. BiblioLife. Book XXIV, Chapter 12. ISBN 1117234630. Available at perseus.tufts.edu
^ Dioscorides, Pedanius (2000). De Materia Medica. Ibidis Press. Book Three, 3.14 & 3.15. ISBN 0-620-23435-0.
^ Hesychius of Alexandria (1520). Alphabetical Collection of All Words. Available at wikisource.org
^ Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. Available at degruyter.com
^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Available at britannica.com
^ Bowen, Alan C. (1988). Ancient Philosophy. Volume 8, Issue 1, page 136.
^ Thesaurus Linguae Graecae. Available at stephanus.tlg.uci.edu Archived November 6, 2014, at archive.today
^ Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. Available a limc-france.fr
^ Hansen, William (2005). Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans. pg.14. ISBN 0195300351
^ Hard, Robin (2008). The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology. pg.691. ISBN 0415478901
^ Der Neue Pauly. Available at referenceworks.brillonline.com
^ Bernhard Kytzler: Kathedrale der Gelehrsamkeit. In: Die Zeit. Hamburg 1979,6 (2. Febr.), S. 39. (German)
^ Wolfgang Schuller: Einführung in die Geschichte des Altertums. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1994, S. 140. (German)
^ Ovid, Heroides 145. The particular passage is excluded from the Loeb translation.
^ Casali, Sergio (February 1997). "Reviewing The Cambridge Heroides". The Classical Journal. 92 (3): 305–314, 306–07.
^ Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3.53
vteMetamorphoses in Greek mythologyAnimalsAvian
Abas
Acanthis
Acanthus
Acmon
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Aegolius
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Agrius and Oreius
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Metamorphoses | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acanthus (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthus_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AcanthusmollisPalatineHill.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palatine Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Hill"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Acanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthus_(plant)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coulter_and_Turner-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Acanthus (disambiguation).Acanthus mollis on the ruins of the Palatine Hill, Rome.Acantha (Ancient Greek: Ἀκάνθα, romanized: Akántha, lit. 'thorn'[1]) is often claimed to be a minor character in Greek mythology whose metamorphosis was the origin of the Acanthus plant.[2] Acantha's myth however does not appear in any classical source.[3]","title":"Acantha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nymph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymph"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beeton-4"}],"text":"The tale supposedly goes that Acantha was a nymph loved by the god Apollo. Acantha, however, rebuffed Apollo's continued advances and scratched his face. As a result, Apollo transformed her into the Acanthus, a plant with spiny leaves.[4]","title":"Mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parley-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coulter_and_Turner-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evslin-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"John Lemprière's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lempri%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Bibliotheca Classica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_Classica"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)"},{"link_name":"Pedanius Dioscorides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides"},{"link_name":"De Materia Medica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Materia_Medica"},{"link_name":"Hesychius of Alexandria's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesychius_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coulter_and_Turner-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beeton-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parley-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evslin-7"},{"link_name":"Thesaurus Linguae Latinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus_Linguae_Latinae"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Thesaurus Linguae Graecae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus_Linguae_Graecae"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicon_Iconographicum_Mythologiae_Classicae"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Der Neue Pauly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_Classischen_Altertumswissenschaft"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Oenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenone_(nymph)"},{"link_name":"Fasti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasti_(poem)"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The story has, over the years, been retold in books,[5][6] encyclopedias,[2][7] and journals.[8] Compilers have, however, often omitted reference to classical sources. For instance the first edition of John Lemprière's Bibliotheca Classica, an early encyclopaedia of mythological figures, provides no reference for the story.[9] In the updated 1839 edition three references are given. These are to Pliny the Elder's Natural History, Pedanius Dioscorides' De Materia Medica and Hesychius of Alexandria's Lexicon.[10] On inspection, however, Pliny makes absolutely no reference to Acantha, Dioscorides refers only to the plant and Hesychius simply explains what the word means.[11][12][13] A number of latter compilers have similarly not cited classical references when retelling the myth.[2][4][5][7]The myth does not appear in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae,[14] a volume which includes every Latin word, including proper names.[15] The Thesaurus Linguae Graecae, a similarly comprehensive source containing a complete repository of Ancient Greek texts from Homer through to A.D. 200,[16] is also absent the myth.[17] The story is not present in either the Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae,[18] a work praised for its breadth and quality,[19][20] or Der Neue Pauly,[21] an encyclopaedia considered an unparalleled masterpiece of classical German scholarship.[22][23]Acantha's tale has lifted elements from the myth of Oenone, a nymph who scratched Apollo's face while he raped her, as attested in the poem Fasti by the Roman poet Ovid; that text however has been extended with various spurious post-Ovidian interpolations, and Oenone's rape is, like Acantha herself, otherwise unattested.[24][25] According to Cicero a woman named Acantho became the mother of the \"fourth sun\" in Rhodes.[26]","title":"Origin of the myth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/acantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/acantha"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Coulter_and_Turner_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Coulter_and_Turner_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Coulter_and_Turner_2-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1579582702","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1579582702"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Acantha & Callimachus: Invention of Corinthian 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John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bostock_(physician)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1117234630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1117234630"},{"link_name":"perseus.tufts.edu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D24%3Achapter%3D12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Dioscorides, Pedanius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-620-23435-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-620-23435-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Hesychius of 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Oreius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrius_and_Oreius_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Agron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agron_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Alcander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcander_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Alcyone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcyone_(daughter_of_Sciron)"},{"link_name":"Alcyone and Ceyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcyone_and_Ceyx"},{"link_name":"Alcyonides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcyonides"},{"link_name":"Alectryon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alectryon_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Anthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Antigone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigone_of_Troy"},{"link_name":"Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_Panoptes"},{"link_name":"Arne Sithonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_Sithonis"},{"link_name":"Artemiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemiche"},{"link_name":"Ascalaphus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascalaphus_(son_of_Acheron)"},{"link_name":"Asteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteria_(Titaness)"},{"link_name":"Autonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonous"},{"link_name":"Botres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botres"},{"link_name":"Bulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulis_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Byssa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byssa_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Caeneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caeneus"},{"link_name":"Celeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeus_(Crete)"},{"link_name":"Cerberus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerberus_(Greek_myth)"},{"link_name":"Chelidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidon_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Cinyras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinyras"},{"link_name":"Clinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinis"},{"link_name":"Combe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combe_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Corone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corone_(crow)"},{"link_name":"Ctesylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesylla"},{"link_name":"Cycnus of Aetolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Apollo)"},{"link_name":"Cycnus of Ares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Ares)"},{"link_name":"Cycnus of Colonae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycnus_of_Kolonai"},{"link_name":"Cycnus of Liguria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycnus_of_Liguria"},{"link_name":"Daedalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daedalion"},{"link_name":"Erinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinoma"},{"link_name":"Erodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erodius"},{"link_name":"Eumelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumelus"},{"link_name":"Gerana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerana"},{"link_name":"Harpalyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpalyce_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Harpasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpasus"},{"link_name":"Harpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpe_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hierax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierax_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hippodamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippodamia_(wife_of_Autonous)"},{"link_name":"Hyperippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperippe"},{"link_name":"Hyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyria_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Ictinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ictinus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Idas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idas_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Ino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ino_(Greek_mythology)"},{"link_name":"Itys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itys"},{"link_name":"Iynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iynx"},{"link_name":"Laius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laius_(Crete)"},{"link_name":"Lelante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelante"},{"link_name":"Lycius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycius_(son_of_Clinis)"},{"link_name":"Lycus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Megaletor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaletor"},{"link_name":"Meleagrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meleagrids"},{"link_name":"Memnonides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memnon"},{"link_name":"Meropis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meropis_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Merops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merops_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Minyades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyades"},{"link_name":"Munichus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munichus"},{"link_name":"Neophron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neophron_(Greek_myth)"},{"link_name":"Nisus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisos"},{"link_name":"Nyctaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctaea"},{"link_name":"Nyctimene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctimene_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Oenoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenoe_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Oenotropae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenotropae"},{"link_name":"Ortygius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortygius"},{"link_name":"Pandareus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandareus"},{"link_name":"Pelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Perdix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdix_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Periphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periphas_(king_of_Attica)"},{"link_name":"Peristera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristera_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Picus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picus"},{"link_name":"Pierides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierides_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Phene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phene_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Philaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philaeus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Philomela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philomela"},{"link_name":"Pleiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Polyphonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphonte"},{"link_name":"Polytechnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnus"},{"link_name":"Procne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procne"},{"link_name":"Rhexenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhexenor"},{"link_name":"Schoeneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoeneus"},{"link_name":"Scylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scylla_(daughter_of_Nisus)"},{"link_name":"Tereus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tereus"},{"link_name":"Timandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timandra_(mother_of_Neophron)"},{"link_name":"Abas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abas_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Actaeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actaeon"},{"link_name":"Arachne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachne"},{"link_name":"Arcas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcas"},{"link_name":"Arge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arge"},{"link_name":"Aristaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristaeus_(Giant)"},{"link_name":"Ascalabus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascalabus"},{"link_name":"Atalanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalanta"},{"link_name":"Cadmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmus"},{"link_name":"Calchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calchus"},{"link_name":"Callisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(mythology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and Orphe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyco_and_Orphe"},{"link_name":"Olenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenus"},{"link_name":"Pallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_(Giant)"},{"link_name":"Pandareus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandareus"},{"link_name":"Phineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineus_(son_of_Belus)"},{"link_name":"Polydectes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydectes"},{"link_name":"Proetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proetus_(son_of_Abas)"},{"link_name":"Propoetides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propoetides"},{"link_name":"Pyrrhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Teumessian fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teumessian_fox"},{"link_name":"Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psamathe_(Nereid)"},{"link_name":"Achelous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achelous"},{"link_name":"Acheron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheron"},{"link_name":"Acis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea"},{"link_name":"Aea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aea_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Alope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alope"},{"link_name":"Alpheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Arethusa (Boeotia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arethusa_(Boeotia)"},{"link_name":"Arethusa (Elis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Arethusa (Ithaca)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arethusa_(Ithaca)"},{"link_name":"Asteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteria_(Titaness)"},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Aura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aura_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Byblis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byblis"},{"link_name":"Calliste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Castalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castalia"},{"link_name":"Chione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chione_(daughter_of_Callirrhoe)"},{"link_name":"Cleite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleite"},{"link_name":"Cyane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyane"},{"link_name":"Dirce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirce"},{"link_name":"Haemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemus"},{"link_name":"Lichas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichas"},{"link_name":"Lilaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilaeus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Manto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manto_(daughter_of_Tiresias)"},{"link_name":"Marsyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsyas"},{"link_name":"Menippe and Metioche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menippe_and_Metioche"},{"link_name":"Niobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobe"},{"link_name":"Perimele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimele"},{"link_name":"Pirene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirene_(nymph)"},{"link_name":"Pyramus and Thisbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe"},{"link_name":"Rhodope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Rhodopis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopis_and_Euthynicus"},{"link_name":"Sangas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangarius_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Selemnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selemnos"},{"link_name":"Sybaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybaris_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Caeneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caeneus"},{"link_name":"Hermaphroditus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphroditus"},{"link_name":"Iphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphis"},{"link_name":"Leucippus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus_(daughter_of_Galatea)"},{"link_name":"Salmacis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmacis"},{"link_name":"Siproites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siproites"},{"link_name":"Sithon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sithon_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Tiresias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiresias"},{"link_name":"Adonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonis"},{"link_name":"Agdistis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agdistis"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Amaracus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaracus"},{"link_name":"Ambrosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia_(Hyades)"},{"link_name":"Ampelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampelos"},{"link_name":"Anethus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anethus"},{"link_name":"Attis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attis"},{"link_name":"Baucis and Philemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucis_and_Philemon"},{"link_name":"Calamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamos"},{"link_name":"Carpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpos"},{"link_name":"Carya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carya_of_Laconia"},{"link_name":"Cissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Clytie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clytie_(Oceanid)"},{"link_name":"Crocus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Cyparissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyparissus"},{"link_name":"Daphne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne"},{"link_name":"Diopatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diopatra_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Dryope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryope_(daughter_of_Dryops)"},{"link_name":"Elaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaea_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Elate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elate_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Eteocleides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eteocles_of_Orchomenus"},{"link_name":"Heliades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliades"},{"link_name":"Aegle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Dioxippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxippe"},{"link_name":"Lampetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampetia"},{"link_name":"Merope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merope_(Greek_myth)"},{"link_name":"Phaethusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaethusa"},{"link_name":"Phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_(Greek_myth)"},{"link_name":"Hesperides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperides"},{"link_name":"Aegle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Erytheia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erytheia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hyacinthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyacinth_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Leuce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuce_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Leucothoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucothoe_(daughter_of_Orchamus)"},{"link_name":"Libanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Lotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotis_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Lycurgus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Mecon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecon_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Melus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Messapians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapian_shepherds"},{"link_name":"Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_of_Hera"},{"link_name":"Minthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minthe"},{"link_name":"Myrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrice_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Myrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrina_(priestess)"},{"link_name":"Myrsine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrsine_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Narcissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Oechalides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oechalides"},{"link_name":"Philyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philyra_(Oceanid)"},{"link_name":"Phyllis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Picolous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picolous"},{"link_name":"Pitys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitys_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Platanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platanus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Psalacantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalacantha"},{"link_name":"Saliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerberus"},{"link_name":"Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_(daughter_of_Ictinus)"},{"link_name":"Smilax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilax_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrha"},{"link_name":"Spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiaraus"},{"link_name":"Syceus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syceus"},{"link_name":"Syrinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrinx"},{"link_name":"Greek gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_gods"},{"link_name":"Kobalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalos"},{"link_name":"Mestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestra"},{"link_name":"Periclymenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periclymenus"},{"link_name":"Cumaean Sibyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl"},{"link_name":"Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hyades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyades_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hylas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylas"},{"link_name":"Milk of Hera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_of_Hera"},{"link_name":"Pleiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Acantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Amethyste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethyste"},{"link_name":"Orchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchis_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Rhodanthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodanthe_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Metamorphoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphoses"}],"text":"^ “Acantha Definition and Meaning | Collins English Dictionary.” Collins Dictionaries, 2021, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/acantha.\n\n^ a b c Coulter, Charles Russell and Turner, Patricia (2000). Encyclopedia Of Ancient Deities. Routledge. pg.62. ISBN 1579582702.\n\n^ \"Acantha & Callimachus: Invention of Corinthian Order\". kalliergeia.com. 8 July 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2022.\n\n^ a b Beeton, Samuel Orchart (1871). Beeton's Classical dictionary. Warwick. pg.2. Available at books.google.co.uk\n\n^ a b Parley, Peter (1839). Tales about the mythology of Greece and Rome. Oxford University Press. pg.347\n\n^ Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants. Cambridge University Press. pg.33. ISBN 0521685532.\n\n^ a b Evslin, Bernard (2012). Gods, Demigods and Demons: An Encyclopedia of Greek Mythology. Open Road Media. Acantha. ISBN 1453272968\n\n^ Mackay, Charles (1861), A Weekly Journal of Fact and Fiction, Volumes 1-13, pg.353\n\n^ Lemprière, John (1788). Bibliotheca Classica. T. Cadell. Acantha\n\n^ Lemprière, John (1839). A Classical Dictionary, Containing a Copious Account of All the Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors. Available at books.google.co.uk\n\n^ Pliny the Elder, translation by Bostock, John and Riley, H.T (2009). Natural History. BiblioLife. Book XXIV, Chapter 12. ISBN 1117234630. Available at perseus.tufts.edu\n\n^ Dioscorides, Pedanius (2000). De Materia Medica. Ibidis Press. Book Three, 3.14 & 3.15. ISBN 0-620-23435-0.\n\n^ Hesychius of Alexandria (1520). Alphabetical Collection of All Words. Available at wikisource.org\n\n^ Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. Available at degruyter.com\n\n^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Available at britannica.com\n\n^ Bowen, Alan C. (1988). Ancient Philosophy. Volume 8, Issue 1, page 136.\n\n^ Thesaurus Linguae Graecae. Available at stephanus.tlg.uci.edu Archived November 6, 2014, at archive.today\n\n^ Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. Available a limc-france.fr\n\n^ Hansen, William (2005). Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans. pg.14. ISBN 0195300351\n\n^ Hard, Robin (2008). The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology. pg.691. ISBN 0415478901\n\n^ Der Neue Pauly. Available at referenceworks.brillonline.com\n\n^ Bernhard Kytzler: Kathedrale der Gelehrsamkeit. In: Die Zeit. Hamburg 1979,6 (2. Febr.), S. 39. (German)\n\n^ Wolfgang Schuller: Einführung in die Geschichte des Altertums. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1994, S. 140. (German)\n\n^ Ovid, Heroides 145. The particular passage is excluded from the Loeb translation.\n\n^ Casali, Sergio (February 1997). \"Reviewing The Cambridge Heroides\". The Classical Journal. 92 (3): 305–314, 306–07.\n\n^ Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3.53vteMetamorphoses in Greek mythologyAnimalsAvian\nAbas\nAcanthis\nAcanthus\nAcmon\nAëdon\nAegolius\nAegypius\nAëtos\nAesacus\nAgrius and Oreius\nAgron\nAlcander\nAlcyone\nAlcyone and Ceyx\nAlcyonides\nAlectryon\nAnthus\nAntigone\nArgus\nArne Sithonis\nArtemiche\nAscalaphus\nAsteria\nAutonous\nBotres\nBulis\nByssa\nCaeneus\nCeleus\nCerberus\nChelidon\nCinyras\nClinis\nCombe\nCorone\nCtesylla\nCycnus of Aetolia\nCycnus of Ares\nCycnus of Colonae\nCycnus of Liguria\nDaedalion\nErinoma\nErodius\nEumelus\nGerana\nHarpalyce\nHarpasus\nHarpe\nHierax\nHippodamia\nHyperippe\nHyria\nIctinus\nIdas\nIno\nItys\nIynx\nLaius\nLelante\nLycius\nLycus\nMegaletor\nMeleagrids\nMemnonides\nMeropis\nMerops\nMinyades\nMunichus\nNeophron\nNisus\nNyctaea\nNyctimene\nOenoe\nOenotropae\nOrtygius\nPandareus\nPelia\nPerdix\nPeriphas\nPeristera\nPicus\nPierides\nPhene\nPhilaeus\nPhilomela\nPleiades\nPolyphonte\nPolytechnus\nProcne\nRhexenor\nSchoeneus\nScylla\nTereus\nTimandra\nNon-avian\nAbas\nActaeon\nArachne\nArcas\nArge\nAristaeus\nAscalabus\nAtalanta\nCadmus\nCalchus\nCallisto\nCephissus\nCerambus\nCercopes\nChelone\nCirce\nCuretes\nCynosura\nGalanthis\nGale\nHarmonia\nHecuba\nHelice\nHippomenes\nIo\nLycaon\nLycian peasants\nLyncus\nMelanippe\nMelian nymphs\nMelissa\nMinyades\nMyia\nMyrmex\nNaïs\nNerites\nOcyrhoe\nOdysseus\nPentheus\nPhalanx\nPhineus\nPhoenice\nPompilus\nTaygete\nTheophane\nTiresias\nTitanis\nTithonus\nTyrrhenian pirates\nAethalides\nAlcimedon\nDictys\nEpopeus\nMelas\nMedon\nOpheltes\nBase appearance\nAchilles\nAntigone\nCharybdis\nLamia\nMedusa\nMidas\nMulberry fruit\nPhaon\nScylla\nSirens\nWhite raven\nHumanoids\nArne\nCalliste\nCymodoce\nCephalus' wife\nGalatea\nLeleges\nMyrmidons\nNephele\nSpartoi\nWeasel\nInanimate objects\nAconteus\nAglaurus\nAlcmene\nAnaxarete\nAriadne\nArsinoë\nAspalis\nBattus\nBritomartis\nCalydon\nCercopes\nCragaleus\nDaphnis\nIodame\nLaelaps\nLethaea\nLyco and Orphe\nOlenus\nPallas\nPandareus\nPhineus\nPolydectes\nProetus\nPropoetides\nPyrrhus\nTeumessian fox\nWolf\nLandforms\nAchelous\nAcheron\nAcis\nAea\nAlope\nAlpheus\nArethusa (Boeotia)\nArethusa (Elis)\nArethusa (Ithaca)\nAsteria\nAtlas\nAura\nByblis\nCalliste\nCastalia\nChione\nCleite\nCyane\nDirce\nHaemus\nLichas\nLilaeus\nManto\nMarsyas\nMenippe and Metioche\nNiobe\nPerimele\nPirene\nPyramus and Thisbe\nRhodope\nRhodopis\nSangas\nSelemnus\nSybaris\nOpposite sex\nCaeneus\nHermaphroditus\nIphis\nLeucippus\nSalmacis\nSiproites\nSithon\nTiresias\nPlants\nAdonis\nAgdistis\nAjax\nAmaracus\nAmbrosia\nAmpelus\nAnethus\nAttis\nBaucis and Philemon\nCalamus\nCarpus\nCarya\nCissus\nClytie\nCrocus\nCyparissus\nDaphne\nDiopatra\nDryope\nElaea\nElate\nEteocleides\nHeliades\nAegle\nDioxippe\nLampetia\nMerope\nPhaethusa\nPhoebe\nHesperides\nAegle\nErytheia\nHyacinthus\nLeuce\nLeucothoe\nLibanus\nLotis\nLycurgus\nMecon\nMelus\nMessapians\nMilk\nMinthe\nMyrice\nMyrina\nMyrsine\nNarcissus\nOechalides\nPhilyra\nPhyllis\nPicolous\nPitys\nPlatanus\nPsalacantha\nSaliva\nSide\nSmilax\nSmyrna\nSpear\nSyceus\nSyrinx\nVoluntary\nGreek gods\nKobalos\nMestra\nPericlymenus\nOther\nCumaean Sibyl\nEcho\nHyades\nHylas\nMilk of Hera\nPleiades\nFalse myths\nAcantha\nAmethyste\nOrchis\nRhodanthe\n\nMetamorphoses","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Acanthus mollis on the ruins of the Palatine Hill, Rome.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/AcanthusmollisPalatineHill.jpg/330px-AcanthusmollisPalatineHill.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Syrinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrinx"},{"title":"Pitys (mythology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitys_(mythology)"},{"title":"Hyacinth (mythology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyacinth_(mythology)"},{"title":"Leda and the Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan"},{"title":"Europa (mythology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(mythology)"},{"title":"Erinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinoma"},{"title":"Ganymede (mythology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)"},{"title":"Clytie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clytie_(Oceanid)"},{"title":"Mecon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecon_(mythology)"},{"title":"Asteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteria_(Titaness)"},{"title":"Myrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrina_(priestess)"},{"title":"Lotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotis_(mythology)"},{"title":"Orchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchis_(mythology)"},{"title":"Amethyste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethyste"},{"title":"Rhodanthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodanthe_(mythology)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Acantha & Callimachus: Invention of Corinthian Order\". kalliergeia.com. 8 July 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kalliergeia.com/en/acantha-and-callimachus-the-invention-of-the-corinthian-order/","url_text":"\"Acantha & Callimachus: Invention of Corinthian Order\""}]},{"reference":"Casali, Sergio (February 1997). \"Reviewing The Cambridge Heroides\". The Classical Journal. 92 (3): 305–314, 306–07.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/acantha","external_links_name":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/acantha"},{"Link":"https://www.kalliergeia.com/en/acantha-and-callimachus-the-invention-of-the-corinthian-order/","external_links_name":"\"Acantha & Callimachus: Invention of Corinthian Order\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BYIBAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"books.google.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i_F5e3lnUjsC","external_links_name":"books.google.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D24%3Achapter%3D12","external_links_name":"perseus.tufts.edu"},{"Link":"https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%B9/%CE%91","external_links_name":"wikisource.org"},{"Link":"http://www.degruyter.com/databasecontent?dbid=tll&dbsource=%2Fdb%2Ftll","external_links_name":"degruyter.com"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/591803/Thesaurus-Linguae-Latinae","external_links_name":"britannica.com"},{"Link":"http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/canon/fontsel","external_links_name":"stephanus.tlg.uci.edu"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20141106191933/http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/canon/fontsel","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.limc-france.fr/presentation","external_links_name":"limc-france.fr"},{"Link":"http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/reference-works","external_links_name":"referenceworks.brillonline.com"},{"Link":"http://www.zeit.de/1979/06/kathedrale-der-gelehrsamkeit","external_links_name":"Kathedrale der Gelehrsamkeit."},{"Link":"https://topostext.org/work.php?work_id=137#3.53","external_links_name":"3.53"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Left_of_the_Balearic_Islands | United Left of the Balearic Islands | ["1 Organization","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Political party
United Left of the Balearic Islands Esquerra Unida de les Illes BalearsGeneral CoordinatorJuan José Martínez RieraFounded1996 (1996)2010 (2010) (refoundation)Merger ofCommunist Party of the Balearic IslandsIzquierda AbiertaRepublican LeftIndependentsSocialist Action Party (1995–2001)HeadquartersPatronat Obrer, 23 baixos. 07006 Palma de MallorcaIdeologySocialismAnti-capitalismCommunismRepublicanismFederalismFeminismPolitical positionLeft-wingNational affiliationUnited LeftIsland Council of Ibiza1 / 13 (Inside the coalition Podemos-Guanyar Eivissa)Websiteeuib.orgPolitics of SpainPolitical partiesElections
United Left of the Balearic Islands (Catalan: Esquerra Unida de les Illes Balears, EUIB) is the Balearic federation of the Spanish left wing political and social movement United Left. Juan José Martínez Riera is the current General Coordinator. The Communist Party of the Balearic Islands (PCIB-PCE, Balearic federation of PCE) is the major member of the coalition.
Organization
EUIB has a structure distributed by islands, although the "island groups" don't have a separate legal personality. The most important are those of Majorca (United Left of Majorca) and Menorca (Left of Menorca).
See also
Communist Party of the Balearic Islands
References
^ Pasos hacia la refundación de la izquierda en Galicia y Baleares. Tercera Información, 07/06/2010.
^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2003). "Balearic Islands/Spain". Archived from the original on 9 February 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ J. Moreda: Juanjo Martínez, nuevo coordinador de EU: «La izquierda no ha estado a la altura tras el 20-D». Última Hora, 23/04/2016.
External links
Official page
vteUnited LeftGeneral Coordinators
Gerardo Iglesias (1986–1989)
Julio Anguita (1989–2000)
Gaspar Llamazares (2000–2008)
Cayo Lara (2008–2016)
Alberto Garzón (2016–2023)
Antonio Maíllo (2024–present)
OrganizationCurrent member parties
Communist Party of Spain (Communist Youth Union of Spain)
Republican Left
The Dawn Marxist Organization
Ecosocialists of the Region of Murcia
Initiative for El Hierro
Former member parties
Feminist Party of Spain
Open Left
Progressive Federation
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain
Socialist Action Party
Carlist Party
Humanist Party
Anti-capitalist Left
Unitarian Candidacy of Workers
Active regional wings
Andalusia
Aragon
Asturias
Balearic Islands
Menorca
Basque Country
Canary Islands
Cantabria
Castile and León
Castilla–La Mancha
Catalonia
Extremadura
Galicia
La Rioja
Madrid
Murcia
Navarre
Valencian Country
Former regional wings
United and Alternative Left (Catalonia)
United Left–Greens (Basque Country)
United Left of the Community of Madrid
Active alliances
Sumar
Andalusia: Por Andalucía
Basque Country: Elkarrekin Podemos
Catalonia: En Comú Podem
Galicia: Sumar Galicia
Navarra: Contigo Navarra
Defunct alliances
Unidas Podemos
Andalusia: Adelante Andalucía
Balearic Islands: Units Podem Més
Catalonia: Catalunya Sí que es Pot
Catalunya en Comú–Podem
Galicia: En Marea
Galicia en Común
Valencian Community: A la valenciana
Federal Assemblies
1st (1989)
2nd (1990)
3rd (1992)
4th (1994)
5th (1997)
6th (2000)
7th (2003)
8th (2004)
9th (2008)
10th (2012)
11th (2016)
12th (2021)
13th (2024)
This article about a political party in Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"Balearic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"left wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"social movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement"},{"link_name":"United Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Left_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"PCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain"}],"text":"United Left of the Balearic Islands (Catalan: Esquerra Unida de les Illes Balears, EUIB) is the Balearic federation of the Spanish left wing political and social movement United Left. Juan José Martínez Riera is the current General Coordinator.[3] The Communist Party of the Balearic Islands (PCIB-PCE, Balearic federation of PCE) is the major member of the coalition.","title":"United Left of the Balearic Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca"},{"link_name":"Menorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorca"},{"link_name":"Left of Menorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_of_Menorca"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"EUIB has a structure distributed by islands, although the \"island groups\" don't have a separate legal personality. The most important are those of Majorca (United Left of Majorca) and Menorca (Left of Menorca).[citation needed]","title":"Organization"}] | [] | [{"title":"Communist Party of the Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Balearic_Islands"}] | [{"reference":"Nordsieck, Wolfram (2003). \"Balearic Islands/Spain\". Archived from the original on 9 February 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050209075139/http://www.parties-and-elections.de/balearic.html","url_text":"\"Balearic Islands/Spain\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://euib.org/","external_links_name":"euib.org"},{"Link":"http://www.tercerainformacion.es/antigua/spip.php?article15859","external_links_name":"Pasos hacia la refundación de la izquierda en Galicia y Baleares."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050209075139/http://www.parties-and-elections.de/balearic.html","external_links_name":"\"Balearic Islands/Spain\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultimahora.es/noticias/local/2016/04/23/189186/juanjo-martinez-nuevo-coordinador-izquierda-estado-altura-tras.html","external_links_name":"Juanjo Martínez, nuevo coordinador de EU: «La izquierda no ha estado a la altura tras el 20-D»"},{"Link":"https://www.esquerraunida.org/","external_links_name":"Official page"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Left_of_the_Balearic_Islands&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_River | Shrewsbury River | ["1 Tributaries","2 Bridges","3 See also","4 External links","5 References"] | Coordinates: 40°20′27″N 74°00′10″W / 40.340741°N 74.002641°W / 40.340741; -74.002641Estuary in New Jersey, United StatesThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Shrewsbury River" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Shrewsbury RiverThe downstream section of the Shrewsbury River, with the Highlands – Sea Bright Bridge and the island of Manhattan in the background.Shrewsbury RiverLocationNew JerseyCoordinates40°20′27″N 74°00′10″W / 40.340741°N 74.002641°W / 40.340741; -74.002641TypeEstuary
The Shrewsbury River is a short stream and navigable estuary. The stream is approximately 8 mi (13 km) long and is located in Monmouth County in Central New Jersey.
It extends east-northeast from its head of navigation at Oceanport to its confluence with the Navesink River estuary, then entering 1 mi (1.6 km) north in a narrow channel to Sandy Hook Bay at Highlands. The south shore runs about the entire length of the northern border of Long Branch. The estuary is protected from the open Atlantic Ocean on its eastern side by a long barrier peninsula that extends north to become Sandy Hook. Jersey Shore resort communities on the peninsula include Monmouth Beach and Sea Bright. On the inner side of the estuary, the bedroom community of Rumson on the end of the peninsula, separating the Shrewsbury and Navesink estuaries, is among the wealthiest communities in the United States.
The estuary provides a popular marina for pleasure craft and recreational fishing. Marine species like Fluke (summer flounder), striped bass, bluefish and weakfish are popular fish targeted by local anglers.
Tributaries
View of the Shrewsbury River, New Jersey by John Frederick Kensett, 1859
Navesink River
Pleasure Bay
Bridges
Capt. Joseph Azzolina Memorial Bridge
Bascule Bridge
Gooseneck Point Bridge
See also
List of New Jersey rivers
Navesink River
Raritan River
Raritan Bay
Lower New York Bay
External links
U.S. Geological Survey: NJ stream gaging stations
Nautical chart of the Shrewsbury River
Marinas:
Anglers Marina
Bakers Landing Marina
Channel Club Marina
Gateway Marina
Long Branch Ice Boat & Yacht Club
Oceanport Landing
Navesink Marina
Patten Point Yacht Club
Pleasure Bay Yacht Basin
References
^ "FACT SHEET - Shewsbury River, New Jersey". New York District Website. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
^ "NJDEP| Bureau of Marine Water Monitoring | North East Reports". dep.nj.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
This Monmouth County, New Jersey state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a river in New Jersey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary"},{"link_name":"Monmouth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Central New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Oceanport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanport,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Navesink River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navesink_River"},{"link_name":"Sandy Hook Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Bay"},{"link_name":"Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Long Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Branch,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"barrier peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_island"},{"link_name":"Sandy Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Jersey Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Shore"},{"link_name":"Monmouth Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Beach,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Sea Bright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Bright,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"bedroom community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedroom_community"},{"link_name":"Rumson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumson,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina"}],"text":"Estuary in New Jersey, United StatesThe Shrewsbury River is a short stream and navigable estuary. The stream is approximately 8 mi (13 km) long and is located in Monmouth County in Central New Jersey.[1]It extends east-northeast from its head of navigation at Oceanport to its confluence with the Navesink River estuary, then entering 1 mi (1.6 km) north in a narrow channel to Sandy Hook Bay at Highlands.[2] The south shore runs about the entire length of the northern border of Long Branch. The estuary is protected from the open Atlantic Ocean on its eastern side by a long barrier peninsula that extends north to become Sandy Hook. Jersey Shore resort communities on the peninsula include Monmouth Beach and Sea Bright. On the inner side of the estuary, the bedroom community of Rumson on the end of the peninsula, separating the Shrewsbury and Navesink estuaries, is among the wealthiest communities in the United States.The estuary provides a popular marina for pleasure craft and recreational fishing. Marine species like Fluke (summer flounder), striped bass, bluefish and weakfish are popular fish targeted by local anglers.","title":"Shrewsbury River"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_F_Kensett_-_View_of_the_Shrewsbury_River,_New_Jersey_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Frederick Kensett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frederick_Kensett"},{"link_name":"Navesink River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navesink_River"},{"link_name":"Pleasure Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure_Bay"}],"text":"View of the Shrewsbury River, New Jersey by John Frederick Kensett, 1859Navesink River\nPleasure Bay","title":"Tributaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capt. Joseph Azzolina Memorial Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands_%E2%80%93_Sea_Bright_Bridge"}],"text":"Capt. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Schumann | Glenn Schumann | ["1 Early life","2 Coaching career","2.1 Alabama","2.2 Georgia","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"] | American football coach (born 1990)
Glenn SchumannCurrent positionTitleDefensive CoordinatorTeamGeorgiaConferenceSECBiographical detailsBorn (1990-03-29) March 29, 1990 (age 34)Valdosta, Georgia, U.S.Alma materAlabama (2011)Coaching career (HC unless noted)2008–2011Alabama (SA)2011–2014Alabama (GA)2016–2018Georgia (ILB)2019–2021Georgia (co-DC/ILB)2022–presentGeorgia (DC/ILB)
Administrative career (AD unless noted)2014–2015Alabama (dir. football pps)
Accomplishments and honorsChampionships
6 National (2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2021, 2022)
Glenn Schumann (born March 29, 1990) is an American football coach who is currently the defensive coordinator for the Georgia Bulldogs.
Early life
Schumann was born on March 29, 1990, to Eric Schumann, a former college football coach and player, and Sherry Schumann, a college athletic director in Valdosta, Georgia. During his childhood, he moved all over the country because of his father's coaching stops at different places. He played both football and basketball at McKinney Boyd High School, where he lettered in both sports. He was part of McKinney Boyd's first ever graduating class.
Coaching career
Alabama
Unlike most collegiate coaches, Schumann did not play college football. Instead, after graduating high school in Texas, Schumann enrolled at Alabama to be a student assistant under legendary coach Nick Saban in 2008. Reflecting on his time as a student assistant, he said that being a student assistant was, “doing anything that was asked of me.” He graduated from Alabama in 2011 with a bachelor's degree in arts and earned a master's in sports management in 2013.
He served as a student assistant from 2008 to 2011, when he graduated. During his time as a student assistant, Alabama won one SEC Championship and one National Championship. After he graduated, he became a graduate assistant under Saban. During his time as an on-field assistant, he worked closely with Saban and defensive coordinator Kirby Smart in installing the defensive gameplan every week. He worked with the outside linebackers during the early part of his stint and switched to working with the secondary for the latter part of his tenure as graduate assistant.
In 2014, he became the director of football operations. His responsibilities at this position included off-the-field activities, player development, helping student-athletes balance athletics and academics, and organizing recruiting efforts.
Georgia
When Kirby Smart was hired away from Alabama to become the head coach at Georgia, he made Schumann his first coaching hire. Speaking about the relationship between Smart and Schumann at Alabama, Smart said Schumann “was my right-hand for four or five years over there.” He was hired as the inside linebackers coach there. This hire also made him the youngest on-field coaching assistant in the SEC. When Roquan Smith, an inside linebacker for Providence at the time, asked Alabama players about Schumann, the Alabama players, “were talking about how much of a guru he was,” Smith said. “Then when I met him and was watching film with him, I was like, ‘Wow, this guy is really that.’”
Schumann coached the aforementioned Smith to winning the Butkus Award, which goes to the nation's best linebacker in 2017. Also in 2017, Georgia won their first SEC Championship since 2005 and advanced to the National Championship, only to lose to his former boss, Nick Saban, and Alabama.
Prior to the 2019 season, defensive coordinator Mel Tucker left to become the head coach at Colorado, so Smart promoted Schumann and outside linebackers coach Dan Lanning to co-defensive coordinators. Georgia's defense in 2019 had the best team defense in the nation, allowing only 12.6 points per game and 276 yards per game. He was part of the Bulldogs' coaching staff that won the National Championship over Alabama in the 2021 season. He won his second championship with Georgia, and sixth overall, when they defeated TCU in the National Championship.
In February 2023, Schumann interviewed for the Philadelphia Eagles' defensive coordinator job. He ultimately decided to remain at Georgia.
Personal life
Schumann and his wife Lauren were married in the summer of 2015. They had a son in September 2019.
References
^ Weiszer, Marc (January 3, 2018). "UGA ILB coach Glenn Schumann 'a part of the process' with both Crimson Tide and Bulldogs". Athens Banner-Herald. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ Poole, Greg (August 11, 2020). "Top Dawgs: Glenn Schumann". Bulldawg Illustrated. Archived from the original on November 18, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ a b c "Glenn Schumann- Football Coach - University of Georgia". Georgia Bulldogs Athletics. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ Gosling, Paul (June 6, 2008). "How far we've come: A night of firsts for McKinney Boyd". Star Local Media. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ Emerson, Seth (January 7, 2018). "From Alabama to Georgia: The Glenn Schumann experience". DawgNation. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ Weiszer, Marc (January 4, 2018). "He's young, but Georgia's Schumann knows his stuff". Tuscaloosa News. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ Tatty, John (January 8, 2018). "Former Alabama defensive guru now helping Kirby Smart at Georgia". AL.com. Archived from the original on November 18, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ Rowe, Jake (April 7, 2016). "Georgia's Glenn Schumann is SEC's youngest on-field assistant". 247 Sports. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ Weiszer, Marc (February 15, 2019). "Lanning promoted to Georgia football defensive coordinator, Schumann co-coordinator". Savannah Morning News. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ Butt, Jason (January 26, 2018). "While Georgia's Glenn Schumann is only 27 years old, players consider him a football 'guru'". Ledger-Enqiuer. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ Towers, Chip (February 15, 2019). "BREAKING: Dan Lanning, Glenn Schumann each get coordinator titles as Georgia reveals staff roles". Dawg Nation. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ "2019 College Football Team Defense". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ Blinder, Alan (January 10, 2022). "How Georgia Beat Alabama to Win College Football's National Championship". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ Witz, Billy (January 9, 2023). "How Georgia Romped Past T.C.U. For a Second Straight Title". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ Tolentino, Josh (February 22, 2023). "Eagles reportedly interview Georgia aide Glenn Schumann for defensive coordinator's job". Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 18, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
^ Frank, Reuben (February 27, 2023). "Another candidate for Eagles' DC job withdraws". NBC Sports Philadelphia. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
External links
Georgia Bulldogs bio Archived January 12, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
vte2009 Alabama Crimson Tide football—consensus national champions
Eryk Anders
Javier Arenas
Mark Barron
James Carpenter
Josh Chapman
Terrence Cody
Marcell Dareus
Luther Davis
Brandon Deaderick
Rob Ezell
D. J. Fluker
Darius Hanks
Jerrell Harris
Dont'a Hightower
Mark Ingram II
Kareem Jackson
Marquis Johnson
Mike Johnson
Nico Johnson
Barrett Jones
Julio Jones
Dre Kirkpatrick
Eddie Lacy
Robert Lester
Marquis Maze
A. J. McCarron
Rolando McClain
Alfred McCullough
Greg McElroy
Kerry Murphy
Kevin Norwood
Colin Peek
Cory Reamer
Trent Richardson
Jeremy Shelley
Brad Smelley
Damion Square
Anthony Steen
Ed Stinson
Leigh Tiffin
Carson Tinker
Courtney Upshaw
William Vlachos
Chance Warmack
Lorenzo Washington
Alex Watkins
Chavis Williams
Michael Williams
Justin Woodall
Head coach
Nick Saban
Assistant coaches
Burton Burns
Curt Cignetti
Scott Cochran
Bo Davis
Mike Groh
Jim McElwain
Kevin Garver
Joe Judge
Joe Pendry
Jeremy Pruitt
Freddie Roach
Rob Sale
Glenn Schumann
Kirby Smart
Sal Sunseri
Bobby Williams
James Willis
vte2011 Alabama Crimson Tide football—consensus national champions
Mark Barron
Leon Brown
Josh Chapman
Ha Ha Clinton-Dix
Trey DePriest
Quinton Dial
Xzavier Dickson
D. J. Fluker
Cade Foster
Jalston Fowler
Darius Hanks
Jerrell Harris
Dee Hart
Dont'a Hightower
Adrian Hubbard
Nico Johnson
Barrett Jones
Christion Jones
Ryan Kelly
Dre Kirkpatrick
Arie Kouandjio
Cyrus Kouandjio
Eddie Lacy
Robert Lester
Cody Mandell
Marquis Maze
A. J. McCarron
Alfred McCullough
DeQuan Menzie
Dee Milliner
C. J. Mosley
Kerry Murphy
Kevin Norwood
Jeoffrey Pagan
Nick Perry
Trent Richardson
Jeremy Shelley
Austin Shepherd
Blake Sims
Phillip Sims
Brad Smelley
Damion Square
Anthony Steen
Ed Stinson
Vinnie Sunseri
Bradley Sylve
Carson Tinker
Courtney Upshaw
William Vlachos
Brian Vogler
Chance Warmack
Jabriel Washington
Alex Watkins
DeAndrew White
Jesse Williams
Michael Williams
Head coach
Nick Saban
Assistant coaches
Derrick Ansley
Burton Burns
Russ Callaway
Scott Cochran
Rob Ezell
Kevin Garver
Mike Groh
Jim McElwain
Billy Napier
Joe Judge
Joe Pannunzio
Jeremy Pruitt
Chris Rumph
Rob Sale
Glenn Schumann
Kevin Sherrer
Kirby Smart
Jeff Stoutland
Sal Sunseri
Bobby Williams
Jody Wright
vte2012 Alabama Crimson Tide football—consensus national champions
Ryan Anderson
Deion Belue
Leon Brown
Ha Ha Clinton-Dix
Landon Collins
Amari Cooper
Trey DePriest
Denzel Devall
Quinton Dial
Xzavier Dickson
Kenyan Drake
D. J. Fluker
Cade Foster
Jalston Fowler
Brandon Greene
Adam Griffith
Dee Hart
Adrian Hubbard
Nico Johnson
Barrett Jones
Christion Jones
Cyrus Jones
Ryan Kelly
Arie Kouandjio
Cyrus Kouandjio
Eddie Lacy
Robert Lester
Cody Mandell
A. J. McCarron
Dee Milliner
C. J. Mosley
Kevin Norwood
Jeoffrey Pagan
Nick Perry
Reggie Ragland
Jeremy Shelley
Austin Shepherd
Blake Sims
Damion Square
Anthony Steen
Ed Stinson
Vinnie Sunseri
Bradley Sylve
Carson Tinker
Dalvin Tomlinson
Brian Vogler
Chance Warmack
Jabriel Washington
DeAndrew White
Jesse Williams
Michael Williams
T. J. Yeldon
Head coach
Nick Saban
Assistant coaches
Burton Burns
Tim Castille
Scott Cochran
Kevin Garver
Mike Groh
Doug Nussmeier
Joe Pannunzio
Jeremy Pruitt
Chris Rumph
Glenn Schumann
Chris Samuels
Kevin Sherrer
Kirby Smart
Jeff Stoutland
John Van Dam
Bobby Williams
John Wozniak
Jody Wright
vte2015 Alabama Crimson Tide football—consensus national champions
Jonathan Allen
Ryan Anderson
Anthony Averett
Blake Barnett
Bradley Bozeman
Tony Brown
Jake Coker
Lester Cotton
Denzel Devall
Kenyan Drake
Rashaan Evans
Minkah Fitzpatrick
Reuben Foster
Robert Foster
Joshua Frazier
Derrick Gore
Brandon Greene
Adam Griffith
Shaun Dion Hamilton
Da'Shawn Hand
Damien Harris
Ronnie Harrison
J. C. Hassenauer
Derrick Henry
Hale Hentges
O. J. Howard
Marlon Humphrey
Eddie Jackson
Anfernee Jennings
Cyrus Jones
Ryan Kelly
Cole Mazza
Jamey Mosley
Christian Miller
Richard Mullaney
Daron Payne
Ross Pierschbacher
Reggie Ragland
Jarran Reed
Calvin Ridley
A'Shawn Robinson
Cam Robinson
Bo Scarbrough
J. K. Scott
Cam Sims
Maurice Smith
ArDarius Stewart
Bradley Sylve
Deionte Thompson
Dalvin Tomlinson
Jabriel Washington
Tim Williams
Head coach
Nick Saban
Assistant coaches
Aazaar Abdul-Rahim
Doug Belk
Burton Burns
Scott Cochran
Keary Colbert
Mario Cristobal
Bo Davis
Rob Ezell
Eric Kiesau
Lane Kiffin
Dan Lanning
Tosh Lupoi
Alex Mortensen
Billy Napier
Freddie Roach
Glenn Schumann
Kirby Smart
Mel Tucker
William Vlachos
Charlie Weis Jr.
Bobby Williams
Jody Wright
vte2021 Georgia Bulldogs football—consensus national champions
Adam Anderson
Robert Beal Jr.
Carson Beck
Stetson Bennett
Brock Bowers
Javon Bullard
Jermaine Burton
Jake Camarda
Jalen Carter
Lewis Cine
James Cook
JT Daniels
Jordan Davis
Nakobe Dean
Jamon Dumas-Johnson
Daijun Edwards
John FitzPatrick
Arik Gilbert
Dan Jackson
Kearis Jackson
Broderick Jones
Derion Kendrick
Kamari Lassiter
Zion Logue
Trezmen Marshall
Warren McClendon
Ladd McConkey
Kenny McIntosh
Mekhi Mews
Kendall Milton
Amarius Mims
Adonai Mitchell
Smael Mondon Jr.
George Pickens
Jack Podlesny
Tate Ratledge
Kelee Ringo
Marcus Rosemy-Jacksaint
Jamaree Salyer
Justin Shaffer
Chris Smith II
Nolan Smith
Tykee Smith
Ameer Speed
Nazir Stackhouse
Channing Tindall
Xavier Truss
Sedrick Van Pran-Granger
Brock Vandagriff
Quay Walker
Travon Walker
Darnell Washington
Zamir White
Devonte Wyatt
Head coach: Kirby Smart
Assistant coaches: Jahmile Addae
Mike Cavan
Scott Cochran
Buster Faulkner
Cortez Hankton
Todd Hartley
John Jancek
Jonas Jennings
Dan Lanning
Matt Luke
Dell McGee
Todd Monken
Will Muschamp
Glenn Schumann
Rashawn Scott
Tray Scott
vte2022 Georgia Bulldogs football—consensus national champions
Bear Alexander
Robert Beal Jr.
Carson Beck
Dillon Bell
Stetson Bennett
Brock Bowers
Javon Bullard
Jalen Carter
Oscar Delp
Jamon Dumas-Johnson
Daijun Edwards
Daylen Everette
Arik Gilbert
Earnest Greene
Dan Jackson
Kearis Jackson
Broderick Jones
Kamari Lassiter
Zion Logue
Trezmen Marshall
Warren McClendon
Ladd McConkey
Kenny McIntosh
Mekhi Mews
Kendall Milton
Amarius Mims
Adonai Mitchell
Smael Mondon Jr.
Jack Podlesny
Tate Ratledge
Kelee Ringo
Branson Robinson
Marcus Rosemy-Jacksaint
Chris Smith II
Nolan Smith
Tykee Smith
Nazir Stackhouse
Malaki Starks
Gunner Stockton
Xavier Truss
Sedrick Van Pran-Granger
Brock Vandagriff
Jalon Walker
Darnell Washington
Mykel Williams
Head coach: Kirby Smart
Assistant coaches: Mike Bobo
Fran Brown
Mike Cavan
Scott Cochran
Buster Faulkner
Todd Hartley
Jonas Jennings
Jarvis Jones
Bryan McClendon
Dell McGee
Todd Monken
Will Muschamp
Glenn Schumann
Tray Scott
Stacy Searels
Chidera Uzo-Diribe | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"defensive coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_coordinator"},{"link_name":"Georgia Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Glenn Schumann (born March 29, 1990) is an American football coach who is currently the defensive coordinator for the Georgia Bulldogs.[1]","title":"Glenn Schumann"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Schumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schumann"},{"link_name":"Valdosta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdosta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"McKinney Boyd High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinney_Boyd_High_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UGA-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Schumann was born on March 29, 1990, to Eric Schumann, a former college football coach and player, and Sherry Schumann, a college athletic director in Valdosta, Georgia.[2] During his childhood, he moved all over the country because of his father's coaching stops at different places. He played both football and basketball at McKinney Boyd High School, where he lettered in both sports.[3] He was part of McKinney Boyd's first ever graduating class.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Nick Saban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Saban"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"graduate assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_assistant"},{"link_name":"defensive coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_coordinator"},{"link_name":"Kirby Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_Smart"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Alabama","text":"Unlike most collegiate coaches, Schumann did not play college football. Instead, after graduating high school in Texas, Schumann enrolled at Alabama to be a student assistant under legendary coach Nick Saban in 2008. Reflecting on his time as a student assistant, he said that being a student assistant was, “doing anything that was asked of me.”[5] He graduated from Alabama in 2011 with a bachelor's degree in arts and earned a master's in sports management in 2013.[6]He served as a student assistant from 2008 to 2011, when he graduated. During his time as a student assistant, Alabama won one SEC Championship and one National Championship. After he graduated, he became a graduate assistant under Saban. During his time as an on-field assistant, he worked closely with Saban and defensive coordinator Kirby Smart in installing the defensive gameplan every week. [7] He worked with the outside linebackers during the early part of his stint and switched to working with the secondary for the latter part of his tenure as graduate assistant.[8]In 2014, he became the director of football operations. His responsibilities at this position included off-the-field activities, player development, helping student-athletes balance athletics and academics, and organizing recruiting efforts.[citation needed]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirby Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_Smart"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"inside linebackers coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker"},{"link_name":"SEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Roquan Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roquan_Smith"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Butkus Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butkus_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UGA-3"},{"link_name":"defensive coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_coordinator"},{"link_name":"Mel Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Tucker"},{"link_name":"head coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_coach"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Buffaloes_football"},{"link_name":"Dan Lanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Lanning"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"TCU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"National Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Georgia","text":"When Kirby Smart was hired away from Alabama to become the head coach at Georgia, he made Schumann his first coaching hire. Speaking about the relationship between Smart and Schumann at Alabama, Smart said Schumann “was my right-hand for four or five years over there.”[9] He was hired as the inside linebackers coach there. This hire also made him the youngest on-field coaching assistant in the SEC. When Roquan Smith, an inside linebacker for Providence at the time, asked Alabama players about Schumann, the Alabama players, “were talking about how much of a guru he was,” Smith said. “Then when I met him and was watching film with him, I was like, ‘Wow, this guy is really that.’”[10]Schumann coached the aforementioned Smith to winning the Butkus Award, which goes to the nation's best linebacker in 2017. Also in 2017, Georgia won their first SEC Championship since 2005 and advanced to the National Championship, only to lose to his former boss, Nick Saban, and Alabama.[3]Prior to the 2019 season, defensive coordinator Mel Tucker left to become the head coach at Colorado, so Smart promoted Schumann and outside linebackers coach Dan Lanning to co-defensive coordinators.[11] Georgia's defense in 2019 had the best team defense in the nation, allowing only 12.6 points per game and 276 yards per game.[12] He was part of the Bulldogs' coaching staff that won the National Championship over Alabama in the 2021 season.[13] He won his second championship with Georgia, and sixth overall, when they defeated TCU in the National Championship.[14]In February 2023, Schumann interviewed for the Philadelphia Eagles' defensive coordinator job.[15] He ultimately decided to remain at Georgia.[16]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UGA-3"}],"text":"Schumann and his wife Lauren were married in the summer of 2015. They had a son in September 2019.[3]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Weiszer, Marc (January 3, 2018). \"UGA ILB coach Glenn Schumann 'a part of the process' with both Crimson Tide and Bulldogs\". Athens Banner-Herald. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onlineathens.com/sports/dogbytes/2018-01-03/uga-ilb-coach-glenn-schumann-part-process-both-crimson-tide-and-bulldogs","url_text":"\"UGA ILB coach Glenn Schumann 'a part of the process' with both Crimson Tide and Bulldogs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180106181736/http://onlineathens.com/sports/dogbytes/2018-01-03/uga-ilb-coach-glenn-schumann-part-process-both-crimson-tide-and-bulldogs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Poole, Greg (August 11, 2020). \"Top Dawgs: Glenn Schumann\". Bulldawg Illustrated. Archived from the original on November 18, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bulldawgillustrated.com/sports/uga-football-2/top-dawgs-glenn-schumann/","url_text":"\"Top Dawgs: Glenn Schumann\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231118164657/https://bulldawgillustrated.com/sports/uga-football-2/top-dawgs-glenn-schumann/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Glenn Schumann- Football Coach - University of Georgia\". Georgia Bulldogs Athletics. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://georgiadogs.com/sports/football/roster/coaches/glenn-schumann/2769","url_text":"\"Glenn Schumann- Football Coach - University of Georgia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230822173657/https://georgiadogs.com/sports/football/roster/coaches/glenn-schumann/2769","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gosling, Paul (June 6, 2008). \"How far we've come: A night of firsts for McKinney Boyd\". Star Local Media. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://starlocalmedia.com/mckinneycouriergazette/news/how-far-weve-come-a-night-of-firsts-for-mckinney-boyd/article_c82344fc-3cfe-55d2-b0cb-5dc89824432d.html","url_text":"\"How far we've come: A night of firsts for McKinney Boyd\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230822200053/https://starlocalmedia.com/mckinneycouriergazette/news/how-far-weve-come-a-night-of-firsts-for-mckinney-boyd/article_c82344fc-3cfe-55d2-b0cb-5dc89824432d.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Emerson, Seth (January 7, 2018). \"From Alabama to Georgia: The Glenn Schumann experience\". DawgNation. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023. 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Retrieved January 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/sports/2018/01/former_alabama_defensive_guru.html","url_text":"\"Former Alabama defensive guru now helping Kirby Smart at Georgia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231118164136/https://www.al.com/sports/2018/01/former_alabama_defensive_guru.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rowe, Jake (April 7, 2016). \"Georgia's Glenn Schumann is SEC's youngest on-field assistant\". 247 Sports. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. 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Retrieved January 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.savannahnow.com/sports/20190215/lanning-promoted-to-georgia-football-defensive-coordinator-schumann-co-coordinator","url_text":"\"Lanning promoted to Georgia football defensive coordinator, Schumann co-coordinator\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201027101657/https://www.savannahnow.com/sports/20190215/lanning-promoted-to-georgia-football-defensive-coordinator-schumann-co-coordinator","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Butt, Jason (January 26, 2018). \"While Georgia's Glenn Schumann is only 27 years old, players consider him a football 'guru'\". Ledger-Enqiuer. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved January 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ledger-enquirer.com/sports/college/sec/university-of-georgia/bulldogs-blog/article193432954.html","url_text":"\"While Georgia's Glenn Schumann is only 27 years old, players consider him a football 'guru'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201027063310/https://www.ledger-enquirer.com/sports/college/sec/university-of-georgia/bulldogs-blog/article193432954.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Towers, Chip (February 15, 2019). \"BREAKING: Dan Lanning, Glenn Schumann each get coordinator titles as Georgia reveals staff roles\". Dawg Nation. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawgnation.com/football/breaking-dan-lanning-glenn-schumann-named-co-coordinators-as-several-georgia-releases-new-staff-roles","url_text":"\"BREAKING: Dan Lanning, Glenn Schumann each get coordinator titles as Georgia reveals staff roles\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230822173659/https://www.dawgnation.com/football/breaking-dan-lanning-glenn-schumann-named-co-coordinators-as-several-georgia-releases-new-staff-roles/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 College Football Team Defense\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrophenia | Quadrophenia | ["1 Plot","2 Background","3 Recording","4 Release","5 Reception","6 Live performances","6.1 1973–1974 tour","6.2 1996–1997 tour","6.3 2010s tours","7 Adaptations","7.1 Film","7.2 Other productions","8 Track listing","8.1 Original release","8.2 Quadrophenia: The Director's Cut track listing","9 Personnel","10 Charts","10.1 Weekly charts","10.2 Year-end charts","11 Certifications","12 Notes","13 References","13.1 Sources","14 Further reading","15 External links"] | This article is about The Who's studio album. For the 1979 film, see Quadrophenia (film). For other uses, see Quadrophenia (disambiguation).
"I Am the Sea" redirects here. For the Wiley song, see See Clear Now.
1973 studio album by the WhoQuadropheniaStudio album by the WhoReleased26 October 1973 (1973-10-26)Recorded
May–June 1972
May–September 1973
StudioOlympic, Ramport and Ronnie Lane's Mobile Studio, LondonGenre
Hard rock
art rock
Length81:42LabelPolydor/Track (UK)Track/MCA (US)ProducerThe WhoThe Who chronology
Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy(1971)
Quadrophenia(1973)
Odds & Sods(1974)
Singles from Quadrophenia
"5:15"Released: October 1973 (UK)
"Love, Reign o'er Me"Released: October 1973 (US)
"The Real Me"Released: January 1974
Quadrophenia is the sixth studio album by the English rock band the Who, released as a double album on 26 October 1973 by Track Records. It is the group's third rock opera, the previous two being the "mini-opera" song "A Quick One, While He's Away" (1966) and the album Tommy (1969). Set in London and Brighton in 1965, the story follows a young mod named Jimmy and his search for self-worth and importance. Quadrophenia is the only Who album entirely written & composed by Pete Townshend.
The group started work on the album in 1972 in an attempt to follow up Tommy and Who's Next (1971), both of which had achieved substantial critical and commercial success. Recording was delayed while bassist John Entwistle and singer Roger Daltrey recorded solo albums and drummer Keith Moon worked on films. Because a new studio was not finished in time, the group had to use Ronnie Lane's Mobile Studio. The album makes significant use of Townshend's multi-track synthesizers and sound effects, as well as Entwistle's layered horn parts. Relationships between the group and manager Kit Lambert broke down irretrievably during recording and Lambert had left the band's service by the time the album was released.
Quadrophenia was released to a positive reception in both the UK and the US, but the resulting tour was marred with problems with backing tapes replacing the additional instruments on the album, and the stage piece was retired in early 1974. It was revived in 1996 with a larger ensemble, and a further tour took place in 2012. The album made a positive impact on the mod revival movement of the late 1970s, and the resulting 1979 film adaptation was successful. The album has been reissued on compact disc several times, and seen several remixes that corrected some perceived flaws in the original release.
Plot
The second half of Quadrophenia takes place on and around Brighton Beach.
The original release of Quadrophenia came with a set of recording notes for reviewers and journalists that explained the basic story and plot.
The narrative centres on a young lower-class mod named Jimmy. He likes drugs, beach fights and romance, and becomes a fan of the Who after a concert in Brighton, but is disillusioned by his parents' attitude towards him, dead-end jobs and an unsuccessful trip to see a psychiatrist. He clashes with his parents over his usage of amphetamines, and has difficulty finding regular work and doubts his own self-worth, quitting a job as a dustman after only two days. Though he is happy to be "one" of the mods, he struggles to keep up with his peers, and his girlfriend leaves him for his best friend.
After destroying his scooter and contemplating suicide, he decides to take a train to Brighton, where he had enjoyed earlier experiences with fellow mods. However, he discovers the "Ace Face" who led the gang now has a menial job as a bellboy in a hotel. He feels everything in his life has rejected him, steals a boat, and uses it to sail out to a rock overlooking the sea. On the rock and stuck in the rain, he contemplates his life. The ending is left ambiguous as to what happens to Jimmy.
Background
1972 was the least active year for the Who since they had formed. The group had achieved great commercial and critical success with the albums Tommy and Who's Next, but were struggling to come up with a suitable follow-up. The group recorded new material with Who's Next collaborator Glyn Johns in May 1972, including "Is It in My Head" and "Love Reign O'er Me" which were eventually released on Quadrophenia, and a mini-opera called "Long Live Rock – Rock Is Dead", but the material was considered too derivative of Who's Next and sessions were abandoned. In an interview for Melody Maker, guitarist and bandleader Pete Townshend said "I've got to get a new act together… People don't really want to sit and listen to all our past". He had become frustrated that the group had been unable to produce a film of Tommy (a film version of Tommy would be released in 1975) or Lifehouse (the abortive project that resulted in Who's Next), and decided to follow Frank Zappa's idea of producing a musical soundtrack that could produce a narrative in the same way as a film. Unlike Tommy, the new work had to be grounded in reality and tell a story of youth and adolescence that the audience could relate to.
Townshend became inspired by "Long Live Rock – Rock Is Dead"'s theme and in autumn 1972 began writing material, while the group put out unreleased recordings including "Join Together" and "Relay" to keep themselves in the public eye. In the meantime, bassist John Entwistle released his second solo album, Whistle Rymes, singer Roger Daltrey worked on solo material, and Keith Moon featured as a drummer in the film That'll Be the Day. Townshend had met up with "Irish" Jack Lyons, one of the original Who fans, which gave him the idea of writing a piece that would look back on the group's history and its audience. He created the character of Jimmy from an amalgamation of six early fans of the group, including Lyons, and gave the character a four-way split personality, which led to the album's title (a play on schizophrenia). Unlike other Who albums, Townshend insisted on composing the entire work, though he deliberately made the initial demos sparse and incomplete so that the other group members could contribute to the finished arrangement.
Work was interrupted for most of 1972 in order to work on Lou Reizner's orchestral version of Tommy. Daltrey finished his first solo album, which included the hit single "Giving It All Away", fueling rumours of a split in the press. Things were not helped by Daltrey discovering that managers Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp had large sums of money unaccounted for, and suggested they should be fired, which Townshend resisted.
Recording
Pete Townshend used the ARP 2500 synthesizer extensively on Quadrophenia, and several tracks include the instrument overdubbed many times.
In order to do justice to the recording of Quadrophenia, the group decided to build their own studio, Ramport Studios in Battersea. Work started on building Ramport in November 1972, but five months later it still lacked an adequate mixing desk that could handle recording Quadrophenia. Instead, Townshend's friend Ronnie Lane, bassist for Faces, loaned his mobile studio for the sessions. Lambert ostensibly began producing the album in May, but missed recording sessions and generally lacked discipline. By mid-1973, Daltrey demanded that Lambert leave the Who's services. The band recruited engineer Ron Nevison, who had worked with Townshend's associate John Alcock, to assist with engineering.
To illustrate the four-way split personality of Jimmy, Townshend wrote four themes, reflecting the four members of the Who. These were "Bell Boy" (Moon), "Is It Me?" (Entwistle), "Helpless Dancer" (Daltrey) and "Love Reign O'er Me" (Townshend). Two lengthy instrumentals on the album, the title track and "The Rock" contain the four themes, separately and together. The instrumentals were not demoed but built up in the studio. Who author John Atkins described the instrumental tracks as "the most ambitious and intricate music the group ever undertook."
Most tracks involved each of the group recording their parts separately; unlike earlier albums, Townshend had left space in his demos for other band members to contribute, though most of the synthesizers on the finished album came from his ARP 2500 synthesizer and were recorded at home. The only song arranged by the band in the studio was "5:15". According to Nevison, the ARP 2500 was impossible to record in the studio, and changing sounds was cumbersome due to a lack of patches, which required Townshend to work on these parts at home, working late into the night. To obtain a good string section sound on the album, Townshend bought a cello and over two weeks learned how to play it well enough to be recorded.
Townshend recorded the whistle of a diesel train near his home in Goring-on-Thames as one of the album's sound effects.
Entwistle recorded his bass part to "The Real Me" in one take on a Gibson Thunderbird and spent several weeks during the summer arranging and recording numerous multi-tracked horn parts. Having been forced to play more straightforwardly by Johns on Who's Next, Moon returned to his established drumming style on Quadrophenia. He contributed lead vocals to "Bell Boy", where he deliberately showcased an exaggerated narrative style. For the finale of "Love, Reign O'er Me", Townshend and Nevison set up a large group of percussion instruments, which Moon played before kicking over a set of tubular bells, which can be heard on the final mix.
During the album production, Townshend made many field recordings with a portable reel-to-reel recorder. These included waves washing on a Cornish beach and the doppler whistle of a diesel train recorded near Townshend's house at Goring-on-Thames. The ending of "The Dirty Jobs" includes a musical excerpt from The Thunderer, a march by John Philip Sousa, which Nevison recorded while watching a brass band play in Regent's Park. Assembling the field recordings in the studio was problematic; at one point, during "I Am the Sea", nine tape machines were running sound effects. According to Nevison, Townshend produced the album single-handedly, adding that "everything started when Pete got there, and everything finished when Pete left". Townshend began mixing the album in August at his home studio in Goring along with Nevison.
Release
The album was preceded by the single "5:15" in the UK, which benefited from a live appearance on Top of the Pops on 4 October 1973 and was released the next day. It reached No. 20 in the charts. In the US, "Love Reign O'er Me" was chosen as the lead single.
Quadrophenia was originally released in North America on 26 October and in the UK on 29 October, but fans found it difficult to find a copy due to a shortage of vinyl caused by the OPEC oil embargo. In the UK, Quadrophenia reached No. 2, being held off the top spot by David Bowie's Pin Ups. The album reached No. 2 on the US Billboard chart, the highest position of any Who album in that country, being kept from No. 1 by Elton John's Goodbye Yellow Brick Road.
The album was originally released as a two-LP set with a gatefold jacket and a booklet containing lyrics, a text version of the story, and photographs taken by Ethan Russell illustrating it. MCA Records re-released the album as a two-CD set in 1985 with the lyrics and text storyline on a thin fold-up sheet but none of the photographs. The album was reissued as a remastered CD in 1996, featuring a reproduction of the original album artwork. The original mix had been criticised in particular for Daltrey's vocals being buried, so the 1996 CD was completely remixed by Jon Astley and Andy Macpherson.
In 2011, Townshend and longtime Who engineer Bob Pridden remixed the album, resulting in a deluxe five-disc box set. Unlike earlier reissues, this set contains two discs of demos, including some songs that were dropped from the final running order of the album, and a selection of songs in 5.1 surround sound. The box set came with a 100-page book including an essay by Townshend about the album sessions, with photos. At the same time, the standard two-CD version was re-released with a selection of the demos as bonus content; some Disc Two tracks were moved to Disc One to accommodate space for these demos. In 2014, the album was released on Blu-ray Audio featuring a brand-new remix of the entire album by Townshend and Pridden in 5.1 surround sound as well the 2011 Deluxe Edition stereo remix and the original 1973 stereo LP mix.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicChristgau's Record GuideA−Clash10/10Digital SpyThe Encyclopedia of Popular MusicMusicHound Rock4/5The Rolling Stone Album GuideTom Hull – on the WebB
Critical reaction to Quadrophenia was positive. Melody Maker's Chris Welch wrote "rarely have a group succeeded in distilling their essence and embracing a motif as convincingly", while Charles Shaar Murray described the album in New Musical Express as the "most rewarding musical experience of the year". Reaction in the US was generally positive, though Dave Marsh, writing in Creem gave a more critical response. Lenny Kaye, wrote in Rolling Stone that "the Who as a whole have never sounded better" but added, "on its own terms, Quadrophenia falls short of the mark". In a year-end top albums list for Newsday, Robert Christgau ranked it seventh, and found it exemplary of how 1973's best records "fail to reward casual attention. They demand concentration, just like museum and textbook art."
Retrospective reviews were also positive. Writing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Christgau regarded Quadrophenia as more of an opera than Tommy, possessing a brilliantly written albeit confusing plot, jarring but melodic music, and compassionate lyrics about "Everykid as heroic fuckup, smart enough to have a good idea of what's being done to him and so sensitive he gets pushed right out to the edge anyway". Chris Jones, writing for BBC Music, said "everything great about the Who is contained herein." In 2013, Billboard, reviewing the album for its 40th anniversary, said: "Filled with performances packed with life and depth and personality, Quadrophenia is 90 minutes of the Who at its very best." The album has sold 1 million copies and has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. In 2000 Q magazine placed Quadrophenia at No. 56 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever. The album has been ranked at No. 267 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. It is also ranked at No. 86 on VH1's list of the 100 greatest albums of all time.
Townshend now considers Quadrophenia to be the last great album that the Who recorded. In 2011, he said the group "never recorded anything that was so ambitious or audacious again", and implied that it was the last album to feature good playing by Keith Moon.
Live performances
1973–1974 tour
The band toured in support of Quadrophenia but immediately encountered difficulties playing the material live. To achieve the rich overdubbed sound of the album on stage, Townshend wanted Chris Stainton (who had played piano on some tracks) to join as a touring member. Daltrey objected to this and believed the Who's performances should only have the four core members. To obtain the required instrumentation without additional musicians, the group elected to employ taped backing tracks for live performance, as they had already done for "Baba O'Riley" and "Won't Get Fooled Again". Initial performances were plagued by malfunctioning equipment. Once the tapes started, the band had to play to them, which constrained their styles. Moon, in particular, found playing Quadrophenia difficult as he was forced to stick to a click track instead of watching the rest of the band. The group only allowed two days of rehearsals with the tapes before touring, one of which was abandoned after Daltrey punched Townshend following an argument.
The tour started on 28 October 1973. The original plan had been to play most of the album, but after the first gig at Stoke-on-Trent, the band dropped "The Dirty Jobs", "Is It in My Head" and "I've Had Enough" from the set. Both Daltrey and Townshend felt they had to describe the plot in detail to the audience, which took up valuable time on stage. A few shows later in Newcastle upon Tyne, the backing tapes to "5:15" came in late. Townshend stopped the show, grabbed Pridden, who was controlling the mixing desk, and dragged him onstage, shouting obscenities at him. Townshend subsequently picked up some of the tapes and threw them over the stage, kicked his amplifier over, and walked off. The band returned 20 minutes later, playing older material. Townshend and Moon appeared on local television the following day and attempted to brush things off. The Who played two other shows in Newcastle without incident.
The US tour started on 20 November at the Cow Palace in San Francisco. The group were nervous about playing Quadrophenia after the British tour, especially Moon. Before the show, he was offered some tranquillisers from a fan. Just after the show started, the fan collapsed and was hospitalised. Moon's playing, meanwhile, became incredibly erratic, particularly during Quadrophenia where he did not seem to be able to keep time with the backing tapes. Towards the end of the show, during "Won't Get Fooled Again", he passed out over his drumkit. After a 20-minute wait, Moon reappeared onstage, but after a few bars of "Magic Bus", collapsed again, and was immediately taken to hospital. Scot Halpin, an audience member, convinced promoter Bill Graham to let him play drums, and the group closed the show with him. Moon had a day to recover, and by the next show at the Los Angeles Forum, was playing at his usual strength. The group began to get used to the backing tapes, and the remainder of gigs for the US tour were successful.
The tour continued in February 1974, with a short series of gigs in France. The final show at the Palais de Sports in Lyon on the 24th was the last time Quadrophenia was played as a stage piece with Moon, who died in 1978. Townshend later said that Daltrey "ended up hating Quadrophenia – probably because it had bitten back". However, a small selection of songs remained in the set list; live performances of "Drowned" and "Bell Boy" filmed at Charlton Athletic football ground on 18 May were later released on the 30 Years of Maximum R&B box set.
1996–1997 tour
In June 1996, Daltrey, Townshend and Entwistle revived Quadrophenia as a live concert. They performed at Hyde Park, London as part of the Prince's Trust "Masters of Music" benefit concert, playing most of the album for the first time since 1974. The concert was not billed as the Who, but credited to the three members individually. The performance also included Gary Glitter as the Godfather, Phil Daniels as the Narrator and Jimmy, Trevor MacDonald as the newsreader, Adrian Edmondson as the Bell Boy and Stephen Fry as the hotel manager. The musical lineup included Townshend's brother Simon, Zak Starkey on drums (his first appearance with the Who), guitarists David Gilmour (who played the bus driver) and Geoff Whitehorn, keyboardists John "Rabbit" Bundrick and Jon Carin, percussionist Jody Linscott, Billy Nicholls leading a two-man/two-woman backing vocal section, and five brass players. During rehearsals, Daltrey was struck in the face by Glitter's microphone stand, and performed the concert wearing an eyepatch.
A subsequent tour of the US and UK followed, employing most of the same players but with Billy Idol replacing Edmondson, Simon Townshend replacing Gilmour and P. J. Proby replacing Glitter during the second half of the tour. 85,000 fans saw the ensemble perform Quadrophenia at Madison Square Garden over six nights in July 1996. A recording from the tour was subsequently released in 2005 as part of Tommy and Quadrophenia Live.
2010s tours
The Who performed Quadrophenia at the Royal Albert Hall on 30 March 2010 as part of the Teenage Cancer Trust series of ten gigs. This one-off performance of the rock opera featured guest appearances from Pearl Jam's Eddie Vedder and Kasabian's Tom Meighan.
In November 2012, the Who started a U.S. tour of Quadrophenia, dubbed "Quadrophenia and More". The group played the entire album without any guest singers or announcements with the then regular Who line-up (including Starkey and bassist Pino Palladino, who replaced Entwistle following his death in 2002) along with five additional musicians. The tour included additional video performances, including Moon singing "Bell Boy" from 1974 and Entwistle's bass solo in "5:15" from 2000. After Starkey injured his wrist, session drummer Scott Devours replaced him for part of the tour with minimal rehearsal. The tour progressed, with Devours drumming, to the UK in 2013, ending in a performance at Wembley Arena in July.
In September 2017, Townshend embarked on a short tour with Billy Idol, Alfie Boe, and an orchestra entitled "Classic Quadrophenia".
Adaptations
Film
Main article: Quadrophenia (film)
Quadrophenia was revived for a film version in 1979, directed by Franc Roddam. The film attempted to portray an accurate visual interpretation of Townshend's vision of Jimmy and his surroundings, and included Phil Daniels as Jimmy and Sting as the Ace Face. Unlike the Tommy film, the music was largely relegated to the background, and was not performed by the cast as in a rock opera. The film soundtrack included three additional songs written by Townshend, which were Kenney Jones' first recordings as an official member of the Who. The film was a commercial and critical success, as it conveniently coincided with the mod revival movement of the late 1970s.
Other productions
Main article: Quadrophenia (musical)There have been several amateur productions of a Quadrophenia musical. In 2007, the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama performed a musical based on the original album at the Sherman Theatre, Cardiff, featuring a cast of 12 backed by an 11-piece band.
In October 1995, the rock group Phish, with an additional four-man horn section, performed Quadrophenia in its entirety as their second Halloween musical costume at the Rosemont Horizon in the Chicago suburb of Rosemont, Illinois. The recording was later released as a part of Live Phish Volume 14. The band also covered the tracks "Drowned" and "Sea and Sand" on their live album New Year's Eve 1995 – Live at Madison Square Garden.
In June 2015, Townshend produced an orchestral version of the album entitled Classic Quadrophenia. The album was orchestrated by his partner Rachel Fuller and conducted by Robert Ziegler, with instrumentation provided by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Tenor Alfie Boe sang the lead role, supported by the London Oriana Choir, Billy Idol, Phil Daniels, and Townshend.
Track listing
Original release
All tracks are written by Pete TownshendSide oneNo.TitleLead vocalLength1."I Am the Sea"Roger Daltrey2:092."The Real Me"Daltrey3:213."Quadrophenia"(instrumental)6:144."Cut My Hair"Pete Townshend (verses), Daltrey (chorus)3:455."The Punk and the Godfather"Daltrey (verses and chorus), Townshend (bridge)5:11Total length:20:40
Track 5 is titled "The Punk Meets the Godfather" on the American version
Side twoNo.TitleLead vocalLength1."I'm One" (At least)Townshend2:382."The Dirty Jobs"Daltrey4:303."Helpless Dancer" (Roger's theme)Daltrey2:344."Is It in My Head?"Daltrey (verses, bridge), John Entwistle (chorus)3:445."I've Had Enough"Daltrey and Townshend6:15Total length:19:41
Track 3 includes the intro to "The Kids Are Alright" from My Generation
Side threeNo.TitleLead vocalLength1."5:15"Daltrey, Townshend (intro and coda)5:012."Sea and Sand"Daltrey and Townshend5:023."Drowned"Daltrey5:284."Bell Boy" (Keith's theme)Daltrey and Keith Moon4:56Total length:20:27
Side fourNo.TitleLead vocalLength1."Doctor Jimmy" (Including John's theme, "Is It Me?”)Daltrey8:372."The Rock"(instrumental)6:383."Love, Reign o'er Me" (Pete's theme)Daltrey5:49Total length:21:04
Quadrophenia: The Director's Cut track listing
CD three: The DemosNo.TitleRecording dateLength1."The Real Me"written and recorded in October 19724:242."Quadrophenia – Four Overtures"in 19736:203."Cut My Hair"written in June 19723:284."Fill No. 1 – Get Out and Stay Out"12 November 19721:225."Quadrophenic – Four Faces"in July 19724:026."We Close Tonight"in July 19722:417."You Came Back"in July 19723:168."Get Inside"written in April 19723:099."Joker James"in July 19723:4110."Ambition"written early in 19720:0011."Punk"18 November 19724:5612."I'm One"15 November 19722:3713."Dirty Jobs"25 July 19723:4514."Helpless Dancer"in 19732:16Total length:43:38
CD four: The DemosNo.TitleRecording dateLength1."Is It in My Head?"30 April 19724:122."Anymore"listed as recorded on 10 November 1971, but probably a misprint; actual year would have been 19723:193."I've Had Enough"written and recorded on 17 December 19726:214."Fill No. 2"12 November 19721:305."Wizardry"in August 19723:106."Sea and Sand"written and recorded on 1 November 19724:137."Drowned"in March 19704:148."Is It Me?"20 March 19734:379."Bell Boy"3 March 19735:0310."Doctor Jimmy"27 July 19727:2811."Finale – The Rock"between 25 March and 1 May 19737:5712."Love Reign O'er Me"10 May 19725:10Total length:57:14
Personnel
Taken from the sleeve notes:
The Who
John Entwistle – bass guitar, brass/horns, backing vocals, co-lead vocals on 'Is It in My Head?'
Roger Daltrey – lead vocals (except 'Quadrophenia' (instrumental), 'I'm One' (Townshend) and 'The Rock' (Instrumental)), co-lead vocals on 'Cut My Hair'
Keith Moon – drums, percussion, co-lead vocals on 'Bell Boy'
Pete Townshend – guitars, keyboards, banjo on 'I've Had Enough', cello, backing vocals, lead vocals on 'Cut My Hair' and 'I'm One', co-lead vocals on 'The Punk and The Godfather', 'I've Had Enough' '5:15', and 'Sea and Sand'
Additional musicians
Jon Curle – newsreader voice on "Cut My Hair"
Chris Stainton – piano on "The Dirty Jobs", "5:15", and "Drowned"
Production
The Who – production
Kit Lambert – pre-production, executive production
Pete Townshend – pre-production, sound effects
Chris Stamp – executive production
Pete Kameron – executive production
Ron Nevison – engineering, special effects
Ron Fawcus – mixing continuity, engineering assistance
Bob Pridden – studio earphone
Rod Houison – special effects
Graham Hughes – front cover design and photography
Ethan Russell – art direction, insert photography
Jon Astley – remixing (1996 reissue)
Bob Ludwig – remastering (1996 reissue)
Richard Evans – design and art direction (1996 reissue and 2011 super deluxe edition)
Charts
Weekly charts
1973–1974 weekly chart performance for Quadrophenia
Chart (1973–1974)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)
7
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
4
Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)
2
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
7
Italian Albums (Musica e Dischi)
12
UK Albums (OCC)
2
US Billboard 200
2
2011 weekly chart performance for Quadrophenia
Chart (2011)
Peakposition
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
87
2014 weekly chart performance for Quadrophenia
Chart (2014)
Peakposition
Italian Albums (FIMI)
60
Year-end charts
1974 year-end chart performance for Quadrophenia
Chart (1974)
Position
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
25
Certifications
Certifications for Quadrophenia
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Canada (Music Canada)
Platinum
100,000^
France (SNEP)
Gold
100,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)
Gold
100,000^
United States (RIAA)
Platinum
1,000,000^
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Notes
^ Ironically, Pin Ups contained cover versions of the Who songs "I Can't Explain" and "Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere".
References
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^ Fletcher 1998, p. 369.
^ Neill & Kent 2002, p. 346.
^ Neill & Kent 2002, pp. 351–352.
^ McMichael & Lyons 2011, pp. 820–821.
^ McMichael & Lyons 2011, p. 822.
^ McMichael & Lyons 2011, p. 823.
^ "Tommy and Quadrophenia: Live". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
^ McCormick, Neil (31 March 2010). "The Who: Quadrophenia at the Royal Albert Hall, review". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
^ Greene, Andy (15 November 2012). "The Who Stage 'Quadrophenia' at Triumphant Brooklyn Concert". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
^ Wolff, Sander (9 July 2013). "Scott Devours: From Here to the Who". Long Beach Post. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
^ Wolff, Sander (10 July 2013). "Scott Devours: From Here to the Who – Part 2". Long Beach Post. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
^ Wolff, Sander (12 July 2013). "Scott Devours: From Here to the Who – Part 3". Long Beach Post. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
^ McCormick, Neil (24 June 2014). "The Who: Quadrophenia Live in London – The Sea and the Sand – exclusive footage". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
^ "Pete Townshend's Classic Quadrophenia With Billy Idol Announces U.S. Tour Dates (by Michael Gallucci)". ultimateclassicrock.com. 6 June 2017. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
^ "Pete Townshend Plots Short 'Classic Quadrophenia' Tour – Townshend will revisit the Who's famous double album with an orchestra to reach "classical and pop music lovers alike" (by Elias Leight)". rollingstone.com. 6 June 2017. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
^ Fletcher 1998, p. 535.
^ Rayl, Salley; Henke, James (28 December 1978). "Kenny Jones Joins The Who". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
^ Marsh 1983, p. 510.
^ "Quadrophenia gets a Mod-ern staging". Wales Online. 10 July 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
^ McKeough, Kevin (1 November 1995). "Phish Does The Who". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
^ "Live Phish, Vol. 14 – Phish". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 4 March 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
^ "Live at Madison Square Garden New Year's Eve 1995". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
^ "Pete Townshend announces classic Quadrophenia". The Who (official website). December 2014. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
^ Quadrophenia (Media notes). Track Records. 1973. 2657 013.
^ Quadrophenia (CD reissue) (Media notes). Polydor. 1996. 531 971-2.
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
^ "Austriancharts.at – The Who – Quadrophenia" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 4976a". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – The Who – Quadrophenia" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
^ "Classifiche". Musica e Dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 27 May 2022. Set "Tipo" on "Album". Then, in the "Artista" field, search "Who".
^ "The Who | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
^ "The Who Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Who – Quadrophenia" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
^ "Italiancharts.com – The Who – Quadrophenia". Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
^ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. 1974. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
^ "The Who / Roger Daltrey: A 'Platinum' Sales award for the album Quadrophenia". 18 March 2023.
^ "French album certifications – The Who" (in French). InfoDisc. Select THE WHO and click OK.
^ "British album certifications – The Who – Quadrophenia". British Phonographic Industry.
^ "American album certifications – The Who – Quadrophenia". Recording Industry Association of America.
Sources
Atkins, John (2000). The Who on Record: A Critical History, 1963–1998. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0609-8.
Fletcher, Tony (1998). Dear Boy: The Life of Keith Moon. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84449-807-9.
Marsh, Dave (1983). Before I Get Old: The Story of The Who. Plexus. ISBN 978-0-85965-083-0.
McMichael, Joe; Lyons, Jack (2011). The Who: Concert File. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-737-2.
Neill, Andrew; Kent, Matthew (2002). Anyway Anyhow Anywhere – The Complete Chronicle of The Who. Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-1217-3.
Unterberger, Richie (2011). Won't Get Fooled Again: The Who from Lifehouse to Quadrophenia. Jawbone Press. ISBN 978-1-906002-75-6.
Further reading
Hughes, Rob (26 October 2016). "The Who: How We Made Quadrophenia". Classic Rock magazine. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
External links
Quadrophenia at Discogs (list of releases)
Liner Notes – Quadrophenia – fan site
vteQuadropheniaThe WhoSongs
"The Real Me"
"Cut My Hair"
"The Punk and the Godfather"
"I'm One"
"5:15"
"Sea and Sand"
"Drowned"
"Bell Boy"
"Love, Reign o'er Me"
Adaptations
Quadrophenia (film)
Quadrophenia (film soundtrack)
Quadrophenia (musical)
Live albums w/majority ofQuadrophenia
Quadrophenia Live in London
Tommy and Quadrophenia Live
Supporting tours
The Who Tour 1973
The Who Tour 1974
My Generation
A Quick One
The Who Sell Out
Tommy
Who's Next
Quadrophenia
The Who by Numbers
Who Are You
Face Dances
It's Hard
Endless Wire
WHO
vteThe Who
Roger Daltrey
Pete Townshend
John Entwistle
Keith Moon
Doug Sandom
Kenney Jones
Studio albums
My Generation / The Who Sings My Generation
A Quick One / Happy Jack
The Who Sell Out
Tommy
Who's Next
Quadrophenia
The Who by Numbers
Who Are You
Face Dances
It's Hard
Endless Wire
Who
Live albums
Live at Leeds
Who's Last
Join Together
Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970
BBC Sessions
Blues to the Bush
Live at the Royal Albert Hall
Live from Toronto
View from a Backstage Pass
Greatest Hits Live
Live at Hull 1970
Quadrophenia Live in London
Live at the Fillmore East 1968
Compilations
Magic Bus: The Who on Tour
Direct Hits
Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy
Odds & Sods
The Story of The Who
Phases
Hooligans
Who's Greatest Hits
Rarities Volume I & Volume II
The Singles
The Who Collection
Who's Missing
Two's Missing
Who's Better, Who's Best
Thirty Years of Maximum R&B
My Generation: The Very Best of The Who
Encore Series
The Ultimate Collection
Then and Now
The 1st Singles Box
Greatest Hits
The Who Hits 50!
Extended plays
Ready Steady Who
Won't Get Fooled Again
Wire & Glass
Soundtracks
Tommy
The Kids Are Alright
Quadrophenia
Amazing Journey: The Story of The Who
Filmography
Tommy
The Kids Are Alright
Quadrophenia
Who's Better, Who's Best
Thirty Years of Maximum R&B Live
Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970
The Who & Special Guests: Live at the Royal Albert Hall
The Who Special Edition EP
Live in Boston
Tommy and Quadrophenia Live
The Vegas Job
Amazing Journey: The Story of The Who
The Who at Kilburn: 1977
Quadrophenia Live in London
Lambert & Stamp
Discographies
The Who
Roger Daltrey
Pete Townshend
John Entwistle
Keith Moon
Tours andperformances
1962–1963 performances
Tommy Tour
The Who by Numbers Tour
1979 tour (1979 Cincinnati human crush)
1980 tour
2000 tour
2001 The Concert for New York City appearance
2003 The 46664 Concert appearance
2006–2007 tour
Quadrophenia and More
The Who Hits 50!
Back to the Who Tour 51!
2017 Tommy & More
Moving On! Tour
Members
Mitch Mitchell
Julian Covey
Chris Townson
Scot Halpin
John "Rabbit" Bundrick
Tim Gorman
Steve "Boltz" Bolton
Simon Phillips
Jon Carin
Steve White
Brian Kehew
J. J. Blair
Danny Thompson
Simon Townshend
Jon Button
Loren Gold
Frank Simes
J. Greg Miller
Pino Palladino
Reggie Grisham
Morgan Nicholls
Chris Stainton
Scott Devours
Zak Starkey
Associated places
Ashdown House, Oxfordshire
Chapel House, Twickenham
Holmshurst Manor
Quarwood
Ramport Studios
Shepperton Studios
Tara, Chertsey
The Wick
Related
Songs
Awards and nominations
Band members
Musical equipment
The Boy Who Heard Music
Lifehouse
The Who's Tommy
Rock Is Dead—Long Live Rock!
The Who's Tommy Pinball Wizard
Who Covers Who?
"A Tale of Two Springfields"
"In Concert"
Double O
The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus
No Plan B
Kim McLagan
Richard Barnes
Dougal Butler
Chris Charlesworth
Kit Lambert
Chris Stamp
Bill Curbishley
Track Records
Shel Talmy
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quadrophenia (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrophenia_(film)"},{"link_name":"Quadrophenia (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrophenia_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"See Clear Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_Clear_Now"},{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"the Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"double album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_album"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnterberger2011232-4"},{"link_name":"Track Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_Records"},{"link_name":"rock opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_opera"},{"link_name":"A Quick One, While He's Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Quick_One,_While_He%27s_Away"},{"link_name":"Tommy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_(The_Who_album)"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"mod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_(movement)"},{"link_name":"Pete Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Townshend"},{"link_name":"Who's Next","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Next"},{"link_name":"John Entwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Entwistle"},{"link_name":"Roger Daltrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Daltrey"},{"link_name":"Keith Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Moon"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Lane's Mobile Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Lane%27s_Mobile_Studio"},{"link_name":"synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"sound effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_effect"},{"link_name":"Kit Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Lambert"},{"link_name":"mod revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_revival"},{"link_name":"film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrophenia_(film)"},{"link_name":"compact disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"}],"text":"This article is about The Who's studio album. For the 1979 film, see Quadrophenia (film). For other uses, see Quadrophenia (disambiguation).\"I Am the Sea\" redirects here. For the Wiley song, see See Clear Now.1973 studio album by the WhoQuadrophenia is the sixth studio album by the English rock band the Who, released as a double album on 26 October 1973[4] by Track Records. It is the group's third rock opera, the previous two being the \"mini-opera\" song \"A Quick One, While He's Away\" (1966) and the album Tommy (1969). Set in London and Brighton in 1965, the story follows a young mod named Jimmy and his search for self-worth and importance. Quadrophenia is the only Who album entirely written & composed by Pete Townshend.The group started work on the album in 1972 in an attempt to follow up Tommy and Who's Next (1971), both of which had achieved substantial critical and commercial success. Recording was delayed while bassist John Entwistle and singer Roger Daltrey recorded solo albums and drummer Keith Moon worked on films. Because a new studio was not finished in time, the group had to use Ronnie Lane's Mobile Studio. The album makes significant use of Townshend's multi-track synthesizers and sound effects, as well as Entwistle's layered horn parts. Relationships between the group and manager Kit Lambert broke down irretrievably during recording and Lambert had left the band's service by the time the album was released.Quadrophenia was released to a positive reception in both the UK and the US, but the resulting tour was marred with problems with backing tapes replacing the additional instruments on the album, and the stage piece was retired in early 1974. It was revived in 1996 with a larger ensemble, and a further tour took place in 2012. The album made a positive impact on the mod revival movement of the late 1970s, and the resulting 1979 film adaptation was successful. The album has been reissued on compact disc several times, and seen several remixes that corrected some perceived flaws in the original release.","title":"Quadrophenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_Beach_on_a_perfect_day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_444700.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brighton Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983420-5"},{"link_name":"mod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_(subculture)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002317-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sleeve-8"},{"link_name":"psychiatrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrist"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002317-6"},{"link_name":"amphetamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamines"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sleeve-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983419-9"},{"link_name":"dustman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sleeve-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002317-6"},{"link_name":"bellboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellboy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002317-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sleeve-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002317-6"}],"text":"The second half of Quadrophenia takes place on and around Brighton Beach.The original release of Quadrophenia came with a set of recording notes for reviewers and journalists that explained the basic story and plot.[5]The narrative centres on a young lower-class mod named Jimmy. He likes drugs, beach fights and romance,[6] [7]and becomes a fan of the Who after a concert in Brighton,[8] but is disillusioned by his parents' attitude towards him, dead-end jobs and an unsuccessful trip to see a psychiatrist.[6] He clashes with his parents over his usage of amphetamines,[8] and has difficulty finding regular work and doubts his own self-worth,[9] quitting a job as a dustman after only two days.[8] Though he is happy to be \"one\" of the mods, he struggles to keep up with his peers, and his girlfriend leaves him for his best friend.[6]After destroying his scooter and contemplating suicide, he decides to take a train to Brighton, where he had enjoyed earlier experiences with fellow mods. However, he discovers the \"Ace Face\" who led the gang now has a menial job as a bellboy in a hotel.[6] He feels everything in his life has rejected him, steals a boat, and uses it to sail out to a rock overlooking the sea.[8] On the rock and stuck in the rain, he contemplates his life. The ending is left ambiguous as to what happens to Jimmy.[6]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tommy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_(The_Who_album)"},{"link_name":"Who's Next","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Next"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983395-10"},{"link_name":"Glyn Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyn_Johns"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983396-11"},{"link_name":"Pete Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Townshend"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002315-12"},{"link_name":"film version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_(1975_film)"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkins2000177-13"},{"link_name":"Join Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_Together_(The_Who_song)"},{"link_name":"Relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_(song)"},{"link_name":"John Entwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Entwistle"},{"link_name":"Whistle Rymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle_Rymes"},{"link_name":"Roger Daltrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Daltrey"},{"link_name":"Keith Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Moon"},{"link_name":"That'll Be the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27ll_Be_the_Day_(film)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983396,_397-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983399-15"},{"link_name":"split personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_personality"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002317-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983413-16"},{"link_name":"Lou Reizner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Reizner"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983400-17"},{"link_name":"Giving It All Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giving_It_All_Away"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983405-18"},{"link_name":"Kit Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Chris Stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Stamp"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983406-19"}],"text":"1972 was the least active year for the Who since they had formed. The group had achieved great commercial and critical success with the albums Tommy and Who's Next, but were struggling to come up with a suitable follow-up.[10] The group recorded new material with Who's Next collaborator Glyn Johns in May 1972, including \"Is It in My Head\" and \"Love Reign O'er Me\" which were eventually released on Quadrophenia, and a mini-opera called \"Long Live Rock – Rock Is Dead\", but the material was considered too derivative of Who's Next and sessions were abandoned.[11] In an interview for Melody Maker, guitarist and bandleader Pete Townshend said \"I've got to get a new act together… People don't really want to sit and listen to all our past\".[12] He had become frustrated that the group had been unable to produce a film of Tommy (a film version of Tommy would be released in 1975) or Lifehouse (the abortive project that resulted in Who's Next), and decided to follow Frank Zappa's idea of producing a musical soundtrack that could produce a narrative in the same way as a film. Unlike Tommy, the new work had to be grounded in reality and tell a story of youth and adolescence that the audience could relate to.[13]Townshend became inspired by \"Long Live Rock – Rock Is Dead\"'s theme and in autumn 1972 began writing material, while the group put out unreleased recordings including \"Join Together\" and \"Relay\" to keep themselves in the public eye. In the meantime, bassist John Entwistle released his second solo album, Whistle Rymes, singer Roger Daltrey worked on solo material, and Keith Moon featured as a drummer in the film That'll Be the Day.[14] Townshend had met up with \"Irish\" Jack Lyons, one of the original Who fans, which gave him the idea of writing a piece that would look back on the group's history and its audience.[15] He created the character of Jimmy from an amalgamation of six early fans of the group, including Lyons, and gave the character a four-way split personality, which led to the album's title (a play on schizophrenia).[6] Unlike other Who albums, Townshend insisted on composing the entire work, though he deliberately made the initial demos sparse and incomplete so that the other group members could contribute to the finished arrangement.[16]Work was interrupted for most of 1972 in order to work on Lou Reizner's orchestral version of Tommy.[17] Daltrey finished his first solo album, which included the hit single \"Giving It All Away\",[18] fueling rumours of a split in the press. Things were not helped by Daltrey discovering that managers Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp had large sums of money unaccounted for, and suggested they should be fired, which Townshend resisted.[19]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serge_modular_synthesizer_%2B_ARP_2500.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pete Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Townshend"},{"link_name":"ARP 2500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_2500"},{"link_name":"overdubbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdubbed"},{"link_name":"Ramport Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramport_Studios"},{"link_name":"Battersea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea"},{"link_name":"mixing desk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_desk"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983410-20"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Lane"},{"link_name":"Faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faces_(band)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002324-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002329-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983412-23"},{"link_name":"Ron Nevison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Nevison"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nevison-24"},{"link_name":"themes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(music)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkins2000206-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkins2000181-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkins2000206-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002329-22"},{"link_name":"ARP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_Instruments"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nevison-24"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983413-16"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkins2000181-26"},{"link_name":"patches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer#Patch"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nevison-24"},{"link_name":"string section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section"},{"link_name":"cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnterberger2011186-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goring_%26_Streatley_station_geograph-2400086-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg"},{"link_name":"diesel train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Goring-on-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goring-on-Thames"},{"link_name":"Gibson Thunderbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Thunderbird"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnterberger2011203-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983414-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1998345%E2%80%93346-30"},{"link_name":"tubular bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_bells"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983414-29"},{"link_name":"field recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_recording"},{"link_name":"reel-to-reel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reel-to-reel"},{"link_name":"doppler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect"},{"link_name":"Goring-on-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goring-on-Thames"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002317-6"},{"link_name":"The Thunderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thunderer"},{"link_name":"march","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_(music)"},{"link_name":"John Philip Sousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa"},{"link_name":"brass band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_band"},{"link_name":"Regent's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nevison-24"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983414-29"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nevison-24"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002331-31"}],"text":"Pete Townshend used the ARP 2500 synthesizer extensively on Quadrophenia, and several tracks include the instrument overdubbed many times.In order to do justice to the recording of Quadrophenia, the group decided to build their own studio, Ramport Studios in Battersea. Work started on building Ramport in November 1972, but five months later it still lacked an adequate mixing desk that could handle recording Quadrophenia.[20] Instead, Townshend's friend Ronnie Lane, bassist for Faces, loaned his mobile studio for the sessions.[21] Lambert ostensibly began producing the album in May,[22] but missed recording sessions and generally lacked discipline. By mid-1973, Daltrey demanded that Lambert leave the Who's services.[23] The band recruited engineer Ron Nevison, who had worked with Townshend's associate John Alcock, to assist with engineering.[24]To illustrate the four-way split personality of Jimmy, Townshend wrote four themes, reflecting the four members of the Who. These were \"Bell Boy\" (Moon), \"Is It Me?\" (Entwistle), \"Helpless Dancer\" (Daltrey) and \"Love Reign O'er Me\" (Townshend).[25] Two lengthy instrumentals on the album, the title track and \"The Rock\" contain the four themes, separately and together. The instrumentals were not demoed but built up in the studio.[26] Who author John Atkins described the instrumental tracks as \"the most ambitious and intricate music the group ever undertook.\"[25]Most tracks involved each of the group recording their parts separately;[22] unlike earlier albums, Townshend had left space in his demos for other band members to contribute, though most of the synthesizers on the finished album came from his ARP 2500 synthesizer and were recorded at home.[24][16] The only song arranged by the band in the studio was \"5:15\".[26] According to Nevison, the ARP 2500 was impossible to record in the studio, and changing sounds was cumbersome due to a lack of patches, which required Townshend to work on these parts at home, working late into the night.[24] To obtain a good string section sound on the album, Townshend bought a cello and over two weeks learned how to play it well enough to be recorded.[27]Townshend recorded the whistle of a diesel train near his home in Goring-on-Thames as one of the album's sound effects.Entwistle recorded his bass part to \"The Real Me\" in one take on a Gibson Thunderbird[28] and spent several weeks during the summer arranging and recording numerous multi-tracked horn parts.[29] Having been forced to play more straightforwardly by Johns on Who's Next, Moon returned to his established drumming style on Quadrophenia. He contributed lead vocals to \"Bell Boy\", where he deliberately showcased an exaggerated narrative style.[30] For the finale of \"Love, Reign O'er Me\", Townshend and Nevison set up a large group of percussion instruments, which Moon played before kicking over a set of tubular bells, which can be heard on the final mix.[29]During the album production, Townshend made many field recordings with a portable reel-to-reel recorder. These included waves washing on a Cornish beach and the doppler whistle of a diesel train recorded near Townshend's house at Goring-on-Thames.[6] The ending of \"The Dirty Jobs\" includes a musical excerpt from The Thunderer, a march by John Philip Sousa, which Nevison recorded while watching a brass band play in Regent's Park.[24] Assembling the field recordings in the studio was problematic; at one point, during \"I Am the Sea\", nine tape machines were running sound effects.[29] According to Nevison, Townshend produced the album single-handedly, adding that \"everything started when Pete got there, and everything finished when Pete left\".[24] Townshend began mixing the album in August at his home studio in Goring along with Nevison.[31]","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002334-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkins2000192-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002334-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"OPEC oil embargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC_oil_price_shock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnterberger2011232-4"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Pin Ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_Ups"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_Yellow_Brick_Road"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disc-36"},{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_record"},{"link_name":"Ethan Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Russell"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"MCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Records"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"remastered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Jon Astley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Astley"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkins2000209%E2%80%93210-40"},{"link_name":"Bob Pridden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Pridden"},{"link_name":"box set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_set"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"5.1 surround sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.1_surround_sound"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray Audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"The album was preceded by the single \"5:15\" in the UK, which benefited from a live appearance on Top of the Pops on 4 October 1973 and was released the next day.[32] It reached No. 20 in the charts.[33] In the US, \"Love Reign O'er Me\" was chosen as the lead single. [32]Quadrophenia was originally released in North America on 26 October and in the UK on 29 October,[34] but fans found it difficult to find a copy due to a shortage of vinyl caused by the OPEC oil embargo.[4] In the UK, Quadrophenia reached No. 2, being held off the top spot by David Bowie's Pin Ups.[a] The album reached No. 2 on the US Billboard chart, the highest position of any Who album in that country, being kept from No. 1 by Elton John's Goodbye Yellow Brick Road.[35]The album was originally released as a two-LP set with a gatefold jacket and a booklet containing lyrics, a text version of the story, and photographs taken by Ethan Russell illustrating it.[36] MCA Records re-released the album as a two-CD set in 1985 with the lyrics and text storyline on a thin fold-up sheet but none of the photographs.[37] The album was reissued as a remastered CD in 1996, featuring a reproduction of the original album artwork.[38] The original mix had been criticised in particular for Daltrey's vocals being buried, so the 1996 CD was completely remixed by Jon Astley and Andy Macpherson.[39]In 2011, Townshend and longtime Who engineer Bob Pridden remixed the album, resulting in a deluxe five-disc box set.[40] Unlike earlier reissues, this set contains two discs of demos, including some songs that were dropped from the final running order of the album, and a selection of songs in 5.1 surround sound. The box set came with a 100-page book including an essay by Townshend about the album sessions, with photos.[41] At the same time, the standard two-CD version was re-released with a selection of the demos as bonus content; some Disc Two tracks were moved to Disc One to accommodate space for these demos. In 2014, the album was released on Blu-ray Audio featuring a brand-new remix of the entire album by Townshend and Pridden in 5.1 surround sound as well the 2011 Deluxe Edition stereo remix and the original 1973 stereo LP mix.[42]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Welch"},{"link_name":"Charles Shaar Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Shaar_Murray"},{"link_name":"New Musical Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Musical_Express"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkins2000209-52"},{"link_name":"Dave Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Creem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creem"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkins2000209-52"},{"link_name":"Lenny Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Kaye"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaye-53"},{"link_name":"Newsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG-45"},{"link_name":"BBC Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Music"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones-55"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"the 500 greatest albums of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"Critical reaction to Quadrophenia was positive. Melody Maker's Chris Welch wrote \"rarely have a group succeeded in distilling their essence and embracing a motif as convincingly\", while Charles Shaar Murray described the album in New Musical Express as the \"most rewarding musical experience of the year\".[51] Reaction in the US was generally positive, though Dave Marsh, writing in Creem gave a more critical response.[51] Lenny Kaye, wrote in Rolling Stone that \"the Who as a whole have never sounded better\" but added, \"on its own terms, Quadrophenia falls short of the mark\".[52] In a year-end top albums list for Newsday, Robert Christgau ranked it seventh, and found it exemplary of how 1973's best records \"fail to reward casual attention. They demand concentration, just like museum and textbook art.\"[53]Retrospective reviews were also positive. Writing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Christgau regarded Quadrophenia as more of an opera than Tommy, possessing a brilliantly written albeit confusing plot, jarring but melodic music, and compassionate lyrics about \"Everykid as heroic fuckup, smart enough to have a good idea of what's being done to him and so sensitive he gets pushed right out to the edge anyway\".[44] Chris Jones, writing for BBC Music, said \"everything great about the Who is contained herein.\"[54] In 2013, Billboard, reviewing the album for its 40th anniversary, said: \"Filled with performances packed with life and depth and personality, Quadrophenia is 90 minutes of the Who at its very best.\"[55] The album has sold 1 million copies and has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.[56] In 2000 Q magazine placed Quadrophenia at No. 56 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever.[57] The album has been ranked at No. 267 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.[58] It is also ranked at No. 86 on VH1's list of the 100 greatest albums of all time.[59]Townshend now considers Quadrophenia to be the last great album that the Who recorded. In 2011, he said the group \"never recorded anything that was so ambitious or audacious again\", and implied that it was the last album to feature good playing by Keith Moon.[60]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Stainton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Stainton"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983425%E2%80%93426-62"},{"link_name":"Baba O'Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_O%27Riley"},{"link_name":"Won't Get Fooled Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Won%27t_Get_Fooled_Again"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983247,359-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1998359-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-townstimes-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1998359-64"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnterberger2011232-4"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1998360-66"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002336-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perrone-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002336-67"},{"link_name":"Cow Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_Palace"},{"link_name":"tranquillisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquilliser"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1998361-69"},{"link_name":"Scot Halpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scot_Halpin"},{"link_name":"Bill Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Graham_(promoter)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Forum"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1998362-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1998363-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1998369-72"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002346-73"},{"link_name":"Charlton Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_FC"},{"link_name":"30 Years of Maximum R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_Years_of_Maximum_R%26B"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002351%E2%80%93352-74"}],"sub_title":"1973–1974 tour","text":"The band toured in support of Quadrophenia but immediately encountered difficulties playing the material live. To achieve the rich overdubbed sound of the album on stage, Townshend wanted Chris Stainton (who had played piano on some tracks) to join as a touring member. Daltrey objected to this and believed the Who's performances should only have the four core members.[61] To obtain the required instrumentation without additional musicians, the group elected to employ taped backing tracks for live performance, as they had already done for \"Baba O'Riley\" and \"Won't Get Fooled Again\".[62] Initial performances were plagued by malfunctioning equipment. Once the tapes started, the band had to play to them, which constrained their styles. Moon, in particular, found playing Quadrophenia difficult as he was forced to stick to a click track instead of watching the rest of the band.[63][64] The group only allowed two days of rehearsals with the tapes before touring, one of which was abandoned after Daltrey punched Townshend following an argument.[63]The tour started on 28 October 1973. The original plan had been to play most of the album, but after the first gig at Stoke-on-Trent, the band dropped \"The Dirty Jobs\", \"Is It in My Head\" and \"I've Had Enough\" from the set.[4] Both Daltrey and Townshend felt they had to describe the plot in detail to the audience, which took up valuable time on stage.[65] A few shows later in Newcastle upon Tyne, the backing tapes to \"5:15\" came in late. Townshend stopped the show, grabbed Pridden, who was controlling the mixing desk, and dragged him onstage, shouting obscenities at him. Townshend subsequently picked up some of the tapes and threw them over the stage, kicked his amplifier over, and walked off. The band returned 20 minutes later, playing older material.[66][67] Townshend and Moon appeared on local television the following day and attempted to brush things off. The Who played two other shows in Newcastle without incident.[66]The US tour started on 20 November at the Cow Palace in San Francisco. The group were nervous about playing Quadrophenia after the British tour, especially Moon. Before the show, he was offered some tranquillisers from a fan. Just after the show started, the fan collapsed and was hospitalised. Moon's playing, meanwhile, became incredibly erratic, particularly during Quadrophenia where he did not seem to be able to keep time with the backing tapes. Towards the end of the show, during \"Won't Get Fooled Again\", he passed out over his drumkit. After a 20-minute wait, Moon reappeared onstage, but after a few bars of \"Magic Bus\", collapsed again, and was immediately taken to hospital.[68] Scot Halpin, an audience member, convinced promoter Bill Graham to let him play drums, and the group closed the show with him. Moon had a day to recover, and by the next show at the Los Angeles Forum, was playing at his usual strength.[69] The group began to get used to the backing tapes, and the remainder of gigs for the US tour were successful.[70]The tour continued in February 1974, with a short series of gigs in France.[71] The final show at the Palais de Sports in Lyon on the 24th was the last time Quadrophenia was played as a stage piece with Moon, who died in 1978. Townshend later said that Daltrey \"ended up hating Quadrophenia – probably because it had bitten back\".[72] However, a small selection of songs remained in the set list; live performances of \"Drowned\" and \"Bell Boy\" filmed at Charlton Athletic football ground on 18 May were later released on the 30 Years of Maximum R&B box set.[73]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyde Park, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"Prince's Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%27s_Trust"},{"link_name":"Gary Glitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Glitter"},{"link_name":"Phil Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Trevor MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Adrian Edmondson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ade_Edmondson"},{"link_name":"Stephen Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry"},{"link_name":"Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Townshend"},{"link_name":"Zak Starkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak_Starkey"},{"link_name":"David Gilmour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gilmour"},{"link_name":"Geoff Whitehorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Whitehorn"},{"link_name":"John \"Rabbit\" Bundrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_%22Rabbit%22_Bundrick"},{"link_name":"Jon Carin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Carin"},{"link_name":"Jody Linscott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Linscott"},{"link_name":"Billy Nicholls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Nicholls"},{"link_name":"eyepatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyepatch"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMichaelLyons2011820%E2%80%93821-75"},{"link_name":"Billy Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Idol"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMichaelLyons2011822-76"},{"link_name":"P. J. Proby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Proby"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMichaelLyons2011823-77"},{"link_name":"Tommy and Quadrophenia Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_and_Quadrophenia_Live"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"1996–1997 tour","text":"In June 1996, Daltrey, Townshend and Entwistle revived Quadrophenia as a live concert. They performed at Hyde Park, London as part of the Prince's Trust \"Masters of Music\" benefit concert, playing most of the album for the first time since 1974. The concert was not billed as the Who, but credited to the three members individually. The performance also included Gary Glitter as the Godfather, Phil Daniels as the Narrator and Jimmy, Trevor MacDonald as the newsreader, Adrian Edmondson as the Bell Boy and Stephen Fry as the hotel manager. The musical lineup included Townshend's brother Simon, Zak Starkey on drums (his first appearance with the Who), guitarists David Gilmour (who played the bus driver) and Geoff Whitehorn, keyboardists John \"Rabbit\" Bundrick and Jon Carin, percussionist Jody Linscott, Billy Nicholls leading a two-man/two-woman backing vocal section, and five brass players. During rehearsals, Daltrey was struck in the face by Glitter's microphone stand, and performed the concert wearing an eyepatch.[74]A subsequent tour of the US and UK followed, employing most of the same players but with Billy Idol replacing Edmondson,[75] Simon Townshend replacing Gilmour and P. J. Proby replacing Glitter during the second half of the tour. 85,000 fans saw the ensemble perform Quadrophenia at Madison Square Garden over six nights in July 1996.[76] A recording from the tour was subsequently released in 2005 as part of Tommy and Quadrophenia Live.[77]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"},{"link_name":"Teenage Cancer Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Cancer_Trust"},{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam"},{"link_name":"Eddie Vedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Vedder"},{"link_name":"Kasabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasabian"},{"link_name":"Tom Meighan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Meighan"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Quadrophenia and More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrophenia_and_More"},{"link_name":"Pino Palladino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pino_Palladino"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Wembley Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Arena"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Billy Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Idol"},{"link_name":"Alfie Boe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfie_Boe"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultimateclassicrock.com_Pete_Townshend_Classic_Quadrophenia-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollingstone.com_Pete_Townshend_Classic_Quadrophenia-86"}],"sub_title":"2010s tours","text":"The Who performed Quadrophenia at the Royal Albert Hall on 30 March 2010 as part of the Teenage Cancer Trust series of ten gigs. This one-off performance of the rock opera featured guest appearances from Pearl Jam's Eddie Vedder and Kasabian's Tom Meighan.[78]In November 2012, the Who started a U.S. tour of Quadrophenia, dubbed \"Quadrophenia and More\". The group played the entire album without any guest singers or announcements with the then regular Who line-up (including Starkey and bassist Pino Palladino, who replaced Entwistle following his death in 2002) along with five additional musicians. The tour included additional video performances, including Moon singing \"Bell Boy\" from 1974 and Entwistle's bass solo in \"5:15\" from 2000.[79] After Starkey injured his wrist, session drummer Scott Devours replaced him for part of the tour with minimal rehearsal.[80][81][82] The tour progressed, with Devours drumming, to the UK in 2013, ending in a performance at Wembley Arena in July.[83]In September 2017, Townshend embarked on a short tour with Billy Idol, Alfie Boe, and an orchestra entitled \"Classic Quadrophenia\".[84][85]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrophenia_(film)"},{"link_name":"Franc Roddam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc_Roddam"},{"link_name":"Phil Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1998535-87"},{"link_name":"film soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrophenia_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Kenney Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenney_Jones"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"mod revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_revival"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1983510-89"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Quadrophenia was revived for a film version in 1979, directed by Franc Roddam. The film attempted to portray an accurate visual interpretation of Townshend's vision of Jimmy and his surroundings, and included Phil Daniels as Jimmy and Sting as the Ace Face.[86] Unlike the Tommy film, the music was largely relegated to the background, and was not performed by the cast as in a rock opera. The film soundtrack included three additional songs written by Townshend, which were Kenney Jones' first recordings as an official member of the Who.[87] The film was a commercial and critical success, as it conveniently coincided with the mod revival movement of the late 1970s.[88]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Welsh_College_of_Music_%26_Drama"},{"link_name":"Sherman Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mod-90"},{"link_name":"Phish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phish"},{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"musical costume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phish_and_their_musical_costumes#Musical_costume_1995:_Phish_play_The_Who"},{"link_name":"Rosemont Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemont_Horizon"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Rosemont, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemont,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Live Phish Volume 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Phish_Volume_14"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"New Year's Eve 1995 – Live at Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phish:_New_Year%27s_Eve_1995_%E2%80%93_Live_at_Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Rachel Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Royal Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Alfie Boe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfie_Boe"},{"link_name":"London Oriana Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Oriana_Choir"},{"link_name":"Billy Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Idol"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"Other productions","text":"There have been several amateur productions of a Quadrophenia musical. In 2007, the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama performed a musical based on the original album at the Sherman Theatre, Cardiff, featuring a cast of 12 backed by an 11-piece band.[89]In October 1995, the rock group Phish, with an additional four-man horn section, performed Quadrophenia in its entirety as their second Halloween musical costume at the Rosemont Horizon in the Chicago suburb of Rosemont, Illinois.[90] The recording was later released as a part of Live Phish Volume 14.[91] The band also covered the tracks \"Drowned\" and \"Sea and Sand\" on their live album New Year's Eve 1995 – Live at Madison Square Garden.[92]In June 2015, Townshend produced an orchestral version of the album entitled Classic Quadrophenia. The album was orchestrated by his partner Rachel Fuller and conducted by Robert Ziegler, with instrumentation provided by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Tenor Alfie Boe sang the lead role, supported by the London Oriana Choir, Billy Idol, Phil Daniels, and Townshend.[93]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pete Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Townshend"},{"link_name":"Roger Daltrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Daltrey"},{"link_name":"The Real Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Me_(The_Who_song)"},{"link_name":"Pete Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Townshend"},{"link_name":"The Punk and the Godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Punk_and_the_Godfather"},{"link_name":"I'm One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_One"},{"link_name":"John Entwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Entwistle"},{"link_name":"The Kids Are Alright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kids_Are_Alright_(song)"},{"link_name":"My Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Generation_(album)"},{"link_name":"5:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5:15"},{"link_name":"Sea and Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_and_Sand"},{"link_name":"Drowned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_(song)"},{"link_name":"Bell Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Boy_(song)"},{"link_name":"Keith Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Moon"},{"link_name":"Love, Reign o'er Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_Reign_o%27er_Me"}],"sub_title":"Original release","text":"All tracks are written by Pete TownshendSide oneNo.TitleLead vocalLength1.\"I Am the Sea\"Roger Daltrey2:092.\"The Real Me\"Daltrey3:213.\"Quadrophenia\"(instrumental)6:144.\"Cut My Hair\"Pete Townshend (verses), Daltrey (chorus)3:455.\"The Punk and the Godfather\"Daltrey (verses and chorus), Townshend (bridge)5:11Total length:20:40Track 5 is titled \"The Punk Meets the Godfather\" on the American versionSide twoNo.TitleLead vocalLength1.\"I'm One\" (At least)Townshend2:382.\"The Dirty Jobs\"Daltrey4:303.\"Helpless Dancer\" (Roger's theme)Daltrey2:344.\"Is It in My Head?\"Daltrey (verses, bridge), John Entwistle (chorus)3:445.\"I've Had Enough\"Daltrey and Townshend6:15Total length:19:41Track 3 includes the intro to \"The Kids Are Alright\" from My GenerationSide threeNo.TitleLead vocalLength1.\"5:15\"Daltrey, Townshend (intro and coda)5:012.\"Sea and Sand\"Daltrey and Townshend5:023.\"Drowned\"Daltrey5:284.\"Bell Boy\" (Keith's theme)Daltrey and Keith Moon4:56Total length:20:27Side fourNo.TitleLead vocalLength1.\"Doctor Jimmy\" (Including John's theme, \"Is It Me?”)Daltrey8:372.\"The Rock\"(instrumental)6:383.\"Love, Reign o'er Me\" (Pete's theme)Daltrey5:49Total length:21:04","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Quadrophenia: The Director's Cut track listing","text":"CD three: The DemosNo.TitleRecording dateLength1.\"The Real Me\"written and recorded in October 19724:242.\"Quadrophenia – Four Overtures\"in 19736:203.\"Cut My Hair\"written in June 19723:284.\"Fill No. 1 – Get Out and Stay Out\"12 November 19721:225.\"Quadrophenic – Four Faces\"in July 19724:026.\"We Close Tonight\"in July 19722:417.\"You Came Back\"in July 19723:168.\"Get Inside\"written in April 19723:099.\"Joker James\"in July 19723:4110.\"Ambition\"written early in 19720:0011.\"Punk\"18 November 19724:5612.\"I'm One\"15 November 19722:3713.\"Dirty Jobs\"25 July 19723:4514.\"Helpless Dancer\"in 19732:16Total length:43:38CD four: The DemosNo.TitleRecording dateLength1.\"Is It in My Head?\"30 April 19724:122.\"Anymore\"listed as recorded on 10 November 1971, but probably a misprint; actual year would have been 19723:193.\"I've Had Enough\"written and recorded on 17 December 19726:214.\"Fill No. 2\"12 November 19721:305.\"Wizardry\"in August 19723:106.\"Sea and Sand\"written and recorded on 1 November 19724:137.\"Drowned\"in March 19704:148.\"Is It Me?\"20 March 19734:379.\"Bell Boy\"3 March 19735:0310.\"Doctor Jimmy\"27 July 19727:2811.\"Finale – The Rock\"between 25 March and 1 May 19737:5712.\"Love Reign O'er Me\"10 May 19725:10Total length:57:14","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"John Entwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Entwistle"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"brass/horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"},{"link_name":"Roger Daltrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Daltrey"},{"link_name":"Keith Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Moon"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion"},{"link_name":"Pete Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Townshend"},{"link_name":"guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_keyboard"},{"link_name":"banjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo"},{"link_name":"cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"newsreader voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_presenter"},{"link_name":"Chris Stainton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Stainton"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Kit Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Lambert"},{"link_name":"sound effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_effect"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillKent2002329-22"},{"link_name":"Chris Stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Stamp"},{"link_name":"Ron Nevison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Nevison"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"Bob Pridden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Pridden"},{"link_name":"Rod Houison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Houison"},{"link_name":"Ethan Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Russell"},{"link_name":"art direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Jon Astley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Astley"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Bob Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ludwig"},{"link_name":"remastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"Richard Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evans_(designer)"}],"text":"Taken from the sleeve notes:[94]The Who\n\nJohn Entwistle – bass guitar, brass/horns, backing vocals, co-lead vocals on 'Is It in My Head?'\nRoger Daltrey – lead vocals (except 'Quadrophenia' (instrumental), 'I'm One' (Townshend) and 'The Rock' (Instrumental)), co-lead vocals on 'Cut My Hair'\nKeith Moon – drums, percussion, co-lead vocals on 'Bell Boy'\nPete Townshend – guitars, keyboards, banjo on 'I've Had Enough', cello, backing vocals, lead vocals on 'Cut My Hair' and 'I'm One', co-lead vocals on 'The Punk and The Godfather', 'I've Had Enough' '5:15', and 'Sea and Sand'\nAdditional musicians\n\nJon Curle – newsreader voice on \"Cut My Hair\"\nChris Stainton – piano on \"The Dirty Jobs\", \"5:15\", and \"Drowned\"\n\n\n\n\nProduction\n\nThe Who – production\nKit Lambert – pre-production, executive production\nPete Townshend – pre-production, sound effects[22]\nChris Stamp – executive production\nPete Kameron – executive production\nRon Nevison – engineering, special effects\nRon Fawcus – mixing continuity, engineering assistance\nBob Pridden – studio earphone\nRod Houison – special effects\nGraham Hughes – front cover design and photography\nEthan Russell – art direction, insert photography\nJon Astley – remixing (1996 reissue)[95]\nBob Ludwig – remastering (1996 reissue)\nRichard Evans – design and art direction (1996 reissue and 2011 super deluxe edition)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quadrophenia&action=edit§ion=18"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-97"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_The_Who-98"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-group=-99"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_The_Who-100"},{"link_name":"Musica e Dischi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_Dischi"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK_The_Who-102"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_The_Who-103"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_The_Who-104"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Italy_The_Who-105"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quadrophenia&action=edit§ion=19"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n1973–1974 weekly chart performance for Quadrophenia\n\n\nChart (1973–1974)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (Kent Music Report)[96]\n\n7\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[97]\n\n4\n\n\nCanada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[98]\n\n2\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[99]\n\n7\n\n\nItalian Albums (Musica e Dischi)[100]\n\n12\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[101]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[102]\n\n2\n\n\n2011 weekly chart performance for Quadrophenia\n\n\nChart (2011)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[103]\n\n87\n\n\n2014 weekly chart performance for Quadrophenia\n\n\nChart (2014)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[104]\n\n60\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n1974 year-end chart performance for Quadrophenia\n\n\nChart (1974)\n\nPosition\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[105]\n\n25","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"I Can't Explain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Explain"},{"link_name":"Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyway,_Anyhow,_Anywhere"}],"text":"^ Ironically, Pin Ups contained cover versions of the Who songs \"I Can't Explain\" and \"Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere\".","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Who: How We Made Quadrophenia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loudersound.com/features/the-who-how-we-made-quadrophenia"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180705003919/https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-who-how-we-made-quadrophenia"}],"text":"Hughes, Rob (26 October 2016). \"The Who: How We Made Quadrophenia\". Classic Rock magazine. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"The second half of Quadrophenia takes place on and around Brighton Beach.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Brighton_Beach_on_a_perfect_day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_444700.jpg/200px-Brighton_Beach_on_a_perfect_day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_444700.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pete Townshend used the ARP 2500 synthesizer extensively on Quadrophenia, and several tracks include the instrument overdubbed many times.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Serge_modular_synthesizer_%2B_ARP_2500.jpg/220px-Serge_modular_synthesizer_%2B_ARP_2500.jpg"},{"image_text":"Townshend recorded the whistle of a diesel train near his home in Goring-on-Thames as one of the album's sound effects.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Goring_%26_Streatley_station_geograph-2400086-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/250px-Goring_%26_Streatley_station_geograph-2400086-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Barker, Emily (24 October 2013). \"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time: 300-201\". NME. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/photos/the-500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-300-201-1426482","url_text":"\"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time: 300-201\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190405220011/https://www.nme.com/photos/the-500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-300-201-1426482","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kemp, Mark (2004). \"The Who\". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 871–873. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide","url_text":"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8","url_text":"0-7432-0169-8"}]},{"reference":"Segretto, Mike (2022). \"1973\". 33 1/3 Revolutions Per Minute – A Critical Trip Through the Rock LP Era, 1955–1999. Backbeat. pp. 293–294. ISBN 9781493064601.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jtNtEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"33 1/3 Revolutions Per Minute – A Critical Trip Through the Rock LP Era, 1955–1999"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781493064601","url_text":"9781493064601"}]},{"reference":"\"Forty years ago pictures of Mods and Rockers shocked polite society\". The Independent. 3 April 2004. Retrieved 27 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/forty-years-ago-pictures-of-mods-and-rockers-shocked-polite-society-but-were-they-staged-by-the-press-5354522.html","url_text":"\"Forty years ago pictures of Mods and Rockers shocked polite society\""}]},{"reference":"Quadrophenia (1996 CD remaster) (Media notes). Polydor. pp. 2–4. 531 971-2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Ron Nevison by Richie Unterberger\" (Interview). Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. 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ISBN 978-1-137-38425-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38425-6","url_text":"978-1-137-38425-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Quadrophenia – The Who – MCA #6895\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/quadrophenia-mr0000485621","url_text":"\"Quadrophenia – The Who – MCA #6895\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170715185822/http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/quadrophenia-mr0000485621","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Who – Quadrophenia – Polydor #5319712\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. 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Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://consequenceofsound.net/2011/09/the-who-details-massive-quadrophenia-the-directors-cut-box-set/","url_text":"\"The Who details massive Quadrophenia: The Directors Cut box set\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140708155129/http://consequenceofsound.net/2011/09/the-who-details-massive-quadrophenia-the-directors-cut-box-set/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grow, Kory (17 April 2014). \"The Who to Issue 'Quadrophenia: Live in London' Concert Film\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. 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Polydor. 1996. 531 971-2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Classifiche\". Musica e Dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 27 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicaedischi.it/classifiche_archivio.php","url_text":"\"Classifiche\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_Dischi","url_text":"Musica e Dischi"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts\" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. 1974. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. 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ISBN 978-0-7864-0609-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0609-8","url_text":"978-0-7864-0609-8"}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Tony (1998). Dear Boy: The Life of Keith Moon. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84449-807-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Fletcher","url_text":"Fletcher, Tony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84449-807-9","url_text":"978-1-84449-807-9"}]},{"reference":"Marsh, Dave (1983). Before I Get Old: The Story of The Who. Plexus. 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Won't Get Fooled Again: The Who from Lifehouse to Quadrophenia. Jawbone Press. ISBN 978-1-906002-75-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906002-75-6","url_text":"978-1-906002-75-6"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Rob (26 October 2016). \"The Who: How We Made Quadrophenia\". Classic Rock magazine. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-who-how-we-made-quadrophenia","url_text":"\"The Who: How We Made Quadrophenia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180705003919/https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-who-how-we-made-quadrophenia","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/photos/the-500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-300-201-1426482","external_links_name":"\"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time: 300-201\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190405220011/https://www.nme.com/photos/the-500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-300-201-1426482","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jtNtEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"33 1/3 Revolutions Per Minute – A Critical Trip Through the Rock LP Era, 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Mahan | Eddie Mahan | ["1 Early years","2 All-American football player","2.1 Recognition as one of the greatest football players of all time","3 Baseball player","4 Coaching and military service","5 Later years","6 References","7 External links"] | American football player (1892–1975)
Eddie MahanHarvard CrimsonPositionHalfbackPersonal informationBorn:(1892-01-19)January 19, 1892Natick, Massachusetts, U.S.Died:July 22, 1975(1975-07-22) (aged 83)Natick, Massachusetts, U.S.Height5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Weight171 lb (78 kg)Career historyCollegeHarvard (1913–1915)League Island Marines (1917)Career highlights and awards
National champion (1913)
3× Consensus All-American (1913, 1914, 1915)
First-team All-Service (1917)
Thorpe All-time All-America team
College Football Hall of Fame (1951)
Edward William Mahan (January 19, 1892 – July 22, 1975) was an American football player. While playing halfback for Harvard, Mahan was selected as a first-team All-American three consecutive years from 1913 to 1915. He was widely regarded as one of the greatest football players in the first 50 years of the sport and was named by Jim Thorpe as the greatest football player of all time. In 1951, he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame as part of the first group of inductees.
Early years
Mahan was a native of Natick, Massachusetts. He was of Irish ancestry and reportedly spoke with "the brogue of a full-blooded native of Erin." Mahan first gained attention for his football skills while playing at Andover. Mahan later recalled his days at Andover, "Well do I recall those wonderful days at Andover and the games between Andover and Exeter. There is intense rivalry between these two schools. Many are the traditions at Andover."
All-American football player
Mahan enrolled at Harvard in 1912 and played halfback for Harvard's varsity football team. Although he weighed only 165 pounds, Mahan played every minute of every football game for Harvard from 1913 to 1915. Mahan was selected as a first-team All-American in each of those years, leading Harvard to a three-year record of 24–1–2.
Mahan carries against Princeton, 1915
Mahan played his first varsity game for Harvard in 1913 against Maine and scored two touchdowns, including a 67-yard run. And in the 1915 Harvard–Princeton game, he threw a pass for a 61-yard gain on a fake punt.
As a senior and team captain in 1915, Mahan climaxed his college football career by scoring four touchdowns and kicking five extra points in a 41–0 win over Yale, the worst defeat in Yale's 44 years of college football to that time. In the biography of Mahan at the College Football Hall of Fame, it is said that Mahan electrified the crowd in the 1915 Harvard-Yale game with "one of the greatest individual performances of the game's Pioneer Era."
Harvard's sole loss during Mahan's three years on the team was a 10–0 loss to Cornell in 1915. After the game, Mahan apologized to Harvard coach Percy Haughton. Haughton reportedly responded, "Mahan, you are the greatest football player God ever made."
Mahan later described his technique for evading tacklers as follows: "I simply give them the foot—right or left—and then take it away."
Recognition as one of the greatest football players of all time
When Jim Thorpe was asked to choose the greatest football player of all time, he selected Mahan. He explained his choice as follows:"Eddie Mahan of Harvard was the greatest football player I have ever seen. He had everything, he could run, pass and kick. He was big, weighed 190 pounds, was smart enough to play quarterback and also good enough to play in the line. To me that's proof enough that Mahan was the tops. He was a specialist in all lines."
In his book about the early days of football, Bill Edwards wrote the following about Mahan: "If the future football generals develop a better all-around man than Eddie Mahan, captain of the great Harvard team of 1915, whose playing brought not only victory to Harvard but was accompanied by great admiration throughout the football world, they may well congratulate themselves."
In November 1925, football writer W.B. Hanna compared Red Grange to Mahan:"In the writer's opinion, Grange and Mahan are the greatest backs he ever saw, from the standpoint of advancing the ball. Grange seems to run with more power than Mahan and a trifle more laboriously, because he is not quite so light-footed. It may be doubted whether he is as fast, but that is mere guesswork. Football, carrying the ball, seemed play to Mahan. Grange does not do his work in quite that effortless manner."
Mahan was frequently mentioned among the greats of the game. In 1927, George Trevor of the New York Sun selected an all-time backfield made up of Mahan, Walter Eckersall, Jim Thorpe, and Willie Heston of Michigan. In 1928, Grantland Rice named Mahan to his all-time team and wrote, "Mahan lacked the crashing force of a Heston or a Coy, but he was one of the smoothest running backs anyone ever saw." Western football expert Walter Eckersall added, "Mahan is awarded the honor of being Harvard's greatest football player, a terror to the opposition offensively and defensively. As a line plunger he ranks with the greatest in history."
In 1951, Mahan was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as part of the first group of inductees.
Baseball player
Mahan also played for Harvard's varsity baseball team for three years. In an exhibition game in the spring of 1916, Mahan pitched a shutout against the Boston Red Sox, the year after the Red Sox team featuring Babe Ruth and Tris Speaker won the 1915 World Series. Mahan was offered a contract by several major league clubs, but none was willing to meet his demand for a salary of $6,500. Mahan described his negotiations in an interview with the Oakland Tribune:"I had a chance first to go with the Boston Red Sox when I was in my senior year at Harvard. They said to name my price and I named $6,500. They thought it was too much. Then the Detroit club made an offer to me but they too thought I had a gold-brick scheme. The Chicago White Sox were willing to give me a good contract with a bonus if I made good, but the risk was not worth the undertaking. I considered the Braves more seriously than any other team but my negotiations there too were not satisfactory ..."
Coaching and military service
Mahan received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard in the spring of 1916, with a major in political science and economy. He played semi-professional baseball in New Haven during the summer of 1916 and also worked as the head of the Woodrow Wilson clubs in New York state.
In August 1916, Mahan accepted a position as assistant football coach at the University of California. After one season at Berkeley, Mahan returned to the East. Press accounts at the end of the 1916 season reported that Mahan and Cal's head coach (an alumnus of the University of Pennsylvania) had vastly different styles of coaching, and Mahan was never given an opportunity to play an active role in coaching the team.
During World War I, Mahan served as a first lieutenant with the U.S. Marine Corps and was captain of the League Island Marines football team. He was named to Paul Purman's 1917 All-Service football team. At the end of the war, Mahan remained in Europe for a time working for Herbert Hoover's Food Administration. In a January 1919 game played in France, Mahan led a Navy football team to a 12–0 win over a U.S. Army team. A press account reported that Mahan was the star of the game, running 65 yards for the first touchdown:"In spite of the muddy field, speed and generalship on the part of the S.O.S. eleven, largely in the person of Eddie Mahan, … told the tale. It was the tall, black-haired Mahan with an undershot jaw that broke the deadlock in the second period. He grabbed a short punt …, eluded two men who barred his path, shook off a third tackler further down the field, and sprinted 65 yards for a touchdown."
After the war, Mahan returned to Harvard as the coach of the team's halfbacks. In August 1924, he was also appointed head coach of the Harvard baseball team.
Later years
In 1926, Mahan went to Choate School in Wallingford, Connecticut. He also served as director of athletics at the Newman School in Lakewood, New Jersey.
After retiring from athletics, Mahan worked in the investment banking field and later worked for the Massachusetts Department of Natural Resources. He made his debut in investment banking in August 1927, accepting a position with the Wall Street firm Hornblower & Weeks. He also served as a lieutenant commander in the U.S. Navy during World War II.
In 1975, after a long illness, Mahan died of cancer at Glover Memorial Hospital in Needham, Massachusetts. At the time of his death, Mahan was a resident of his hometown, Natick, Massachusetts. He was survived by his wife, Beryl Boardman Mahan, two daughters, and six grandchildren.
References
^ a b c d "Eddie Mahan Arrives At Berkeley; To Don Suit Friday; Great Harvard Football Hero on Hand to Coach Blue and Gold". Oakland Tribune. 1916-08-29.
^ a b William H. Edwards (1916). Football Days: Memories of the Game and of the Men behind the Ball. MOFFAT, YARD AND COMPANY.
^ a b c "Ned Mahan". Syracuse Post-Standard. 1975-07-24.
^ a b c d e https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1285
^ a b c d e f Ray Schmidt (February 1996). "Legendary Eddie Mahan" (PDF). College Football Historical Society.
^ a b c d "Harvard's Eddie Mahan buried today". Bennington Banner. 1975-07-25.
^ a b "The Colley See Um of Sports". Morning Herald. 1946-08-27.
^ a b c "Eddie Mahan, 83, Harvard Back And 3 Times All-America, Dies". Associated Press in The New York Times. 1975-07-24. Edward W. Mahan, a three-time All-America football player who was considered the greatest back in Harvard's history, died yesterday...
^ a b "Mahan Goes to Coast". The Washington Post. 1916-08-22.
^ "Here's Real Dope on Eddie Mahan's Status at U.C.: Difference in Coaching Method, of Harvard and Penn, Was Cause of Row". Oakland Tribune. 1917-01-31.
^ Webb, Melville (December 1, 1917). "Eddie Mahan With Us Again Today". The Boston Globe.
^ Spalding's Football Guide
^ "St. Nazaire Wins Gridiron Battle: Downs 36th Division Team in Exciting Game at Colombes; Eddie Mahan the Star; Former Harvard Football Captain Runs Sixty-five Yards for First Touchdown". The Stars and Stripes. 1919-01-24.
^ "Ned Mahan Will Coach Crimson Baseball Team". Bridgeport Telegram. 1924-08-24.
^ a b c "All-America Eddie Mahan dead at 83: Harvard halfback considered best Crimson ever had". Berkshire Eagle. 1975-07-24.
^ Ray Clark (1927-08-13). "The Day Book". Syracuse Herald.
^ ""Greatest Football Player" To Be Buried". Nevada State Journal. 1975-07-25.
^ Ray Warwick (1942-08-15). "Mahan, Ex-Collegian, Asserts Long War May Change Football". Blytheville Courier News (United Press article).
External links
Eddie Mahan at the College Football Hall of Fame
Eddie Mahan at Find a Grave
vteHarvard Crimson head baseball coaches
Unknown (1865–1899)
E. H. Nichols (1900–1901)
A. V. Galbraith (1902)
Barrett Wendell, Jr. (1903)
O. G. Frantz (1904)
E. H. Nichols, T. F. Murphy (1905)
P. N. Coburn (1906)
L. P. Pieper (1907–1910)
Frank Sexton (1911–1914)
Percy Haughton (1915)
Fred Mitchell (1916)
No team (1917)
Hugh Duffy (1918–1919)
Jack Slattery (1920–1924)
Eddie Mahan (1925)
Fred Mitchell (1926)
Henry Chauncey (1927)
John Barbee (1928)
Fred Mitchell (1929–1938)
Floyd Stahl (1939–1943)
No team (1944–1945)
Floyd Stahl (1946)
Adolph Samborski (1947–1948)
Stuffy McInnis (1949–1954)
Norman Shepard (1955–1968)
Loyal K. Park (1969–1978)
Alex Nahigian (1979–1990)
Leigh Hogan (1991–1995)
Joe Walsh (1996–2012)
Bill Decker (2013– )
Eddie Mahan – awards and honors
vte1913 Harvard Crimson football—national champions
Charles Brickley
Huntington Hardwick
Harvey Hitchcock
Eddie Mahan
Stan Pennock
Bob Storer
Head coach
Percy Haughton
vte1913 College Football All-America Team consensus selectionsBackfield
QB Gus Dorais
QB Ellery Huntington Jr.
HB James B. Craig
HB Eddie Mahan
FB Charles Brickley
Line
E Robert Hogsett
E Louis A. Merrilat
T Harold Ballin
T Harvey Rexford Hitchcock Jr.
T Miller Pontius
T Bud Talbott
G John Brown
G Stan Pennock
G Ray Keeler
C Paul Des Jardien
vte1914 College Football All-America Team consensus selectionsBackfield
QB Charley Barrett
HB Eddie Mahan
HB John Maulbetsch
HB Johnny Spiegel
FB Harry LeGore
Line
E Perry Graves
E Huntington Hardwick
E John O'Hearn
T Harold Ballin
T Walter H. Trumbull
G Ralph Chapman
G Stan Pennock
G Clarence Spears
C John McEwan
vte1915 College Football All-America Team consensus selectionsBackfield
QB Charley Barrett
HB Neno DaPrato
HB Dick King
HB Bart Macomber
HB Eugene Mayer
FB Eddie Mahan
Line
E Guy Chamberlin
E Bert Baston
E Bob Higgins
E Murray Shelton
T Cub Buck
T Joseph Gilman
G Clarence Spears
G Harold White
C Bob Peck | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"halfback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfback_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_All-America_Team"},{"link_name":"Jim Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"Edward William Mahan (January 19, 1892 – July 22, 1975) was an American football player. While playing halfback for Harvard, Mahan was selected as a first-team All-American three consecutive years from 1913 to 1915. He was widely regarded as one of the greatest football players in the first 50 years of the sport and was named by Jim Thorpe as the greatest football player of all time. 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Although he weighed only 165 pounds, Mahan played every minute of every football game for Harvard from 1913 to 1915.[3] Mahan was selected as a first-team All-American in each of those years, leading Harvard to a three-year record of 24–1–2.[4]Mahan carries against Princeton, 1915Mahan played his first varsity game for Harvard in 1913 against Maine and scored two touchdowns, including a 67-yard run.[5] And in the 1915 Harvard–Princeton game, he threw a pass for a 61-yard gain on a fake punt.[5]As a senior and team captain in 1915, Mahan climaxed his college football career by scoring four touchdowns and kicking five extra points in a 41–0 win over Yale, the worst defeat in Yale's 44 years of college football to that time.[3][4] In the biography of Mahan at the College Football Hall of Fame, it is said that Mahan electrified the crowd in the 1915 Harvard-Yale game with \"one of the greatest individual performances of the game's Pioneer Era.\"[4]Harvard's sole loss during Mahan's three years on the team was a 10–0 loss to Cornell in 1915. 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It may be doubted whether he is as fast, but that is mere guesswork. Football, carrying the ball, seemed play to Mahan. Grange does not do his work in quite that effortless manner.\"[5]Mahan was frequently mentioned among the greats of the game. In 1927, George Trevor of the New York Sun selected an all-time backfield made up of Mahan, Walter Eckersall, Jim Thorpe, and Willie Heston of Michigan.[5] In 1928, Grantland Rice named Mahan to his all-time team and wrote, \"Mahan lacked the crashing force of a Heston or a Coy, but he was one of the smoothest running backs anyone ever saw.\"[5] Western football expert Walter Eckersall added, \"Mahan is awarded the honor of being Harvard's greatest football player, a terror to the opposition offensively and defensively. As a line plunger he ranks with the greatest in history.\"[5]In 1951, Mahan was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as part of the first group of inductees.[4]","title":"All-American football player"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"shutout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutout"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth"},{"link_name":"Tris Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tris_Speaker"},{"link_name":"1915 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit3-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coast-9"},{"link_name":"major league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hero-1"}],"text":"Mahan also played for Harvard's varsity baseball team for three years. In an exhibition game in the spring of 1916, Mahan pitched a shutout against the Boston Red Sox, the year after the Red Sox team featuring Babe Ruth and Tris Speaker won the 1915 World Series.[8][9] Mahan was offered a contract by several major league clubs, but none was willing to meet his demand for a salary of $6,500. Mahan described his negotiations in an interview with the Oakland Tribune:\"I had a chance first to go with the Boston Red Sox when I was in my senior year at Harvard. They said to name my price and I named $6,500. They thought it was too much. Then the Detroit club made an offer to me but they too thought I had a gold-brick scheme. The Chicago White Sox were willing to give me a good contract with a bonus if I made good, but the risk was not worth the undertaking. I considered the Braves more seriously than any other team but my negotiations there too were not satisfactory ...\"[1]","title":"Baseball player"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hero-1"},{"link_name":"New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hero-1"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coast-9"},{"link_name":"Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"League Island Marines football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_League_Island_Marines_football_team"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit4-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Paul Purman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Purman"},{"link_name":"1917 All-Service football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_All-Service_football_team"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"Food Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Relief_Administration"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit4-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Mahan received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard in the spring of 1916, with a major in political science and economy.[1] He played semi-professional baseball in New Haven during the summer of 1916 and also worked as the head of the Woodrow Wilson clubs in New York state.[1]In August 1916, Mahan accepted a position as assistant football coach at the University of California.[9] After one season at Berkeley, Mahan returned to the East. Press accounts at the end of the 1916 season reported that Mahan and Cal's head coach (an alumnus of the University of Pennsylvania) had vastly different styles of coaching, and Mahan was never given an opportunity to play an active role in coaching the team.[10]During World War I, Mahan served as a first lieutenant with the U.S. Marine Corps and was captain of the League Island Marines football team.[6][11] He was named to Paul Purman's 1917 All-Service football team.[12] At the end of the war, Mahan remained in Europe for a time working for Herbert Hoover's Food Administration.[6] In a January 1919 game played in France, Mahan led a Navy football team to a 12–0 win over a U.S. Army team. A press account reported that Mahan was the star of the game, running 65 yards for the first touchdown:\"In spite of the muddy field, speed and generalship on the part of the S.O.S. eleven, largely in the person of Eddie Mahan, … told the tale. It was the tall, black-haired Mahan with an undershot jaw that broke the deadlock in the second period. He grabbed a short punt …, eluded two men who barred his path, shook off a third tackler further down the field, and sprinted 65 yards for a touchdown.\"[13]After the war, Mahan returned to Harvard as the coach of the team's halfbacks. In August 1924, he was also appointed head coach of the Harvard baseball team.[14]","title":"Coaching and military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Choate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choate_School"},{"link_name":"Wallingford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallingford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-15"},{"link_name":"Lakewood, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-15"},{"link_name":"investment banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_banking"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-15"},{"link_name":"Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"Hornblower & Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornblower_%26_Weeks"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Needham, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needham,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit3-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit4-6"}],"text":"In 1926, Mahan went to Choate School in Wallingford, Connecticut.[15] He also served as director of athletics at the Newman School in Lakewood, New Jersey.[15]After retiring from athletics, Mahan worked in the investment banking field and later worked for the Massachusetts Department of Natural Resources.[15] He made his debut in investment banking in August 1927, accepting a position with the Wall Street firm Hornblower & Weeks.[16] He also served as a lieutenant commander in the U.S. Navy during World War II.[17][18]In 1975, after a long illness, Mahan died of cancer at Glover Memorial Hospital in Needham, Massachusetts.[8] At the time of his death, Mahan was a resident of his hometown, Natick, Massachusetts. He was survived by his wife, Beryl Boardman Mahan, two daughters, and six grandchildren.[6]","title":"Later years"}] | [{"image_text":"Mahan carries against Princeton, 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harvard-princeton-eddie-mahan-1915.png/210px-Harvard-princeton-eddie-mahan-1915.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Eddie Mahan Arrives At Berkeley; To Don Suit Friday; Great Harvard Football Hero on Hand to Coach Blue and Gold\". Oakland Tribune. 1916-08-29.","urls":[]},{"reference":"William H. Edwards (1916). Football Days: Memories of the Game and of the Men behind the Ball. MOFFAT, YARD AND COMPANY.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ned Mahan\". Syracuse Post-Standard. 1975-07-24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ray Schmidt (February 1996). \"Legendary Eddie Mahan\" (PDF). College Football Historical Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/CFHSN/CFHSNv09/CFHSNv09n2a.pdf","url_text":"\"Legendary Eddie Mahan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harvard's Eddie Mahan buried today\". Bennington Banner. 1975-07-25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Colley See Um of Sports\". Morning Herald. 1946-08-27.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Eddie Mahan, 83, Harvard Back And 3 Times All-America, Dies\". Associated Press in The New York Times. 1975-07-24. Edward W. Mahan, a three-time All-America football player who was considered the greatest back in Harvard's history, died yesterday...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1975/07/24/archives/eddie-mahan-83-harvard-back-and-3-times-allamerica-dies.html","url_text":"\"Eddie Mahan, 83, Harvard Back And 3 Times All-America, Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Mahan Goes to Coast\". The Washington Post. 1916-08-22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Here's Real Dope on Eddie Mahan's Status at U.C.: Difference in Coaching Method, of Harvard and Penn, Was Cause of Row\". Oakland Tribune. 1917-01-31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Webb, Melville (December 1, 1917). \"Eddie Mahan With Us Again Today\". The Boston Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"St. Nazaire Wins Gridiron Battle: Downs 36th Division Team in Exciting Game at Colombes; Eddie Mahan the Star; Former Harvard Football Captain Runs Sixty-five Yards for First Touchdown\". The Stars and Stripes. 1919-01-24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ned Mahan Will Coach Crimson Baseball Team\". Bridgeport Telegram. 1924-08-24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"All-America Eddie Mahan dead at 83: Harvard halfback considered best Crimson ever had\". Berkshire Eagle. 1975-07-24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ray Clark (1927-08-13). \"The Day Book\". Syracuse Herald.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"Greatest Football Player\" To Be Buried\". Nevada State Journal. 1975-07-25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ray Warwick (1942-08-15). \"Mahan, Ex-Collegian, Asserts Long War May Change Football\". Blytheville Courier News (United Press article).","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1285","external_links_name":"https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1285"},{"Link":"http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/CFHSN/CFHSNv09/CFHSNv09n2a.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Legendary Eddie Mahan\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1975/07/24/archives/eddie-mahan-83-harvard-back-and-3-times-allamerica-dies.html","external_links_name":"\"Eddie Mahan, 83, Harvard Back And 3 Times All-America, Dies\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/officialfootball19181nati#page/n21/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Spalding's Football Guide"},{"Link":"https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1285","external_links_name":"Eddie Mahan"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/186799108","external_links_name":"Eddie Mahan"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1718_in_music | 1718 in music | ["1 Events","2 Classical music","3 Opera","4 Theoretical Writings","5 Births","6 Deaths","7 References"] | Overview of the events of 1718 in music
List of years in music
(table)
… 1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728 …
Art
Archaeology
Architecture
Literature
Music
Philosophy
Science
+...
The year 1718 in music involved some significant events.
Events
Antonio Vivaldi tours Italy.
Handel succeeds Johann Christoph Pepusch as Kapellmeister to the Duke of Chandos.
Johann Joachim Quantz settles in Dresden.
14-year-old Carlos Seixas succeeds his father as organist at Coimbra Cathedral.
Classical music
Attilio Ariosti – Recueil de pièces
William Babell – The Harpsichord Master Improved
Johann Sebastian Bach
Lobet den Herrn, alle seine Heerscharen, BWV Anh.5
Herr Christ, der einge Gottessohn, BWV Anh.77
Der Himmel dacht auf Anhalts Ruhm und Glück, BWV 66a
Die Zeit, die Tag und Jahre macht, BWV 134a
Weichet nur, betrübte Schatten, BWV 202
Amore traditore, BWV 203
Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her, BWV 738
Violin Concerto in E major, BWV 1042
Concerto for 2 Violins in D minor, BWV 1043
Sinfonia in F major, BWV 1046a
Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major, BWV 1047 (likely composed)
Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G major, BWV 1048
Orchestral Suite No. 1 in C major, BWV 1066
Antonio Caldara – Il martirio di San Terenziano
Pietro Castrucci – 12 Violin Sonatas, Op. 1
Francesco Bartolomeo Conti – Amore in Tessaglia
Jean-François Dandrieu – Les caractères de la guerre
Johann Ernst Prinz von Sachsen-Weimar – 6 Violin Concertos, Op. 1
Christoph Graupner – 8 Partitas
George Frideric Handel
Esther (oratorio) HWV 50a
Dolc' è pur d'amor l'affanno, HWV 109b
L'aure grate, il fresco rio, HWV 121a
As Pants the Hart, HWV 251b
Francesco Manfredini – 12 Concertos, Op. 3 (inc. No. 12 in C major "Christmas Pastorale")
Pierre Danican Philidor
4 Suites, Op. 2
3 Suites, Op. 3
Georg Philipp Telemann
6 Suonatine per violino e cembalo (TWV 41)
6 Trio Sonatas (TWV 42)
Concerto for 2 Recorders, TWV 52:a2
Antonio Vivaldi – Qual in pioggia dorata, RV 686
Giovanni Zamboni – Sonate d'intavolatura di leuto, Op. 1
Jan Dismas Zelenka
Capriccio in G major, ZWV 183
Capriccio in F major, ZWV 184
Collectaneorum Musicorum, Book II (compilation of Poglietti and Frescobaldi scores compiled during Zelenka's time in Vienna)
Opera
Toussaint Bertin de la Doué – Le Jugement de Paris
Antonio Maria Bononcini – Griselda
Giuseppe Antonio Brescianello – Tisbe, Premiered Jan. 26 in Stuttgart
Antonio Caldara – Ifigenia in Aulide
George Frideric Handel – Acis and Galatea HWV 49
Nicola Porpora – Berenice regina d'Egitto
Domenico Natale Sarro – Arsace
Alessandro Scarlatti
Cambise, R.356.64
Il trionfo dell'onore
Telemaco
Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel – Diomedes (inc. aria "Bist du bei mir", later arranged by J.S. Bach as BWV 508)
Antonio Vivaldi
Armida al campo d'Egitto, RV 699
Scanderbeg, RV 732
Tito Manlio, RV 738
Theoretical Writings
Jean-François Dandrieu – Principes de l'Acompagnement du Clavecin
Births
January 18 – Christoph Ludwig Fehre, organist and composer (died 1772)
April 14 – Emanuele Barbella, Italian composer and violinist (died 1777)
August 9 – Placidus von Camerloher, German composer (died 1782)
September 25 – Nicola Conforto, composer (died 1793)
November 8 – Joseph Aloys Schmittbaur, composer (died 1809)
November 21 – Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg, music critic and composer (died 1795)
date unknown
Wenzel Raimund Birck, composer (died 1763)
Mademoiselle Duval (nom de plume) (died c.1775)
Richard Mudge, composer (died 1763)
Giuseppe Scarlatti (or 1723), composer (died 1777)
December 3 – Richard Duke, violin maker (died 1783)
Deaths
February 27 – Václav Karel Holan Rovenský, composer (born 1644)
March – Richard Brind, organist and composer
March 13 – Friedrich Nicolaus Brauns, composer (born 1637)
April 1 – Johann Burchard Freystein, hymn writer (born 1671)
November 26 – Bernardo Sabadini, opera composer
References
^ Charles Beare and John Dilworth (2001). "Duke, Richard". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08285. | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Overview of the events of 1718 in musicThe year 1718 in music involved some significant events.","title":"1718 in music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio Vivaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Johann Christoph Pepusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Pepusch"},{"link_name":"Johann Joachim Quantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz"},{"link_name":"Carlos Seixas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Seixas"}],"text":"Antonio Vivaldi tours Italy.\nHandel succeeds Johann Christoph Pepusch as Kapellmeister to the Duke of Chandos.\nJohann Joachim Quantz settles in Dresden.\n14-year-old Carlos Seixas succeeds his father as organist at Coimbra Cathedral.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Attilio Ariosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attilio_Ariosti"},{"link_name":"William Babell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Babell"},{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Lobet den Herrn, alle seine Heerscharen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobet_den_Herrn,_alle_seine_Heerscharen,_BWV_Anh._5"},{"link_name":"Der Himmel dacht auf Anhalts Ruhm und Glück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Himmel_dacht_auf_Anhalts_Ruhm_und_Gl%C3%BCck,_BWV_66a"},{"link_name":"Die Zeit, die Tag und Jahre macht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit,_die_Tag_und_Jahre_macht,_BWV_134a"},{"link_name":"Weichet nur, betrübte Schatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weichet_nur,_betr%C3%BCbte_Schatten,_BWV_202"},{"link_name":"Amore traditore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amore_traditore,_BWV_203"},{"link_name":"BWV 738","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organ_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Violin Concerto in E major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Concerto_in_E_major_(Bach)"},{"link_name":"BWV 1043","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerto_for_Two_Violins_(Bach)"},{"link_name":"BWV 1046a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWV_1046a"},{"link_name":"BWV 1047","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos"},{"link_name":"BWV 1048","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos"},{"link_name":"BWV 1066","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestral_suites_(Bach)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Caldara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Caldara"},{"link_name":"Pietro Castrucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Castrucci"},{"link_name":"Francesco Bartolomeo Conti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Bartolomeo_Conti"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Dandrieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Dandrieu"},{"link_name":"Johann Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Ernst_III,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar"},{"link_name":"Christoph Graupner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Graupner"},{"link_name":"George Frideric Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"Esther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"As Pants the Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Pants_the_Hart_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Francesco Manfredini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Manfredini"},{"link_name":"Pierre Danican Philidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Danican_Philidor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georg Philipp Telemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann"},{"link_name":"Antonio Vivaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Zamboni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Zamboni"},{"link_name":"Jan Dismas Zelenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Dismas_Zelenka"},{"link_name":"Poglietti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Poglietti"},{"link_name":"Frescobaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi"}],"text":"Attilio Ariosti – Recueil de pièces\nWilliam Babell – The Harpsichord Master Improved\nJohann Sebastian Bach\nLobet den Herrn, alle seine Heerscharen, BWV Anh.5\nHerr Christ, der einge Gottessohn, BWV Anh.77\nDer Himmel dacht auf Anhalts Ruhm und Glück, BWV 66a\nDie Zeit, die Tag und Jahre macht, BWV 134a\nWeichet nur, betrübte Schatten, BWV 202\nAmore traditore, BWV 203\nVom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her, BWV 738\nViolin Concerto in E major, BWV 1042\nConcerto for 2 Violins in D minor, BWV 1043\nSinfonia in F major, BWV 1046a\nBrandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major, BWV 1047 (likely composed)\nBrandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G major, BWV 1048\nOrchestral Suite No. 1 in C major, BWV 1066\nAntonio Caldara – Il martirio di San Terenziano\nPietro Castrucci – 12 Violin Sonatas, Op. 1\nFrancesco Bartolomeo Conti – Amore in Tessaglia\nJean-François Dandrieu – Les caractères de la guerre\nJohann Ernst Prinz von Sachsen-Weimar – 6 Violin Concertos, Op. 1\nChristoph Graupner – 8 Partitas\nGeorge Frideric Handel\nEsther (oratorio) HWV 50a\nDolc' è pur d'amor l'affanno, HWV 109b\nL'aure grate, il fresco rio, HWV 121a\nAs Pants the Hart, HWV 251b\nFrancesco Manfredini – 12 Concertos, Op. 3 (inc. No. 12 in C major \"Christmas Pastorale\")\nPierre Danican Philidor\n4 Suites, Op. 2\n3 Suites, Op. 3\nGeorg Philipp Telemann\n6 Suonatine per violino e cembalo (TWV 41)\n6 Trio Sonatas (TWV 42)\nConcerto for 2 Recorders, TWV 52:a2\nAntonio Vivaldi – Qual in pioggia dorata, RV 686\nGiovanni Zamboni – Sonate d'intavolatura di leuto, Op. 1\nJan Dismas Zelenka\nCapriccio in G major, ZWV 183\nCapriccio in F major, ZWV 184\nCollectaneorum Musicorum, Book II (compilation of Poglietti and Frescobaldi scores compiled during Zelenka's time in Vienna)","title":"Classical music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toussaint Bertin de la Doué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toussaint_Bertin_de_la_Dou%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Antonio Maria Bononcini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Bononcini"},{"link_name":"Griselda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griselda_(Antonio_Maria_Bononcini)"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Antonio Brescianello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Antonio_Brescianello"},{"link_name":"Antonio Caldara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Caldara"},{"link_name":"George Frideric Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"Acis and Galatea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"HWV 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Nicola Porpora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Porpora"},{"link_name":"Domenico Natale Sarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Natale_Sarro"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Scarlatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti"},{"link_name":"Cambise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambise_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Il trionfo dell'onore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trionfo_dell%27onore"},{"link_name":"Telemaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemaco_(Scarlatti)"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_St%C3%B6lzel"},{"link_name":"BWV 508","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bist_du_bei_mir"},{"link_name":"Antonio Vivaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi"},{"link_name":"Armida al campo d'Egitto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armida_al_campo_d%27Egitto"},{"link_name":"Scanderbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanderbeg_(Vivaldi)"},{"link_name":"Tito Manlio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Manlio"}],"text":"Toussaint Bertin de la Doué – Le Jugement de Paris\nAntonio Maria Bononcini – Griselda\nGiuseppe Antonio Brescianello – Tisbe, Premiered Jan. 26 in Stuttgart\nAntonio Caldara – Ifigenia in Aulide\nGeorge Frideric Handel – Acis and Galatea HWV 49\nNicola Porpora – Berenice regina d'Egitto\nDomenico Natale Sarro – Arsace\nAlessandro Scarlatti\nCambise, R.356.64\nIl trionfo dell'onore\nTelemaco\nGottfried Heinrich Stölzel – Diomedes (inc. aria \"Bist du bei mir\", later arranged by J.S. Bach as BWV 508)\nAntonio Vivaldi\nArmida al campo d'Egitto, RV 699\nScanderbeg, RV 732\nTito Manlio, RV 738","title":"Opera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean-François Dandrieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Dandrieu"}],"text":"Jean-François Dandrieu – Principes de l'Acompagnement du Clavecin","title":"Theoretical Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_18"},{"link_name":"Christoph Ludwig Fehre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Ludwig_Fehre"},{"link_name":"April 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_14"},{"link_name":"Emanuele Barbella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuele_Barbella"},{"link_name":"August 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_9"},{"link_name":"Placidus von Camerloher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placidus_von_Camerloher"},{"link_name":"September 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_25"},{"link_name":"Nicola Conforto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Conforto"},{"link_name":"November 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_8"},{"link_name":"Joseph Aloys Schmittbaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Aloys_Schmittbaur"},{"link_name":"November 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_21"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Marpurg"},{"link_name":"Wenzel Raimund Birck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzel_Raimund_Birck"},{"link_name":"Mademoiselle Duval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlle_Duval"},{"link_name":"Richard Mudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mudge"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Scarlatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Scarlatti"},{"link_name":"December 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_3"},{"link_name":"Richard Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Duke_(violin_maker)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"January 18 – Christoph Ludwig Fehre, organist and composer (died 1772)\nApril 14 – Emanuele Barbella, Italian composer and violinist (died 1777)\nAugust 9 – Placidus von Camerloher, German composer (died 1782)\nSeptember 25 – Nicola Conforto, composer (died 1793)\nNovember 8 – Joseph Aloys Schmittbaur, composer (died 1809)\nNovember 21 – Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg, music critic and composer (died 1795)\ndate unknown\nWenzel Raimund Birck, composer (died 1763)\nMademoiselle Duval (nom de plume) (died c.1775)\nRichard Mudge, composer (died 1763)\nGiuseppe Scarlatti (or 1723), composer (died 1777)\nDecember 3 – Richard Duke, violin maker (died 1783)[1]","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"February 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_27"},{"link_name":"Václav Karel Holan Rovenský","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Karel_Holan_Rovensk%C3%BD"},{"link_name":"Richard Brind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brind"},{"link_name":"March 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_13"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Nicolaus Brauns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nicolaus_Brauns"},{"link_name":"April 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_1"},{"link_name":"Johann Burchard Freystein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Burchard_Freystein"},{"link_name":"November 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_26"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Sabadini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Sabadini"}],"text":"February 27 – Václav Karel Holan Rovenský, composer (born 1644)\nMarch – Richard Brind, organist and composer\nMarch 13 – Friedrich Nicolaus Brauns, composer (born 1637)\nApril 1 – Johann Burchard Freystein, hymn writer (born 1671)\nNovember 26 – Bernardo Sabadini, opera composer","title":"Deaths"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Charles Beare and John Dilworth (2001). \"Duke, Richard\". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08285.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Beare","url_text":"Charles Beare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians","url_text":"Grove Music Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.08285","url_text":"10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08285"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.08285","external_links_name":"10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08285"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_File_(ASCII) | Turbo File (ASCII) | ["1 Turbofile","2 Turbo File II","3 Turbo File Adapter","4 Turbo File Twin","5 Turbo File GB","6 Turbo File Advance","7 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Turbo File" ASCII – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Turbo File devices from ASCII Corporation are external storage devices for saved game data on various Nintendo consoles. They have been sold only in Japan, and are mainly supported by ASCII's own games. The first one was designed primarily to allow players transfer data between the Wizardry games released on the Famicom (and later Game Boy and Super Famicom).
Turbofile
Turbofile is for the Famicom, and was released in 1986. It contains 8 kilobytes of battery-backed SRAM. It connects to the Famicom's 15-pin controller expansion port.
It is supported by:
Best Play Pro Yakyuu (1988) ASCII (J)
Best Play Pro Yakyuu '90 (1990) (J)
Best Play Pro Yakyuu II (1990) (J)
Best Play Pro Yakyuu Special (1992) (J)
Castle Excellent (1986) ASCII (J) (early access method without filename) (also supports the Famicom Data Recorder)
Derby Stallion - Zenkoku Ban (1992) Sonobe Hiroyuki/ASCII (J)
Downtown - Nekketsu Monogatari (1989) Technos Japan Corp (J)
Dungeon Kid (1990) Quest/Pixel (J)
Fleet Commander (1988) ASCII (J)
Haja no Fuuin (1986) ASCII/KGD (J)
Itadaki Street - Watashi no Mise ni Yottette (1990) ASCII (J)
Ninja Rahoi! (J)
Wizardry - Legacy of Llylgamyn (1989) (J)
Wizardry - Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord (1987) (J)
Wizardry - The Knight of Diamonds (1990) (J)
Turbo File II
The Turbo File II was designed for the Famicom. Same as Turbo File, but contains 32 Kbytes battery-backed SRAM, divided into 4 slots of 8 Kbytes, the slots are selectable via a 4-position switch.
Turbo File Adapter
Turbo File Adapter is for the Super Famicom, and was released around 1992. It allows to connect a Turbo File or Turbo File II to Super Famicom consoles. Aside from the pin-conversion (15pin Famicom to 7pin Super Famicom controller port), the device contains some electronics to add a SNES-controller ID code, and a more complicated transmission protocol for entering the data transfer mode.
It is supported by:
Ardy Lightfoot (1993)
Derby Stallion II (1994)
Derby Stallion III (1995) (supports both TFII and STF modes)
Derby Stallion 96 (1996) (supports both TFII and STF modes, plus Satellaview mini FLASH cartridges)
Derby Stallion 98 (NP) (1998) (supports both TFII and STF modes)
Down the World: Mervil's Ambition (1994)
Kakinoki Shogi (1995)
Tactics Ogre: Let Us Cling Together (1995) (supports both TFII and STF modes)
Wizardry V: Heart of the Maelstrom (1992) (Japanese version only - the Turbo File hardware detection is made non-functional in the US-version).
Turbo File Twin
Turbo File Twin is for the Super Famicom, and was released around 1995. It contains 160 kilobytes of battery-backed SRAM. 4×8 kilobytes are used in the four TFII-modes (emulating a Turbo File II with Turbo File Adapter), and the remaining 128 kilobytes are used for a new SNES-specific "STF" mode. The STF mode is supported by:
Bahamut Lagoon (1996) Square
Daisenryaku Expert WWII: War in Europe (1996) SystemSoftAlpha/ASCII Corp (JP)
Dark Law: Meaning of Death (1997) ASCII (JP)
Derby Stallion III (1995) (supports both TFII and STF modes)
Derby Stallion 96 (1996) (supports both TFII and STF modes, plus Satellaview mini FLASH cartridges)
Derby Stallion 98 (NP) (1998) (supports both TFII and STF modes)
Gunple: Gunman's Proof (1997) ASCII/Lenar (JP)
Mini Yonku/4WD Shining Scorpion - Let's & Go!! (1996) KID/ASCII Corp (JP)
Ongaku Tsukūru: Kanadeeru (supports STF mode, plus Satellaview flash cartridges)
RPG Tsukūru: Super Dante
RPG Tsukūru 2 (supports STF mode, plus Satellaview mini FLASH cartridges)
Sound Novel Tsukūru (supports STF mode, plus Satellaview mini FLASH cartridges)
Tactics Ogre: Let Us Cling Together (1995) (supports both TFII and STF modes)
Wizardry VI: Bane of the Cosmic Forge (1995) (JP) (English)
Turbo File GB
Turbo File GB is for the Game Boy. It connects via the link cable port. Data is stored on memory cards that connect to the device.
Supported games include:
RPG Maker GB
RPG Maker GB 2
Turbo File Advance
Turbo File Advance is for the Game Boy Advance and was sold by Sammy.
Supported games include:
RPG Tsukuru Advance (max 15 saves)
Derby Stallion Advance
References
^ "自分自身のためのものづくりメモ - TURBO FILE TWIN、他 の主要部品". baku.homeunix.net.
^ "RPGツクール アドバンス". 1 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.
^ "Kadokawaオフィシャルサイト内 各ブランドページについてのお知らせ | Kadokawa".
^ "ダービースタリオンアドバンス - 株式会社エンターブレイン". Archived from the original on 2004-06-27. Retrieved 2012-11-21. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASCII Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII_(company)"},{"link_name":"saved game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saved_game"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Wizardry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizardry"},{"link_name":"Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famicom"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"Super Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Famicom"}],"text":"The Turbo File devices from ASCII Corporation are external storage devices for saved game data on various Nintendo consoles. They have been sold only in Japan, and are mainly supported by ASCII's own games. The first one was designed primarily to allow players transfer data between the Wizardry games released on the Famicom (and later Game Boy and Super Famicom).","title":"Turbo File (ASCII)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famicom"},{"link_name":"kilobytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte"},{"link_name":"SRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Random_Access_Memory"},{"link_name":"Castle Excellent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlequest"},{"link_name":"Famicom Data Recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famicom_Data_Recorder"},{"link_name":"Derby Stallion - Zenkoku Ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Stallion_(series)"},{"link_name":"Downtown - Nekketsu Monogatari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_City_Ransom"},{"link_name":"Haja no Fuuin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Warriors:_Seal_of_the_Dark_Lord"},{"link_name":"Itadaki Street - Watashi no Mise ni Yottette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Street"},{"link_name":"Wizardry - Legacy of Llylgamyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizardry_III:_Legacy_of_Llylgamyn"},{"link_name":"Wizardry - Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizardry:_Proving_Grounds_of_the_Mad_Overlord"},{"link_name":"Wizardry - The Knight of Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizardry_II:_The_Knight_of_Diamonds"}],"text":"Turbofile is for the Famicom, and was released in 1986. It contains 8 kilobytes of battery-backed SRAM. It connects to the Famicom's 15-pin controller expansion port.It is supported by:Best Play Pro Yakyuu (1988) ASCII (J)\nBest Play Pro Yakyuu '90 (1990) (J)\nBest Play Pro Yakyuu II (1990) (J)\nBest Play Pro Yakyuu Special (1992) (J)\nCastle Excellent (1986) ASCII (J) (early access method without filename) (also supports the Famicom Data Recorder)\nDerby Stallion - Zenkoku Ban (1992) Sonobe Hiroyuki/ASCII (J)\nDowntown - Nekketsu Monogatari (1989) Technos Japan Corp (J)\nDungeon Kid (1990) Quest/Pixel (J)\nFleet Commander (1988) ASCII (J)\nHaja no Fuuin (1986) ASCII/KGD (J)\nItadaki Street - Watashi no Mise ni Yottette (1990) ASCII (J)\nNinja Rahoi! (J)\nWizardry - Legacy of Llylgamyn (1989) (J)\nWizardry - Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord (1987) (J)\nWizardry - The Knight of Diamonds (1990) (J)","title":"Turbofile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famicom"}],"text":"The Turbo File II was designed for the Famicom. Same as Turbo File, but contains 32 Kbytes battery-backed SRAM, divided into 4 slots of 8 Kbytes, the slots are selectable via a 4-position switch.","title":"Turbo File II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Famicom"},{"link_name":"Super Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Famicom"},{"link_name":"Ardy Lightfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardy_Lightfoot"},{"link_name":"Derby Stallion II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Stallion_(series)"},{"link_name":"Derby Stallion III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Stallion_(series)"},{"link_name":"Derby Stallion 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Stallion_(series)"},{"link_name":"Derby Stallion 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Stallion_(series)"},{"link_name":"NP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power_(cartridge)"},{"link_name":"Down the World: Mervil's Ambition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_the_World:_Mervil%27s_Ambition"},{"link_name":"Tactics Ogre: Let Us Cling Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactics_Ogre:_Let_Us_Cling_Together"},{"link_name":"Wizardry V: Heart of the Maelstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizardry_V:_Heart_of_the_Maelstrom"}],"text":"Turbo File Adapter is for the Super Famicom, and was released around 1992. It allows to connect a Turbo File or Turbo File II to Super Famicom consoles. Aside from the pin-conversion (15pin Famicom to 7pin Super Famicom controller port), the device contains some electronics to add a SNES-controller ID code, and a more complicated transmission protocol for entering the data transfer mode.It is supported by:Ardy Lightfoot (1993)\nDerby Stallion II (1994)\nDerby Stallion III (1995) (supports both TFII and STF modes)\nDerby Stallion 96 (1996) (supports both TFII and STF modes, plus Satellaview mini FLASH cartridges)\nDerby Stallion 98 (NP) (1998) (supports both TFII and STF modes)\nDown the World: Mervil's Ambition (1994)\nKakinoki Shogi (1995)\nTactics Ogre: Let Us Cling Together (1995) (supports both TFII and STF modes)\nWizardry V: Heart of the Maelstrom (1992) (Japanese version only - the Turbo File hardware detection is made non-functional in the US-version).","title":"Turbo File Adapter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Famicom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bahamut Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamut_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"Derby Stallion III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Stallion_(series)"},{"link_name":"Derby Stallion 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Stallion_(series)"},{"link_name":"Derby Stallion 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Stallion_(series)"},{"link_name":"NP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power_(cartridge)"},{"link_name":"Gunple: Gunman's Proof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunple:_Gunman%27s_Proof"},{"link_name":"Ongaku Tsukūru: Kanadeeru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongaku_Tsuk%C5%ABru:_Kanadeeru"},{"link_name":"RPG Tsukūru: Super Dante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG_Tsuk%C5%ABru:_Super_Dante"},{"link_name":"RPG Tsukūru 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG_Tsuk%C5%ABru_2"},{"link_name":"Sound Novel Tsukūru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_Novel_Tsuk%C5%ABru"},{"link_name":"Tactics Ogre: Let Us Cling Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactics_Ogre:_Let_Us_Cling_Together"},{"link_name":"Wizardry VI: Bane of the Cosmic Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizardry_VI:_Bane_of_the_Cosmic_Forge"}],"text":"Turbo File Twin is for the Super Famicom, and was released around 1995. It contains 160 kilobytes of battery-backed SRAM.[1] 4×8 kilobytes are used in the four TFII-modes (emulating a Turbo File II with Turbo File Adapter), and the remaining 128 kilobytes are used for a new SNES-specific \"STF\" mode. The STF mode is supported by:Bahamut Lagoon (1996) Square\nDaisenryaku Expert WWII: War in Europe (1996) SystemSoftAlpha/ASCII Corp (JP)\nDark Law: Meaning of Death (1997) ASCII (JP)\nDerby Stallion III (1995) (supports both TFII and STF modes)\nDerby Stallion 96 (1996) (supports both TFII and STF modes, plus Satellaview mini FLASH cartridges)\nDerby Stallion 98 (NP) (1998) (supports both TFII and STF modes)\nGunple: Gunman's Proof (1997) ASCII/Lenar (JP)\nMini Yonku/4WD Shining Scorpion - Let's & Go!! (1996) KID/ASCII Corp (JP)\nOngaku Tsukūru: Kanadeeru (supports STF mode, plus Satellaview flash cartridges)\nRPG Tsukūru: Super Dante\nRPG Tsukūru 2 (supports STF mode, plus Satellaview mini FLASH cartridges)\nSound Novel Tsukūru (supports STF mode, plus Satellaview mini FLASH cartridges)\nTactics Ogre: Let Us Cling Together (1995) (supports both TFII and STF modes)\nWizardry VI: Bane of the Cosmic Forge (1995) (JP) (English)","title":"Turbo File Twin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"}],"text":"Turbo File GB is for the Game Boy. It connects via the link cable port. Data is stored on memory cards that connect to the device.Supported games include:RPG Maker GB\nRPG Maker GB 2","title":"Turbo File GB"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Turbo File Advance is for the Game Boy Advance and was sold by Sammy.Supported games include:RPG Tsukuru Advance[2] (max 15 saves)\nDerby Stallion Advance[3][4]","title":"Turbo File Advance"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"自分自身のためのものづくりメモ - TURBO FILE TWIN、他 の主要部品\". baku.homeunix.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://baku.homeunix.net/WiKi/rnx/index.rb?1247491542.txt","url_text":"\"自分自身のためのものづくりメモ - TURBO FILE TWIN、他 の主要部品\""}]},{"reference":"\"RPGツクール アドバンス\". 1 October 2007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASD1 | RASD1 | ["1 Structure","1.1 Gene","1.2 Protein","2 Function","3 Clinical significance","3.1 Clinical marker","4 Interactions","5 References","6 Further reading"] | Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
RASD1IdentifiersAliasesRASD1, AGS1, DEXRAS1, MGC:26290, ras related dexamethasone induced 1External IDsOMIM: 605550; MGI: 1270848; HomoloGene: 7509; GeneCards: RASD1; OMA:RASD1 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 17 (human)Band17p11.2Start17,494,437 bpEnd17,496,395 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 11 (mouse)Band11|11 B1.3Start59,854,007 bpEnd59,855,770 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inpericardiumrenal medullaanterior pituitarymiddle temporal gyruspancreatic ductal celltracheaparotid glandBrodmann area 23right lobe of thyroid glandcardiac muscle tissue of right atriumTop expressed inbrown adipose tissueislet of Langerhanssuprachiasmatic nucleuswhite adipose tissuesubcutaneous adipose tissuemedial dorsal nucleuslactiferous glandtunica adventitia of aortaCA3 fieldmedial geniculate nucleusMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
nucleotide binding
GTP binding
protein binding
GTPase activity
Cellular component
cytoplasm
perinuclear region of cytoplasm
plasma membrane
nucleus
sarcoplasmic reticulum
membrane
Biological process
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
signal transduction
nitric oxide mediated signal transduction
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez5165519416EnsemblENSG00000108551ENSMUSG00000049892UniProtQ9Y272O35626RefSeq (mRNA)NM_016084NM_001199989NM_009026RefSeq (protein)NP_001186918NP_057168NP_033052Location (UCSC)Chr 17: 17.49 – 17.5 MbChr 11: 59.85 – 59.86 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Dexamethasone-induced Ras-related protein 1 (RASD1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASD1 gene on chromosome 17. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. As a member of the Ras superfamily of small G-proteins, RASD1 regulates signal transduction pathways through both G proteins and G protein-coupled receptors. RASD1 has been associated with several cancers. The RASD1 gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Structure
Gene
The RASD1 gene resides on chromosome 17 at the band 17p11.2 and contains 2 exons. This gene produces 2 isoforms through alternative splicing. A glucocorticoid response element (GRE) located in the 3'- flanking region of this gene allows glucocorticoids to induce expression of RASD1.
Protein
This protein is a small GTPase belonging to the Ras superfamily. As a Ras superfamily member, RASD1 shares several motifs characteristic of Ras proteins, including four highly conserved GTP binding pocket domains: the phosphate/magnesium binding regions GXXXXGK(S/T) (domain Σ1), DXXG (domain Σ2), and the guanine base binding loops NKXD (domain Σ3) and EXSAK (domain Σ4). These four domains, along with an effector loop, are responsible for binding to other proteins and signaling molecules. Another common Ras motif, the CAAX motif, can be found in the C-terminal of RASD1 and promotes the subcellular localization of RASD1 to the plasma membrane. As a GTPase, RASD1 also shares motifs, such as in the regions G-1 to G-3, with other GTPases.
The full-length RASD1 cDNA produces a protein with a length of 280 amino acid residues and a molecular mass of 31.7 kDa.
Function
RASD1 is expressed in many tissues including brain, heart, liver, and kidney. It is also present in bone marrow, but its expression is absent or at very low levels in spleen, lymph node, and peripheral blood leukocytes. RASD1 modulates multiple signaling cascades. RASD1 could activate G proteins in a receptor-independent manner and inhibit signal transduction through several different G protein-coupled receptors. Although RASD1 is a member of the Ras superfamily of small G-proteins, which often promotes cell growth and tumor expansion, it plays an active role in preventing aberrant cell growth. It can be induced by corticosteroids and may play a role in the negative feedback loop controlling adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion. In the hypothalamus, RASD1 expression is induced in two ways: one by elevated glucocorticoids in response to stress, and one in response to increased plasma osmolality resulting from osmotic stress. Based on its inhibitory actions on CREB phosphorylation, increased RASD1 in vasopressin-expressing neurons may be essential in controlling the transcriptional responses to stressors in both the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus via modulation of the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway. RASD1 is also reported to function with leptin in the activation of TRPC4 transient receptor potential channels and, thus, plays a role in regulating electrical excitability in gastrointestinal myocytes, pancreatic β-cells, and neurons. In addition, the interaction between RASD1 and Ear2 is involved in renin transcriptional regulation.
Clinical significance
In humans, upregulation of RASD1 leading to increased apoptosis has been observed in several human cancer cell lines such as DU-154 human prostate cancer cells and in human breast cancer cells MCF-7. In the latter, high concentrations of calycosin significantly suppressed the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, thereby promoting apoptosis of the cells. Moreover, compared with a control group, the expression of Bcl-2 decreased with calycosin while Bax increased, and these changes correlated with an elevated expression of RASD1. Together, it appears that, at relatively high concentrations, calycosin can trigger the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by upregulating RASD1.
Clinical marker
Additionally, in the cardiovascular field, a genome-wide analysis of common variants demonstrated a substantial overlap in the genetic risk of ischemic stroke and coronary artery disease, such as the link between RASD1 and other loci such as RAI1 and PEMT. A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci, including the RASD1 gene, identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events, as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy. The study was based on a community cohort study (the Malmo Diet and Cancer study) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts (JUPITER and ASCOT) and secondary prevention cohorts (CARE and PROVE IT-TIMI 22).
Interactions
RASD1 has been shown to interact with NOS1AP.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000108551 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000049892 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ St Croix B, Rago C, Velculescu V, Traverso G, Romans KE, Montgomery E, Lal A, Riggins GJ, Lengauer C, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (August 2000). "Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium". Science. 289 (5482): 1197–202. Bibcode:2000Sci...289.1197S. doi:10.1126/science.289.5482.1197. PMID 10947988.
^ a b "Entrez Gene: RASD1 RAS, dexamethasone-induced 1".
^ "BioGPS - your Gene Portal System". biogps.org. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
^ a b Graham TE, Prossnitz ER, Dorin RI (March 2002). "Dexras1/AGS-1 inhibits signal transduction from the Gi-coupled formyl peptide receptor to Erk-1/2 MAP kinases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (13): 10876–82. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110397200. PMID 11751935.
^ a b c Tian J, Duan YX, Bei CY, Chen J (August 2013). "Calycosin induces apoptosis by upregulation of RASD1 in human breast cancer cells MCF-7". Hormone and Metabolic Research. 45 (8): 593–8. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1341510. PMID 23609007. S2CID 206346475.
^ a b Mega JL, Stitziel NO, Smith JG, Chasman DI, Caulfield MJ, Devlin JJ, Nordio F, Hyde CL, Cannon CP, Sacks FM, Poulter NR, Sever PS, Ridker PM, Braunwald E, Melander O, Kathiresan S, Sabatine MS (June 2015). "Genetic risk, coronary heart disease events, and the clinical benefit of statin therapy: an analysis of primary and secondary prevention trials". Lancet. 385 (9984): 2264–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61730-X. PMC 4608367. PMID 25748612.
^ a b "RASD1 - Dexamethasone-induced Ras-related protein 1 precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - RASD1 gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
^ a b Wie J, Kim BJ, Myeong J, Ha K, Jeong SJ, Yang D, Kim E, Jeon JH, So I (2015-01-01). "The Roles of Rasd1 small G proteins and leptin in the activation of TRPC4 transient receptor potential channels". Channels. 9 (4): 186–95. doi:10.1080/19336950.2015.1058454. PMC 4594510. PMID 26083271.
^ Kemppainen RJ, Behrend EN (February 1998). "Dexamethasone rapidly induces a novel ras superfamily member-related gene in AtT-20 cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (6): 3129–31. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.6.3129. PMID 9452419.
^ Tu Y, Wu C (December 1999). "Cloning, expression and characterization of a novel human Ras-related protein that is regulated by glucocorticoid hormone". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1489 (2–3): 452–6. doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00197-9. PMID 10673050.
^ a b c Fang M, Jaffrey SR, Sawa A, Ye K, Luo X, Snyder SH (October 2000). "Dexras1: a G protein specifically coupled to neuronal nitric oxide synthase via CAPON". Neuron. 28 (1): 183–93. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00095-7. PMID 11086993. S2CID 10533464.
^ a b Vaidyanathan G, Cismowski MJ, Wang G, Vincent TS, Brown KD, Lanier SM (July 2004). "The Ras-related protein AGS1/RASD1 suppresses cell growth". Oncogene. 23 (34): 5858–63. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207774. PMID 15184869. S2CID 32901324.
^ Takesono A, Nowak MW, Cismowski M, Duzic E, Lanier SM (April 2002). "Activator of G-protein signaling 1 blocks GIRK channel activation by a G-protein-coupled receptor: apparent disruption of receptor signaling complexes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (16): 13827–30. doi:10.1074/jbc.M201064200. PMID 11842095.
^ Brogan MD, Behrend EN, Kemppainen RJ (October 2001). "Regulation of Dexras1 expression by endogenous steroids". Neuroendocrinology. 74 (4): 244–50. doi:10.1159/000054691. PMID 11598380. S2CID 19846824.
^ Greenwood MP, Greenwood M, Mecawi AS, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Paton JF, Murphy D (January 2016). "Rasd1, a small G protein with a big role in the hypothalamic response to neuronal activation". Molecular Brain. 9: 1. doi:10.1186/s13041-015-0182-2. PMC 4704412. PMID 26739966.
^ Wie J, Kim BJ, Myeong J, Ha K, Jeong SJ, Yang D, Kim E, Jeon JH, So I (2015). "The Roles of Rasd1 small G proteins and leptin in the activation of TRPC4 transient receptor potential channels". Channels. 9 (4): 186–95. doi:10.1080/19336950.2015.1058454. PMC 4594510. PMID 26083271.
^ Tan JJ, Ong SA, Chen KS (19 January 2011). "Rasd1 interacts with Ear2 (Nr2f6) to regulate renin transcription". BMC Molecular Biology. 12: 4. doi:10.1186/1471-2199-12-4. PMC 3036621. PMID 21247419.
^ Liu XJ, Li YQ, Chen QY, Xiao SJ, Zeng SE (2014-01-01). "Up-regulating of RASD1 and apoptosis of DU-145 human prostate cancer cells induced by formononetin in vitro". Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 15 (6): 2835–9. doi:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.6.2835. PMID 24761910.
^ Dichgans M, Malik R, König IR, Rosand J, Clarke R, Gretarsdottir S, et al. (January 2014). "Shared genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke and coronary artery disease: a genome-wide analysis of common variants". Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 45 (1): 24–36. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002707. PMC 4112102. PMID 24262325.
Further reading
Kemppainen RJ, Behrend EN (Feb 1998). "Dexamethasone rapidly induces a novel ras superfamily member-related gene in AtT-20 cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (6): 3129–31. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.6.3129. PMID 9452419.
Cismowski MJ, Takesono A, Ma C, Lizano JS, Xie X, Fuernkranz H, Lanier SM, Duzic E (Sep 1999). "Genetic screens in yeast to identify mammalian nonreceptor modulators of G-protein signaling". Nature Biotechnology. 17 (9): 878–83. doi:10.1038/12867. PMID 10471929. S2CID 26981462.
Tu Y, Wu C (Dec 1999). "Cloning, expression and characterization of a novel human Ras-related protein that is regulated by glucocorticoid hormone". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1489 (2–3): 452–6. doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00197-9. PMID 10673050.
Cismowski MJ, Ma C, Ribas C, Xie X, Spruyt M, Lizano JS, Lanier SM, Duzic E (Aug 2000). "Activation of heterotrimeric G-protein signaling by a ras-related protein. Implications for signal integration". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (31): 23421–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.C000322200. PMID 10840027.
Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (Nov 2000). "DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination". Genome Research. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863.
Fang M, Jaffrey SR, Sawa A, Ye K, Luo X, Snyder SH (Oct 2000). "Dexras1: a G protein specifically coupled to neuronal nitric oxide synthase via CAPON". Neuron. 28 (1): 183–93. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00095-7. PMID 11086993. S2CID 10533464.
Ognjanovic S, Bao S, Yamamoto SY, Garibay-Tupas J, Samal B, Bryant-Greenwood GD (Apr 2001). "Genomic organization of the gene coding for human pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor and expression in human fetal membranes". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 26 (2): 107–17. doi:10.1677/jme.0.0260107. PMID 11241162.
Takesono A, Nowak MW, Cismowski M, Duzic E, Lanier SM (Apr 2002). "Activator of G-protein signaling 1 blocks GIRK channel activation by a G-protein-coupled receptor: apparent disruption of receptor signaling complexes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (16): 13827–30. doi:10.1074/jbc.M201064200. PMID 11842095.
Bi W, Yan J, Stankiewicz P, Park SS, Walz K, Boerkoel CF, Potocki L, Shaffer LG, Devriendt K, Nowaczyk MJ, Inoue K, Lupski JR (May 2002). "Genes in a refined Smith-Magenis syndrome critical deletion interval on chromosome 17p11.2 and the syntenic region of the mouse". Genome Research. 12 (5): 713–28. doi:10.1101/gr.73702. PMC 186594. PMID 11997338.
Jaffrey SR, Fang M, Snyder SH (Dec 2002). "Nitrosopeptide mapping: a novel methodology reveals s-nitrosylation of dexras1 on a single cysteine residue". Chemistry & Biology. 9 (12): 1329–35. doi:10.1016/S1074-5521(02)00293-4. PMID 12498886.
Kemppainen RJ, Cox E, Behrend EN, Brogan MD, Ammons JM (Jun 2003). "Identification of a glucocorticoid response element in the 3'-flanking region of the human Dexras1 gene". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1627 (2–3): 85–9. doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(03)00079-4. PMID 12818426.
Vaidyanathan G, Cismowski MJ, Wang G, Vincent TS, Brown KD, Lanier SM (Jul 2004). "The Ras-related protein AGS1/RASD1 suppresses cell growth". Oncogene. 23 (34): 5858–63. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207774. PMID 15184869. S2CID 32901324.
Wiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, Wellenreuther R, Schleeger S, Mehrle A, Bechtel S, Sauermann M, Korf U, Pepperkok R, Sültmann H, Poustka A (Oct 2004). "From ORFeome to biology: a functional genomics pipeline". Genome Research. 14 (10B): 2136–44. doi:10.1101/gr.2576704. PMC 528930. PMID 15489336.
Hiskens R, Vatish M, Hill C, Davey J, Ladds G (Dec 2005). "Specific in vivo binding of activator of G protein signalling 1 to the Gbeta1 subunit". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 337 (4): 1038–46. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.149. PMID 16225846.
Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, del Val C, Arlt D, Hahne F, Bechtel S, Simpson J, Hofmann O, Hide W, Glatting KH, Huber W, Pepperkok R, Poustka A, Wiemann S (Jan 2006). "The LIFEdb database in 2006". Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (Database issue): D415-8. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj139. PMC 1347501. PMID 16381901.
Nguyen CH, Watts VJ (May 2006). "Dexamethasone-induced Ras protein 1 negatively regulates protein kinase C delta: implications for adenylyl cyclase 2 signaling". Molecular Pharmacology. 69 (5): 1763–71. doi:10.1124/mol.105.019133. PMID 16489124. S2CID 2613822.
Compton SL, Kemppainen RJ, Behrend EN (Dec 2009). "Prenylated Rab acceptor domain family member 1 is involved in stimulated ACTH secretion and inhibition". Cellular Signalling. 21 (12): 1901–9. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.08.007. PMID 19733236. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_17_(human)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10947988-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ras superfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_family"},{"link_name":"small G-proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_G_protein"},{"link_name":"signal transduction pathways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction_pathways"},{"link_name":"G proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein"},{"link_name":"G protein-coupled receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptors"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11751935-8"},{"link_name":"cancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tian_2013-9"},{"link_name":"SNPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNPs"},{"link_name":"coronary artery disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"}],"text":"Dexamethasone-induced Ras-related protein 1 (RASD1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASD1 gene on chromosome 17.[5][6] It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types.[7] As a member of the Ras superfamily of small G-proteins, RASD1 regulates signal transduction pathways through both G proteins and G protein-coupled receptors.[8] RASD1 has been associated with several cancers.[9] The RASD1 gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.[10]","title":"RASD1"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"},{"link_name":"isoforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoforms"},{"link_name":"alternative splicing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_splicing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"glucocorticoid response element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid_response_elements"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"}],"sub_title":"Gene","text":"The RASD1 gene resides on chromosome 17 at the band 17p11.2 and contains 2 exons.[6] This gene produces 2 isoforms through alternative splicing.[11] A glucocorticoid response element (GRE) located in the 3'- flanking region of this gene allows glucocorticoids to induce expression of RASD1.[12]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"C-terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-terminus"},{"link_name":"subcellular localization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcellular_localization"},{"link_name":"plasma membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane"},{"link_name":"cDNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_DNA"},{"link_name":"amino acid residues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_residue"},{"link_name":"molecular mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_mass"},{"link_name":"kDa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_atomic_mass_unit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"}],"sub_title":"Protein","text":"This protein is a small GTPase belonging to the Ras superfamily.[11] As a Ras superfamily member, RASD1 shares several motifs characteristic of Ras proteins, including four highly conserved GTP binding pocket domains: the phosphate/magnesium binding regions GXXXXGK(S/T) (domain Σ1), DXXG (domain Σ2), and the guanine base binding loops NKXD (domain Σ3) and EXSAK (domain Σ4). These four domains, along with an effector loop, are responsible for binding to other proteins and signaling molecules. Another common Ras motif, the CAAX motif, can be found in the C-terminal of RASD1 and promotes the subcellular localization of RASD1 to the plasma membrane. As a GTPase, RASD1 also shares motifs, such as in the regions G-1 to G-3, with other GTPases.\nThe full-length RASD1 cDNA produces a protein with a length of 280 amino acid residues and a molecular mass of 31.7 kDa.[12]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9452419-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10673050-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11086993-15"},{"link_name":"bone marrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow"},{"link_name":"leukocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11086993-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15184869-16"},{"link_name":"G proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_proteins"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11842095-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11751935-8"},{"link_name":"Ras superfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_superfamily"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15184869-16"},{"link_name":"corticosteroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroids"},{"link_name":"adrenocorticotropic hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid_11598380-18"},{"link_name":"hypothalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus"},{"link_name":"glucocorticoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoids"},{"link_name":"osmolality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmolality"},{"link_name":"CREB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CREB"},{"link_name":"phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"vasopressin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin"},{"link_name":"supraoptic nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraoptic_nucleus"},{"link_name":"paraventricular nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraventricular_nucleus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid_26739966-19"},{"link_name":"leptin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin"},{"link_name":"TRPC4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC4"},{"link_name":"β-cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-cells&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid_26083271-20"},{"link_name":"Ear2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ear2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"renin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid_21247419-21"}],"text":"RASD1 is expressed in many tissues including brain, heart, liver, and kidney.[13][14][15] It is also present in bone marrow, but its expression is absent or at very low levels in spleen, lymph node, and peripheral blood leukocytes.[15][16] RASD1 modulates multiple signaling cascades. RASD1 could activate G proteins in a receptor-independent manner and inhibit signal transduction through several different G protein-coupled receptors.[17][8] Although RASD1 is a member of the Ras superfamily of small G-proteins, which often promotes cell growth and tumor expansion, it plays an active role in preventing aberrant cell growth.[16] It can be induced by corticosteroids and may play a role in the negative feedback loop controlling adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion.[18] In the hypothalamus, RASD1 expression is induced in two ways: one by elevated glucocorticoids in response to stress, and one in response to increased plasma osmolality resulting from osmotic stress. Based on its inhibitory actions on CREB phosphorylation, increased RASD1 in vasopressin-expressing neurons may be essential in controlling the transcriptional responses to stressors in both the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus via modulation of the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway.[19] RASD1 is also reported to function with leptin in the activation of TRPC4 transient receptor potential channels and, thus, plays a role in regulating electrical excitability in gastrointestinal myocytes, pancreatic β-cells, and neurons.[20] In addition, the interaction between RASD1 and Ear2 is involved in renin transcriptional regulation.[21]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tian_2013-9"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"Bcl-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2"},{"link_name":"Bax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2-associated_X_protein"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tian_2013-9"}],"text":"In humans, upregulation of RASD1 leading to increased apoptosis has been observed in several human cancer cell lines such as DU-154 human prostate cancer cells[22] and in human breast cancer cells MCF-7.[9] In the latter, high concentrations of calycosin significantly suppressed the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, thereby promoting apoptosis of the cells. Moreover, compared with a control group, the expression of Bcl-2 decreased with calycosin while Bax increased, and these changes correlated with an elevated expression of RASD1. Together, it appears that, at relatively high concentrations, calycosin can trigger the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by upregulating RASD1.[9]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"}],"sub_title":"Clinical marker","text":"Additionally, in the cardiovascular field, a genome-wide analysis of common variants demonstrated a substantial overlap in the genetic risk of ischemic stroke and coronary artery disease, such as the link between RASD1 and other loci such as RAI1 and PEMT.[23] A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci, including the RASD1 gene, identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events, as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy. The study was based on a community cohort study (the Malmo Diet and Cancer study) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts (JUPITER and ASCOT) and secondary prevention cohorts (CARE and PROVE IT-TIMI 22).[10]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"NOS1AP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOS1AP"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11086993-15"}],"text":"RASD1 has been shown to interact with NOS1AP.[15]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Dexamethasone rapidly induces a novel ras superfamily member-related gene in AtT-20 cells\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.6.3129"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.273.6.3129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.6.3129"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9452419","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9452419"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/12867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F12867"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10471929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10471929"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26981462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26981462"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00197-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0167-4781%2899%2900197-9"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10673050","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10673050"},{"link_name":"\"Activation of heterotrimeric G-protein signaling by a ras-related protein. 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residue\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS1074-5521%2802%2900293-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S1074-5521(02)00293-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS1074-5521%2802%2900293-4"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12498886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12498886"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/s0167-4781(03)00079-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0167-4781%2803%2900079-4"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12818426","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12818426"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/sj.onc.1207774","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1207774"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15184869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15184869"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"32901324","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32901324"},{"link_name":"\"From 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LIFEdb database in 2006\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1347501"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/nar/gkj139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj139"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1347501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1347501"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16381901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16381901"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1124/mol.105.019133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1124%2Fmol.105.019133"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16489124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16489124"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2613822","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2613822"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.08.007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cellsig.2009.08.007"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19733236","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19733236"}],"text":"Kemppainen RJ, Behrend EN (Feb 1998). \"Dexamethasone rapidly induces a novel ras superfamily member-related gene in AtT-20 cells\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (6): 3129–31. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.6.3129. PMID 9452419.\nCismowski MJ, Takesono A, Ma C, Lizano JS, Xie X, Fuernkranz H, Lanier SM, Duzic E (Sep 1999). \"Genetic screens in yeast to identify mammalian nonreceptor modulators of G-protein signaling\". Nature Biotechnology. 17 (9): 878–83. doi:10.1038/12867. PMID 10471929. S2CID 26981462.\nTu Y, Wu C (Dec 1999). \"Cloning, expression and characterization of a novel human Ras-related protein that is regulated by glucocorticoid hormone\". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1489 (2–3): 452–6. doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00197-9. PMID 10673050.\nCismowski MJ, Ma C, Ribas C, Xie X, Spruyt M, Lizano JS, Lanier SM, Duzic E (Aug 2000). \"Activation of heterotrimeric G-protein signaling by a ras-related protein. Implications for signal integration\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (31): 23421–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.C000322200. PMID 10840027.\nHartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (Nov 2000). \"DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination\". Genome Research. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863.\nFang M, Jaffrey SR, Sawa A, Ye K, Luo X, Snyder SH (Oct 2000). \"Dexras1: a G protein specifically coupled to neuronal nitric oxide synthase via CAPON\". Neuron. 28 (1): 183–93. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00095-7. PMID 11086993. S2CID 10533464.\nOgnjanovic S, Bao S, Yamamoto SY, Garibay-Tupas J, Samal B, Bryant-Greenwood GD (Apr 2001). \"Genomic organization of the gene coding for human pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor and expression in human fetal membranes\". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 26 (2): 107–17. doi:10.1677/jme.0.0260107. PMID 11241162.\nTakesono A, Nowak MW, Cismowski M, Duzic E, Lanier SM (Apr 2002). \"Activator of G-protein signaling 1 blocks GIRK channel activation by a G-protein-coupled receptor: apparent disruption of receptor signaling complexes\". 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National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=51655","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=19416","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"St Croix B, Rago C, Velculescu V, Traverso G, Romans KE, Montgomery E, Lal A, Riggins GJ, Lengauer C, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (August 2000). \"Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium\". Science. 289 (5482): 1197–202. Bibcode:2000Sci...289.1197S. doi:10.1126/science.289.5482.1197. PMID 10947988.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...289.1197S","url_text":"2000Sci...289.1197S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.289.5482.1197","url_text":"10.1126/science.289.5482.1197"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10947988","url_text":"10947988"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: RASD1 RAS, dexamethasone-induced 1\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=51655","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: RASD1 RAS, dexamethasone-induced 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"BioGPS - your Gene Portal System\". biogps.org. Retrieved 2016-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://biogps.org/#goto=genereport&id=51655","url_text":"\"BioGPS - your Gene Portal System\""}]},{"reference":"Graham TE, Prossnitz ER, Dorin RI (March 2002). \"Dexras1/AGS-1 inhibits signal transduction from the Gi-coupled formyl peptide receptor to Erk-1/2 MAP kinases\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (13): 10876–82. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110397200. PMID 11751935.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M110397200","url_text":"\"Dexras1/AGS-1 inhibits signal transduction from the Gi-coupled formyl peptide receptor to Erk-1/2 MAP kinases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M110397200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M110397200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751935","url_text":"11751935"}]},{"reference":"Tian J, Duan YX, Bei CY, Chen J (August 2013). \"Calycosin induces apoptosis by upregulation of RASD1 in human breast cancer cells MCF-7\". Hormone and Metabolic Research. 45 (8): 593–8. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1341510. PMID 23609007. S2CID 206346475.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0033-1341510","url_text":"10.1055/s-0033-1341510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23609007","url_text":"23609007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206346475","url_text":"206346475"}]},{"reference":"Mega JL, Stitziel NO, Smith JG, Chasman DI, Caulfield MJ, Devlin JJ, Nordio F, Hyde CL, Cannon CP, Sacks FM, Poulter NR, Sever PS, Ridker PM, Braunwald E, Melander O, Kathiresan S, Sabatine MS (June 2015). \"Genetic risk, coronary heart disease events, and the clinical benefit of statin therapy: an analysis of primary and secondary prevention trials\". Lancet. 385 (9984): 2264–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61730-X. PMC 4608367. PMID 25748612.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4608367","url_text":"\"Genetic risk, coronary heart disease events, and the clinical benefit of statin therapy: an analysis of primary and secondary prevention trials\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2814%2961730-X","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61730-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4608367","url_text":"4608367"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25748612","url_text":"25748612"}]},{"reference":"\"RASD1 - Dexamethasone-induced Ras-related protein 1 precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - RASD1 gene & protein\". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2016-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9Y272","url_text":"\"RASD1 - Dexamethasone-induced Ras-related protein 1 precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - RASD1 gene & protein\""}]},{"reference":"Wie J, Kim BJ, Myeong J, Ha K, Jeong SJ, Yang D, Kim E, Jeon JH, So I (2015-01-01). \"The Roles of Rasd1 small G proteins and leptin in the activation of TRPC4 transient receptor potential channels\". Channels. 9 (4): 186–95. doi:10.1080/19336950.2015.1058454. PMC 4594510. PMID 26083271.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4594510","url_text":"\"The Roles of Rasd1 small G proteins and leptin in the activation of TRPC4 transient receptor potential channels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19336950.2015.1058454","url_text":"10.1080/19336950.2015.1058454"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4594510","url_text":"4594510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26083271","url_text":"26083271"}]},{"reference":"Kemppainen RJ, Behrend EN (February 1998). \"Dexamethasone rapidly induces a novel ras superfamily member-related gene in AtT-20 cells\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (6): 3129–31. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.6.3129. PMID 9452419.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.6.3129","url_text":"\"Dexamethasone rapidly induces a novel ras superfamily member-related gene in AtT-20 cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.6.3129","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.273.6.3129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9452419","url_text":"9452419"}]},{"reference":"Tu Y, Wu C (December 1999). \"Cloning, expression and characterization of a novel human Ras-related protein that is regulated by glucocorticoid hormone\". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1489 (2–3): 452–6. doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00197-9. PMID 10673050.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0167-4781%2899%2900197-9","url_text":"10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00197-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10673050","url_text":"10673050"}]},{"reference":"Fang M, Jaffrey SR, Sawa A, Ye K, Luo X, Snyder SH (October 2000). \"Dexras1: a G protein specifically coupled to neuronal nitric oxide synthase via CAPON\". Neuron. 28 (1): 183–93. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00095-7. PMID 11086993. S2CID 10533464.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2800%2900095-7","url_text":"\"Dexras1: a G protein specifically coupled to neuronal nitric oxide synthase via CAPON\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2800%2900095-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00095-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11086993","url_text":"11086993"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10533464","url_text":"10533464"}]},{"reference":"Vaidyanathan G, Cismowski MJ, Wang G, Vincent TS, Brown KD, Lanier SM (July 2004). \"The Ras-related protein AGS1/RASD1 suppresses cell growth\". Oncogene. 23 (34): 5858–63. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207774. PMID 15184869. S2CID 32901324.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1207774","url_text":"10.1038/sj.onc.1207774"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15184869","url_text":"15184869"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32901324","url_text":"32901324"}]},{"reference":"Takesono A, Nowak MW, Cismowski M, Duzic E, Lanier SM (April 2002). \"Activator of G-protein signaling 1 blocks GIRK channel activation by a G-protein-coupled receptor: apparent disruption of receptor signaling complexes\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (16): 13827–30. doi:10.1074/jbc.M201064200. PMID 11842095.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M201064200","url_text":"\"Activator of G-protein signaling 1 blocks GIRK channel activation by a G-protein-coupled receptor: apparent disruption of receptor signaling complexes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M201064200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M201064200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11842095","url_text":"11842095"}]},{"reference":"Brogan MD, Behrend EN, Kemppainen RJ (October 2001). \"Regulation of Dexras1 expression by endogenous steroids\". Neuroendocrinology. 74 (4): 244–50. doi:10.1159/000054691. PMID 11598380. 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PMID 26739966.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4704412","url_text":"\"Rasd1, a small G protein with a big role in the hypothalamic response to neuronal activation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13041-015-0182-2","url_text":"10.1186/s13041-015-0182-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4704412","url_text":"4704412"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26739966","url_text":"26739966"}]},{"reference":"Wie J, Kim BJ, Myeong J, Ha K, Jeong SJ, Yang D, Kim E, Jeon JH, So I (2015). \"The Roles of Rasd1 small G proteins and leptin in the activation of TRPC4 transient receptor potential channels\". Channels. 9 (4): 186–95. doi:10.1080/19336950.2015.1058454. PMC 4594510. PMID 26083271.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4594510","url_text":"\"The Roles of Rasd1 small G proteins and leptin in the activation of TRPC4 transient receptor potential channels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19336950.2015.1058454","url_text":"10.1080/19336950.2015.1058454"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4594510","url_text":"4594510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26083271","url_text":"26083271"}]},{"reference":"Tan JJ, Ong SA, Chen KS (19 January 2011). \"Rasd1 interacts with Ear2 (Nr2f6) to regulate renin transcription\". BMC Molecular Biology. 12: 4. doi:10.1186/1471-2199-12-4. PMC 3036621. 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PMID 24761910.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7314%2Fapjcp.2014.15.6.2835","url_text":"\"Up-regulating of RASD1 and apoptosis of DU-145 human prostate cancer cells induced by formononetin in vitro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7314%2Fapjcp.2014.15.6.2835","url_text":"10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.6.2835"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24761910","url_text":"24761910"}]},{"reference":"Dichgans M, Malik R, König IR, Rosand J, Clarke R, Gretarsdottir S, et al. (January 2014). \"Shared genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke and coronary artery disease: a genome-wide analysis of common variants\". Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 45 (1): 24–36. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002707. PMC 4112102. PMID 24262325.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4112102","url_text":"\"Shared genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke and coronary artery disease: a genome-wide analysis of common variants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2FSTROKEAHA.113.002707","url_text":"10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002707"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4112102","url_text":"4112102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24262325","url_text":"24262325"}]},{"reference":"Kemppainen RJ, Behrend EN (Feb 1998). \"Dexamethasone rapidly induces a novel ras superfamily member-related gene in AtT-20 cells\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (6): 3129–31. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.6.3129. PMID 9452419.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.6.3129","url_text":"\"Dexamethasone rapidly induces a novel ras superfamily member-related gene in AtT-20 cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.6.3129","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.273.6.3129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9452419","url_text":"9452419"}]},{"reference":"Cismowski MJ, Takesono A, Ma C, Lizano JS, Xie X, Fuernkranz H, Lanier SM, Duzic E (Sep 1999). \"Genetic screens in yeast to identify mammalian nonreceptor modulators of G-protein signaling\". Nature Biotechnology. 17 (9): 878–83. doi:10.1038/12867. PMID 10471929. 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PMID 10673050.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0167-4781%2899%2900197-9","url_text":"10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00197-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10673050","url_text":"10673050"}]},{"reference":"Cismowski MJ, Ma C, Ribas C, Xie X, Spruyt M, Lizano JS, Lanier SM, Duzic E (Aug 2000). \"Activation of heterotrimeric G-protein signaling by a ras-related protein. Implications for signal integration\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (31): 23421–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.C000322200. PMID 10840027.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.C000322200","url_text":"\"Activation of heterotrimeric G-protein signaling by a ras-related protein. Implications for signal integration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.C000322200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.C000322200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10840027","url_text":"10840027"}]},{"reference":"Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (Nov 2000). \"DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination\". Genome Research. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC310948","url_text":"\"DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.143000","url_text":"10.1101/gr.143000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC310948","url_text":"310948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11076863","url_text":"11076863"}]},{"reference":"Fang M, Jaffrey SR, Sawa A, Ye K, Luo X, Snyder SH (Oct 2000). \"Dexras1: a G protein specifically coupled to neuronal nitric oxide synthase via CAPON\". Neuron. 28 (1): 183–93. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00095-7. PMID 11086993. 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PMID 11241162.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1677%2Fjme.0.0260107","url_text":"\"Genomic organization of the gene coding for human pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor and expression in human fetal membranes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1677%2Fjme.0.0260107","url_text":"10.1677/jme.0.0260107"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11241162","url_text":"11241162"}]},{"reference":"Takesono A, Nowak MW, Cismowski M, Duzic E, Lanier SM (Apr 2002). \"Activator of G-protein signaling 1 blocks GIRK channel activation by a G-protein-coupled receptor: apparent disruption of receptor signaling complexes\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (16): 13827–30. doi:10.1074/jbc.M201064200. 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PMID 12498886.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1074-5521%2802%2900293-4","url_text":"\"Nitrosopeptide mapping: a novel methodology reveals s-nitrosylation of dexras1 on a single cysteine residue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1074-5521%2802%2900293-4","url_text":"10.1016/S1074-5521(02)00293-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12498886","url_text":"12498886"}]},{"reference":"Kemppainen RJ, Cox E, Behrend EN, Brogan MD, Ammons JM (Jun 2003). \"Identification of a glucocorticoid response element in the 3'-flanking region of the human Dexras1 gene\". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1627 (2–3): 85–9. doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(03)00079-4. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_(film) | Helium (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Accolades","4 References","5 External links"] | 2014 Danish filmHeliumFilm posterDirected byAnders WalterWritten byChristian Garnst Miller-HarrisAnders WalterStarringCasper CrumpPelle Falk Krusbæk Marijana JankovicCinematographyRasmus HeiseEdited byLars WissingProductioncompanyM&M ProductionsDistributed byMagnet FilmRelease date
January 25, 2014 (2014-01-25) (Rotterdam)
Running time23 minutesCountryDenmarkLanguageDanish
Helium is a 2013 Danish short drama film directed by Anders Walter.
Plot
Alfred is a young boy staying in a hospital who suffers from an undisclosed terminal illness. Enzo, a janitor at the hospital, meets Alfred while working and the two develop a friendship. Enzo tells Alfred of Helium, an attractive alternative to Heaven, because Alfred imagines Heaven is very boring. Enzo tells Alfred that to get to Helium, he will fly in an airship that will know to pick him up because of his red balloon dog, which Enzo has made for him.
Alfred's illness worsens, and he is moved to a unit to which Enzo doesn’t have access. Enzo sneaks onto the unit, but is caught by the head nurse and barred from seeing Alfred. As Alfred's condition worsens, Enzo wonders if he is making it worse for the boy. He voices these concerns to a nurse saying, “I’m feeding him lies.” She disagrees and tells Enzo “you’re giving him hope.”
Alfred gets worse, and having no access to him, Enzo writes out “the end of the story” to have the nurse read to him. As the nurse is about to read the ending to a dying Alfred, she changes her mind and, instead, sneaks Enzo onto the unit to tell the rest himself.
As he tells the story, the film switches to Alfred’s point of view. With no dialogue, he gets out of bed fully dressed and goes to the window. A giant airship is waiting for him. He walks across an extended ladder from the hospital to the airship. As the airship flies away, hospital windows full of red balloon dogs can be seen.
Cast
Pelle Falk Krusbæk as Alfred. A hospitalized young boy with an undisclosed terminal illness.
Casper Crump as Enzo. A janitor at the hospital.
Marijana Jankovic as nurse. The nurse at the hospital who is responsible for Alfred.
Christina Ibsen Meyer as head nurse. The head nurse who is responsible for the intensive section.
Accolades
Awards
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
Academy Awards
March 2, 2014
Best Live Action Short Film
Anders WalterKim Magnusson
Won
References
^ "Helium at the International Film Festival Rotterdam". 22 January 2014.
^ "2014 Oscar Nominations". Oscars.com. 16 January 2013. Archived from the original on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
^ "Oscars 2014 Winners: The Complete List". The Hollywood Reporter. March 2, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
External links
Helium at IMDb
vteAcademy Award for Best Live Action Short FilmShort subject1931–1935Comedy
The Music Box (1932)
So This Is Harris (1933)
La Cucaracha (1934)
How to Sleep (1935)
Novelty
Wrestling Swordfish (1932)
Krakatoa (1933)
City of Wax (1934)
Wings Over Everest (1935)
Short subject1936–1956Color
Give Me Liberty (1936)
Penny Wisdom (1937)
One-reel
Bored of Education (1936)
The Private Life of the Gannets (1937)
That Mothers Might Live (1938)
Busy Little Bears (1939)
Quicker'n a Wink (1940)
Of Pups and Puzzles (1941)
Speaking of Animals and Their Families (1942)
Amphibious Fighters (1943)
Who's Who in Animal Land (1944)
Stairway to Light (1945)
Facing Your Danger (1946)
Goodbye, Miss Turlock (1947)
Symphony of a City (1948)
Aquatic House Party (1949)
Grandad of Races (1950)
World of Kids (1951)
Light in the Window (1952)
Overture to The Merry Wives of Windsor (1953)
This Mechanical Age (1954)
Survival City (1955)
Crashing the Water Barrier (1956)
Two-reel
The Public Pays (1936)
Torture Money (1937)
Declaration of Independence (1938)
Sons of Liberty (1939)
Teddy, the Rough Rider (1940)
Main Street on the March! (1941)
Beyond the Line of Duty (1942)
Heavenly Music (1943)
I Won't Play (1944)
Star in the Night (1945)
A Boy and His Dog (1946)
Climbing the Matterhorn (1947)
Seal Island (1948)
Van Gogh (1949)
In Beaver Valley (1950)
Nature's Half Acre (1951)
Water Birds (1952)
Bear Country (1953)
A Time Out of War (1954)
The Face of Lincoln (1955)
The Bespoke Overcoat (1956)
Short subject(live action)1957–1973
The Wetback Hound (1957)
Grand Canyon (1958)
The Golden Fish (1959)
Day of the Painter (1960)
Seawards the Great Ships (1961)
Heureux Anniversaire (1962)
An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge (1963)
Casals Conducts: 1964 (1964)
The Chicken (1965)
Wild Wings (1966)
A Place to Stand (1967)
Robert Kennedy Remembered (1968)
The Magic Machines (1969)
The Resurrection of Broncho Billy (1970)
Sentinels of Silence (1971)
Norman Rockwell's World... An American Dream (1972)
The Bolero (1973)
Short film(live action)1974–present
One-Eyed Men Are Kings (1974)
Angel and Big Joe (1975)
In the Region of Ice (1976)
I'll Find a Way (1977)
Teenage Father (1978)
Board and Care (1979)
The Dollar Bottom (1980)
Violet (1981)
A Shocking Accident (1982)
Boys and Girls (1983)
Up (1984)
Molly's Pilgrim (1985)
Precious Images (1986)
Ray's Male Heterosexual Dance Hall (1987)
The Appointments of Dennis Jennings (1988)
Work Experience (1989)
The Lunch Date (1990)
Session Man (1991)
Omnibus (1992)
Schwarzfahrer (1993)
Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life / Trevor (1994)
Lieberman in Love (1995)
Dear Diary (1996)
Visas and Virtue (1997)
Election Night (1998)
My Mother Dreams the Satan's Disciples in New York (1999)
Quiero ser (I want to be...) (2000)
The Accountant (2001)
This Charming Man (2002)
Two Soldiers (2003)
Wasp (2004)
Six Shooter (2005)
West Bank Story (2006)
Le Mozart des Pickpockets (2007)
Toyland (2008)
The New Tenants (2009)
God of Love (2010)
The Shore (2011)
Curfew (2012)
Helium (2013)
The Phone Call (2014)
Stutterer (2015)
Sing (2016)
The Silent Child (2017)
Skin (2018)
The Neighbors' Window (2019)
Two Distant Strangers (2020)
The Long Goodbye (2021)
An Irish Goodbye (2022)
The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar (2023)
vteFilms directed by Anders Walter
9 meter (2012)
Helium (2014)
I Kill Giants (2017)
This short film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Anders Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Walter"}],"text":"Helium is a 2013 Danish short drama film directed by Anders Walter.","title":"Helium (film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Alfred is a young boy staying in a hospital who suffers from an undisclosed terminal illness. Enzo, a janitor at the hospital, meets Alfred while working and the two develop a friendship. Enzo tells Alfred of Helium, an attractive alternative to Heaven, because Alfred imagines Heaven is very boring. Enzo tells Alfred that to get to Helium, he will fly in an airship that will know to pick him up because of his red balloon dog, which Enzo has made for him.Alfred's illness worsens, and he is moved to a unit to which Enzo doesn’t have access. Enzo sneaks onto the unit, but is caught by the head nurse and barred from seeing Alfred. As Alfred's condition worsens, Enzo wonders if he is making it worse for the boy. He voices these concerns to a nurse saying, “I’m feeding him lies.” She disagrees and tells Enzo “you’re giving him hope.”Alfred gets worse, and having no access to him, Enzo writes out “the end of the story” to have the nurse read to him. As the nurse is about to read the ending to a dying Alfred, she changes her mind and, instead, sneaks Enzo onto the unit to tell the rest himself.As he tells the story, the film switches to Alfred’s point of view. With no dialogue, he gets out of bed fully dressed and goes to the window. A giant airship is waiting for him. He walks across an extended ladder from the hospital to the airship. As the airship flies away, hospital windows full of red balloon dogs can be seen.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casper Crump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_Crump"}],"text":"Pelle Falk Krusbæk as Alfred. A hospitalized young boy with an undisclosed terminal illness.\nCasper Crump as Enzo. A janitor at the hospital.\nMarijana Jankovic as nurse. The nurse at the hospital who is responsible for Alfred.\nChristina Ibsen Meyer as head nurse. The head nurse who is responsible for the intensive section.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Helium at the International Film Festival Rotterdam\". 22 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topkapifilms.nl/helium-at-the-international-film-festival-rotterdam/","url_text":"\"Helium at the International Film Festival Rotterdam\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Oscar Nominations\". Oscars.com. 16 January 2013. Archived from the original on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130110203809/http://oscar.go.com/nominees","url_text":"\"2014 Oscar Nominations\""},{"url":"http://oscar.go.com/nominees","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oscars 2014 Winners: The Complete List\". The Hollywood Reporter. March 2, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscar-winners-2014-full-list-results-86th-academy-awards-kodak-theater-684748","url_text":"\"Oscars 2014 Winners: The Complete List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.topkapifilms.nl/helium-at-the-international-film-festival-rotterdam/","external_links_name":"\"Helium at the International Film Festival Rotterdam\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130110203809/http://oscar.go.com/nominees","external_links_name":"\"2014 Oscar Nominations\""},{"Link":"http://oscar.go.com/nominees","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscar-winners-2014-full-list-results-86th-academy-awards-kodak-theater-684748","external_links_name":"\"Oscars 2014 Winners: The Complete List\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3346410/","external_links_name":"Helium"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helium_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Mad_Mad_Monsters | Mad Mad Mad Monsters | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Credits","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"] | American TV series or program
Mad Mad Mad MonstersOfficial logoWritten byWilliam J. KeenanLou SilverstoneDirected byArthur Rankin Jr.Jules BassStarringAllen SwiftBob McFaddenBradley BolkeRhoda MannTheme music composerMaury LawsCountry of originUnited StatesJapanOriginal languageEnglishProductionProducersArthur Rankin Jr.Jules BassAssociate Producer:Basil CoxCinematographySteve NakagawaEditorIrwin GoldressRunning time43 minutesProduction companiesRankin/Bass ProductionsAnimation:Mushi ProductionOriginal releaseNetworkABCReleaseSeptember 23, 1972 (1972-09-23)
Mad Mad Mad Monsters is a 1972 traditional animated Halloween-themed comedy short film produced by Rankin/Bass Productions in the United States and animated overseas by Mushi Production in Japan. The special aired on September 23, 1972 as an episode of The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie. It is "related" to the 1967 stop motion animated film Mad Monster Party?
Plot
After Baron Henry von Frankenstein creates a Bride for his Monster, he decides to make arrangements for a lavish wedding at the Transylvania Astoria Hotel. Henry's assistant Igor is jealous of the Monster and wants the Bride for his own, much to the annoyance of Henry.
Arriving at the hotel, Henry gets the wedding booked on Friday the 13th while having the hotel manager Harold write down the required foods. He does turn down the flaming shish-kebabs idea since some of the guests are allergic to fire. Another thing Henry asks is for him to watch his pet vulture Rosebud and make sure he stays in his cage during the event since he does not want him bothering his guests.
Many monsters are invited to the wedding including Count Dracula, his son Boobula and Boobula's pet black cat, Ron Chanley the Werewolf, the Mummy, the Creature, Claude the Invisible Man, his invisible wife Nagatha, his invisible son Ghoul, and Ghoul's invisible dog Goblin when Harold's mailman brother Harvey delivers the invites.
Following his visit to a therapist, Harvey is asked by Harold to watch over the hotel while he takes a vacation. Once the wedding guests arrive, they terrify the guests and staff as the bellhop Norman gets the autographs of the monsters (since he believes them to be movie stars). Norman even talks to Count Dracula and Claude about a rumor that the Wicked Witch of the East will emerge from the cake at midnight during the bachelor party. Henry arrives to see that the Transylvania Astoria is as he likes it. He also reminds Harvey to keep an eye on Rosebud and make sure he stays in his cage.
When the bachelor party occurs, Count Dracula and Claude talk about the Monster's various moments in the past while Nagatha advises them not to embarrass the Monster. When the Bride is shown, the monsters are fascinated and start fighting each other (all except Claude and Nagatha who continue eating their dinner) and the two pets chase each other. As midnight happens, the Wicked Witch of the East does indeed emerge from the cake.
Igor begins to steal the Bride the next day when instructed to hide her until the wedding which does not go at all according to plan when the Bride ends up snatched up by a pterosaur and lands in the clutches of a giant gorilla named Modzoola.
Running back to the Transylvania Astoria, Igor uses charades to inform Henry what happened. While Harvey stays behind, Henry leads the monsters and Norman to rescue the Bride. When they catch up to Modzoola, they work to rescue the Bride. Just then, Modzoola's wife Mrs. Zoola shows up and Modzoola releases the Bride as Mrs. Zoola drags him off to deal with him.
When the wedding approaches, the Monster is nervous until Henry and Norman help him get over it and have his suit specially made. Due to the priest not showing up, Harvey is enlisted to wed them. When the monsters kiss as the Bride's face is shown, they release massive electrical energy that destroys the Transylvania Astoria.
Sometime later, Harvey visits the therapist again who tells him that monsters are not real. The therapist turns out to be Dr. Jekyll. When he drinks his elixir, Dr. Jekyll becomes Mr. Hyde and chases Harvey.
As the credits roll, the Creature, Count Dracula, Ron Chanley's werewolf form, the Mummy, Boobula, Claude and Ghoul, the Monster, his Bride, and their newborn child all join Mr. Hyde in chasing Harvey. Norman runs after them in order to get Mr. Hyde's autograph which will complete his collection of the monsters' autographs.
Cast
Bob McFadden as Baron Henry von Frankenstein, and Harvey
Allen Swift as Count Dracula, Igor, the Monster, Claude the Invisible Man, Ghoul the Invisible Boy, Boobula (Count Dracula's son), Ron Chanley the Werewolf, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Rosebud the vulture, Harold, and the Post Office Boss
Bradley Bolke as Norman the bellhop, and additional voices
Rhoda Mann as the Bride, Nagatha the Invisible Woman, Wicked Witch of the East, and additional voices
Credits
Produced and Directed by: Arthur Rankin, Jr. and Jules Bass
Written by: William J. Keenan and Lou Silverstone
Associate Producer: Basil Cox
Animation Production by: Mushi Studios
Animation Supervision: Steve Nakagawa
Key Animation and Layout by: Yoshikazu Yasuhiko (uncredited)
Sound Engineers: David Scott, Robert Elder
Editorial Supervisor: Irwin Goldress
Music: Maury Laws
Reception
It was called "visually stunning" but, because of the poor storyline, a "disappointing outing".
References
^ Jones, Stephen (2000). The Essential Monster Movie Guide: A Century of Creature Features on Film, TV, and Video. Billboard Books. ISBN 9780823079360. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
^ Woolery, George W. (1989). Animated TV Specials: The Complete Directory to the First Twenty-Five Years, 1962-1987. Scarecrow Press. pp. 260–261. ISBN 0-8108-2198-2. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
^ Picart, Caroline Joan; Smoot, Frank; Blodgett, Jayne (2001). The Frankenstein Film Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 195–. ISBN 9780313313509. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
^ Lawson, Tim; Persons, Alisa (2004-12-09). The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 228–. ISBN 9781578066964. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
^ Middleton, Brad (2015-02-05). Un-Dead TV: The Ultimate Guide to Vampire Television. By Light Unseen Media. pp. 245–. ISBN 9781935303480. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
External links
Mad Mad Mad Monsters at IMDb
Links to related articles
vteRankin/Bass ProductionsArthur Rankin Jr.Jules BassTelevision specials
Return to Oz
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
The Edgar Bergen & Charlie McCarthy Show
The Ballad of Smokey the Bear
Cricket on the Hearth
The Mouse on the Mayflower
The Little Drummer Boy
Frosty the Snowman
The Mad, Mad, Mad Comedians
Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town
Here Comes Peter Cottontail
The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye: The Emperor's New Clothes
Mad Mad Mad Monsters
Willie Mays and the Say-Hey Kid
The Red Baron
That Girl in Wonderland
'Twas the Night Before Christmas
The Year Without a Santa Claus
The First Christmas: The Story of the First Christmas Snow
The First Easter Rabbit
Frosty's Winter Wonderland
Rudolph's Shiny New Year
The Little Drummer Boy, Book II
The Easter Bunny Is Comin' to Town
The Hobbit
Nestor, the Long-Eared Christmas Donkey
The Stingiest Man in Town
Jack Frost
The Return of the King
Pinocchio's Christmas
The Leprechaun's Christmas Gold
The Flight of Dragons
The Coneheads
The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus
The Wind in the Willows
Feature films
Willy McBean and His Magic Machine
The Daydreamer
The Wacky World of Mother Goose
Mad Monster Party?
King Kong Escapes
Marco
The Last Dinosaur
The Bermuda Depths
Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July
The Bushido Blade
The Ivory Ape
The Last Unicorn
The Sins of Dorian Gray
The King and I
Television series
The New Adventures of Pinocchio
Tales of the Wizard of Oz
The King Kong Show
The Smokey Bear Show
The Tomfoolery Show
The Reluctant Dragon & Mr. Toad Show
The Jackson 5ive Show
The Osmonds
Kid Power
Festival of Family Classics
ThunderCats
SilverHawks
The Comic Strip
TigerSharks
See also
Best Christmas Ever
25 Days of Christmas
Filmography
Elf (film)
vteBram Stoker's DraculaUniverseCharacters
Count Dracula
Abraham Van Helsing
Jonathan Harker
Mina Harker
Lucy Westenra
Arthur Holmwood
Dr. John Seward
Quincey Morris
Renfield
Brides of Dracula
Publications
Dracula (1897)
Powers of Darkness (1899)
Icelandic
Swedish
"Dracula's Guest" (1914)
Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories (1914)
Dacre Stoker
Dracula the Un-dead (2009)
Dracul (2018)
Possible inspirations
Castle of Droch-fhola
Vlad II Dracul
Vlad Călugărul
Vlad the Impaler
Castles
Castle Dracula
Bran Castle
Poenari Castle
Corvin Castle
FilmsUniversalseries
Dracula (1931 English-language)
Dracula (1931 Spanish-language)
Dracula's Daughter (1936)
Son of Dracula (1943)
House of Frankenstein (1944)
House of Dracula (1945)
Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948)
Hammer Horror
Dracula (1958)
The Brides of Dracula (1960)
Dracula: Prince of Darkness (1966)
Dracula Has Risen from the Grave (1968)
Taste the Blood of Dracula (1970)
Scars of Dracula (1970)
Dracula A.D. 1972 (1972)
The Satanic Rites of Dracula (1973)
The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires (1974)
Dracula 2000
Dracula 2000 (2000)
Dracula II: Ascension (2003)
Dracula III: Legacy (2005)
Nosferatu films
Nosferatu (1922)
Nosferatu the Vampyre (1979)
Nosferatu in Venice (1988)
Shadow of the Vampire (2000)
Nosferatu (2024)
Hotel Transylvania
Hotel Transylvania (2012)
Hotel Transylvania 2 (2015)
Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018)
Hotel Transylvania: Transformania (2022)
Parodies
Transylvania 6-5000 (1963)
Mad Monster Party? (1967)
Batman Fights Dracula (1967)
Mad Mad Mad Monsters (1972)
Blood for Dracula (1974)
Vampira (1974)
Son of Dracula (1974)
Dracula in the Provinces (1975)
Dracula and Son (1976)
Dracula Sucks (1979)
Love at First Bite (1979)
The Halloween That Almost Wasn't (1979)
Fracchia contro Dracula (1985)
Transylvania 6-5000 (1985)
The Monster Squad (1987)
Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf (1988)
Dracula: Dead and Loving It (1995)
Monster Mash (1995)
Monster Mash (2000)
Zora the Vampire (2000)
Monster Family (2017)
Other
Drakula halála (1923)
The Return of the Vampire (1943)
Drakula İstanbul'da (1953)
Blood of Dracula (1957)
The Return of Dracula (1958)
Batman Dracula (1964)
Billy the Kid Versus Dracula (1966)
Blood of Dracula's Castle (1969)
Santo en el tesoro de Drácula (1969)
Count Dracula (1970)
Los Monstruos del Terror (1970)
Cuadecuc, vampir (1971)
Vampyros Lesbos (1971)
Hrabe Drakula (1971)
Dracula vs. Frankenstein (1971)
Blacula (1972)
Scream Blacula Scream (1973)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1974)
Count Dracula's Great Love (1974)
Deafula (1975)
Dracula's Dog (1977)
Count Dracula (1977)
Doctor Dracula (1978)
Dracula (1979)
Nocturna: Granddaughter of Dracula (1979)
Dracula: Sovereign of the Damned (1980)
Dracula's Widow (1988)
To Die For (1989)
Sundown: The Vampire in Retreat (1989)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992)
Nadja (1994)
Dark Prince: The True Story of Dracula (2000)
Bara no Konrei ~Mayonaka ni Kawashita Yakusoku~ (2001)
Dracula: Pages from a Virgin's Diary (2002)
Dracula (2002)
Van Helsing (2004)
Van Helsing: The London Assignment (2004)
The Vulture's Eye (2004)
Dracula 3000 (2004)
Blade: Trinity (2004)
The Batman vs. Dracula (2005)
Bram Stoker's Dracula's Curse (2006)
Dracula (2006)
Bram Stoker's Dracula's Guest (2008)
The Librarian: Curse of the Judas Chalice (2008)
House of the Wolf Man (2009)
Young Dracula (2011)
Dracula Reborn (2012)
Dracula 3D (2012)
Saint Dracula 3D (2012)
Dracula 2012 (2013)
Dracula: The Dark Prince (2013)
Dracula Untold (2014)
Renfield (2023)
The Last Voyage of the Demeter (2023)
Abigail (2024)
Dracula: A Love Tale (TBA)
TelevisionSeries
Monster Squad (1976)
Draculas ring (1978)
Cliffhangers (1979)
Drak Pack (1980)
Count Duckula (1988–1993)
Dracula: The Series (1990–1991)
Little Dracula (1991–1999)
Monster Force (1994)
Ace Kilroy (2011–2012)
Young Dracula (2006–2014)
characters
Dracula (2013–2014)
Penny Dreadful (2014–2016)
Decker (2014–2017)
Van Helsing (2016–21)
Hotel Transylvania: The Series (2017–2020)
Castlevania (2017–21)
Dracula (2020)
Episodes
"Dracula" (Mystery and Imagination) (1968)
"Buffy vs. Dracula" (2000)
Young Dracula episodes (2006–2014)
Penny Dreadful episodes (2014–2016)
Hotel Transylvania: The Series episodes (2017–2020)
The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror
"Treehouse of Horror IV" (1993)
"Treehouse of Horror XXI" (2010)
Novels
The Dracula Tape and sequels (1975–2002)
Anno Dracula series (1992–present)
Anno Dracula
The Bloody Red Baron
Dracula Cha Cha Cha
The Revenge of Dracula (1978)
Little Dracula (1986)
Dracula the Undead (1997)
The Historian (2005)
The Book of Renfield (2005)
Bloodline (2005)
Young Dracula and Young Monsters (2006)
Fangland (2007)
Out of the Dark (2010)
Radio
Dracula (1938)
Plays
Dracula (1924)
Dracula (1995)
Dracula (1996)
Musicals
Dracula (Czech musical) (1995)
Dracula: A Chamber Musical (1997)
Dracula, the Musical (2004)
Dracula – Entre l'amour et la mort (2006)
Dracula – L'amour plus fort que la mort (2011)
Comics
Crossover
Dracula (Marvel Comics)
The Tomb of Dracula
X-Men: Apocalypse vs. Dracula
Captain Britain and MI13: Vampire State
Mrs. Deadpool and the Howling Commandos
Dracula (Dell Comics)
Don Dracula
Dracula Lives!
Hellsing
Sword of Dracula
Batman & Dracula trilogy
Victorian Undead
Wolves at the Gate
Purgatori
Rick and Morty – Let the Rick One In
Video games
The Count (1979)
Dracula (1983)
Ghost Manor (1983)
Castlevania series
1986–present
Dracula
Dracula (1986)
Dracula the Undead (1991)
Drac's Night Out (unreleased)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1993)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (handheld) (1993)
Dracula Unleashed (1993)
Dracula: Resurrection (2000)
Dracula 2: The Last Sanctuary (2000)
Dracula: Crazy Vampire (2001)
Van Helsing (2004)
Dracula 3: The Path of the Dragon (2008)
Dracula: Origin (2008)
Vampire Season Monster Defense (2012)
Dracula 4: The Shadow of the Dragon (2013)
Dracula 5: The Blood Legacy (2013)
The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing (2013)
Renfield: Bring Your Own Blood (2023)
Pinball
Dracula (1979)
Taxi (1988)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1993)
Monster Bash (1998)
Tabletop games
The Fury of Dracula
Albums
Dracula
Dracula 2000
Iubilaeum Anno Dracula 2001
Perfect Selection: Dracula Battle
Transylvania
Van Helsing
Songs
"Love Song for a Vampire"
Audio dramas
Son of the Dragon
Original charactersAlternative versionsof Dracula
Alucard (Hellsing)
Count Alucard
Count Orlok
Soma Cruz
Relatives of Dracula
Alucard (Castlevania)
Vampire Hunter D
Eva
Janus Dracula
Lilith Dracula
Shiklah Dracula
Other
Blade
Count von Count
Simon Belmont
Related
Lugosi v. Universal Pictures
Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories
Count Dracula in popular culture
Transylvanian Society of Dracula
Dracula Daily
Dracula Society
Dracula tourism
Bibliography of works on Dracula
Category (Dracula)
Category (derivatives)
vteMary Shelley's Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus Characters
Frankenstein's monster
Victor Frankenstein
Doctor Waldman
Elizabeth Lavenza
FilmsUniversal series
Frankenstein (1931)
Bride of Frankenstein (1935)
Son of Frankenstein (1939)
The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942)
Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943)
House of Frankenstein (1944)
House of Dracula (1945)
Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948)
Characters
Igor
Doctor Septimus Pretorius
Wolf Frankenstein
Bride of Frankenstein
Ludwig Frankenstein
Hammer series
The Curse of Frankenstein (1957)
The Revenge of Frankenstein (1958)
The Evil of Frankenstein (1964)
Frankenstein Created Woman (1967)
Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed (1969)
The Horror of Frankenstein (1970)
Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell (1974)
Toho series
Frankenstein vs. Baragon (1965)
The War of the Gargantuas (1966)
Parodies
Mad Monster Party? (1967)
Mad Mad Mad Monsters (1972)
Young Frankenstein (1974)
Frankenstein all'italiana (1975)
Frankenweenie (1984)
Transylvania 6-5000 (1985)
The Monster Squad (1987)
Frankenhooker (1990)
Monster Mash (1995)
Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein (1999)
Monster Mash (2000)
Frankenström (2001)
Frankenthumb (2002)
Igor (2008)
The Bride of Gingy (2010)
Frankenweenie (2012)
Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy (2014)
Monster Family (2017)
Lisa Frankenstein (2024)
The Munsters
Munster, Go Home! (1966)
The Munsters' Revenge (1981)
Here Come the Munsters (1995)
The Munsters' Scary Little Christmas (1996)
The Munsters (2022)
Hotel Transylvania
Hotel Transylvania (2012)
Hotel Transylvania 2 (2015)
Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018)
Hotel Transylvania: Transformania (2022)
Others
Frankenstein (1910)
Life Without Soul (1915)
Il mostro di Frankenstein (1921)
I Was a Teenage Frankenstein (1957)
Frankenstein 1970 (1958)
Frankenstein's Daughter (1958)
Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster (1965)
Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter (1966)
Los Monstruos del Terror (1970)
Lady Frankenstein (1971)
Dracula vs. Frankenstein (1971)
Frankenstein '80 (1972)
Flesh for Frankenstein (1973)
Blackenstein (1973)
Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks (1974)
Frankenstein Legend of Terror (1981)
Frankenstein Island (1981)
The Bride (1985)
Frankenstein Unbound (1990)
Frankenstein (1992)
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1994)
Van Helsing (2004)
Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove (2005)
Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl (2009)
House of the Wolf Man (2009)
Frankenstein: Day of the Beast (2011)
Frankenstein's Army (2013)
The Frankenstein Theory (2013)
I, Frankenstein (2014)
Army of Frankensteins (2014)
Frankenstein vs. The Mummy (2015)
Frankenstein (2015)
Victor Frankenstein (2015)
The Great Yokai War: Guardians (2021)
The Angry Black Girl and Her Monster (2023)
The Bride! (2025)
Frankenstein (TBA)
Television
Tales of Frankenstein (1958)
The Munsters (1964–1966)
Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles (1966–1968)
Groovie Goolies (1970-1971)
Frankenstein (1973)
Frankenstein: The True Story (1973)
Monster Squad (1976)
Struck by Lightning (1979)
The Munsters Today (1988-1991)
Monster Force (1994)
House of Frankenstein (1997)
Frankenstein (2004 TV film)
Frankenstein (2004 miniseries)
Frankenstein (2007)
Mary Shelley's Frankenhole (2010)
Once Upon a Time
"The Doctor" (2012)
"In the Name of the Brother" (2013)
Penny Dreadful (2014–2016)
Frankenstein, MD (2014)
The Frankenstein Chronicles (2015–2017)
Second Chance (2016)
Hotel Transylvania: The Series (2017–2020)
Code:Realize − Guardian of Rebirth (2017)
Stage
Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein (1823)
Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim (1887)
Frankenstein (1927)
Fortitude (1968)
Joined At The Heart (2007)
Frankenstein – A New Musical (2007)
Young Frankenstein (2007)
Frankenstein (2011 play)
Frankenstein's Wedding (2011 play)
Novels
Frankenstein's Aunt (1978)
Gothic Romance (1984)
Frankenstein's Aunt Returns (1989)
Frankenstein's Cat (2001)
Dean Koontz's Frankenstein
Prodigal Son (2005)
City of Night (2005)
Dead and Alive (2009)
Lost Souls (2010)
The Dead Town (2011)
Frankenstein in Baghdad (2013)
Comics
Bernie Wrightson's Frankenstein
Frankenstein (DC Comics)
Frankenstein (Dell Comics)
Doc Frankenstein
Embalming
Frankenstein's Monster (Marvel Comics)
Frankenstein (Prize Comics)
Young Frankenstein
Video games
Frankenstein's Monster
Frankenstein
Frankenstein: The Monster Returns
Dr. Franken
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
Frankenstein: Through the Eyes of the Monster
Van Helsing
Code: Realize
Related
Universal Classic Monsters
Frankenstein in popular culture
Frankenstein Castle
Frankenstein Day
Frankenstein's Promethean dimension
Johann Konrad Dippel
Franken-FMs (radio stations)
Frankenstein complex
Frankenstrat (guitar)
"Frankenstein" (1973 single)
"Dr. Stein" (1988 single)
Frankenstein (Death Race)
vteThe Wolf ManLarry TalbotOriginal series
The Wolf Man (1941)
Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943)
House of Frankenstein (1944)
House of Dracula (1945)
Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948)
Other films
The Monster Squad (1987)
Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman (2000)
Van Helsing (2004)
House of the Wolf Man (2009)
The Wolfman (2010)
Wolf Man (2025)
vteThe MummyFilmsUniversal series
The Mummy (1932)
The Mummy's Hand
The Mummy's Tomb
The Mummy's Ghost
The Mummy's Curse
Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy
Hammer series
The Mummy (1959)
The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb
The Mummy's Shroud
Blood from the Mummy's Tomb
Sommers series
The Mummy (1999)
The Mummy Returns
Tomb of the Dragon Emperor
The Scorpion King
The Scorpion King
Rise of a Warrior
Battle for Redemption
Quest for Power
Book of Souls
Alex Kurtzman film
The Mummy (2017)
Characters
Rick O'Connell
Imhotep
Kharis
Music
"Forever May Not Be Long Enough"
"I Stand Alone"
Video games
The Mummy
The Scorpion King
Sword of Osiris
Rise of the Akkadian
Manacle of Osiris
Tomb of the Dragon Emperor
The Mummy Demastered
Funko Fusion
Other media
The Animated Series
Revenge of the Mummy
Category
vteH. G. Wells's The Invisible ManFilmsUniversal series
The Invisible Man (1933)
The Invisible Man Returns (1940)
The Invisible Woman (1940)
Invisible Agent (1942)
The Invisible Man's Revenge (1944)
Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man (1951)
Other live-action
The Invisible Man Appears
The Invisible Man vs. The Human Fly
The Invisible Avenger
The Invisible Man (1984)
The Invisible Man (2020)
TV
The Invisible Man (1958)
The Invisible Man (1975)
Gemini Man (1976)
The Invisible Man (1984)
The Invisible Man (2000)
Characters
Griffin
vteGill-manFilms
Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954)
Revenge of the Creature (1955)
The Creature Walks Among Us (1956)
Parodies
Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove (2005)
Other
Universal Classic Monsters
Legacy
Creature from the Black Lagoon: The Musical
Creature from the Black Lagoon (pinball)
Monster Bash (pinball)
Monster Force
The Shape of Water
The Monster Squad
vteRobert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Character
Adaptations
Films
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920, Paramount)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920, Haydon)
Der Januskopf (1920)
Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde (1925)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941)
The Son of Dr. Jekyll (1951)
Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1953)
Daughter of Dr. Jekyll (1957)
The Doctor's Horrible Experiment (1959)
The Ugly Duckling (1959)
My Friend, Dr. Jekyll (1960)
The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960)
The Nutty Professor (1963)
Karutha Rathrikal (1967)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1968)
Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde (1971)
I, Monster (1971)
Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo (1972)
Engal Thanga Raja (1973)
Dr. Black, Mr. Hyde (1976)
Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot (1979)
Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype (1980)
Docteur Jekyll et les femmes (1981)
Chehre Pe Chehra (1981)
Jekyll and Hyde... Together Again (1982)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1986)
Edge of Sanity (1989)
The Pagemaster (1994)
Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde (1995)
Mary Reilly (1996)
The Nutty Professor (1996)
Nutty Professor II: The Klumps (2000)
Jekyll & Hyde: Direct from Broadway (2001)
Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (2002)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
Van Helsing (2004)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006)
Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde (2008)
The Nutty Professor (2008)
The Mummy (2017)
Doctor Jekyll (2023)
Theatre
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1888)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life (1897)
Jekyll & Hyde (1990)
Television
Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde (1995–1998)
Jekyll (2007)
Once Upon a Time (2011–2018)
Do No Harm (2013)
Penny Dreadful (2014–2016)
Jekyll and Hyde (2015)
Animation
The Impatient Patient (1942)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse (1947)
Motor Mania (1950)
Dr. Jerkyl's Hide (1954)
Hyde and Hare (1955)
Hyde and Go Tweet (1960)
Mad Monster Party? (1967)
Mad, Mad, Mad Monsters (1972)
The Pagemaster (1994)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jiggle and Mr. Sly (2004)
Van Helsing: The London Assignment (2004)
The Monster of Phineas-n-Ferbenstein (2008)
Hotel Transylvania (2012)
Video games
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1988)
Jekyll and Hyde (2001)
Van Helsing (2004)
Music
"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive" (1983)
"Bubba Hyde" (1995)
Jekyll and Hyde (2003)
Jekyll & Hyde en Español (2004)
"Mz. Hyde" (2014)
Comics
Mister Hyde (introduced 1963)
Batman: Two Faces (1998)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (1999–2019)
Novels
The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824)
Mary Reilly (1990)
Jekyll and Heidi (1999) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traditional animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_animation"},{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy"},{"link_name":"short film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"Rankin/Bass Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankin/Bass_Productions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones2000-1"},{"link_name":"Mushi Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushi_Production"},{"link_name":"The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_ABC_Saturday_Superstar_Movie"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Specials-2"},{"link_name":"stop motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_motion"},{"link_name":"Mad Monster Party?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Monster_Party%3F"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PicartSmoot2001-3"}],"text":"Mad Mad Mad Monsters is a 1972 traditional animated Halloween-themed comedy short film produced by Rankin/Bass Productions[1] in the United States and animated overseas by Mushi Production in Japan. The special aired on September 23, 1972 as an episode of The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie.[2] It is \"related\" to the 1967 stop motion animated film Mad Monster Party?[3]","title":"Mad Mad Mad Monsters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baron Henry von Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein"},{"link_name":"Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein_(character)"},{"link_name":"Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster"},{"link_name":"Igor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_(character)"},{"link_name":"hotel manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_manager"},{"link_name":"vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture"},{"link_name":"Count Dracula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dracula"},{"link_name":"Werewolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werewolf"},{"link_name":"Mummy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummy_(undead)"},{"link_name":"Creature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill-man"},{"link_name":"Invisible Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin_(The_Invisible_Man)"},{"link_name":"mailman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_carrier"},{"link_name":"Wicked Witch of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_Witch_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"pterosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur"},{"link_name":"gorilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla"},{"link_name":"Dr. Jekyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(character)"}],"text":"After Baron Henry von Frankenstein creates a Bride for his Monster, he decides to make arrangements for a lavish wedding at the Transylvania Astoria Hotel. Henry's assistant Igor is jealous of the Monster and wants the Bride for his own, much to the annoyance of Henry.Arriving at the hotel, Henry gets the wedding booked on Friday the 13th while having the hotel manager Harold write down the required foods. He does turn down the flaming shish-kebabs idea since some of the guests are allergic to fire. Another thing Henry asks is for him to watch his pet vulture Rosebud and make sure he stays in his cage during the event since he does not want him bothering his guests.Many monsters are invited to the wedding including Count Dracula, his son Boobula and Boobula's pet black cat, Ron Chanley the Werewolf, the Mummy, the Creature, Claude the Invisible Man, his invisible wife Nagatha, his invisible son Ghoul, and Ghoul's invisible dog Goblin when Harold's mailman brother Harvey delivers the invites.Following his visit to a therapist, Harvey is asked by Harold to watch over the hotel while he takes a vacation. Once the wedding guests arrive, they terrify the guests and staff as the bellhop Norman gets the autographs of the monsters (since he believes them to be movie stars). Norman even talks to Count Dracula and Claude about a rumor that the Wicked Witch of the East will emerge from the cake at midnight during the bachelor party. Henry arrives to see that the Transylvania Astoria is as he likes it. He also reminds Harvey to keep an eye on Rosebud and make sure he stays in his cage.When the bachelor party occurs, Count Dracula and Claude talk about the Monster's various moments in the past while Nagatha advises them not to embarrass the Monster. When the Bride is shown, the monsters are fascinated and start fighting each other (all except Claude and Nagatha who continue eating their dinner) and the two pets chase each other. As midnight happens, the Wicked Witch of the East does indeed emerge from the cake.Igor begins to steal the Bride the next day when instructed to hide her until the wedding which does not go at all according to plan when the Bride ends up snatched up by a pterosaur and lands in the clutches of a giant gorilla named Modzoola.Running back to the Transylvania Astoria, Igor uses charades to inform Henry what happened. While Harvey stays behind, Henry leads the monsters and Norman to rescue the Bride. When they catch up to Modzoola, they work to rescue the Bride. Just then, Modzoola's wife Mrs. Zoola shows up and Modzoola releases the Bride as Mrs. Zoola drags him off to deal with him.When the wedding approaches, the Monster is nervous until Henry and Norman help him get over it and have his suit specially made. Due to the priest not showing up, Harvey is enlisted to wed them. When the monsters kiss as the Bride's face is shown, they release massive electrical energy that destroys the Transylvania Astoria.Sometime later, Harvey visits the therapist again who tells him that monsters are not real. The therapist turns out to be Dr. Jekyll. When he drinks his elixir, Dr. Jekyll becomes Mr. Hyde and chases Harvey.As the credits roll, the Creature, Count Dracula, Ron Chanley's werewolf form, the Mummy, Boobula, Claude and Ghoul, the Monster, his Bride, and their newborn child all join Mr. Hyde in chasing Harvey. Norman runs after them in order to get Mr. Hyde's autograph which will complete his collection of the monsters' autographs.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob McFadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McFadden"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LawsonPersons2004-4"},{"link_name":"Allen Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Swift"},{"link_name":"Count Dracula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dracula"},{"link_name":"Igor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_(character)"},{"link_name":"the Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster"},{"link_name":"Invisible Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin_(The_Invisible_Man)"},{"link_name":"Count Dracula's son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Alucard_(character)"},{"link_name":"Werewolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werewolf"},{"link_name":"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(character)"},{"link_name":"vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture"},{"link_name":"Bradley Bolke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Bolke"},{"link_name":"bellhop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellhop"},{"link_name":"the Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein_(character)"},{"link_name":"Wicked Witch of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_Witch_of_the_East"}],"text":"Bob McFadden as Baron Henry von Frankenstein, and Harvey[4]\nAllen Swift as Count Dracula, Igor, the Monster, Claude the Invisible Man, Ghoul the Invisible Boy, Boobula (Count Dracula's son), Ron Chanley the Werewolf, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Rosebud the vulture, Harold, and the Post Office Boss\nBradley Bolke as Norman the bellhop, and additional voices\nRhoda Mann as the Bride, Nagatha the Invisible Woman, Wicked Witch of the East, and additional voices","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Rankin, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rankin,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jules Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Bass"},{"link_name":"Lou Silverstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Silverstone"},{"link_name":"Mushi Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushi_Production"},{"link_name":"Yoshikazu Yasuhiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshikazu_Yasuhiko"},{"link_name":"Maury Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maury_Laws"}],"text":"Produced and Directed by: Arthur Rankin, Jr. and Jules Bass\nWritten by: William J. Keenan and Lou Silverstone\nAssociate Producer: Basil Cox\nAnimation Production by: Mushi Studios\nAnimation Supervision: Steve Nakagawa\nKey Animation and Layout by: Yoshikazu Yasuhiko (uncredited)\nSound Engineers: David Scott, Robert Elder\nEditorial Supervisor: Irwin Goldress\nMusic: Maury Laws","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Middleton2015-5"}],"text":"It was called \"visually stunning\" but, because of the poor storyline, a \"disappointing outing\".[5]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Jones, Stephen (2000). The Essential Monster Movie Guide: A Century of Creature Features on Film, TV, and Video. Billboard Books. ISBN 9780823079360. Retrieved 28 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TGhZAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Essential Monster Movie Guide: A Century of Creature Features on Film, TV, and Video"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823079360","url_text":"9780823079360"}]},{"reference":"Woolery, George W. (1989). Animated TV Specials: The Complete Directory to the First Twenty-Five Years, 1962-1987. Scarecrow Press. pp. 260–261. ISBN 0-8108-2198-2. Retrieved 27 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/animatedtvspecia0000wool","url_text":"Animated TV Specials: The Complete Directory to the First Twenty-Five Years, 1962-1987"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/animatedtvspecia0000wool/page/260","url_text":"260"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-2198-2","url_text":"0-8108-2198-2"}]},{"reference":"Picart, Caroline Joan; Smoot, Frank; Blodgett, Jayne (2001). The Frankenstein Film Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 195–. ISBN 9780313313509. Retrieved 28 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3f820XIzkN8C&pg=PA195","url_text":"The Frankenstein Film Sourcebook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313313509","url_text":"9780313313509"}]},{"reference":"Lawson, Tim; Persons, Alisa (2004-12-09). The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 228–. ISBN 9781578066964. Retrieved 28 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0cEAOsLJad8C&pg=PA228","url_text":"The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578066964","url_text":"9781578066964"}]},{"reference":"Middleton, Brad (2015-02-05). Un-Dead TV: The Ultimate Guide to Vampire Television. By Light Unseen Media. pp. 245–. ISBN 9781935303480. Retrieved 28 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6RgmCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT245","url_text":"Un-Dead TV: The Ultimate Guide to Vampire Television"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781935303480","url_text":"9781935303480"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TGhZAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Essential Monster Movie Guide: A Century of Creature Features on Film, TV, and Video"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/animatedtvspecia0000wool","external_links_name":"Animated TV Specials: The Complete Directory to the First Twenty-Five Years, 1962-1987"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/animatedtvspecia0000wool/page/260","external_links_name":"260"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3f820XIzkN8C&pg=PA195","external_links_name":"The Frankenstein Film Sourcebook"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0cEAOsLJad8C&pg=PA228","external_links_name":"The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6RgmCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT245","external_links_name":"Un-Dead TV: The Ultimate Guide to Vampire Television"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0356848/","external_links_name":"Mad Mad Mad Monsters"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collared_finch-billed_bulbul | Collared finchbill | ["1 Diet","2 Taxonomy and systematics","2.1 Subspecies","3 References"] | Species of songbird
Collared finchbill
At the Cincinnati Zoo
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Infraorder:
Passerides
Family:
Pycnonotidae
Genus:
Spizixos
Species:
S. semitorques
Binomial name
Spizixos semitorquesR. Swinhoe, 1861
Synonyms
Spizixus cinereicapillus
The collared finchbill (Spizixos semitorques) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae. It is found in China, Taiwan, Japan and Vietnam.
The species favors forested hills at moderate elevations. Primarily a frugivore, the collared finchbill also eats seeds and insects. The birds are typically monogamous, with females building nests in trees in which to lay their eggs.
Diet
They eat fruit, including Hedera nepalensis and Paederia scandens.
Taxonomy and systematics
Alternate names for the collared finchbill include the black-headed finch-bill, Chinese finch-bill, Japanese finch-bill, collared finch-billed bulbul and Swinhoe's finch-billed bulbul.
Subspecies
Two subspecies are recognized:
S. s. semitorques - R. Swinhoe, 1861: Found in central and southern China, northern Vietnam
S. s. cinereicapillus - R. Swinhoe, 1871: Originally described as a separate species. Found in Taiwan and Miyako and Yaeyama Islands of Japan
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spizixos semitorques.
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Spizixos semitorques". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22712600A94337830. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22712600A94337830.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
^ Swinhoe, Robert (1861). "Notes on the Birds observed about Talien Bay (North China), from June 21 to July 24, 1860". Ibis. 3 (9–12): 266. ISSN 0019-1019.
^ "Collared Finch-Billed Bulbul Fact Sheet, Lincoln Park Zoo"
^ Yang, Yifan; Xu, Bin; Yu, Qingqing; Fan, Likun; Guo, Tingting; Fu, Dongshi; Chen, Hao; Yan, Hai; Shao, Feng; Li, Xiaopeng (2022-10-12). "Distribution Pattern and Factors Influencing Spontaneous Plant Diversity in Different Wetland Habitats". Forests. 13 (10): 1678. doi:10.3390/f13101678. ISSN 1999-4907.
^ "Bulbuls « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
Taxon identifiersSpizixos semitorques
Wikidata: Q591461
Wikispecies: Spizixos semitorques
ADW: Spizixos_semitorques
BirdLife: 22712600
BOLD: 747630
BOW: colfin1
CoL: 6ZCLW
eBird: colfin1
EURING: 10320
GBIF: 2486222
iNaturalist: 14658
IRMNG: 10219254
ITIS: 563066
IUCN: 22712600
NBN: NHMSYS0020789001
NCBI: 241747
Observation.org: 76754
Open Tree of Life: 321380
Xeno-canto: Spizixos-semitorques
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Kouame | Ange Kouame | ["1 Early life and education","2 College career","3 Professional career","4 National team career","4.1 Naturalization","4.2 Philippine national team","5 Awards and accomplishments","5.1 UAAP","5.2 PCCL","5.3 Filoil EcoOil Preseason Cup","5.4 PBA D-League","6 References"] | Ivorian-Filipino basketball player
Ange KouameKouame with the Ateneo Blue Eagles in 2018UB Chartres MétropolePositionCenterLeagueNationale Masculine 1Personal informationBorn (1997-12-15) December 15, 1997 (age 26)Abidjan, Côte d'IvoireNationalityIvorian / FilipinoListed height6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)Listed weight220 lb (100 kg)Career informationCollegeAteneo de Manila University (2018–2022)Playing career2023–presentCareer history2023–presentUB Chartres Métropole
Career highlights and awards
3× UAAP champion (2018, 2019, 2022)
UAAP Finals MVP (2022)
UAAP Most Valuable Player (2021)
UAAP Mythical Team (2021)
UAAP Rookie of the Year (2018)
2× PCCL champion (2018, 2019)
PCCL Mythical Five (2019)
Filoil Flying V Preseason Cup champion (2018)
Filoil Flying V Preseason Cup Most Valuable Player (2018)
Filoil Flying V Preseason Cup Mythical Five (2018)
PBA D-League champion (2019 Aspirants' Cup)
Medals
Men's basketball
Representing Philippines
Asian Games
2022 Hangzhou
Team
Kakou Ange Franck Williams "Angelo" Kouame (born December 15, 1997) is an Ivorian-Filipino basketball player. Kouame played college basketball for the Ateneo Blue Eagles of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP), winning 3 championships with Ateneo and the UAAP MVP award in UAAP Season 84. He also represents the Philippines on its national basketball team. He is listed at 6 ft 11 in. (2.11 m)
Early life and education
Kouame was born on December 15, 1997, in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. He was into football during his early childhood until developing interest in basketball when he and his younger brother requested their father for football kits but were instead given basketball jerseys. When his father died in 2012, he started committing on playing basketball as a means to cope for his loss. Koaume played 3-a-side street basketball with his friends and was part of his high school's basketball team, although he remarked that his stint with his school's team was "not that serious" and involved more "practicing".
Upon the recommendation of a friend, Kouame moved to the Philippines to study at the Ateneo de Manila University under a student-athlete scholarship. Kouame speaks fluent French (the national language of birth country, Ivory Coast) but did not speak English upon moving to the Philippines. He studied for one year at the Multiple Intelligence International School (MIIS) in Quezon City to develop his English speaking skills that would help him be acquainted with Filipino culture prior to attending Ateneo. He would graduate from Ateneo in 2023 with a bachelor's degree in interdisciplinary studies.
College career
Kouame was able to connect with the Ateneo Blue Eagles through his Cameroonian friend Aaron Njike who got recruited for a team in the United States. Njike linked Kouame to Ateneo varsity basketball team manager Epok Quimpo for an opportunity to try out for the college varsity team of Ateneo. He was assessed by coaches Yuri Escueta and Tab Baldwin, who was a team consultant for Ateneo at the time. Ateneo decided to have Kouame join the team despite lacking in fundamentals and training. Koaume only learned how to play traditional 5-a-side basketball in the Philippines and had to learn basketball terminologies in English.
Despite being a foreign player, Kouame did not have to fulfill a residency requirement, due to him graduating from MIIS in Quezon City and debuted for the Ateneo Blue Eagles in UAAP Season 81 in 2018. Prior to his UAAP debut, Kouame was part of Glory Be, Ateneo's B team for a year and also featured for the main collegiate team at the SMART City Hoops Basketball Championship, the SMART Breakdown Basketball Invitationals U25 Division, and the FilOil Preseason Cup in 2018. He also took part in Ateneo's campaign in the 2018 William Jones Cup in Taiwan, which saw his team finishing as fourth placers.
He helped Ateneo clinch two consecutive titles; in UAAP Season 81 and 82. Following Kouame's granting of Filipino citizenship in May 2021 through a naturalization legislation passed by the Congress, the UAAP board made an agreement that Filipinos who received citizenship through an act of Congress shall still be considered as foreign student athletes (FSAs) in the collegiate league.
Kouame stayed two more seasons with Ateneo. In that time he was the Season MVP for Season 84, and despite suffering multiple injuries, was the Finals MVP for Season 85.
He also played for Ateneo in the PBA D-League.
Professional career
By May 2021, Koaume who was still in Ateneo at the time has been receiving offers to play for teams in other parts of Asia and in Europe. However he remained with Ateneo for two more UAAP seasons.
Kouame joined the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) in 2023. Despite being a naturalized Filipino citizen already by this time, he is still only eligible to play as an import as per league eligibility rules. Instead, he played for the team at the 2023 William Jones Cup where the team was invited as the Philippines' representative. This marked Kouame's return to the Taiwan tournament since 2018.
In September 2023, UB Chartres Métropole, which plays in the Nationale Masculine 1, the third tier of French basketball, announced that they had signed Kouame.
National team career
Naturalization
Kouame has been considered for the Philippine national team as early as 2018, following his stint in the 2018 William Jones Cup in Taiwan with Ateneo. However, Kouame would have to obtain Filipino citizenship to be eligible. He successfully obtained consent from his mother to obtain Filipino citizenship, despite his mother hesitating initially over concerns that he might lose his Ivorian citizenship.
The Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas (SBP) in 2020 began to lobby in the Congress for Kouame to be given Filipino citizenship through naturalization following his performance in UAAP Season 82 which would make him eligible to play for the Philippine national team. Koaume was added to the national team's pool for the November 2020 window of the 2021 FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers despite a slim chance for his naturalization process to be completed in time for the Philippines' first match in that window. This was meant to help him get acquainted with the Philippine national team's system. The House of Representatives passed a bill granting Kouame citizenship on February 16, 2021, while the Senate passed its version on March 15. The SBP announced on May 18 that President Rodrigo Duterte had signed Kouame's naturalization bill into law.
Philippine national team
Kouame's eligibility to play for the Philippine national team was confirmed by FIBA in June 2021, a month after he was given Filipino citizenship. He was then included in the Philippines 12-man roster for the third and final round of the 2021 FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers. Kouame debuted for the Philippines in June 16 game against South Korea. The Philippines won 81–78 in that game with Kouame contributing 12 points and 6 rebounds. He also played in the 2020 FIBA Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Belgrade, Serbia.
In 2022, Kouame played against the Jordanian and Saudi Arabian national teams during the 2023 FIBA World Cup qualifiers.
Kouame was included in the 21-man pool for the 2023 FIBA World Cup. However, he was not selected as the Philippines chose Jordan Clarkson as its lone naturalized player.
He would later become part of the 2022 Asian Games squad which won the gold medal.
Awards and accomplishments
UAAP
3× UAAP champion (2018, 2019, 2022)
UAAP Finals MVP (2022)
UAAP Most Valuable Player (2021)
UAAP Mythical Team (2021)
UAAP Rookie of the Year (2018)
PCCL
2× PCCL champion (2018, 2019)
PCCL Mythical Five (2019)
Filoil EcoOil Preseason Cup
Filoil Flying V Preseason Cup champion (2018)
Filoil Flying V Preseason Cup Most Valuable Player (2018)
Filoil Flying V Preseason Cup Mythical Five (2018)
PBA D-League
PBA D-League champion (2019 Aspirants' Cup)
References
^ a b "Ange Kouame's naturalization now official". ABS-CBN News. May 18, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
^ FFBB. "Fiche de présentation de Kakou Kouame | NM1". Nationale Masculine 1 de Basketball (in French). Retrieved November 6, 2023.
^ "Kakou Kouame". Asia Basket. Eurobasket LLC. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
^ a b c d Banaag, Joseph; Uy, Karl (September 21, 2018). "Under the spotlight: Angelo Kouame". The Guidon. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
^ a b c Go, Beatrice (October 31, 2018). "How Angelo Kouame took his game from the streets to the Big Dome". Rappler. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
^ "Ange Kouame, five other Blue Eagles receive Ateneo degrees". Tiebreaker Times. June 30, 2023. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
^ Leongson, Randolph (August 31, 2019). "Eagles team manager says rule cited in Ange Kouame eligibility dispute is outdated". Sports Interactive Network Philippines. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
^ Giongco, Mark (July 22, 2018). "Ateneo ends impressive Jones Cup stint in 4th place". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
^ "Naturalization of Ateneo's Angelo Kouame already in the works". Sun Star Cebu. October 23, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
^ Li, Matthew (May 18, 2021). "Naturalized Filipinos by Congress to remain as FSAs in UAAP". Tiebreaker Times. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
^ Agcaoili, Lance (December 19, 2022). "Ateneo's Ange Koume regains old form, wins UAAP Finals MVP". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
^ "Kouame couldn't care less about records as Ateneo chases DL title". Sports Interactive Network Philippines. April 9, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
^ Naredo, Camille (May 23, 2021). "Ange Kouame already receiving offers to play overseas". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
^ a b Ramos, Gerry (July 19, 2023). "Rain or Shine grateful to Gilas for lending Kouame for Jones Cup campaign". Sports Interactive Network Philippines. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
^ Bacnis, Justine (January 8, 2022). "Ricky Vargas hopes naturalized players can play in PBA one day". Tiebreaker Times. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
^ Leyba, Olmin (August 11, 2023). "Ange to make big difference for ROS?". The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
^ Dioquino, Delfin (October 8, 2023). "Ange Kouame headed to France after helping Gilas Pilipinas recapture Asian Games throne". RAPPLER. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
^ a b Li, Matthew (November 28, 2020). "Kouame can't wait to don Gilas' colors: 'I really want to be a part of it'". Tiebreaker Times. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
^ Li, Matthew (May 23, 2021). "Ange Kouame's mom in Ivory Coast celebrates son's naturalization". Tiebreaker Times. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
^ "SBP taps Ange Kouame to be part of Gilas naturalized players". Daily Guardian. January 22, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
^ Li, Matthew (November 14, 2020). "Gilas ready to go all-Filipino if Kouame's papers don't make it for Manama bubble". Tiebreaker Times. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
^ Galvez, Waylon (February 16, 2021). "Congress approves Kouame naturalization papers". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
^ "Senate allows 2 naturalized athletes to play for PH flag". Philippine News Agency. March 15, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
^ AN ACT GRANTING PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP TO KAKOU ANGE FRANCK WILLIAMS KOUAME (PDF) (act RA-11543). Republic of the Philippines, Congress of the Philippines, Metro Manila, Eighteenth Congress, Second Regular Session. May 18, 2021.
^ Leyba, Olmin (June 13, 2021). "Kouame gets FIBA green light". The Philippine Star. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
^ "Kai Sotto, Angelo Kouame headline 12-man lineup for FIBA Asia Cup Qualifiers". GMA News Online. June 15, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
^ Terrado, Jonas (June 17, 2021). "Kouame admits Korea match 'toughest game of my career'". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
^ Lozada, Bong (July 1, 2021). "Tough battle vs Marjanovic learning experience for Kouame". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
^ Carmen, Lorenzo del (November 17, 2022). "Kouame relishes Gilas experience as he learned from Japeth". Tiebreaker Times. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
^ Terrado, Reuben (June 6, 2023). "Clarkson, Brownlee, Kouame head 21-man Gilas pool for World Cup". spin.ph. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
^ Villanueva, Ralph Edwin (October 6, 2023). "Kouame saves best for last as Gilas ascends to Asiad basketball throne". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 7, 2023.
Links to related articles
vteAteneo Blue Eagles 2018–19 UAAP Men's Basketball Champions
0 Thirdy Ravena (Finals MVP)
2 BJ Andrade
3 Adrian Wong
4 Anton Asistio
5 Gian Mamuyac
7 Mike Nieto
8 Aaron Black
10 Jolo Mendoza
11 Isaac Go
12 Matt Nieto
13 Will Navarro
19 Tyler Tio
21 Matthew Daves
22 Raffy Verano
27 SJ Belangel
34 Ange Kouame
Head Coach: Tab Baldwin
Assistant Coaches: Sandy Arespacochaga
Alton Lister
Yuri Escueta
Ford Arao
Joel Banal
vteAteneo Blue Eagles 2019–20 UAAP Men's Basketball Champions
0 Thirdy Ravena (Finals MVP)
2 BJ Andrade
3 Adrian Wong
5 Gian Mamuyac
7 Mike Nieto
11 Isaac Go
12 Matt Nieto
15 Pat Maagdenberg
17 Jason Credo
18 Geo Chiu
19 Tyler Tio
21 Matthew Daves
23 Will Navarro
27 SJ Belangel
28 Troy Mallillin
34 Ange Kouame
Head Coach: Tab Baldwin
Assistant Coaches: Sandy Arespacochaga
Alton Lister
Yuri Escueta
Ford Arao
vteAteneo Blue Eagles 2022–23 UAAP Men's Basketball Champions
0 Paul Garcia
1 Kai Ballungay
2 BJ Andrade
6 Chris Koon
10 Dave Ildefonso
11 Jacob Lao
13 Gab Gomez
15 Forthsky Padrigao
16 Josh Lazaro
17 Juan Fetalvero
18 Geo Chiu
21 Matthew Daves
22 Kyle Ong
24 Sean Quitevis
34 Ange Kouame (Finals MVP)
70 Inand Fornilos
Head Coach: Tab Baldwin
Assistant Coaches: Sandy Arespacochaga
Alton Lister
Ford Arao
vtePhilippines squad – 2022 Asian Games – Gold medal
3 Newsome
6 Alas
9 Thompson
10 Tolentino
12 Ross
13 Lassiter
15 Fajardo
17 Perez
18 Oftana
25 Aguilar
32 Brownlee
34 Kouame
Coach Cone
vteUAAP Men's Basketball Rookie of the Year award
1993: Telan
1994: Diloy
1995: Francisco
1996: Victoria
1997: Ritualo
1998: Villanueva
1999: Avenido
2000: Cortez
2001: Cardona
2002: Santos
2003: Casio
2004: Arellano
2005: Reyes
2006: Co
2007: Cawaling
2008: Buenafe
2009: Jeri. Teng
2010: Romeo
2011: Ravena
2012: Jero. Teng
2013: Lao
2014: Tolentino
2015: Caracut
2016: Melecio
2017: Gómez De Liaño
2018: Kouame
2019: Nonoy
2021: Tamayo
2022: Quiambao
2023: Lopez
vteUAAP Men's Basketball Most Valuable Player award
1960: Nadurata
1961: Roa
1963: Rosabal
1966: Jaworski
1968: Acuña
1969: Artajos
1981: Williams
1982: Caidic
1983: Capacio
1984: Caidic
1985: Caidic
1986: Altamirano
1987: Reyes
1988: Reyes
1989: Limpot
1990: Limpot
1991: Abarrientos
1992: Limpot
1993: Espino
1994: Espino
1995: Cantojos
1996: Telan
1997: Telan
1998: Allado
1999: Allado
2000: Alvarez
2001: Alvarez
2002: Villanueva
2003: Yap
2004: Santos
2005: Santos
2006: Bono
2007: Cruz
2008: Al-Hussaini
2009: Ababou
2010: Garcia
2011: Parks Jr.
2012: Parks Jr.
2013: Romeo
2014: Ravena
2015: Ravena
2016: Mbala
2017: Mbala
2018: Akhuetie
2019: Chabi Yo
2021: Kouame
2022: Diouf
2023: Quiambao
vteUAAP Men's Basketball Finals MVP award
1983: Capacio
1992: Echano
1993: Patrimonio
1998: Allado
1999: Allado
2001: Ritualo
2002: Fonacier • Gonzales
2003: Santos
2004: Cardona
2005: Santos
2006: Duncil
2007: Casio • Villanueva
2008: Baclao
2009: Al-Hussaini
2010: Buenafe
2011: Salva
2012: Salva
2013: Teng
2014: Aroga
2015: Belo
2016: Teng
2017: Ravena
2018: Ravena
2019: Ravena
2021: Diouf
2022: Kouame
2023: Quiambao | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filipino-1"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Ateneo Blue Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateneo_Blue_Eagles_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"University Athletic Association of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Athletic_Association_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"UAAP Season 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP_Season_84"},{"link_name":"national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kakou Ange Franck Williams \"Angelo\" Kouame (born December 15, 1997) is an Ivorian-Filipino[1] basketball player. Kouame played college basketball for the Ateneo Blue Eagles of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP), winning 3 championships with Ateneo and the UAAP MVP award in UAAP Season 84. He also represents the Philippines on its national basketball team. He is listed at 6 ft 11 in. (2.11 m)[2]","title":"Ange Kouame"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Abidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spotlight-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tookhisgame-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spotlight-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tookhisgame-5"},{"link_name":"Ateneo de Manila University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Multiple Intelligence International School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_Intelligence_International_School"},{"link_name":"Quezon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spotlight-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Kouame was born on December 15, 1997,[3] in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. He was into football during his early childhood until developing interest in basketball when he and his younger brother requested their father for football kits but were instead given basketball jerseys.[4] When his father died in 2012,[5] he started committing on playing basketball as a means to cope for his loss.[4] Koaume played 3-a-side street basketball with his friends and was part of his high school's basketball team, although he remarked that his stint with his school's team was \"not that serious\" and involved more \"practicing\".[5]Upon the recommendation of a friend, Kouame moved to the Philippines to study at the Ateneo de Manila University under a student-athlete scholarship. Kouame speaks fluent French (the national language of birth country, Ivory Coast) but did not speak English upon moving to the Philippines. He studied for one year at the Multiple Intelligence International School (MIIS) in Quezon City to develop his English speaking skills that would help him be acquainted with Filipino culture prior to attending Ateneo.[4] He would graduate from Ateneo in 2023 with a bachelor's degree in interdisciplinary studies.[6]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ateneo Blue Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateneo_Blue_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Tab Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tookhisgame-5"},{"link_name":"Quezon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City"},{"link_name":"UAAP Season 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP_Season_81_basketball_tournaments"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eligibility-7"},{"link_name":"FilOil Preseason Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Filoil_Flying_V_Preseason_Premier_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spotlight-4"},{"link_name":"2018 William Jones Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_William_Jones_Cup"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"UAAP Season 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP_Season_81_basketball_tournaments"},{"link_name":"82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP_Season_82_basketball_tournaments"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Season 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP_Season_84_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Season 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP_Season_85_basketball_tournaments"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"PBA D-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBA_D-League"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Kouame was able to connect with the Ateneo Blue Eagles through his Cameroonian friend Aaron Njike who got recruited for a team in the United States. Njike linked Kouame to Ateneo varsity basketball team manager Epok Quimpo for an opportunity to try out for the college varsity team of Ateneo. He was assessed by coaches Yuri Escueta and Tab Baldwin, who was a team consultant for Ateneo at the time. Ateneo decided to have Kouame join the team despite lacking in fundamentals and training. Koaume only learned how to play traditional 5-a-side basketball in the Philippines and had to learn basketball terminologies in English.[5]Despite being a foreign player, Kouame did not have to fulfill a residency requirement, due to him graduating from MIIS in Quezon City and debuted for the Ateneo Blue Eagles in UAAP Season 81 in 2018.[7] Prior to his UAAP debut, Kouame was part of Glory Be, Ateneo's B team for a year and also featured for the main collegiate team at the SMART City Hoops Basketball Championship, the SMART Breakdown Basketball Invitationals U25 Division, and the FilOil Preseason Cup in 2018.[4] He also took part in Ateneo's campaign in the 2018 William Jones Cup in Taiwan, which saw his team finishing as fourth placers.[8]He helped Ateneo clinch two consecutive titles; in UAAP Season 81 and 82.[9] Following Kouame's granting of Filipino citizenship in May 2021 through a naturalization legislation passed by the Congress, the UAAP board made an agreement that Filipinos who received citizenship through an act of Congress shall still be considered as foreign student athletes (FSAs) in the collegiate league.[10]Kouame stayed two more seasons with Ateneo. In that time he was the Season MVP for Season 84, and despite suffering multiple injuries, was the Finals MVP for Season 85.[11]He also played for Ateneo in the PBA D-League.[12]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rain or Shine Elasto Painters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_or_Shine_Elasto_Painters"},{"link_name":"Philippine Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grateful-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2023 William Jones Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_William_Jones_Cup"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grateful-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"UB Chartres Métropole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UB_Chartres_M%C3%A9tropole"},{"link_name":"Nationale Masculine 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_Masculine_1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"By May 2021, Koaume who was still in Ateneo at the time has been receiving offers to play for teams in other parts of Asia and in Europe.[13] However he remained with Ateneo for two more UAAP seasons.Kouame joined the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) in 2023.[14] Despite being a naturalized Filipino citizen already by this time, he is still only eligible to play as an import as per league eligibility rules.[15] Instead, he played for the team at the 2023 William Jones Cup where the team was invited as the Philippines' representative. This marked Kouame's return to the Taiwan tournament since 2018.[14][16]In September 2023, UB Chartres Métropole, which plays in the Nationale Masculine 1, the third tier of French basketball, announced that they had signed Kouame.[17]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2018 William Jones Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_William_Jones_Cup"},{"link_name":"Filipino citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cantwait-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cantwait-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samahang_Basketbol_ng_Pilipinas"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"naturalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization"},{"link_name":"UAAP Season 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP_Season_82_basketball_tournaments"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sbptaps-20"},{"link_name":"2021 FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_FIBA_Asia_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Duterte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filipino-1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Naturalization","text":"Kouame has been considered for the Philippine national team as early as 2018, following his stint in the 2018 William Jones Cup in Taiwan with Ateneo. However, Kouame would have to obtain Filipino citizenship to be eligible.[18] He successfully obtained consent from his mother to obtain Filipino citizenship, despite his mother hesitating initially over concerns that he might lose his Ivorian citizenship.[18][19]The Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas (SBP) in 2020 began to lobby in the Congress for Kouame to be given Filipino citizenship through naturalization following his performance in UAAP Season 82 which would make him eligible to play for the Philippine national team.[20] Koaume was added to the national team's pool for the November 2020 window of the 2021 FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers despite a slim chance for his naturalization process to be completed in time for the Philippines' first match in that window. This was meant to help him get acquainted with the Philippine national team's system.[21] The House of Representatives passed a bill granting Kouame citizenship on February 16, 2021,[22] while the Senate passed its version on March 15.[23] The SBP announced on May 18 that President Rodrigo Duterte had signed Kouame's naturalization bill into law.[1][24]","title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"2021 FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_FIBA_Asia_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"2020 FIBA Olympic Qualifying Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_FIBA_Men%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournaments_%E2%80%93_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Jordanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2023 FIBA World Cup qualifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup_qualification_(Asia)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"2023 FIBA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Jordan Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"2022 Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Philippine national team","text":"Kouame's eligibility to play for the Philippine national team was confirmed by FIBA in June 2021, a month after he was given Filipino citizenship.[25] He was then included in the Philippines 12-man roster for the third and final round of the 2021 FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers.[26] Kouame debuted for the Philippines in June 16 game against South Korea. The Philippines won 81–78 in that game with Kouame contributing 12 points and 6 rebounds.[27] He also played in the 2020 FIBA Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Belgrade, Serbia.[28]In 2022, Kouame played against the Jordanian and Saudi Arabian national teams during the 2023 FIBA World Cup qualifiers.[29]Kouame was included in the 21-man pool for the 2023 FIBA World Cup.[30] However, he was not selected as the Philippines chose Jordan Clarkson as its lone naturalized player.He would later become part of the 2022 Asian Games squad which won the gold medal.[31]","title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UAAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Athletic_Association_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP_Season_81"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP_Season_82"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP_Season_85"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP_Season_85"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP_Season_84"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP_Season_84"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP_Season_81"}],"sub_title":"UAAP","text":"3× UAAP champion (2018, 2019, 2022)\nUAAP Finals MVP (2022)\nUAAP Most Valuable Player (2021)\nUAAP Mythical Team (2021)\nUAAP Rookie of the Year (2018)","title":"Awards and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PCCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Collegiate_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_PCCL_National_Collegiate_Championship"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_PCCL_National_Collegiate_Championship"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_PCCL_National_Collegiate_Championship"}],"sub_title":"PCCL","text":"2× PCCL champion (2018, 2019)\nPCCL Mythical Five (2019)","title":"Awards and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filoil Flying V Preseason Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoil_Flying_V_Preseason_Hanes_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Filoil_Flying_V_Preseason_Premier_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Filoil_Flying_V_Preseason_Premier_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Filoil_Flying_V_Preseason_Premier_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Filoil EcoOil Preseason Cup","text":"Filoil Flying V Preseason Cup champion (2018)\nFiloil Flying V Preseason Cup Most Valuable Player (2018)\nFiloil Flying V Preseason Cup Mythical Five (2018)","title":"Awards and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PBA D-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association_Developmental_League"},{"link_name":"2019 Aspirants' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_PBA_D-League_Aspirants%27_Cup"}],"sub_title":"PBA D-League","text":"PBA D-League champion (2019 Aspirants' Cup)","title":"Awards and accomplishments"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ange Kouame's naturalization now official\". ABS-CBN News. May 18, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/05/18/21/ange-kouames-naturalization-now-official","url_text":"\"Ange Kouame's naturalization now official\""}]},{"reference":"FFBB. \"Fiche de présentation de Kakou Kouame | NM1\". Nationale Masculine 1 de Basketball (in French). Retrieved November 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nm1.ffbb.com/joueur/238634-kakou-kouame","url_text":"\"Fiche de présentation de Kakou Kouame | NM1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kakou Kouame\". Asia Basket. Eurobasket LLC. Retrieved November 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://basketball.asia-basket.com/player/Kakou-Kouame/Philippines/Philippines-National-Team/477324","url_text":"\"Kakou Kouame\""}]},{"reference":"Banaag, Joseph; Uy, Karl (September 21, 2018). \"Under the spotlight: Angelo Kouame\". The Guidon. Retrieved November 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theguidon.com/1112/main/2018/09/spotlight-angelo-kouame/","url_text":"\"Under the spotlight: Angelo Kouame\""}]},{"reference":"Go, Beatrice (October 31, 2018). \"How Angelo Kouame took his game from the streets to the Big Dome\". Rappler. Retrieved November 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/ateneo-blue-eagles-angelo-kouame-game-from-streets-to-big-dome","url_text":"\"How Angelo Kouame took his game from the streets to the Big Dome\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ange Kouame, five other Blue Eagles receive Ateneo degrees\". Tiebreaker Times. June 30, 2023. Retrieved July 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/ange-kouame-five-other-blue-eagles-receive-ateneo-degrees/275612","url_text":"\"Ange Kouame, five other Blue Eagles receive Ateneo degrees\""}]},{"reference":"Leongson, Randolph (August 31, 2019). \"Eagles team manager says rule cited in Ange Kouame eligibility dispute is outdated\". Sports Interactive Network Philippines. Retrieved November 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap-men/eagles-team-manager-says-eligibility-rule-cited-in-ange-kouame-case-is-outdated-a2437-20190831","url_text":"\"Eagles team manager says rule cited in Ange Kouame eligibility dispute is outdated\""}]},{"reference":"Giongco, Mark (July 22, 2018). \"Ateneo ends impressive Jones Cup stint in 4th place\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.inquirer.net/312142/ateneo-ends-impressive-jones-cup-stint-in-4th-place","url_text":"\"Ateneo ends impressive Jones Cup stint in 4th place\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naturalization of Ateneo's Angelo Kouame already in the works\". Sun Star Cebu. October 23, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1874418/Cebu/Sports/Naturalization-of-Ateneos-Angelo-Kouame-already-in-the-works","url_text":"\"Naturalization of Ateneo's Angelo Kouame already in the works\""}]},{"reference":"Li, Matthew (May 18, 2021). \"Naturalized Filipinos by Congress to remain as FSAs in UAAP\". Tiebreaker Times. Retrieved May 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/naturalized-filipinos-by-congress-to-remain-as-fsas-in-uaap/208326","url_text":"\"Naturalized Filipinos by Congress to remain as FSAs in UAAP\""}]},{"reference":"Agcaoili, Lance (December 19, 2022). \"Ateneo's Ange Koume regains old form, wins UAAP Finals MVP\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.inquirer.net/490695/ateneos-ange-koume-regains-old-form-wins-uaap-finals-mvp","url_text":"\"Ateneo's Ange Koume regains old form, wins UAAP Finals MVP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kouame couldn't care less about records as Ateneo chases DL title\". Sports Interactive Network Philippines. April 9, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spin.ph/basketball/d-league/ange-kouame-cignal-ateneo-offensive-rebounds-record-pba-d-league-a2437-20190409","url_text":"\"Kouame couldn't care less about records as Ateneo chases DL title\""}]},{"reference":"Naredo, Camille (May 23, 2021). \"Ange Kouame already receiving offers to play overseas\". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved May 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/05/23/21/ange-koume-already-receiving-offers-to-play-overseas","url_text":"\"Ange Kouame already receiving offers to play overseas\""}]},{"reference":"Ramos, Gerry (July 19, 2023). \"Rain or Shine grateful to Gilas for lending Kouame for Jones Cup campaign\". Sports Interactive Network Philippines. Retrieved August 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spin.ph/basketball/rain-or-shine-grateful-to-gilas-for-lending-kouame-in-jones-cup-campaign-a793-20230719","url_text":"\"Rain or Shine grateful to Gilas for lending Kouame for Jones Cup campaign\""}]},{"reference":"Bacnis, Justine (January 8, 2022). \"Ricky Vargas hopes naturalized players can play in PBA one day\". Tiebreaker Times. Retrieved August 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/ricky-vargas-hopes-naturalized-players-can-play-in-pba-one-day/229227","url_text":"\"Ricky Vargas hopes naturalized players can play in PBA one day\""}]},{"reference":"Leyba, Olmin (August 11, 2023). \"Ange to make big difference for ROS?\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/sports/2023/08/11/2287751/ange-make-big-difference-ros","url_text":"\"Ange to make big difference for ROS?\""}]},{"reference":"Dioquino, Delfin (October 8, 2023). \"Ange Kouame headed to France after helping Gilas Pilipinas recapture Asian Games throne\". RAPPLER. Retrieved October 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rappler.com/sports/gilas-pilipinas/ange-kouame-headed-france-after-helping-philippines-gold-asian-games-2023/","url_text":"\"Ange Kouame headed to France after helping Gilas Pilipinas recapture Asian Games throne\""}]},{"reference":"Li, Matthew (November 28, 2020). \"Kouame can't wait to don Gilas' colors: 'I really want to be a part of it'\". Tiebreaker Times. Retrieved November 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/kouame-cant-wait-to-don-gilas-colors-i-really-want-to-be-a-part-of-it/197051","url_text":"\"Kouame can't wait to don Gilas' colors: 'I really want to be a part of it'\""}]},{"reference":"Li, Matthew (May 23, 2021). \"Ange Kouame's mom in Ivory Coast celebrates son's naturalization\". Tiebreaker Times. Retrieved May 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/ange-kouames-mom-in-ivory-coast-celebrates-his-naturalization/208774","url_text":"\"Ange Kouame's mom in Ivory Coast celebrates son's naturalization\""}]},{"reference":"\"SBP taps Ange Kouame to be part of Gilas naturalized players\". Daily Guardian. January 22, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailyguardian.com.ph/sbp-taps-ange-kouame-to-be-part-of-gilas-naturalized-players/","url_text":"\"SBP taps Ange Kouame to be part of Gilas naturalized players\""}]},{"reference":"Li, Matthew (November 14, 2020). \"Gilas ready to go all-Filipino if Kouame's papers don't make it for Manama bubble\". Tiebreaker Times. Retrieved November 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/gilas-ready-to-go-all-filipino-if-kouames-papers-dont-make-it-for-manama-bubble/195744","url_text":"\"Gilas ready to go all-Filipino if Kouame's papers don't make it for Manama bubble\""}]},{"reference":"Galvez, Waylon (February 16, 2021). \"Congress approves Kouame naturalization papers\". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved May 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mb.com.ph/2021/02/16/congress-approves-kouame-naturalization-papers/","url_text":"\"Congress approves Kouame naturalization papers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate allows 2 naturalized athletes to play for PH flag\". Philippine News Agency. March 15, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1133703","url_text":"\"Senate allows 2 naturalized athletes to play for PH flag\""}]},{"reference":"AN ACT GRANTING PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP TO KAKOU ANGE FRANCK WILLIAMS KOUAME (PDF) (act RA-11543). Republic of the Philippines, Congress of the Philippines, Metro Manila, Eighteenth Congress, Second Regular Session. May 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2021/05may/20210518-RA-11543-RRD.pdf","url_text":"AN ACT GRANTING PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP TO KAKOU ANGE FRANCK WILLIAMS KOUAME"}]},{"reference":"Leyba, Olmin (June 13, 2021). \"Kouame gets FIBA green light\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/sports/2021/06/13/2105152/kouame-gets-fiba-green-light","url_text":"\"Kouame gets FIBA green light\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kai Sotto, Angelo Kouame headline 12-man lineup for FIBA Asia Cup Qualifiers\". GMA News Online. June 15, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/791629/kai-sotto-angelo-kouame-headline-12-man-lineup-for-fiba-asia-cup-qualifiers/story/","url_text":"\"Kai Sotto, Angelo Kouame headline 12-man lineup for FIBA Asia Cup Qualifiers\""}]},{"reference":"Terrado, Jonas (June 17, 2021). \"Kouame admits Korea match 'toughest game of my career'\". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mb.com.ph/2021/06/17/kouame-admits-korea-game-toughest-game-of-my-career/","url_text":"\"Kouame admits Korea match 'toughest game of my career'\""}]},{"reference":"Lozada, Bong (July 1, 2021). \"Tough battle vs Marjanovic learning experience for Kouame\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.inquirer.net/427430/tough-battle-vs-marjanovic-learning-experience-for-koaume","url_text":"\"Tough battle vs Marjanovic learning experience for Kouame\""}]},{"reference":"Carmen, Lorenzo del (November 17, 2022). \"Kouame relishes Gilas experience as he learned from Japeth\". Tiebreaker Times. Retrieved December 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/kouame-relishes-gilas-experience-as-he-learned-from-japeth/255539","url_text":"\"Kouame relishes Gilas experience as he learned from Japeth\""}]},{"reference":"Terrado, Reuben (June 6, 2023). \"Clarkson, Brownlee, Kouame head 21-man Gilas pool for World Cup\". spin.ph. Retrieved September 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spin.ph/basketball/fiba/the-21-man-gilas-pool-for-2023-fiba-world-cup-a795-20230606","url_text":"\"Clarkson, Brownlee, Kouame head 21-man Gilas pool for World Cup\""}]},{"reference":"Villanueva, Ralph Edwin (October 6, 2023). \"Kouame saves best for last as Gilas ascends to Asiad basketball throne\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/sports/2023/10/06/2301812/kouame-saves-best-last-gilas-ascends-asiad-basketball-throne","url_text":"\"Kouame saves best for last as Gilas ascends to Asiad basketball throne\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/05/18/21/ange-kouames-naturalization-now-official","external_links_name":"\"Ange Kouame's naturalization now official\""},{"Link":"https://nm1.ffbb.com/joueur/238634-kakou-kouame","external_links_name":"\"Fiche de présentation de Kakou Kouame | NM1\""},{"Link":"https://basketball.asia-basket.com/player/Kakou-Kouame/Philippines/Philippines-National-Team/477324","external_links_name":"\"Kakou Kouame\""},{"Link":"https://theguidon.com/1112/main/2018/09/spotlight-angelo-kouame/","external_links_name":"\"Under the spotlight: Angelo Kouame\""},{"Link":"https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/ateneo-blue-eagles-angelo-kouame-game-from-streets-to-big-dome","external_links_name":"\"How Angelo Kouame took his 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Question_of_Honour_(song) | A Question of Honour (song) | ["1 Track listing","1.1 CD single","1.2 Remix CD","2 A Whiter Shade of Pale/A Question of Honour","2.1 Track listing","3 Charts","4 Certifications","5 References"] | For other uses, see Question of Honor.
"A Question of Honour"Single by Sarah Brightmanfrom the album Fly Released1995Recorded1994GenreClassical CrossoverLabelEast West RecordsSongwriter(s)Frank PetersonProducer(s)Frank PetersonAlex ChristensenSarah Brightman singles chronology
"The Second Element" (1993)
"A Question of Honour" (1995)
"How Can Heaven Love Me" (1995
Composed by :Frank Peterson Musical director and composer.)
"A Question of Honour" is a 1995 single by soprano Sarah Brightman, from her album Fly. It peaked at No. 15 on the German Singles Chart in the last week of 1995, even though it was released over five months earlier. "A Question of Honour" was also the official song of the championship boxing match between Henry Maske and Graciano Rocchigiani in Germany. In Japan, TV Asahi adopted the song as the theme music of FIFA World Cup broadcasting since 2002 and plays it in related television programs. The Sisters of Mercy front man, Andrew Eldritch provides backing vocals in the song.
"A Question of Honour" features an excerpt of Alfredo Catalani's aria "Ebben? Ne andrò lontana" from La Wally, a piece which Brightman later recorded in full for her album Time to Say Goodbye. The extended mix of the song, released on the standard CD single and Harem Tour album, was mastered differently from the album version and features additional instrumentation. B-side "On the Nile", a rendition of "My Own Home" from Disney's The Jungle Book with original lyrics by Brightman, was later made available on the limited edition Fly II. The "A Whiter Shade of Pale" US single featured all of the "A Question of Honour" remixes from the remix CD.
In 2011 the song was certified by the Recording Industry Association of Japan as a Gold single for more than 100,000 digital downloads.
Track listing
CD single
"A Question of Honour" (radio edit)
"A Question of Honour" (extended mix)
"On the Nile"
Remix CD
"A Question of Honour"
Sample of A Question of Honour.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"A Question of Honour" (radio edit)
"A Question of Honour" (PeCh remix)
"A Question of Honour" (Knock Out remix)
"A Question of Honour" (Damage Control mix)
"A Question of Honour" (Tom Lord-Alge mix)
A Whiter Shade of Pale/A Question of Honour
"A Whiter Shade of Pale"Single by Sarah Brightmanfrom the album La Luna Released2001GenreClassical CrossoverLabelAngel RecordsSongwriter(s)Frank PetersonProducer(s)Frank PetersonSarah Brightman singles chronology
"Scarborough Fair" (2000)
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" (2001)
"Harem" (2003)
Sarah Brightman released her cover of the Procol Harum song "A Whiter Shade of Pale" as a single with "A Question of Honour" in 2001. "A Whiter Shade of Pale" is from her 2000 album La Luna.
Track listing
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" (Radio edit)
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" (ATB remix)
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" (Delerium remix)
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" (Paralyzer remix)
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" (ATB radio edit)
"A Question of Honour" (Radio edit)
"A Question of Honour" (Pech remix)
"A Question of Honour" (Knock out mix)
"A Question of Honour" (Damage control mix)
"A Question of Honour" (Tom Lord-Alge mix)
Charts
2001 chart performance for "A Question of Honour"
Chart (2001)
Peakposition
Canada (Jam! Canoe)
6
Japan (Oricon)
38
2022 chart performance for "A Question of Honour"
Chart (2022)
Peakposition
Japan Hot Overseas (Billboard Japan)
18
Certifications
Certifications for A Question of Honour
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Japan (RIAJ) Full-length ringtone
Gold
100,000*
* Sales figures based on certification alone.
References
^ "Musicline.de – Chartverfolgung – Brightman, Sarah – A Question of Honour". Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
^ レコード協会調べ 2月度有料音楽配信認定 ＜略称：2月度認定＞. RIAJ (in Japanese). 20 February 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
^ "Sarah Brightman – Awards". Allmusic.
^ "Oricon – Sarah Brightman – "A Whiter Shade of Pale" / "A Question of Honour"" (in Japanese). Oricon.
^ "Billboard Japan Hot Overseas – Week of December 7, 2022". Billboard Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^ "Japanese ringtone certifications – Sarah Brightman – A Question of Honour" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Select 2011年1月 on the drop-down menu
vteSarah BrightmanStudio albums
The Trees They Grow So High (Early One Morning)
The Songs That Got Away
As I Came of Age
Sings the Music of Andrew Lloyd Webber
Dive
Fly
Timeless (Time to Say Goodbye)
Eden
La Luna
Harem
Symphony
A Winter Symphony
Dreamchaser
Hymn
Compilations
Surrender
The Andrew Lloyd Webber Collection
The Very Best of 1990–2000
Classics
Encore
The Harem Tour
Love Changes Everything
Classics: The Best of Sarah Brightman
Diva: The Singles Collection
Amalfi – Sarah Brightman Love Songs
Gala – The Collection
Live albumsand videos
Sarah Brightman: In Concert
A Gala Christmas in Vienna
One Night in Eden
La Luna: Live in Concert
Classics: The Best of Sarah Brightman
The Harem World Tour: Live from Las Vegas
Diva: The Video Collection
Symphony: Live in Vienna
Dreamchaser in Concert
Singles
"I Lost My Heart to a Starship Trooper"
"The Adventures of the Love Crusader"
"My Boyfriend's Back"
"Him"
"Rhythm of the Rain"
"Unexpected Song"
"All I Ask of You"
"Doretta's Dream"
"Anything But Lonely"
"Amigos Para Siempre"
"Captain Nemo"
"A Question of Honour"
"How Can Heaven Love Me"
"Time to Say Goodbye"
"Just Show Me How to Love You"
"Who Wants to Live Forever"
"Tú Quieres Volver"
"There for Me"
"Eden"
"Deliver Me"
"So Many Things"
"Scarborough Fair"
"A Whiter Shade of Pale"
"Harem"
"Free"
"I Will Be with You (Where the Lost Ones Go)"
"I Believe in Father Christmas"
"Angel"
"One Day Like This"
"Sogni"
Tours
"Harem World Tour" 2004–2005
"The Symphony World Tour" 2008–2009
"Sarah Brightman in Concert" 2009
"Sarah Brightman in Concert with Orchestra" 2010
"Dreamchaser World Tour" 2013–2014
"Gala: An Evening with Sarah Brightman" 2016
"Royal Christmas Gala" 2017
"Hymn: Sarah Brightman In Concert" 2018–2019
Related
Discography
Soyuz TMA-18M
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Question of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_of_Honor_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Sarah Brightman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Brightman"},{"link_name":"Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_(Sarah_Brightman_album)"},{"link_name":"German Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Control_Charts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Henry Maske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Maske"},{"link_name":"Graciano Rocchigiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciano_Rocchigiani"},{"link_name":"TV Asahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Asahi"},{"link_name":"theme music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_music"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"The Sisters of Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sisters_of_Mercy"},{"link_name":"Andrew Eldritch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Eldritch"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Catalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Catalani"},{"link_name":"La Wally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Wally"},{"link_name":"Time to Say Goodbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_to_Say_Goodbye_(album)"},{"link_name":"Harem Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harem_Tour_CD"},{"link_name":"My Own Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Own_Home"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"Fly II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_(Sarah_Brightman_album)#2000_re-release:_Fly_II_.28La_Luna_Tour_special_limited_edition.29"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Gold single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_single"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see Question of Honor.\"A Question of Honour\" is a 1995 single by soprano Sarah Brightman, from her album Fly. It peaked at No. 15 on the German Singles Chart in the last week of 1995, even though it was released over five months earlier.[1] \"A Question of Honour\" was also the official song of the championship boxing match between Henry Maske and Graciano Rocchigiani in Germany. In Japan, TV Asahi adopted the song as the theme music of FIFA World Cup broadcasting since 2002 and plays it in related television programs. The Sisters of Mercy front man, Andrew Eldritch provides backing vocals in the song.\"A Question of Honour\" features an excerpt of Alfredo Catalani's aria \"Ebben? Ne andrò lontana\" from La Wally, a piece which Brightman later recorded in full for her album Time to Say Goodbye. The extended mix of the song, released on the standard CD single and Harem Tour album, was mastered differently from the album version and features additional instrumentation. B-side \"On the Nile\", a rendition of \"My Own Home\" from Disney's The Jungle Book with original lyrics by Brightman, was later made available on the limited edition Fly II. The \"A Whiter Shade of Pale\" US single featured all of the \"A Question of Honour\" remixes from the remix CD.In 2011 the song was certified by the Recording Industry Association of Japan as a Gold single for more than 100,000 digital downloads.[2]","title":"A Question of Honour (song)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"CD single","text":"\"A Question of Honour\" (radio edit)\n\"A Question of Honour\" (extended mix)\n\"On the Nile\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"A Question of Honour\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarahbrightmanquestionofhonour.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Tom Lord-Alge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Lord-Alge"}],"sub_title":"Remix CD","text":"\"A Question of Honour\"\n\nSample of A Question of Honour.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\"A Question of Honour\" (radio edit)\n\"A Question of Honour\" (PeCh remix)\n\"A Question of Honour\" (Knock Out remix)\n\"A Question of Honour\" (Damage Control mix)\n\"A Question of Honour\" (Tom Lord-Alge mix)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Procol Harum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procol_Harum"},{"link_name":"A Whiter Shade of Pale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Whiter_Shade_of_Pale"},{"link_name":"La Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Luna_(Sarah_Brightman_album)"}],"text":"Sarah Brightman released her cover of the Procol Harum song \"A Whiter Shade of Pale\" as a single with \"A Question of Honour\" in 2001. \"A Whiter Shade of Pale\" is from her 2000 album La Luna.","title":"A Whiter Shade of Pale/A Question of Honour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ATB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATB_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Delerium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delerium"}],"sub_title":"Track listing","text":"\"A Whiter Shade of Pale\" (Radio edit)\n\"A Whiter Shade of Pale\" (ATB remix)\n\"A Whiter Shade of Pale\" (Delerium remix)\n\"A Whiter Shade of Pale\" (Paralyzer remix)\n\"A Whiter Shade of Pale\" (ATB radio edit)\n\"A Question of Honour\" (Radio edit)\n\"A Question of Honour\" (Pech remix)\n\"A Question of Honour\" (Knock out mix)\n\"A Question of Honour\" (Damage control mix)\n\"A Question of Honour\" (Tom Lord-Alge mix)","title":"A Whiter Shade of Pale/A Question of Honour"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Musicline.de – Chartverfolgung – Brightman, Sarah – A Question of Honour\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehn_surgery | Dehn surgery | ["1 Definitions","2 Examples","3 Results","4 See also","5 Footnotes","6 References"] | Operation used to modify three-dimensional topological spaces
In topology, a branch of mathematics, a Dehn surgery, named after Max Dehn, is a construction used to modify 3-manifolds. The process takes as input a 3-manifold together with a link. It is often conceptualized as two steps: drilling then filling.
Definitions
Given a 3-manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
and a link
L
⊂
M
{\displaystyle L\subset M}
, the manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
drilled along
L
{\displaystyle L}
is obtained by removing an open tubular neighborhood of
L
{\displaystyle L}
from
M
{\displaystyle M}
. If
L
=
L
1
∪
⋯
∪
L
k
{\displaystyle L=L_{1}\cup \dots \cup L_{k}}
, the drilled manifold has
k
{\displaystyle k}
torus boundary components
T
1
∪
⋯
∪
T
k
{\displaystyle T_{1}\cup \dots \cup T_{k}}
. The manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
drilled along
L
{\displaystyle L}
is also known as the link complement, since if one removed the corresponding closed tubular neighborhood from
M
{\displaystyle M}
, one obtains a manifold diffeomorphic to
M
∖
L
{\displaystyle M\setminus L}
.
Given a 3-manifold whose boundary is made of 2-tori
T
1
∪
⋯
∪
T
k
{\displaystyle T_{1}\cup \dots \cup T_{k}}
, we may glue in one solid torus by a homeomorphism (resp. diffeomorphism) of its boundary to each of the torus boundary components
T
i
{\displaystyle T_{i}}
of the original 3-manifold. There are many inequivalent ways of doing this, in general. This process is called Dehn filling.
Dehn surgery on a 3-manifold containing a link consists of drilling out a tubular neighbourhood of the link together with Dehn filling on all the components of the boundary corresponding to the link.
In order to describe a Dehn surgery, one picks two oriented simple closed curves
m
i
{\displaystyle m_{i}}
and
ℓ
i
{\displaystyle \ell _{i}}
on the corresponding boundary torus
T
i
{\displaystyle T_{i}}
of the drilled 3-manifold, where
m
i
{\displaystyle m_{i}}
is a meridian of
L
i
{\displaystyle L_{i}}
(a curve staying in a small ball in
M
{\displaystyle M}
and having linking number +1 with
L
i
{\displaystyle L_{i}}
or, equivalently, a curve that bounds a disc that intersects once the component
L
i
{\displaystyle L_{i}}
) and
ℓ
i
{\displaystyle \ell _{i}}
is a longitude of
T
i
{\displaystyle T_{i}}
(a curve travelling once along
L
i
{\displaystyle L_{i}}
or, equivalently, a curve on
T
i
{\displaystyle T_{i}}
such that the algebraic intersection
⟨
ℓ
i
,
m
i
⟩
{\displaystyle \langle \ell _{i},m_{i}\rangle }
is equal to +1).
The curves
m
i
{\displaystyle m_{i}}
and
ℓ
i
{\displaystyle \ell _{i}}
generate the fundamental group of the torus
T
i
{\displaystyle T_{i}}
, and they form a basis of its first homology group. This gives any simple closed curve
γ
i
{\displaystyle \gamma _{i}}
on the torus
T
i
{\displaystyle T_{i}}
two coordinates
a
i
{\displaystyle a_{i}}
and
b
i
{\displaystyle b_{i}}
, so that
[
γ
i
]
=
[
a
i
ℓ
i
+
b
i
m
i
]
{\displaystyle =}
. These coordinates only depend on the homotopy class of
γ
i
{\displaystyle \gamma _{i}}
.
We can specify a homeomorphism of the boundary of a solid torus to
T
i
{\displaystyle T_{i}}
by having the meridian curve of the solid torus map to a curve homotopic to
γ
i
{\displaystyle \gamma _{i}}
. As long as the meridian maps to the surgery slope
[
γ
i
]
{\displaystyle }
, the resulting Dehn surgery will yield a 3-manifold that will not depend on the specific gluing (up to homeomorphism). The ratio
b
i
/
a
i
∈
Q
∪
{
∞
}
{\displaystyle b_{i}/a_{i}\in \mathbb {Q} \cup \{\infty \}}
is called the surgery coefficient of
L
i
{\displaystyle L_{i}}
.
In the case of links in the 3-sphere or more generally an oriented integral homology sphere, there is a canonical choice of the longitudes
ℓ
i
{\displaystyle \ell _{i}}
: every longitude is chosen so that it is null-homologous in the knot complement—equivalently, if it is the boundary of a Seifert surface.
When the ratios
b
i
/
a
i
{\displaystyle b_{i}/a_{i}}
are all integers (note that this condition does not depend on the choice of the longitudes, since it corresponds to the new meridians intersecting exactly once the ancient meridians), the surgery is called an integral surgery.
Such surgeries are closely related to handlebodies, cobordism and Morse functions.
Examples
If all surgery coefficients are infinite, then each new meridian
γ
i
{\displaystyle \gamma _{i}}
is homotopic to the ancient meridian
m
i
{\displaystyle m_{i}}
. Therefore the homeomorphism-type of the manifold is unchanged by the surgery.
If
M
{\displaystyle M}
is the 3-sphere,
L
{\displaystyle L}
is the unknot, and the surgery coefficient is
0
{\displaystyle 0}
, then the surgered 3-manifold is
S
2
×
S
1
{\displaystyle \mathbb {S} ^{2}\times \mathbb {S} ^{1}}
.
If
M
{\displaystyle M}
is the 3-sphere,
L
{\displaystyle L}
is the unknot, and the surgery coefficient is
b
/
a
{\displaystyle b/a}
, then the surgered 3-manifold is the lens space
L
(
b
,
a
)
{\displaystyle L(b,a)}
. In particular if the surgery coefficient is of the form
±
1
/
r
{\displaystyle \pm 1/r}
, then the surgered 3-manifold is still the 3-sphere.
If
M
{\displaystyle M}
is the 3-sphere,
L
{\displaystyle L}
is the right-handed trefoil knot, and the surgery coefficient is
+
1
{\displaystyle +1}
, then the surgered 3-manifold is the Poincaré dodecahedral space.
Results
Every closed, orientable, connected 3-manifold is obtained by performing Dehn surgery on a link in the 3-sphere. This result, the Lickorish–Wallace theorem, was first proven by Andrew H. Wallace in 1960 and independently by W. B. R. Lickorish in a stronger form in 1962. Via the now well-known relation between genuine surgery and cobordism, this result is equivalent to the theorem that the oriented cobordism group of 3-manifolds is trivial, a theorem originally proved by Vladimir Abramovich Rokhlin in 1951.
Since orientable 3-manifolds can all be generated by suitably decorated links, one might ask how distinct surgery presentations of a given 3-manifold might be related. The answer is called the Kirby calculus.
See also
Hyperbolic Dehn surgery
Tubular neighborhood
Surgery on manifolds, in the general sense, also called spherical modification.
Footnotes
^ Rolfsen (1976), p. 259.
References
Dehn, Max (1938), "Die Gruppe der Abbildungsklassen", Acta Mathematica, 69 (1): 135–206, doi:10.1007/BF02547712.
Thom, René (1954), "Quelques propriétés globales des variétés différentiables", Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici, 28: 17–86, doi:10.1007/BF02566923, MR 0061823, S2CID 120243638
Rolfsen, Dale (1976), Knots and links (PDF), Mathematics lecture series, vol. 346, Berkeley, California: Publish or Perish, ISBN 9780914098164
Kirby, Rob (1978), "A calculus for framed links in S3", Inventiones Mathematicae, 45 (1): 35–56, Bibcode:1978InMat..45...35K, doi:10.1007/BF01406222, MR 0467753, S2CID 120770295.
Fenn, Roger; Rourke, Colin (1979), "On Kirby's calculus of links", Topology, 18 (1): 1–15, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(79)90010-7, MR 0528232.
Gompf, Robert; Stipsicz, András (1999), 4-Manifolds and Kirby Calculus, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, vol. 20, Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, doi:10.1090/gsm/020, ISBN 0-8218-0994-6, MR 1707327. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"Max Dehn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Dehn"},{"link_name":"3-manifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-manifold"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_(knot_theory)"}],"text":"In topology, a branch of mathematics, a Dehn surgery, named after Max Dehn, is a construction used to modify 3-manifolds. The process takes as input a 3-manifold together with a link. It is often conceptualized as two steps: drilling then filling.","title":"Dehn surgery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3-manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-manifold"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_(knot_theory)"},{"link_name":"tubular neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_neighborhood"},{"link_name":"link complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_complement"},{"link_name":"solid torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_torus"},{"link_name":"homeomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism"},{"link_name":"diffeomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeomorphism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolfsen1976259-1"},{"link_name":"curves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve"},{"link_name":"fundamental group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_group"},{"link_name":"homology group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"homotopy class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy_class"},{"link_name":"Seifert surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seifert_surface"},{"link_name":"handlebodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle_decomposition"},{"link_name":"cobordism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobordism"},{"link_name":"Morse functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_theory"}],"text":"Given a 3-manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n and a link \n \n \n \n L\n ⊂\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L\\subset M}\n \n, the manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n drilled along \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n is obtained by removing an open tubular neighborhood of \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n from \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n. If \n \n \n \n L\n =\n \n L\n \n 1\n \n \n ∪\n ⋯\n ∪\n \n L\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle L=L_{1}\\cup \\dots \\cup L_{k}}\n \n, the drilled manifold has \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n torus boundary components \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n 1\n \n \n ∪\n ⋯\n ∪\n \n T\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{1}\\cup \\dots \\cup T_{k}}\n \n. The manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n drilled along \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n is also known as the link complement, since if one removed the corresponding closed tubular neighborhood from \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n, one obtains a manifold diffeomorphic to \n \n \n \n M\n ∖\n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M\\setminus L}\n \n.\nGiven a 3-manifold whose boundary is made of 2-tori \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n 1\n \n \n ∪\n ⋯\n ∪\n \n T\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{1}\\cup \\dots \\cup T_{k}}\n \n, we may glue in one solid torus by a homeomorphism (resp. diffeomorphism) of its boundary to each of the torus boundary components \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{i}}\n \n of the original 3-manifold. There are many inequivalent ways of doing this, in general. This process is called Dehn filling.\nDehn surgery on a 3-manifold containing a link consists of drilling out a tubular neighbourhood of the link together with Dehn filling on all the components of the boundary corresponding to the link.In order to describe a Dehn surgery,[1] one picks two oriented simple closed curves \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{i}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n ℓ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell _{i}}\n \n on the corresponding boundary torus \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{i}}\n \n of the drilled 3-manifold, where \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{i}}\n \n is a meridian of \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle L_{i}}\n \n (a curve staying in a small ball in \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n and having linking number +1 with \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle L_{i}}\n \n or, equivalently, a curve that bounds a disc that intersects once the component \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle L_{i}}\n \n) and \n \n \n \n \n ℓ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell _{i}}\n \n is a longitude of \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{i}}\n \n (a curve travelling once along \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle L_{i}}\n \n or, equivalently, a curve on \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{i}}\n \n such that the algebraic intersection \n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n ℓ\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle \\ell _{i},m_{i}\\rangle }\n \n is equal to +1). \nThe curves \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{i}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n ℓ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell _{i}}\n \n generate the fundamental group of the torus \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{i}}\n \n, and they form a basis of its first homology group. This gives any simple closed curve \n \n \n \n \n γ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma _{i}}\n \n on the torus \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{i}}\n \n two coordinates \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{i}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b_{i}}\n \n, so that \n \n \n \n [\n \n γ\n \n i\n \n \n ]\n =\n [\n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n \n ℓ\n \n i\n \n \n +\n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [\\gamma _{i}]=[a_{i}\\ell _{i}+b_{i}m_{i}]}\n \n. These coordinates only depend on the homotopy class of \n \n \n \n \n γ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma _{i}}\n \n.We can specify a homeomorphism of the boundary of a solid torus to \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{i}}\n \n by having the meridian curve of the solid torus map to a curve homotopic to \n \n \n \n \n γ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma _{i}}\n \n. As long as the meridian maps to the surgery slope \n \n \n \n [\n \n γ\n \n i\n \n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [\\gamma _{i}]}\n \n, the resulting Dehn surgery will yield a 3-manifold that will not depend on the specific gluing (up to homeomorphism). The ratio \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n ∈\n \n Q\n \n ∪\n {\n ∞\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b_{i}/a_{i}\\in \\mathbb {Q} \\cup \\{\\infty \\}}\n \n is called the surgery coefficient of \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle L_{i}}\n \n.In the case of links in the 3-sphere or more generally an oriented integral homology sphere, there is a canonical choice of the longitudes \n \n \n \n \n ℓ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell _{i}}\n \n: every longitude is chosen so that it is null-homologous in the knot complement—equivalently, if it is the boundary of a Seifert surface.When the ratios \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b_{i}/a_{i}}\n \n are all integers (note that this condition does not depend on the choice of the longitudes, since it corresponds to the new meridians intersecting exactly once the ancient meridians), the surgery is called an integral surgery. \nSuch surgeries are closely related to handlebodies, cobordism and Morse functions.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3-sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-sphere"},{"link_name":"unknot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unknot"},{"link_name":"3-sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-sphere"},{"link_name":"unknot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unknot"},{"link_name":"lens space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_space"},{"link_name":"trefoil knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefoil_knot"},{"link_name":"Poincaré dodecahedral space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_sphere"}],"text":"If all surgery coefficients are infinite, then each new meridian \n \n \n \n \n γ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma _{i}}\n \n is homotopic to the ancient meridian \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{i}}\n \n. Therefore the homeomorphism-type of the manifold is unchanged by the surgery.If \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is the 3-sphere, \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n is the unknot, and the surgery coefficient is \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0}\n \n, then the surgered 3-manifold is \n \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ×\n \n \n S\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {S} ^{2}\\times \\mathbb {S} ^{1}}\n \n.If \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is the 3-sphere, \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n is the unknot, and the surgery coefficient is \n \n \n \n b\n \n /\n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b/a}\n \n, then the surgered 3-manifold is the lens space \n \n \n \n L\n (\n b\n ,\n a\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L(b,a)}\n \n. In particular if the surgery coefficient is of the form \n \n \n \n ±\n 1\n \n /\n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pm 1/r}\n \n, then the surgered 3-manifold is still the 3-sphere.If \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is the 3-sphere, \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n is the right-handed trefoil knot, and the surgery coefficient is \n \n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle +1}\n \n, then the surgered 3-manifold is the Poincaré dodecahedral space.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"closed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_manifold"},{"link_name":"orientable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientable"},{"link_name":"connected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_space"},{"link_name":"3-manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-manifold"},{"link_name":"3-sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-sphere"},{"link_name":"Lickorish–Wallace theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lickorish%E2%80%93Wallace_theorem"},{"link_name":"Andrew H. Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_H._Wallace"},{"link_name":"W. B. R. Lickorish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._R._Lickorish"},{"link_name":"genuine surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery_theory"},{"link_name":"cobordism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobordism"},{"link_name":"oriented cobordism group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobordism"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Abramovich Rokhlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Abramovich_Rokhlin"},{"link_name":"Kirby calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_calculus"}],"text":"Every closed, orientable, connected 3-manifold is obtained by performing Dehn surgery on a link in the 3-sphere. This result, the Lickorish–Wallace theorem, was first proven by Andrew H. Wallace in 1960 and independently by W. B. R. Lickorish in a stronger form in 1962. Via the now well-known relation between genuine surgery and cobordism, this result is equivalent to the theorem that the oriented cobordism group of 3-manifolds is trivial, a theorem originally proved by Vladimir Abramovich Rokhlin in 1951.Since orientable 3-manifolds can all be generated by suitably decorated links, one might ask how distinct surgery presentations of a given 3-manifold might be related. The answer is called the Kirby calculus.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolfsen1976259_1-0"},{"link_name":"Rolfsen (1976)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRolfsen1976"}],"text":"^ Rolfsen (1976), p. 259.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Hyperbolic Dehn surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_Dehn_surgery"},{"title":"Tubular neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_neighborhood"},{"title":"Surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery_theory"}] | [{"reference":"Dehn, Max (1938), \"Die Gruppe der Abbildungsklassen\", Acta Mathematica, 69 (1): 135–206, doi:10.1007/BF02547712","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Dehn","url_text":"Dehn, Max"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Mathematica","url_text":"Acta Mathematica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02547712","url_text":"10.1007/BF02547712"}]},{"reference":"Thom, René (1954), \"Quelques propriétés globales des variétés différentiables\", Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici, 28: 17–86, doi:10.1007/BF02566923, MR 0061823, S2CID 120243638","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Thom","url_text":"Thom, René"},{"url":"https://eudml.org/doc/139072","url_text":"\"Quelques propriétés globales des variétés différentiables\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentarii_Mathematici_Helvetici","url_text":"Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02566923","url_text":"10.1007/BF02566923"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0061823","url_text":"0061823"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120243638","url_text":"120243638"}]},{"reference":"Rolfsen, Dale (1976), Knots and links (PDF), Mathematics lecture series, vol. 346, Berkeley, California: Publish or Perish, ISBN 9780914098164","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Rolfsen","url_text":"Rolfsen, Dale"},{"url":"https://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~v1ranick/papers/rolfsen.pdf","url_text":"Knots and links"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780914098164","url_text":"9780914098164"}]},{"reference":"Kirby, Rob (1978), \"A calculus for framed links in S3\", Inventiones Mathematicae, 45 (1): 35–56, Bibcode:1978InMat..45...35K, doi:10.1007/BF01406222, MR 0467753, S2CID 120770295","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robion_Kirby","url_text":"Kirby, Rob"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventiones_Mathematicae","url_text":"Inventiones Mathematicae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978InMat..45...35K","url_text":"1978InMat..45...35K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01406222","url_text":"10.1007/BF01406222"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0467753","url_text":"0467753"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120770295","url_text":"120770295"}]},{"reference":"Fenn, Roger; Rourke, Colin (1979), \"On Kirby's calculus of links\", Topology, 18 (1): 1–15, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(79)90010-7, MR 0528232","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_P._Rourke","url_text":"Rourke, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology_(journal)","url_text":"Topology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-9383%2879%2990010-7","url_text":"10.1016/0040-9383(79)90010-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0528232","url_text":"0528232"}]},{"reference":"Gompf, Robert; Stipsicz, András (1999), 4-Manifolds and Kirby Calculus, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, vol. 20, Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, doi:10.1090/gsm/020, ISBN 0-8218-0994-6, MR 1707327","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gompf","url_text":"Gompf, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Studies_in_Mathematics","url_text":"Graduate Studies in Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fgsm%2F020","url_text":"10.1090/gsm/020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8218-0994-6","url_text":"0-8218-0994-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1707327","url_text":"1707327"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02547712","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF02547712"},{"Link":"https://eudml.org/doc/139072","external_links_name":"\"Quelques propriétés globales des variétés différentiables\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02566923","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF02566923"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0061823","external_links_name":"0061823"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120243638","external_links_name":"120243638"},{"Link":"https://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~v1ranick/papers/rolfsen.pdf","external_links_name":"Knots and links"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978InMat..45...35K","external_links_name":"1978InMat..45...35K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01406222","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF01406222"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0467753","external_links_name":"0467753"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120770295","external_links_name":"120770295"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-9383%2879%2990010-7","external_links_name":"10.1016/0040-9383(79)90010-7"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0528232","external_links_name":"0528232"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fgsm%2F020","external_links_name":"10.1090/gsm/020"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1707327","external_links_name":"1707327"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean360 | Caribbean360 | ["1 Syndicated sources","2 External links"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Caribbean360" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Caribbean360 is the largest online news aggregator for the Caribbean. Started in 2005, it is based in Bridgetown, Barbados. Specializing in news sources from the nations of the Caribbean Community, it competes with One Caribbean Media and the Caribbean Net News. As of 2009, it drew from 35 print and electronic publishers in 28 countries.
Iain Dale calls it "the most comprehensive pan-Caribbean blog", while the Keele Guide lists it as one of only five "Media and News" sources for the "Caribbean and Central America Generally"
Syndicated sources
Antigua: Antigua Sun
Aruba: Bon Dia
Bahamas: The Nassau Guardian
Barbados: The Barbados Advocate, Broad Street Journal, The Nation
Bermuda: Bermuda Sun
Bequia: Bequia Herald
British: Virgin Islands Island Sun Archived 2015-03-16 at the Wayback Machine, Daily News
Cayman: Cayman Net News, Cay Compass
Cuba: Granma (Spanish)
Curaçao: Amigoe (Dutch)
Dominica: Independent, New Chronicle, News Dominica Archived 2021-07-04 at the Wayback Machine, The Times
Dominican Republic: Hoy (Spanish)
Guadeloupe: Le Journale de Barthe (French)
Guyana: Guyana Chronicle, Stabroek News, Le Journal de Saint Barth (French)
Grenada: Grenada Today
Haiti: Agence Haitienne de Presse (French), Agence Haitienne de Presse (English), AlterPresse (Frency), Haiti Press Network, Haiti Progres (French)
Jamaica: Jamaica Gleaner, Jamaica Observer, Stabroek News
Margarita: La Hora-Isla, Jamaica Observer
Montserrat: Montserrat Reporter
Puerto Rico: El Nuevo Dia, Puerto Rico WOW
Santo Domingo: Listin Diario (Spanish)
St. Kitts & Nevis: The Democrat
St. Lucia: The Star The Mirror
St. Vincent & the Grenadines: Searchlight, SVG Express, The Vincentian
Suriname: Dagblad Suriname (Dutch), De Ware Tijd (Dutch), De West (Dutch), Times of Suriname
Trinidad: Trinidad Express, Trinidad Guardian, Newsday, Virgin Islands Daily News
US Virgin Islands: Daily News
Venezuela: Caracas News
External links
Official Website Archived 2013-09-01 at the Wayback Machine
World ABC News
ShartNews Homepage
Decentralized Finance News | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"news aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Bridgetown, Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgetown,_Barbados"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Community"},{"link_name":"One Caribbean Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Caribbean_Media"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"}],"text":"Caribbean360 is the largest online news aggregator for the Caribbean. Started in 2005, it is based in Bridgetown, Barbados. Specializing in news sources from the nations of the Caribbean Community, it competes with One Caribbean Media and the Caribbean Net News. As of 2009, it drew from 35 print and electronic publishers in 28 countries.Iain Dale calls it \"the most comprehensive pan-Caribbean blog\", while the Keele Guide lists it as one of only five \"Media and News\" sources for the \"Caribbean and Central America Generally\"","title":"Caribbean360"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antigua Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.antiguasun.com/"},{"link_name":"Bon Dia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060201195907/http%3A//www.bondia.com/"},{"link_name":"The Nassau Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thenassauguardian.com"},{"link_name":"The Barbados Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.barbadosadvocate.com"},{"link_name":"Broad Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.broadstreetjournalbarbados.com"},{"link_name":"The Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nationnews.com"},{"link_name":"Bermuda Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bermudasun.org"},{"link_name":"Bequia Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heraldsvg.com/"},{"link_name":"Island Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.islandsun.com/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150316012437/http://www.islandsun.com/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.virginislandsdailynews.com/"},{"link_name":"Cayman Net News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.caymannetnews.com"},{"link_name":"Cay 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Minnesota | 1986 United States House of Representatives elections | ["1 Overall results","2 Retiring incumbents","2.1 Democrats","2.2 Republicans","3 Special elections","4 Alabama","5 Alaska","6 Arizona","7 Arkansas","8 California","9 Colorado","10 Connecticut","11 Delaware","12 Florida","13 Georgia","14 Hawaii","15 Idaho","16 Illinois","17 Indiana","18 Iowa","19 Kansas","20 Kentucky","21 Louisiana","22 Maine","23 Maryland","24 Massachusetts","25 Michigan","26 Minnesota","27 Mississippi","28 Missouri","29 Montana","30 Nebraska","31 Nevada","32 New Hampshire","33 New Jersey","34 New Mexico","35 New York","36 North Carolina","37 North Dakota","38 Ohio","39 Oklahoma","40 Oregon","41 Pennsylvania","42 Rhode Island","43 South Carolina","44 South Dakota","45 Tennessee","46 Texas","47 Utah","48 Vermont","49 Virginia","50 Washington","51 West Virginia","52 Wisconsin","53 Wyoming","54 Non-voting delegates","55 See also","56 Notes","57 References","58 External links"] | House elections for the 100th U.S. Congress
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1986 United States House of Representatives elections
← 1984
November 4, 1986
1988 →
All 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives218 seats needed for a majority
Majority party
Minority party
Leader
Tip O'Neill(retired)
Bob Michel
Party
Democratic
Republican
Leader since
January 4, 1977
January 3, 1981
Leader's seat
Massachusetts 8th
Illinois 18th
Last election
253 seats
181 seats
Seats won
258
177
Seat change
5
4
Popular vote
32,447,021
26,533,178
Percentage
54.3%
44.4%
Swing
2.2%
2.6%
Third party
Party
Conservative
Last election
1
Seats won
0
Seat change
1
Popular vote
58,712
Percentage
0.1%
Swing
0.1%
Results: Democratic hold Democratic gain Republican hold Republican gain
Speaker before election
Tip O'Neill
Democratic
Elected Speaker
Jim Wright
Democratic
The 1986 United States House of Representatives elections was held on November 4, 1986, to elect U.S. Representatives to serve in the 100th United States Congress. They occurred in the middle of President Ronald Reagan's second term in office, while he was still relatively popular with the American public. As in most mid-term elections, the president's party — in this case, the Republican Party — lost seats, with the Democratic Party gaining a net of five seats and cementing its majority. These results were not as dramatic as those in the Senate, where the Republicans lost control of the chamber to the Democrats.
Overall results
↓
258
177
Democratic
Republican
Party
Seats
Seatpercentage
Votepercentage
Popular vote
Lastelection(1984)
Thiselection
Netchange
Democratic
253
258
5
59.3%
54.3%
32,447,021
Republican
181
177
4
40.7%
44.4%
26,533,178
Independent
0
0
0.0%
0.2%
157,332
Libertarian
0
0
0.0%
0.2%
121,076
Conservative
1
0
1
0.0%
0.1%
58,712
Peace and Freedom
0
0
0.0%
0.1%
57,003
Right to Life
0
0
0.0%
0.1%
39,407
Others
0
0
0.0%
0.6%
344,668
Totals
435
435
100.0%
100.0%
59,758,397
Source: Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk
Popular vote
Democratic
54.30%
Republican
44.40%
Libertarian
0.20%
Others
1.10%
House seats
Democratic
59.31%
Republican
40.69%
House seats by party holding plurality in state 80%+ to 100% Democratic 80%+ to 100% Republican 60%+ to 80% Democratic 60%+ to 80% Republican up to 60% Democratic up to 60% Republican
Change in House seats by party 6+ Democratic gain 6+ Republican gain 3 to 5 Democratic gain 3 to 5 Republican gain 1 to 2 Democratic gain 1 to 2 Republican gain no net change
Retiring incumbents
Forty incumbents retired.
Democrats
Nineteen incumbent Democrats retired.
Alabama 7: Richard Shelby: To run for U.S. senator
Colorado 2: Tim Wirth: To run for U.S. senator
Florida 2: Don Fuqua
Georgia 5: Wyche Fowler: To run for U.S. senator
Iowa 6: Berkley Bedell
Louisiana 7: John Breaux: To run for U.S. senator
Louisiana 8: Catherine Small Long
Maryland 3: Barbara Mikulski: To run for U.S. senator
Maryland 7: Parren Mitchell
Maryland 8: Michael D. Barnes: To run for U.S. senator
Massachusetts 8: Tip O'Neill
Nevada 1: Harry Reid: To run for U.S. senator
New York 34: Stan Lundine: To run for Lieutenant Governor of New York
North Carolina 3: Charles Whitley
Ohio 14: John F. Seiberling
Oklahoma 1: James R. Jones: To run for U.S. senator
Oregon 4: Jim Weaver: To run for U.S. senator
Pennsylvania 7: Bob Edgar: To run for U.S. senator
South Dakota at-large: Tom Daschle: To run for U.S. senator
Republicans
Twenty-one incumbent Republicans retired.
Arizona 1: John McCain: To run for U.S. senator
Arizona 4: Eldon Rudd
California 2: Eugene A. Chappie
California 12: Ed Zschau: To run for U.S. senator
California 21: Bobbi Fiedler: To run for U.S. senator
Colorado 5: Ken Kramer: To run for U.S. senator
Illinois 4: George M. O'Brien
Illinois 14: John E. Grotberg
Indiana 5: Elwood Hillis
Iowa 3: T. Cooper Evans
Kentucky 4: Gene Snyder
Louisiana 6: Henson Moore: To run for U.S. senator
Maine 1: John R. McKernan Jr.: To run for Governor of Maine
Maryland 4: Marjorie Holt
New York 1: William Carney
Ohio 8: Tom Kindness: To run for U.S. senator
South Carolina 1: Thomas F. Hartnett: To run for Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina
South Carolina 4: Carroll A. Campbell Jr.: To run for Governor of South Carolina
Texas 21: Tom Loeffler: To run for Governor of Texas
Utah 2: David Smith Monson
Virginia 2: G. William Whitehurst
Special elections
See also: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives
Sorted by election date
District
Predecessor
Party
Results
Candidates
New York 6
Joseph P. Addabbo
Democratic
Incumbent died April 10, 1986.New member elected June 10, 1986.Democratic hold.Winner was not renominated in primary for re-election in November; see below.
▌Y Alton Waldon (Democratic) 31.0%
▌Floyd Flake (Unity) 30.3%
▌Bo Dietl (Republican) 21.3%
▌Kevin McCabe (Good Government) 9.1%
▌Andrew Jenkins (Liberal) 8.2
Hawaii 1
Cecil Heftel
Democratic
Incumbent resigned July 11, 1986, to campaign for Governor of Hawaii.New member elected September 20, 1986.Democratic hold.Winner was not renominated in primary for re-election in November; see below.
▌Y Neil Abercrombie (Democratic) 29.9%
▌Pat Saiki (Republican) 29.2%
▌Mufi Hannemann (Democratic) 28.3%
▌Steve Cobb (Democratic) 11.9%
▌Louis Agard (Democratic) 0.4%
▌Blase Harris (Independent) 0.3%
Alabama
See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Alabama 1
Sonny Callahan
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Sonny Callahan (Republican) 99.9%
Alabama 2
William L. Dickinson
Republican
1964
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William L. Dickinson (Republican) 66.7%
▌Mercer Stone (Democratic) 33.3%
Alabama 3
Bill Nichols
Democratic
1966
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Nichols (Democratic) 80.6%
▌Whit Guerin (Libertarian) 19.4%
Alabama 4
Tom Bevill
Democratic
1966
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tom Bevill (Democratic) 77.5%
▌Al DeShazo (Republican) 22.5%
Alabama 5
Ronnie Flippo
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ronnie Flippo (Democratic) 78.9%
▌Herb McCarley (Libertarian) 21.1%
Alabama 6
Ben Erdreich
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ben Erdreich (Democratic) 72.7%
▌L. Morgan Williams (Republican) 27.0%
▌Martin J. Boyers (Socialist Workers) 0.2%
Alabama 7
Richard Shelby
Democratic
1978
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Claude Harris Jr. (Democratic) 59.8%
▌Bill McFarland (Republican) 40.2%
Alaska
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska
See also: List of United States representatives from Alaska
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Alaska at-large
Don Young
Republican
1973 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Don Young (Republican) 56.5%
▌Pegge Begich (Democratic) 41.1%
▌Betty Breck (Libertarian) 2.3%
Arizona
See also: List of United States representatives from Arizona
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Arizona 1
John McCain
Republican
1982
Incumbent retired to run for U. S. Senator.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Jay Rhodes (Republican) 71.3%
▌Harry Braun (Democratic) 28.7%
Arizona 2
Mo Udall
Democratic
1961 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Mo Udall (Democratic) 73.3%
▌Sheldon Clark (Republican) 23.3%
▌Lorenzo Torrez (Independent) 3.5%
Arizona 3
Bob Stump
Republican
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob Stump (Republican) Uncontested
Arizona 4
Eldon Rudd
Republican
1976
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Jon Kyl (Republican) 64.6%
▌Philip R. Davis (Democratic) 35.4%
Arizona 5
Jim Kolbe
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Kolbe (Republican) 64.9%
▌Joel Ireland (Democratic) 35.1%
Arkansas
See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Arkansas 1
Bill Alexander
Democratic
1968
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Alexander (Democratic) 64.2%
▌Rick H. Albin (Republican) 35.8%
Arkansas 2
Tommy F. Robinson
Democratic
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tommy F. Robinson (Democratic) 75.7%
▌Keith Hamaker (Republican) 24.2%
▌Elton White (Write-in) 0.05%
Arkansas 3
John Paul Hammerschmidt
Republican
1966
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Paul Hammerschmidt (Republican) 79.8%
▌Su Sargent (Democratic) 20.2%
Arkansas 4
Beryl Anthony Jr.
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Beryl Anthony Jr. (Democratic) 77.4%
▌Lamar Keels (Republican) 15.4%
▌Stephen A. Bitely (Independent) 7.1%
California
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in California
See also: List of United States representatives from California
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
California 1
Douglas H. Bosco
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Douglas H. Bosco (Democratic) 67.5%
▌Floyd G. Sampson (Republican) 26.6%
▌Elden McFarland (Peace and Freedom) 5.9%
California 2
Eugene A. Chappie
Republican
1980
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Wally Herger (Republican) 58.3%
▌Steve Swendiman (Democratic) 39.6%
▌Harry H. Pendery (Libertarian) 2.2%
California 3
Bob Matsui
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob Matsui (Democratic) 75.9%
▌Lowell Landowski (Republican) 24.1%
California 4
Vic Fazio
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Vic Fazio (Democratic) 70.2%
▌Jack D. Hite (Republican) 29.8%
California 5
Sala Burton
Democratic
1983 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Sala Burton (Democratic) 75.2%
▌Mike Garza (Republican) 22.1%
▌Sam Grove (Libertarian) 1.5%
▌Ted Zuur (Peace and Freedom) 1.3%
California 6
Barbara Boxer
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Barbara Boxer (Democratic) 73.9%
▌Harry Ernst (Republican) 26.1%
California 7
George Miller
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y George Miller (Democratic) 66.6%
▌Rosemary Thakar (Republican) 33.4%
California 8
Ron Dellums
Democratic
1970
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ron Dellums (Democratic) 60.0%
▌Steven Eigenberg (Republican) 37.9%
▌Lawrence R. Manuel (Peace and Freedom) 2.1%
California 9
Pete Stark
Democratic
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Pete Stark (Democratic) 69.7%
▌Dave Williams (Republican) 30.3%
California 10
Don Edwards
Democratic
1962
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Don Edwards (Democratic) 70.5%
▌Michael R. La Crone (Republican) 26.6%
▌Perr Cardestam (Libertarian) 1.5%
▌Bradley L. Mayer (Peace and Freedom) 1.4%
California 11
Tom Lantos
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tom Lantos (Democratic) 74.1%
▌Bill Quraishi (Republican) 25.9%
California 12
Ed Zschau
Republican
1982
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Ernie Konnyu (Republican) 59.5%
▌Lance T. Weil (Democratic) 37.2%
▌Bill White (Libertarian) 3.4%
California 13
Norman Mineta
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Norman Mineta (Democratic) 69.7%
▌Bob Nash (Republican) 30.3%
California 14
Norman D. Shumway
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Norman D. Shumway (Republican) 71.6%
▌Bill Steele (Democratic) 26.1%
▌Bruce A. Daniel (Libertarian) 2.3%
California 15
Tony Coelho
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tony Coelho (Democratic) 71.0%
▌Carol O. Harner (Republican) 27.2%
▌Richard M. Harris (Libertarian) 1.8%
California 16
Leon Panetta
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Leon Panetta (Democratic) 78.4%
▌Louis Darrigo (Republican) 19.2%
▌Ron Wright (Peace and Freedom) 1.2%
▌Bill Anderson (Libertarian) 1.2%
California 17
Chip Pashayan
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Chip Pashayan (Republican) 60.2%
▌John Hartnett (Democratic) 39.8%
California 18
Richard H. Lehman
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Richard H. Lehman (Democratic) 71.3%
▌David C. Crevelt (Republican) 28.7%
California 19
Bob Lagomarsino
Republican
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob Lagomarsino (Republican) 71.9%
▌Wayne B. Norris (Democratic) 26.8%
▌George Hasara (Libertarian) 1.4%
California 20
Bill Thomas
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Thomas (Republican) 72.6%
▌Jules H. Moquin (Democratic) 27.4%
California 21
Bobbi Fiedler
Republican
1980
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Elton Gallegly (Republican) 68.4%
▌Gilbert R. Saldana (Democratic) 28.2%
▌Daniel Wiener (Libertarian) 3.4%
California 22
Carlos Moorhead
Republican
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Carlos Moorhead (Republican) 73.8%
▌John G. Simmons (Democratic) 23.0%
▌Jona Joy Bergland (Libertarian) 1.6%
▌Joel Lorimer (Peace and Freedom) 1.5%
California 23
Anthony Beilenson
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Anthony Beilenson (Democratic) 65.7%
▌George Woolverton (Republican) 31.8%
▌Tom Hopke (Peace and Freedom) 1.4%
▌Taylor Rhodes (Libertarian) 1.1%
California 24
Henry Waxman
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Henry Waxman (Democratic) 87.9%
▌George Abrahams (Libertarian) 7.5%
▌James Green (Peace and Freedom) 4.6%
California 25
Edward R. Roybal
Democratic
1962
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Edward R. Roybal (Democratic) 76.1%
▌Gregory L. Hardy (Republican) 21.3%
▌Ted Brown (Libertarian) 2.6%
California 26
Howard Berman
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Howard Berman (Democratic) 65.1%
▌Robert M. Kerns (Republican) 34.9%
California 27
Mel Levine
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Mel Levine (Democratic) 63.7%
▌Robert B. Scribner (Republican) 34.3%
▌Thomas O'Connor (Peace and Freedom) 1.2%
▌Jeff Avrech (Libertarian) 0.8%
California 28
Julian Dixon
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Julian Dixon (Democratic) 76.3%
▌George Zaldivar Adams (Republican) 21.3%
▌Howard Johnson (Libertarian) 2.3%
California 29
Augustus Hawkins
Democratic
1962
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Augustus Hawkins (Democratic) 84.5%
▌John Van de Brooke (Republican) 14.5%
▌Waheed R. Boctor (Libertarian) 0.9%
California 30
Matthew G. Martínez
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Matthew G. Martínez (Democratic) 62.5%
▌John W. Almquist (Republican) 35.5%
▌Kim J. Goldsworthy (Libertarian) 2.0%
California 31
Mervyn Dymally
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Mervyn Dymally (Democratic) 70.3%
▌Jack McMurray (Republican) 27.6%
▌B. Kwaku Duren (Peace and Freedom) 2.1%
California 32
Glenn M. Anderson
Democratic
1968
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Glenn M. Anderson (Democratic) 68.5%
▌Joyce M. Robertson (Republican) 29.4%
▌John S. Donohue (Peace and Freedom) 2.1%
California 33
David Dreier
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y David Dreier (Republican) 71.7%
▌Monty Hempel (Democratic) 26.8%
▌Mike Noonan (Peace and Freedom) 1.5%
California 34
Esteban Torres
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Esteban Torres (Democratic) 60.3%
▌Charles M. House (Republican) 39.7%
California 35
Jerry Lewis
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jerry Lewis (Republican) 76.9%
▌Sarge Hall (Democratic) 23.1%
California 36
George Brown Jr.
Democratic
19621970 (retired)1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y George Brown Jr. (Democratic) 57.1%
▌Bob Henley (Republican) 42.9%
California 37
Al McCandless
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Al McCandless (Republican) 63.7%
▌Dave Skinner (Democratic) 36.3%
California 38
Bob Dornan
Republican
19761982 (retired)1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob Dornan (Republican) 55.3%
▌Richard H. Robinson (Democratic) 42.4%
▌Lee Connelly (Libertarian) 2.3%
California 39
William Dannemeyer
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William Dannemeyer (Republican) 74.5%
▌David D. Vest (Democratic) 24.0%
▌Frank Boeheim (Peace and Freedom) 1.6%
California 40
Robert Badham
Republican
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert Badham (Republican) 59.8%
▌Bruce W. Sumner (Democratic) 37.7%
▌Steve Sears (Peace and Freedom) 2.5%
California 41
Bill Lowery
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Lowery (Republican) 67.8%
▌Dan Kripke (Democratic) 30.4%
▌Dick Rider (Libertarian) 1.8%
California 42
Dan Lungren
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dan Lungren (Republican) 72.8%
▌Michael P. Blackburn (Democratic) 24.7%
▌Kate McClatchy (Peace and Freedom) 2.5%
California 43
Ron Packard
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ron Packard (Republican) 73.1%
▌Joseph Chirra (Democratic) 24.0%
▌Phyllis Avery (Libertarian) 2.9%
California 44
Jim Bates
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Bates (Democratic) 64.2%
▌Bill Mitchell (Republican) 33.1%
▌Shirley Isaacson (Peace and Freedom) 1.5%
▌Dennis Thompson (Libertarian) 1.1%
California 45
Duncan L. Hunter
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Duncan L. Hunter (Republican) 76.9%
▌Hewitt Fitts Ryan (Democratic) 21.2%
▌Lee Schwartz (Libertarian) 1.9%
Colorado
See also: List of United States representatives from Colorado
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Ref
Colorado 1
Pat Schroeder
Democratic
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Pat Schroeder (Democratic) 68.4%
▌Joy Wood (Republican) 31.6%
Colorado 2
Tim Wirth
Democratic
1974
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y David Skaggs (Democratic) 51.5%
▌Mike Norton (Republican) 48.5%
Colorado 3
Michael L. Strang
Republican
1984
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Ben Nighthorse Campbell (Democratic) 51.9%
▌Michael L. Strang (Republican) 48.1%
Colorado 4
Hank Brown
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Hank Brown (Republican) 69.8%
▌David Sprague (Democratic) 30.2%
Colorado 5
Ken Kramer
Republican
1978
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Joel Hefley (Republican) 69.8%
▌Bill Story (Democratic) 30.2%
Colorado 6
Daniel Schaefer
Republican
1983 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Daniel Schaefer (Republican) 65.0%
▌Chuck Norris (Democratic) 33.5%
▌John Heckman (Independent) 1.5%
Connecticut
See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Connecticut 1
Barbara B. Kennelly
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Barbara B. Kennelly (Democratic) 74.2%
▌Herschel A. Klein (Republican) 25.4%
▌Sally F. Cadmus (Independent) 0.4%
Connecticut 2
Sam Gejdenson
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Sam Gejdenson (Democratic) 67.4%
▌Bud Mullen (Republican) 32.6%
Connecticut 3
Bruce Morrison
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bruce Morrison (Democratic) 69.6%
▌Ernest J. Diette Jr. (Republican) 30.4%
Connecticut 4
Stewart McKinney
Republican
1970
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Stewart McKinney (Republican) 53.5%
▌Christine M. Niedermeier (Democratic) 46.5%
Connecticut 5
John G. Rowland
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John G. Rowland (Republican) 60.9%
▌Jim Cohen (Democratic) 39.1%
Connecticut 6
Nancy Johnson
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Nancy Johnson (Republican) 64.2%
▌Paul S. Amenta (Democratic) 35.8%
Delaware
See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Delaware at-large
Tom Carper
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tom Carper (Democratic) 66.2%
▌Thomas S. Neuberger (Republican) 33.4%
▌Patrick F. Harrison (American) 0.4%
Florida
See also: List of United States representatives from Florida
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Florida 1
Earl Hutto
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Earl Hutto (Democratic) 63.8%
▌Greg Neubeck (Republican) 36.2%
Florida 2
Don Fuqua
Democratic
1962
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y James W. Grant (Democratic) Uncontested
Florida 3
Charles E. Bennett
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles E. Bennett (Democratic) Uncontested
Florida 4
Bill Chappell
Democratic
1968
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Chappell (Democratic) Uncontested
Florida 5
Bill McCollum
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill McCollum (Republican) Uncontested
Florida 6
Buddy MacKay
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Buddy MacKay (Democratic) 70.2%
▌Larry Gallagher (Republican) 29.8%
Florida 7
Sam Gibbons
Democratic
1962
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Sam Gibbons (Democratic) Uncontested
Florida 8
Bill Young
Republican
1970
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Young (Republican) Uncontested
Florida 9
Michael Bilirakis
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Michael Bilirakis (Republican) 70.8%
▌Gabe Cazares (Democratic) 29.2%
Florida 10
Andy Ireland
Republican
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Andy Ireland (Republican) 71.2%
▌David B. Higginbottom (Democratic) 28.8%
Florida 11
Bill Nelson
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Nelson (Democratic) 72.7%
▌Scott Ellis (Republican) 27.3%
Florida 12
Tom Lewis
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tom Lewis (Republican) 99.4%
Florida 13
Connie Mack III
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Connie Mack III (Republican) 75.0%
▌Addison S. Gilbert III (Democratic) 25.0%
Florida 14
Dan Mica
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dan Mica (Democratic) 73.8%
▌Rick Martin (Republican) 26.2%
Florida 15
Clay Shaw
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Clay Shaw (Republican) Uncontested
Florida 16
Lawrence J. Smith
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Lawrence J. Smith (Democratic) 69.7%
▌Mary Collins (Republican) 30.3%
Florida 17
William Lehman
Democratic
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William Lehman (Democratic) Uncontested
Florida 18
Claude Pepper
Democratic
1962
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Claude Pepper (Democratic) 73.5%
▌Tom Brodie (Republican) 26.5%
Florida 19
Dante Fascell
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dante Fascell (Democratic) 69.1%
▌Bill Flanagan (Republican) 30.9%
Georgia
See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Georgia 1
Lindsay Thomas
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Lindsay Thomas (Democratic) 100%
Georgia 2
Charles Hatcher
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles Hatcher (Democratic) 100%
Georgia 3
Richard Ray
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Richard Ray (Democratic) 99.7%
Georgia 4
Pat Swindall
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Pat Swindall (Republican) 53.2%
▌Ben Jones (Democratic) 46.8%
Georgia 5
Wyche Fowler
Democratic
1977 (special)
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y John Lewis (Democratic) 75.3%
▌Portia A. Scott (Republican) 24.7%
Georgia 6
Newt Gingrich
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Newt Gingrich (Republican) 59.5%
▌Crandle Bray (Democratic) 40.5%
Georgia 7
George Darden
Democratic
1983 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y George Darden (Democratic) 66.4%
▌Joe Morecraft (Republican) 33.6%
Georgia 8
J. Roy Rowland
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y J. Roy Rowland (Democratic) 86.4%
▌Eddie McDowell (Republican) 13.6%
Georgia 9
Ed Jenkins
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ed Jenkins (Democratic) 100%
Georgia 10
Doug Barnard Jr.
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Doug Barnard Jr. (Democratic) 67.3%
▌Jim Hill (Republican) 32.7%
Hawaii
See also: List of United States representatives from Hawaii
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Hawaii 1
Neil Abercrombie
Democratic
1986 (special)
Incumbent lost renomination.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Pat Saiki (Republican) 59.2%
▌Mufi Hannemann (Democratic) 37.5%
▌Blase Harris (Libertarian) 3.3%
Hawaii 2
Daniel Akaka
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Daniel Akaka (Democratic) 76.1%
▌Maria M. Hustace (Republican) 21.7%
▌Ken Schoolland (Libertarian) 2.2%
Idaho
See also: List of United States representatives from Idaho
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Idaho 1
Larry Craig
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Larry Craig (Republican) 65.1%
▌Bill Currie (Democratic) 32.3%
▌David W. Shepherd (Independent) 2.6%
Idaho 2
Richard H. Stallings
Democratic
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Richard H. Stallings (Democratic) 54.4%
▌Mel Richardson (Republican) 45.6%
Illinois
See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Illinois 1
Charles Hayes
Democratic
1983 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles Hayes (Democratic) 96.4%
▌Joseph C. Faulkner (Republican) 3.6%
Illinois 2
Gus Savage
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Gus Savage (Democratic) 83.8%
▌Ron Taylor (Republican) 16.2%
Illinois 3
Marty Russo
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Marty Russo (Democratic) 66.2%
▌James J. Tierney (Republican) 33.8%
Illinois 4
George M. O'Brien
Republican
1972
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Jack Davis (Republican) 51.6%
▌Shawn Collins (Democratic) 48.4%
Illinois 5
Bill Lipinski
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Lipinski (Democratic) 70.4%
▌Daniel John Sobieski (Republican) 29.6%
Illinois 6
Henry Hyde
Republican
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Henry Hyde (Republican) 75.4%
▌Robert H. Renshaw (Democratic) 24.6%
Illinois 7
Cardiss Collins
Democratic
1973 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Cardiss Collins (Democratic) 80.2%
▌Caroline K. Kallas (Republican) 18.6%
▌Jerald Wilson (Independent) 1.2%
Illinois 8
Dan Rostenkowski
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dan Rostenkowski (Democratic) 78.7%
▌Thomas J. DeFazio (Republican) 21.3%
Illinois 9
Sidney R. Yates
Democratic
19481962 (retired)1964
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Sidney R. Yates (Democratic) 71.6%
▌Herbert Sohn (Republican) 28.4%
Illinois 10
John Porter
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Porter (Republican) 75.1%
▌Robert A. Cleland (Democratic) 24.9%
Illinois 11
Frank Annunzio
Democratic
1964
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Frank Annunzio (Democratic) 70.7%
▌George S. Gottlieb (Republican) 29.3%
Illinois 12
Phil Crane
Republican
1969 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Phil Crane (Republican) 77.7%
▌John A. Leonardi (Democratic) 22.3%
Illinois 13
Harris W. Fawell
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Harris W. Fawell (Republican) 73.4%
▌Dominick J. Jeffrey (Democratic) 26.6%
Illinois 14
John E. Grotberg
Republican
1984
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Dennis Hastert (Republican) 52.4%
▌Mary Lou Kearns (Democratic) 47.6%
Illinois 15
Ed Madigan
Republican
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ed Madigan (Republican) Uncontested
Illinois 16
Lynn M. Martin
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Lynn M. Martin (Republican) 66.9%
▌Kenneth F. Bohnsack (Democratic) 33.1%
Illinois 17
Lane Evans
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Lane Evans (Democratic) 55.6%
▌Sam McHard (Republican) 44.4%
Illinois 18
Bob Michel
Republican
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob Michel (Republican) 62.6%
▌Jim Dawson (Democratic) 37.4%
Illinois 19
Terry L. Bruce
Democratic
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Terry L. Bruce (Democratic) 66.4%
▌Al Salvi (Republican) 33.6%
Illinois 20
Dick Durbin
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dick Durbin (Democratic) 68.1%
▌Kevin B. McCarthy (Republican) 31.9%
Illinois 21
Melvin Price
Democratic
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Melvin Price (Democratic) 50.4%
▌Robert H. Gaffner (Republican) 49.6%
Illinois 22
Kenneth J. Gray
Democratic
19541974 (retired)1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Kenneth J. Gray (Democratic) 53.2%
▌Randy Patchett (Republican) 46.8%
Indiana
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana
See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Indiana 1
Pete Visclosky
Democratic
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Pete Visclosky (Democratic) 73.3%
▌William Costas (Republican) 25.6%
▌James E. Willis (Libertarian) 0.7%
▌Tracy Kyle (Workers League) 0.3%
Indiana 2
Philip Sharp
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Philip Sharp (Democratic) 61.9%
▌Donald Lynch (Republican) 37.4%
▌Richard Smith (Libertarian) 0.7%
Indiana 3
John P. Hiler
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John P. Hiler (Republican) 49.8%
▌Thomas Ward (Democratic) 49.8%
▌Ken Donnelly (Libertarian) 0.4%
Indiana 4
Dan Coats
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dan Coats (Republican) 69.6%
▌Greg Scher (Democratic) 30.0%
▌Stephen Dasbach (Libertarian) 0.4%
Indiana 5
Elwood Hillis
Republican
1970
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Jim Jontz (Democratic) 51.4%
▌James Butcher (Republican) 48.1%
▌Brent Waibel (Libertarian) 0.5%
Indiana 6
Dan Burton
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dan Burton (Republican) 68.4%
▌Thomas McKenna (Democratic) 30.9%
▌Pamela Webe (Libertarian) 0.8%
Indiana 7
John T. Myers
Republican
1966
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John T. Myers (Republican) 66.8%
▌A. Eugene Smith (Democratic) 31.6%
▌Barbara J. Bourland (Libertarian) 1.6%
Indiana 8
Frank McCloskey
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Frank McCloskey (Democratic) 53.0%
▌Rick McIntyre (Republican) 46.5%
▌Marilyn Stone (Libertarian) 0.5%
Indiana 9
Lee Hamilton
Democratic
1964
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Lee Hamilton (Democratic) 71.9%
▌Robert W. Kilroy (Republican) 27.7%
▌Douglas S. Boggs (Libertarian) 0.4%
Indiana 10
Andrew Jacobs Jr.
Democratic
19641972 (defeated)1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Andrew Jacobs Jr. (Democratic) 57.7%
▌Jim Eynon (Republican) 41.2%
▌Frederick Peterson (Libertarian) 1.1%
Iowa
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa
See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Iowa 1
Jim Leach
Republican
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Leach (Republican) 66.4%
▌John R. Whitaker (Democratic) 33.6%
Iowa 2
Tom Tauke
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tom Tauke (Republican) 61.3%
▌Eric Tabor (Democratic) 38.7%
Iowa 3
T. Cooper Evans
Republican
1980
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y David R. Nagle (Democratic) 54.6%
▌John McIntee (Republican) 45.4%
Iowa 4
Neal Smith
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Neal Smith (Democratic) 68.4%
▌Robert R. Lockard (Republican) 31.6%
Iowa 5
Jim Ross Lightfoot
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Ross Lightfoot (Republican) 59.2%
▌Scott Hughes (Democratic) 40.8%
Iowa 6
Berkley Bedell
Democratic
1974
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Fred Grandy (Republican) 51.0%
▌Clayton Hodgson (Democratic) 49.0%
Kansas
See also: List of United States representatives from Kansas
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Kansas 1
Pat Roberts
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Pat Roberts (Republican) 76.5%
▌Dale Lyon (Democratic) 23.5%
Kansas 2
Jim Slattery
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Slattery (Democratic) 70.6%
▌Phill Kline (Republican) 29.4%
Kansas 3
Jan Meyers
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jan Meyers (Republican) Uncontested
Kansas 4
Dan Glickman
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dan Glickman (Democratic) 64.5%
▌Bob Knight (Republican) 35.5%
Kansas 5
Bob Whittaker
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob Whittaker (Republican) 71.1%
▌Kim E. Myers (Democratic) 28.9%
Kentucky
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky
See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Kentucky 1
Carroll Hubbard
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Carroll Hubbard (Democratic) 100%
Kentucky 2
William Natcher
Democratic
1953 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William Natcher (Democratic) 100%
Kentucky 3
Romano Mazzoli
Democratic
1970
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Romano Mazzoli (Democratic) 73.0%
▌Lee Holmes (Republican) 26.2%
▌Estelle DeBates (Socialist Workers) 0.8%
Kentucky 4
Gene Snyder
Republican
19621964 (lost)1966
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Jim Bunning (Republican) 55.1%
▌Terry L. Mann (Democratic) 43.9%
Others
▌Walter T. Marksberry (Independent) 0.6%
▌W. Ed Parker (American) 0.4%
Kentucky 5
Hal Rogers
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Hal Rogers (Republican) 100%
Kentucky 6
Larry J. Hopkins
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Larry J. Hopkins (Republican) 74.3%
▌Jerry Hammond (Democratic) 25.7%
Kentucky 7
Chris Perkins
Democratic
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Chris Perkins (Democratic) 79.6%
▌James T. Polley (Republican) 20.4%
Louisiana
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana
See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Louisiana 1
Bob Livingston
Republican
1977 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob Livingston (Republican) Uncontested
Louisiana 2
Lindy Boggs
Democratic
1973 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Lindy Boggs (Democratic) 90.7%
▌Roger C. Johnson (Republican) 7.3%
▌Landi Dyess (Independent) 2.1%
Louisiana 3
Billy Tauzin
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Billy Tauzin (Democratic) Uncontested
Louisiana 4
Buddy Roemer
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Buddy Roemer (Democratic) Uncontested
Louisiana 5
Jerry Huckaby
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jerry Huckaby (Democratic) 68.5%
▌Bud Brady (Democratic) 23.0%
▌Fred W. Huenefeld Jr. (Democratic) 8.5%
Louisiana 6
Henson Moore
Republican
1974
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Richard Baker (Republican) 50.1%
▌Thomas H. Hudson (Democratic) 45.0%
▌Willis E. Blackwell (Democratic) 4.1%
Louisiana 7
John Breaux
Democratic
1972
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Jimmy Hayes (Democratic) 57.0%
▌Margaret Lowenthal (Democratic) 43.0%
Louisiana 8
Catherine Small Long
Democratic
1985 (special)
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Clyde C. Holloway (Republican) 51.4%
▌Faye Williams (Democratic) 48.6%
Maine
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine
See also: List of United States representatives from Maine
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Maine 1
John R. McKernan Jr.
Republican
1982
Incumbent retired to run for run for Governor of Maine.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Joseph E. Brennan (Democratic) 53.2%
▌H. Rollin Ives (Republican) 43.7%
▌Plato Truman (Labor) 3.1%
Maine 2
Olympia Snowe
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Olympia Snowe (Republican) 77.3%
▌Richard R. Charette (Democratic) 22.7%
Maryland
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland
See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Maryland 1
Roy Dyson
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Roy Dyson (Democratic) 66.8%
▌Harlan C. Williams (Republican) 33.2%
Maryland 2
Helen Delich Bentley
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Helen Delich Bentley (Republican) 58.7%
▌Clarence Long (Democratic) 41.3%
Maryland 3
Barbara Mikulski
Democratic
1976
Incumnent retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Ben Cardin (Democratic) 79.1%
▌Ross Z. Pierpont (Republican) 20.9%
Maryland 4
Marjorie Holt
Republican
1972
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Tom McMillen (Democratic) 50.2%
▌Robert R. Neall (Republican) 49.8%
Maryland 5
Steny Hoyer
Democratic
1981 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Steny Hoyer (Democratic) 81.9%
▌John Eugene Sellner (Republican) 18.1%
Maryland 6
Beverly Byron
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Beverly Byron (Democratic) 72.2%
▌John Vandenberge (Republican) 27.8%
Maryland 7
Parren Mitchell
Democratic
1970
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Kweisi Mfume (Democratic) 86.7%
▌Saint George Crosse (Republican) 13.3%
Maryland 8
Michael D. Barnes
Democratic
1978
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Connie Morella (Republican) 52.9%
▌Stewart Bainum Jr. (Democratic) 47.1%
Massachusetts
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts
See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Massachusetts 1
Silvio O. Conte
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Silvio O. Conte (Republican) 77.8%
▌Robert S. Weiner (Democratic) 22.1%
Massachusetts 2
Edward Boland
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Edward Boland (Democratic) 65.9%
▌Brian Lees (Republican) 34.1%
Massachusetts 3
Joseph D. Early
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Joseph D. Early (Democratic) 100%
Massachusetts 4
Barney Frank
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Barney Frank (Democratic) 88.8%
▌Thomas D. DeVisscher (Republican) 11.1%
Massachusetts 5
Chester G. Atkins
Democratic
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Chester G. Atkins (Democratic) 100%
Massachusetts 6
Nicholas Mavroules
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Nicholas Mavroules (Democratic) 99.9%
Massachusetts 7
Ed Markey
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ed Markey (Democratic) 100%
Massachusetts 8
Tip O'Neill
Democratic
1952
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Joseph P. Kennedy II (Democratic) 72.0%
▌Clark C. Abt (Republican) 27.7%
Massachusetts 9
Joe Moakley
Democratic
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Joe Moakley (Democratic) 83.8%
▌Robert W. Horan (Independent) 16.2%
Massachusetts 10
Gerry Studds
Democratic
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Gerry Studds (Democratic) 65.1%
▌Ricardo M. Barros (Republican) 26.5%
▌Alexander Byron (Independent) 8.4%
Massachusetts 11
Brian J. Donnelly
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Brian J. Donnelly (Democratic) 100%
Michigan
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan
See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Michigan 1
John Conyers
Democratic
1964
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Conyers (Democratic) 89.2%
▌Bill Ashe (Republican) 9.8%
▌Peter Banta Bowen (Independent) 0.5%
▌Andrew Pulley (Independent) 0.5%
Michigan 2
Carl Pursell
Republican
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Carl Pursell (Republican) 59.0%
▌Dean Baker (Democratic) 41.0%
Michigan 3
Howard Wolpe
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Howard Wolpe (Democratic) 60.4%
▌Jackie McGregor (Republican) 39.6%
Michigan 4
Mark D. Siljander
Republican
1981 (special)
Incumbent lost renomination.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Fred Upton (Republican) 61.9%
▌Dan Roche (Democratic) 36.6%
▌Richard H. Gillmor (Independent) 1.5%
Michigan 5
Paul B. Henry
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Paul B. Henry (Republican) 71.2%
▌Teresa S. Decker (Democratic) 28.8%
Michigan 6
Bob Carr
Democratic
19741980 (defeated)1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob Carr (Democratic) 56.7%
▌James Whitney Dunn (Republican) 43.3%
Michigan 7
Dale Kildee
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dale Kildee (Democratic) 79.6%
▌Trudie Callahan (Republican) 19.5%
▌Gene Schenk (Independent) 0.9%
Michigan 8
J. Bob Traxler
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y J. Bob Traxler (Democratic) 72.6%
▌John A. Levi (Republican) 27.4%
Michigan 9
Guy Vander Jagt
Republican
1966
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Guy Vander Jagt (Republican) 64.4%
▌Richard J. Anderson (Democratic) 35.6%
Michigan 10
Bill Schuette
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Schuette (Republican) 51.2%
▌Donald J. Albosta (Democratic) 48.8%
Michigan 11
Bob Davis
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob Davis (Republican) 63.0%
▌Robert C. Anderson (Democratic) 36.6%
▌Phil Bellfy (Independent) 0.4%
Michigan 12
David Bonior
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y David Bonior (Democratic) 66.4%
▌Candice S. Miller (Republican) 33.6%
Michigan 13
George Crockett Jr.
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y George Crockett Jr. (Democratic) 85.2%
▌Mary Griffin (Republican) 13.8%
▌Barbara L. Putnam (Independent) 0.7%
▌Lucy Bell Randolph (Independent) 0.4%
Michigan 14
Dennis M. Hertel
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dennis M. Hertel (Democratic) 72.9%
▌Stanley T. Grot (Republican) 26.7%
▌William Osipoff (Independent) 0.4%
Michigan 15
William D. Ford
Democratic
1964
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William D. Ford (Democratic) 75.2%
▌Glen Kassel (Republican) 24.2%
▌James H. Stamps (Independent) 0.6%
Michigan 16
John Dingell
Democratic
1955 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Dingell (Democratic) 77.8%
▌Frank Grzywacki (Republican) 22.2%
Michigan 17
Sander Levin
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Sander Levin (Democratic) 76.4%
▌Calvin Williams (Republican) 22.5%
▌Charles E. Martell (Independent) 1.1%
Michigan 18
William Broomfield
Republican
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William Broomfield (Republican) 73.8%
▌Gary L. Kohut (Democratic) 26.2%
Minnesota
See also: List of United States representatives from Minnesota
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Minnesota 1
Tim Penny
DFL
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tim Penny (DFL) 72.4%
▌Paul H. Grawe (Ind.-Republican) 27.6%
Minnesota 2
Vin Weber
Independent-Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Vin Weber (Ind.-Republican) 51.6%
▌Dave Johnson (DFL) 48.4%
Minnesota 3
Bill Frenzel
Independent-Republican
1970
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Frenzel (Ind.-Republican) 70.1%
▌Ray Stock (DFL) 29.9%
Minnesota 4
Bruce Vento
DFL
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bruce Vento (DFL) 72.9%
▌Harold Stassen (Ind.-Republican) 27.1%
Minnesota 5
Martin Olav Sabo
DFL
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Martin Olav Sabo (DFL) 72.7%
▌Rick Serra (Ind.-Republican) 25.9%
▌Clifford Mark Greene (Independent) 1.4%
Minnesota 6
Gerry Sikorski
DFL
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Gerry Sikorski (DFL) 65.8%
▌Barb Sykora (Ind.-Republican) 34.2%
Minnesota 7
Arlan Stangeland
Independent-Republican
1977 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Arlan Stangeland (Ind.-Republican) 49.7%
▌Collin Peterson (DFL) 49.6%
▌Jon Hall (Citizens) 0.7%
Minnesota 8
Jim Oberstar
DFL
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Oberstar (DFL) 72.6%
▌Dave Rued (Ind.-Republican) 27.4%
Mississippi
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Mississippi
See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Mississippi 1
Jamie Whitten
Democratic
1941 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jamie Whitten (Democratic) 66.4%
▌Larry Cobb (Republican) 33.6%
Mississippi 2
Webb Franklin
Republican
1982
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Mike Espy (Democratic) 51.7%
▌Webb Franklin (Republican) 48.3%
Mississippi 3
Sonny Montgomery
Democratic
1966
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Sonny Montgomery (Democratic) Uncontested
Mississippi 4
Wayne Dowdy
Democratic
1981 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Wayne Dowdy (Democratic) 71.5%
▌Gail Healy (Republican) 28.5%
Mississippi 5
Trent Lott
Republican
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Trent Lott (Republican) 82.3%
▌Larry L. Albritton (Democratic) 17.7%
Missouri
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri
See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Missouri 1
Bill Clay
Democratic
1968
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Clay (Democratic) 66.1%
▌Robert J. Wittmann (Republican) 33.9%
Missouri 2
Robert A. Young
Democratic
1976
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Jack Buechner (Republican) 51.9%
▌Robert A. Young (Democratic) 48.1%
Missouri 3
Dick Gephardt
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dick Gephardt (Democratic) 69.0%
▌Roy Amelung (Republican) 31.0%
Missouri 4
Ike Skelton
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ike Skelton (Democratic) Uncontested
Missouri 5
Alan Wheat
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Alan Wheat (Democratic) 70.9%
▌Greg Fisher (Republican) 27.6%
▌Jay Manifold (Libertarian) 1.5%
Missouri 6
Tom Coleman
Republican
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tom Coleman (Republican) 56.7%
▌Doug R. Hughes (Democratic) 43.3%
Missouri 7
Gene Taylor
Republican
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Gene Taylor (Republican) 67.0%
▌Ken Young (Democratic) 33.0%
Missouri 8
Bill Emerson
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Emerson (Republican) 52.5%
▌Wayne Cryts (Democratic) 47.5%
Missouri 9
Harold Volkmer
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Harold Volkmer (Democratic) 57.5%
▌Ralph Uthlaut Jr. (Republican) 42.5%
Montana
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Montana
See also: List of United States representatives from Montana
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Montana 1
Pat Williams
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Pat Williams (Democratic) 61.7%
▌Don Allen (Republican) 38.3%
Montana 2
Ron Marlenee
Republican
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ron Marlenee (Republican) 53.5%
▌Buck O'Brien (Democratic) 46.5%
Nebraska
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Nebraska
See also: List of United States representatives from Nebraska
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Nebraska 1
Doug Bereuter
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Doug Bereuter (Republican) 64.5%
▌Steve Burns (Democratic) 35.5%
Nebraska 2
Hal Daub
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Hal Daub (Republican) 58.6%
▌Walter M. Calinger (Democratic) 41.4%
Nebraska 3
Virginia D. Smith
Republican
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Virginia D. Smith (Republican) 69.8%
▌Scott E. Sidwell (Democratic) 30.2%
Nevada
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Nevada
See also: List of United States representatives from Nevada
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Nevada 1
Harry Reid
Democratic
1982
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y James Bilbray (Democratic) 54.1%
▌Bob Ryan (Republican) 44.0%
▌Gordon Michael Morris (Libertarian) 1.9%
Nevada 2
Barbara Vucanovich
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Barbara Vucanovich (Republican) 58.4%
▌Pete Sferrazza (Democratic) 41.6%
New Hampshire
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in New Hampshire
See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
New Hampshire 1
Bob Smith
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob Smith (Republican) 56.4%
▌James M. Demers (Democratic) 43.6%
New Hampshire 2
Judd Gregg
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Judd Gregg (Republican) 74.2%
▌Lawrence Craig-Green (Democratic) 25.8%
New Jersey
See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
New Jersey 1
James Florio
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James Florio (Democratic) 75.6%
▌Frederick A. Busch Jr. (Republican) 23.6%
▌Jerry Zeldin (Libertarian) 0.8%
New Jersey 2
William J. Hughes
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William J. Hughes (Democratic) 68.3%
▌Alfred J. Bennington Jr. (Republican) 28.6%
▌Len Smith (Pro-Life) 3.1%
New Jersey 3
James J. Howard
Democratic
1964
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James J. Howard (Democratic) 58.7%
▌Brian T. Kennedy (Republican) 41.3%
New Jersey 4
Chris Smith
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Chris Smith (Republican) 61.1%
▌Jeffrey Laurenti (Democratic) 38.3%
▌Earl G. Dickey (Independent) 0.6%
New Jersey 5
Marge Roukema
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Marge Roukema (Republican) 68.0%
▌H. Vernon Jolley (Democratic) 32.0%
New Jersey 6
Bernard J. Dwyer
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bernard J. Dwyer (Democratic) 69.0%
▌John D. Scalamonti (Republican) 28.9%
▌Rose Monyek (Independent) 2.1%
New Jersey 7
Matthew J. Rinaldo
Republican
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Matthew J. Rinaldo (Republican) 79.0%
▌June S. Fischer (Democratic) 21.0%
New Jersey 8
Robert A. Roe
Democratic
1970
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert A. Roe (Democratic) 62.8%
▌Thomas P. Zampino (Republican) 37.2%
New Jersey 9
Robert Torricelli
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert Torricelli (Democratic) 69.0%
▌Arthur F. Jones (Republican) 31.0%
New Jersey 10
Peter W. Rodino
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Peter W. Rodino (Democratic) 95.9%
▌Chris Brandlon (Socialist Workers) 4.1%
New Jersey 11
Dean Gallo
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dean Gallo (Republican) 68.0%
▌Frank Askin (Democratic) 32.0%
New Jersey 12
Jim Courter
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Courter (Republican) 63.5%
▌David Crabiel (Democratic) 36.5%
New Jersey 13
Jim Saxton
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Saxton (Republican) 65.4%
▌John Wydra (Democratic) 34.6%
New Jersey 14
Frank J. Guarini
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Frank J. Guarini (Democratic) 70.7%
▌Albio Sires (Republican) 26.7%
▌Herbert H. Shaw (Independent) 2.0%
▌William Link (Independent) 0.6%
New Mexico
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico
See also: List of United States representatives from New Mexico
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
New Mexico 1
Manuel Lujan Jr.
Republican
1968
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Manuel Lujan Jr. (Republican) 70.9%
▌Manny Garcia (Democratic) 29.1%
New Mexico 2
Joe Skeen
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Joe Skeen (Republican) 62.9%
▌Mike Runnels (Democratic) 37.1%
New Mexico 3
Bill Richardson
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Richardson (Democratic) 71.3%
▌David Cargo (Republican) 28.7%
New York
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in New York
See also: List of United States representatives from New York
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
New York 1
William Carney
Republican
1978
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y George J. Hochbrueckner (Democratic) 51.2%
▌Gregory J. Blass (Republican) 42.3%
▌Dominic J. Santoro (Conservative) 3.3%
▌William J. Doyle (Right to Life) 3.2%
New York 2
Thomas J. Downey
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Thomas J. Downey (Democratic) 64.3%
▌Jeffrey A. Butzke (Republican) 32.4%
▌Veronica Windishman (Right to Life) 3.4%
New York 3
Robert J. Mrazek
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert J. Mrazek (Democratic) 56.4%
▌Joseph A. Guarino (Republican) 40.6%
▌Charles W. Welch (Right to Life) 3.0%
New York 4
Norman F. Lent
Republican
1970
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Norman F. Lent (Republican) 64.8%
▌Patricia Sullivan (Democratic) 30.6%
▌George E. Patterson (Right to Life) 4.6%
New York 5
Raymond J. McGrath
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Raymond J. McGrath (Republican) 65.3%
▌Michael T. Sullivan (Democratic) 34.7%
New York 6
Alton Waldon
Democratic
1986
Incumbent lost renomination.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Floyd Flake (Democratic) 67.7%
▌Bo Dietl (Republican) 32.3%
New York 7
Gary Ackerman
Democratic
1983 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Gary Ackerman (Democratic) 77.4%
▌Edward Nelson Rodriguez (Republican) 22.6%
New York 8
James H. Scheuer
Democratic
19641972 (defeated)1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James H. Scheuer (Democratic) 90.2%
▌Gustave A. Reifenkugel (Conservative) 9.8%
New York 9
Thomas J. Manton
Democratic
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Thomas J. Manton (Democratic) 69.4%
▌Salvatore J. Calise (Republican) 24.7%
▌Thomas V. Ognibene (Conservative) 5.9%
New York 10
Chuck Schumer
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Chuck Schumer (Democratic) 93.3%
▌Alice Gaffney (Conservative) 6.7%
New York 11
Edolphus Towns
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Edolphus Towns (Democratic) 89.4%
▌Nathaniel Hendricks (Republican) 8.7%
▌Alfred Hamel (Conservative) 1.9%
New York 12
Major Owens
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Major Owens (Democratic) 91.5%
▌Owen Augustin (Republican) 6.0%
▌Joseph N. O. Caesar (Conservative) 2.5%
New York 13
Stephen Solarz
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Stephen Solarz (Democratic) 82.4%
▌Leon F. Nadrowski (Republican) 14.8%
▌Samuel Roth (Conservative) 2.8%
New York 14
Guy Molinari
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Guy Molinari (Republican) 68.8%
▌Barbara Walla (Democratic) 29.7%
▌Joseph F. Sulley (Liberal) 1.5%
New York 15
Bill Green
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Green (Republican) 58.0%
▌George A. Hirsch (Democratic) 42.0%
New York 16
Charles Rangel
Democratic
1970
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles Rangel (Democratic) 96.4%
▌Michael T. Berns (Conservative) 2.0%
▌William Seraile (New Alliance) 1.6%
New York 17
Ted Weiss
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ted Weiss (Democratic) 85.5%
▌Thomas A. Chorba (Republican) 14.0%
▌James J. Mangia (New Alliance) 0.5%
New York 18
Robert García
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert García (Democratic) 93.5%
▌Melanie Chase (Republican) 5.3%
▌Lorraine Verhoff (Conservative) 1.1%
New York 19
Mario Biaggi
Democratic
1968
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Mario Biaggi (Democratic) 90.2%
▌Alice Farrell (Conservative) 7.1%
▌John J. Barry (Right to Life) 2.7%
New York 20
Joe DioGuardi
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Joe DioGuardi (Republican) 53.9%
▌Bella Abzug (Democratic) 44.6%
▌Florence T. O'Grady (Right to Life) 1.6%
New York 21
Hamilton Fish IV
Republican
1968
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Hamilton Fish IV (Republican) 76.5%
▌Lawrence W. Grunberger (Democratic) 21.2%
▌Karen A. Gormley-Vitale (Right to Life) 2.2%
New York 22
Benjamin A. Gilman
Republican
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Benjamin Gilman (Republican) 69.5%
▌Eleanor F. Burlingham (Democratic) 27.2%
▌Richard Bruno (Right to Life) 3.4%
New York 23
Samuel S. Stratton
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Samuel S. Stratton (Democratic) 96.4%
▌James Joseph Callahan (Socialist Workers) 3.6%
New York 24
Gerald Solomon
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Gerald Solomon (Republican) 70.4%
▌Edward James Bloch (Democratic) 29.6%
New York 25
Sherwood Boehlert
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Sherwood Boehlert (Republican) 69.0%
▌Kevin J. Conway (Democratic) 22.4%
▌Robert S. Barstow (Conservative) 8.6%
New York 26
David O'Brien Martin
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y David O'Brien Martin (Republican) Uncontested
New York 27
George C. Wortley
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y George C. Wortley (Republican) 49.7%
▌Rosemary S. Pooler (Democratic) 49.1%
▌Dennis R. Burns (Right to Life) 1.3%
New York 28
Matthew F. McHugh
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Matthew F. McHugh (Democratic) 68.3%
▌Mark R. Masterson (Republican) 31.7%
New York 29
Frank Horton
Republican
1962
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Frank Horton (Republican) 70.7%
▌James R. Vogel (Democratic) 24.2%
▌Robert C. Byrnes Jr. (Conservative) 3.4%
▌Donald M. Peters (Right to Life) 1.7%
New York 30
Fred J. Eckert
Republican
1984
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Louise Slaughter (Democratic) 51.0%
▌Fred J. Eckert (Republican) 49.0%
New York 31
Jack Kemp
Republican
1970
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jack Kemp (Republican) 57.5%
▌James P. Keane (Democratic) 42.0%
▌Gerald R. Morgan (Liberal) 0.6%
New York 32
John LaFalce
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John LaFalce (Democratic) 91.0%
▌Dean L. Walker (Conservative) 5.7%
▌Anthony J. Murty (Right to Life) 3.4%
New York 33
Henry J. Nowak
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Henry J. Nowak (Democratic) 85.1%
▌Charles A. Walker (Republican) 14.9%
New York 34
Stan Lundine
Democratic
1976
Incumbent retired to run for run for Lieutenant Governor of New York.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Amo Houghton (Republican) 60.1%
▌Larry M. Himelein (Democratic) 39.9%
North Carolina
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina
See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
North Carolina 1
Walter B. Jones Sr.
Democratic
1966
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Walter B. Jones Sr. (Democratic) 69.5%
▌Howard Moye (Republican) 30.5%
North Carolina 2
Tim Valentine
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tim Valentine (Democratic) 74.6%
▌Bud McElhaney (Republican) 25.4%
North Carolina 3
Charles Orville Whitley
Democratic
1976
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Martin Lancaster (Democratic) 64.5%
▌Gerald B. Hurst (Republican) 35.5%
North Carolina 4
Bill Cobey
Republican
1984
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y David Price (Democratic) 55.7%
▌Bill Cobey (Republican) 44.3%
North Carolina 5
Stephen L. Neal
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Stephen L. Neal (Democratic) 54.1%
▌Stuart Epperson (Republican) 45.9%
North Carolina 6
Howard Coble
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Howard Coble (Republican) 50.0%
▌Charles Robin Britt (Democratic) 50.0%
North Carolina 7
Charlie Rose
Democratic
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charlie Rose (Democratic) 64.2%
▌Thomas J. Harrelson (Republican) 35.8%
North Carolina 8
Bill Hefner
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Hefner (Democratic) 57.9%
▌William G. Hamby Jr. (Republican) 42.1%
North Carolina 9
Alex McMillan
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Alex McMillan (Republican) 51.3%
▌D. G. Martin (Democratic) 48.7%
North Carolina 10
Jim Broyhill
Republican
1962
Incumbent resigned when appointed U.S. Senator.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Cass Ballenger (Republican) 57.5%
▌Lester D. Roark (Democratic) 42.5%
North Carolina 11
Bill Hendon
Republican
19801982 (defeated)1984
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y James M. Clarke (Democratic) 50.7%
▌Bill Hendon (Republican) 49.3%
North Dakota
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives election in North Dakota
See also: List of United States representatives from North Dakota
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
North Dakota at-large
Byron Dorgan
Democratic-NPL
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Byron Dorgan (Democratic-NPL) 75.5%
▌Syver Vinje (Republican) 23.4%
▌Gerald W. Kopp (Independent) 1.1%
Ohio
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio
See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Ohio 1
Tom Luken
Democratic
1974 (special)1974 (lost)1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tom Luken (Democratic) 61.7%
▌Fred E. Morr (Republican) 38.3%
Ohio 2
Bill Gradison
Republican
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Gradison (Republican) 70.7%
▌William F. Stineman (Democratic) 29.3%
Ohio 3
Tony P. Hall
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tony P. Hall (Democratic) 73.7%
▌Ron Crutcher (Republican) 26.3%
Ohio 4
Mike Oxley
Republican
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Mike Oxley (Republican) 75.1%
▌Clem T. Cratty (Democratic) 17.1%
▌Raven L. Workman (Independent) 7.8%
Ohio 5
Del Latta
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Del Latta (Republican) 65.0%
▌Tom Murray (Democratic) 35.0%
Ohio 6
Bob McEwen
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob McEwen (Republican) 70.3%
▌Gordon R. Roberts (Democratic) 27.9%
▌Amos Seeley (Independent) 1.9%
Ohio 7
Mike DeWine
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Mike DeWine (Republican) Uncontested
Ohio 8
Tom Kindness
Republican
1974
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Donald "Buz" Lukens (Republican) 68.1%
▌John W. Griffin (Democratic) 31.9%
Ohio 9
Marcy Kaptur
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Marcy Kaptur (Democratic) 77.5%
▌Mike Shufeldt (Republican) 22.5%
Ohio 10
Clarence E. Miller
Republican
1966
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Clarence E. Miller (Republican) 70.4%
▌John M. Buchanan (Democratic) 29.6%
Ohio 11
Dennis E. Eckart
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dennis E. Eckart (Democratic) 72.5%
▌Margaret R. Mueller (Republican) 24.9%
▌Werner J. Lange (Independent) 2.7%
Ohio 12
John Kasich
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Kasich (Republican) 73.4%
▌Timothy C. Jochim (Democratic) 26.6%
Ohio 13
Don Pease
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Don Pease (Democratic) 62.8%
▌William D. Nielsen Jr. (Republican) 37.2%
Ohio 14
John F. Seiberling
Democratic
1970
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Tom Sawyer (Democratic) 53.7%
▌Lynn Slaby (Republican) 46.3%
Ohio 15
Chalmers Wylie
Republican
1966
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Chalmers Wylie (Republican) 63.7%
▌David L. Jackson (Democratic) 36.3%
Ohio 16
Ralph Regula
Republican
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ralph Regula (Republican) 76.3%
▌William J. Kennick (Democratic) 23.7%
Ohio 17
James Traficant
Democratic
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James Traficant (Democratic) 72.3%
▌James H. Fulks (Republican) 27.7%
Ohio 18
Douglas Applegate
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Douglas Applegate (Democratic) Uncontested
Ohio 19
Ed Feighan
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ed Feighan (Democratic) 54.8%
▌Gary C. Suhadolnik (Republican) 45.2%
Ohio 20
Mary Rose Oakar
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Mary Rose Oakar (Democratic) 84.9%
▌Bill Smith (Republican) 15.1%
Ohio 21
Louis Stokes
Democratic
1968
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Louis Stokes (Democratic) 81.6%
▌Franklin H. Roski (Republican) 18.4%
Oklahoma
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Oklahoma
See also: List of United States representatives from Oklahoma
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Oklahoma 1
James R. Jones
Democratic
1972
Incumnent retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Jim Inhofe (Republican) 54.8%
▌Gary D. Allison (Democratic) 42.8%
▌Carl E. McCullough Jr. (Independent) 2.4%
Oklahoma 2
Mike Synar
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Mike Synar (Democratic) 73.3%
▌Gary K. Rice (Republican) 26.7%
Oklahoma 3
Wes Watkins
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Wes Watkins (Democratic) 78.1%
▌Patrick K. Miller (Republican) 21.9%
Oklahoma 4
Dave McCurdy
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dave McCurdy (Democratic) 76.2%
▌Larry Humphreys (Republican) 23.8%
Oklahoma 5
Mickey Edwards
Republican
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Mickey Edwards (Republican) 70.6%
▌Donna Compton (Democratic) 29.4%
Oklahoma 6
Glenn English
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Glenn English (Democratic) Uncontested
Oregon
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon
See also: List of United States representatives from Oregon
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Oregon 1
Les AuCoin
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Les AuCoin (Democratic) 61.7%
▌Anthony Meeker (Republican) 38.3%
Oregon 2
Bob Smith
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob Smith (Republican) 60.2%
▌Larry Tuttle (Democratic) 39.8%
Oregon 3
Ron Wyden
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ron Wyden (Democratic) 86.0%
▌Thomas H. Phelan (Republican) 14.0%
Oregon 4
Jim Weaver
Democratic
1974
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Peter DeFazio (Democratic) 54.1%
▌Bruce Long (Republican) 45.9%
Oregon 5
Denny Smith
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Denny Smith (Republican) 60.5%
▌Barbara Ross (Democratic) 39.5%
Pennsylvania
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania
See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Pennsylvania 1
Thomas M. Foglietta
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Thomas M. Foglietta (Democratic) 74.7%
▌Anthony J. Mucciolo (Republican) 25.3%
Pennsylvania 2
William H. Gray III
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William H. Gray III (Democratic) 98.4%
▌Linda R. Ragin (New Alliance) 1.6%
Pennsylvania 3
Robert Borski
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert A. Borski Jr. (Democratic) 61.8%
▌Robert A. Rovner (Republican) 38.2%
Pennsylvania 4
Joseph P. Kolter
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Joseph P. Kolter (Democratic) 60.4%
▌Al Lindsay (Republican) 38.7%
▌Emily C. Fair (Populist) 0.9%
Pennsylvania 5
Dick Schulze
Republican
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dick Schulze (Republican) 65.7%
▌Tim Ringgold (Democratic) 34.3%
Pennsylvania 6
Gus Yatron
Democratic
1968
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Gus Yatron (Democratic) 69.1%
▌Norm Bertasavage (Republican) 30.9%
Pennsylvania 7
Robert W. Edgar
Democratic
1974
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Curt Weldon (Republican) 61.3%
▌Bill Spingler (Democratic) 38.7%
Pennsylvania 8
Peter H. Kostmayer
Democratic
19761980 (defeated)1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Peter H. Kostmayer (Democratic) 55.0%
▌David A. Christian (Republican) 45.0%
Pennsylvania 9
Bud Shuster
Republican
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bud Shuster (Republican) Uncontested
Pennsylvania 10
Joseph M. McDade
Republican
1962
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Joseph M. McDade (Republican) 74.7%
▌Robert C. Bolus (Democratic) 25.3%
Pennsylvania 11
Paul Kanjorski
Democratic
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Paul Kanjorski (Democratic) 70.6%
▌Marc Holtzman (Republican) 29.4%
Pennsylvania 12
John Murtha
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Murtha (Democratic) 67.4%
▌Kathy Holtzman (Republican) 32.6%
Pennsylvania 13
Lawrence Coughlin
Republican
1968
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Lawrence Coughlin (Republican) 58.5%
▌Joe Hoeffel (Democratic) 41.5%
Pennsylvania 14
William J. Coyne
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William J. Coyne (Democratic) 89.6%
▌Richard Edward Caligiuri (Libertarian) 5.2%
▌Mark Weddleton (Socialist Workers) 2.7%
▌Thomas R. McIntyre (Populist) 1.3%
▌Phyllis Gray (Workers League) 1.3%
Pennsylvania 15
Donald L. Ritter
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Donald L. Ritter (Republican) 56.8%
▌Joe Simonetta (Democratic) 43.2%
Pennsylvania 16
Bob Walker
Republican
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob Walker (Republican) 74.6%
▌James Hagelgans (Democratic) 25.4%
Pennsylvania 17
George Gekas
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y George Gekas (Republican) 73.6%
▌Michael S. Ogden (Democratic) 26.4%
Pennsylvania 18
Doug Walgren
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Doug Walgren (Democratic) 63.0%
▌Ernie Buckman (Republican) 37.0%
Pennsylvania 19
Bill Goodling
Republican
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Goodling (Republican) 72.9%
▌Richard F. Thornton (Democratic) 27.1%
Pennsylvania 20
Joseph M. Gaydos
Democratic
1968
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Joseph M. Gaydos (Democratic) 98.5%
▌Alden W. Vedder (Workers League) 1.5%
Pennsylvania 21
Tom Ridge
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tom Ridge (Republican) 80.9%
▌Joylyn Blackwell (Democratic) 19.1%
Pennsylvania 22
Austin Murphy
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Austin Murphy (Democratic) Uncontested
Pennsylvania 23
William Clinger
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William Clinger (Republican) 55.5%
▌Bill Wachob (Democratic) 44.5%
Rhode Island
See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Rhode Island 1
Fernand St Germain
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Fernand St Germain (Democratic) 68.5%
▌John A. Holmes Jr. (Republican) 31.5%
Rhode Island 2
Claudine Schneider
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Claudine Schneider (Republican) 67.6%
▌Donald J. Ferry (Democratic) 32.4%
South Carolina
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
South Carolina 1
Thomas F. Hartnett
Republican
1980
Incumbent retired to run for Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Arthur Ravenel Jr. (Republican) 52.0%
▌Jimmy Stuckey (Democratic) 48.0%
South Carolina 2
Floyd Spence
Republican
1970
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Floyd Spence (Republican) 53.6%
▌Fred Zeigler (Democratic) 46.4%
South Carolina 3
Butler Derrick
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Butler Derrick (Democratic) 68.4%
▌Richard Dickison (Republican) 31.6%
South Carolina 4
Carroll A. Campbell Jr.
Republican
1978
Incumbent retired to run for Governor of South Carolina.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Liz J. Patterson (Democratic) 51.4%
▌Bill Workman (Republican) 47.3%
▌Bob Wilson (American) 1.3%
South Carolina 5
John Spratt
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Spratt (Democratic) Uncontested
South Carolina 6
Robin Tallon
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robin Tallon (Democratic) 75.5%
▌Robbie Cunningham (Republican) 24.5%
South Dakota
See also: List of United States representatives from South Dakota
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
South Dakota at-large
Tom Daschle
Democratic
1978
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Tim Johnson (Democratic) 59.2%
▌Dale Bell (Republican) 40.8%
Tennessee
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee
See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Tennessee 1
Jimmy Quillen
Republican
1962
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jimmy Quillen (Republican) 68.9%
▌John B. Russell (Democratic) 31.1%
Tennessee 2
John Duncan Sr.
Republican
1964
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Duncan Sr. (Republican) 76.2%
▌John F. Bowen (Democratic) 23.8%
Tennessee 3
Marilyn Lloyd
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Marilyn Lloyd (Democratic) 53.9%
▌Jim Golden (Republican) 46.1%
Tennessee 4
Jim Cooper
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Cooper (Democratic) 100%
Tennessee 5
Bill Boner
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Boner (Democratic) 57.9%
▌Terry Holcomb (Republican) 39.9%
▌Charlie Daniels (Independent) 1.4%
Others
▌Russell Hancock (Independent) 0.4%
▌Kenneth W. Bloodworth (Independent) 0.4%
Tennessee 6
Bart Gordon
Democratic
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bart Gordon (Democratic) 76.8%
▌Fred Vail (Republican) 23.2%
Tennessee 7
Don Sundquist
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Don Sundquist (Republican) 72.3%
▌M. Lloyd Hiler (Democratic) 27.7%
Tennessee 8
Ed Jones
Democratic
1969 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ed Jones (Democratic) 80.4%
▌Dan H. Campbell (Republican) 19.6%
Tennessee 9
Harold Ford Sr.
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Harold Ford Sr. (Democratic) 83.7%
▌Isaac Richmond (Independent) 16.3%
Texas
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas
See also: List of United States representatives from Texas
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Texas 1
Jim Chapman
Democratic
1985 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Chapman (Democratic) Uncontested
Texas 2
Charles Wilson
Democratic
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles Wilson (Democratic) 56.8%
▌Julian Gordon (Republican) 40.5%
▌Sam I. Paradice (Independent) 2.8%
Texas 3
Steve Bartlett
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Steve Bartlett (Republican) 94.1%
▌Brent Barnes (Independent) 4.1%
▌Don Gough (Libertarian) 1.8%
Texas 4
Ralph Hall
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ralph Hall (Democratic) 71.7%
▌Thomas Blow (Republican) 28.3%
Texas 5
John Bryant
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Bryant (Democratic) 58.5%
▌Tom Carter (Republican) 40.7%
▌Bob Brewer (Libertarian) 0.8%
Texas 6
Joe Barton
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Joe Barton (Republican) 55.8%
▌Pete Geren (Democratic) 44.2%
Texas 7
Bill Archer
Republican
1970
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Archer (Republican) 87.4%
▌Harry Kniffen (Democratic) 11.9%
▌Roger Plail (Libertarian) 0.7%
Texas 8
Jack Fields
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jack Fields (Republican) 68.4%
▌Blaine Mann (Democratic) 31.6%
Texas 9
Jack Brooks
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jack Brooks (Democratic) 61.5%
▌Lisa D. Duperier (Republican) 38.5%
Texas 10
J. J. Pickle
Democratic
1963 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y J. J. Pickle (Democratic) 72.3%
▌Carole Keeton Rylander (Republican) 27.7%
Texas 11
Marvin Leath
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Marvin Leath (Democratic) Uncontested
Texas 12
Jim Wright
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Wright (Democratic) 68.7%
▌Don McNeil (Republican) 31.3%
Texas 13
Beau Boulter
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Beau Boulter (Republican) 64.9%
▌Doug Seal (Democratic) 35.1%
Texas 14
Mac Sweeney
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Mac Sweeney (Republican) 52.3%
▌Greg Laughlin (Democratic) 47.7%
Texas 15
Kika de la Garza
Democratic
1964
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Kika de la Garza (Democratic) Uncontested
Texas 16
Ron Coleman
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ron Coleman (Democratic) 65.7%
▌Roy Gillia (Republican) 34.3%
Texas 17
Charles Stenholm
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles Stenholm (Democratic) Uncontested
Texas 18
Mickey Leland
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Mickey Leland (Democratic) 90.2%
▌Joanne Kuniansky (Independent) 9.8%
Texas 19
Larry Combest
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Larry Combest (Republican) 62.0%
▌Gerald McCathern (Democratic) 38.0%
Texas 20
Henry B. González
Democratic
1961 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Henry B. González (Democratic) Uncontested
Texas 21
Tom Loeffler
Republican
1978
Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Texas.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Lamar S. Smith (Republican) 60.6%
▌Pete Snelson (Democratic) 38.5%
▌Jim Robinson (Libertarian) 0.9%
Texas 22
Tom DeLay
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tom DeLay (Republican) 71.8%
▌Susan Director (Democratic) 28.2%
Texas 23
Albert Bustamante
Democratic
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Albert Bustamante (Democratic) 90.7%
▌Ken Hendrix (Libertarian) 9.3%
Texas 24
Martin Frost
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Martin Frost (Democratic) 67.2%
▌Bob Burk (Republican) 32.8%
Texas 25
Mike Andrews
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Mike Andrews (Democratic) Uncontested
Texas 26
Dick Armey
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dick Armey (Republican) 68.1%
▌George Richardson (Democratic) 31.9%
Texas 27
Solomon Ortiz
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Solomon Ortiz (Democratic) Uncontested
Utah
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Utah
See also: List of United States representatives from Utah
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Utah 1
Jim Hansen
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Hansen (Republican) 51.6%
▌K. Gunn McKay (Democratic) 48.4%
Utah 2
David Smith Monson
Republican
1984
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Wayne Owens (Democratic) 55.2%
▌M. Tom Shimizu (Republican) 43.7%
Others
▌Stephen Carmichael Carr (Libertarian) 0.9%
▌Scott Alan Breen (Socialist Workers) 0.1%
Utah 3
Howard C. Nielson
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Howard C. Nielson (Republican) 66.6%
▌Dale F. Gardiner (Democratic) 32.7%
▌David P. Hurst (Socialist Workers) 0.7%
Vermont
See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Vermont at-large
Jim Jeffords
Republican
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Jeffords (Republican) 89.2%
▌John T. McNulty (Pro-Life) 3.9%
▌Peter Diamondstone (Liberty Union) 3.7%
▌Morris Earle (Independent) 3.1%
Virginia
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Virginia 1
Herb Bateman
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Herb Bateman (Republican) 56.0%
▌Bobby Scott (Democratic) 44.0%
Virginia 2
G. William Whitehurst
Republican
1968
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Owen B. Pickett (Democratic) 49.5%
▌A. Joe Canada Jr. (Republican) 41.9%
▌Stephen P. Shao (Independent) 8.6%
Virginia 3
Thomas J. Bliley Jr.
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Thomas J. Bliley Jr. (Republican) 67.0%
▌Kenneth E. Powell (Democratic) 29.7%
▌J. Stephen Hodges (Independent) 3.3%
Virginia 4
Norman Sisisky
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Norman Sisisky (Democratic) 99.8%
Virginia 5
Dan Daniel
Democratic
1968
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dan Daniel (Democratic) 81.5%
▌Frank Cole (Independent) 18.5%
Virginia 6
Jim Olin
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Olin (Democratic) 69.9%
▌Flo Neher Traywick (Republican) 30.1%
Virginia 7
D. French Slaughter Jr.
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y D. French Slaughter Jr. (Republican) 98.3%
Virginia 8
Stanford Parris
Republican
19721974 (lost)1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Stanford Parris (Republican) 61.8%
▌James Boren (Democratic) 38.2%
Virginia 9
Rick Boucher
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Rick Boucher (Democratic) 99.0%
Virginia 10
Frank Wolf
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Frank Wolf (Republican) 60.2%
▌John G. Milliken (Democratic) 39.8%
Washington
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Washington
See also: List of United States representatives from Washington
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Washington 1
John Miller
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Miller (Republican) 51.4%
▌Reese M. Lindquist (Democratic) 48.6%
Washington 2
Al Swift
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Al Swift (Democratic) 72.2%
▌Thomas S. Talman (Republican) 27.8%
Washington 3
Don Bonker
Democratic
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Don Bonker (Democratic) 73.6%
▌Joseph R. Illing (Republican) 26.4%
Washington 4
Sid Morrison
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Sid Morrison (Republican) 72.1%
▌Robert Goedecke (Democratic) 27.9%
Washington 5
Tom Foley
Democratic
1964
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tom Foley (Democratic) 74.7%
▌Floyd Lee Wakefield (Republican) 25.3%
Washington 6
Norm Dicks
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Norm Dicks (Democratic) 71.2%
▌Kenneth W. Braaten (Republican) 28.8%
Washington 7
Mike Lowry
Democratic
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Mike Lowry (Democratic) 72.6%
▌Don McDonald (Republican) 27.4%
Washington 8
Rod Chandler
Republican
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Rod Chandler (Republican) 65.2%
▌David E. Giles (Democratic) 34.8%
West Virginia
See also: List of United States representatives from West Virginia and 1996 United States Senate election in West Virginia
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
West Virginia 1
Alan Mollohan
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Alan Mollohan (Democratic) Uncontested
West Virginia 2
Harley O. Staggers Jr.
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Harley O. Staggers Jr. (Democratic) 69.5%
▌Michele Golden (Republican) 30.5%
West Virginia 3
Bob Wise
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob Wise (Democratic) 64.9%
▌Tim Sharp (Republican) 35.1%
West Virginia 4
Nick Rahall
Democratic
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Nick Rahall (Democratic) 71.3%
▌Martin Miller Sr. (Republican) 28.7%
Wisconsin
See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin
District
Incumbent
This race
Member
Party
First elected
Results
Candidates
Wisconsin 1
Les Aspin
Democratic
1970
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Les Aspin (Democratic) 74.3%
▌Iris Peterson (Republican) 24.1%
▌John Graf (Labor) 1.6%
Wisconsin 2
Robert Kastenmeier
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert Kastenmeier (Democratic) 55.5%
▌Ann J. Haney (Republican) 44.2%
▌Syed Ameen (Independent) 0.2%
Wisconsin 3
Steve Gunderson
Republican
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Steve Gunderson (Republican) 64.1%
▌Leland E. Mulder (Democratic) 35.9%
Wisconsin 4
Jerry Kleczka
Democratic
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jerry Kleczka (Democratic) 99.6%
Wisconsin 5
Jim Moody
Democratic
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Moody (Democratic) 99.0%
Wisconsin 6
Tom Petri
Republican
1979 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tom Petri (Republican) 96.7%
▌John R. Daggett (Independent) 3.3%
Wisconsin 7
Dave Obey
Democratic
1969 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dave Obey (Democratic) 62.1%
▌Kevin J. Hermening (Republican) 36.9%
▌Joseph D. Damrell (Labor) 0.9%
Wisconsin 8
Toby Roth
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Toby Roth (Republican) 67.4%
▌Paul Willems (Democratic) 32.6%
Wisconsin 9
Jim Sensenbrenner
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Sensenbrenner (Republican) 78.2%
▌Thomas G. Popp (Democratic) 21.8%
Wyoming
Main article: 1986 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming
See also: List of United States representatives from Wyoming
District
Incumbent
Party
Firstelected
Result
Candidates
Wyoming at-large
Dick Cheney
Republican
1978
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dick Cheney (Republican) 69.5%
▌Rick Gilmore (Democratic) 30.5%
Non-voting delegates
Main articles: 1986 United States House of Representatives election in American Samoa, 1986 United States House of Representatives election in the District of Columbia, and 1986 United States House of Representatives election in the United States Virgin Islands
See also: List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from American Samoa, List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from the District of Columbia, List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from Guam, and List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from the United States Virgin Islands
District
Incumbent
This race
Delegate
Party
First elected
Results
Candidates
American Samoa at-large
Fofō Iosefa Fiti Sunia
Democratic
1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Fofō Iosefa Fiti Sunia (Democratic) 55.5%
▌Soli Aumoeualogo (Republican) 44.5%
District of Columbia at-large
Walter Fauntroy
Democratic
1970
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Walter Fauntroy (Democratic) 80.1%
▌Mary L. H. King (Republican) 13.9%
▌Julie McCall (Statehood) 4.8%
Guam at-large
Ben Blaz
Republican
1984
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ben Blaz (Republican) 63.9%
▌Frank Torres (Democratic) 34.9%
U.S. Virgin Islands at-large
Ron de Lugo
Democratic
19721978 (retired)1980
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ron de Lugo (Democratic) 94.7%
See also
1986 United States elections
1986 United States gubernatorial elections
1986 United States Senate elections
99th United States Congress
100th United States Congress
Notes
^ Stump was originally elected as a Democrat. He switched parties in 1982 and was re-elected as such that year.
^ Carney was elected as a Conservative who was nominated by the New York Republican Party and switched to the latter in October 1985.
References
^ "FEDERAL ELECTIONS 86" (PDF). fec.gov. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
External links
Clerk of the House's election data
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Washington, DC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"100th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1986"}],"text":"The 1986 United States House of Representatives elections was held on November 4, 1986, to elect U.S. Representatives to serve in the 100th United States Congress. They occurred in the middle of President Ronald Reagan's second term in office, while he was still relatively popular with the American public. As in most mid-term elections, the president's party — in this case, the Republican Party — lost seats, with the Democratic Party gaining a net of five seats and cementing its majority. These results were not as dramatic as those in the Senate, where the Republicans lost control of the chamber to the Democrats.","title":"1986 United States House of Representatives elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/Election-Statistics/"}],"text":"Source: Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk","title":"Overall results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections&action=edit§ion=3"},{"link_name":"Alabama 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Richard Shelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Shelby"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Colorado 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Tim Wirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wirth"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Florida 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Don Fuqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Fuqua"},{"link_name":"Georgia 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Wyche Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyche_Fowler"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Iowa 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Berkley Bedell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley_Bedell"},{"link_name":"Louisiana 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John Breaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Breaux"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Catherine Small Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Small_Long"},{"link_name":"Maryland 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Barbara Mikulski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Parren Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parren_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Maryland 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Michael D. Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Barnes"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Tip O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Nevada 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Harry Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Reid"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"New York 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_34th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Stan Lundine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lundine"},{"link_name":"run for Lieutenant Governor of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_New_York_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"North Carolina 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Charles Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Whitley"},{"link_name":"Ohio 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s_14th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John F. Seiberling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Seiberling"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"James R. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Jones"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oregon 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Jim Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Weaver_(Oregon_politician)"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Bob Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Edgar"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"South Dakota at-large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Tom Daschle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Daschle"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"Arizona 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Eldon Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldon_Rudd"},{"link_name":"California 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Eugene A. Chappie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_A._Chappie"},{"link_name":"California 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_12th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Ed Zschau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Zschau"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_California"},{"link_name":"California 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_21st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Bobbi Fiedler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbi_Fiedler"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Ken Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kramer"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Illinois 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"George M. O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Illinois 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_14th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John E. Grotberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Grotberg"},{"link_name":"Indiana 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Elwood Hillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood_Hillis"},{"link_name":"Iowa 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"T. Cooper Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Cooper_Evans"},{"link_name":"Kentucky 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Gene Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Snyder"},{"link_name":"Louisiana 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Henson Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henson_Moore"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Maine 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John R. McKernan Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._McKernan_Jr."},{"link_name":"run for Governor of Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Maine_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Maryland 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Holt"},{"link_name":"New York 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William Carney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carney_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Ohio 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Tom Kindness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kindness"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"South Carolina 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Thomas F. Hartnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Hartnett"},{"link_name":"run for Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"South Carolina 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Carroll A. Campbell Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr."},{"link_name":"run for Governor of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Texas 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_21st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Tom Loeffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Loeffler"},{"link_name":"run for Governor of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Texas_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Utah 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"David Smith Monson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Smith_Monson"},{"link_name":"Virginia 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"G. William Whitehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._William_Whitehurst"}],"text":"Forty incumbents retired.Democrats[edit]\nNineteen incumbent Democrats retired.\n\nAlabama 7: Richard Shelby: To run for U.S. senator\nColorado 2: Tim Wirth: To run for U.S. senator\nFlorida 2: Don Fuqua\nGeorgia 5: Wyche Fowler: To run for U.S. senator\nIowa 6: Berkley Bedell\nLouisiana 7: John Breaux: To run for U.S. senator\nLouisiana 8: Catherine Small Long\nMaryland 3: Barbara Mikulski: To run for U.S. senator\nMaryland 7: Parren Mitchell\nMaryland 8: Michael D. Barnes: To run for U.S. senator\nMassachusetts 8: Tip O'Neill\nNevada 1: Harry Reid: To run for U.S. senator\nNew York 34: Stan Lundine: To run for Lieutenant Governor of New York\nNorth Carolina 3: Charles Whitley\nOhio 14: John F. Seiberling\nOklahoma 1: James R. Jones: To run for U.S. senator\nOregon 4: Jim Weaver: To run for U.S. senator\nPennsylvania 7: Bob Edgar: To run for U.S. senator\nSouth Dakota at-large: Tom Daschle: To run for U.S. senator\n\n\nRepublicans[edit]\nTwenty-one incumbent Republicans retired.\n\nArizona 1: John McCain: To run for U.S. senator\nArizona 4: Eldon Rudd\nCalifornia 2: Eugene A. Chappie\nCalifornia 12: Ed Zschau: To run for U.S. senator\nCalifornia 21: Bobbi Fiedler: To run for U.S. senator\nColorado 5: Ken Kramer: To run for U.S. senator\nIllinois 4: George M. O'Brien\nIllinois 14: John E. Grotberg\nIndiana 5: Elwood Hillis\nIowa 3: T. Cooper Evans\nKentucky 4: Gene Snyder\nLouisiana 6: Henson Moore: To run for U.S. senator\nMaine 1: John R. McKernan Jr.: To run for Governor of Maine\nMaryland 4: Marjorie Holt\nNew York 1: William Carney\nOhio 8: Tom Kindness: To run for U.S. senator\nSouth Carolina 1: Thomas F. Hartnett: To run for Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina\nSouth Carolina 4: Carroll A. Campbell Jr.: To run for Governor of South Carolina\nTexas 21: Tom Loeffler: To run for Governor of Texas\nUtah 2: David Smith Monson\nVirginia 2: G. William Whitehurst","title":"Retiring incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"}],"text":"See also: List of special elections to the United States House of RepresentativesSorted by election date","title":"Special elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alabama"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama","title":"Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alaska"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Alaska","title":"Alaska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arizona"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Arizona","title":"Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arkansas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas","title":"Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from California","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Colorado"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Colorado","title":"Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Connecticut"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut","title":"Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Delaware"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware","title":"Delaware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Florida"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Florida","title":"Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia","title":"Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Hawaii"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Hawaii","title":"Hawaii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Idaho"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Idaho","title":"Idaho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois","title":"Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Indiana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Iowa"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa","title":"Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kansas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Kansas","title":"Kansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kentucky"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky","title":"Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Louisiana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana","title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maine"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Maine","title":"Maine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland","title":"Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts","title":"Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan","title":"Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Minnesota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Minnesota","title":"Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Mississippi"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi","title":"Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri","title":"Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Montana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Montana","title":"Montana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Nebraska"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Nebraska","title":"Nebraska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Nevada"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Nevada","title":"Nevada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Hampshire"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire","title":"New Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Jersey"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey","title":"New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Mexico"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New Mexico","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New York","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Dakota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from North Dakota","title":"North Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Ohio"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio","title":"Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Oklahoma"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Oklahoma","title":"Oklahoma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Oregon"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Oregon","title":"Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania","title":"Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Rhode_Island"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island","title":"Rhode Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina","title":"South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Dakota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from South Dakota","title":"South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee","title":"Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Texas","title":"Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Utah"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Utah","title":"Utah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont","title":"Vermont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Washington"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Washington","title":"Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"1996 United States Senate election in West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_West_Virginia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from West Virginia and 1996 United States Senate election in West Virginia","title":"West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin","title":"Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wyoming"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Wyoming","title":"Wyoming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Delegates_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from the District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Delegates_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Delegates_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_Guam"},{"link_name":"List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from the United States Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Delegates_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands"}],"text":"See also: List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from American Samoa, List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from the District of Columbia, List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from Guam, and List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from the United States Virgin Islands","title":"Non-voting delegates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ Stump was originally elected as a Democrat. He switched parties in 1982 and was re-elected as such that year.\n\n^ Carney was elected as a Conservative who was nominated by the New York Republican Party and switched to the latter in October 1985.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":" House seats by party holding plurality in state 80%+ to 100% Democratic 80%+ to 100% Republican 60%+ to 80% Democratic 60%+ to 80% Republican up to 60% Democratic up to 60% Republican ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/100_us_house_membership.png/400px-100_us_house_membership.png"},{"image_text":" Change in House seats by party 6+ Democratic gain 6+ Republican gain 3 to 5 Democratic gain 3 to 5 Republican gain 1 to 2 Democratic gain 1 to 2 Republican gain no net change ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/100_us_house_changes.png/400px-100_us_house_changes.png"}] | [{"title":"1986 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_elections"},{"title":"1986 United States gubernatorial elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_gubernatorial_elections"},{"title":"1986 United States Senate elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"title":"99th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99th_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"100th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th_United_States_Congress"}] | [{"reference":"\"FEDERAL ELECTIONS 86\" (PDF). fec.gov. Retrieved 2 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections86.pdf","url_text":"\"FEDERAL ELECTIONS 86\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221986+United+States+House+of+Representatives+elections%22","external_links_name":"\"1986 United States House of Representatives elections\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221986+United+States+House+of+Representatives+elections%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221986+United+States+House+of+Representatives+elections%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221986+United+States+House+of+Representatives+elections%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221986+United+States+House+of+Representatives+elections%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221986+United+States+House+of+Representatives+elections%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/Election-Statistics/","external_links_name":"Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk"},{"Link":"https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections86.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FEDERAL ELECTIONS 86\""},{"Link":"http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1986election.pdf","external_links_name":"Clerk of the House's election data"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%27Veon_Smith | De'Veon Smith | ["1 Early years","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 Miami Dolphins","3.2 Washington Redskins","3.3 Orlando Apollos","3.4 Tampa Bay Vipers","3.5 TSL Aviators","3.6 BC Lions","3.7 Pittsburgh Maulers","3.8 Arlington Renegades","4 References","5 External links"] | American football player (born 1994)
American football player
De'Veon SmithSmith in 2014No. 2 – Arlington RenegadesPosition:Running backPersonal informationBorn: (1994-11-08) November 8, 1994 (age 29)Warren, Ohio, U.S.Height:5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Weight:221 lb (100 kg)Career informationHigh school:Howland (Warren, Ohio)College:Michigan (2013–2016)Undrafted:2017Career history
Miami Dolphins (2017)
Washington Redskins (2018)*
Orlando Apollos (2019)
Tampa Bay Vipers (2020)
BC Lions (2021)*
Pittsburgh Maulers (2022)*
Arlington Renegades (2023–present)
* Offseason and/or practice squad member only
Roster status:ActiveCareer highlights and awards
XFL champion (2023)
XFL rushing yards leader (2020)
Career NFL statisticsReceptions:3Receiving yards:27Player stats at PFR
De'Veon Le'trell Smith (born November 8, 1994) is an American football running back for the Arlington Renegades of the United Football League (UFL). He played college football at Michigan, and was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Miami Dolphins in 2017. He played for the Orlando Apollos of the Alliance of American Football (AAF) and Tampa Bay Vipers of the XFL.
Early years
Smith was born in 1994. He attended Howland High School in Warren, Ohio. He set the career rushing record for Trumbull County, Ohio, with 6,750 rushing yards at Howland High School. He was a finalist for Ohio's "Mr. Football" award.
College career
In March 2012, prior to his senior year in high school, Smith announced that he had committed to play college football for the University of Michigan. He also received collegiate offers from Bowling Green, Indiana, Ohio State, Penn State, Purdue, and West Virginia. As a freshman in 2013, Smith appeared in twelve games and had twenty-six carries for 117 yards.
As a sophomore in 2014, Smith led Michigan with 519 rushing yards on 108 carries. In the opening game of the 2014 season, Smith carried the ball eight times for 115 yards. He also scored two touchdowns and had a run of sixty-one yards. Derrick Green also rushed for 170 yards in the game, as Smith and Green became the first pair of Michigan running backs to rush for over 100 yards in the same game since 2007.
During the 2015 season, Smith was again Michigan's leading rusher with 753 yards and six touchdowns on 180 carries.
Through the first eleven games of the 2016 season, Smith led Michigan with 750 rushing yards and ten touchdowns on 144 carries. On November 19, 2016, he rushed for a career-high 158 yards and two touchdowns against Indiana.
Professional career
Pre-draft measurables
Height
Weight
Arm length
Hand span
40-yard dash
10-yard split
20-yard split
20-yard shuttle
Three-cone drill
Vertical jump
Broad jump
Bench press
5 ft 10+7⁄8 in(1.80 m)
223 lb(101 kg)
29+1⁄2 in(0.75 m)
9 in(0.23 m)
4.85 s
1.73 s
2.77 s
4.45 s
7.00 s
29 in(0.74 m)
9 ft 0 in(2.74 m)
22 reps
All values from NFL Combine/Pro Day
Miami Dolphins
Smith signed with the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent on May 5, 2017. He was waived on September 2, 2017, and was signed to the Dolphins' practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on November 18, 2017. He was waived by the Dolphins two days later and re-signed to the practice squad. He was promoted back to the active roster on November 29, 2017.
Washington Redskins
Smith signed with the Washington Redskins on August 20, 2018. On September 1, 2018, he was waived for final roster cuts before the start of the 2018 season.
Orlando Apollos
On August 17, 2018, Smith signed with the Orlando Apollos of the Alliance of American Football for the 2019 AAF season. The league ceased operations in April 2019.
Tampa Bay Vipers
Smith was drafted in the 3rd round in the 2020 XFL Draft by the Tampa Bay Vipers. He had his contract terminated when the league suspended operations on April 10, 2020.
TSL Aviators
Smith signed with the Aviators of The Spring League on October 17, 2020.
BC Lions
Smith signed with the BC Lions of the CFL on December 15, 2020. He was released on March 19, 2021.
Pittsburgh Maulers
Smith was drafted in the 2022 USFL draft by the Pittsburgh Maulers, but was cut from the team before the season by Kirby Wilson for requesting pizza that a staffer had brought into the cafeteria at meal time, instead of the chicken salad cafeteria food as Smith said he didn’t like chicken salad. The decision by Wilson was harshly criticized by many across social media.
Arlington Renegades
The Arlington Renegades selected Smith in the eighth round of the 2023 XFL Supplemental Draft on January 1, 2023. He re-signed with the team on January 29, 2024.
References
^ a b c d "De'Veon Smith". MGoBlue.com. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
^ Mike McLain (September 15, 2012). "The Smith Show: Senior running back leads Tigers to win". Tribune Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014.
^ Steve Ruman (August 27, 2012). "Howland's Smith could break county mark". Tribune Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014.
^ "Trumbull County High School Football Player of the Year". WFMJ.com. December 13, 2012.
^ Tim Cleveland (March 20, 2012). "Howland's Michigan Man: De'Veon Smith verbalizes college choice". Tribune Chronicle.
^ "Michigan Football Statistics (12-game Totals)". Mgoblue.com. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
^ "Appalachian St 14, Michigan 52". ESPN.com. August 30, 2014.
^ Brendan F. Quinn (August 30, 2014). "Michigan's season opener produces two 100-yard rushing performances for first time since 2007". Mlive.com.
^ "2015 Michigan Football: Michigan Overall Team Statistics (as of Jan 01, 2016) All games" (PDF). University of Michigan. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
^ "2016 Michigan Football Statistics (11-game Totals)". Mgoblue.com. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
^ Angelique S. Chengelis (November 19, 2016). "Smith powers Michigan, setting up huge OSU game". The Detroit News.
^ "De'Veon Smith Combine Profile". NFL.com. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
^ "PRESS RELEASE: Dolphins Sign 14 Undrafted College Free Agents". MiamiDolphins.com. May 5, 2017. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018.
^ "Dolphins Make Roster Moves". MiamiDolphins.com. September 2, 2017. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018.
^ "Dolphins Sign 8 To Practice Squad". MiamiDolphins.com. September 3, 2017. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017.
^ Butler, Alex (November 18, 2017). "De'Veon Smith: Miami Dolphins promote RB, waive Rey Maualuga". UPI. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
^ "Miami Dolphins Make Roster Moves". MiamiDolphins.com. November 20, 2017. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017.
^ "Dolphins Make Roster Moves". MiamiDolphins.com. November 29, 2017. Archived from the original on April 9, 2018.
^ Kring-Schreifels, Jake. "Redskins Sign Running Back Adrian Peterson". Redskins.com. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
^ "9/1: Redskins Make Roster Moves". Redskins.com. September 1, 2018. Archived from the original on September 2, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
^ "Latest list of Alliance San Antonio players". 210 Football. August 17, 2018. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ "Orlando Apollos Set Final Roster". Our Sports Central. January 30, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ Rothstein, Michael; Wickersham, Seth (June 13, 2019). "Inside the short, unhappy life of the Alliance of American Football". ESPN.com. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
^ Bender, Bill (October 21, 2019). "XFL Draft picks 2019: Complete results, rosters, players for new football league". Sporting News. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
^ Condotta, Bob (April 10, 2020). "XFL suspends operations, terminates all employees, but Jim Zorn says he has hopes league will continue". SeattleTimes.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
^ @TheSpringLeague (October 17, 2020). "Some new faces at #TSL2020 for the Aviators" (Tweet). Retrieved November 3, 2020 – via Twitter.
^ Baker, Matt (December 15, 2020). "Lions Re-Sign Canadian Quartet For 2021". BCLions.com. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
^ "2021 CFL Transactions". CFL.ca. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
^ Kerr, Jeff (April 18, 2022). "USFL player cut by Pittsburgh Maulers over wanting pizza instead of chicken salad in team hotel". CBS Sports. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
^ "Supplemental Draft Picks 2023". XFL.com. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
^ @UFL_PR (January 30, 2024). "The United Football League has announced the following transactions" (Tweet). Retrieved January 29, 2024 – via Twitter.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to De'Veon Smith.
Michigan Wolverines football bio Archived June 22, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
vteMichigan Wolverines rushing leaders
Tom Harmon (1938–1940)
Bob Westfall (1941)
Bob Wiese (1942)
Bill Daley (1943)
Bob Nussbaumer (1944)
Wally Teninga (1945)
Bob Chappuis (1946)
Jack Weisenburger (1947)
Tom Peterson (1948)
Don Dufek (1949–1950)
Don Peterson (1951)
Ted Kress (1952)
Tony Branoff (1953, 1955)
Fred Baer (1954)
Jim Pace (1956–1957)
Darrell Harper (1958)
Fred Julian (1959)
Bennie McRae (1960)
Dave Raimey (1961–1962)
Mel Anthony (1963–1964)
Carl Ward (1965)
Dave Fisher (1966)
Ron Johnson (1967–1968)
Billy Taylor (1969–1971)
Ed Shuttlesworth (1972–1973)
Gordon Bell (1974–1975)
Rob Lytle (1976)
Russell Davis (1977)
Harlan Huckleby (1978)
Butch Woolfolk (1979–1981)
Lawrence Ricks (1982)
Rick Rogers (1983)
Jamie Morris (1984–1987)
Tony Boles (1988–1989)
Jon Vaughn (1990)
Ricky Powers (1991)
Tyrone Wheatley (1992–1994)
Tim Biakabutuka (1995)
Clarence Williams (1996)
Chris Howard (1997)
Anthony Thomas (1998–2000)
B. J. Askew (2001)
Chris Perry (2002–2003)
Mike Hart (2004–2007)
Brandon Minor (2008–2009)
Denard Robinson (2010–2012)
Fitzgerald Toussaint (2013)
De'Veon Smith (2014–2016)
Karan Higdon (2017–2018)
Zach Charbonnet (2019)
Hassan Haskins (2020–2021)
Blake Corum (2022–2023)
vteArlington Renegades 2023 XFL champions
0 Marquette King
1 Taylor Russolino
2 De'Veon Smith
3 JaVonta Payton
4 Joe Powell
5 Will Hill
6 DaVonte Lambert
8 Victor Bolden Jr.
10 Kelly Bryant
11 LuJuan Winningham
12 Luis Perez
13 Caleb Vander Esch
14 Kevin Anderson
16 Rannell Hall
18 Donald Payne
19 Brandon Arconado
20 Javaris Davis
21 Cre'Von LeBlanc
22 Jamal Carter
24 Darren Evans
25 Jordan Miller
26 Leddie Brown
27 Brandon Rusnak
30 Edmond Robinson
35 Brian Herrien
36 Colin Schooler
37 Nasir Greer
40 Ryan Mueller
41 De'Vante Bausby
43 Aaron Donkor
44 Bunmi Rotimi
45 Will Clarke
48 Tomasi Laulile
49 Antonio Ortiz
50 Willie Taylor III
52 Isaiah Graham-Mobley
53 Darnell Sankey
55 Garrett McGhin
56 Cameron Hunt
58 Doug Costin
64 Brian Folkerts
68 Jake Stetz
70 Mike Horton
71 Josiah Coatney
72 T. J. Barnes
73 Willie Beavers
77 George Moore
79 Teton Saltes
80 Sal Cannella
81 Nate Becker
85 Tyler Vaughns
88 Shaun Beyer
90 Bruce Hector
Head coach: Bob Stoops
Assistant coaches: Reggie Davis
Jonathan Hayes
Jonathan Himebauch
Tim Lewis
Chuck Long
Marvin Sanders
Bill Sheridan
Portals: American football Biography College football | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"running back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_back"},{"link_name":"Arlington Renegades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Renegades"},{"link_name":"United Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football"},{"link_name":"undrafted free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent"},{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"Orlando Apollos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Apollos"},{"link_name":"Alliance of American Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_American_Football"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Vipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Vipers"},{"link_name":"XFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFL_(2020)"}],"text":"American football playerDe'Veon Le'trell Smith (born November 8, 1994) is an American football running back for the Arlington Renegades of the United Football League (UFL). He played college football at Michigan, and was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Miami Dolphins in 2017. He played for the Orlando Apollos of the Alliance of American Football (AAF) and Tampa Bay Vipers of the XFL.","title":"De'Veon Smith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"Howland High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howland_High_School"},{"link_name":"Warren, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Trumbull County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumbull_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Howland High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howland_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"}],"text":"Smith was born in 1994.[1] He attended Howland High School in Warren, Ohio.[2][3] He set the career rushing record for Trumbull County, Ohio, with 6,750 rushing yards at Howland High School.[1][4] He was a finalist for Ohio's \"Mr. Football\" award.[1]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bowling Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_Falcons_football"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers_football"},{"link_name":"Ohio State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football"},{"link_name":"Penn State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football"},{"link_name":"Purdue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_Boilermakers_football"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Derrick Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Green_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers_football"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In March 2012, prior to his senior year in high school, Smith announced that he had committed to play college football for the University of Michigan.[5] He also received collegiate offers from Bowling Green, Indiana, Ohio State, Penn State, Purdue, and West Virginia. As a freshman in 2013, Smith appeared in twelve games and had twenty-six carries for 117 yards.[1]As a sophomore in 2014, Smith led Michigan with 519 rushing yards on 108 carries.[6] In the opening game of the 2014 season, Smith carried the ball eight times for 115 yards. He also scored two touchdowns and had a run of sixty-one yards.[7] Derrick Green also rushed for 170 yards in the game, as Smith and Green became the first pair of Michigan running backs to rush for over 100 yards in the same game since 2007.[8]During the 2015 season, Smith was again Michigan's leading rusher with 753 yards and six touchdowns on 180 carries.[9]Through the first eleven games of the 2016 season, Smith led Michigan with 750 rushing yards and ten touchdowns on 144 carries.[10] On November 19, 2016, he rushed for a career-high 158 yards and two touchdowns against Indiana.[11]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Miami Dolphins","text":"Smith signed with the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent on May 5, 2017.[13] He was waived on September 2, 2017, and was signed to the Dolphins' practice squad the next day.[14][15] He was promoted to the active roster on November 18, 2017.[16] He was waived by the Dolphins two days later and re-signed to the practice squad.[17] He was promoted back to the active roster on November 29, 2017.[18]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Washington Redskins","text":"Smith signed with the Washington Redskins on August 20, 2018.[19] On September 1, 2018, he was waived for final roster cuts before the start of the 2018 season.[20]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orlando Apollos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Apollos"},{"link_name":"Alliance of American Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_American_Football"},{"link_name":"2019 AAF season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_AAF_season"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Orlando Apollos","text":"On August 17, 2018, Smith signed with the Orlando Apollos of the Alliance of American Football for the 2019 AAF season.[21][22] The league ceased operations in April 2019.[23]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 XFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_XFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Vipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Vipers"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Tampa Bay Vipers","text":"Smith was drafted in the 3rd round in the 2020 XFL Draft by the Tampa Bay Vipers.[24] He had his contract terminated when the league suspended operations on April 10, 2020.[25]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Spring League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spring_League"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"TSL Aviators","text":"Smith signed with the Aviators of The Spring League on October 17, 2020.[26]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BC Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Lions"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"BC Lions","text":"Smith signed with the BC Lions of the CFL on December 15, 2020.[27] He was released on March 19, 2021.[28]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 USFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_USFL_draft"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Maulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Maulers_(2022)"},{"link_name":"Kirby Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Pittsburgh Maulers","text":"Smith was drafted in the 2022 USFL draft by the Pittsburgh Maulers, but was cut from the team before the season by Kirby Wilson for requesting pizza that a staffer had brought into the cafeteria at meal time, instead of the chicken salad cafeteria food as Smith said he didn’t like chicken salad. The decision by Wilson was harshly criticized by many across social media.[29]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arlington Renegades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Renegades"},{"link_name":"2023 XFL Supplemental Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_XFL_Supplemental_Draft"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Arlington Renegades","text":"The Arlington Renegades selected Smith in the eighth round of the 2023 XFL Supplemental Draft on January 1, 2023.[30] He re-signed with the team on January 29, 2024.[31]","title":"Professional career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"De'Veon Smith\". MGoBlue.com. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ene_J%C3%A4rvis | Ene Järvis | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Stage","2.2 Film","2.3 Television and radio","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"] | Estonian actress
Ene JärvisBorn (1947-10-26) 26 October 1947 (age 76)Kiidjärve, EstoniaNationalityEstonianOther namesEne JansonOccupationActressYears active1970 – presentSpouse
Vello Janson
(m. 1976; div. 1984)
Ene Järvis (born 26 October 1947) is an Estonian stage, film, radio, and television actress.
Early life and education
Ene Järvis was born in Kiidjärve, Põlva County to parents Paul and Amanda Elfriede Järvis. She was the second to youngest of five siblings; two older sisters and an older brother named Eimar almost fourteen years her senior, and a younger sister. She attended schools in Põlva, graduating from Põlva Secondary School in 1966 (now, Põlva Gymnasium). Following graduation, she enrolled at the Tallinn State Conservatory in Tallinn (now, the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre), graduating from the institution's performing arts department in 1970. During her studies at the Tallinn State Conservatory, she met and befriended classmate Helene Vannari. The two would become lifelong friends.
Career
Stage
In 1970, Järvis began an engagement at the National Youth Theatre in Tallinn (now, the Tallinn City Theatre). She would remain an actress at the theatre for nearly forty years, leaving in 2009. Since 2009, she has been a freelance actress.
Film
Järvis' first substantial feature-length film role was in the 1987 Soviet-Estonian Helle Karis directed Metsluiged, adapted from the 1838 Hans Christian Andersen literary fairy tale The Wild Swans, for Tallinnfilm. This was followed in 1990 by a small role in the Kaljo Kiisk directed drama Regina; and an uncredited role as Agnes in the 1992 Mati Põldre directed Need vanad armastuskirjad, a biopic of 1930s and 1940s Estonian songwriter Raimond Valgre. In 1999, she appeared as a director in the Valentin Kuik directed drama Lurjus, which was adapted from the short story Poldlets (also known as An Affair of Honor) penned by Vladimir Nabokov.
In 2011, Ene Järvis appeared as Riina in the Rain Tolk and Andres Maimik directed comedy Kormoranid ehk Nahkpükse ei pesta for Kuukulgur Film, about a 1970s rock band trying to make a comeback. In 2012, she had a starring role as Reeda in the Ain Mäeots directed drama Deemonid, which chronicles the downward spiral of three individuals who enter a casino. In 2013, she had a small role as a gynecologist in the Ilmar Raag romantic drama Kertu. In 2016, she appeared in both the René Vilbre directed comedy Klassikokkutulek, and the Anu Aun directed romantic drama Polaarpoiss.
Throughout her career, Järvis has also appeared in a number of film shorts.
Television and radio
In 1989, Ene Järvis was cast in the role of Astrid Olsen for the Mikk Mikiver directed television film Doktor Stockmann, based on the 1886 play Enemy of the People by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen. Between 1995 and 1996, she played the role of Lilian Põder on the popular, long-running Eesti Televisioon (ETV) drama serial Õnne 13.
Järvis has also made appearances in 2007 on the Kanal 2 television crime series Kelgukoerad, and as Helga in the Kanal 2 mystery-horror television series Süvahavva. Between 2011 and 2015, she also made several appearances on episodes of the TV3 comedy-crime series Kättemaksukontor.
During her career Järvis has also performed in a number of radio theatre plays. Some of her more memorable roles in radio theatre have been in productions of works by Vladimir Mayakovsky, August Gailit,
and Oscar Wilde.
Personal life
Ene Järvis was married to actor Vello Janson from 1976 until their divorce in 1984. The couple had no children. Järvis currently lives in Tallinn and is in a relationship with long-term partner Gunnar.
References
^ Postimees Ene Järvis: enam ma ei murdu 27 October 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ 60+ Ene Järvis: Vanadus kestab kauem kui noorus 2 July 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ arhiiv.err.ee JUTUSAADE. Ene Järvis. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ Postimees Ene Järvis: enam ma ei murdu 27 October 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ Eesti Filmi Andmebaas. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ Õhtuleht "Minu suurim tragöödia on see, et mul pole lapsi." 16 March 2004. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ Eesti Filmi Andmebaas. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ Eesti Filmi Andmebaas. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ arhiiv.err.ee JUTUSAADE. Ene Järvis. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ Õhtuleht Kuidas Ene Järvis ja Hans Kaldoja Süvahavvalt paari läksid 13 July 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ arhiiv.err.ee HIIRELÕKS. Ene Järvis. 3 March 2004. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ raadioteater.err.ee Kuuldemäng: Vladimir Majakovski "Reanimatsioon" 1979. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ raadioteater.err.ee Kuuldemäng: August Gailit ""Pärlipüüdja"" 1987. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ raadioteater.err.ee Kuuldemäng: Oscar Wilde "Ustav sõber" 1992. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ Õhtuleht "Minu suurim tragöödia on see, et mul pole lapsi." 16 March 2004. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
External links
Ene Järvis at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eels_(band) | Eels (band) | ["1 History","1.1 E solo records","1.2 Beautiful Freak","1.3 Electro-Shock Blues","1.4 Daisies of the Galaxy","1.5 Souljacker and Shootenanny!","1.6 Blinking Lights and Other Revelations and Eels with Strings","1.7 Meet the Eels: Essential Eels Vol. I and Useless Trinkets","1.8 Concept album trilogy: Hombre Lobo, End Times, and Tomorrow Morning","1.9 Wonderful, Glorious and The Cautionary Tales of Mark Oliver Everett","1.10 The Deconstruction and Earth to Dora","1.11 Extreme Witchcraft and Eels Time!","2 Members","3 Discography","3.1 As E","3.2 As Eels","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | American indie rock band
EelsBirmingham Town Hall, February 2008 (left to right): The Chet and EBackground informationOriginLos Feliz, Los Angeles, California, U.S.Genres
Alternative rock
indie rock
trip hop
Years active1991–1995 (E) 1995–presentLabels
DreamWorks
Vagrant
E Works
MembersE (Mark Oliver Everett)The Chet (Jeff Lyster)Koool G Murder (Kelly Logsdon)P-Boo (Mike Sawitzke)Knuckles (Derek Brown)Big/Krazy/Tiny/Honest/Upright/Royal Al (Allen Hunter)
Eels (often typeset as eels or EELS) is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1991 by singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Mark Oliver Everett, known by the stage name E. Band members have changed over the years, both in the studio and on stage, making Everett the only official member for most of the band's work. Eels' music is often filled with themes of family, death, and unrequited love. Since 1996, Eels has released fourteen studio albums, seven of which entered the Billboard 200.
History
E solo records
In 1991, Everett signed a contract with Polydor and released A Man Called E under the name E a year later. The single "Hello Cruel World" was a minor success. Touring to support the album, E opened for Tori Amos. A Man Called E was followed by Broken Toy Shop in 1993. This year also marked the beginning of E's collaboration with drummer Jonathan "Butch" Norton. After Broken Toy Shop, E was released from his record deal with Polydor. E has performed two of the songs from Broken Toy Shop ("The Only Thing I Care About" and "Manchester Girl") for his own live shows with Eels.
Beautiful Freak
Eels were officially founded when Butch and E met Tommy Walter. The name "Eels" was chosen so that the band's records would be close to E's solo records in an alphabetical ordering, although it was too late once they realized that numerous Eagles and Earth, Wind and Fire releases were in between. "I went to the Virgin Megastore and I see the E CDs right at the beginning of the E section," Everett recalled on the Naked Lunch podcast with Phil Rosenthal and David Wild. "And then there's like, 28 Earth, Wind and Fire , 40 Eagles -- they're nowhere near each other!"
Eels became one of the first groups to sign a record deal with DreamWorks Records, followed by Elliott Smith.
In 1996, the band released their debut album Beautiful Freak. The singles "Novocaine for the Soul", "Susan's House" and "Your Lucky Day in Hell" achieved modest national and international success, with the band winning the Best International Breakthrough Act award at the 1998 BRIT Awards.
The single Susans House was extremely popular in the UK as stylistically it was similar to the Triphop genre which was popular at the time with its slow rhythm, mild tune and distorted
spoken vocals. In 1996 and 1997, Eels toured extensively to support the album, building their name as a live act in the United States and Europe. In September 1997, Walter quit the band.
Released in May 2001, the motion picture soundtrack for the movie Shrek included the song "My Beloved Monster".
Electro-Shock Blues
Following the success of Beautiful Freak, E experienced a difficult time in his personal life. His sister died by suicide, and his mother was diagnosed with cancer. These events inspired Eels' second album, 1998's Electro-Shock Blues. The album deals with many difficult subjects, including cancer, mental illness, suicide and death. The tragedy of Everett's father's death became prominent once more in the context of his mother's impending death and his sister's suicide, and as a result the song "Baby Genius" is written for his father Hugh Everett III. Contributions to the album were made by Jon Brion, Lisa Germano, Jim Jacobsen, Grant-Lee Phillips, Dust Brother Michael Simpson, and T-Bone Burnett.
The single "Last Stop: This Town" saw minor success, while "Cancer for the Cure", the second single from the album, appeared on the soundtrack for American Beauty (1999).
Still a three-piece band on stage, Tommy Walter was replaced by Adam Siegel. Part of the American leg of the tour was canceled after the death of E's mother. They returned to tour Europe later in the year, to open for Pulp.
Daisies of the Galaxy
In 2000, Eels released Daisies of the Galaxy. The album, which was recorded almost entirely in E's basement, is lighter and more upbeat than its predecessor. Everett noted, "if Electro-Shock Blues was the phone call in the middle of the night that the world doesn't want to answer, then Daisies of the Galaxy is the hotel wake-up call that says your lovely breakfast is ready". He was joined in the studio by Michael Simpson (Dust Brothers), Grant-Lee Phillips (Grant Lee Buffalo), and Peter Buck (R.E.M.).
The first single, "Mr. E's Beautiful Blues", was co-written by Simpson. The song was not intended to be on the album, but the record company insisted on its inclusion. Therefore, it was not featured on the track listing but was instead listed on the cover sticker as a bonus track, separated from the rest of the album by 20 seconds of silence.
To promote Daisies of the Galaxy, another tour took place across the United States and Europe, with the band also playing their first concerts in Australia. For these performances, Eels were transformed into a 6-piece orchestra, including Lisa Germano and Probyn Gregory. E also played some solo shows, opening for Fiona Apple.
Souljacker and Shootenanny!
In 2001, Souljacker was released, an album with a heavier feel and more rock-oriented sound than Daisies of the Galaxy. John Parish, previously of PJ Harvey's band, co-wrote most of the songs and played guitar on the album and first part of the tour. After Parish became a father, he was replaced with Joe Gore for the American leg of the Bus Driving, Band Rocking Tour. Koool G Murder played bass and keyboards and joined Eels on tour.
2003 marked the release of the album Shootenanny!. E now refers to the album as a break from recording the following Blinking Lights album. It was recorded live in the studio in only ten days. "Saturday Morning" was released as a single.
Butch was replaced on drums by Puddin'. In 2003, Eels embarked upon another big tour, called the Tour of Duty. The live band consisted of E, Goldenboy (guitar), Koool G Murder (bass) and Puddin' (drums). Later that year, E composed the score for the film Levity.
Blinking Lights and Other Revelations and Eels with Strings
Eels in 2006, back as a rock combo after a string quartet tour
Eels' next album, Blinking Lights and Other Revelations, was released on April 26, 2005, and was the band's first release for new label Vagrant Records. It is a 33-track double album. Contributions were made by Tom Waits, Peter Buck, John Sebastian (The Lovin' Spoonful), Jim Jacobsen, and Butch.
The first tour in support of the Blinking Lights album, billed as Eels with Strings, featured primarily performances by E on acoustic guitar, organ or piano, backed by Allen "Big Al" Hunter on piano and upright bass, Jeffrey Lyster (also known as Chet Atkins III or "The Chet") on guitar, mandolin, pedal steel, musical saw and drums, and a string quartet consisting of violinists Paloma Udovic and Julie Carpenter, violist Heather Lockie and cellist Ana Lenchantin. The tour resulted in a live album, Eels with Strings: Live at Town Hall, recorded in New York City. The performance includes tracks from all of their albums, and was released on CD and DVD on February 21, 2006.
Meet the Eels: Essential Eels Vol. I and Useless Trinkets
In early 2008, Eels released their first "greatest hits" compilation as well as a compilation of B-sides, rarities, soundtrack singles and unreleased tracks. Meet the Eels: Essential Eels Vol. I spans the first decade of the Eels, including singles from all their albums, as well as a DVD featuring music videos and one live performance video. Useless Trinkets contains 50 B-sides and rarities and a DVD of their Lollapalooza 2006 performances. To promote the releases, the band went on a world tour, An Evening With Eels. This time, only the Chet joined E on stage, both playing a broad cross-section from the Eels repertoire on a variety of instruments. The concerts also featured the Chet reading excerpts from E's 2008 autobiography, Things the Grandchildren Should Know. On this tour, the band released a live CD/DVD package of Eels' 2006 performance at the London Astoria, Live and in Person!, documenting a show from the second tour in support of Blinking Lights and Other Revelations.
The soundtrack of the 2008 comedy film Yes Man features nine songs by Eels, including "Man Up", a brand new song.
Concept album trilogy: Hombre Lobo, End Times, and Tomorrow Morning
Eels in 2011
Hombre Lobo, the seventh Eels studio album, was released on June 2, 2009. The album comprises twelve new songs. "Hombre Lobo" is Spanish for "wolf man" or "werewolf" and references E's unusually long beard, which he originally grew when writing the song "Dog Faced Boy". On March 31, 2009, the band made the track "Fresh Blood" available on Spinner, explaining that the song would be the lead single for the album. A Jesse Dylan-directed music video was released on April 29, 2009, as well, and the track would become the theme song of the 2015 HBO documentary miniseries The Jinx. The album was released as a single-disc CD and a deluxe edition with a DVD. In September 2009, Eels released a music video for "That Look You Give That Guy", featuring Bobby Jr., E and Top Chef host Padma Lakshmi.
While promoting this album, Eels released the live EP The Myspace Transmissions Session 2009 on October 14, 2009. That same day, the band's website announced that a new Eels album entitled End Times would be released on January 19, 2010. It was largely recorded on a four-track recorder and is based on the themes of broken love. Three album tracks—"Little Bird", "In My Younger Days", and "A Line in the Dirt"—were made available as music videos or promotional downloads prior to the release of the album. Once again, Butch contributed drums to "A Line in the Dirt". On January 19, 2010, End Times was released. E made no comment on touring and there was no tour scheduled to begin.
A second album was announced on May 20, 2010: Tomorrow Morning was described as the "final installment of a trilogy that began with Hombre Lobo and End Times." The three albums respectively explore themes of desire, loss, and redemption. A world tour, the first since 2007's An Evening With Eels tour, was announced at the same time. This tour once again featured the Chet on various instruments, alongside Koool G Murder on bass, trilogy drummer Knuckles on drums and a new member, P-Boo, on guitar.
Wonderful, Glorious and The Cautionary Tales of Mark Oliver Everett
Eels in 2013
On February 5, 2013, the 10th Eels studio album was released, entitled Wonderful, Glorious. The first single from the album, "Peach Blossom", premiered on SoundCloud on November 6, 2012. A month later, on December 4, 2012, the official video was released on Stereogum. The second single, "New Alphabet", was streamed pre-release on December 12, 2012, on Spinner
On March 25, 2013, the band released a parody music video called "Cold Dead Hand" through Funny or Die, with Jim Carrey replacing E on vocals. The song and video, set as a musical act during the variety program Hee Haw, lampoons American gun culture, and specifically Charlton Heston, former President of the National Rifle Association of America.
Eels' eleventh studio album, The Cautionary Tales of Mark Oliver Everett, was released on April 21, 2014, on E Works Records. In April 2015, the band released the DVD and double live album Live at the Royal Albert Hall.
In 2015, Eels created their own version of Melanie De Biasio's track "I Feel You" for the album Gilles Peterson Presents – No Deal Remixed. The track was later used to promote the 2017 film Alien: Covenant, directed by Ridley Scott, and appears during the entire in-universe short movie Meet Walter starring Michael Fassbender.
Eels performing at the Green man Festival in August 2019
The Deconstruction and Earth to Dora
On January 17, 2018, Eels announced their 12th studio album, The Deconstruction, to be released on April 6, 2018, their first in nearly four years. They also announced a supporting tour throughout the United States and Europe, beginning in Pomona, California on May 28, 2018. The album travels through many styles sonically, but its lyrics primarily deal with rebuilding one's life and looking back on what went wrong. Singles include (in release order) the title track, "Today Is the Day", "Premonition", and "Bone Dry". Styles present on the album include orchestral pop, power pop, psychedelic pop/rock, indie/alternative rock and post-modern pop.
The band's next release was the single "Baby Let's Make It Real"/"Who You Say You Are", announced on September 1, 2020. These songs were featured on the subsequent studio album, Earth to Dora (2020).
Extreme Witchcraft and Eels Time!
On September 21, 2021, it was announced that the 14th Eels album would be called Extreme Witchcraft and would be released on January 28, 2022. The album was produced by E and John Parish in their first collaboration since 2001's Souljacker. Eels So Good: Essential Eels, Vol. 2 (2007–2020) came out in late 2023. On February 29, 2024, the band announced Eels Time!, which was released on June 7.
Members
Eels have had a number of lineup changes supporting E since their formation, and in recent years the live band has often differed from the musicians on the albums. Koool G Murder has been credited on bass and production on recent albums, although Big Al has fulfilled the role of bassist during the live shows.
Discography
Main article: Eels discography
As E
A Man Called E (1992)
Broken Toy Shop (1993)
As Eels
Beautiful Freak (1996)
Electro-Shock Blues (1998)
Daisies of the Galaxy (2000)
Souljacker (2001)
Shootenanny! (2003)
Blinking Lights and Other Revelations (2005)
Hombre Lobo (2009)
End Times (2010)
Tomorrow Morning (2010)
Wonderful, Glorious (2013)
The Cautionary Tales of Mark Oliver Everett (2014)
The Deconstruction (2018)
Earth to Dora (2020)
Extreme Witchcraft (2022)
Eels Time! (2024)
References
^ Greg Prato. "Eels | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
^ "Eels – Chart history | Billboard". www.billboard.com. Archived from the original on November 6, 2015. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
^ Everett, Mark Oliver (2008). Things the Grandchildren Should Know (1st ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-0-312-38513-2. OCLC 213451480.
^ Everett, Mark Oliver (2009). Things the Grandchildren Should Know. Picador. p. 110.
^ Mark Oliver Everett, AKA E from EELS, September 7, 2023, retrieved September 7, 2023
^ Bromwich, Kathryn (January 22, 2022). "On my radar: Mark Oliver Everett's cultural highlights". The Guardian. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Tedder, Michael (October 19, 2018). "Electro-Shock Blues Turns 20". Stereogum. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
^ Lucas, Dan (October 27, 2011). "An Album of the Year 2000 – 11yrson: Eels Daisies of the Galaxy". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ "Eels Get Tangled In Strings On Live CD/DVD". Billboard. Retrieved December 15, 2005.
^ "Zooey Deschanel, Eels Affirm Yes Man Soundtrack". Pitchfork Media. November 21, 2008. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2008.
^ ""Hombre Lobo" out on June 2nd, 2009". Official Eels Site. March 3, 2009. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
^ Graff, Gary (May 21, 2009). "Eels Ready Beard-Inspired Album". Billboard. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ "'Fresh Blood' on AOL Music". AOL Music. March 31, 2009. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
^ ""Fresh Blood" music video". Stereogum. April 29, 2009. Archived from the original on May 2, 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
^ Appelo, Tim (March 19, 2015). "'The Jinx' Theme Composer on Robert Durst: "It's Hard Not to Feel Sorry for Him"". The Hollywood Reporter. PMC. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
^ "Hombre Lobo Deluxe Edition". Play.com. April 22, 2009. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
^ "Eels, 'That Look You Give That Guy' – Video Premiere". Spinner.com. September 1, 2009. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
^ "Eels' 'End Times' Will Be "A Divorce Album With a Modern Twist"". Rock.about.com. November 16, 2009. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
^ "End Times News". Eels. October 14, 2009. Retrieved October 14, 2009.
^ Larsen, Peter (August 4, 2010). "Eels Explore New Material at the Galaxy". O. C. Register. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
^ "Wonderful, Glorious announced". Official Eels Site. October 22, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ "Eels – Peach Blossom by Vagrant Records on SoundCloud". Soundcloud.com/vagrantrecords. November 6, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
^ "Eels – "Peach Blossom" Video (Stereogum Premiere) -- Song Premiere". Stereogum.com. December 4, 2012. Archived from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
^ "Eels, 'New Alphabet' -- Song Premiere". Spinner.com. December 12, 2012. Archived from the original on December 15, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
^ "Jim Carrey, Eels Team for Gun Culture Parody – Video". Rolling Stone. March 25, 2013. Archived from the original on March 25, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
^ Richman, Darren (March 23, 2014). "Mark Oliver Everett: The Eels frontman on lost loves, parallel". The Independent. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
^ Goggins, Joe (April 15, 2015). "Album Review: Eels – Royal Albert Hall". drownedinsound.com. Drowned In Sound. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
^ "Melanie De Biasio lends her voice in Alien – Covenant". Wallonia. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
^ "EELS : Official Website". Eelstheband.com. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
^ "Eels : 2018 Tour Dates for The World's Number One Entertainers". Eelstheband.com. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
^ Helman, Peter (September 1, 2020). "Eels – "Who You Say You Are"". Stereogum. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
^ "EELS : Official Website". Eelstheband.com.
^ Rettig, James (February 29, 2024). "Eels Announce New Album 'Eels Time!': Hear Lead Single "Time"". New Music. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
Further reading
Everett, Mark Oliver (2008). Things the Grandchildren Should Know. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-02787-8.
External links
Eels at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from CommonsData from Wikidata
Official website
Eels at Curlie
Eels at AllMusic
Eels discography at Discogs
Eels discography at MusicBrainz
Eels on SoundCloud
vteEels
E
The Chet
Koool G Murder
P-Boo
Little Joe
Big/Krazy Al
Tyson Ritter
Sean Coleman
Wayne Bergeron
Jon Brion
Peter Buck
T Bone Burnett
Butch
Wally Gagel
Lisa Germano
Goldenboy
Parthenon Huxley
Ana Lenchantin
Andy Martin
Mickey P.
John Parish
Grant-Lee Phillips
John Sebastian
Adam Siegel
Michael Simpson
Aysa and Chloe of Smoosh
Tommy Walter
Studio albumsas E
A Man Called E
Broken Toy Shop
Beautiful Freak
Electro-Shock Blues
Daisies of the Galaxy
Souljacker
Shootenanny!
Blinking Lights and Other Revelations
Hombre Lobo
End Times
Tomorrow Morning
Wonderful, Glorious
The Cautionary Tales of Mark Oliver Everett
The Deconstruction
Earth to Dora
Extreme Witchcraft
Eels Time!
Live albums
Oh What a Beautiful Morning
Electro-Shock Blues Show
Eels with Strings: Live at Town Hall
Live at Royal Albert Hall
Compilations
Meet the Eels: Essential Eels, Vol. 1 (1996–2006)
Useless Trinkets
The Complete DreamWorks Albums
Eels So Good: Essential Eels, Vol. 2 (2007–2020)
Singles
"Novocaine for the Soul"
"Susan's House"
"Your Lucky Day in Hell"
"Last Stop: This Town"
"Cancer for the Cure"
"Flyswatter"
"Mr. E's Beautiful Blues"
"Souljacker Part I"
"Hey Man (Now You're Really Living)"
"My Timing Is Off"/"Fresh Blood"
"A Line in the Dirt"
"Cold Dead Hand"
Related articles
Discography
Hugh Everett III
I Am the Messiah
Things the Grandchildren Should Know
Parallel Worlds, Parallel Lives
vtePeter BuckAlbums
Peter Buck, 2012
I Am Back to Blow Your Mind Once Again, 2014
Warzone Earth, 2015
Dear December, 2017
Beat Poetry for Survivalists, 2020
All the Kids are Super Bummed Out, 2022
Related articles
Barrie Buck
The Baseball Project
Eels
Filthy Friends
The Minus 5
R.E.M.
Tired Pony
Tuatara
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Mark Oliver Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliver_Everett"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"American indie rock bandEels (often typeset as eels or EELS) is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1991 by singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Mark Oliver Everett, known by the stage name E. Band members have changed over the years, both in the studio and on stage, making Everett the only official member for most of the band's work. Eels' music is often filled with themes of family, death, and unrequited love. Since 1996, Eels has released fourteen studio albums, seven of which entered the Billboard 200.[2]","title":"Eels (band)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polydor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor"},{"link_name":"A Man Called E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_Called_E"},{"link_name":"Tori Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Amos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-things-3"},{"link_name":"Broken Toy Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Toy_Shop"},{"link_name":"Jonathan \"Butch\" Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_%22Butch%22_Norton"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"E solo records","text":"In 1991, Everett signed a contract with Polydor and released A Man Called E under the name E a year later. The single \"Hello Cruel World\" was a minor success. Touring to support the album, E opened for Tori Amos.[3] A Man Called E was followed by Broken Toy Shop in 1993. This year also marked the beginning of E's collaboration with drummer Jonathan \"Butch\" Norton.[citation needed] After Broken Toy Shop, E was released from his record deal with Polydor.[citation needed] E has performed two of the songs from Broken Toy Shop (\"The Only Thing I Care About\" and \"Manchester Girl\") for his own live shows with Eels.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tommy Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Walter"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_(band)"},{"link_name":"Earth, Wind and Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth,_Wind_and_Fire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Phil Rosenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"David Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wild"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"DreamWorks Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamWorks_Records"},{"link_name":"Elliott Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Smith"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Freak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Freak"},{"link_name":"Novocaine for the Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novocaine_for_the_Soul"},{"link_name":"Susan's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%27s_House"},{"link_name":"Your Lucky Day in Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Lucky_Day_in_Hell"},{"link_name":"1998 BRIT Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_BRIT_Awards"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Shrek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek"}],"sub_title":"Beautiful Freak","text":"Eels were officially founded when Butch and E met Tommy Walter. The name \"Eels\" was chosen so that the band's records would be close to E's solo records in an alphabetical ordering, although it was too late once they realized that numerous Eagles and Earth, Wind and Fire releases were in between.[4] \"I went to the Virgin Megastore and I see the E CDs right at the beginning of the E section,\" Everett recalled on the Naked Lunch podcast with Phil Rosenthal and David Wild. \"And then there's like, 28 Earth, Wind and Fire [albums], 40 Eagles [albums] -- they're nowhere near each other!\"[5]Eels became one of the first groups to sign a record deal with DreamWorks Records, followed by Elliott Smith.In 1996, the band released their debut album Beautiful Freak. The singles \"Novocaine for the Soul\", \"Susan's House\" and \"Your Lucky Day in Hell\" achieved modest national and international success, with the band winning the Best International Breakthrough Act award at the 1998 BRIT Awards.[6]\nThe single Susans House was extremely popular in the UK as stylistically it was similar to the Triphop genre which was popular at the time with its slow rhythm, mild tune and distorted \nspoken vocals. In 1996 and 1997, Eels toured extensively to support the album, building their name as a live act in the United States and Europe. In September 1997, Walter quit the band.[citation needed]Released in May 2001, the motion picture soundtrack for the movie Shrek included the song \"My Beloved Monster\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electro-Shock Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-Shock_Blues"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stereogum-7"},{"link_name":"Hugh Everett III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Everett_III"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jon Brion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Brion"},{"link_name":"Lisa Germano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Germano"},{"link_name":"Grant-Lee Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant-Lee_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Dust Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Brothers"},{"link_name":"T-Bone Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Bone_Burnett"},{"link_name":"Last Stop: This Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Stop:_This_Town"},{"link_name":"Cancer for the Cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_for_the_Cure"},{"link_name":"American Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Beauty_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Adam Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Siegel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(band)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Electro-Shock Blues","text":"Following the success of Beautiful Freak, E experienced a difficult time in his personal life. His sister died by suicide, and his mother was diagnosed with cancer. These events inspired Eels' second album, 1998's Electro-Shock Blues. The album deals with many difficult subjects, including cancer, mental illness, suicide and death.[7] The tragedy of Everett's father's death became prominent once more in the context of his mother's impending death and his sister's suicide, and as a result the song \"Baby Genius\" is written for his father Hugh Everett III.[citation needed] Contributions to the album were made by Jon Brion, Lisa Germano, Jim Jacobsen, Grant-Lee Phillips, Dust Brother Michael Simpson, and T-Bone Burnett.The single \"Last Stop: This Town\" saw minor success, while \"Cancer for the Cure\", the second single from the album, appeared on the soundtrack for American Beauty (1999).Still a three-piece band on stage, Tommy Walter was replaced by Adam Siegel. Part of the American leg of the tour was canceled after the death of E's mother.[citation needed] They returned to tour Europe later in the year, to open for Pulp.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daisies of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisies_of_the_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lucas-8"},{"link_name":"Michael Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Simpson_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Dust Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Grant-Lee Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant-Lee_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Grant Lee Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Lee_Buffalo"},{"link_name":"Peter Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Buck"},{"link_name":"R.E.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.M."},{"link_name":"Mr. E's Beautiful Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._E%27s_Beautiful_Blues"},{"link_name":"Lisa Germano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Germano"},{"link_name":"Fiona Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Apple"}],"sub_title":"Daisies of the Galaxy","text":"In 2000, Eels released Daisies of the Galaxy. The album, which was recorded almost entirely in E's basement, is lighter and more upbeat than its predecessor.[citation needed] Everett noted, \"if Electro-Shock Blues was the phone call in the middle of the night that the world doesn't want to answer, then Daisies of the Galaxy is the hotel wake-up call that says your lovely breakfast is ready\".[8] He was joined in the studio by Michael Simpson (Dust Brothers), Grant-Lee Phillips (Grant Lee Buffalo), and Peter Buck (R.E.M.).The first single, \"Mr. E's Beautiful Blues\", was co-written by Simpson. The song was not intended to be on the album, but the record company insisted on its inclusion. Therefore, it was not featured on the track listing but was instead listed on the cover sticker as a bonus track, separated from the rest of the album by 20 seconds of silence.To promote Daisies of the Galaxy, another tour took place across the United States and Europe, with the band also playing their first concerts in Australia. For these performances, Eels were transformed into a 6-piece orchestra, including Lisa Germano and Probyn Gregory. E also played some solo shows, opening for Fiona Apple.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Souljacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souljacker"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Parish"},{"link_name":"PJ Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PJ_Harvey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Shootenanny!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shootenanny!"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Goldenboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shon_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Levity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levity_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Souljacker and Shootenanny!","text":"In 2001, Souljacker was released, an album with a heavier feel and more rock-oriented sound than Daisies of the Galaxy.[citation needed] John Parish, previously of PJ Harvey's band, co-wrote most of the songs and played guitar on the album and first part of the tour. After Parish became a father, he was replaced with Joe Gore for the American leg of the Bus Driving, Band Rocking Tour.[citation needed] Koool G Murder played bass and keyboards and joined Eels on tour.2003 marked the release of the album Shootenanny!. E now refers to the album as a break from recording the following Blinking Lights album.[citation needed] It was recorded live in the studio in only ten days. \"Saturday Morning\" was released as a single.Butch was replaced on drums by Puddin'. In 2003, Eels embarked upon another big tour, called the Tour of Duty. The live band consisted of E, Goldenboy (guitar), Koool G Murder (bass) and Puddin' (drums).[citation needed] Later that year, E composed the score for the film Levity.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Eels.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blinking Lights and Other Revelations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinking_Lights_and_Other_Revelations"},{"link_name":"Vagrant Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrant_Records"},{"link_name":"Tom Waits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waits"},{"link_name":"John Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sebastian"},{"link_name":"The Lovin' Spoonful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lovin%27_Spoonful"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_organ"},{"link_name":"upright bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upright_bass"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"pedal steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_steel"},{"link_name":"musical saw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_saw"},{"link_name":"violinists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"violist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola"},{"link_name":"cellist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"Ana Lenchantin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lenchantin"},{"link_name":"Eels with Strings: Live at Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eels_with_Strings:_Live_at_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Blinking Lights and Other Revelations and Eels with Strings","text":"Eels in 2006, back as a rock combo after a string quartet tourEels' next album, Blinking Lights and Other Revelations, was released on April 26, 2005, and was the band's first release for new label Vagrant Records. It is a 33-track double album. Contributions were made by Tom Waits, Peter Buck, John Sebastian (The Lovin' Spoonful), Jim Jacobsen, and Butch.The first tour in support of the Blinking Lights album, billed as Eels with Strings, featured primarily performances by E on acoustic guitar, organ or piano, backed by Allen \"Big Al\" Hunter on piano and upright bass, Jeffrey Lyster (also known as Chet Atkins III or \"The Chet\") on guitar, mandolin, pedal steel, musical saw and drums, and a string quartet consisting of violinists Paloma Udovic and Julie Carpenter, violist Heather Lockie and cellist Ana Lenchantin. The tour resulted in a live album, Eels with Strings: Live at Town Hall, recorded in New York City. The performance includes tracks from all of their albums, and was released on CD and DVD on February 21, 2006.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B-sides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"Meet the Eels: Essential Eels Vol. I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_the_Eels:_Essential_Eels_Vol._I"},{"link_name":"Useless Trinkets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Useless_Trinkets"},{"link_name":"Lollapalooza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollapalooza"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Things the Grandchildren Should Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_the_Grandchildren_Should_Know"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"London Astoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Astoria"},{"link_name":"Live and in Person!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_and_in_Person!"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Yes Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_Man_(film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Meet the Eels: Essential Eels Vol. I and Useless Trinkets","text":"In early 2008, Eels released their first \"greatest hits\" compilation as well as a compilation of B-sides, rarities, soundtrack singles and unreleased tracks. Meet the Eels: Essential Eels Vol. I spans the first decade of the Eels, including singles from all their albums, as well as a DVD featuring music videos and one live performance video. Useless Trinkets contains 50 B-sides and rarities and a DVD of their Lollapalooza 2006 performances. To promote the releases, the band went on a world tour, An Evening With Eels. This time, only the Chet joined E on stage, both playing a broad cross-section from the Eels repertoire on a variety of instruments.[citation needed] The concerts also featured the Chet reading excerpts from E's 2008 autobiography, Things the Grandchildren Should Know.[citation needed] On this tour, the band released a live CD/DVD package of Eels' 2006 performance at the London Astoria, Live and in Person!, documenting a show from the second tour in support of Blinking Lights and Other Revelations.[citation needed]The soundtrack of the 2008 comedy film Yes Man features nine songs by Eels, including \"Man Up\", a brand new song.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eels_salzburg_5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hombre Lobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hombre_Lobo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beard-12"},{"link_name":"Fresh Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Blood_(song)"},{"link_name":"Spinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinner_(website)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freshblood-13"},{"link_name":"Jesse Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Dylan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freshbloodvid-14"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"The Jinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jinx_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freshbl_jynx-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hombrelobodeluxe-16"},{"link_name":"Top Chef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Chef"},{"link_name":"Padma Lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Lakshmi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Myspace Transmissions Session 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myspace_Transmissions_Session_2009"},{"link_name":"End Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_Times_(album)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"A Line in the Dirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Line_in_the_Dirt"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_Morning_(album)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-concept-20"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Concept album trilogy: Hombre Lobo, End Times, and Tomorrow Morning","text":"Eels in 2011Hombre Lobo, the seventh Eels studio album, was released on June 2, 2009. The album comprises twelve new songs.[11] \"Hombre Lobo\" is Spanish for \"wolf man\" or \"werewolf\" and references E's unusually long beard, which he originally grew when writing the song \"Dog Faced Boy\".[12] On March 31, 2009, the band made the track \"Fresh Blood\" available on Spinner,[13] explaining that the song would be the lead single for the album. A Jesse Dylan-directed music video was released on April 29, 2009, as well,[14] and the track would become the theme song of the 2015 HBO documentary miniseries The Jinx.[15] The album was released as a single-disc CD and a deluxe edition with a DVD.[16] In September 2009, Eels released a music video for \"That Look You Give That Guy\", featuring Bobby Jr., E and Top Chef host Padma Lakshmi.[17]While promoting this album, Eels released the live EP The Myspace Transmissions Session 2009 on October 14, 2009. That same day, the band's website announced that a new Eels album entitled End Times would be released on January 19, 2010. It was largely recorded on a four-track recorder and is based on the themes of broken love.[18] Three album tracks—\"Little Bird\", \"In My Younger Days\", and \"A Line in the Dirt\"—were made available as music videos or promotional downloads prior to the release of the album. Once again, Butch contributed drums to \"A Line in the Dirt\". On January 19, 2010, End Times was released. E made no comment on touring and there was no tour scheduled to begin.[19]A second album was announced on May 20, 2010: Tomorrow Morning was described as the \"final installment of a trilogy that began with Hombre Lobo and End Times.\" The three albums respectively explore themes of desire, loss, and redemption.[20] A world tour, the first since 2007's An Evening With Eels tour, was announced at the same time.[citation needed] This tour once again featured the Chet on various instruments, alongside Koool G Murder on bass, trilogy drummer Knuckles on drums and a new member, P-Boo, on guitar.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rock_en_Seine_eels_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Wonderful, Glorious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderful,_Glorious"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wonderful,_Glorious_announced-21"},{"link_name":"SoundCloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eels_%E2%80%93_Peach_Blossom_by_Vagrant_Records_on_Soundcloud-22"},{"link_name":"Stereogum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peachblossom-23"},{"link_name":"Spinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinner_(website)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eels,_'New_Alphabet'_--_Song_Premiere-24"},{"link_name":"Cold Dead Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Dead_Hand"},{"link_name":"Funny or Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_or_Die"},{"link_name":"Jim Carrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Carrey"},{"link_name":"Hee Haw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hee_Haw"},{"link_name":"Charlton Heston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Heston"},{"link_name":"National Rifle Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Cautionary Tales of Mark Oliver Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cautionary_Tales_of_Mark_Oliver_Everett"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"Live at the Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Royal_Albert_Hall_(Eels_album)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"Melanie De Biasio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_De_Biasio"},{"link_name":"Gilles Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Peterson"},{"link_name":"Alien: Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien:_Covenant"},{"link_name":"Ridley Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Scott"},{"link_name":"Michael Fassbender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fassbender"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eels_Greenman_2019_v2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Green man Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Man_Festival"}],"sub_title":"Wonderful, Glorious and The Cautionary Tales of Mark Oliver Everett","text":"Eels in 2013On February 5, 2013, the 10th Eels studio album was released, entitled Wonderful, Glorious.[21] The first single from the album, \"Peach Blossom\", premiered on SoundCloud on November 6, 2012.[22] A month later, on December 4, 2012, the official video was released on Stereogum.[23] The second single, \"New Alphabet\", was streamed pre-release on December 12, 2012, on Spinner[24]On March 25, 2013, the band released a parody music video called \"Cold Dead Hand\" through Funny or Die, with Jim Carrey replacing E on vocals. The song and video, set as a musical act during the variety program Hee Haw, lampoons American gun culture, and specifically Charlton Heston, former President of the National Rifle Association of America.[25]Eels' eleventh studio album, The Cautionary Tales of Mark Oliver Everett, was released on April 21, 2014, on E Works Records.[26] In April 2015, the band released the DVD and double live album Live at the Royal Albert Hall.[27]In 2015, Eels created their own version of Melanie De Biasio's track \"I Feel You\" for the album Gilles Peterson Presents – No Deal Remixed. The track was later used to promote the 2017 film Alien: Covenant, directed by Ridley Scott, and appears during the entire in-universe short movie Meet Walter starring Michael Fassbender.[28]Eels performing at the Green man Festival in August 2019","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Deconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deconstruction"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blmir-31"},{"link_name":"Earth to Dora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_to_Dora"}],"sub_title":"The Deconstruction and Earth to Dora","text":"On January 17, 2018, Eels announced their 12th studio album, The Deconstruction, to be released on April 6, 2018,[29] their first in nearly four years. They also announced a supporting tour throughout the United States and Europe, beginning in Pomona, California on May 28, 2018.[30] The album travels through many styles sonically, but its lyrics primarily deal with rebuilding one's life and looking back on what went wrong.[citation needed] Singles include (in release order) the title track, \"Today Is the Day\", \"Premonition\", and \"Bone Dry\". Styles present on the album include orchestral pop, power pop, psychedelic pop/rock, indie/alternative rock and post-modern pop.[citation needed]The band's next release was the single \"Baby Let's Make It Real\"/\"Who You Say You Are\", announced on September 1, 2020.[31] These songs were featured on the subsequent studio album, Earth to Dora (2020).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Extreme Witchcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Witchcraft"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Eels So Good: Essential Eels, Vol. 2 (2007–2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eels_So_Good:_Essential_Eels,_Vol._2_(2007%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"Eels Time!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eels_Time!"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-et-33"}],"sub_title":"Extreme Witchcraft and Eels Time!","text":"On September 21, 2021, it was announced that the 14th Eels album would be called Extreme Witchcraft and would be released on January 28, 2022. The album was produced by E and John Parish in their first collaboration since 2001's Souljacker.[32] Eels So Good: Essential Eels, Vol. 2 (2007–2020) came out in late 2023. On February 29, 2024, the band announced Eels Time!, which was released on June 7.[33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Eels have had a number of lineup changes supporting E since their formation, and in recent years the live band has often differed from the musicians on the albums. Koool G Murder has been credited on bass and production on recent albums, although Big Al has fulfilled the role of bassist during the live shows.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Man Called E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_Called_E"},{"link_name":"Broken Toy Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Toy_Shop"}],"sub_title":"As E","text":"A Man Called E (1992)\nBroken Toy Shop (1993)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beautiful Freak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Freak"},{"link_name":"Electro-Shock Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-Shock_Blues"},{"link_name":"Daisies of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisies_of_the_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Souljacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souljacker"},{"link_name":"Shootenanny!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shootenanny!"},{"link_name":"Blinking Lights and Other Revelations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinking_Lights_and_Other_Revelations"},{"link_name":"Hombre Lobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hombre_Lobo"},{"link_name":"End Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_Times_(album)"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_Morning_(album)"},{"link_name":"Wonderful, Glorious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderful,_Glorious"},{"link_name":"The Cautionary Tales of Mark Oliver Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cautionary_Tales_of_Mark_Oliver_Everett"},{"link_name":"The Deconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deconstruction"},{"link_name":"Earth to Dora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_to_Dora"},{"link_name":"Extreme Witchcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Witchcraft"},{"link_name":"Eels Time!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eels_Time!"}],"sub_title":"As Eels","text":"Beautiful Freak (1996)\nElectro-Shock Blues (1998)\nDaisies of the Galaxy (2000)\nSouljacker (2001)\nShootenanny! (2003)\nBlinking Lights and Other Revelations (2005)\nHombre Lobo (2009)\nEnd Times (2010)\nTomorrow Morning (2010)\nWonderful, Glorious (2013)\nThe Cautionary Tales of Mark Oliver Everett (2014)\nThe Deconstruction (2018)\nEarth to Dora (2020)\nExtreme Witchcraft (2022)\nEels Time! (2024)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Everett, Mark Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliver_Everett"},{"link_name":"Things the Grandchildren Should Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_the_Grandchildren_Should_Know"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-316-02787-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-02787-8"}],"text":"Everett, Mark Oliver (2008). Things the Grandchildren Should Know. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-02787-8.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Eels in 2006, back as a rock combo after a string quartet tour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_Eels.jpg/220px-The_Eels.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eels in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Eels_salzburg_5.jpg/220px-Eels_salzburg_5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eels in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rock_en_Seine_eels_2.JPG/220px-Rock_en_Seine_eels_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Eels performing at the Green man Festival in August 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Eels_Greenman_2019_v2.jpg/220px-Eels_Greenman_2019_v2.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Greg Prato. \"Eels | Biography & History\". AllMusic. Retrieved January 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/eels-mn0000174752/biography","url_text":"\"Eels | Biography & History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Eels – Chart history | Billboard\". www.billboard.com. Archived from the original on November 6, 2015. Retrieved June 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151106002802/http://www.billboard.com/artist/301484/eels/chart?f=305","url_text":"\"Eels – Chart history | Billboard\""},{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/301484/eels/chart?f=305","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Everett, Mark Oliver (2008). Things the Grandchildren Should Know (1st ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-0-312-38513-2. OCLC 213451480.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/thingsgrandchild00ever_0","url_text":"Things the Grandchildren Should Know"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-38513-2","url_text":"978-0-312-38513-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213451480","url_text":"213451480"}]},{"reference":"Everett, Mark Oliver (2009). Things the Grandchildren Should Know. Picador. p. 110.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_the_Grandchildren_Should_Know","url_text":"Things the Grandchildren Should Know"}]},{"reference":"Mark Oliver Everett, AKA E from EELS, September 7, 2023, retrieved September 7, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://open.spotify.com/episode/4fbV3WdtiaQkCVP5fnYL72","url_text":"Mark Oliver Everett, AKA E from EELS"}]},{"reference":"Bromwich, Kathryn (January 22, 2022). \"On my radar: Mark Oliver Everett's cultural highlights\". The Guardian. Retrieved January 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/jan/22/on-my-radar-mark-oliver-everetts-cultural-highlights","url_text":"\"On my radar: Mark Oliver Everett's cultural highlights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Tedder, Michael (October 19, 2018). \"Electro-Shock Blues Turns 20\". Stereogum. Retrieved January 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/2019333/eels-electro-shock-blues/reviews/the-anniversary","url_text":"\"Electro-Shock Blues Turns 20\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"}]},{"reference":"Lucas, Dan (October 27, 2011). \"An Album of the Year 2000 – 11yrson: Eels Daisies of the Galaxy\". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. 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Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081225232353/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/node/147621","url_text":"\"Zooey Deschanel, Eels Affirm Yes Man Soundtrack\""},{"url":"http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/node/147621","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Hombre Lobo\" out on June 2nd, 2009\". Official Eels Site. March 3, 2009. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218024326/http://www.eelstheband.com/main.php","url_text":"\"\"Hombre Lobo\" out on June 2nd, 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.eelstheband.com/main.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Graff, Gary (May 21, 2009). \"Eels Ready Beard-Inspired Album\". Billboard. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Arcacha_Smith | Trial of Clay Shaw | ["1 Key persons and witnesses","2 Background","3 Trial","4 Verdict and juror reaction","5 Later findings, and CIA revelations","6 Reaction","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | Kennedy assassination conspiracy trial
State v. Clay ShawFull case nameState of Louisiana v. Clay L. Shaw DecidedMarch 1, 1969; 55 years ago (1969-03-01)VerdictNot guiltyCourt membershipJudge sittingEdward Haggerty
Clay Shaw was acquitted by the jury after less than an hour of deliberation.
On March 1, 1967, New Orleans District attorney Jim Garrison arrested and charged New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw with conspiring to assassinate President Kennedy, with the help of Lee Harvey Oswald, David Ferrie, and others. On January 29, 1969, Shaw was brought to trial in Orleans Parish Criminal Court on these charges. On March 1, 1969, a jury took less than an hour to find Shaw not guilty. It remains the only trial to be brought for the assassination of President Kennedy.
Key persons and witnesses
Jim Garrison, District Attorney of New Orleans, who believed, at various points, that the John F. Kennedy assassination had been the work of Central Intelligence Agency personnel, anti-Castro Cuban exiles, "a homosexual thrill killing," and ultra right-wing activists. "My staff and I solved the case weeks ago," Garrison announced in February 1967. "I wouldn't say this if we didn't have evidence beyond a shadow of a doubt."
Clay Shaw, a successful businessman, playwright, pioneer of restoration in New Orleans' French Quarter, and director of the International Trade Mart in New Orleans.
David Ferrie, a former Eastern Airlines pilot and associate of Guy Banister. Ferrie drove from New Orleans to Houston on the night of the assassination with two friends, Alvin Beauboeuf and Melvin Coffey. The trip was investigated by the New Orleans Police Department, the Houston Police, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Texas Rangers. These investigative units said that they were unable to develop a case against Ferrie, and Garrison initially accepted their conclusions. Three years later, Garrison became suspicious of the Warren Commission conclusions about the assassination after a chance conversation with Louisiana Senator Russell B. Long. Ferrie died on February 22, 1967, less than a week after news of Garrison's investigation broke in the media. Garrison later called Ferrie "one of history's most important individuals".
Perry Russo, who, after Ferrie's death, informed Garrison's office that he had known Ferrie in the early 1960s and that Ferrie had spoken about assassinating the President. He became Garrison's main witness when he claimed to have overheard Ferrie plotting the assassination with a white-haired man named Clem Bertrand, whom he later identified in court as Shaw.
Background
The trial was held at the Criminal Courts Building at Tulane & Broad in Mid-City New Orleans
The origins of Garrison's case can be traced to an argument between New Orleans residents Guy Banister and Jack Martin. On November 22, 1963, the day that President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, Banister pistol whipped Martin after a heated exchange. (There are different accounts as to whether the argument was over phone bills or missing files.) Over the next few days, Martin told authorities and reporters that Banister had often been in the company of a man named David Ferrie who, Martin said, might have been involved in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Martin told the New Orleans police that Ferrie knew accused assassin Lee Harvey Oswald going back to when both men had served together in the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol and that Ferrie "was supposed to have been the getaway pilot in the assassination." Martin also said that Ferrie had driven to Dallas the night before the assassination, a trip which Ferrie explained as research for a prospective business venture to determine "the feasibility and possibility of opening an ice skating rink in New Orleans."
Some of this information reached New Orleans District Attorney Garrison, who quickly arrested Ferrie and turned him over to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which interviewed Ferrie and Martin on November 25. Martin told the FBI that Ferrie might have hypnotized Oswald into assassinating Kennedy. The FBI considered Martin unreliable. Nevertheless, the FBI interviewed Ferrie twice about Martin's allegations. The FBI also interviewed about twenty other persons in connection with the allegations, said that it was unable to develop a substantial case against Ferrie, and released him with an apology. (A later investigation, by the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations, concluded that the FBI's "...overall investigation ... at the time of the assassination was not thorough.")
In the autumn of 1966, Garrison began to re-examine the Kennedy assassination. Guy Banister had died of a heart attack in 1964, but Garrison re-interviewed Martin, who told the district attorney that Banister and his associates were involved in stealing weapons and ammunition from armories and in gunrunning. Garrison believed that the men were part of an arms-smuggling ring supplying anti-Castro Cubans with weapons."
Journalist James Phelan said Garrison told him that the assassination was a "homosexual thrill killing." As Garrison continued his investigation he became convinced that a group of right-wing activists, which he believed included Ferrie, Banister, and Shaw (director of the International Trade Mart in New Orleans), were involved in a conspiracy with elements of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to kill President Kennedy. Garrison would later say that the motive for the assassination was anger over Kennedy's foreign policy, especially Kennedy's efforts to find a political, rather than a military, solution in Cuba and Southeast Asia, and his efforts toward a rapprochement with the Soviet Union. Garrison also believed that Shaw, Banister, and Ferrie had conspired to set up Oswald as a patsy in the JFK assassination. News of Garrison's investigation was reported in the New Orleans States-Item on February 17, 1967.
On February 22, 1967, less than a week after the newspaper broke the story of Garrison's investigation, David Ferrie, then his chief suspect, was found dead in his apartment from a brain aneurysm. Garrison suspected that Ferrie had been murdered despite the coroner's report that his death was due to natural causes. According to Garrison, the day news of the investigation broke, Ferrie had called his aide Lou Ivon and warned that "I'm a dead man".
With Ferrie dead, Garrison began to focus his attention on Clay Shaw, director of the International Trade Mart. Garrison had Shaw arrested on March 1, 1967, charging him with being part of a conspiracy in the John F. Kennedy assassination.
Earlier, Garrison had been searching for a "Clay Bertrand," a man referred to in the Warren Commission report. New Orleans attorney Dean Andrews testified to the Warren Commission that while he was hospitalized for pneumonia, he received a call from "Clay Bertrand" the day after the assassination, asking him to fly to Dallas to represent Oswald. According to FBI reports, Andrews told them that this phone call from "Clay Bertrand" was a figment of his imagination. Andrews testified to the Warren Commission that the reason he told the FBI this was because of FBI harassment.
In his book On the Trail of the Assassins, Garrison says that after a long search of the New Orleans French Quarter, his staff was informed by the bartender at the tavern Cosimo's that "Clay Bertrand" was the alias that Clay Shaw used. According to Garrison, the bartender felt it was no big secret and "my men began encountering one person after another in the French Quarter who confirmed that it was common knowledge that 'Clay Bertrand' was the name Clay Shaw went by." A February 25, 1967, memo by Garrison investigator Lou Ivon to Garrison states that he could not locate a Clay Bertrand despite numerous inquiries and contacts.
In December 1967, Garrison appeared on a Dallas television program and claimed that a photograph taken in Dealy Plaza immediately after the assassination depicted a federal agent in plain clothes picking up and walking away with a .45 caliber bullet. He said that the bullet was not entered into evidence for the Warren Commission and was proof that another gunman was involved in the assassination. The photograph also showed Dallas Deputy Sheriff Buddy Walthers looking on with a uniformed Dallas policeman. Walthers stated the following week that the photograph was taken approximately 10 minutes after the assassination, and that the finding was "nothing significant". He said that it appeared to be blood on the grass or possibly a piece of skull. Walthers added: "If it had been a bullet, it would have been significant."
When Garrison's evidence was presented to a New Orleans grand jury, Shaw was indicted on a charge that he conspired with Ferrie, Oswald, and others named and charged to murder Kennedy. A three-judge panel upheld the indictment and ordered Shaw to a jury trial.
Trial
On February 6, 1969, Garrison took 42 minutes to read his 15-page opening statement to the jury. Garrison stated that he would prove that Kennedy was shot from multiple locations; that Oswald conspired with Shaw as early as June 1963; that Shaw, Oswald, and Ferrie traveled to Clinton, Louisiana where they were observed by a witness; that Oswald transported the gun identified by the Warren Commission as the assassination rifle to the Texas School Book Depository and that this gun took part in the assassination; that the shot that killed Kennedy came from a different direction; that Oswald escaped from the Texas School Book Depository in a station wagon driven by another man; and that Shaw received mail under the name "Clay Bertrand".
Garrison believed that Clay Shaw was the mysterious "Clay Bertrand" mentioned in the Warren Commission investigation. In the Warren Commission Report, New Orleans attorney Dean Andrews claimed that he was contacted the day after the assassination by a "Clay Bertrand" who requested that he go to Dallas to represent Oswald.
At the trial, the prosecution sought to have entered into evidence a fingerprint card containing Clay Shaw's signature and admission to using the alias "Clay Bertrand." In regard to this, Judge Edward Haggerty, after dismissing the jury, conducted a day-long hearing, in which he ruled the fingerprint card inadmissible. He said that two policemen had violated Shaw's constitutional rights by not permitting the defendant to have his lawyer present during the fingerprinting. Judge Haggerty also announced that Officer Habighorst had violated Miranda v. Arizona and Escobedo v. Illinois by not informing Clay Shaw that he had the right to remain silent. The judge said that Habighorst had violated Shaw's rights by allegedly questioning him about an alias, adding, "Even if he did it is not admissible." Judge Haggerty exclaimed, "If Officer Habighorst is telling the truth — and I seriously doubt it!" The judge finished with the statement, "I do not believe Officer Habighorst!"
On February 14, Roger Craig, a Dallas deputy sheriff, testified that during the assassination he was standing on the far side of Dealey Plaza across from the Texas School Book Depository. Craig said that immediately afterwards he ran to where the shooting occurred and saw a man that he later identified as Oswald run down the slope away from the building and get into a green station wagon driven by a man with dark complexion. That same day, Carolyn Walther, a Dallas resident, testified that she observed within an open window of the School Book Depository a man in a white shirt holding a gun accompanied by another man wearing a brown suit coat.
Garrison's key witness against Clay Shaw was Perry Russo. Russo testified that he had attended a party at the apartment of anti-Castro activist David Ferrie. At the party, Russo said that Oswald (whom Russo said was introduced to him as "Leon Oswald"), David Ferrie, and "Clem Bertrand" (who Russo identified in the courtroom as Clay Shaw) had discussed killing Kennedy. The conversation included plans for the "triangulation of crossfire" and alibis for the participants. Russo's version of events has been questioned by some historians and researchers, such as Patricia Lambert, once it became known that some of his testimony was induced by hypnotism and by the drug sodium pentothal, sometimes called "truth serum."
Moreover, a memo detailing a pre-hypnosis interview with Russo in Baton Rouge, along with two hypnosis session transcripts, had been given to Saturday Evening Post reporter James Phelan by Garrison. There were differences between the two accounts. Both Russo and Assistant D.A. Andrew Sciambra testified under cross examination that more was said at the interview, but omitted from the pre-hypnosis memorandum. James Phelan testified that Russo admitted to him in March 1967 that a February 25 memorandum of the interview, which contained no recollection of an "assassination party," was accurate. In several public interviews, such as one shown in the video The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes, Russo reiterates the same account of an "assassination party" that he gave at the trial.
In addition to the issue of Russo's credibility, Garrison's case also included other questionable witnesses, such as Vernon Bundy (a heroin addict), and Charles Spiesel, who testified that he had been repeatedly hypnotized by government agencies. Defenders of Garrison, such as journalist and researcher Jim Marrs, argue that Garrison's case was hampered by missing witnesses that Garrison had sought out. These witnesses included right-wing Cuban exile, Sergio Arcacha Smith, head of the CIA-backed, anti-Castro Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front in New Orleans, a group that David Ferrie was reputedly "extremely active in", and a group that maintained an office in the same building as Guy Banister. According to Garrison, these witnesses had fled New Orleans to states whose governors refused to honor Garrison's extradition requests. Sergio Arcacha Smith had left New Orleans well before Garrison began his investigation and was willing to speak with Garrison's investigators if he was allowed to have legal representation present. Further, witnesses Gordon Novel from Ohio may have been extradited if Garrison pressed the case in Ohio and Sandra Moffett was offered by the defense but opposed by Garrison's prosecution.
The testimony of witnesses who placed Clay Shaw, David Ferrie and Oswald together in Clinton, Louisiana the summer before the assassination has also been deemed not credible by some researchers, including Gerald Posner and Patricia Lambert. When the House Select Committee on Assassinations released its Final Report in 1979, it stated that after interviewing the Clinton witnesses it "found that the Clinton witnesses were credible and significant" and that "it was the judgment of the committee that they were telling the truth as they knew it."
Verdict and juror reaction
At the trial's conclusion, the jury took 54 minutes on March 1, 1969, to find Clay Shaw not guilty.
Attorney and author Mark Lane said that he interviewed several jurors after the trial. Although these interviews have never been published, Lane said that some of the jurors believed that Garrison had in fact proven to them that there really was a conspiracy to kill President Kennedy, but that Garrison had not adequately linked the conspiracy to Shaw or provided a motive. Author and playwright James Kirkwood, who was a personal friend of Clay Shaw, said that he spoke to several jury members who denied ever speaking to Lane. Kirkwood also cast doubt on Lane's claim that the jury believed there was a conspiracy. In his book American Grotesque, Kirkwood said that jury foreman Sidney Hebert told him: "I didn't think too much of the Warren Report either until the trial. Now I think a lot more of it than I did before."
Later findings, and CIA revelations
On May 8, 1967, the New Orleans States-Item reported that Garrison charged that the CIA and FBI cooperated to conceal the facts of the assassination, and that he planned to seek a Senate inquiry looking into the CIA's role in the Warren Commission's investigation.
Garrison later wrote a book about his investigation of the JFK assassination and the subsequent trial called On the Trail of the Assassins. This book served as one of the main sources for Oliver Stone's movie JFK. In the movie, this trial serves as the back story for Stone's account of the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
Jack Wardlaw, then of the since defunct New Orleans States-Item, and his fellow journalist Rosemary James, a native of South Carolina, co-authored Plot or Politics, a 1967 book which takes issue with the Garrison investigation as one of political style, rather than substantive evidence. Wardlaw also won an Associated Press award for his story on the death of David Ferrie.
In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations stated that available records "lent substantial credence to the possibility that Oswald and David Ferrie had been involved in
the same Civil Air Patrol (CAP) unit during the same period of time." Committee investigators found six witnesses who said that Oswald had been present at CAP meetings headed by David Ferrie.
In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations stated in its Final Report that the Committee was "inclined to believe that Oswald was in Clinton, Louisiana in late August, early September 1963, and that he was in the company of David Ferrie, if not Clay Shaw," and that witnesses in Clinton, Louisiana "established an association of an undetermined nature between Ferrie, Shaw and Oswald less than three months before the assassination".
David Ferrie (second from left) with Lee Harvey Oswald (far right) in the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol in 1955. This photo showing Ferrie and Oswald together only became public after the trial was over.
In 1993, the PBS television program Frontline obtained a group photograph, taken eight years before the assassination, that showed Oswald and Ferrie at a cookout with other Civil Air Patrol cadets. Frontline executive producer Michael Sullivan said, "one should be cautious in ascribing its meaning. The photograph does give much support to the eyewitnesses who say they saw Ferrie and Oswald together in the CAP, and it makes Ferrie's denials that he ever knew Oswald less credible. But it does not prove that the two men were with each other in 1963, nor that they were involved in a conspiracy to kill the president."
In a 1992 interview, Edward Haggerty, who was the judge at the Clay Shaw trial, stated: "I believe he was lying to the jury. Of course, the jury probably believed him. But I think Shaw put a good con job on the jury."
In On the Trail of the Assassins, Garrison states that Shaw had an "extensive international role as an employee of the CIA." In the September 1969 issue of Penthouse, Shaw denied that he had had any connection with the CIA.
During a 1979 libel suit involving the book Coup D'Etat In America, Richard Helms, former director of the CIA, testified under oath that Shaw had been a part-time contact of the Domestic Contact Service of the CIA, where Shaw volunteered information from his travels abroad, mostly to Latin America. Like Shaw, 150,000 Americans (businessmen, and journalists, etc.) had provided such information to the DCS by the mid-1970s.
In February 2003, the CIA released documents pertaining to an earlier inquiry from the Assassination Records Review Board about QKENCHANT, a CIA "project used to provide security approvals on non-Agency personnel", that indicated "Clay Shaw received an initial 'five agency' clearance on 23 March 1949", and that "Shaw in all probability was not cleared by the QKENCHANT program."
Reaction
According to The New York Times, the trial of Clay Shaw was "widely described as a circus". Jerry Cohen of the Los Angeles Times said it was "a lengthy comic-opera trial devoid of evidence against the man accused". Burt A. Folkart, also of the Los Angeles Times, called it "a farcical trial." Leading up to the trial, Hugh Aynesworth of Newsweek wrote: "If only no one were living through it—and standing trial for it—the case against Shaw would be a merry kind of parody of conspiracy theories, a can-you-top-this of arbitrarily conjoined improbabilities."
Notes
^ The United States House Select Committee on Assassinations noted that "25,000 Americans annually provided information to the CIA's Domestic Contacts Division on a nonclandestine basis" and that "such acts of cooperation should not be confused with an actual Agency relationship."
References
^ a b Jim Garrison Interview Archived 2019-10-22 at the Wayback Machine, Playboy magazine, Eric Norden, October 1967.
^ a b Jim Garrison (November 1988). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2.
^ James Phelan, Scandals, Scamps, and Scoundrels, (Random House, 1st Edition 1982) pp. 150-151.
^ Hugh Aynesworth, "The Garrison Goosechase", Dallas Times Herald, November 21, 1982
^ "All Those Assassination Suspects". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
^ a b c d e Jim Garrison Interview, Playboy magazine, Eric Norden, October 1967.
^ Milton E. Brener, The Garrison Case (New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1969), p. 84.
^ "David Blackburst Archive: David Ferrie's Houston Trip: JFK assassination investigation: Jim Garrison New Orleans investigation of the John F. Kennedy assassination". Jfk-online.com. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
^ Eric Norden (October 1967). "Jim Garrison's Playboy interview".
^ Patricia Lambert, False Witness (New York: M. Evans and Co., 1998), p. 304 fn. 4.
^ "Perry Russo was Jim Garrison's Conspiracy Witness in the Clay Shaw Trial". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. 1963-10-07. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
^ "JFK Record No. 180-10112-10372". Jfk-online.com. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
^ 544 Camp Street and Related Events, House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 130.
^ HSCA Final Assassinations Report, House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 143.
^ David Ferrie, House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, pp. 112-13.
^ FBI Interview of David Ferrie, November 25, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 288-89.
^ Gerald L. Posner (1993). Case closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the assassination of JFK. Random House Inc. p. 428. ISBN 978-0-679-41825-2.
^ FBI Interview of David Ferrie, 25 November 1963 & 27 November 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 288-89, 199-200.
^ a b 544 Camp Street and Related Events, House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 126.
^ Summers, Anthony Not in Your Lifetime, (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 226.
^ Jim Garrison (November 1988). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2.
^ "Assassination a Homosexual Thrill Killing". Jfkassassination.net. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
^ Jim Garrison (November 1988). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2.
^ James, Rosemary (February 17, 1967). "DA Here Launches Full JFK Death 'Plot' Probe: Mysterious Trips Cost Large Sums". New Orleans States-Item.
^ Jim Garrison (November 1988). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2.
^ Jim Garrison (November 1988). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2.
^ Commission Exhibit No. 1931, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 23, p. 726.
^ a b Testimony of Dean Adams Andrews, Jr., Warren Commission Hearings, Volume 11, p. 331.
^ a b Anthony Summers (September 1998). Not in your lifetime. Marlowe & Co. p. 241. ISBN 978-1-56924-739-6.
^ a b Testimony of Dean Adams Andrews, Jr., Warren Commission Hearings, Volume 11, p. 334.
^ Jim Garrison (November 1988). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2.
^ "Lou Ivon: No "Clay Bertrand"". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
^ a b c d McGraw, Preston (December 14, 1967). "Deputy Sheriff Doubts Garrison Bullet Claim". Madera Daily Tribune. Vol. 76, no. 151. Madera, California: Dean S. Lesher. UPI. p. 3. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
^ a b "Garrison: Not Oswald". St. Petersburg Times. St. Petersburg, Florida. UPI. February 7, 1969. p. 1. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
^ James Kirkwood, American Grotesque (New York: Harper, 1992), pp. 353-59 Archived 2007-10-19 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Dallas Deputy Links 'Latin" With Oswald At Shaw Trial; Witness Testifies Station Wagon Drove Accused Assassin From Scene". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. Reuters. February 15, 1969. p. 2. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
^ Testimony of Perry Raymond Russo, State of Louisiana vs. Clay L. Shaw, February 10, 1969.
^ "Memorandum, February 28, 1967, Interview with Perry Russo at Mercy Hospital on February 27, 1967". Retrieved 2010-09-17.
^ Lambert, False Witness, pp.72-73.
^ Reitzes, Dave. "Way Too Willing Witness". Marquette University. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
^ James Phelan, "Rush to Judgment in New Orleans", Saturday Evening Post, May 6, 1967.
^ The Lighthouse Report, "The Last Testament of Perry Raymond Russo" Archived 2008-02-05 at the Wayback Machine, Will Robinson, 10 October 1992.
^ The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes, John Barbour, 1992.
^ "Attempt to Use Insane Witness Blows Up In Garrison's Face". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. 1969-02-08. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
^ 544 Camp Street and Related Events, House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 127.
^ David Ferrie, House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, p. 110.
^ Jim Garrison (November 1988). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. pp. 181–182. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2.
^ Warren Commission Exhibit No. 1414 (Warren Commission Hearings Vol. XXII, 828-30). "Arcacha moved from New Orleans to Miami in October 1962, and from Miami to Houston in January 1963, and took a job as an air conditioning salesman in March 1963" (House Select Committee Statement of Mrs. Sergio Arcacha Smith, undated; David Blackburst, Newsgroup post of November 29, 1997).
^ "citing to New Orleans States-Item, May 23, 1967". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
^ Edward J. Epstein, The Assassination Chronicles, New York, 1992, p. 248
^ Shaw trial transcript, Feb. 6, 1969, pp. 5-13
^ "Impeaching Clinton by Dave Reitzes". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
^ "I.C.". Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1979. p. 142.
^ Mark Lane. Plausible Denial: Was the CIA Involved in the Assassination of JFK?, (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1991), p. 221.
^ Jordan Publishing; William Davy (May 1999). Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation. Jordan Pub. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-9669716-0-6.
^ James Kirkwood. American Grotesque (New York: Harper, 1992), p. 510
^ summary of Kirkwood's research and juror responses, James Kirkwood. American Grotesque (New York: Harper, 1992), p. 557.
^ James Kirkwood. American Grotesque (New York: Harper, 1992), p. 511.
^ "To Request Senate Probe In Kennedy Assassination". The Southeast Missourian. Cape Girardeau, Missouri. AP. May 9, 1967. p. 10. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
^ Jack Wardlaw and Rosemary James, Plot or Politics: The Garrison Case & Its Cast, p. 84. Pelican Publishing Company, 1967. 1967. ISBN 9781589809185. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
^ "Ed Anderson, "Former Times-Picayune political reporter, capital bureau chief Jack Wardlaw dies," January 6, 2012". New Orleans Times-Picayune. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
^ Oswald, David Ferrie and the Civil Air Patrol, House Select Committee on Assassinations, Volume 9, 4, p. 110.
^ Oswald, David Ferrie and the Civil Air Patrol, House Select Committee on Assassinations, Volume 9, 4, pp. 110-115.
^ HSCA Final Assassinations Report, House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 145
^ HSCA Final Assassinations Report, House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 143
^ PBS Frontline "Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald", broadcast on PBS stations, November 1993 (various dates). Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Edward Haggerty interviewed in the documentary Beyond "JFK": The Question of Conspiracy
^ Jim Garrison (November 1988). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2.
^ Phelan, James (September 1969). "Clay Shaw; Exclusive Penthouse Interview" (PDF). Penthouse. p. 36. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
^ a b Holland, Max (2001). "The Lie That Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination". Studies in Intelligence (Fall-Winter 2001, 11). Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency: Center for the Study of Intelligence. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
^ "I.C.". Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1979. p. X.
^ "ARRB REQUEST: CIA-IR-06, QKENCHANT" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. 1996-05-14. p. 5. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
^ Lambert, Bruce (October 22, 1992). "Jim Garrison, 70, Theorist on Kennedy Death, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
^ Cohen, Jerry (January 3, 1971). "Kirkwood's Clay Shaw Book Will Be The Definitive Work". The Tuscaloosa News. Vol. 153, no. 3. Tuscaloosa-Northport, Alabama. p. 4, Section D. Retrieved October 23, 2015 – via the Los Angeles Times.
^ Folkart, Burt A. (October 22, 1992). "Jim Garrison; D.A. Challenged JFK Assassination Report". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
^ Aynesworth, Hugh (February 3, 1969). "Odds Favor Conviction Of Jim Garrison's 'Patsy'". The Pittsburgh Press. Vol. 85, no. 220. p. 17. Retrieved October 23, 2015 – via Newsweek Feature Service.
Further reading
Milton Brener, The Garrison Case: A Study in the Abuse of Power.
Jordan Publishing; William Davy (May 1999). Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation. Jordan Pub. ISBN 978-0-9669716-0-6.
Jim Garrison, A Heritage of Stone (Putnam Publishing Group, 1970) ISBN 978-0-399-10398-8
Jim Garrison (1991-12-01). On the Trail of the Assassins. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-36277-1.
James Kirkwood (1992-11-05). American grotesque: an account of the Clay Shaw-Jim Garrison Kennedy assassination trial in the city of New Orleans. Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-097523-4.
Patricia Lambert (2000-09-25). False Witness: The Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's Film JFK. M Evans & Co. ISBN 978-0-87131-920-3.
Joan Mellen (2005-10-19). A farewell to justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's assassination, and the case that should have changed history. Potomac Books Inc. ISBN 978-1-57488-973-4.
Anthony Summers (September 1998). Not in your lifetime. Marlowe & Co. ISBN 978-1-56924-739-6.
Harold Weisberg, Oswald in New Orleans: Case for Conspiracy with the C.I.A. (New York: Canyon Books, 1967) ISBN B-000-6BTIS-S
External links
Louisiana v. Clay Shaw (1969) trial transcript
Orleans Parish Grand Jury transcripts
Esquire December 1968 interview with Clay Shaw, James Kirkwood
Jim Garrison and New Orleans
Penthouse interview with Clay Shaw
Small Lies, Big Lies, and Outright Whoppers
Transcript of Perry Russo's Hypnotic Interrogation of March 1, 1969.
Transcript of Perry Russo's Hypnotic Interrogation of March 12, 1969.
JFK Online: Jim Garrison audio resources - mp3s of Garrison speaking
CIA Counterintelligence Director James Angleton Spying on a Garrison Witness, Real History Archives
Garrison's Case for Conspiracy, Real History Archives
Garrison Guilty: Another Case Closed, The New York Times Magazine, August 6, 1995
Garrison's Case Finally Coming Together Archived 2008-02-04 at the Wayback Machine by Martin Shackelford
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clay_Shaw.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"District attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_attorney"},{"link_name":"Jim Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Garrison"},{"link_name":"Clay Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Shaw"},{"link_name":"President Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Lee Harvey Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald"},{"link_name":"David Ferrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ferrie"},{"link_name":"assassination of President Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination"}],"text":"Clay Shaw was acquitted by the jury after less than an hour of deliberation.On March 1, 1967, New Orleans District attorney Jim Garrison arrested and charged New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw with conspiring to assassinate President Kennedy, with the help of Lee Harvey Oswald, David Ferrie, and others. On January 29, 1969, Shaw was brought to trial in Orleans Parish Criminal Court on these charges. On March 1, 1969, a jury took less than an hour to find Shaw not guilty. It remains the only trial to be brought for the assassination of President Kennedy.","title":"Trial of Clay Shaw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Garrison"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Cuban exiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_exile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jfklancer1967-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garrison,_Jim_1988_p._12-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maebrussell.com-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Clay Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Shaw"},{"link_name":"French Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Quarter"},{"link_name":"International Trade Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Mart"},{"link_name":"David Ferrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ferrie"},{"link_name":"Eastern Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Guy Banister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Banister"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Houston Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division"},{"link_name":"Warren Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Commission"},{"link_name":"Russell B. Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_B._Long"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maebrussell.com-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Perry Russo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Russo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Jim Garrison, District Attorney of New Orleans, who believed, at various points, that the John F. Kennedy assassination had been the work of Central Intelligence Agency personnel, anti-Castro Cuban exiles,[1][2] \"a homosexual thrill killing,\"[3][4] and ultra right-wing activists.[5] \"My staff and I solved the case weeks ago,\" Garrison announced in February 1967. \"I wouldn't say this if we didn't have evidence beyond a shadow of a doubt.\"[6][7]\nClay Shaw, a successful businessman, playwright, pioneer of restoration in New Orleans' French Quarter, and director of the International Trade Mart in New Orleans.\nDavid Ferrie, a former Eastern Airlines pilot and associate of Guy Banister. Ferrie drove from New Orleans to Houston on the night of the assassination with two friends, Alvin Beauboeuf and Melvin Coffey.[8] The trip was investigated by the New Orleans Police Department, the Houston Police, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Texas Rangers. These investigative units said that they were unable to develop a case against Ferrie, and Garrison initially accepted their conclusions. Three years later, Garrison became suspicious of the Warren Commission conclusions about the assassination after a chance conversation with Louisiana Senator Russell B. Long.[6] Ferrie died on February 22, 1967, less than a week after news of Garrison's investigation broke in the media. Garrison later called Ferrie \"one of history's most important individuals\".[9]\nPerry Russo, who, after Ferrie's death, informed Garrison's office that he had known Ferrie in the early 1960s and that Ferrie had spoken about assassinating the President.[10] He became Garrison's main witness when he claimed to have overheard Ferrie plotting the assassination with a white-haired man named Clem Bertrand, whom he later identified in court as Shaw.[11]","title":"Key persons and witnesses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BroadTulaneMay06D.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mid-City New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-City_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Guy Banister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Banister"},{"link_name":"pistol whipped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol-whipping"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Civil Air Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aarclibrary126-19"},{"link_name":"United States House Select Committee on Assassinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aarclibrary126-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"gunrunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_trafficking"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jfklancer1967-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garrison,_Jim_1988_p._12-2"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"New Orleans States-Item","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_States-Item"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maebrussell.com-6"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"brain aneurysm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Clay Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Shaw"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commission_Exhibit_No._1931-27"},{"link_name":"Dean Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Andrews_Jr."},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-matters.com-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Summers,_Anthony_1998_p._241-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC_Vol11_0172b_p._334-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC_Vol11_0172b_p._334-30"},{"link_name":"On the Trail of the Assassins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Trail_of_the_Assassins"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":".45 caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.45_caliber_ammunition"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madera_Daily_Tribune;_December_14,_1967-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madera_Daily_Tribune;_December_14,_1967-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madera_Daily_Tribune;_December_14,_1967-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madera_Daily_Tribune;_December_14,_1967-33"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maebrussell.com-6"}],"text":"The trial was held at the Criminal Courts Building at Tulane & Broad in Mid-City New OrleansThe origins of Garrison's case can be traced to an argument between New Orleans residents Guy Banister and Jack Martin. On November 22, 1963, the day that President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, Banister pistol whipped Martin after a heated exchange. (There are different accounts as to whether the argument was over phone bills or missing files.)[12][13] Over the next few days, Martin told authorities and reporters that Banister had often been in the company of a man named David Ferrie who, Martin said, might have been involved in the assassination of John F. Kennedy.[14] Martin told the New Orleans police that Ferrie knew accused assassin Lee Harvey Oswald going back to when both men had served together in the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol and that Ferrie \"was supposed to have been the getaway pilot in the assassination.\" Martin also said that Ferrie had driven to Dallas the night before the assassination, a trip which Ferrie explained as research for a prospective business venture to determine \"the feasibility and possibility of opening an ice skating rink in New Orleans.\"[15][16]Some of this information reached New Orleans District Attorney Garrison, who quickly arrested Ferrie and turned him over to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which interviewed Ferrie and Martin on November 25. Martin told the FBI that Ferrie might have hypnotized Oswald into assassinating Kennedy. The FBI considered Martin unreliable.[17] Nevertheless, the FBI interviewed Ferrie twice about Martin's allegations.[18] The FBI also interviewed about twenty other persons in connection with the allegations, said that it was unable to develop a substantial case against Ferrie, and released him with an apology.[19] (A later investigation, by the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations, concluded that the FBI's \"...overall investigation ... at the time of the assassination was not thorough.\")[19]In the autumn of 1966, Garrison began to re-examine the Kennedy assassination. Guy Banister had died of a heart attack in 1964,[20] but Garrison re-interviewed Martin, who told the district attorney that Banister and his associates were involved in stealing weapons and ammunition from armories and in gunrunning. Garrison believed that the men were part of an arms-smuggling ring supplying anti-Castro Cubans with weapons.\"[21]Journalist James Phelan said Garrison told him that the assassination was a \"homosexual thrill killing.\"[22] As Garrison continued his investigation he became convinced that a group of right-wing activists, which he believed included Ferrie, Banister, and Shaw (director of the International Trade Mart in New Orleans), were involved in a conspiracy with elements of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to kill President Kennedy. Garrison would later say that the motive for the assassination was anger over Kennedy's foreign policy, especially Kennedy's efforts to find a political, rather than a military, solution in Cuba and Southeast Asia, and his efforts toward a rapprochement with the Soviet Union.[1][2] Garrison also believed that Shaw, Banister, and Ferrie had conspired to set up Oswald as a patsy in the JFK assassination.[23] News of Garrison's investigation was reported in the New Orleans States-Item on February 17, 1967.[6][24]On February 22, 1967, less than a week after the newspaper broke the story of Garrison's investigation, David Ferrie, then his chief suspect, was found dead in his apartment from a brain aneurysm. Garrison suspected that Ferrie had been murdered despite the coroner's report that his death was due to natural causes.[25] According to Garrison, the day news of the investigation broke, Ferrie had called his aide Lou Ivon and warned that \"I'm a dead man\".[26]With Ferrie dead, Garrison began to focus his attention on Clay Shaw, director of the International Trade Mart. Garrison had Shaw arrested on March 1, 1967, charging him with being part of a conspiracy in the John F. Kennedy assassination.Earlier, Garrison had been searching for a \"Clay Bertrand,\" a man referred to in the Warren Commission report.[27] New Orleans attorney Dean Andrews testified to the Warren Commission that while he was hospitalized for pneumonia, he received a call from \"Clay Bertrand\" the day after the assassination, asking him to fly to Dallas to represent Oswald.[28][29] According to FBI reports, Andrews told them that this phone call from \"Clay Bertrand\" was a figment of his imagination.[30] Andrews testified to the Warren Commission that the reason he told the FBI this was because of FBI harassment.[30]In his book On the Trail of the Assassins, Garrison says that after a long search of the New Orleans French Quarter, his staff was informed by the bartender at the tavern Cosimo's that \"Clay Bertrand\" was the alias that Clay Shaw used. According to Garrison, the bartender felt it was no big secret and \"my men began encountering one person after another in the French Quarter who confirmed that it was common knowledge that 'Clay Bertrand' was the name Clay Shaw went by.\"[31] A February 25, 1967, memo by Garrison investigator Lou Ivon to Garrison states that he could not locate a Clay Bertrand despite numerous inquiries and contacts.[32]In December 1967, Garrison appeared on a Dallas television program and claimed that a photograph taken in Dealy Plaza immediately after the assassination depicted a federal agent in plain clothes picking up and walking away with a .45 caliber bullet.[33] He said that the bullet was not entered into evidence for the Warren Commission and was proof that another gunman was involved in the assassination.[33] The photograph also showed Dallas Deputy Sheriff Buddy Walthers looking on with a uniformed Dallas policeman. Walthers stated the following week that the photograph was taken approximately 10 minutes after the assassination, and that the finding was \"nothing significant\". He said that it appeared to be blood on the grass or possibly a piece of skull.[33] Walthers added: \"If it had been a bullet, it would have been significant.\"[33]When Garrison's evidence was presented to a New Orleans grand jury, Shaw was indicted on a charge that he conspired with Ferrie, Oswald, and others named and charged to murder Kennedy. A three-judge panel upheld the indictment and ordered Shaw to a jury trial.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St._Petersburg_Times;_February_7,_1969-34"},{"link_name":"Clinton, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St._Petersburg_Times;_February_7,_1969-34"},{"link_name":"Dean Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Andrews_Jr."},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-matters.com-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Summers,_Anthony_1998_p._241-29"},{"link_name":"Miranda v. Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona"},{"link_name":"Escobedo v. Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escobedo_v._Illinois"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Blade;_February_15,_1969-36"},{"link_name":"Perry Russo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Russo"},{"link_name":"David Ferrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ferrie"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jfk-online1969-37"},{"link_name":"sodium pentothal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_pentothal"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Jim Marrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Marrs"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Democratic_Revolutionary_Front"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maebrussell.com-6"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Gerald Posner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Posner"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCSA-IC_b-53"}],"text":"On February 6, 1969, Garrison took 42 minutes to read his 15-page opening statement to the jury.[34] Garrison stated that he would prove that Kennedy was shot from multiple locations; that Oswald conspired with Shaw as early as June 1963; that Shaw, Oswald, and Ferrie traveled to Clinton, Louisiana where they were observed by a witness; that Oswald transported the gun identified by the Warren Commission as the assassination rifle to the Texas School Book Depository and that this gun took part in the assassination; that the shot that killed Kennedy came from a different direction; that Oswald escaped from the Texas School Book Depository in a station wagon driven by another man; and that Shaw received mail under the name \"Clay Bertrand\".[34]Garrison believed that Clay Shaw was the mysterious \"Clay Bertrand\" mentioned in the Warren Commission investigation. In the Warren Commission Report, New Orleans attorney Dean Andrews claimed that he was contacted the day after the assassination by a \"Clay Bertrand\" who requested that he go to Dallas to represent Oswald.[28][29]At the trial, the prosecution sought to have entered into evidence a fingerprint card containing Clay Shaw's signature and admission to using the alias \"Clay Bertrand.\" In regard to this, Judge Edward Haggerty, after dismissing the jury, conducted a day-long hearing, in which he ruled the fingerprint card inadmissible. He said that two policemen had violated Shaw's constitutional rights by not permitting the defendant to have his lawyer present during the fingerprinting. Judge Haggerty also announced that Officer Habighorst had violated Miranda v. Arizona and Escobedo v. Illinois by not informing Clay Shaw that he had the right to remain silent. The judge said that Habighorst had violated Shaw's rights by allegedly questioning him about an alias, adding, \"Even if he did [ask the question about an alias] it is not admissible.\" Judge Haggerty exclaimed, \"If Officer Habighorst is telling the truth — and I seriously doubt it!\" The judge finished with the statement, \"I do not believe Officer Habighorst!\"[35]On February 14, Roger Craig, a Dallas deputy sheriff, testified that during the assassination he was standing on the far side of Dealey Plaza across from the Texas School Book Depository. Craig said that immediately afterwards he ran to where the shooting occurred and saw a man that he later identified as Oswald run down the slope away from the building and get into a green station wagon driven by a man with dark complexion. That same day, Carolyn Walther, a Dallas resident, testified that she observed within an open window of the School Book Depository a man in a white shirt holding a gun accompanied by another man wearing a brown suit coat.[36]Garrison's key witness against Clay Shaw was Perry Russo. Russo testified that he had attended a party at the apartment of anti-Castro activist David Ferrie. At the party, Russo said that Oswald (whom Russo said was introduced to him as \"Leon Oswald\"), David Ferrie, and \"Clem Bertrand\" (who Russo identified in the courtroom as Clay Shaw) had discussed killing Kennedy. The conversation included plans for the \"triangulation of crossfire\" and alibis for the participants.[37] Russo's version of events has been questioned by some historians and researchers, such as Patricia Lambert, once it became known that some of his testimony was induced by hypnotism and by the drug sodium pentothal, sometimes called \"truth serum.\"[38][39]Moreover, a memo detailing a pre-hypnosis interview with Russo in Baton Rouge, along with two hypnosis session transcripts, had been given to Saturday Evening Post reporter James Phelan by Garrison. There were differences between the two accounts.[40] Both Russo and Assistant D.A. Andrew Sciambra testified under cross examination that more was said at the interview, but omitted from the pre-hypnosis memorandum. James Phelan testified that Russo admitted to him in March 1967 that a February 25 memorandum of the interview, which contained no recollection of an \"assassination party,\" was accurate.[41] In several public interviews, such as one shown in the video The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes, Russo reiterates the same account of an \"assassination party\" that he gave at the trial.[42][43]In addition to the issue of Russo's credibility, Garrison's case also included other questionable witnesses, such as Vernon Bundy (a heroin addict), and Charles Spiesel, who testified that he had been repeatedly hypnotized by government agencies.[44] Defenders of Garrison, such as journalist and researcher Jim Marrs, argue that Garrison's case was hampered by missing witnesses that Garrison had sought out. These witnesses included right-wing Cuban exile, Sergio Arcacha Smith, head of the CIA-backed, anti-Castro Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front in New Orleans, a group that David Ferrie was reputedly \"extremely active in\",[45] and a group that maintained an office in the same building as Guy Banister.[46] According to Garrison, these witnesses had fled New Orleans to states whose governors refused to honor Garrison's extradition requests.[6][47] Sergio Arcacha Smith had left New Orleans well before Garrison began his investigation[48] and was willing to speak with Garrison's investigators if he was allowed to have legal representation present.[clarification needed][49] Further, witnesses Gordon Novel from Ohio may have been extradited if Garrison pressed the case in Ohio[clarification needed][50] and Sandra Moffett was offered by the defense but opposed by Garrison's prosecution.[clarification needed][51]The testimony of witnesses who placed Clay Shaw, David Ferrie and Oswald together in Clinton, Louisiana the summer before the assassination has also been deemed not credible by some researchers, including Gerald Posner and Patricia Lambert.[52] When the House Select Committee on Assassinations released its Final Report in 1979, it stated that after interviewing the Clinton witnesses it \"found that the Clinton witnesses were credible and significant\" and that \"it was the judgment of the committee that they were telling the truth as they knew it.\"[53]","title":"Trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lane_(author)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"James Kirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kirkwood,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"At the trial's conclusion, the jury took 54 minutes on March 1, 1969, to find Clay Shaw not guilty.Attorney and author Mark Lane said that he interviewed several jurors after the trial. Although these interviews have never been published, Lane said that some of the jurors believed that Garrison had in fact proven to them that there really was a conspiracy to kill President Kennedy, but that Garrison had not adequately linked the conspiracy to Shaw or provided a motive.[54][55] Author and playwright James Kirkwood, who was a personal friend of Clay Shaw, said that he spoke to several jury members who denied ever speaking to Lane.[56] Kirkwood also cast doubt on Lane's claim that the jury believed there was a conspiracy.[57] In his book American Grotesque, Kirkwood said that jury foreman Sidney Hebert told him: \"I didn't think too much of the Warren Report either until the trial. Now I think a lot more of it than I did before.\"[58]","title":"Verdict and juror reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans States-Item","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_States-Item"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Southeast_Missourian;_May_9,_1967-59"},{"link_name":"On the Trail of the Assassins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Trail_of_the_Assassins"},{"link_name":"Oliver Stone's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone"},{"link_name":"JFK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFK_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jack Wardlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Wardlaw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Civil Air Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"House Select Committee on Assassinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSCA"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ciravolo.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Civil Air Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Wing_Civil_Air_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Frontline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Penthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penthouse_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penthouse;_September_1969-69"},{"link_name":"Coup D'Etat In America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Weberman#Coup_D.E2.80.99Etat_In_America:_The_CIA_and_the_Assassination_of_JFK"},{"link_name":"Richard Helms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Helms"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holland-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holland-70"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Assassination Records Review Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_Records_Review_Board"},{"link_name":"QKENCHANT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QKENCHANT"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"text":"On May 8, 1967, the New Orleans States-Item reported that Garrison charged that the CIA and FBI cooperated to conceal the facts of the assassination, and that he planned to seek a Senate inquiry looking into the CIA's role in the Warren Commission's investigation.[59]Garrison later wrote a book about his investigation of the JFK assassination and the subsequent trial called On the Trail of the Assassins. This book served as one of the main sources for Oliver Stone's movie JFK. In the movie, this trial serves as the back story for Stone's account of the assassination of John F. Kennedy.Jack Wardlaw, then of the since defunct New Orleans States-Item, and his fellow journalist Rosemary James, a native of South Carolina, co-authored Plot or Politics, a 1967 book which takes issue with the Garrison investigation as one of political style, rather than substantive evidence. Wardlaw also won an Associated Press award for his story on the death of David Ferrie.[60][61]In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations stated that available records \"lent substantial credence to the possibility that Oswald and David Ferrie had been involved in\nthe same Civil Air Patrol (CAP) unit during the same period of time.\"[62] Committee investigators found six witnesses who said that Oswald had been present at CAP meetings headed by David Ferrie.[63]In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations stated in its Final Report that the Committee was \"inclined to believe that Oswald was in Clinton, Louisiana in late August, [or] early September 1963, and that he was in the company of David Ferrie, if not Clay Shaw,\"[64] and that witnesses in Clinton, Louisiana \"established an association of an undetermined nature between Ferrie, Shaw and Oswald less than three months before the assassination\".[65]David Ferrie (second from left) with Lee Harvey Oswald (far right) in the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol in 1955. This photo showing Ferrie and Oswald together only became public after the trial was over.In 1993, the PBS television program Frontline obtained a group photograph, taken eight years before the assassination, that showed Oswald and Ferrie at a cookout with other Civil Air Patrol cadets. Frontline executive producer Michael Sullivan said, \"one should be cautious in ascribing its meaning. The photograph does give much support to the eyewitnesses who say they saw Ferrie and Oswald together in the CAP, and it makes Ferrie's denials that he ever knew Oswald less credible. But it does not prove that the two men were with each other in 1963, nor that they were involved in a conspiracy to kill the president.\"[66]In a 1992 interview, Edward Haggerty, who was the judge at the Clay Shaw trial, stated: \"I believe he [Shaw] was lying to the jury. Of course, the jury probably believed him. But I think Shaw put a good con job on the jury.\"[67]In On the Trail of the Assassins, Garrison states that Shaw had an \"extensive international role as an employee of the CIA.\"[68] In the September 1969 issue of Penthouse, Shaw denied that he had had any connection with the CIA.[69]During a 1979 libel suit involving the book Coup D'Etat In America, Richard Helms, former director of the CIA, testified under oath that Shaw had been a part-time contact of the Domestic Contact Service of the CIA, where Shaw volunteered information from his travels abroad, mostly to Latin America.[70] Like Shaw, 150,000 Americans (businessmen, and journalists, etc.) had provided such information to the DCS by the mid-1970s.[70]\n[nb 1] In February 2003, the CIA released documents pertaining to an earlier inquiry from the Assassination Records Review Board about QKENCHANT, a CIA \"project used to provide security approvals on non-Agency personnel\", that indicated \"Clay Shaw received an initial 'five agency' clearance on 23 March 1949\", and that \"Shaw in all probability was not cleared by the QKENCHANT program.\"[72]","title":"Later findings, and CIA revelations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times;_October_22,_1992-74"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Tuscaloosa_News;_January_3,_1971-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times;_October_22,_1992-76"},{"link_name":"Hugh Aynesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Aynesworth"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Pittsburgh_Press;_February_3,_1969-77"}],"text":"According to The New York Times, the trial of Clay Shaw was \"widely described as a circus\".[73] Jerry Cohen of the Los Angeles Times said it was \"a lengthy comic-opera trial devoid of evidence against the man accused\".[74] Burt A. Folkart, also of the Los Angeles Times, called it \"a farcical trial.\"[75] Leading up to the trial, Hugh Aynesworth of Newsweek wrote: \"If only no one were living through it—and standing trial for it—the case against Shaw would be a merry kind of parody of conspiracy theories, a can-you-top-this of arbitrarily conjoined improbabilities.\"[76]","title":"Reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-72"},{"link_name":"United States House Select Committee on Assassinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCSA-IC-71"}],"text":"^ The United States House Select Committee on Assassinations noted that \"25,000 Americans annually provided information to the CIA's Domestic Contacts Division on a nonclandestine basis\" and that \"such acts of cooperation should not be confused with an actual Agency relationship.\"[71]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=anQBAAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9669716-0-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9669716-0-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-399-10398-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-10398-8"},{"link_name":"On the Trail of the Assassins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YK2xPwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-446-36277-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-36277-1"},{"link_name":"American grotesque: an account of the Clay Shaw-Jim Garrison Kennedy assassination trial in the city of New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9bK6NwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-097523-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097523-4"},{"link_name":"False Witness: The Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's Film JFK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0UKrOQAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87131-920-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87131-920-3"},{"link_name":"A farewell to justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's assassination, and the case that should have changed history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=scug_gAfL-wC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57488-973-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-973-4"},{"link_name":"Not in your lifetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zVaCQgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56924-739-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56924-739-6"}],"text":"Milton Brener, The Garrison Case: A Study in the Abuse of Power.\nJordan Publishing; William Davy (May 1999). Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation. Jordan Pub. ISBN 978-0-9669716-0-6.\nJim Garrison, A Heritage of Stone (Putnam Publishing Group, 1970) ISBN 978-0-399-10398-8\nJim Garrison (1991-12-01). On the Trail of the Assassins. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-36277-1.\nJames Kirkwood (1992-11-05). American grotesque: an account of the Clay Shaw-Jim Garrison Kennedy assassination trial in the city of New Orleans. Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-097523-4.\nPatricia Lambert (2000-09-25). False Witness: The Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's Film JFK. M Evans & Co. ISBN 978-0-87131-920-3.\nJoan Mellen (2005-10-19). A farewell to justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's assassination, and the case that should have changed history. Potomac Books Inc. ISBN 978-1-57488-973-4.\nAnthony Summers (September 1998). Not in your lifetime. Marlowe & Co. ISBN 978-1-56924-739-6.\nHarold Weisberg, Oswald in New Orleans: Case for Conspiracy with the C.I.A. (New York: Canyon Books, 1967) ISBN B-000-6BTIS-S","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Clay Shaw was acquitted by the jury after less than an hour of deliberation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Clay_Shaw.jpg/240px-Clay_Shaw.jpg"},{"image_text":"The trial was held at the Criminal Courts Building at Tulane & Broad in Mid-City New Orleans","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/BroadTulaneMay06D.jpg/220px-BroadTulaneMay06D.jpg"},{"image_text":"David Ferrie (second from left) with Lee Harvey Oswald (far right) in the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol in 1955. This photo showing Ferrie and Oswald together only became public after the trial was over.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/Ciravolo.jpg/300px-Ciravolo.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Jim Garrison (November 1988). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941781-02-2","url_text":"978-0-941781-02-2"}]},{"reference":"\"All Those Assassination Suspects\". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Retrieved 2010-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/suspects.htm","url_text":"\"All Those Assassination Suspects\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Blackburst Archive: David Ferrie's Houston Trip: JFK assassination investigation: Jim Garrison New Orleans investigation of the John F. Kennedy assassination\". Jfk-online.com. Retrieved 2010-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jfk-online.com/dbdfhouston.html","url_text":"\"David Blackburst Archive: David Ferrie's Houston Trip: JFK assassination investigation: Jim Garrison New Orleans investigation of the John F. Kennedy assassination\""}]},{"reference":"Eric Norden (October 1967). \"Jim Garrison's Playboy interview\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maebrussell.com/Garrison/Garrison%20Playboy%20Intvw%201.html","url_text":"\"Jim Garrison's Playboy interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perry Russo was Jim Garrison's Conspiracy Witness in the Clay Shaw Trial\". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. 1963-10-07. Retrieved 2010-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/session1.htm","url_text":"\"Perry Russo was Jim Garrison's Conspiracy Witness in the Clay Shaw Trial\""}]},{"reference":"\"JFK Record No. 180-10112-10372\". Jfk-online.com. Retrieved 2010-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jfk-online.com/jfk100banmar.html#N_3_","url_text":"\"JFK Record No. 180-10112-10372\""}]},{"reference":"Gerald L. Posner (1993). Case closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the assassination of JFK. Random House Inc. p. 428. ISBN 978-0-679-41825-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Posner","url_text":"Gerald L. Posner"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/caseclosedleehar00posn","url_text":"Case closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the assassination of JFK"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/caseclosedleehar00posn/page/n467","url_text":"428"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41825-2","url_text":"978-0-679-41825-2"}]},{"reference":"Jim Garrison (November 1988). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941781-02-2","url_text":"978-0-941781-02-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Assassination a Homosexual Thrill Killing\". Jfkassassination.net. Retrieved 2010-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jfkassassination.net/jimloon5.htm","url_text":"\"Assassination a Homosexual Thrill Killing\""}]},{"reference":"Jim Garrison (November 1988). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941781-02-2","url_text":"978-0-941781-02-2"}]},{"reference":"James, Rosemary (February 17, 1967). \"DA Here Launches Full JFK Death 'Plot' Probe: Mysterious Trips Cost Large Sums\". New Orleans States-Item.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jim Garrison (November 1988). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941781-02-2","url_text":"978-0-941781-02-2"}]},{"reference":"Jim Garrison (November 1988). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941781-02-2","url_text":"978-0-941781-02-2"}]},{"reference":"Anthony Summers (September 1998). Not in your lifetime. Marlowe & Co. p. 241. ISBN 978-1-56924-739-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zVaCQgAACAAJ","url_text":"Not in your lifetime"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56924-739-6","url_text":"978-1-56924-739-6"}]},{"reference":"Jim Garrison (November 1988). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941781-02-2","url_text":"978-0-941781-02-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Lou Ivon: No \"Clay Bertrand\"\". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Retrieved 2010-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/garrison.htm#ivonmemo","url_text":"\"Lou Ivon: No \"Clay Bertrand\"\""}]},{"reference":"McGraw, Preston (December 14, 1967). \"Deputy Sheriff Doubts Garrison Bullet Claim\". Madera Daily Tribune. Vol. 76, no. 151. Madera, California: Dean S. Lesher. UPI. p. 3. Retrieved May 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=MT19671214.2.24","url_text":"\"Deputy Sheriff Doubts Garrison Bullet Claim\""}]},{"reference":"\"Garrison: Not Oswald\". St. Petersburg Times. St. Petersburg, Florida. UPI. February 7, 1969. p. 1. Retrieved June 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dGJSAAAAIBAJ&pg=3420%2C4387912","url_text":"\"Garrison: Not Oswald\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dallas Deputy Links 'Latin\" With Oswald At Shaw Trial; Witness Testifies Station Wagon Drove Accused Assassin From Scene\". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. Reuters. February 15, 1969. p. 2. Retrieved April 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19690215&id=PskwAAAAIBAJ&pg=7306,1352939","url_text":"\"Dallas Deputy Links 'Latin\" With Oswald At Shaw Trial; Witness Testifies Station Wagon Drove Accused Assassin From Scene\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memorandum, February 28, 1967, Interview with Perry Russo at Mercy Hospital on February 27, 1967\". Retrieved 2010-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russo3.txt","url_text":"\"Memorandum, February 28, 1967, Interview with Perry Russo at Mercy Hospital on February 27, 1967\""}]},{"reference":"Reitzes, Dave. \"Way Too Willing Witness\". Marquette University. Retrieved 2013-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/willing.htm","url_text":"\"Way Too Willing Witness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette_University","url_text":"Marquette University"}]},{"reference":"\"Attempt to Use Insane Witness Blows Up In Garrison's Face\". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. 1969-02-08. Retrieved 2010-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/jimlie7.htm","url_text":"\"Attempt to Use Insane Witness Blows Up In Garrison's Face\""}]},{"reference":"Jim Garrison (November 1988). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. pp. 181–182. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941781-02-2","url_text":"978-0-941781-02-2"}]},{"reference":"\"citing to New Orleans States-Item, May 23, 1967\". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Retrieved 2010-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/ripples.htm#N_263_","url_text":"\"citing to New Orleans States-Item, May 23, 1967\""}]},{"reference":"\"Impeaching Clinton by Dave Reitzes\". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Retrieved 2010-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/clinton1.htm","url_text":"\"Impeaching Clinton by Dave Reitzes\""}]},{"reference":"\"I.C.\". Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1979. p. 142.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1c.html","url_text":"\"I.C.\""},{"url":"https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/","url_text":"Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives"}]},{"reference":"Jordan Publishing; William Davy (May 1999). Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation. Jordan Pub. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-9669716-0-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=anQBAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9669716-0-6","url_text":"978-0-9669716-0-6"}]},{"reference":"\"To Request Senate Probe In Kennedy Assassination\". The Southeast Missourian. Cape Girardeau, Missouri. AP. May 9, 1967. p. 10. Retrieved December 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19670508&id=P8ofAAAAIBAJ&pg=1024,3435520","url_text":"\"To Request Senate Probe In Kennedy Assassination\""}]},{"reference":"Jack Wardlaw and Rosemary James, Plot or Politics: The Garrison Case & Its Cast, p. 84. Pelican Publishing Company, 1967. 1967. ISBN 9781589809185. Retrieved December 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lGnINlzlpsIC&q=Jack+D.+Wardlaw&pg=PA170","url_text":"Jack Wardlaw and Rosemary James, Plot or Politics: The Garrison Case & Its Cast, p. 84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589809185","url_text":"9781589809185"}]},{"reference":"\"Ed Anderson, \"Former Times-Picayune political reporter, capital bureau chief Jack Wardlaw dies,\" January 6, 2012\". New Orleans Times-Picayune. Retrieved December 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2012/01/longtime_times-picayune_politi.html","url_text":"\"Ed Anderson, \"Former Times-Picayune political reporter, capital bureau chief Jack Wardlaw dies,\" January 6, 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Times-Picayune","url_text":"New Orleans Times-Picayune"}]},{"reference":"Jim Garrison (November 1988). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941781-02-2","url_text":"978-0-941781-02-2"}]},{"reference":"Phelan, James (September 1969). \"Clay Shaw; Exclusive Penthouse Interview\" (PDF). Penthouse. p. 36. Retrieved August 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20Materials/Garrison%20News%20Clippings/1969/69-09/69-09-01.pdf","url_text":"\"Clay Shaw; Exclusive Penthouse Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Holland, Max (2001). \"The Lie That Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination\". Studies in Intelligence (Fall-Winter 2001, 11). Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency: Center for the Study of Intelligence. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved August 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holland","url_text":"Holland, Max"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613111756/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall_winter_2001/article02.html","url_text":"\"The Lie That Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination\""},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall_winter_2001/article02.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"I.C.\". Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1979. p. X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1c.html","url_text":"\"I.C.\""},{"url":"https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/","url_text":"Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives"}]},{"reference":"\"ARRB REQUEST: CIA-IR-06, QKENCHANT\" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. 1996-05-14. p. 5. Retrieved 2013-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000904662.pdf","url_text":"\"ARRB REQUEST: CIA-IR-06, QKENCHANT\""}]},{"reference":"Lambert, Bruce (October 22, 1992). \"Jim Garrison, 70, Theorist on Kennedy Death, Dies\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/22/obituaries/jim-garrison-70-theorist-on-kennedy-death-dies.html","url_text":"\"Jim Garrison, 70, Theorist on Kennedy Death, Dies\""}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Jerry (January 3, 1971). \"Kirkwood's Clay Shaw Book Will Be The Definitive Work\". The Tuscaloosa News. Vol. 153, no. 3. Tuscaloosa-Northport, Alabama. p. 4, Section D. Retrieved October 23, 2015 – via the Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19710103&id=aBQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5656,411735&hl=en","url_text":"\"Kirkwood's Clay Shaw Book Will Be The Definitive Work\""}]},{"reference":"Folkart, Burt A. (October 22, 1992). \"Jim Garrison; D.A. Challenged JFK Assassination Report\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-10-22/news/mn-954_1_jim-garrison","url_text":"\"Jim Garrison; D.A. Challenged JFK Assassination Report\""}]},{"reference":"Aynesworth, Hugh (February 3, 1969). \"Odds Favor Conviction Of Jim Garrison's 'Patsy'\". The Pittsburgh Press. Vol. 85, no. 220. p. 17. Retrieved October 23, 2015 – via Newsweek Feature Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Aynesworth","url_text":"Aynesworth, Hugh"},{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19690203&id=Ih4cAAAAIBAJ&pg=7397,1283140&hl=en","url_text":"\"Odds Favor Conviction Of Jim Garrison's 'Patsy'\""}]},{"reference":"Jordan Publishing; William Davy (May 1999). Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation. Jordan Pub. ISBN 978-0-9669716-0-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=anQBAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9669716-0-6","url_text":"978-0-9669716-0-6"}]},{"reference":"Jim Garrison (1991-12-01). On the Trail of the Assassins. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-36277-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YK2xPwAACAAJ","url_text":"On the Trail of the Assassins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-36277-1","url_text":"978-0-446-36277-1"}]},{"reference":"James Kirkwood (1992-11-05). American grotesque: an account of the Clay Shaw-Jim Garrison Kennedy assassination trial in the city of New Orleans. Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-097523-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9bK6NwAACAAJ","url_text":"American grotesque: an account of the Clay Shaw-Jim Garrison Kennedy assassination trial in the city of New Orleans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097523-4","url_text":"978-0-06-097523-4"}]},{"reference":"Patricia Lambert (2000-09-25). False Witness: The Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's Film JFK. M Evans & Co. ISBN 978-0-87131-920-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0UKrOQAACAAJ","url_text":"False Witness: The Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's Film JFK"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87131-920-3","url_text":"978-0-87131-920-3"}]},{"reference":"Joan Mellen (2005-10-19). A farewell to justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's assassination, and the case that should have changed history. Potomac Books Inc. ISBN 978-1-57488-973-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=scug_gAfL-wC","url_text":"A farewell to justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's assassination, and the case that should have changed history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-973-4","url_text":"978-1-57488-973-4"}]},{"reference":"Anthony Summers (September 1998). Not in your lifetime. Marlowe & Co. ISBN 978-1-56924-739-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zVaCQgAACAAJ","url_text":"Not in your lifetime"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56924-739-6","url_text":"978-1-56924-739-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.jfklancer.com/Garrison2.html","external_links_name":"Jim Garrison Interview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191022181453/http://www.jfklancer.com/Garrison2.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy"},{"Link":"http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/suspects.htm","external_links_name":"\"All Those Assassination Suspects\""},{"Link":"http://www.maebrussell.com/Garrison/Garrison%20Playboy%20Intvw%201.html","external_links_name":"Jim Garrison Interview"},{"Link":"http://www.jfk-online.com/dbdfhouston.html","external_links_name":"\"David Blackburst Archive: David Ferrie's Houston Trip: JFK assassination investigation: Jim Garrison New Orleans investigation of the John F. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_(song) | Imaginary | ["1 Music","2 Other","3 See also"] | Look up imaginary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Imaginary may refer to:
Imaginary (sociology), a concept in sociology
The Imaginary (psychoanalysis), a concept by Jacques Lacan
Imaginary number, a concept in mathematics
Imaginary time, a concept in physics
Imagination, a mental faculty
Object of the mind, an object of the imagination
Imaginary friend
Music
Imaginary Records, a record label
"Imaginary", a song by Evanescence from Fallen
"Imaginary", a song by Imran Khan best video and best song Pakistani Music and Media Awards (PMMA)
"Imaginary", a song by Peace from Happy People
"Imaginary", a song by Brennan Heart with Jonathan Mendelsohn
Other
The Imaginary (Sartre), a 1940 philosophical work by Jean-Paul Sartre
Imaginary (exhibition), a mathematical art exhibition by the Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach
Imaginary (film), a 2024 American supernatural horror film directed by Jeff Wadlow
The Imaginary (film), a 2023 Japanese animated fantasy film directed by Yoshiyuki Momose
See also
The Imaginary (disambiguation)
Imagination (disambiguation)
Imagine (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Imaginary.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"imaginary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/imaginary"},{"link_name":"Imaginary (sociology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"The Imaginary (psychoanalysis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imaginary_(psychoanalysis)"},{"link_name":"Imaginary number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_number"},{"link_name":"Imaginary time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_time"},{"link_name":"Imagination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination"},{"link_name":"Object of the mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_of_the_mind"},{"link_name":"Imaginary friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_friend"}],"text":"Look up imaginary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Imaginary may refer to:Imaginary (sociology), a concept in sociology\nThe Imaginary (psychoanalysis), a concept by Jacques Lacan\nImaginary number, a concept in mathematics\nImaginary time, a concept in physics\nImagination, a mental faculty\nObject of the mind, an object of the imagination\nImaginary friend","title":"Imaginary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imaginary Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_Records"},{"link_name":"Fallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_(Evanescence_album)"},{"link_name":"Imran Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Khan_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Happy People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_People_(Peace_album)"},{"link_name":"Brennan Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennan_Heart"}],"text":"Imaginary Records, a record label\n\"Imaginary\", a song by Evanescence from Fallen\n\"Imaginary\", a song by Imran Khan best video and best song Pakistani Music and Media Awards (PMMA)\n\"Imaginary\", a song by Peace from Happy People\n\"Imaginary\", a song by Brennan Heart with Jonathan Mendelsohn","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Imaginary (Sartre)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imaginary_(Sartre)"},{"link_name":"Imaginary (exhibition)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_(exhibition)"},{"link_name":"Imaginary (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Imaginary (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imaginary_(film)"}],"text":"The Imaginary (Sartre), a 1940 philosophical work by Jean-Paul Sartre\nImaginary (exhibition), a mathematical art exhibition by the Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach\nImaginary (film), a 2024 American supernatural horror film directed by Jeff Wadlow\nThe Imaginary (film), a 2023 Japanese animated fantasy film directed by Yoshiyuki Momose","title":"Other"}] | [] | [{"title":"The Imaginary (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imaginary_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Imagination (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Imagine (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Imaginary&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Imaginary&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_(Troye_Sivan_song) | Bloom (Troye Sivan song) | ["1 Background and release","2 Composition","3 Chart performance","4 Videos","4.1 Lyric video","4.2 Music video","5 Credits and personnel","6 Charts","7 Certifications","8 References","9 External links"] | 2018 single by Troye Sivan"Bloom"Single by Troye Sivanfrom the album Bloom Released2 May 2018 (2018-05-02)GenrePopdance-popsynth-popLength3:42LabelEMI AustraliaCapitolSongwriter(s)
Troye Sivan Mellet
Peter Svensson
Oscar Holter
Brett McLaughlin
Producer(s)Oscar HolterTroye Sivan singles chronology
"Strawberries & Cigarettes" (2018)
"Bloom" (2018)
"Dance to This" (2018)
Music video"Bloom" on YouTube
"Bloom" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Troye Sivan. Written by Sivan, Peter Svensson, Leland and its producer Oscar Holter, the song was released by EMI Music Australia on 2 May 2018, as the third single from his second studio album of the same name.
Background and release
Sivan first revealed the song in an interview with Popjustice. He described the song as "complete pop. Like: 'Katy Perry Teenage Dream' pop", deeming it "the most subversively queer song on the album".It's that light, sonically. Lyrically it's a bit more cheeky. It's just a really fun song. I wrote it with Leland and we were dying laughing and just having the best time writing it. Lyrically I think it's the most subversively queer song on the album. That's kind of what makes me like it so much — it's almost like a little inside joke. It's very consumable pop music so I can imagine the masses understanding it a little bit more, and that's funny to me. I don't even think it's necessarily the big single or anything like that, but I really hope the song ends up spreading its wings way further than the people who wouldn't normally listen to my music. In another interview with Dazed, the song was described by the interviewer as "a gay anthem for bottoms", on which Sivan "takes the role of what sounds like the receptive partner losing his virginity". When asked if that is what the song is about, Sivan replied with a wink: "It's 100 per cent about flowers! That's all it is. Call it whatever you wanna call it. I wanna play that song at every Pride."
To promote the single, Sivan launched his own mobile app on 30 April 2018. The app contains a video, in which Sivan can be seen seated on a bed with a male partner sleeping behind him, which was revealed to be his then boyfriend Jacob Bixenman. He then looks at the camera and says, "It's about flowers", before a clip from the song plays in the background. The song's title flashes across the screen, with the release details appearing in a smaller font below. He later posted the same video on social media and YouTube. The app also has cryptic photos of fluorescent, doll-like figures, as seen in the cover art and lyric video.
Composition
"Bloom" is a pop, dance-pop, and synth-pop anthem about queer desire. It starts with "looming, atmospheric synths", before building up to a euphoric chorus which "introduces a sharp, driving snare". As the song progresses, Sivan "moves into a second chorus and rides a wave of sparkling beats to a heady crescendo".
Chart performance
The song reached number thirty-four on the Australian Singles Chart, and number one on the New Zealand Heatseekers Chart. In the UK, it didn't enter the UK Singles Chart but it debuted at number 100 on the biggest singles of midweek list compiled by the Official Charts Company.
Videos
Lyric video
A lyric video was released alongside the song. The video, animated by the 3D artist Jason Ebeyer, finds an Ex Machina-type simulacrum of Sivan floating in his fantasy land. At the beginning, Sivan sits in a lush garden surrounded by flowers. He then floats through an abandoned warehouse under iridescent lights. Idolator's Mike Nied opined that "the contrast between the natural shapes and the hard lines of the buildings add some depth to the visual, and it definitely leaves a lasting impression".
Music video
On 6 June 2018, Sivan released a music video for "Bloom" on his YouTube channel. It was directed by Bardia Zeinali and processed in a 4:3 aspect ratio. It shows Sivan posing in drag outfits with flowers, and in a Draco Malfoy-esque ensemble, Greek muse busts and muscled arms flexing.
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Tidal.
Troye Sivan – composition
Peter Svensson – composition
Leland – composition, background vocals
Oscar Holter – composition, production
Randy Merrill – master engineering
John Hanes – engineering
Serban Ghenea – mixing
Charts
Chart (2018)
Peak position
Australia (ARIA)
34
New Zealand Heatseekers (RMNZ)
1
Scotland (OCC)
100
South Korea International (Gaon)
23
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
Platinum
70,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
References
^ Robinson, Peter (27 February 2018). "Troye Sivan interview: "I feel more fully-realised as a person"". Popjustice. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ Frank, Alex (14 March 2018). "Troye Sivan: atomic blonde". Dazed. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ Prance, Sam (1 May 2018). "Troye Sivan Announces Brand New Single 'Bloom'". MTV News. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ Dresden, Hilton (1 May 2018). "Troye Sivan Teases New Song & Video 'Bloom'". Out. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ Daw, Stephen (30 April 2018). "Troye Sivan Teases New Music Coming Out This Week on New Self-Titled Music App". Billboard. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ Hunt, El (3 May 2018). "Troye Sivan shares new single 'Bloom'". NME. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ Power, Shannon (3 May 2018). "Here are the best reactions to Troye Sivan's new pop classic, Bloom". Gay Star News. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ Damshenas, Sam (31 August 2018). "We ranked every song from Troye Sivan's new album Bloom". Gay Times. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
^ Brandle, Lars (3 May 2018). "Troye Sivan's 'Bloom' is Here: Listen". Billboard. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ O'Neill, Lauren (3 May 2018). "Troye Sivan's New Song "Bloom" Is Music For Kissing, Basically". Noisey. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ Prance, Sam (3 May 2018). "Troye Sivan Releases Incredible New Single 'Bloom'". MTV News. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ a b Nied, Mike (3 May 2018). "Troye Sivan's Sexy New Single "Bloom" Is An Atmospheric Smash". Idolator. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ "Official Singles Chart Update Top 100: 07 May 2018 − 13 May 2018 (Midweeks)". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
^ Kim, Michelle (3 May 2018). "Listen to Troye Sivan's New Song "Bloom"". Pitchfork. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ Maicki, Salvatore (3 May 2018). "Troye Sivan shares new single "Bloom"". The Fader. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ Corner, Lewis (3 May 2018). "Listen to Troye Sivan's new single Bloom – and find out the hidden meaning behind it". Gay Times. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ "Troye Sivan Goes Plastic Fantastic In New Film Clip". HITS 107. 3 May 2018. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ "Troye Sivan - Bloom". YouTube. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ "Bloom / Troye Sivan TIDAL". Tidal. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ "Troye Sivan – Bloom". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
^ "NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
^ "Gaon Download Chart – Issue date: 2018.05.06 – 2018.05.12". Gaon Chart. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2020 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
External links
Lyric video on YouTube
vteTroye Sivan
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Blue Neighbourhood
Bloom
Something to Give Each Other
Extended plays
TRXYE
Wild
In a Dream
Singles
"Happy Little Pill"
"Wild"
"Youth"
"Talk Me Down"
"Heaven"
"There for You"
"My My My!"
"The Good Side"
"Strawberries & Cigarettes"
"Bloom"
"Dance to This"
"Animal"
"1999"
"Revelation"
"Somebody to Love"
"I'm So Tired..."
"Take Yourself Home"
"Easy"
"You"
"Could Cry Just Thinkin About You"
"Angel Baby"
"You Know What I Need"
"Rush"
"Got Me Started"
"One of Your Girls"
"Honey"
Featured singles
"Papercut"
"2099"
"Love Me Wrong"
Concert tours
Troye Sivan Live
Blue Neighbourhood Tour
The Bloom Tour
Something to Give Each Other Tour
Sweat (with Charli XCX) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Troye Sivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troye_Sivan"},{"link_name":"Peter Svensson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Svensson"},{"link_name":"Leland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Oscar Holter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Holter"},{"link_name":"EMI Music Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Music_Australia"},{"link_name":"second studio album of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_(Troye_Sivan_album)"}],"text":"2018 single by Troye Sivan\"Bloom\" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Troye Sivan. 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He described the song as \"complete pop. Like: 'Katy Perry Teenage Dream' pop\", deeming it \"the most subversively queer song on the album\".It's that light, sonically. Lyrically it's a bit more cheeky. It's just a really fun song. I wrote it with Leland and we were dying laughing and just having the best time writing it. Lyrically I think it's the most subversively queer song on the album. That's kind of what makes me like it so much — it's almost like a little inside joke. It's [sonically] very consumable pop music so I can imagine the masses understanding it a little bit more, and that's funny to me. I don't even think it's necessarily the big single or anything like that, but I really hope the song ends up spreading its wings way further than the people who wouldn't normally listen to my music.[1]In another interview with Dazed, the song was described by the interviewer as \"a gay anthem for bottoms\", on which Sivan \"takes the role of what sounds like the receptive partner losing his virginity\". When asked if that is what the song is about, Sivan replied with a wink: \"It's 100 per cent about flowers! That's all it is. Call it whatever you wanna call it. I wanna play that song at every Pride.\"[2]To promote the single, Sivan launched his own mobile app on 30 April 2018. The app contains a video, in which Sivan can be seen seated on a bed with a male partner sleeping behind him, which was revealed to be his then boyfriend Jacob Bixenman. He then looks at the camera and says, \"It's about flowers\", before a clip from the song plays in the background. The song's title flashes across the screen, with the release details appearing in a smaller font below. 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It shows Sivan posing in drag outfits with flowers, and in a Draco Malfoy-esque ensemble, Greek muse busts and muscled arms flexing.[18]","title":"Videos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Credits adapted from Tidal.[19]Troye Sivan – composition\nPeter Svensson – composition\nLeland – composition, background vocals\nOscar Holter – composition, production\nRandy Merrill – master engineering\nJohn Hanes – engineering\nSerban Ghenea – mixing","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Robinson, Peter (27 February 2018). \"Troye Sivan interview: \"I feel more fully-realised as a person\"\". Popjustice. 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Retrieved 3 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8449324/troye-sivan-bloom-lyric-video","url_text":"\"Troye Sivan's 'Bloom' is Here: Listen\""}]},{"reference":"O'Neill, Lauren (3 May 2018). \"Troye Sivan's New Song \"Bloom\" Is Music For Kissing, Basically\". Noisey. Retrieved 3 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://noisey.vice.com/en_uk/article/wj7vp9/troye-sivans-new-song-bloom-is-music-for-kissing-basically","url_text":"\"Troye Sivan's New Song \"Bloom\" Is Music For Kissing, Basically\""}]},{"reference":"Prance, Sam (3 May 2018). \"Troye Sivan Releases Incredible New Single 'Bloom'\". MTV News. Retrieved 3 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.co.uk/troye-sivan/news/troye-sivan-releases-incredible-new-single-bloom","url_text":"\"Troye Sivan Releases Incredible New Single 'Bloom'\""}]},{"reference":"Nied, Mike (3 May 2018). \"Troye Sivan's Sexy New Single \"Bloom\" Is An Atmospheric Smash\". Idolator. Retrieved 3 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idolator.com/7679140/troye-sivan-bloom-listen?edge=1","url_text":"\"Troye Sivan's Sexy New Single \"Bloom\" Is An Atmospheric Smash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Singles Chart Update Top 100: 07 May 2018 − 13 May 2018 (Midweeks)\". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200612100237/https://i.imgur.com/GEkfsrw.jpg","url_text":"\"Official Singles Chart Update Top 100: 07 May 2018 − 13 May 2018 (Midweeks)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"},{"url":"https://i.imgur.com/GEkfsrw.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Michelle (3 May 2018). \"Listen to Troye Sivan's New Song \"Bloom\"\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 3 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/listen-to-troye-sivans-new-song-bloom/","url_text":"\"Listen to Troye Sivan's New Song \"Bloom\"\""}]},{"reference":"Maicki, Salvatore (3 May 2018). \"Troye Sivan shares new single \"Bloom\"\". The Fader. Retrieved 3 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefader.com/2018/05/03/troye-sivan-new-single-bloom","url_text":"\"Troye Sivan shares new single \"Bloom\"\""}]},{"reference":"Corner, Lewis (3 May 2018). \"Listen to Troye Sivan's new single Bloom – and find out the hidden meaning behind it\". Gay Times. Retrieved 3 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/105443/listen-troye-sivan-new-single-bloom/","url_text":"\"Listen to Troye Sivan's new single Bloom – and find out the hidden meaning behind it\""}]},{"reference":"\"Troye Sivan Goes Plastic Fantastic In New Film Clip\". HITS 107. 3 May 2018. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180504012220/https://www.hit.com.au/scoopla/music/troye-sivan-goes-plastic-fantastic-in-new-film-clip","url_text":"\"Troye Sivan Goes Plastic Fantastic In New Film Clip\""},{"url":"https://www.hit.com.au/scoopla/music/troye-sivan-goes-plastic-fantastic-in-new-film-clip","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Troye Sivan - Bloom\". YouTube. Retrieved 20 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41PTANtZFW0","url_text":"\"Troye Sivan - Bloom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bloom / Troye Sivan TIDAL\". Tidal. Retrieved 3 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://listen.tidal.com/album/88001040","url_text":"\"Bloom / Troye Sivan TIDAL\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart\". Recorded Music NZ. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4480","url_text":"\"NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"Gaon Download Chart – Issue date: 2018.05.06 – 2018.05.12\". Gaon Chart. Retrieved 20 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2018&targetTime=19&nationGbn=E","url_text":"\"Gaon Download Chart – Issue date: 2018.05.06 – 2018.05.12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart","url_text":"Gaon Chart"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2020 Singles\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAAg37tFuJyo-YI2WkNFWDQ9a/2020%20Accreds.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2020 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41PTANtZFW0","external_links_name":"\"Bloom\""},{"Link":"https://www.popjustice.com/articles/troye-sivan-interview-i-feel-more-fully-realised-as-a-person/","external_links_name":"\"Troye Sivan interview: \"I feel more fully-realised as a person\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/39346/1/troye-sivan-boy-erased-new-album-interview","external_links_name":"\"Troye Sivan: atomic blonde\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.co.uk/troye-sivan/news/troye-sivan-announces-brand-new-single-bloom","external_links_name":"\"Troye Sivan Announces Brand New Single 'Bloom'\""},{"Link":"https://www.out.com/music/2018/5/01/troye-sivan-teases-new-song-video-bloom","external_links_name":"\"Troye Sivan Teases New Song & Video 'Bloom'\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8412945/troye-sivan-teases-new-song-bloom-tweet","external_links_name":"\"Troye Sivan Teases New Music Coming Out This Week on New Self-Titled Music App\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/troye-sivan-shares-new-single-bloom-2307502","external_links_name":"\"Troye Sivan shares new single 'Bloom'\""},{"Link":"https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/here-are-the-best-reactions-to-troye-sivans-new-pop-classic-bloom/#gs.yLPEKW8","external_links_name":"\"Here are the best reactions to Troye Sivan's new pop classic, Bloom\""},{"Link":"https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/we-ranked-every-song-from-troye-sivans-new-album-bloom","external_links_name":"\"We ranked every song from Troye Sivan's new album Bloom\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8449324/troye-sivan-bloom-lyric-video","external_links_name":"\"Troye Sivan's 'Bloom' is Here: Listen\""},{"Link":"https://noisey.vice.com/en_uk/article/wj7vp9/troye-sivans-new-song-bloom-is-music-for-kissing-basically","external_links_name":"\"Troye Sivan's New Song \"Bloom\" Is Music For Kissing, Basically\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.co.uk/troye-sivan/news/troye-sivan-releases-incredible-new-single-bloom","external_links_name":"\"Troye Sivan Releases Incredible New Single 'Bloom'\""},{"Link":"http://www.idolator.com/7679140/troye-sivan-bloom-listen?edge=1","external_links_name":"\"Troye Sivan's Sexy New Single \"Bloom\" Is An Atmospheric Smash\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200612100237/https://i.imgur.com/GEkfsrw.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Official Singles Chart Update Top 100: 07 May 2018 − 13 May 2018 (Midweeks)\""},{"Link":"https://i.imgur.com/GEkfsrw.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/news/listen-to-troye-sivans-new-song-bloom/","external_links_name":"\"Listen to Troye Sivan's New Song \"Bloom\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefader.com/2018/05/03/troye-sivan-new-single-bloom","external_links_name":"\"Troye Sivan shares new single \"Bloom\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/105443/listen-troye-sivan-new-single-bloom/","external_links_name":"\"Listen to Troye Sivan's new single Bloom – and find out the hidden meaning behind it\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180504012220/https://www.hit.com.au/scoopla/music/troye-sivan-goes-plastic-fantastic-in-new-film-clip","external_links_name":"\"Troye Sivan Goes Plastic Fantastic In New Film Clip\""},{"Link":"https://www.hit.com.au/scoopla/music/troye-sivan-goes-plastic-fantastic-in-new-film-clip","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41PTANtZFW0","external_links_name":"\"Troye Sivan - Bloom\""},{"Link":"https://listen.tidal.com/album/88001040","external_links_name":"\"Bloom / Troye Sivan TIDAL\""},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Troye+Sivan&titel=Bloom&cat=s","external_links_name":"Troye Sivan – Bloom\""},{"Link":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4480","external_links_name":"\"NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20180511/41/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2018&targetTime=19&nationGbn=E","external_links_name":"\"Gaon Download Chart – Issue date: 2018.05.06 – 2018.05.12\""},{"Link":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAAg37tFuJyo-YI2WkNFWDQ9a/2020%20Accreds.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2020 Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxmtHVSVjdo","external_links_name":"Lyric video"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cioteronel | Cioteronel | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Chemical compound
CioteronelClinical dataOther namesCPC-10997; Cyoctol; X-AndronRoutes ofadministrationBy mouth, topicalDrug classNonsteroidal antiandrogenATC codeNoneIdentifiers
IUPAC name
4-(5-methoxyheptyl)-3,3a,4,5,6,6a-hexahydro-1H-pentalen-2-one
CAS Number89672-11-7PubChem CID55994ChemSpider50555UNII1RTH95874ZChEMBLChEMBL2104105CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID50869028 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC16H28O2Molar mass252.398 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image
SMILES
CCC(CCCCC1CCC2C1CC(=O)C2)OC
InChI
InChI=InChI=1S/C16H28O2/c1-3-15(18-2)7-5-4-6-12-8-9-13-10-14(17)11-16(12)13/h12-13,15-16H,3-11H2,1-2H3Key:KDULJHFMZBRAHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cioteronel (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USANTooltip United States Adopted Name) (developmental code name CPC-10997; former tentative brand names Cyoctol, X-Andron) is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) that was never marketed. It was under development between 1989 and 2001 for the topical treatment of androgenetic alopecia (male pattern baldness), and acne and for the oral treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia; it reached phase III clinical trials for acne and phase II studies for androgenetic alopecia, but was ultimately discontinued due to poor efficacy.
See also
Delanterone
Inocoterone
Metogest
Rosterolone
Topilutamide
Topterone
Zanoterone
References
^ Ganellin CR, Triggle DJ (21 November 1996). Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents. CRC Press. p. 570. ISBN 978-0-412-46630-4.
^ Lednicer D (21 November 1994). The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-0-471-58959-4.
^ a b Tiwari A, Krishna NS, Nanda K, Chugh A (November 2005). "Benign prostatic hyperplasia: an insight into current investigational medical therapies". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 14 (11): 1359–72. doi:10.1517/13543784.14.11.1359. PMID 16255676. S2CID 25662071.
^ "Cioteronel". Adis Insight. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Archived from the original on 2016-12-29. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
vteAndrogen receptor modulatorsARTooltip Androgen receptorAgonists
Testosterone derivatives: 4-Androstenediol
4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA)
4-Hydroxytestosterone
4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone
5-Androstenedione
11-Ketotestosterone
11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione
Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)
Androstenediol (5-androstenediol)
Androstenediol 3β-acetate
Androstenediol 17β-acetate
Androstenediol diacetate
Androstenediol dipropionate
Androstenedione (4-androstenedione)
Atamestane
Boldenone
Boldenone undecylenate
Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione)
Clostebol
Clostebol acetate
Clostebol caproate
Clostebol propionate
Cloxotestosterone
Cloxotestosterone acetate
Dehydroandrosterone
DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA)
DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate)
DHEA sulfate
Exemestane
Formestane
Plomestane
Quinbolone
Silandrone
Testosterone# (+dutasteride)
Testosterone esters
Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate
5α-Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: 1-Androstenediol
1-Androstenedione
1-Androsterone (1-andro, 1-DHEA)
1-Testosterone
3α-Androstanediol
5α-Androst-2-en-17-one
7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
11-Ketodihydrotestosterone
Androsterone
Bolazine
Bolazine capronate
Dihydroethyltestosterone
Dihydrofluoxymesterone
Dihydromethylandrostenediol
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (androstanolone, stanolone)
Dihydrotestosterone esters
Drostanolone
Drostanolone propionate
Epiandrosterone
Epitiostanol
Mepitiostane
Mesabolone
Mesterolone
Mesterolone cipionate
Methyldiazinol
Nisterime
Nisterime acetate
Prostanozol
Stenbolone
Stenbolone acetate
Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone)
19-Nortestosterone derivatives: 7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione)
11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone
11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate
19-Nor-5-androstenediol
19-Nor-5-androstenedione
19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone
Bolandiol
Bolandiol dipropionate
Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione)
Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate)
Dienedione
Dienolone
Dimethandrolone
Dimethandrolone buciclate
Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate
Dimethandrolone undecanoate
LS-1727 (nandrolone 17β-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamate)
Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)
Nandrolone
Nandrolone esters
Norclostebol
Norclostebol acetate
Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)
Oxabolone
Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)
Trenbolone
Trenbolone acetate
Trenbolone enanthate
Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate
Trenbolone undecanoate
Trendione
Trestolone (MENT)
Trestolone acetate
Trestolone enanthate
5α-Dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: 5α-Dihydronandrolone
5α-Dihydrotrestolone
19-Norandrosterone
17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: Bolasterone
Calusterone
Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA)
Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)
Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA)
Enestebol
Ethyltestosterone
Fluoxymesterone
Formebolone
Hydroxystenozole
Metandienone (methandrostenolone)
Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)
Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate
Methandriol diacetate
Methandriol dipropionate
Methandriol propionate
Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone)
Methyltestosterone (+esterified estrogens)
Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether
Oxymesterone
Penmesterol
Tiomesterone
17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydrotestosterone derivatives: Androisoxazole
Desoxymethyltestosterone
Furazabol
Mebolazine (dimethazine)
Mestanolone
Metenolone
Metenolone acetate
Metenolone enanthate
Methasterone
Methyl-1-testosterone
Methylepitiostanol
Methylstenbolone
Oxandrolone
Oxymetholone
Stanozolol
17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: Bolenol
Dimethyldienolone
Dimethyltrienolone
Ethyldienolone
Ethylestrenol
Methyldienolone
Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN)
Metribolone
Mibolerone
Norboletone
Norethandrolone
Propetandrol
RU-2309
Tetrahydrogestrinone
17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: 5α-Dihydronorethandrolone
5α-Dihydronormethandrone
17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)
17α-Vinyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: Vinyltestosterone
17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: Danazol
Ethinylandrostenediol
Ethandrostate
Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)
5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyltestosterone derivatives: 17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol
17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol
Dihydroethisterone
17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: Δ4-Tibolone
Desogestrel
Etonogestrel
Etynodiol
Etynodiol diacetate
Gestodene
Gestrinone
Levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel esters (e.g., levonorgestrel butanoate)
Lynestrenol
Lynestrenol phenylpropionate
Norethisterone
Norethisterone esters (e.g., norethisterone acetate, norethisterone enanthate)
Norgestrel
Norgestrienone
Quingestanol
Quingestanol acetate
Tibolone
5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: 5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel
5α-Dihydronorethisterone
Progesterone derivatives: 6α-Methylprogesterone
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Megestrol acetate
Others/unsorted: 3-Keto-5α-abiraterone
5α-Androstane
Alternariol
Cl-4AS-1
Drupanol
Trilostane
ZM-182345
SARMsTooltip Selective androgen receptor modulator
Nonsteroidal: 198RL26
ACP-105
AC-262,536
Acetothiolutamide
Acetoxolutamide
Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4)
BMS-564,929
DTIB
Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22)
FTBU-1
GLPG-0492
GSK2881078
GSK-4336A
GSK-8698
LG121071 (LGD-121071)
LGD-2226
LGD-2941 (LGD-122941)
LGD-3303
LGD-4033
LY305
JNJ-26146900
JNJ-28330835
JNJ-37654032
OPK-88004 (LY-2452473, TT-701)
ORM-11984
PF-06260414
R-1
RU-59063
S-1
S-23
S-40503
S-101479
Vosilasarm
Steroidal: EM-9017
MK-0773
TFM-4AS-1
YK-11
Antagonists
Steroidal: 7α-Thioprogesterone
7α-Thiospironolactone
7α-Thiomethylspironolactone
11α-Hydroxyprogesterone
15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate
Abiraterone
Abiraterone acetate
Allyltestosterone
Benorterone
BOMT
Canrenoic acid
Canrenone
Chlormadinone acetate
Clascoterone
Clometerone
Cyproheptadine
Cyproterone
Cyproterone acetate
Delanterone
Delmadinone acetate
Dicirenone
Dienogest
Drospirenone
DU-41165
Edogestrone
EM-4350
EM-5854
EM-5855
EM-6537
Epitestosterone
Galeterone
Guggulsterone
Ludaterone
Medrogestone
Megestrol acetate
Mespirenone
Metogest
Mexrenone
Mifepristone
Nomegestrol acetate
Nordinone
Osaterone
Osaterone acetate
Oxendolone
Potassium canrenoate
Promegestone
Prorenone
Rosterolone
RU-15328
SC-5233 (spirolactone)
Spironolactone
Spirorenone
Spiroxasone
Topterone
Trimegestone
Trimethyltrienolone (R-2956)
Zanoterone
Nonsteroidal: 5N-Bicalutamide
AA560
Antarlides
Arabilin
Apalutamide
Atraric acid
AZD-3514
Bakuchiol
Bavdegalutamide
BAY-1024767
Bicalutamide
Bisphenols (e.g., BADGE, BFDGE, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S)
BMS-501949
BMS-570511
BMS-641988
CH5137291
Cimetidine
Cioteronel
Cyanonilutamide
Darolutamide
DDT (via metabolite p,p’-DDE)
Dieldrin
DIMP
Endosulfan
Enzalutamide
EPI-001
Fenarimol
Flutamide
Hydroxyflutamide
Inocoterone
Inocoterone acetate
Ketoconazole
Ketodarolutamide
Lavender oil
LG-105
LG-120907
LGD-1331
Linuron
Masofaniten
Methiocarb
N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide
N-Desmethylapalutamide
N-Desmethylenzalutamide
Nilutamide
ONC1-13B
Pentomone
PF-998425
Phenothrin
Prochloraz
Procymidone
Proxalutamide
Pyrilutamide
Ralaniten (EPI-002)
Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506)
RD-162
Rezvilutamide
Ro 2-7239
Ro 5-2537
RU-22930
RU-56187
RU-57073
RU-58642
RU-58841
Seviteronel
Thalidomide
Topilutamide (fluridil)
Valproic acid
Vinclozolin
YM-580
YM-92088
YM-175735
GPRC6AAgonists
Cations (incl. aluminium, calcium, gadolinium, magnesium, strontium, zinc)
Dehydroandrosterone
Dihydrotestosterone
Estradiol
L-α-Amino acids (incl. L-arginine, L-lysine, L-ornithine)
Osteocalcin
SHBGTooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin
Testosterone
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Androgens and antiandrogens
Estrogen receptor modulators
Progesterone receptor modulators
List of androgens and anabolic steroids
This drug article relating to the genito-urinary system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This dermatologic drug article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name"},{"link_name":"USAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Adopted_Name"},{"link_name":"nonsteroidal antiandrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GanellinTriggle1996-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lednicer1994-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TiwariKrishna2005-3"},{"link_name":"topical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topical_administration"},{"link_name":"androgenetic alopecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgenetic_alopecia"},{"link_name":"acne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne"},{"link_name":"oral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_administration"},{"link_name":"benign prostatic hyperplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia"},{"link_name":"phase III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III"},{"link_name":"clinical trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"},{"link_name":"phase II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_II"},{"link_name":"efficacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficacy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TiwariKrishna2005-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdisInsight-4"}],"text":"Cioteronel (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USANTooltip United States Adopted Name) (developmental code name CPC-10997; former tentative brand names Cyoctol, X-Andron) is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) that was never marketed.[1][2][3] It was under development between 1989 and 2001 for the topical treatment of androgenetic alopecia (male pattern baldness), and acne and for the oral treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia; it reached phase III clinical trials for acne and phase II studies for androgenetic alopecia, but was ultimately discontinued due to poor efficacy.[3][4]","title":"Cioteronel"}] | [] | [{"title":"Delanterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delanterone"},{"title":"Inocoterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inocoterone"},{"title":"Metogest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metogest"},{"title":"Rosterolone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosterolone"},{"title":"Topilutamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topilutamide"},{"title":"Topterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topterone"},{"title":"Zanoterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanoterone"}] | [{"reference":"Ganellin CR, Triggle DJ (21 November 1996). Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents. CRC Press. p. 570. ISBN 978-0-412-46630-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_mfTTIApVEC&pg=PA570","url_text":"Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-46630-4","url_text":"978-0-412-46630-4"}]},{"reference":"Lednicer D (21 November 1994). The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 11–. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_West_View | SS West View | ["1 References"] | Cargo ship of the United States Navy
SS West View in port ca. autumn 1918.
History
United States
NameUSS West View
BuilderNorthwest Steel Company, Portland, Oregon
Launched26 August 1918
Completed1918
Acquired21 November 1918
Commissioned21 November 1918
Decommissioned20 January 1919
Stricken20 January 1919
FateTransferred to United States Shipping Board 20 January 1919
Notes
In reserve with U.S. Shipping Board and U.S. Maritime Commission as SS West View 1919-ca. 1938
Scrapped ca. 1938
General characteristics
Tonnage5,808 GRT
Length428 ft (130 m)
Beam54 ft (16 m)
Draft24 ft 6 in (7.47 m)
Depth29 ft 9 in (9.07 m)
PropulsionSteam engine
Speed10 knots
Complement82
ArmamentNone
USS West View, also spelled Westview, was a cargo ship that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919.
SS West View was built in 1918 as a commercial cargo ship at Portland, Oregon by the Northwest Steel Company for the United States Shipping Board. Although she was never assigned a naval registry identification number, she was delivered to the Navy on 21 November 1918 and commissioned the same day as USS West View at Puget Sound Navy Yard in Bremerton, Washington.
Assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service, West View departed the United States West Coast with a cargo of 7,200 tons of flour. Voyaging via the Panama Canal, she arrived at New York City on 12 January 1919.
After this lone voyage, West View was decommissioned at New York City on 20 January 1919 and was transferred to the United States Shipping Board and stricken from the Navy List the same day.
Once again SS West View, she lay in reserve in the James River in Virginia in the custody of the U.S.Shipping Board and its successor, the United States Maritime Commission until ca. 1938, when she probably was scrapped due to age and deterioration.
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center Online Library of Selected Images: Civilian Ships: S.S. West View (American Freighter, 1918). Served as USS West View in 1918–1919. Name also spelled Westview
NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: West View
vteShips built by Northwest Steel, Portland, OregonDesign 1013 ships
Centaurus (ex-West Minsi)
Clauseus
J R Gordon
West Bomoken 1
West Celeron
West Celina
West Chana
West Chatala (I)
West Chatala (II)
West Cherow
West Cheswald
West Compo
West Croswicks1
West Jaffrey
West Joplin
West Matas
West Modus
West Nohno
West Paramas 1
West Pocasset
West Raritans
West Saginaw
West Segovia
West Tacook
West Togus
West Wauna
West Wyska
West Zeda
Other ships
War Baron
War Viceroy
Westchester
Western Chief
Western Comet
Western Light
Western Maid
Western Ocean
Western Scout
Western Spirit
Western Wave
Westhampton
Westland
Westshore
West Wind
West View
1 = Cancelled | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Northwest Steel Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Steel_Company"},{"link_name":"United States Shipping Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Shipping_Board"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Bremerton, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerton,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Naval Overseas Transportation Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Overseas_Transportation_Service"},{"link_name":"United States West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_West_Coast"},{"link_name":"cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo"},{"link_name":"tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton"},{"link_name":"flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_decommissioning"},{"link_name":"United States Shipping Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Shipping_Board"},{"link_name":"Navy List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_List"},{"link_name":"James River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"United States Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Maritime_Commission"}],"text":"USS West View, also spelled Westview, was a cargo ship that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919.SS West View was built in 1918 as a commercial cargo ship at Portland, Oregon by the Northwest Steel Company for the United States Shipping Board. Although she was never assigned a naval registry identification number, she was delivered to the Navy on 21 November 1918 and commissioned the same day as USS West View at Puget Sound Navy Yard in Bremerton, Washington.Assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service, West View departed the United States West Coast with a cargo of 7,200 tons of flour. Voyaging via the Panama Canal, she arrived at New York City on 12 January 1919.After this lone voyage, West View was decommissioned at New York City on 20 January 1919 and was transferred to the United States Shipping Board and stricken from the Navy List the same day.Once again SS West View, she lay in reserve in the James River in Virginia in the custody of the U.S.Shipping Board and its successor, the United States Maritime Commission until ca. 1938, when she probably was scrapped due to age and deterioration.","title":"SS West View"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/west-view.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130826165552/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-civil/civsh-w/westview.htm","external_links_name":"Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center Online Library of Selected Images: Civilian Ships: S.S. West View (American Freighter, 1918). Served as USS West View in 1918–1919. Name also spelled Westview"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/179996.htm","external_links_name":"NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: West View"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwpoort_(Netherlands) | Nieuwpoort, South Holland | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°56′N 4°52′E / 51.933°N 4.867°E / 51.933; 4.867City in South Holland, NetherlandsNieuwpoortCityHarbour
Coat of armsThe city centre (dark green) and the statistical district (light green) of Nieuwpoort in the former municipality of Liesveld.Coordinates: 51°56′N 4°52′E / 51.933°N 4.867°E / 51.933; 4.867CountryNetherlandsProvinceSouth HollandMunicipalityMolenlandenPopulation (1 jan 2004) • Total1,394Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code2965Dialing code0184
Nieuwpoort is a tiny city in the Netherlands in the municipality of Molenlanden. The place was given city rights in 1283.
In 2001, the city of Nieuwpoort had 619 inhabitants. The built-up area of the city was 0.092 km², and contained 230 residences.
The statistical area "Nieuwpoort", which also can include the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 1370 (2006).
History
The former town hall (1697)
In the 13th century, the current location of the Nieuwpoort fortress was created by Lord Van Liesveld and Lord Van Langerack. The two lords wanted a settlement and in 1270, they both gave some of their property to make this happen. In 1283, the fortress was given town privileges.
After a turbulent beginning, with many sieges and devastation, more peaceful times eventually arrived in the 17th century. The city ramparts saved the city from floods in 1809 and 1820. Due to an economical crisis in the 1930s and World War II, the town decayed. In 1970, the Provincial States of South Holland initiated a reconstruction and restoration of the fortress and the town. This work was finished in 1998.
Nieuwpoort was a separate municipality until 1986, when it became part of Liesveld, and then became part of Molenwaard in 2013.
References
^ Statistics Netherlands (CBS), Bevolkingskernen in Nederland 2001. (Statistics are for the continuous built-up area).
^ Statistics Netherlands (CBS), Statline: Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2003-2006, visited February 8, 2007.
^ Var-Matin , 14 juin 1809.
^ Ad van der Meer and Onno Boonstra, Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten, KNAW, 2011.
External links
Media related to Nieuwpoort, South Holland at Wikimedia Commons
Image gallery Nieuwpoort
vtePopulated places in the municipality of Molenwaard (former municipality)Towns
Bleskensgraaf
Groot-Ammers
Langerak
Nieuw-Lekkerland
Nieuwpoort
Streefkerk
Villages
Brandwijk
Gijbeland
Goudriaan
Kinderdijk
Molenaarsgraaf
Ottoland
Oud-Alblas
Wijngaarden
Hamlets
De Donk
Gelkenes
Graafland
Hofwegen
Kooiwijk
Liesveld
Vuilendam
Waal
List of cities, towns and villages in South Holland
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Molenlanden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molenlanden"},{"link_name":"city rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_rights_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS2-2"}],"text":"City in South Holland, NetherlandsNieuwpoort is a tiny city in the Netherlands in the municipality of Molenlanden. The place was given city rights in 1283.In 2001, the city of Nieuwpoort had 619 inhabitants. The built-up area of the city was 0.092 km², and contained 230 residences.[1]\nThe statistical area \"Nieuwpoort\", which also can include the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 1370 (2006).[2]","title":"Nieuwpoort, South Holland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NieuwpoortStadhuis.JPG"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"South Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Holland"},{"link_name":"Liesveld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liesveld_(former_municipality)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The former town hall (1697)In the 13th century, the current location of the Nieuwpoort fortress was created by Lord Van Liesveld and Lord Van Langerack. The two lords wanted a settlement and in 1270, they both gave some of their property to make this happen. In 1283, the fortress was given town privileges.After a turbulent beginning, with many sieges and devastation, more peaceful times eventually arrived in the 17th century. The city ramparts saved the city from floods in 1809[3] and 1820. Due to an economical crisis in the 1930s and World War II, the town decayed. In 1970, the Provincial States of South Holland initiated a reconstruction and restoration of the fortress and the town. This work was finished in 1998.Nieuwpoort was a separate municipality until 1986, when it became part of Liesveld,[4] and then became part of Molenwaard in 2013.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"The former town hall (1697)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NieuwpoortStadhuis.JPG/220px-NieuwpoortStadhuis.JPG"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nieuwpoort,_South_Holland¶ms=51_56_N_4_52_E_region:NL_type:city(1394)","external_links_name":"51°56′N 4°52′E / 51.933°N 4.867°E / 51.933; 4.867"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nieuwpoort,_South_Holland¶ms=51_56_N_4_52_E_region:NL_type:city(1394)","external_links_name":"51°56′N 4°52′E / 51.933°N 4.867°E / 51.933; 4.867"},{"Link":"https://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/milieu-natuur-ruimte/ruimte/publicaties/cartografie-geografie/geografische-data/2001-bevolkingskernen-in-nederland.htm","external_links_name":"Bevolkingskernen in Nederland 2001"},{"Link":"https://statline.cbs.nl/","external_links_name":"Statline: Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2003-2006"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306041851/http://www.dans.knaw.nl/content/categorieen/publicaties/dans-data-guide-2","external_links_name":"Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten"},{"Link":"http://www.histkringnieuwpoort.nl/interface/content.php?spgmGal=Impressie_Nieuwpoort&menuid=2&catid=2","external_links_name":"Image gallery Nieuwpoort"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/247849006","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144978125","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144978125","external_links_name":"BnF data"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Galichon | Alfred Galichon | ["1 Life and work","2 Research","3 Awards and distinctions","4 Selected publications","4.1 Books","4.2 Articles","5 References","6 External links"] | French Economist and Mathematician
Alfred GalichonAlfred GalichonBornMay 4th,1977ParisNationalityFrenchAlma materÉcole Polytechnique, École des Mines, Harvard UniversityAwardsEdmond Malinvaud Prize of the French Association of Economic Sciences, 2015.Scientific careerFieldsQuantitative Economics, Econometrics, Applied mathematics, Optimal Transport, Data Science.InstitutionsCurrent: New York University Former: École Polytechnique, Sciences Po.Doctoral advisorGuido Imbens
Websitehttp://alfredgalichon.com/
Alfred Galichon (alfʁɛːd galiʃɔ̃; born May 4, 1977) is a French economist and mathematician. His work focuses on quantitative economics and econometrics. He is a professor of economics and of mathematics at New York University.
Life and work
Galichon was born in Paris. He is a professor at New York University in the Courant Institute, and the director of NYU Paris. Previously, he had been a full professor at Ecole Polytechnique, and then at Sciences Po, Paris. He is a graduate of Ecole Polytechnique and Corps des Mines, and holds a PhD in Economics from Harvard University.
His work lies within quantitative economics, in particular on the economic applications of optimal transport. He has contributed to the econometrics of matching markets, discrete choice models, martingale optimal transport, and quantile regression.
He is a fellow of the Econometric Society and the author of Optimal Transport Methods in Economics.
Research
Galichon is the author of more than forty peer-reviewed articles. His research has been funded by the National Science Foundation (2017-2020) and twice by the European Research Council, for a total amount of approximately 3 million Euros.
Awards and distinctions
Edmond Malinvaud Prize from the French Association of Economic Sciences, 2015.
Starting grant, European Research Council, 2013-2016.
'Young Leader' of the French-American Foundation, 2018.
Economic Theory Fellow, 2019.
Fellow of the Econometric Society, 2020.
Consolidator grant, European Research Council, 2020-2025.
Selected publications
Books
Galichon, Alfred (Sep 6, 2016). Optimal Transport Methods in Economics. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780691172767.
Véron, Nicolas; Autret, Matthieu; Galichon, Alfred (2006). Smoke & Mirrors, Inc: Accounting for Capitalism. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 233. ISBN 0801444160.
Articles
Chernozhukov, Victor; Fernández‐Val, Iván; Galichon, Alfred (2009). "Improving point and interval estimators of monotone functions by rearrangement". Biometrika. 96 (3). Oxford University Press: 559–575. arXiv:0806.4730. doi:10.1093/biomet/asp030. JSTOR 27798848.
Chernozhukov, Victor; Fernández‐Val, Iván; Galichon, Alfred (21 May 2010). "Quantile and Probability Curves Without Crossing". Econometrica. 78 (3): 1093–1125. arXiv:0704.3649. doi:10.3982/ECTA7880. S2CID 10238289.
Dupuy, Arnaud; Galichon, Alfred (2014). "Personality Traits and the Marriage Market". Journal of Political Economy. 122 (6): 1271–1319. arXiv:2102.07476. doi:10.1086/677191. S2CID 53660184.
Galichon, Alfred; Henry-Labordère, Pierre; Touzi, Nizar (2014). "A stochastic control approach to no-arbitrage bounds given marginals, with an application to lookback options". The Annals of Applied Probability. 24 (1): 312–336. arXiv:1401.3921. doi:10.1214/13-AAP925.
Galichon, Alfred; Henry, Marc (2011). "Set identification in models with multiple equilibria". The Review of Economic Studies. 78 (4): 1264–1298. arXiv:2102.12249. doi:10.1093/restud/rdr008. JSTOR 41407061.
Galichon, Alfred; Salanie, Bernard (2020). "Cupid's invisible hand: Social surplus and identification in matching models". SSRN Scholarly Paper. ID: 1804623. Rochester, NY, USA: Social Science Research Network. arXiv:2106.02371. SSRN 1804623.
References
^ a b "Le prix Edmond Malinvaud". Association Française de Science Economique. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ IZA Institute of Labor Economics. "Alfred Galichon". Fellows. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ "Alfred Galichon". Mathematics Genealogy Project. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ a b c d New York University. "Alfred Galichon". Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ a b c d New York University. "Alfred Galichon". College of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ New York University. "Staff". NYU Paris. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ Who's Who in France. "Alfred Galichon". Who's Who in France. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
^ a b "Alfred Galichon". French American Foundation. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ a b "Fellows of the Econometric Society". Econometric Society. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ Galichon, Alfred (Sep 6, 2016). Optimal Transport Methods in Economics. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780691172767. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ "Alfred Galichon". Google Scholar. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ "Optimal and Equilibrium Transport: Theory and Applications to Economics and Data Science". National Science Foundation. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ a b European Commission. "Equilibrium methods for Resource Allocations and Dynamic Pricing". CORDIS - EU Research Results. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ a b European Commission. "Economics of Matching Markets: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations". CORDIS - EU Research Results. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ "Economic Theory Fellows". Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
External links
Personal website
NYU Department of Economics profile
NYU Department of Mathematics profile
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Academics
Google Scholar
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alfʁɛːd galiʃɔ̃","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_phonology"},{"link_name":"economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYU_Courant-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYU_AS-5"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYU_Courant-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYU_AS-5"}],"text":"Alfred Galichon (alfʁɛːd galiʃɔ̃; born May 4, 1977) is a French economist and mathematician.[4] His work focuses on quantitative economics and econometrics.[5] He is a professor of economics and of mathematics at New York University.[4][5]","title":"Alfred Galichon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Courant Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courant_Institute"},{"link_name":"NYU Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYU_Paris"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYU_Courant-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYU_AS-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYU_Paris-6"},{"link_name":"Ecole Polytechnique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecole_Polytechnique"},{"link_name":"Corps des Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_des_Mines"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whoswho_fr-7"},{"link_name":"optimal transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_theory_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"matching markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_matching_theory"},{"link_name":"discrete choice models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_choice"},{"link_name":"quantile regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantile_regression"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYU_AS-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrenchAmericanFoundation-8"},{"link_name":"Econometric Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometric_Society"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EconometricSociety-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OTAM-10"}],"text":"Galichon was born in Paris. He is a professor at New York University in the Courant Institute, and the director of NYU Paris.[4][5][6] Previously, he had been a full professor at Ecole Polytechnique, and then at Sciences Po, Paris. He is a graduate of Ecole Polytechnique and Corps des Mines, and holds a PhD in Economics from Harvard University.[7]His work lies within quantitative economics, in particular on the economic applications of optimal transport. He has contributed to the econometrics of matching markets, discrete choice models, martingale optimal transport, and quantile regression.[5][8]He is a fellow of the Econometric Society[9] and the author of Optimal Transport Methods in Economics.[10]","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Scholar-11"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"European Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSF-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERCCont-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERCStart-14"}],"text":"Galichon is the author of more than forty peer-reviewed articles.[11] His research has been funded by the National Science Foundation (2017-2020) and twice by the European Research Council, for a total amount of approximately 3 million Euros.[12][13][14]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malinvaud-1"},{"link_name":"Starting grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council#Grants_offered#Schemes"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERCStart-14"},{"link_name":"'Young Leader' of the French-American Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-American_Foundation#Young_Leaders"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrenchAmericanFoundation-8"},{"link_name":"Economic Theory Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Advancement_of_Economic_Theory#Fellows"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAET-15"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Econometric Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometric_Society#Officers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EconometricSociety-9"},{"link_name":"Consolidator grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council#Grants_offered#Schemes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERCCont-13"}],"text":"Edmond Malinvaud Prize from the French Association of Economic Sciences, 2015.[1]\nStarting grant, European Research Council, 2013-2016.[14]\n'Young Leader' of the French-American Foundation, 2018.[8]\nEconomic Theory Fellow, 2019.[15]\nFellow of the Econometric Society, 2020.[9]\nConsolidator grant, European Research Council, 2020-2025.[13]","title":"Awards and distinctions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Optimal Transport Methods in Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691172767/optimal-transport-methods-in-economics"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780691172767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691172767"},{"link_name":"Smoke & Mirrors, Inc: Accounting for Capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-NEquF3eYMIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0801444160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801444160"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Galichon, Alfred (Sep 6, 2016). Optimal Transport Methods in Economics. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780691172767.\nVéron, Nicolas; Autret, Matthieu; Galichon, Alfred (2006). Smoke & Mirrors, Inc: Accounting for Capitalism. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 233. ISBN 0801444160.","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0806.4730","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/0806.4730"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/biomet/asp030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiomet%2Fasp030"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27798848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/27798848"},{"link_name":"\"Quantile and Probability Curves Without Crossing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.3982/ECTA7880"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0704.3649","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/0704.3649"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3982/ECTA7880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3982%2FECTA7880"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10238289","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10238289"},{"link_name":"\"Personality Traits and the Marriage Market\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/677191?journalCode=jpe"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2102.07476","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/2102.07476"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/677191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F677191"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"53660184","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53660184"},{"link_name":"\"A stochastic control approach to no-arbitrage bounds given marginals, with an application to lookback options\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1214%2F13-AAP925"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1401.3921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1401.3921"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1214/13-AAP925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1214%2F13-AAP925"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2102.12249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/2102.12249"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/restud/rdr008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Frestud%2Frdr008"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41407061","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41407061"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2106.02371","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/2106.02371"},{"link_name":"SSRN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1804623","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1804623"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"Chernozhukov, Victor; Fernández‐Val, Iván; Galichon, Alfred (2009). \"Improving point and interval estimators of monotone functions by rearrangement\". Biometrika. 96 (3). Oxford University Press: 559–575. arXiv:0806.4730. doi:10.1093/biomet/asp030. JSTOR 27798848.\nChernozhukov, Victor; Fernández‐Val, Iván; Galichon, Alfred (21 May 2010). \"Quantile and Probability Curves Without Crossing\". Econometrica. 78 (3): 1093–1125. arXiv:0704.3649. doi:10.3982/ECTA7880. S2CID 10238289.\nDupuy, Arnaud; Galichon, Alfred (2014). \"Personality Traits and the Marriage Market\". Journal of Political Economy. 122 (6): 1271–1319. arXiv:2102.07476. doi:10.1086/677191. S2CID 53660184.\nGalichon, Alfred; Henry-Labordère, Pierre; Touzi, Nizar (2014). \"A stochastic control approach to no-arbitrage bounds given marginals, with an application to lookback options\". The Annals of Applied Probability. 24 (1): 312–336. arXiv:1401.3921. doi:10.1214/13-AAP925.\nGalichon, Alfred; Henry, Marc (2011). \"Set identification in models with multiple equilibria\". The Review of Economic Studies. 78 (4): 1264–1298. arXiv:2102.12249. doi:10.1093/restud/rdr008. JSTOR 41407061.\nGalichon, Alfred; Salanie, Bernard (2020). \"Cupid's invisible hand: Social surplus and identification in matching models\". SSRN Scholarly Paper. ID: 1804623. Rochester, NY, USA: Social Science Research Network. arXiv:2106.02371. SSRN 1804623.","title":"Selected publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Galichon, Alfred (Sep 6, 2016). Optimal Transport Methods in Economics. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780691172767.","urls":[{"url":"https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691172767/optimal-transport-methods-in-economics","url_text":"Optimal Transport Methods in Economics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691172767","url_text":"9780691172767"}]},{"reference":"Véron, Nicolas; Autret, Matthieu; Galichon, Alfred (2006). Smoke & Mirrors, Inc: Accounting for Capitalism. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 233. 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Retrieved 29 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whoswho.fr/bio/alfred-galichon_73349","url_text":"\"Alfred Galichon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alfred Galichon\". French American Foundation. Retrieved 19 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://frenchamerican.org/young-leader/alfred-galichon/","url_text":"\"Alfred Galichon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fellows of the Econometric Society\". Econometric Society. Retrieved 19 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.econometricsociety.org/society/organization-and-governance/fellows","url_text":"\"Fellows of the Econometric Society\""}]},{"reference":"Galichon, Alfred (Sep 6, 2016). Optimal Transport Methods in Economics. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780691172767. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrave_Walk_tram_stop | Belgrave Walk tram stop | ["1 Connections","2 References"] | Coordinates: 51°24′04″N 0°10′42″W / 51.400979°N 0.178458°W / 51.400979; -0.178458Tramlink tram stop in London, England
Belgrave WalkGeneral informationLocationMitcham,London Borough of MertonUnited KingdomOperated byTramlinkPlatforms2ConstructionAccessibleYesOther informationFare zoneLondon fare zones 3, 4, 5 and 6HistoryOpened30 May 2000; 24 years ago (2000-05-30)Passengers2009–100.325 million total boardings and alightings2010–11 0.336 million total boardings and alightings
Belgrave Walk tram stop is a stop on the Tramlink service near Mitcham in the London Borough of Merton. The stop is named after Belgrave Walk, an adjacent residential street to the north.
The tram stop consists of an island platform which is accessed by pedestrian level crossings at both ends of the platform. The crossing at the western end only serves the north side of the line, whilst the one at the eastern end forms a path connecting neighbourhoods on either side of the line. The Phipps Bridge tram stop is clearly visible to the west.
Connections
London Buses route 201 serves the tram stop.
Preceding station
Tramlink
Following station
Phipps Bridgetowards Wimbledon
TramlinkWimbledon to Beckenham Junction
Mitchamtowards Beckenham Junction
TramlinkWimbledon to Elmers End
Mitchamtowards Elmers End
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Belgrave Walk tram stop.
^ "Tram Stop Usage 2009-10 (FOI)" (XLS). Tramlink annual passenger performance 2009-2010. Transport for London. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
^ "Tramlink numbers 2010-2011" (PDF). Tramlink annual passenger performance 2010-2011. Transport for London. 28 March 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
vteTramlinkTram stopsWimbledon branch
Wimbledon
Dundonald Road
Merton Park
Morden Road
Phipps Bridge
Belgrave Walk
Mitcham
Mitcham Junction
Beddington Lane
Therapia Lane
Ampere Way
Waddon Marsh
Wandle Park
Reeves Corner eastbound-only
Croydon town loop
Centrale eastbound-only
West Croydon eastbound-only
Wellesley Road eastbound-only
Church Street westbound-only
George Street westbound-only
Beckenham Junction& Elmers End branch
East Croydon
Lebanon Road
Sandilands
Addiscombe
Blackhorse Lane
Woodside
Arena
Elmers End
Birkbeck
Avenue Road
Beckenham Road
Beckenham Junction
New Addington branch
Lloyd Park
Coombe Lane
Gravel Hill
Addington Village
Fieldway
King Henry's Drive
New Addington
Proposed developmentsSutton Link
To include: Colliers Wood
Sutton
Rolling stock
Bombardier CR4000
Stadler Variobahn
Related topics
Therapia Lane depot
2016 Croydon tram derailment
Transport for London
London transport portal
51°24′04″N 0°10′42″W / 51.400979°N 0.178458°W / 51.400979; -0.178458
This UK Tram-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tramlink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"},{"link_name":"Mitcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitcham"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Merton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Merton"},{"link_name":"level crossings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_crossing"},{"link_name":"Phipps Bridge tram stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phipps_Bridge_tram_stop"}],"text":"Tramlink tram stop in London, EnglandBelgrave Walk tram stop is a stop on the Tramlink service near Mitcham in the London Borough of Merton. The stop is named after Belgrave Walk, an adjacent residential street to the north.The tram stop consists of an island platform which is accessed by pedestrian level crossings at both ends of the platform. The crossing at the western end only serves the north side of the line, whilst the one at the eastern end forms a path connecting neighbourhoods on either side of the line. The Phipps Bridge tram stop is clearly visible to the west.","title":"Belgrave Walk tram stop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Buses route 201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_201"}],"text":"London Buses route 201 serves the tram stop.","title":"Connections"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tram Stop Usage 2009-10 (FOI)\" (XLS). Tramlink annual passenger performance 2009-2010. Transport for London. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/79980/response/202827/attach/html/3/Tram%20Stop%20Usage%202009%2010%20FOI.xls","url_text":"\"Tram Stop Usage 2009-10 (FOI)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Tramlink numbers 2010-2011\" (PDF). Tramlink annual passenger performance 2010-2011. Transport for London. 28 March 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/107829/response/268523/attach/html/3/Tramlink%20numbers%202010%202011.pdf","url_text":"\"Tramlink numbers 2010-2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belgrave_Walk_tram_stop¶ms=51.400979_N_0.178458_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°24′04″N 0°10′42″W / 51.400979°N 0.178458°W / 51.400979; -0.178458"},{"Link":"https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/79980/response/202827/attach/html/3/Tram%20Stop%20Usage%202009%2010%20FOI.xls","external_links_name":"\"Tram Stop Usage 2009-10 (FOI)\""},{"Link":"https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/107829/response/268523/attach/html/3/Tramlink%20numbers%202010%202011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tramlink numbers 2010-2011\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belgrave_Walk_tram_stop¶ms=51.400979_N_0.178458_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°24′04″N 0°10′42″W / 51.400979°N 0.178458°W / 51.400979; -0.178458"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgrave_Walk_tram_stop&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_6_Hours_of_Bahrain | 2013 6 Hours of Bahrain | ["1 Qualifying","1.1 Qualifying result","2 Race","2.1 Race result","3 References"] | The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for sports and athletics. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "2013 6 Hours of Bahrain" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Bahrain International Circuit
The 2013 6 Hours of Bahrain was an endurance auto race held at the Bahrain International Circuit in Sakhir, Bahrain on 30 November 2013. The race was the eighth and final showdown of the 2013 FIA World Endurance Championship season. The race was won by Sébastien Buemi, Stéphane Sarrazin and Anthony Davidson driving the No.8 Toyota TS030 Hybrid of Toyota Racing.
Qualifying
Qualifying result
Pole position winners in each class are marked in bold.
Pos
Class
Team
Average Time
Grid
1
LMP1
No. 7 Toyota Racing
1:42.449
1
2
LMP1
No. 8 Toyota Racing
1:42.781
2
3
LMP1
No. 1 Audi Sport Team Joest
1:42.976
3
4
LMP1
No. 2 Audi Sport Team Joest
1:43.145
4
5
LMP1
No. 12 Rebellion Racing
1:46.728
5
6
LMP2
No. 49 Pecom Racing
1:50.941
6
7
LMP2
No. 26 G-Drive Racing
1:51.003
7
8
LMP2
No. 24 OAK Racing
1:51.718
8
9
LMP2
No. 41 Greaves Motorsport
1:51.841
9
10
LMP2
No. 25 Delta-ADR
1:52.133
10
11
LMP2
No. 35 OAK Racing
1:52.377
11
12
LMP2
No. 31 Lotus
1:53.217
12
13
LMP2
No. 32 Lotus
1:53.584
13
14
LMP2
No. 45 OAK Racing
1:54.033
14
15
LMGTE Pro
No. 92 Porsche AG Team Manthey
1:58.833
15
16
LMGTE Pro
No. 91 Porsche AG Team Manthey
1:58.960
16
17
LMGTE Pro
No. 97 Aston Martin Racing
1:59.038
17
18
LMGTE Pro
No. 71 AF Corse
1:59.049
18
19
LMGTE Pro
No. 99 Aston Martin Racing
1:59.167
19
20
LMGTE Pro
No. 51 AF Corse
1:59.459
20
21
LMGTE Am
No. 95 Aston Martin Racing
2:00.303
21
22
LMGTE Am
No. 81 8 Star Motorsports
2:00.337
22
23
LMGTE Am
No. 96 Aston Martin Racing
2:00.496
23
24
LMGTE Am
No. 61 AF Corse
2:00.527
24
25
LMGTE Am
No. 76 IMSA Performance Matmut
2:00.880
25
26
LMGTE Am
No. 88 Proton Competition
2:01.290
26
27
LMGTE Am
No. 57 Krohn Racing
2:01.563
27
28
LMGTE Am
No. 50 Larbre Compétition
2:03.236
28
Race
Race result
Class winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).
Pos
Class
No
Team
Drivers
Chassis
Tyre
Laps
Engine
1
LMP1
8
Toyota Racing
Anthony Davidson Sébastien Buemi Stéphane Sarrazin
Toyota TS030 Hybrid
M
199
Toyota 3.4 L V8(Hybrid)
2
LMP1
1
Audi Sport Team Joest
André Lotterer Marcel Fässler Benoît Tréluyer
Audi R18 e-tron quattro
M
199
Audi TDI 3.7 L Turbo V6(Hybrid Diesel)
3
LMP2
26
G-Drive Racing
Roman Rusinov John Martin Mike Conway
Oreca 03
D
184
Nissan VK45DE 4.5 L V8
4
LMP2
24
OAK Racing
Olivier Pla Alex Brundle David Heinemeier Hansson
Morgan LMP2
D
184
Nissan VK45DE 4.5 L V8
5
LMP2
41
Greaves Motorsport
Wolfgang Reip Jon Lancaster Björn Wirdheim
Zytek Z11SN
D
184
Nissan VK45DE 4.5 L V8
6
LMP2
35
OAK Racing
Bertrand Baguette Martin Plowman Ricardo González
Morgan LMP2
D
182
Nissan VK45DE 4.5 L V8
7
LMP2
45
OAK Racing
Jacques Nicolet Keiko Ihara David Cheng
Morgan LMP2
D
180
Nissan VK45DE 4.5 L V8
8
LMP2
25
Delta-ADR
Fabien Giroix Robbie Kerr Craig Dolby
Oreca 03
D
178
Nissan VK45DE 4.5 L V8
9
LMGTEPro
51
AF Corse
Gianmaria Bruni Toni Vilander
Ferrari 458 Italia GT2
M
175
Ferrari 4.5 L V8
10
LMGTEPro
91
Porsche AG Team Manthey
Jörg Bergmeister Patrick Pilet
Porsche 911 RSR
M
175
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
11
LMGTEPro
71
AF Corse
Kamui Kobayashi Giancarlo Fisichella
Ferrari 458 Italia GT2
M
174
Ferrari 4.5 L V8
12
LMGTEPro
92
Porsche AG Team Manthey
Marc Lieb Richard Lietz
Porsche 911 RSR
M
174
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
13
LMGTEAm
95
Aston Martin Racing
Kristian Poulsen Christoffer Nygaard Nicki Thiim
Aston Martin Vantage GTE
M
173
Aston Martin 4.5 L V8
14
LMP2
49
Pecom Racing
Luís Pérez Companc Pierre Kaffer Nicolas Minassian
Oreca 03
M
172
Nissan VK45DE 4.5 L V8
15
LMGTEAm
81
8 Star Motorsports
Enzo Potolicchio Rui Águas Davide Rigon
Ferrari 458 Italia GT2
M
172
Ferrari 4.5 L V8
16
LMGTEAm
61
AF Corse
Emmanuel Collard Matt Griffin François Perrodo
Ferrari 458 Italia GT2
M
172
Ferrari 4.5 L V8
17
LMGTEAm
50
Larbre Compétition
Julien Canal Patrick Bornhauser Fernando Rees
Chevrolet Corvette C6.R
M
171
Chevrolet 5.5 L V8
18
LMGTEAm
96
Aston Martin Racing
Jamie Campbell-Walter Stuart Hall Roald Goethe
Aston Martin Vantage GTE
M
169
Aston Martin 4.5 L V8
19
LMGTEAm
76
IMSA Performance Matmut
Raymond Narac Jean-Karl Vernay Markus Palttala
Porsche 997 GT3-RSR
M
162
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
DNF
LMGTEPro
99
Aston Martin Racing
Pedro Lamy Richie Stanaway Bruno Senna
Aston Martin Vantage GTE
M
145
Aston Martin 4.5 L V8
DNF
LMGTEPro
97
Aston Martin Racing
Darren Turner Stefan Mücke
Aston Martin Vantage GTE
M
109
Aston Martin 4.5 L V8
DNF
LMP1
2
Audi Sport Team Joest
Allan McNish Tom Kristensen Loïc Duval
Audi R18 e-tron quattro
M
93
Audi TDI 3.7 L Turbo V6(Hybrid Diesel)
DNF
LMGTEAm
88
Proton Competition
Christian Ried Gianluca Roda Paolo Ruberti
Porsche 997 GT3-RSR
M
86
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
DNF
LMGTEAm
57
Krohn Racing
Tracy Krohn Niclas Jönsson Maurizio Mediani
Ferrari 458 Italia GT2
M
83
Ferrari 4.5 L V8
DNF
LMP1
7
Toyota Racing
Alexander Wurz Nicolas Lapierre Kazuki Nakajima
Toyota TS030 Hybrid
M
64
Toyota 3.4 L V8(Hybrid)
DNF
LMP1
12
Rebellion Racing
Andrea Belicchi Mathias Beche Nicolas Prost
Lola B12/60
M
44
Toyota RV8KLM 3.4 L V8
DNF
LMP2
32
Lotus
Thomas Holzer Dominik Kraihamer Jan Charouz
Lotus T128
D
5
Praga 3.6 L V8
DNF
LMP2
31
Lotus
Kevin Weeda Lucas Auer Vitantonio Liuzzi
Lotus T128
D
0
Praga 3.6 L V8
References
^ "FIA WEC 6 Hours of Bahrain Qualifying Practice Final Classification" (PDF). fiawec.alkamelsystems.com. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. November 29, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
^ "FIA WEC 6 Hours of Bahrain Race Final Classification" (PDF). fiawec.alkamelsystems.com. Al Kamel Systems. November 30, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
FIA World Endurance Championship
Previous race:6 Hours of Shanghai
2013 season
Next race:None
vteFIA World Endurance Championship rounds2024
QAT
ITA
BEL
FRA
BRA
USA
JPN
BHR
2023
USA
POR
BEL
FRA
ITA
JPN
BHR
2022
USA
BEL
FRA
ITA
JPN
BHR
2021
BEL
POR
ITA
FRA
BHR1
BHR2
2019–20
GBR
JPN
CHN
BHR
USA
BEL
FRA
BHR
2018–19
BEL
FRA
GBR
JPN
CHN
USA
BEL
FRA
2017
GBR
BEL
FRA
GER
MEX
USA
JPN
CHN
BHR
2016
GBR
BEL
FRA
GER
MEX
USA
JPN
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BHR
2015
GBR
BEL
FRA
GER
USA
JPN
CHN
BHR
2014
GBR
BEL
FRA
USA
JPN
CHN
BHR
BRA
2013
GBR
BEL
FRA
BRA
USA
JPN
CHN
BHR
2012
USA
BEL
FRA
GBR
BRA
BHR
JPN
CHN
Automobile Club de l'Ouest
Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
World Sportscar Championship
vte8 Hours of Bahrain6-hour format
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2021 (6 Hours)
8-hour format
2019
2020
2021 (8 Hours)
2022
2023
2024 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bahrain_International_Circuit--Grand_Prix_Layout.svg"},{"link_name":"Bahrain International Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_International_Circuit"},{"link_name":"endurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_racing_(motorsport)"},{"link_name":"auto race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing"},{"link_name":"Bahrain International Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_International_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Sakhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhir"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"2013 FIA World Endurance Championship season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_FIA_World_Endurance_Championship_season"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Buemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Buemi"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Sarrazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Sarrazin"},{"link_name":"Anthony Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Toyota TS030 Hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_TS030_Hybrid"},{"link_name":"Toyota Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motorsport_GmbH"}],"text":"The Bahrain International CircuitThe 2013 6 Hours of Bahrain was an endurance auto race held at the Bahrain International Circuit in Sakhir, Bahrain on 30 November 2013. The race was the eighth and final showdown of the 2013 FIA World Endurance Championship season. The race was won by Sébastien Buemi, Stéphane Sarrazin and Anthony Davidson driving the No.8 Toyota TS030 Hybrid of Toyota Racing.","title":"2013 6 Hours of Bahrain"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Qualifying"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pole position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_position"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Qualifying result","text":"Pole position winners in each class are marked in bold.[1]","title":"Qualifying"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Race"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Race result","text":"Class winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).[2]","title":"Race"}] | [{"image_text":"The Bahrain International Circuit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bahrain_International_Circuit--Grand_Prix_Layout.svg/300px-Bahrain_International_Circuit--Grand_Prix_Layout.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"FIA WEC 6 Hours of Bahrain Qualifying Practice Final Classification\" (PDF). fiawec.alkamelsystems.com. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. November 29, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://fiawec.alkamelsystems.com/Results/03_2013/09_BAHRAIN%20INTERNATIONAL%20CIRCUIT/27_FIA%20WEC/201311291545_Qualifying%20Practice/03_Classification_QP_Qualifying%20Practice.PDF","url_text":"\"FIA WEC 6 Hours of Bahrain Qualifying Practice Final Classification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile","url_text":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile"}]},{"reference":"\"FIA WEC 6 Hours of Bahrain Race Final Classification\" (PDF). fiawec.alkamelsystems.com. Al Kamel Systems. November 30, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://fiawec.alkamelsystems.com/Results/03_2013/09_BAHRAIN%20INTERNATIONAL%20CIRCUIT/27_FIA%20WEC/201311301500_Race/Hour%206/05_Classification_Race_Hour%206.PDF","url_text":"\"FIA WEC 6 Hours of Bahrain Race Final Classification\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%222013+6+Hours+of+Bahrain%22","external_links_name":"\"2013 6 Hours of Bahrain\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%222013+6+Hours+of+Bahrain%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%222013+6+Hours+of+Bahrain%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%222013+6+Hours+of+Bahrain%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%222013+6+Hours+of+Bahrain%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%222013+6+Hours+of+Bahrain%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://fiawec.alkamelsystems.com/Results/03_2013/09_BAHRAIN%20INTERNATIONAL%20CIRCUIT/27_FIA%20WEC/201311291545_Qualifying%20Practice/03_Classification_QP_Qualifying%20Practice.PDF","external_links_name":"\"FIA WEC 6 Hours of Bahrain Qualifying Practice Final Classification\""},{"Link":"http://fiawec.alkamelsystems.com/Results/03_2013/09_BAHRAIN%20INTERNATIONAL%20CIRCUIT/27_FIA%20WEC/201311301500_Race/Hour%206/05_Classification_Race_Hour%206.PDF","external_links_name":"\"FIA WEC 6 Hours of Bahrain Race Final Classification\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commoditised | Commoditization | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Process where unique economic goods become interchangeable in the eyes of consumers
Not to be confused with commodification.
Part of a series onEconomic, applied, and development anthropology
Basic concepts
Commodification
Barter
Debt
Finance
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Reciprocity
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Value
Wealth
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Inalienable possessions
Singularization (commodity pathway)
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Pastoralism
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Case studies
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Aché people (hunter-gatherers)
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Related articles
Critique of political economy
Original affluent society
Formalist–substantivist debate
The Great Transformation
Peasant economics
Culture of poverty
Political economy
State formation
Nutritional anthropology
Heritage commodification
Anthropology of development
Major theorists
Paul Bohannan
Alexander Chayanov
Stanley Diamond
Raymond Firth
Maurice Godelier
David Graeber
Jane I. Guyer
Keith Hart
Marvin Harris
Bronisław Malinowski
Marcel Mauss
Sidney Mintz
Karl Polanyi
Marshall Sahlins
Harold K. Schneider
Eric Wolf
Social and cultural anthropologyvte
In business literature, commoditization is defined as the process by which goods that have economic value and are distinguishable in terms of attributes (uniqueness or brand) end up becoming simple commodities in the eyes of the market or consumers. It is the movement of a market from differentiated to undifferentiated price competition and from monopolistic competition to perfect competition. Hence, the key effect of commoditization is that the pricing power of the manufacturer or brand owner is weakened: when products become more similar from a buyer's point of view, they will tend to buy the cheapest.
This is not to be confused with commodification, which is the concept of objects or services being assigned an exchange value which they did not previously possess by their being produced and presented for sale, as opposed to personal use. One way to summarize the difference is that commoditization is about proprietary things becoming generic, whereas commodification is about nonsaleable things becoming saleable. In social sciences, particularly anthropology, the term is used interchangeably with commodification to describe the process of making commodities out of anything that was not available for trade previously.
Commoditization can be the desired outcome of an entity in the market, or it can be an unintentional outcome that no party actively sought to achieve. (For example, see Xerox#Trademark.)
According to Neo-classical economic theory, consumers can benefit from commoditization, since perfect competition usually leads to lower prices. Branded producers often suffer under commoditization, since the value of the brand (and ability to command price premiums) can be weakened.
However, false commoditization can create substantial risk when premier products do have substantial value to offer, particularly in health, safety and security.
See also
Galápagos syndrome
References
^ Appadurai, Arjun, ed. (1986). The Social Life of Things: Commodities in a Cultural Perspective. Cambridge UP, Cambridge.
^ Greenwood, D.J. (1977). "'Culture by the Pound: An Anthropological Perspective on Tourism as Cultural Commoditization". In Hosts and Guests, ed. V. L. Smith, pp. 129-139. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
vteCommodities and commoditizationSoft commoditiesGeneral
Barley
Cocoa
Coffee
Cotton
Cottonseed oil
Flaxseed
Frozen orange juice
Oat
Olive oil
Palm oil
Peanut oil
Potatoes
Rapeseed
Rice
Rye
Rubber
Soybean
Soybean oil
Sugar
Tea
Wheat
Animals &animal products
Ambergris
Bristle
Butter
Cashmere
Civet
Feathers
Feeder cattle
Lean Hog
Live cattle
Goats
Hide (skin)
Horses
Ivory
Lard
Milk
Musk
Pet industry
Pork bellies
Pork belly futures
Sheep
Silk
Sponges
Tallow
Whalebone
Wool
Wool tops
Hard commoditiesEnergy
Coal
Compressed hydrogen
Crude oil
Ethanol
Heating oil
Natural gas
Propane
Thorium
Uranium
Industrial metals
Aluminium
Aluminium alloy
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Molybdenum
Nickel
Steel
Tin
Zinc
Precious metals
Gold
Palladium
Platinum
Silver
Organizations
Commodity market
Futures contract
Futures exchange
List of commodities exchanges
List of futures exchanges
Laws
Commodity Exchange Act
Miscellaneous
Commodification
Commoditization
Commodification of nature
Commodification of the womb
Commodification of water
Commodity status of animals
Fictitious commodities
Heritage commodification
Economic value
Exchange value
Price
Use value/utility
List of traded commodities | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commodification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodification"},{"link_name":"business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business"},{"link_name":"goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_(economics)"},{"link_name":"economic value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(economics)"},{"link_name":"uniqueness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_selling_proposition"},{"link_name":"brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand"},{"link_name":"commodities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity"},{"link_name":"consumers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer"},{"link_name":"monopolistic competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopolistic_competition"},{"link_name":"perfect competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_competition"},{"link_name":"pricing power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_power"},{"link_name":"commodification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodification"},{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Anthropology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Xerox#Trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox#Trademark"},{"link_name":"Neo-classical economic theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_economics"}],"text":"Not to be confused with commodification.In business literature, commoditization is defined as the process by which goods that have economic value and are distinguishable in terms of attributes (uniqueness or brand) end up becoming simple commodities in the eyes of the market or consumers. It is the movement of a market from differentiated to undifferentiated price competition and from monopolistic competition to perfect competition. Hence, the key effect of commoditization is that the pricing power of the manufacturer or brand owner is weakened: when products become more similar from a buyer's point of view, they will tend to buy the cheapest.This is not to be confused with commodification, which is the concept of objects or services being assigned an exchange value which they did not previously possess by their being produced and presented for sale, as opposed to personal use. One way to summarize the difference is that commoditization is about proprietary things becoming generic, whereas commodification is about nonsaleable things becoming saleable. In social sciences, particularly anthropology, the term is used interchangeably with commodification to describe the process of making commodities out of anything that was not available for trade previously.[1][2]Commoditization can be the desired outcome of an entity in the market, or it can be an unintentional outcome that no party actively sought to achieve. (For example, see Xerox#Trademark.)According to Neo-classical economic theory, consumers can benefit from commoditization, since perfect competition usually leads to lower prices. Branded producers often suffer under commoditization, since the value of the brand (and ability to command price premiums) can be weakened.However, false commoditization can create substantial risk when premier products do have substantial value to offer, particularly in health, safety and security.","title":"Commoditization"}] | [] | [{"title":"Galápagos syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_syndrome"}] | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident_(Kannada_film) | Accident (2008 film) | ["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 Procuction","4 Soundtrack","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"] | 2008 Indian filmAccidentDirected byRamesh AravindWritten byRajendra Karanth (dialogue)Screenplay byRamesh AravindStory byRamesh AravindProduced by
G. Raghunath
C. Vanishree
Vagmi Yajurvedi
Vishishta
Starring
Ramesh Aravind
Rekha Vedavyas
Pooja Gandhi
Thilak Shekar
CinematographyG. S. BhaskarEdited byP. R. Soundar RajMusic byRicky KejProductioncompanyVishishta ProductionsRelease date
4 April 2008 (2008-04-04)
CountryIndiaLanguageKannada
Accident is a 2008 Indian Kannada language Suspense Thriller film directed by Ramesh Aravind and starring himself, Rekha Vedavyas and Pooja Gandhi. Thilak Shekar and Mohan play supporting roles. The film was a box office success and ran for fifty days.
Synopsis
The movie is a contemporary take on the life of a couple and their journey through time and how they have to fight the eternal battle of good over evil and how they win with support from a set of dear friends. The protagonist of the film is Sawanth (Ramesh Aravind), a radio jockey. His wife is a teacher and a social worker. On returning from a three-week foreign trip, he is shocked to discover that his wife and her co-worker had died in an accident. Sawanth cannot convince himself this is merely an accident and commences an investigation. It is one of the most critically acclaimed films of the decade in Kannada cinema.
Cast
Ramesh Aravind as Sawanth
Rekha Vedavyas as Vasundhara
Pooja Gandhi as Pooja
Mohan
Thilak Shekar as Gowda (credited as Thilak)
Sudha Rani as Suguna Shankar
H. G. Dattatreya
Roshan
Deepa Iyer
Pushpa
Veena
Master Krishna Dheemanth
Baby Varsha
Baby Vidya
Baby Sushma
Baby Anagha
Baby Namratha
Dinesh Babu
Rajendra Karanth
Balaji (credited as Bala)
Mahesh Kumar (credited as Dr. "Longa" Mahesh)
Pathi Iyer as Bhushan
Kiran
Gym Bhaskar
Rachana Maurya appears in an item song "Jigidu Banthu
Procuction
Ramesh Aravind and Pooja Gandhi plays RJs while Rekha Vedavyas plays "an idealistic girl who’s very gutsy and stands up for what she believes in". According to Ramesh Aravind, "The audience will witness a very different Ramesh in Accident".
Soundtrack
AccidentSoundtrack album by Ricky KejReleasedMarch 2008GenreFeature film soundtrackLabelAnand AudioRicky Kej chronology
Accident(2008)
Venkata in Sankata(2009)
Ricky Kej composed the film's background score and music for the soundtracks. The album consists of eight soundtracks. The music was premiered on Radio Mirchi.
Track listNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1."Friendship Andre"Rajendra KaranthAvinash Chebbi, Devan Ekambaram, Ben Jhonson 2."Jigidu Banthu"Kannadiga ShivuKunal Ganjawala 3."Ninade Ninade Nenapu"Rajendra KaranthS. P. Balasubrahmanyam 4."Baa Maleye Baa"B. R. Lakshmana RaoSonu Nigam 5."Dheem Dheem"Rajendra KaranthSonu Nigam, Mahalakshmi Iyer 6."Preethi Moodo Vele"Rajendra KaranthChaitra 7."Jigidu Banthu (Duet)"Kannadiga ShivuKunal Ganjawala, Chaitra 8."Baa Maleye Baa (Club Mix)"B. R. Lakshmana RaoSonu Nigam
Reception
R. G. Vijayasarathy of Rediff.com rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "All in all, Ramesh Arvind's Accident is an enjoyable thriller". A critic from Indiaglitz rated the film nine out of ten and wrote that "Right from the title card till the last frame it is a Ramesh Aravid film very well supported by Vishista productions. A right producer has caught the right actor and director. This is of course a wonderful choice of you in favorite theatres. Go watch it without fail".
References
^ "Ramesh scores a hat-trick". The Times of India. 27 May 2008.
^ Daithota, Madhu (29 September 2007). "Rekha is on a comeback spree". The Times of India.
^ a b "Radio Mirchi extensively promotes this 'Accident'". exchange4media. 5 April 2008.
^ "Ramesh on a new high!". The Times of India. 4 April 2008.
^ Vijayasarathy, R. G. (4 April 2008). "Accident, an enjoyable thriller". Rediff.com.
^ "Accident Review". Indiaglitz. 4 April 2008.
External links
Accident at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Ramesh Aravind
Rama Shama Bhama (2006)
Sathyavan Savithri (2007)
Accident (2008)
Venkata in Sankata (2009)
Nammanna Don (2012)
Uttama Villain (2015)
Sundaranga Jaana (2016)
Butterfly (TBA)
Paris Paris (TBA) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kannada language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_language"},{"link_name":"Suspense Thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Ramesh Aravind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Aravind"},{"link_name":"Rekha Vedavyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekha_Vedavyas"},{"link_name":"Pooja Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooja_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Thilak Shekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thilak_Shekar"},{"link_name":"Mohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Shankar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"2008 Indian filmAccident is a 2008 Indian Kannada language Suspense Thriller film directed by Ramesh Aravind and starring himself, Rekha Vedavyas and Pooja Gandhi. Thilak Shekar and Mohan play supporting roles. The film was a box office success and ran for fifty days.[1]","title":"Accident (2008 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramesh Aravind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Aravind"},{"link_name":"radio jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_jockey"}],"text":"The movie is a contemporary take on the life of a couple and their journey through time and how they have to fight the eternal battle of good over evil and how they win with support from a set of dear friends. The protagonist of the film is Sawanth (Ramesh Aravind), a radio jockey. His wife is a teacher and a social worker. On returning from a three-week foreign trip, he is shocked to discover that his wife and her co-worker had died in an accident. Sawanth cannot convince himself this is merely an accident and commences an investigation. It is one of the most critically acclaimed films of the decade in Kannada cinema.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramesh Aravind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Aravind"},{"link_name":"Rekha Vedavyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekha_Vedavyas"},{"link_name":"Pooja Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooja_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Mohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Shankar"},{"link_name":"Thilak Shekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thilak_Shekar"},{"link_name":"Sudha Rani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudha_Rani"},{"link_name":"H. G. Dattatreya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Dattatreya"},{"link_name":"Dinesh Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinesh_Babu"},{"link_name":"Rachana Maurya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachana_Maurya"}],"text":"Ramesh Aravind as Sawanth\nRekha Vedavyas as Vasundhara\nPooja Gandhi as Pooja\nMohan\nThilak Shekar as Gowda (credited as Thilak)\nSudha Rani as Suguna Shankar\nH. G. Dattatreya\nRoshan\nDeepa Iyer\nPushpa\nVeena\nMaster Krishna Dheemanth\nBaby Varsha\nBaby Vidya\nBaby Sushma\nBaby Anagha\nBaby Namratha\nDinesh Babu\nRajendra Karanth\nBalaji (credited as Bala)\nMahesh Kumar (credited as Dr. \"Longa\" Mahesh)\nPathi Iyer as Bhushan\nKiran\nGym Bhaskar\nRachana Maurya appears in an item song \"Jigidu Banthu","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramesh Aravind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Aravind"},{"link_name":"Pooja Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooja_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Rekha Vedavyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekha_Vedavyas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ramesh Aravind and Pooja Gandhi plays RJs while Rekha Vedavyas plays \"an idealistic girl who’s very gutsy and stands up for what she believes in\".[2][3] According to Ramesh Aravind, \"The audience will witness a very different Ramesh in Accident\".[4]","title":"Procuction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ricky Kej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Kej"},{"link_name":"Radio Mirchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Mirchi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-3"},{"link_name":"Devan Ekambaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan_Ekambaram"},{"link_name":"Kunal Ganjawala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunal_Ganjawala"},{"link_name":"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam"},{"link_name":"Sonu Nigam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonu_Nigam"},{"link_name":"Mahalakshmi Iyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Iyer"},{"link_name":"Chaitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitra_H._G."}],"text":"Ricky Kej composed the film's background score and music for the soundtracks. The album consists of eight soundtracks. The music was premiered on Radio Mirchi.[3]Track listNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1.\"Friendship Andre\"Rajendra KaranthAvinash Chebbi, Devan Ekambaram, Ben Jhonson 2.\"Jigidu Banthu\"Kannadiga ShivuKunal Ganjawala 3.\"Ninade Ninade Nenapu\"Rajendra KaranthS. P. Balasubrahmanyam 4.\"Baa Maleye Baa\"B. R. Lakshmana RaoSonu Nigam 5.\"Dheem Dheem\"Rajendra KaranthSonu Nigam, Mahalakshmi Iyer 6.\"Preethi Moodo Vele\"Rajendra KaranthChaitra 7.\"Jigidu Banthu (Duet)\"Kannadiga ShivuKunal Ganjawala, Chaitra 8.\"Baa Maleye Baa (Club Mix)\"B. R. Lakshmana RaoSonu Nigam","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R. G. Vijayasarathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Vijayasarathy"},{"link_name":"Rediff.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"R. G. Vijayasarathy of Rediff.com rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that \"All in all, Ramesh Arvind's Accident is an enjoyable thriller\".[5] A critic from Indiaglitz rated the film nine out of ten and wrote that \"Right from the title card till the last frame it is a Ramesh Aravid film very well supported by Vishista productions. A right producer has caught the right actor and director. This is of course a wonderful choice of you in favorite theatres. Go watch it without fail\".[6]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ramesh scores a hat-trick\". The Times of India. 27 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramesh-on-a-new-high/articleshow/2923189.cms","url_text":"\"Ramesh scores a hat-trick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"Daithota, Madhu (29 September 2007). \"Rekha is on a comeback spree\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rekha-is-on-a-comeback-spree/articleshow/2411970.cms","url_text":"\"Rekha is on a comeback spree\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Radio Mirchi extensively promotes this 'Accident'\". exchange4media. 5 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.exchange4media.com/media-radio-news/radio-mirchi-extensively-promotes-this-accident-30450.html","url_text":"\"Radio Mirchi extensively promotes this 'Accident'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ramesh on a new high!\". The Times of India. 4 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramesh-on-a-new-high/articleshow/2923189.cms","url_text":"\"Ramesh on a new high!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"Vijayasarathy, R. G. (4 April 2008). \"Accident, an enjoyable thriller\". Rediff.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Vijayasarathy","url_text":"Vijayasarathy, R. G."},{"url":"https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/04ssa.htm","url_text":"\"Accident, an enjoyable thriller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com","url_text":"Rediff.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Accident Review\". Indiaglitz. 4 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiaglitz.com/accident-review-hindi-movie-9601","url_text":"\"Accident Review\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramesh-on-a-new-high/articleshow/2923189.cms","external_links_name":"\"Ramesh scores a hat-trick\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rekha-is-on-a-comeback-spree/articleshow/2411970.cms","external_links_name":"\"Rekha is on a comeback spree\""},{"Link":"https://www.exchange4media.com/media-radio-news/radio-mirchi-extensively-promotes-this-accident-30450.html","external_links_name":"\"Radio Mirchi extensively promotes this 'Accident'\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramesh-on-a-new-high/articleshow/2923189.cms","external_links_name":"\"Ramesh on a new high!\""},{"Link":"https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/04ssa.htm","external_links_name":"\"Accident, an enjoyable thriller\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiaglitz.com/accident-review-hindi-movie-9601","external_links_name":"\"Accident Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1094576/","external_links_name":"Accident"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe_Bryans | Bebe Bryans | ["1 References","2 External links"] | American rowing coach
Bebe BryansCurrent positionTitleHead coachTeamUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonCoaching career (HC unless noted)1988-1992Mills College1992-1997Georgetown University1997-2004Michigan State University2004–2023University of Wisconsin–Madison
Bebe Bryans (born 1957) is a United States national champion in rowing and former coach of the United States Women's National Rowing crew.: 275 She is best known as the head coach of the women's rowing team at University of Wisconsin–Madison. She is the head coach of the women's rowing program including lightweight although she doesn't directly coach that squad. The Wisconsin lightweight crew has won four national championships in five years.
A California native, Bryans attended San Francisco State University where she was a ten-time Division II All-American in swimming, and received a master's degree in Physical Education in 1989. In 1992 and 1993, Bryans was the head coach of the USA Junior Women's National Rowing Team. Her 1992 women's eight crew earned a bronze medal - the first medal won for the United States team at a World Rowing Junior Championships. Bryan was also a member of the United States Women's Olympic Rowing committee (1992–94), acting as chairman from 1993 to 1994. In 2000, she coached the U.S. women's four and the lightweight single rowing crews at the World Rowing Championships. She founded the women's varsity rowing team at Michigan State University in 1997 and coached them to six consecutive appearances at the NCAA championships.
Bryans stepped down as the head of the Wisconsin women's rowing team on May 20, 2023.
References
^ Taylor, Bradley F. (2005). Wisconsin where They Row: A History of Varsity Rowing at the University of Wisconsin. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-20530-0.
^ Men’s and women’s rowing prepare for new season Archived 2008-12-05 at the Wayback Machine The Daily Cardinal, University of Wisconsin, September 10, 2008
^ (Taylor 2005)
^ Bebe Bryans Wolverines Athletics Website, University of Michigan, 2003
^ Bryans stepping down from Wisconsin women’s rowing program
External links
Wisconsin profile | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"San Francisco State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World Rowing Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rowing_Junior_Championships"},{"link_name":"United States Women's Olympic Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USRowing"},{"link_name":"World Rowing Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Michigan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Bebe Bryans (born 1957) is a United States national champion in rowing and former coach of the United States Women's National Rowing crew.[1]: 275 She is best known as the head coach of the women's rowing team at University of Wisconsin–Madison. She is the head coach of the women's rowing program including lightweight although she doesn't directly coach that squad. The Wisconsin lightweight crew has won four national championships in five years.[2]A California native, Bryans attended San Francisco State University where she was a ten-time Division II All-American in swimming, and received a master's degree in Physical Education in 1989.[3] In 1992 and 1993, Bryans was the head coach of the USA Junior Women's National Rowing Team. Her 1992 women's eight crew earned a bronze medal - the first medal won for the United States team at a World Rowing Junior Championships. Bryan was also a member of the United States Women's Olympic Rowing committee (1992–94), acting as chairman from 1993 to 1994. In 2000, she coached the U.S. women's four and the lightweight single rowing crews at the World Rowing Championships. She founded the women's varsity rowing team at Michigan State University in 1997 and coached them to six consecutive appearances at the NCAA championships.[4]Bryans stepped down as the head of the Wisconsin women's rowing team on May 20, 2023.[5]","title":"Bebe Bryans"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Taylor, Bradley F. (2005). Wisconsin where They Row: A History of Varsity Rowing at the University of Wisconsin. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-20530-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N6MzibMwaFkC","url_text":"Wisconsin where They Row: A History of Varsity Rowing at the University of Wisconsin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-20530-0","url_text":"978-0-299-20530-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N6MzibMwaFkC","external_links_name":"Wisconsin where They Row: A History of Varsity Rowing at the University of Wisconsin"},{"Link":"http://www.dailycardinal.com/article/20362","external_links_name":"Men’s and women’s rowing prepare for new season"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081205015349/http://dailycardinal.com/article/20362","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://msuspartans.cstv.com/sports/w-crew/mtt/bryans_bebe00.html","external_links_name":"Bebe Bryans"},{"Link":"https://uwbadgers.com/news/2023/5/20/womens-rowing-bryans-stepping-down-from-wisconsin-womens-rowing-program.aspx","external_links_name":"Bryans stepping down from Wisconsin women’s rowing program"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203235005/http://www.uwbadgers.com/sports/w-rowing/mtt/bebe_bryans_486919.html","external_links_name":"Wisconsin profile"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata_Convention | Minamata Convention on Mercury | ["1 Background on mercury","2 History of the negotiations","3 List of signatories and parties","4 Provisions","4.1 Article 1","4.2 Article 2","4.3 Article 3","4.4 Article 4","4.5 Article 5","4.6 Article 6","4.7 Article 7","4.8 Article 8","4.9 Article 9","4.10 Article 10","4.11 Article 11","4.12 Article 12","4.13 Article 13","4.14 Article 14","4.15 Article 15","4.16 Article 16","4.17 Article 17","4.18 Article 18","4.19 Article 19","4.20 Article 20","4.21 Article 21","4.22 Article 22","4.23 Article 23","4.24 Article 24","4.25 Article 25","4.26 Article 26","4.27 Article 27","4.28 Article 28","4.29 Article 29","4.30 Article 30","4.31 Article 31","4.32 Article 32","4.33 Article 33","4.34 Article 34","4.35 Article 35","5 Minamata Convention on Mercury COPs","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | International treaty to reduce releases of mercury
Minamata ConventionMinamata Convention on MercuryTypeUnited Nations treatySigned10 October 2013; 10 years ago (2013-10-10)LocationKumamoto, JapanEffective16 August 2017 (2017-08-16)ConditionNinety days after the ratification by at least 50 statesSignatories128Parties148DepositarySecretary-General of the United NationsLanguagesArabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanishhttp://www.mercuryconvention.org/
The Minamata Convention on Mercury is an international treaty designed to protect human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds. The convention was a result of three years of meeting and negotiating, after which the text of the convention was approved by delegates representing close to 140 countries on 19 January 2013 in Geneva and adopted and signed later that year on 10 October 2013 at a diplomatic conference held in Kumamoto, Japan. The convention is named after the Japanese city Minamata. This naming is of symbolic importance as the city went through a devastating incident of mercury poisoning. It is expected that over the next few decades, this international agreement will enhance the reduction of mercury pollution from the targeted activities responsible for the major release of mercury to the immediate environment.
The objective of the Minamata Convention is to protect the human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds. It contains, in support of this objective, provisions that relate to the entire life cycle of mercury, including controls and reductions across a range of products, processes and industries where mercury is used, released or emitted. The treaty also addresses the direct mining of mercury, its export and import, its safe storage and its disposal once as waste. Pinpointing populations at risk, boosting medical care and better training of health-care professionals in identifying and treating mercury-related effects will also result from implementing the convention.
The Minamata Convention provides controls over a myriad of products containing mercury, the manufacture, import and export of which will be altogether prohibited by 2020, except where countries have requested an exemption for an initial 5-year period. These products include certain types of batteries, compact fluorescent lamps, relays, soaps and cosmetics, thermometers, and blood pressure devices. Dental fillings which use mercury amalgam are also regulated under the convention, and their use must be phased down through a number of measures.
Background on mercury
Mercury is a naturally occurring element. It can be released to the environment from natural sources – such as weathering of mercury-containing rocks, forest fires, volcanic eruptions or geothermal activities – but also from human activities. An estimated 5500-8900 tons of mercury is currently emitted and re-emitted each year to the atmosphere, with much of the re-emitted mercury considered to be related to human activity, as are the direct releases.
Due to its unique properties, mercury has been used in various products and processes for hundreds of years. Currently, it is mostly utilised in industrial processes that produce chloride (PVC) production, and polyurethane elastomers. It is extensively used to extract gold from ore in artisanal and small-scale gold mining. It is contained in products such as some electrical switches (including thermostats), relays, measuring and control equipment, energy-efficient fluorescent light bulbs, some types of batteries and dental amalgam. It is also used in laboratories, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, including in vaccines as a preservative, paints, and jewelry. Mercury is also released unintentionally from some industrial processes, such as coal-fired power and heat generation, cement production, mining and other metallurgic activities such as non-ferrous metals production, as well as from incineration of many types of waste.
The single largest source of human-made mercury emissions is the artisanal and small-scale gold mining sector, which is responsible for the release of as much as 1,000 tonnes of mercury to the atmosphere every year.
History of the negotiations
Mercury and mercury compounds have long been known to be toxic to human health and the environment. Large-scale public health crises due to mercury poisoning, such as Minamata disease and Niigata Minamata disease, drew attention to the issue. In 1972, delegates to the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment witnessed Japanese junior high school student Shinobu Sakamoto, disabled as the result of methylmercury poisoning in utero. The United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment, previously UNEP) was established shortly thereafter. UN Environment has been actively engaged in bringing the science of mercury poisoning to policy implementation. In 2001, the executive director of UN Environment was invited by its governing council to undertake a global assessment of mercury and its compounds, including the chemistry and health effects, sources, long-range transport, as well as prevention and control technologies relating to mercury.
In 2003, the governing council considered this assessment and found that there was sufficient evidence of significant global adverse impacts from mercury and its compounds to warrant further international action to reduce the risks to human health and the environment from their release to the environment. Governments were urged to adopt goals for the reduction of mercury emissions and releases and UN Environment initiated technical assistance and capacity-building activities to meet these goals.
A mercury programme to address the concerns posed by mercury was established and further strengthened by governments in 2005 and 2007 with the UNEP Global Mercury Partnership. In 2007, the governing council concluded that the options of enhanced voluntary measures and new or existing international legal instruments should be reviewed and assessed in order to make progress in addressing the mercury issue. In February 2009, the governing council of UNEP decided to develop a global legally binding instrument on mercury.
International Pollutants Elimination Network at INC4 in Punta del Este, 2012
An intergovernmental negotiating committee (INC) was promptly established, through which countries negotiated and developed the text of the convention. Other stakeholders, including intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations also participated in the process and contributed through sharing of views, experience and technical expertise. The Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee was chaired by Fernando Lugris of Uruguay and supported by the Chemicals and Health Branch of UN Environment's Economy Division. The INC held five sessions to discuss and negotiate a global agreement on mercury:
INC 1, 7 to 11 June 2010, in Stockholm, Sweden
INC 2, 24 to 28 January 2011, in Chiba, Japan
INC 3, 31 October to 4 November 2011, in Nairobi, Kenya
INC 4, 27 June to 2 July 2012, in Punta del Este, Uruguay
INC 5, 13 to 18 January 2013, in Geneva, Switzerland
On 19 January 2013, after negotiating late into the night, the negotiations concluded with close to 140 governments agreeing to the draft convention text. The convention was adopted and opened for signature for one year on 10 October 2013, at a conference of plenipotentiaries (diplomatic conference) in Kumamoto, Japan, preceded by a preparatory meeting from 7–8 October 2013. The European Union and 86 countries signed the convention on the first day it was opened for signature. A further 5 countries signed the convention on the final day of the diplomatic conference, 11 October 2013. In total, the convention has 128 signatories.
Fernando Lugris, the Uruguayan chair delegate, proclaimed, "Today in the early hours of 19 January 2013 we have closed a chapter on a journey that has taken four years of often intense but ultimately successful negotiations and opened a new chapter towards a sustainable future. This has been done in the name of vulnerable populations everywhere and represents an opportunity for a healthier and more sustainable century for all peoples."
Further to the adoption of the convention, the intergovernmental negotiating committee was mandated to meet during the interim period preceding the opening of the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the convention to facilitate its rapid entry into force and effective implementation upon entry into force. Two sessions of the INC were held:
INC 6, 3 to 7 November 2014, in Bangkok, Thailand
INC 7, 10 to 15 March 2016, in Dead Sea, Jordan
Discussions covered a number of technical, financial as well as administrative and operational aspects.
The convention required to enter into force the deposit of fifty instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession by states or regional economic integration organizations. This fifty-ratification milestone was reached on 18 May 2017, hence the convention entered into force on 16 August 2017.
The first meeting of Conference of the Parties to the Minamata Convention on Mercury (COP1) took place from 24 to 29 September 2017 at the International Conference Center in Geneva.
The second meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP2) took place from 19 to 23 November 2018 at the International Conference Center in Geneva, Switzerland.
The third meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP3) took place from 25 to 29 November 2019 at the International Conference Center in Geneva, Switzerland. At its third meeting, the Conference of the Parties agreed on a number of action items to effectively implement the Minamata Convention.
After the convention entered into force, the Conference of the Parties took place yearly for the first three years. From now onward, next Conference of the Parties (COPs) will be convened in every two years.
The fourth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (https://www.mercuryconvention.org/en/meetings/cop4) (COP4) will take place in Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia from 21 to 25 March 2022.
List of signatories and parties
As of February 2024, there are 128 signatories to the treaty and 148 parties.
Participant
Signature
Ratification, acceptance (A),
approval (AA), accession (a)
Afghanistan
—
2 May 2017 (a)
Albania
9 October 2014
26 May 2020
Algeria
—
30 November 2022 (a)
Angola
11 October 2013
Antigua and Barbuda
—
23 September 2016 (a)
Argentina
10 October 2013
25 September 2017
Armenia
10 October 2013
13 December 2017
Australia
10 October 2013
7 December 2021
Austria
10 October 2013
12 June 2017
Bahamas
—
12 February 2020 (a)
Bahrain
—
6 July 2021 (a)
Bangladesh
10 October 2013
18 April 2023
Belarus
23 September 2014
Belgium
10 October 2013
26 February 2018
Belize
—
12 June 2023 (a)
Benin
10 October 2013
7 November 2016
Bolivia
10 October 2013
26 January 2016
Botswana
—
3 June 2016 (a)
Brazil
10 October 2013
8 August 2017
Bulgaria
10 October 2013
18 May 2017
Burkina Faso
10 October 2013
10 April 2017
Burundi
14 February 2014
26 March 2021
Cambodia
10 October 2013
8 April 2021
Cameroon
24 September 2014
10 March 2021
Canada
10 October 2013
7 April 2017
Central African Republic
10 October 2013
31 March 2021
Chad
25 September 2014
24 September 2015
Chile
10 October 2013
27 August 2018
China
10 October 2013
31 August 2016
Colombia
10 October 2013
26 August 2019
Comoros
10 October 2013
23 July 2019
Congo, Republic of the
8 October 2014
6 August 2019
Costa Rica
10 October 2013
19 January 2017
Côte d'Ivoire
10 October 2013
1 October 2019
Croatia
24 September 2014
25 September 2017
Cuba
—
30 January 2018 (a)
Cyprus
24 September 2014
25 February 2020
Czech Republic
10 October 2013
19 June 2017
Denmark
10 October 2013
18 May 2017
Djibouti
10 October 2013
23 September 2014
Dominican Republic
10 October 2013
20 March 2018
Ecuador
10 October 2013
29 July 2016
El Salvador
—
20 June 2017 (a)
Equatorial Guinea
—
24 December 2019 (a)
Eritrea
—
7 February 2023 (a)
Estonia
—
21 June 2017 (a)
Eswatini
—
21 September 2016 (a)
Ethiopia
10 October 2013
European Union
10 October 2013
18 May 2017 (AA)
Finland
10 October 2013
1 June 2017 (A)
France
10 October 2013
15 June 2017
Gabon
30 June 2014
24 September 2014 (A)
Gambia
10 October 2013
7 November 2016
Georgia
10 October 2013
17 July 2023
Germany
10 October 2013
15 September 2017
Ghana
24 September 2014
23 March 2017
Greece
10 October 2013
10 June 2020
Guatemala
10 October 2013
Guinea
25 November 2013
21 October 2014
Guinea-Bissau
24 September 2014
22 October 2018
Guyana
10 October 2013
24 September 2014
Honduras
24 September 2014
22 March 2017
Hungary
10 October 2013
18 May 2017
Iceland
—
3 May 2018 (a)
India
30 September 2014
18 June 2018
Indonesia
10 October 2013
22 September 2017
Iran
10 October 2013
16 June 2017
Iraq
10 October 2013
16 September 2021
Ireland
10 October 2013
18 March 2019
Israel
10 October 2013
Italy
10 October 2013
5 January 2021
Jamaica
10 October 2013
19 July 2017
Japan
10 October 2013
2 February 2016 (A)
Jordan
10 October 2013
12 November 2015
Kenya
10 October 2013
22 September 2023
Kiribati
—
28 July 2017 (a)
Kuwait
10 October 2013
3 December 2015
Laos
—
21 September 2017 (a)
Latvia
24 September 2014
20 June 2017
Lebanon
—
13 October 2017 (a)
Lesotho
—
12 November 2014 (a)
Liberia
24 September 2014
Libya
10 October 2013
Liechtenstein
—
1 February 2017 (a)
Lithuania
10 October 2013
15 January 2018
Luxembourg
10 October 2013
21 September 2017
Madagascar
10 October 2013
13 May 2015
Malawi
10 October 2013
23 June 2023
Malaysia
24 September 2014
Mali
10 October 2013
27 May 2016
Malta
8 October 2014
18 May 2017
Marshall Islands
—
29 January 2019 (a)
Mauritania
11 October 2013
18 August 2015
Mauritius
10 October 2013
21 September 2017
Mexico
10 October 2013
29 September 2015
Moldova
10 October 2013
20 June 2017
Monaco
24 September 2014
24 September 2014
Mongolia
10 October 2013
28 September 2015
Montenegro
24 September 2014
10 June 2019
Morocco
6 June 2014
Mozambique
10 October 2013
19 February 2024
Namibia
—
6 September 2017 (a)
Nepal
10 October 2013
Netherlands
10 October 2013
18 May 2017 (A)
New Zealand
10 October 2013
Nicaragua
10 October 2013
29 October 2014
Niger
10 October 2013
9 June 2017
Nigeria
10 October 2013
1 February 2018
North Macedonia
25 July 2014
12 March 2020
Norway
10 October 2013
12 May 2017
Oman
—
23 June 2020 (a)
Pakistan
10 October 2013
16 December 2020
Palau
9 October 2014
21 June 2017
Palestine
—
18 March 2019 (a)
Panama
10 October 2013
29 September 2015
Paraguay
10 February 2014
26 June 2018
Peru
10 October 2013
21 January 2016
Philippines
10 October 2013
8 July 2020
Poland
24 September 2014
30 September 2021
Portugal
—
28 August 2018 (a)
Qatar
—
4 November 2020 (a)
Romania
10 October 2013
18 May 2017
Russia
24 September 2014
Rwanda
—
29 June 2017 (a)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
—
24 May 2017 (a)
Saint Lucia
—
23 January 2019 (a)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
—
18 August 2023 (a)
Samoa
10 October 2013
24 September 2015
Sao Tome and Principe
—
30 August 2018 (a)
Saudi Arabia
—
27 February 2019 (a)
Senegal
11 October 2013
3 March 2016
Serbia
9 October 2014
Seychelles
27 May 2014
13 January 2015
Sierra Leone
12 August 2014
1 November 2016
Singapore
10 October 2013
22 September 2017
Slovakia
10 October 2013
31 May 2017
Slovenia
10 October 2013
23 June 2017
South Africa
10 October 2013
29 April 2019
South Korea
24 September 2014
22 November 2019
Spain
10 October 2013
13 December 2021
Sri Lanka
8 October 2014
19 June 2017
Sudan
24 September 2014
Suriname
—
2 August 2018 (a)
Sweden
10 October 2013
18 May 2017
Switzerland
10 October 2013
25 May 2016
Syria
24 September 2014
26 July 2017
Tanzania
10 October 2013
5 October 2020
Thailand
—
22 June 2017 (a)
Togo
10 October 2013
3 February 2017
Tonga
—
22 October 2018 (a)
Tunisia
10 October 2013
Turkey
24 September 2014
4 October 2022
Tuvalu
—
7 June 2019 (a)
Uganda
10 October 2013
1 March 2019
Ukraine
—
18 August 2023 (a)
United Arab Emirates
10 October 2013
27 April 2015
United Kingdom
10 October 2013
23 March 2018
United States
6 November 2013
6 November 2013 (A)
Uruguay
10 October 2013
24 September 2014
Vanuatu
—
16 October 2018 (a)
Venezuela
10 October 2013
Vietnam
11 October 2013
23 June 2017 (AA)
Yemen
21 March 2014
Zambia
10 October 2013
11 March 2016
Zimbabwe
11 October 2013
19 August 2021
Provisions
The convention has 35 articles, 5 annexes and a preamble.
The preamble of the convention states that the parties have recognized that mercury is, "a chemical of global concern owing to its long-range atmospheric transport, its persistence in the environment once anthropogenically introduced, its ability to bioaccumulate in ecosystems and its significant negative effects on human health and the environment."
Article 1
States the objective of the convention, which is "to protect the human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds".
Article 2
Sets out definitions used in more than one Article of the convention, including:
"Artisanal and small-scale gold mining" which refers to gold mining conducted by individual miners or small enterprises with limited capital investment and production;
"Best available techniques";
"Best environmental practices" means using the most appropriate combination of environmental control measures and strategies;
"Mercury" specifically refers to elemental mercury (Hg), CAS No. 7439-97-6;
"Mercury compound";
"Mercury-added product" refers to a product or product component that contains mercury or a mercury compound that was intentionally added;
"Party" and "Parties present and voting";
"Primary mercury mining";
"Regional economic integration organization";
"Use allowed".
Article 3
Addresses the question of mercury supply sources and trade.
The provisions of this Article do not apply to mercury compounds used for laboratory research, naturally occurring trace quantities of mercury or mercury compounds present, mercury-added products.
It prohibits parties to allow mercury mining that was not being conducted prior to the date of entry into force of the convention for them, and it only allows mercury mining that was conducted at the date of entry into force for up to fifteen years after that date.
It encourages countries to identify individual stocks of mercury or mercury compounds exceeding 50 metric tons as well as sources of mercury supply generating stocks exceeding 10 metric tons per year. If excess mercury from the decommissioning of chlor alkali facilities is available, such mercury is disposed of in accordance with the guidelines for environmentally sound management using operations that do not lead to recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses.
Parties are not allowed to export mercury without the written consent of the importing Party and only for either environmentally sound interim storage or a use allowed. These controls only apply to mercury, not to either mercury compounds or mercury-added products.
Article 4
Addresses the question of mercury-added products.
The Convention employs two approaches to controlling mercury in products, namely setting a phase-out date for some, and specifying measures to be taken in allowing continued use for others.
Article 5
Deals with manufacturing processes in which mercury or mercury compounds are used.
Sets out measures either to phase out or to restrict such existing processes.
It also does not allow the development of new facilities that would use manufacturing processes listed in Annex B and discourages the development of new manufacturing processes in which mercury or mercury compounds are intentionally used.
Article 6
Relates to exemptions available to a Party upon request.
A State or regional economic integration organization can register for one or more exemptions from the phase out dates listed in Parts I of Annexes A and B.
They do so on becoming a Party, or in the case of a product or process that is added by amendment to the list, no later than the date upon which that amendment enters into force for it.
Exemptions can be registered for a listed category or an identified sub-category.
The registration is made by notifying the Secretariat in writing, and must be accompanied by a statement explaining the Party's need for the exemption.
Article 7
Deals with the question of artisanal and small-scale gold mining and processing in which mercury amalgamation is used to extract gold from ore.
Each Party that has small-scale gold mining and processing within its territory has the general obligation to take steps to reduce the use of mercury and mercury compounds in such mining and processing needs to reduce, and where feasible eliminate, the use of mercury and mercury compounds in mining and processing, as well as the emissions and releases to the environment of mercury from such activities.
Additional obligations, including the development and implementation of a national action plan, are laid out for a Party that determines that artisanal and small-scale gold mining and processing in its territory is more than insignificant.
Article 8
Concerns emissions of mercury and mercury compounds.
It aims at controlling and, where feasible, reducing emissions of mercury and mercury compounds to the atmosphere, through measures to control emissions from the point sources listed in Annex D.
The Article differentiates between measures required for new sources and those required for existing sources. Releases to land and water are not addressed in Article 8 – they are addressed in Article 9 of the convention.
Article 9
Addresses the releases of mercury and mercury compounds to land and water
Aims at controlling and where feasible reducing releases of mercury and mercury compounds from significant anthropogenic point sources that are not addressed in other provisions of the convention.
Each state should within three years after of date of entry into force of the Convention identify the relevant point source categories of releases of mercury into land and water.
Article 10
Applies to the environmentally sound interim storage of mercury other than waste mercury.
Parties are requested to take measures to ensure that mercury and mercury compounds that are intended for a use allowed under the convention are stored in an environmentally sound manner, taking into account any guidelines and in accordance with any requirements that the Conference of Parties adopts.
Article 11
Deals with mercury wastes, including their definition, their management in an environmentally sound manner and transportation across international boundaries.
Article 12
Deals with contaminated sites.
Each state needs to endeavour to develop appropriate strategies for identifying and assessing sites contaminated by mercury or mercury compounds.
When taking action to reduce the risks posed by sites contaminated by mercury or mercury compounds, each Party is required to ensure that actions are performed in an environmentally sound manner, and actions incorporate, where appropriate, an assessment of the risks to human health and the environment from mercury or mercury compounds contained in these sites.
Article 13
Relates to the question of financial resources and mechanism.
Establishes a mechanism for the provision of adequate, predictable and timely financial resources, comprising the Global Environment Facility Trust Fund and a specific international programme to support capacity building and technical assistance.
Article 14
Addresses the issues of capacity-building, technical assistance and technology transfer.
Calls for cooperation between Parties to provide timely and appropriate capacity-building and technical assistance to developing country Parties, including through regional, sub regional and national arrangements.
Article 15
Establishes an Implementation and Compliance Committee to promote implementation of, and compliance with, all provisions of this convention.
The Committee comprises 15 members nominated by Parties and elected by the Conference of the Parties.
Issues can be taken up by the committee on self-referral by a Party, on the basis of information submitted under the reporting provisions, or upon request from the Conference of the Parties.
Article 16
Relates to health aspects.
It encourages Parties to promote the development and implementation of strategies and programmes to identify and protect populations at risk It encourages Parties to adopt and implement science based educational and preventive programmes on occupational exposure to mercury and mercury compounds.
It encourages Parties to promote appropriate health-care services for prevention, treatment and care for populations affected by the exposure to mercury or mercury compounds.
Finally it encourages Parties to establish and strengthen institutional and health professional capacities.
Article 17
Deals with information exchange.
Each party shall facilitate the exchange of information.
Article 18
Stresses the importance of public information, awareness and education.
Article 19
Relates to research, development and monitoring.
Article 20
Deals with the possibility for parties to develop an implementation plan.
Article 21
Parties shall report to the Conference of the Parties, through the secretariat on the measures taken to implement the provisions of the convention and the effectiveness of those measures as well as the possible challenges in meeting the objectives of the convention.
Parties shall include in their reporting the information called for in the different articles of the convention.
Article 22
Deals with effectiveness evaluation.
The Conference of the Parties needs to evaluate the effectiveness of the Convention no later than six years after the date of entry into force and periodically thereafter.
Article 23
Establishes the Conference of the Parties.
Article 24
Establishes the Secretariat, which is to be provided by the United Nations Environment Programme.
Article 25
Deals with the settlement of disputes between Parties.
Article 26
Sets the rules for the amendments to the convention.
Amendments to the Convention may be proposed by any Party, and they must be adopted at a meeting of the Conference of the Parties.
Ratification (acceptance or approval) of an amendment shall be notified to the Depositary in writing.
Article 27
Sets the rules for adoption and amendment of annexes.
Article 28
Establishes the rules for the right to vote: one party, one vote, except in the case of a regional economic integration organization, which, on matters within its competence, shall exercise its right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of its members States that are Parties to the convention. Such an organization shall not exercise its right to vote if any of its member States exercises its right to vote and vice versa.
Article 29
Relates to the signature of the convention, which was open for one year until 9 October 2014.
Article 30
Deals with the ratification, acceptance, approval of the convention or accession thereto.
Article 31
Deals with the convention's entry into the force, which will take place on the ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the fiftieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
Article 32
States that no reservations may be made to the convention.
Article 33
Gives the right to Parties to withdraw from the Convention at any time after three years from the date on which the convention has entered into force for them, through written notification to the Depositary.
Any such withdrawal shall take effect one year after the receipt of the notification by the depositary or any later specified date.
Article 34
Names The Secretary-General of the United Nations as the depositary of the convention.
Article 35
States that the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts of the convention are equally authentic.
Minamata Convention on Mercury COPs
COP-1 (Geneva, Switzerland), 24–29 September 2017
COP-2 (Geneva, Switzerland), 19–23 November 2018
COP-3 (Geneva, Switzerland), 25–29 November 2019
COP-4 (online; Bali, Indonesia), 01 - 5 November 2021 (first segment), 21–25 March 2022 (second segment)
COP-5 (Geneva, Switzerland), 30 October - 3 November 2023
See also
Environmental law
Environmental protocol
International law
List of international environmental agreements
Mercury cycle
References
^ a b c "Chapter XXVII – Environment, 17. Minamata Convention on Mercury". UN Treaty Collection. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
^ Bailey, Marianne (24 February 2014). "Minamata Convention on Mercury". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
^ "Minamata Convention Agreed by Nations". UNEP. 19 January 2013. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
^ "Exemptions under the Minamata Convention on Mercury". UNEP. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ UNEP, 2013. Global Mercury Assessment 2013: Sources, Emissions, Releases
and Environmental Transport. UNEP Chemicals Branch, Geneva, Switzerland
^ "Minamata Convention on Mercury Aims #MakeMercuryHistory". No. Online. ABC Live India. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
^ Tanaka, Hisatoshi (9 October 2013). "Minamata disease sufferer pins hope on mercury ban treaty". The Asahi Shimbun. Tokyo, Japan: The Asahi Shimbun Company. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ "Mandate". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ Kessler, Rebecca (October 2013). "The Minamata Convention on Mercury: A First Step toward Protecting Future Generations". Environmental Health Perspectives. 121 (10): A304–A309. doi:10.1289/ehp.121-A304. PMC 3801463. PMID 24218675. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
^ "INC1". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ Ashton, M.; Kantai, T.; Templeton, J.; Xia, K. (14 June 2010). "First Meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to Prepare a Global Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ "INC2". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 17 August 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ Ashton, M.; Kohler, P.; Xia, K. (31 January 2011). "Summary of the Second Meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to Prepare a Global Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ "INC3". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ Kantai, T.; Templeton, J.; Xia, K. (7 November 2011). "Summary of the Third Meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to Prepare a Global Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ "INC4". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ Aguilar, S.; Barrios, P.; Kantai, T.; Kohler, P.; Templeton, J. (6 July 2012). "Summary of the Fourth Meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to Prepare a Global Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ "INC5". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ Kohler, P.; Morgera, E.; Ripley, K.; Schabus, N.; Tsioumani, E. (21 January 2013). "Summary of the Fifth Meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to Prepare a Global Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ "Minamata Convention Agreed by Nations". United Nations Environment Programme. 19 January 2013. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ "Diplomatic Conference for the Minamata Convention on Mercury". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ Aquino, Grace (8 October 2013). "Kumamoto launches Minamata Convention to regulate use of mercury". Japan Daily Press. Archived from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ Aritake, Toshio (7 October 2013). "Global Convention on Phaseout of Mercury Set to Be Adopted in Japan in October". Bloomberg/Bureau of National Affairs. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ DeFerranti, R.; Kohler, P.; Malan, A.S. (10 October 2013). "Minamata Diplomatic Conference Highlights". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
^ Nuttal, Nick. "Minamata Convention Agreed by Nations". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
^ "Parties and Signatories | Minamata Convention on Mercury". 23 October 2022. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
^ China has also declared that the convention will be extended to cover both Hong Kong and Macau.
^ "Zimbabwe Bans Use of Mercury in Mining, Herald Says". msn.com. Bloomberg. 29 December 2020. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ a b "Minamata Convention on mercury" (PDF). Mercury Convention. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
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Official website of the Minamata Convention on Mercury
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Categories (by country) Commons WikiProject Environment WikiProject Ecology Environment portal Ecology portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty"},{"link_name":"mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"},{"link_name":"Minamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata"},{"link_name":"devastating incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata_disease"},{"link_name":"mercury poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"amalgam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam_(dentistry)"}],"text":"The Minamata Convention on Mercury is an international treaty designed to protect human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds. The convention was a result of three years of meeting and negotiating, after which the text of the convention was approved by delegates representing close to 140 countries on 19 January 2013 in Geneva and adopted and signed later that year on 10 October 2013 at a diplomatic conference held in Kumamoto, Japan. The convention is named after the Japanese city Minamata. This naming is of symbolic importance as the city went through a devastating incident of mercury poisoning. It is expected that over the next few decades, this international agreement will enhance the reduction of mercury pollution from the targeted activities responsible for the major release of mercury to the immediate environment.[2]The objective of the Minamata Convention is to protect the human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds. It contains, in support of this objective, provisions that relate to the entire life cycle of mercury, including controls and reductions across a range of products, processes and industries where mercury is used, released or emitted. The treaty also addresses the direct mining of mercury, its export and import, its safe storage and its disposal once as waste. Pinpointing populations at risk, boosting medical care and better training of health-care professionals in identifying and treating mercury-related effects will also result from implementing the convention.The Minamata Convention provides controls over a myriad of products containing mercury, the manufacture, import and export of which will be altogether prohibited by 2020,[3] except where countries have requested an exemption for an initial 5-year period.[4] These products include certain types of batteries, compact fluorescent lamps, relays, soaps and cosmetics, thermometers, and blood pressure devices. Dental fillings which use mercury amalgam are also regulated under the convention, and their use must be phased down through a number of measures.","title":"Minamata Convention on Mercury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"gold mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Mercury is a naturally occurring element. It can be released to the environment from natural sources – such as weathering of mercury-containing rocks, forest fires, volcanic eruptions or geothermal activities – but also from human activities. An estimated 5500-8900 tons of mercury is currently emitted and re-emitted each year to the atmosphere, with much of the re-emitted mercury considered to be related to human activity, as are the direct releases.Due to its unique properties, mercury has been used in various products and processes for hundreds of years. Currently, it is mostly utilised in industrial processes that produce chloride (PVC) production, and polyurethane elastomers. It is extensively used to extract gold from ore in artisanal and small-scale gold mining. It is contained in products such as some electrical switches (including thermostats), relays, measuring and control equipment, energy-efficient fluorescent light bulbs, some types of batteries and dental amalgam. It is also used in laboratories, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, including in vaccines as a preservative, paints, and jewelry. Mercury is also released unintentionally from some industrial processes, such as coal-fired power and heat generation, cement production, mining and other metallurgic activities such as non-ferrous metals production, as well as from incineration of many types of waste.[5]The single largest source of human-made mercury emissions is the artisanal and small-scale gold mining sector, which is responsible for the release of as much as 1,000 tonnes of mercury to the atmosphere every year.[6]","title":"Background on mercury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"},{"link_name":"Minamata disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata_disease"},{"link_name":"Niigata Minamata disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata_Minamata_disease"},{"link_name":"Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment"},{"link_name":"methylmercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmercury"},{"link_name":"United Nations Environment Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"UN Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UN_Environment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INC-Punta-del-Este.jpg"},{"link_name":"International Pollutants Elimination Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Pollutants_Elimination_Network"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehp.niehs.nih.gov-9"},{"link_name":"Fernando Lugris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Lugris"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Chiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Punta del Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_del_Este"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unep.org-25"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Conference of the Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_of_the_parties"},{"link_name":"COP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mercuryconvention.org/Meetings/COP1/tabid/5544/language/en-US/Default.aspx"},{"link_name":"COP2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mercuryconvention.org/Meetings/COP2/tabid/6355/language/en-US/Default.aspx"},{"link_name":"COP3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mercuryconvention.org/Meetings/COP3/tabid/7854/language/en-US/Default.aspx"},{"link_name":"https://www.mercuryconvention.org/en/meetings/cop4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mercuryconvention.org/en/meetings/cop4"}],"text":"Mercury and mercury compounds have long been known to be toxic to human health and the environment. Large-scale public health crises due to mercury poisoning, such as Minamata disease and Niigata Minamata disease, drew attention to the issue. In 1972, delegates to the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment witnessed Japanese junior high school student Shinobu Sakamoto, disabled as the result of methylmercury poisoning in utero. The United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment, previously UNEP) was established shortly thereafter.[7] UN Environment has been actively engaged in bringing the science of mercury poisoning to policy implementation. In 2001, the executive director of UN Environment was invited by its governing council to undertake a global assessment of mercury and its compounds, including the chemistry and health effects, sources, long-range transport, as well as prevention and control technologies relating to mercury.In 2003, the governing council considered this assessment and found that there was sufficient evidence of significant global adverse impacts from mercury and its compounds to warrant further international action to reduce the risks to human health and the environment from their release to the environment. Governments were urged to adopt goals for the reduction of mercury emissions and releases and UN Environment initiated technical assistance and capacity-building activities to meet these goals.A mercury programme to address the concerns posed by mercury was established and further strengthened by governments in 2005 and 2007 with the UNEP Global Mercury Partnership. In 2007, the governing council concluded that the options of enhanced voluntary measures and new or existing international legal instruments should be reviewed and assessed in order to make progress in addressing the mercury issue. In February 2009, the governing council of UNEP decided to develop a global legally binding instrument on mercury.[8]International Pollutants Elimination Network at INC4 in Punta del Este, 2012An intergovernmental negotiating committee (INC) was promptly established, through which countries negotiated and developed the text of the convention. Other stakeholders, including intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations also participated in the process and contributed through sharing of views, experience and technical expertise.[9] The Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee was chaired by Fernando Lugris of Uruguay and supported by the Chemicals and Health Branch of UN Environment's Economy Division. The INC held five sessions to discuss and negotiate a global agreement on mercury:INC 1, 7 to 11 June 2010, in Stockholm, Sweden[10][11]\nINC 2, 24 to 28 January 2011, in Chiba, Japan[12][13]\nINC 3, 31 October to 4 November 2011, in Nairobi, Kenya[14][15]\nINC 4, 27 June to 2 July 2012, in Punta del Este, Uruguay[16][17]\nINC 5, 13 to 18 January 2013, in Geneva, Switzerland[18][19]On 19 January 2013, after negotiating late into the night, the negotiations concluded with close to 140 governments agreeing to the draft convention text.[20] The convention was adopted and opened for signature for one year on 10 October 2013, at a conference of plenipotentiaries (diplomatic conference) in Kumamoto, Japan, preceded by a preparatory meeting from 7–8 October 2013.[21][22][23] The European Union and 86 countries signed the convention on the first day it was opened for signature.[24] A further 5 countries signed the convention on the final day of the diplomatic conference, 11 October 2013. In total, the convention has 128 signatories.Fernando Lugris, the Uruguayan chair delegate, proclaimed, \"Today in the early hours of 19 January 2013 we have closed a chapter on a journey that has taken four years of often intense but ultimately successful negotiations and opened a new chapter towards a sustainable future. This has been done in the name of vulnerable populations everywhere and represents an opportunity for a healthier and more sustainable century for all peoples.\"[25]Further to the adoption of the convention, the intergovernmental negotiating committee was mandated to meet during the interim period preceding the opening of the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the convention to facilitate its rapid entry into force and effective implementation upon entry into force. Two sessions of the INC were held:INC 6, 3 to 7 November 2014, in Bangkok, Thailand\nINC 7, 10 to 15 March 2016, in Dead Sea, JordanDiscussions covered a number of technical, financial as well as administrative and operational aspects.The convention required to enter into force the deposit of fifty instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession by states or regional economic integration organizations. This fifty-ratification milestone was reached on 18 May 2017, hence the convention entered into force on 16 August 2017.The first meeting of Conference of the Parties to the Minamata Convention on Mercury (COP1) took place from 24 to 29 September 2017 at the International Conference Center in Geneva.The second meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP2) took place from 19 to 23 November 2018 at the International Conference Center in Geneva, Switzerland.The third meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP3) took place from 25 to 29 November 2019 at the International Conference Center in Geneva, Switzerland. At its third meeting, the Conference of the Parties agreed on a number of action items to effectively implement the Minamata Convention.After the convention entered into force, the Conference of the Parties took place yearly for the first three years. From now onward, next Conference of the Parties (COPs) will be convened in every two years.The fourth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (https://www.mercuryconvention.org/en/meetings/cop4) (COP4) will take place in Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia from 21 to 25 March 2022.","title":"History of the negotiations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treaties.un.org-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"As of February 2024, there are 128 signatories to the treaty and 148 parties.[1][26]","title":"List of signatories and parties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minamata_Convention_on_mercury-29"}],"text":"The convention has 35 articles, 5 annexes and a preamble.The preamble of the convention states that the parties have recognized that mercury is, \"a chemical of global concern owing to its long-range atmospheric transport, its persistence in the environment once anthropogenically introduced, its ability to bioaccumulate in ecosystems and its significant negative effects on human health and the environment.\"[29]","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 1","text":"States the objective of the convention, which is \"to protect the human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds\".","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 2","text":"Sets out definitions used in more than one Article of the convention, including:\n\"Artisanal and small-scale gold mining\" which refers to gold mining conducted by individual miners or small enterprises with limited capital investment and production;\n\"Best available techniques\";\n\"Best environmental practices\" means using the most appropriate combination of environmental control measures and strategies;\n\"Mercury\" specifically refers to elemental mercury (Hg), CAS No. 7439-97-6;\n\"Mercury compound\";\n\"Mercury-added product\" refers to a product or product component that contains mercury or a mercury compound that was intentionally added;\n\"Party\" and \"Parties present and voting\";\n\"Primary mercury mining\";\n\"Regional economic integration organization\";\n\"Use allowed\".","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 3","text":"Addresses the question of mercury supply sources and trade.\nThe provisions of this Article do not apply to mercury compounds used for laboratory research, naturally occurring trace quantities of mercury or mercury compounds present, mercury-added products.\nIt prohibits parties to allow mercury mining that was not being conducted prior to the date of entry into force of the convention for them, and it only allows mercury mining that was conducted at the date of entry into force for up to fifteen years after that date.\nIt encourages countries to identify individual stocks of mercury or mercury compounds exceeding 50 metric tons as well as sources of mercury supply generating stocks exceeding 10 metric tons per year. If excess mercury from the decommissioning of chlor alkali facilities is available, such mercury is disposed of in accordance with the guidelines for environmentally sound management using operations that do not lead to recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses.\nParties are not allowed to export mercury without the written consent of the importing Party and only for either environmentally sound interim storage or a use allowed. These controls only apply to mercury, not to either mercury compounds or mercury-added products.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 4","text":"Addresses the question of mercury-added products.\nThe Convention employs two approaches to controlling mercury in products, namely setting a phase-out date for some, and specifying measures to be taken in allowing continued use for others.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 5","text":"Deals with manufacturing processes in which mercury or mercury compounds are used.\nSets out measures either to phase out or to restrict such existing processes.\nIt also does not allow the development of new facilities that would use manufacturing processes listed in Annex B and discourages the development of new manufacturing processes in which mercury or mercury compounds are intentionally used.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 6","text":"Relates to exemptions available to a Party upon request.\nA State or regional economic integration organization can register for one or more exemptions from the phase out dates listed in Parts I of Annexes A and B.\nThey do so on becoming a Party, or in the case of a product or process that is added by amendment to the list, no later than the date upon which that amendment enters into force for it.\nExemptions can be registered for a listed category or an identified sub-category.\nThe registration is made by notifying the Secretariat in writing, and must be accompanied by a statement explaining the Party's need for the exemption.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 7","text":"Deals with the question of artisanal and small-scale gold mining and processing in which mercury amalgamation is used to extract gold from ore.\nEach Party that has small-scale gold mining and processing within its territory has the general obligation to take steps to reduce the use of mercury and mercury compounds in such mining and processing needs to reduce, and where feasible eliminate, the use of mercury and mercury compounds in mining and processing, as well as the emissions and releases to the environment of mercury from such activities.\nAdditional obligations, including the development and implementation of a national action plan, are laid out for a Party that determines that artisanal and small-scale gold mining and processing in its territory is more than insignificant.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 8","text":"Concerns emissions of mercury and mercury compounds.\nIt aims at controlling and, where feasible, reducing emissions of mercury and mercury compounds to the atmosphere, through measures to control emissions from the point sources listed in Annex D.\nThe Article differentiates between measures required for new sources and those required for existing sources. Releases to land and water are not addressed in Article 8 – they are addressed in Article 9 of the convention.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 9","text":"Addresses the releases of mercury and mercury compounds to land and water\nAims at controlling and where feasible reducing releases of mercury and mercury compounds from significant anthropogenic point sources that are not addressed in other provisions of the convention.\nEach state should within three years after of date of entry into force of the Convention identify the relevant point source categories of releases of mercury into land and water.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 10","text":"Applies to the environmentally sound interim storage of mercury other than waste mercury.\nParties are requested to take measures to ensure that mercury and mercury compounds that are intended for a use allowed under the convention are stored in an environmentally sound manner, taking into account any guidelines and in accordance with any requirements that the Conference of Parties adopts.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 11","text":"Deals with mercury wastes, including their definition, their management in an environmentally sound manner and transportation across international boundaries.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 12","text":"Deals with contaminated sites.\nEach state needs to endeavour to develop appropriate strategies for identifying and assessing sites contaminated by mercury or mercury compounds.\nWhen taking action to reduce the risks posed by sites contaminated by mercury or mercury compounds, each Party is required to ensure that actions are performed in an environmentally sound manner, and actions incorporate, where appropriate, an assessment of the risks to human health and the environment from mercury or mercury compounds contained in these sites.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 13","text":"Relates to the question of financial resources and mechanism.\nEstablishes a mechanism for the provision of adequate, predictable and timely financial resources, comprising the Global Environment Facility Trust Fund and a specific international programme to support capacity building and technical assistance.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 14","text":"Addresses the issues of capacity-building, technical assistance and technology transfer.\nCalls for cooperation between Parties to provide timely and appropriate capacity-building and technical assistance to developing country Parties, including through regional, sub regional and national arrangements.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 15","text":"Establishes an Implementation and Compliance Committee to promote implementation of, and compliance with, all provisions of this convention.\nThe Committee comprises 15 members nominated by Parties and elected by the Conference of the Parties.\nIssues can be taken up by the committee on self-referral by a Party, on the basis of information submitted under the reporting provisions, or upon request from the Conference of the Parties.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 16","text":"Relates to health aspects.\nIt encourages Parties to promote the development and implementation of strategies and programmes to identify and protect populations at risk It encourages Parties to adopt and implement science based educational and preventive programmes on occupational exposure to mercury and mercury compounds.\nIt encourages Parties to promote appropriate health-care services for prevention, treatment and care for populations affected by the exposure to mercury or mercury compounds.\nFinally it encourages Parties to establish and strengthen institutional and health professional capacities.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 17","text":"Deals with information exchange.\nEach party shall facilitate the exchange of information.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 18","text":"Stresses the importance of public information, awareness and education.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 19","text":"Relates to research, development and monitoring.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 20","text":"Deals with the possibility for parties to develop an implementation plan.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 21","text":"Parties shall report to the Conference of the Parties, through the secretariat on the measures taken to implement the provisions of the convention and the effectiveness of those measures as well as the possible challenges in meeting the objectives of the convention.\nParties shall include in their reporting the information called for in the different articles of the convention.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 22","text":"Deals with effectiveness evaluation.\nThe Conference of the Parties needs to evaluate the effectiveness of the Convention no later than six years after the date of entry into force and periodically thereafter.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 23","text":"Establishes the Conference of the Parties.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 24","text":"Establishes the Secretariat, which is to be provided by the United Nations Environment Programme.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 25","text":"Deals with the settlement of disputes between Parties.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 26","text":"Sets the rules for the amendments to the convention.\nAmendments to the Convention may be proposed by any Party, and they must be adopted at a meeting of the Conference of the Parties.\nRatification (acceptance or approval) of an amendment shall be notified to the Depositary in writing.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 27","text":"Sets the rules for adoption and amendment of annexes.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 28","text":"Establishes the rules for the right to vote: one party, one vote, except in the case of a regional economic integration organization, which, on matters within its competence, shall exercise its right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of its members States that are Parties to the convention. Such an organization shall not exercise its right to vote if any of its member States exercises its right to vote and vice versa.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 29","text":"Relates to the signature of the convention, which was open for one year until 9 October 2014.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 30","text":"Deals with the ratification, acceptance, approval of the convention or accession thereto.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 31","text":"Deals with the convention's entry into the force, which will take place on the ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the fiftieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reservations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation_(law)"}],"sub_title":"Article 32","text":"States that no reservations may be made to the convention.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 33","text":"Gives the right to Parties to withdraw from the Convention at any time after three years from the date on which the convention has entered into force for them, through written notification to the Depositary.\nAny such withdrawal shall take effect one year after the receipt of the notification by the depositary or any later specified date.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article 34","text":"Names The Secretary-General of the United Nations as the depositary of the convention.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minamata_Convention_on_mercury-29"}],"sub_title":"Article 35","text":"States that the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts of the convention are equally authentic.[29]","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"}],"text":"COP-1 (Geneva, Switzerland), 24–29 September 2017\nCOP-2 (Geneva, Switzerland), 19–23 November 2018\nCOP-3 (Geneva, Switzerland), 25–29 November 2019\nCOP-4 (online; Bali, Indonesia), 01 - 5 November 2021 (first segment), 21–25 March 2022 (second segment)\nCOP-5 (Geneva, Switzerland), 30 October - 3 November 2023","title":"Minamata Convention on Mercury COPs"}] | [{"image_text":"International Pollutants Elimination Network at INC4 in Punta del Este, 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/INC-Punta-del-Este.jpg/220px-INC-Punta-del-Este.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Environmental law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law"},{"title":"Environmental protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_protocol"},{"title":"International law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law"},{"title":"List of international environmental agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements"},{"title":"Mercury cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_cycle"}] | [{"reference":"\"Chapter XXVII – Environment, 17. Minamata Convention on Mercury\". UN Treaty Collection. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-17&chapter=27&clang=_en","url_text":"\"Chapter XXVII – Environment, 17. Minamata Convention on Mercury\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170505181411/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-17&chapter=27&clang=_en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Marianne (24 February 2014). \"Minamata Convention on Mercury\". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.epa.gov/international-cooperation/minamata-convention-mercury","url_text":"\"Minamata Convention on Mercury\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141019014210/http://www2.epa.gov/international-cooperation/minamata-convention-mercury","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Minamata Convention Agreed by Nations\". UNEP. 19 January 2013. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/minamata-convention-agreed-nations","url_text":"\"Minamata Convention Agreed by Nations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230425151211/https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/minamata-convention-agreed-nations","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Exemptions under the Minamata Convention on Mercury\". UNEP. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mercuryconvention.org/en/parties/exemptions","url_text":"\"Exemptions under the Minamata Convention on Mercury\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220506082128/https://www.mercuryconvention.org/en/parties/exemptions","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Minamata Convention on Mercury Aims #MakeMercuryHistory\". No. Online. ABC Live India. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://abclive.in/minamata-convention-on-mercury-aims-makemercuryhistory/","url_text":"\"Minamata Convention on Mercury Aims #MakeMercuryHistory\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210113163419/https://abclive.in/minamata-convention-on-mercury-aims-makemercuryhistory/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tanaka, Hisatoshi (9 October 2013). \"Minamata disease sufferer pins hope on mercury ban treaty\". The Asahi Shimbun. Tokyo, Japan: The Asahi Shimbun Company. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150610220054/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/AJ201310090066","url_text":"\"Minamata disease sufferer pins hope on mercury ban treaty\""},{"url":"http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/AJ201310090066","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mandate\". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances/Mercury/Negotiations/Mandates/tabid/3321/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Mandate\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20131010044024/http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances/Mercury/Negotiations/Mandates/tabid/3321/Default.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kessler, Rebecca (October 2013). \"The Minamata Convention on Mercury: A First Step toward Protecting Future Generations\". Environmental Health Perspectives. 121 (10): A304–A309. doi:10.1289/ehp.121-A304. PMC 3801463. PMID 24218675. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/121-a304/","url_text":"\"The Minamata Convention on Mercury: A First Step toward Protecting Future Generations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.121-A304","url_text":"10.1289/ehp.121-A304"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3801463","url_text":"3801463"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24218675","url_text":"24218675"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141028191326/http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/121-a304/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"INC1\". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances/Mercury/Negotiations/INC/tabid/3324/language/en-US/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"INC1\""},{"url":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151116223919/http%3A//www.unep.org/chemicalsandwaste/Old_Home/tabid/197/Default.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ashton, M.; Kantai, T.; Templeton, J.; Xia, K. (14 June 2010). \"First Meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to Prepare a Global Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury\". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. 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International Institute for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150114091143/http://www.iisd.ca/vol28/enb2807e.html","url_text":"\"Summary of the Second Meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to Prepare a Global Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury\""},{"url":"http://www.iisd.ca/vol28/enb2807e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"INC3\". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances/Mercury/Negotiations/INC3/tabid/3469/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"INC3\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102074037/http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances/Mercury/Negotiations/INC3/tabid/3469/Default.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kantai, T.; Templeton, J.; Xia, K. (7 November 2011). \"Summary of the Third Meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to Prepare a Global Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury\". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140827071803/http://www.iisd.ca/vol28/enb2808e.html","url_text":"\"Summary of the Third Meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to Prepare a Global Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury\""},{"url":"http://www.iisd.ca/vol28/enb2808e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"INC4\". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances/Mercury/Negotiations/INC4/tabid/3470/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"INC4\""},{"url":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151116223919/http%3A//www.unep.org/chemicalsandwaste/Old_Home/tabid/197/Default.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aguilar, S.; Barrios, P.; Kantai, T.; Kohler, P.; Templeton, J. (6 July 2012). \"Summary of the Fourth Meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to Prepare a Global Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury\". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. 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(21 January 2013). \"Summary of the Fifth Meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to Prepare a Global Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury\". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131022223211/http://www.iisd.ca/vol28/enb2822e.html","url_text":"\"Summary of the Fifth Meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to Prepare a Global Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury\""},{"url":"http://www.iisd.ca/vol28/enb2822e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Minamata Convention Agreed by Nations\". United Nations Environment Programme. 19 January 2013. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. 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Retrieved 10 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://japandailypress.com/kumamoto-launches-minamata-convention-to-regulate-use-of-mercury-0837342/","url_text":"\"Kumamoto launches Minamata Convention to regulate use of mercury\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131008141703/http://japandailypress.com/kumamoto-launches-minamata-convention-to-regulate-use-of-mercury-0837342/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aritake, Toshio (7 October 2013). \"Global Convention on Phaseout of Mercury Set to Be Adopted in Japan in October\". Bloomberg/Bureau of National Affairs. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bna.com/global-convention-phaseout-n17179877659/","url_text":"\"Global Convention on Phaseout of Mercury Set to Be Adopted in Japan in October\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150610204554/http://www.bna.com/global-convention-phaseout-n17179877659/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DeFerranti, R.; Kohler, P.; Malan, A.S. (10 October 2013). \"Minamata Diplomatic Conference Highlights\". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131208082549/http://www.iisd.ca/vol28/enb2826e.html","url_text":"\"Minamata Diplomatic Conference Highlights\""},{"url":"http://www.iisd.ca/vol28/enb2826e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nuttal, Nick. \"Minamata Convention Agreed by Nations\". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. 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Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/zimbabwe-bans-use-of-mercury-in-mining-herald-says/ar-BB1cj2ek","url_text":"\"Zimbabwe Bans Use of Mercury in Mining, Herald Says\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201229071027/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/zimbabwe-bans-use-of-mercury-in-mining-herald-says/ar-BB1cj2ek","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Minamata Convention on mercury\" (PDF). Mercury Convention. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_City_of_Sharjah | University City of Sharjah | ["1 List of universities & institutions in the University City","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 25°17′53″N 55°28′58″E / 25.29806°N 55.48278°E / 25.29806; 55.48278The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "University City of Sharjah" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Sharjah University City is an education district in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates close to the Sharjah International Airport. It contains the American University of Sharjah, the Higher Colleges of Technology alongside its men and women campuses and the University of Sharjah alongside its medical and fine arts campuses. The area includes the Sharjah Police Academy, University Hospital of Sharjah, University Dental Hospital of Sharjah and the Sharjah Library.
List of universities & institutions in the University City
American University of Sharjah
Higher Colleges of Technology
Sharjah Institute of Technology
Sharjah Police Academy
Skyline University
University Hospital of Sharjah
University Dental Hospital of Sharjah
University of Sharjah
Al Qasimia University
Exeed School of Business and Finance
See also
Dubai Knowledge Village
References
^ Sharjah University City, TEN Education.
25°17′53″N 55°28′58″E / 25.29806°N 55.48278°E / 25.29806; 55.48278 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sharjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharjah_(city)"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Sharjah International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharjah_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"American University of Sharjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Sharjah"},{"link_name":"Higher Colleges of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Colleges_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"University of Sharjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sharjah"},{"link_name":"Sharjah Police Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharjah_Police_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University Hospital of Sharjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_Hospital_of_Sharjah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University Dental Hospital of Sharjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_Dental_Hospital_of_Sharjah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sharjah Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharjah_Library&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sharjah University City is an education district in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates close to the Sharjah International Airport. It contains the American University of Sharjah, the Higher Colleges of Technology alongside its men and women campuses and the University of Sharjah alongside its medical and fine arts campuses. The area includes the Sharjah Police Academy, University Hospital of Sharjah, University Dental Hospital of Sharjah and the Sharjah Library.[1]","title":"University City of Sharjah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American University of Sharjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Sharjah"},{"link_name":"Higher Colleges of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Colleges_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Sharjah Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharjah_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sharjah Police Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharjah_Police_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Skyline University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyline_University_College_(Sharjah)"},{"link_name":"University Hospital of Sharjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_Hospital_of_Sharjah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University Dental Hospital of Sharjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_Dental_Hospital_of_Sharjah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of Sharjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sharjah"},{"link_name":"Al Qasimia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qasimia_University"},{"link_name":"Exeed School of Business and Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeed_School_of_Business_and_Finance"}],"text":"American University of Sharjah\nHigher Colleges of Technology\nSharjah Institute of Technology\nSharjah Police Academy\nSkyline University\nUniversity Hospital of Sharjah\nUniversity Dental Hospital of Sharjah\nUniversity of Sharjah\nAl Qasimia University\nExeed School of Business and Finance","title":"List of universities & institutions in the University City"}] | [] | [{"title":"Dubai Knowledge Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Knowledge_Village"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_City_of_Sharjah¶ms=25_17_53_N_55_28_58_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"25°17′53″N 55°28′58″E / 25.29806°N 55.48278°E / 25.29806; 55.48278"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22University+City+of+Sharjah%22","external_links_name":"\"University City of Sharjah\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22University+City+of+Sharjah%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22University+City+of+Sharjah%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22University+City+of+Sharjah%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22University+City+of+Sharjah%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22University+City+of+Sharjah%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://education.theemiratesnetwork.com/zones/sharjah_university_city.php","external_links_name":"Sharjah University City"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_City_of_Sharjah¶ms=25_17_53_N_55_28_58_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"25°17′53″N 55°28′58″E / 25.29806°N 55.48278°E / 25.29806; 55.48278"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_L._McFaul | Donald L. McFaul | ["1 Biography","2 Navy Cross citation","3 Awards & Decorations","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | US Navy SEAL (1957–1989)
Donald L. McFaulBorn(1957-09-20)September 20, 1957Orange County, California, U.S.DiedDecember 20, 1989(1989-12-20) (aged 32)Panama City, PanamaBuriedPajaro Valley Memorial ParkWatsonville, CaliforniaAllegiance United StatesService/branch United States NavyYears of service1975–19851988–1989Rank Chief EnginemanUnit U.S. Navy SEALs
SEAL Team 4, Golf Platoon, Naval Special Warfare Task Unit PAPA
Battles/warsOperation Just Cause
Operation Nifty Package
Battle of Paitilla Airport †
AwardsNavy CrossPurple HeartNavy Achievement Medal with Gold StarCombat Action RibbonNavy Unit CommendationGood Conduct Medal with Bronze Star
Donald Lewis McFaul (20 September 1957 – 20 December 1989) was a United States Navy SEAL killed in action at Paitilla Airfield during Operation Just Cause, the 1989 United States invasion of Panama. He was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart and Navy Cross for his heroism during the battle while pulling another SEAL to safety. Only two Navy Crosses were awarded for the 1989 operations in Panama. The Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS McFaul (DDG-74) was named to honor him.
Biography
McFaul attended high school in Bend, Oregon, graduating in 1975 with a 3.47 GPA ranking 64 of 399 in his class. He enlisted in the United States Navy on June 26, 1975 and was initially assigned to Naval Station Treasure Island working for port services as an engine specialist. McFaul volunteered for Special Warfare and was accepted in 1977. In spring of 1978 he attended Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL training (BUD/S) and graduated with class 95. He was then assigned to SEAL Team ONE and did three tours of duty conducting special operations from U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay. He left the navy from 1985 to 1988 living and working in the Seattle and Kodiak, Alaska areas. He returned to the Navy in 1988, attending a Spanish language course at the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California. There he met his wife, Patricia. They were married February 1988 and he was assigned to SEAL Team 4 based in Little Creek, Virginia. In December 1989 he deployed to Panama as part of SEAL Team 4. He was killed during the capture of Paitilla Airfield, Panama City, Panama in the early morning hours of December 20, 1989. According to his Navy Cross citation, he left a position of safety to assist team members under heavy enemy fire. He then carried another team member to safety, but was mortally wounded in the process. His actions saved that team member and were said to inspire other heroic acts that led to the capture of the objective.
Patricia, his wife, gave birth to his daughter Megan six days after his funeral.
Navy Cross citation
For extraordinary heroism while serving as Platoon Chief Petty Officer of Sea-Air-Land Team FOUR (SEAL-4), GOLF Platoon during Operation JUST CAUSE at Paitilla Airfield, Republic of Panama on 20 December 1989. Chief Petty Officer McFaul's platoon was an element of Naval Special Warfare Task Unit PAPA, whose crucial mission was to deny to General Noriega and his associates the use of Paitilla Airfield as an avenue of escape from Panama. After insertion from sea by rubber raiding craft, Golf Platoon was patrolling toward their objective, a hangar housing General Noriega's aircraft, when they were engaged by heavy small arms fire. Realizing that most of the first squad, 25 meters north of his position, had been wounded, he left the relative safety of his own position in order to assist the wounded lying helplessly exposed. Under heavy enemy fire and with total disregard for his personal safety, Chief Petty Officer McFaul moved forward into the kill zone and began carrying a seriously wounded platoon member to safety. As he was nearing the safety of his own force's perimeter, he was mortally wounded by enemy fire. Chief Petty Officer McFaul's heroic actions and courage under fire saved his teammate's life and were an inspiration for other acts of heroism as the assault force prevailed in this decisive battle. By his extraordinary bravery, personal sacrifice, and inspiring devotion to duty, Chief Petty Officer McFaul reflected great credit upon himself and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.
Action Date: 20 December 1989
Service: Navy
Rank: Chief Petty Officer
Awards & Decorations
Naval Special Warfare insignia
Naval Parachutist Badge
Navy Cross
Purple Heart
Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal
Combat Action Ribbon
Navy Unit Commendation
Navy Good Conduct Medal
National Defense Service Medal
Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
Navy Expert Rifleman Medal
Navy Expert Pistol Shot Medal
See also
Biography portal
References
^ The Oregonian (Portland, Oregon). Bend High Graduate Dies in Panama Battle. December 22, 1989.
^ Associated Press. Pentagon Releases Names of Dead. December 26, 1989.
^ USS McFaul. Ships bio Archived August 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Home of the Heroes. Full Text Citations For Award of The Navy Cross In Vietnam Era and Post-Vietnam War Actions Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Malcolm, Andrew H. (January 8, 1990). "The U.S. and Panama: The Toll; Deaths of 23 Americans in Panama: Their Dreams Cut Short". The New York Times.
External links
Donald L. McFaul online memorial (www.specialoperations.com)
www.cyberseals.org
Donald L. McFaul at Find a Grave | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy SEAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEAL"},{"link_name":"Operation Just Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Just_Cause"},{"link_name":"United States invasion of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"Purple Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart"},{"link_name":"Navy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Arleigh Burke-class destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleigh_Burke_class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"USS McFaul (DDG-74)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_McFaul_(DDG-74)"}],"text":"Donald Lewis McFaul (20 September 1957 – 20 December 1989) was a United States Navy SEAL killed in action at Paitilla Airfield during Operation Just Cause, the 1989 United States invasion of Panama. He was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart and Navy Cross for his heroism during the battle while pulling another SEAL to safety. Only two Navy Crosses were awarded for the 1989 operations in Panama. The Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS McFaul (DDG-74) was named to honor him.","title":"Donald L. McFaul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bend, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Treasure Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island,_California"},{"link_name":"Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEAL_selection_and_training"},{"link_name":"U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Base_Subic_Bay"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Kodiak, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Defense Language Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Language_Institute"},{"link_name":"Monterey, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California"},{"link_name":"Little Creek, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Creek,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Panama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"McFaul attended high school in Bend, Oregon, graduating in 1975 with a 3.47 GPA ranking 64 of 399 in his class.[1] He enlisted in the United States Navy on June 26, 1975[2] and was initially assigned to Naval Station Treasure Island working for port services as an engine specialist. McFaul volunteered for Special Warfare and was accepted in 1977. In spring of 1978 he attended Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL training (BUD/S) and graduated with class 95. He was then assigned to SEAL Team ONE and did three tours of duty conducting special operations from U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay. He left the navy from 1985 to 1988 living and working in the Seattle and Kodiak, Alaska areas. He returned to the Navy in 1988, attending a Spanish language course at the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California. There he met his wife, Patricia. They were married February 1988 and he was assigned to SEAL Team 4 based in Little Creek, Virginia. In December 1989 he deployed to Panama as part of SEAL Team 4.[3] He was killed during the capture of Paitilla Airfield, Panama City, Panama in the early morning hours of December 20, 1989. According to his Navy Cross citation, he left a position of safety to assist team members under heavy enemy fire. He then carried another team member to safety, but was mortally wounded in the process. His actions saved that team member and were said to inspire other heroic acts that led to the capture of the objective.[4]Patricia, his wife, gave birth to his daughter Megan six days after his funeral.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Navy_Cross.png"}],"text":"For extraordinary heroism while serving as Platoon Chief Petty Officer of Sea-Air-Land Team FOUR (SEAL-4), GOLF Platoon during Operation JUST CAUSE at Paitilla Airfield, Republic of Panama on 20 December 1989. Chief Petty Officer McFaul's platoon was an element of Naval Special Warfare Task Unit PAPA, whose crucial mission was to deny to General Noriega and his associates the use of Paitilla Airfield as an avenue of escape from Panama. After insertion from sea by rubber raiding craft, Golf Platoon was patrolling toward their objective, a hangar housing General Noriega's aircraft, when they were engaged by heavy small arms fire. Realizing that most of the first squad, 25 meters north of his position, had been wounded, he left the relative safety of his own position in order to assist the wounded lying helplessly exposed. Under heavy enemy fire and with total disregard for his personal safety, Chief Petty Officer McFaul moved forward into the kill zone and began carrying a seriously wounded platoon member to safety. As he was nearing the safety of his own force's perimeter, he was mortally wounded by enemy fire. Chief Petty Officer McFaul's heroic actions and courage under fire saved his teammate's life and were an inspiration for other acts of heroism as the assault force prevailed in this decisive battle. By his extraordinary bravery, personal sacrifice, and inspiring devotion to duty, Chief Petty Officer McFaul reflected great credit upon himself and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.Action Date: 20 December 1989Service: NavyRank: Chief Petty Officer","title":"Navy Cross citation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Navy_Special_Warfare_insignia.png"},{"link_name":"Naval Special Warfare insignia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Warfare_insignia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_and_U.S._Marine_Corps_Parachutist_Insignia-redone.png"},{"link_name":"Naval Parachutist Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachutist_Badge_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Navy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Purple Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Achievement_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achievement_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Combat_Action_Ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Combat Action Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Action_Ribbon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Navy Unit Commendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Unit_Commendation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_Good_Conduct_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Navy Good Conduct Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Conduct_Medal_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"National Defense Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_Expert_Rifleman_Ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Navy Expert Rifleman Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksmanship_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_Expert_Pistol_Shot_Ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Navy Expert Pistol Shot Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Expert_Pistol_Shot_Medal"}],"text":"Naval Special Warfare insignia\n Naval Parachutist Badge\n Navy Cross\n Purple Heart\n Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal\n Combat Action Ribbon\n Navy Unit Commendation\n Navy Good Conduct Medal\n National Defense Service Medal\n Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal\n Navy Expert Rifleman Medal\n Navy Expert Pistol Shot Medal","title":"Awards & Decorations"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Navy_Cross.png/60px-Navy_Cross.png"}] | [{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"}] | [{"reference":"Malcolm, Andrew H. (January 8, 1990). \"The U.S. and Panama: The Toll; Deaths of 23 Americans in Panama: Their Dreams Cut Short\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/08/us/us-panama-toll-deaths-23-americans-panama-their-dreams-cut-short.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"The U.S. and Panama: The Toll; Deaths of 23 Americans in Panama: Their Dreams Cut Short\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.mcfaul.navy.mil/ENC%20McFaul's%20Bio.htm","external_links_name":"Ships bio"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070816124840/http://www.mcfaul.navy.mil/ENC%20McFaul%27s%20Bio.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.homeofheroes.com/valor/1_Citations/nc_20postrvn.html","external_links_name":"Full Text Citations For Award of The Navy Cross In Vietnam Era and Post-Vietnam War Actions"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123155/http://www.homeofheroes.com/valor/1_Citations/nc_20postrvn.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/08/us/us-panama-toll-deaths-23-americans-panama-their-dreams-cut-short.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"The U.S. and Panama: The Toll; Deaths of 23 Americans in Panama: Their Dreams Cut Short\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080617041430/http://www.specialoperations.com/Memorial/SEALs/McFaul.htm","external_links_name":"Donald L. McFaul online memorial (www.specialoperations.com)"},{"Link":"http://www.cyberseals.org/memorial4.htm","external_links_name":"www.cyberseals.org"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/40359717","external_links_name":"Donald L. McFaul"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilderstone | Hilderstone | ["1 Location","2 Population","3 History","3.1 Etymology","3.2 Domesday Book","4 Buildings and structures","4.1 Listed buildings in Hilderstone","4.2 The parish church of Christ Church","4.3 Moated site","5 Notable people","6 References"] | Coordinates: 52°54′33″N 2°04′40″W / 52.90925°N 2.07774°W / 52.90925; -2.07774This article is about the Staffordshire village. For the abandoned silver mine, see Hilderston, West Lothian.
Human settlement in EnglandHilderstoneThe Parish Church of Christ ChurchHilderstoneLocation within StaffordshirePopulation641 • London150 milesDistrictStaffordShire countyStaffordshireRegionWest MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townStonePostcode districtST15Dialling code01889PoliceStaffordshireFireStaffordshireAmbulanceWest Midlands
List of places
UK
England
Staffordshire
52°54′33″N 2°04′40″W / 52.90925°N 2.07774°W / 52.90925; -2.07774
Hilderstone is a village and a civil parish in the English county of Staffordshire.
Location
The village is 8.6 miles (13.8 km) north of the town of Stafford, and 9.8 miles (15.8 km) south east of Stoke-on-Trent. The nearest railway station is 5.3 miles (8.5 km) west in the town of Stone. The village is situate on the B 5066. The nearest main roads are the A520 which passes the village 3.8 miles (6.1 km) to the west.
Population
The 2011 census recorded a population of 641 in 235 Households. The parish comes under the Stafford Non-Metropolitan District.
History
Etymology
The genesis of the village name are said to be of Saxon origin. The name Heldulvestone and its variant are of Saxon derivation. The origin of Hilderstone is Hildewulf's ton meaning a warrior wolf and ton a place or town. Thus Hilderstone was the place of the warrior wolf.
Domesday Book
Hilderstone is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. In the survey the village has the name Heldulvestone In the survey the settlement was described as quite small with only 6 households. Other Assets included 2 villager or villein, meadow of 1 acres, 2 smallholders and 2 slave. There was also 3 ploughlands (land for), 1 lord's plough teams, 1 men's plough teams. In 1066 the lord of the manor was held by Wulfric Dunning. In 1086 the lord of the manor was held by Vitalis of Hilderstone. The Tenant-in-chief in 1086 was Robert of Stafford.
Buildings and structures
There are 15 listed buildings and structures within the parish. This includes a K6 Telephone Box designed in 1935 by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott. All of these structures have been designated a Grade II listing.
Listed buildings in Hilderstone
Main article: Listed buildings in Hilderstone
Barn to east of Hall Farmhouse
Christ Church, Hilderstone.
Church Farmhouse
Churchyard wall, gate piers and gates
The Shop and Copes Cottage
Hall Farm Cottages
Hilderstone Hall
Hilderstone House
Horseshoe Farmhouse and Cottages
Telephone kiosk on Hilderstone main road
Lower Farmhouseref
Mill Farmhouse and Mill Cottage
Stones Throw
The Smithy and School House
The Stores
Yew Tree House
The parish church of Christ Church
The Grade II listed parish church of Christ Church
began construction in 1829 with the laying of a foundation stone. The church was designed by Thomas Trubshaw (1802–42) and was built using a local stone called Hollington stone. Trubshaw was a son of James Trubshaw, the head of a Staffordshire family of masons and church builders who had been involved in church building for many years. This church was designed and built in the gothic style. The structure is 72.0 feet (21.9 m) in length and has a central aisle and two side aisles. The church is 32.0 feet (9.8 m) at its widest. There is 40.0 feet (12.2 m) tall tower with a recessed spire at the north west with a single bell. Around the outside eaves of the church there are carved gargoyles which are said to depict the workmen involved in the building of the church. The church was completed in 1833 and opened on 31 July of that year.
Moated site
The site of a moat lies 200 metres (660 ft) south-west of Hilderstone Hall. It relates to a former house for which records go back to the 13th century, predating the hall which was built in 1730. The dry moat, dimensions about 100 metres (330 ft) square, is about 12 metres (39 ft) wide and up to 4 metres (13 ft) deep. A fishpond, associated with the moated house, is immediately south-east. They are a scheduled monument.
Notable people
Richard Gerard of Hilderstone (1635-1680) a victim of the Popish Plot of the reign of Charles II. He was a Roman Catholic and came forward as a witness in the defence of the accused Catholic aristocrat, William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford, which led to his own death in prison, although he had never been brought to trial.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hilderstone.
^ OS Explorer Map 244: Cannock Chase & Chasewater: (1:25 000) :ISBN 0 319 46269 2
^ Map Details retrieved 11 April 2013
^ - Staffordshire A-Z County Atlas: 2011 Edition: Scale:3.8 inches to 1 mile (5.9cm to 1km) ISBN 978 1 84348 748 7
^ "Census population and household counts for parish of Hilderstone" (Neighbourhood Statistics webpage). Office for National Statistics Census (2011). Retrieved 19 April 2013.
^ Staffordshire Place Names Including The Black Country – Hilderstone:Author: Anthony Poulton-Smith: Publisher: Countryside Books (1995): ISBN 1853063614
^ The Domesday Book, Englands Heritage, Then and Now, Editor: Thomas Hinde, Staffordshire Section, Hilderstone: ISBN 1858334403
^ "Hilderstone". Open Domesday. Archived from the original (by Anna Powell-Smith. Domesday data created by Professor J.J.N. Palmer, University of Hull.) on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
^ Barn Listings retrieved 21 April 2013
^ Church Farmhouse Listings retrieved 21 April 2013
^ Churchyard structures Listings retrieved 21 April 2013
^ Shop and Copes Cottage Listings retrieved 21 April 2013
^ Hall Farm Cottages Listings retrieved 21 April 2013
^ Hilderstone Hall Listings retrieved 21 April 2013
^ Hilderstone House Listings retrieved 21 April 2013
^ Horseshoe House & Cottages Listings retrieved 21 April 2013
^ Lower Farmhouse Listings retrieved 21 April 2013
^ Mill Farmehouse & Cottage Listings retrieved 21 April 2013
^ Stones Throw Listing retrieved 21 April 2013
^ Smithy & School house Listing retrieved 21 April 2013
^ The Stores Listing retrieved 21 April 2013
^ Yew Tree House Listing ] retrieved 21 April 2013
^ Christ Church Listings retrieved 20 April 2013
^ "Christ Church". The Hilderstone community website. Archived from the original (The Hilderstone Website) on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
^ Staffordshire (The Buildings of England): Author: Nikolaus Pevsner: Publisher: Pevsner Architectural Guides; 1st edition (27 May 1976): ISBN 0140710469
^ Historic England. "Moated site and fishpond, 200m south-west of Hilderstone Hall (1011066)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
^ Pollen, John Hungerford (1909). "Richard Gerard" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6.
vteCivil parishes of the Borough of Stafford
Adbaston
Barlaston
Berkswich
Bradley
Brocton
Chebsey
Church Eaton
Colwich
Creswell
Doxey
Eccleshall
Ellenhall
Forton
Fradswell
Fulford
Gayton
Gnosall
Haughton
High Offley
Hilderstone
Hixon
Hopton and Coton
Hyde Lea
Ingestre
Marston
Milwich
Norbury
Ranton
Salt and Enson
Sandon and Burston
Seighford
Standon
Stone
Stone Rural
Stowe-by-Chartley
Swynnerton
Tixall
Weston
Whitgreave
Yarnfield and Cold Meece | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilderston, West Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilderston,_West_Lothian"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EX244-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSWS-2"}],"text":"This article is about the Staffordshire village. For the abandoned silver mine, see Hilderston, West Lothian.Human settlement in EnglandHilderstone is a village and a civil parish in the English county of Staffordshire.[1][2]","title":"Hilderstone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_railway_station"},{"link_name":"B 5066","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B5066_road"},{"link_name":"A520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A520_road"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZSTAFF-3"}],"text":"The village is 8.6 miles (13.8 km) north of the town of Stafford, and 9.8 miles (15.8 km) south east of Stoke-on-Trent. The nearest railway station is 5.3 miles (8.5 km) west in the town of Stone. The village is situate on the B 5066. The nearest main roads are the A520 which passes the village 3.8 miles (6.1 km) to the west.[3]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osnncc-4"}],"text":"The 2011 census recorded a population of 641[4] in 235 Households. The parish comes under the Stafford Non-Metropolitan District.","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPN-5"}],"sub_title":"Etymology","text":"The genesis of the village name are said to be of Saxon origin.[5] The name Heldulvestone and its variant are of Saxon derivation. The origin of Hilderstone is Hildewulf's ton meaning a warrior wolf and ton a place or town. Thus Hilderstone was the place of the warrior wolf.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOMDAY-6"},{"link_name":"villein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom#Villeins"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOMDAY2-7"}],"sub_title":"Domesday Book","text":"Hilderstone is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. In the survey the village has the name Heldulvestone[6] In the survey the settlement was described as quite small with only 6 households. Other Assets included 2 villager or villein, meadow of 1 acres, 2 smallholders and 2 slave. There was also 3 ploughlands (land for), 1 lord's plough teams, 1 men's plough teams. In 1066 the lord of the manor was held by Wulfric Dunning. In 1086 the lord of the manor was held by Vitalis of Hilderstone. The Tenant-in-chief in 1086 was Robert of Stafford.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K6 Telephone Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_telephone_box"},{"link_name":"Sir Giles Gilbert Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Gilbert_Scott"}],"text":"There are 15 listed buildings and structures within the parish. This includes a K6 Telephone Box designed in 1935 by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott. All of these structures have been designated a Grade II listing.","title":"Buildings and structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HALLFAR-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHUFAR-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHUWALL-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COPES-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HALLFAR2-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HHALL-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HHOUSE-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSHOE-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSHOE2-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSHOE3-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STTHR-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSCH-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STOR-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YEW-21"}],"sub_title":"Listed buildings in Hilderstone","text":"Barn to east of Hall Farmhouse[8]\nChrist Church, Hilderstone.\nChurch Farmhouse[9]\nChurchyard wall, gate piers and gates[10]\nThe Shop and Copes Cottage[11]\nHall Farm Cottages[12]\nHilderstone Hall[13]\nHilderstone House[14]\nHorseshoe Farmhouse and Cottages[15]\nTelephone kiosk on Hilderstone main road\nLower Farmhouseref[16]\nMill Farmhouse and Mill Cottage[17]\nStones Throw[18]\nThe Smithy and School House[19]\nThe Stores[20]\nYew Tree House[21]","title":"Buildings and structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCPC1-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCPCHUR-23"},{"link_name":"Thomas Trubshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Trubshaw#Personal_life"},{"link_name":"James Trubshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Trubshaw"},{"link_name":"gothic style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEV-24"},{"link_name":"eaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaves"},{"link_name":"gargoyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargoyles"}],"sub_title":"The parish church of Christ Church","text":"The Grade II listed[22] parish church of Christ Church[23]\nbegan construction in 1829 with the laying of a foundation stone. The church was designed by Thomas Trubshaw (1802–42) and was built using a local stone called Hollington stone. Trubshaw was a son of James Trubshaw, the head of a Staffordshire family of masons and church builders who had been involved in church building for many years. This church was designed and built in the gothic style. The structure is 72.0 feet (21.9 m) in length and has a central aisle and two side aisles. The church is 32.0 feet (9.8 m) at its widest. There is 40.0 feet (12.2 m) tall tower with a recessed spire at the north west with a single bell.[24] Around the outside eaves of the church there are carved gargoyles which are said to depict the workmen involved in the building of the church. The church was completed in 1833 and opened on 31 July of that year.","title":"Buildings and structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scheduled monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_monument"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Moated site","text":"The site of a moat lies 200 metres (660 ft) south-west of Hilderstone Hall. It relates to a former house for which records go back to the 13th century, predating the hall which was built in 1730. The dry moat, dimensions about 100 metres (330 ft) square, is about 12 metres (39 ft) wide and up to 4 metres (13 ft) deep. A fishpond, associated with the moated house, is immediately south-east. They are a scheduled monument.[25]","title":"Buildings and structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Gerard of Hilderstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gerard_of_Hilderstone"},{"link_name":"William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard,_1st_Viscount_Stafford"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Richard Gerard of Hilderstone (1635-1680) a victim of the Popish Plot of the reign of Charles II. He was a Roman Catholic and came forward as a witness in the defence of the accused Catholic aristocrat, William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford, which led to his own death in prison, although he had never been brought to trial.[26]","title":"Notable people"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census population and household counts for parish of Hilderstone\" (Neighbourhood Statistics webpage). Office for National Statistics Census (2011). Retrieved 19 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11124593&c=Hilderstone&d=16&e=62&g=6464770&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1366387209415&enc=1","url_text":"\"Census population and household counts for parish of Hilderstone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hilderstone\". Open Domesday. Archived from the original (by Anna Powell-Smith. Domesday data created by Professor J.J.N. Palmer, University of Hull.) on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130505015614/http://domesdaymap.co.uk/place/SJ9434/hilderstone/","url_text":"\"Hilderstone\""},{"url":"http://domesdaymap.co.uk/place/SJ9434/hilderstone/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Christ Church\". The Hilderstone community website. Archived from the original (The Hilderstone Website) on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120723012920/http://www.hilderstonevil.freeuk.com/html/christ_church.html","url_text":"\"Christ Church\""},{"url":"http://www.hilderstonevil.freeuk.com/html/christ_church.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Moated site and fishpond, 200m south-west of Hilderstone Hall (1011066)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 21 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1011066","url_text":"\"Moated site and fishpond, 200m south-west of Hilderstone Hall (1011066)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Pollen, John Hungerford (1909). \"Richard Gerard\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_major_district_of_Helsinki | Southern major district of Helsinki | ["1 Districts belonging to the Southern major district of Helsinki","2 The five districts and their subareas","3 References","4 External links"] | The Southern major district of Helsinki (Finnish: Eteläinen suurpiiri) (Swedish: Södra stordistriktet), is one of the seven major districts of Helsinki, Finland.
It covers the city centre and areas to the south and west of it. It is located roughly speaking south of the Pitkäsilta Bridge and west of the Töölönlahti Bay, and in addition it contains the island of Lauttasaari.
Districts belonging to the Southern major district of Helsinki
The Southern major district covers the following five districts subdistricts:
Vironniemi
Ullanlinna
Kampinmalmi
Taka-Töölö
Lauttasaari
The five districts and their subareas
101 Vironniemi basic district (Swedish: Estnäs distrikt)
010 Kruununhaka (Swe: Kronohagen)
020 Kluuvi (Swe: Gloet)
080 Katajanokka (Swe: Skatudden)
102 Ullanlinna basic district (Swe: Ulrikasborgs distrikt)
030 Kaartinkaupunki (Swe: Gardesstaden)
050 Punavuori (Swe: Rödbergen)
060 Eira (Swe: Eira)
070 Ullanlinna (Swe: Ulrikasborg)
090 Kaivopuisto (Swe: Brunnsparken)
204 Hernesaari (Swe: Ärtholmen)
520 Suomenlinna (Swe: Sveaborg)
531 Länsisaaret (Swe: Västra holmarna)
103 Kampinmalmi basic district (Swe: Kampmalmens distrikt)
040 Kamppi (Swe: Kampen)
130 Etu-Töölö (Swe: Främre Tölö)
201 Ruoholahti (Swe: Gräsviken)
202 Lapinlahti (Swe: Lappviken)
203 Jätkäsaari (Swe: Busholmen)
104 Taka-Töölö basic district (Swe: Bortre Tölö distrikt)
140 Taka-Töölö (Swe: Bortre Tölö)
105 Lauttasaaren peruspiiri (Swe: Drumsö distrikt)
311 Kotkavuori (Swe: Örnberget)
312 Vattuniemi (Swe: Hallonnäs)
313 Myllykallio (Swe: Kvarnberget)
314 Koivusaari (Swe: Björkholmen)
References
^ a b City of Helsinki information Centre: The Southern major district(in Finnish)
^ City of Helsinki information Centre: The Vironniemi district(in Finnish)
^ City of Helsinki information Centre: The Ullanlinna district(in Finnish)
^ City of Helsinki information Centre: The Kampinmalmi district(in Finnish)
^ City of Helsinki information Centre: The TakaTöölö district(in Finnish)
^ City of Helsinki information Centre: The Lauttasaari district(in Finnish)
External links
Helsinki City Map Service
Helsinki by the districts 2005
vteThe official major districts of Helsinki and their subdivision in neighbourhoods (and quarters)SouthernEteläinenSödra
1. Kruununhaka (Kronohagen)
2. Kluuvi (Gloet)
3. Kaartinkaupunki (Gardesstaden)
4. Kamppi (Kampen)
5. Punavuori (Rödbergen)
6. Eira
7. Ullanlinna (Ulrikasborg)
8. Katajanokka (Skatudden)
9. Kaivopuisto (Brunnsparken)
13. Etu-Töölö (Främre Tölö)
14. Taka-Töölö (Bortre Tölö)
20. Länsisatama (Västra hamnen)
Ruoholahti (Gräsviken)
Salmisaari (Sundholmen)
Lapinlahti (Lappviken)
Jätkäsaari (Busholmen)
Hernesaari (Ärtholmen)
31. Lauttasaari (Drumsö)
Koivusaari (Björkholmen)
52. Suomenlinna (Sveaborg)
WesternLäntinenVästra
15. Meilahti (Mejlans)
16. Ruskeasuo (Brunakärr)
18. Laakso (Dal)
29. Haaga (Haga)
Etelä-Haaga (Södra Haga)
Kivihaka (Stenhagen)
Pohjois-Haaga (Norra Haga)
Lassila (Lassas)
30. Munkkiniemi (Munksnäs)
Vanha Munkkiniemi (Gamla Munksnäs)
Kuusisaari (Granö)
Lehtisaari (Lövö)
Munkkivuori (Munkshöjden)
Niemenmäki (Näshöjden)
Talinranta (Talistranden)
32. Konala (Kånala)
33. Kaarela (Kårböle)
Kannelmäki (Gamlas)
Maununneva (Magnuskärr)
Malminkartano (Malmgård)
Hakuninmaa (Håkansåker)
Kuninkaantammi (Kungseken)
46. Pitäjänmäki (Sockenbacka)
Pajamäki (Smedjebacka)
Tali
Reimarla (Reimars)
Marttila (Martas)
Pitäjänmäen teollisuusalue (Sockenbacka industriområde)
CentralKeskinenMellersta
10. Sörnäinen (Sörnäs)
Hanasaari (Hanaholmen)
Kalasatama (Fiskehamnen)
Sompasaari (Sumparn)
11. Kallio (Berghäll)
Siltasaari (Broholmen)
Linjat (Linjerna)
Torkkelinmäki (Torkelsbacken)
12. Alppiharju (Åshöjden)
Harju (Ås)
Alppila (Alphyddan)
17. Pasila (Böle)
Länsi-Pasila (Västra Böle)
Pohjois-Pasila (Norra Böle)
Itä-Pasila (Östra Böle)
Keski-Pasila (Mellersta Böle)
21. Hermanni (Hermanstad)
22. Vallila (Vallgård)
23. Toukola (Majstad)
Toukola (Majstad)
Arabianranta (Arabiastranden)
24. Kumpula (Gumtäkt)
25. Käpylä (Kottby)
26. Koskela (Forsby)
27. Vanhakaupunki (Gammelstaden)
NorthernPohjoinenNorra
28. Oulunkylä (Åggelby)
Pirkkola (Britas)
Maunula (Månsas)
Metsälä (Krämertsskog)
Patola (Dammen)
Veräjämäki (Grindbacka)
Maunulanpuisto (Månsasparken)
Veräjälaakso (Grinddal)
34. Pakila (Baggböle)
Länsi-Pakila (Västra Baggböle)
Itä-Pakila (Östra Baggböle)
35. Tuomarinkylä (Domarby)
Paloheinä (Svedängen)
Torpparinmäki (Torparbacken)
Tuomarinkartano (Domargård)
Haltiala (Tomtbacka)
NortheasternKoillinenNordöstra
36. Viikki (Vik)
Viikinranta (Viksstranden)
Latokartano (Ladugården)
Viikin tiedepuisto (Viks forskarpark)
Viikinmäki (Viksbacka)
37. Pukinmäki (Bocksbacka)
38. Malmi (Malm)
Ylä-Malmi (Övre Malm)
Ala-Malmi (Nedre Malm)
Pihlajamäki (Rönnbacka)
Tattariharju (Tattaråsen)
Malmin lentokenttä (Malms flygfält)
Pihlajisto (Rönninge)
39. Tapaninkylä (Staffansby)
Tapaninvainio (Staffansslätten)
Tapanila (Mosabacka)
40. Suutarila (Skomakarböle)
Siltamäki (Brobacka)
Tapulikaupunki (Stapelstaden)
Töyrynummi (Lidamalmen)
41. Suurmetsä (Storskog)
Alppikylä (Alpbyn)
Puistola (Parkstad)
Heikinlaakso (Henriksdal)
Tattarisuo (Tattarmossen)
Jakomäki (Jakobacka)
SoutheasternKaakkoinenSydöstra
19. Mustikkamaa-Korkeasaari (Blåbärslandet-Högholmen)
42. Kulosaari (Brändö)
43. Herttoniemi (Hertonäs)
Länsi-Herttoniemi (Västra Hertonäs)
Roihuvuori (Kasberget)
Herttoniemen teollisuusalue (Hertonäs industriområde)
Herttoniemenranta (Hertonäs strand)
44. Tammisalo (Tammelund)
48. Vartiosaari (Vårdö)
49. Laajasalo (Degerö)
Yliskylä (Uppby)
Jollas
Tullisaari (Turholm)
Tahvonlahti (Stansvik)
Hevossalmi (Hästnässund)
50. Villinki (Villinge)
51. Santahamina (Sandhamn)
53. Ulkosaaret (Utöarna)
Länsisaaret (Västra holmarna)
Itäsaaret (Östra holmarna)
Aluemeri (Territorialhavet)
EasternItäinenÖstra
45. Vartiokylä (Botby)
Vartioharju (Botbyåsen)
Puotila (Botby gård)
Puotinharju (Botbyhöjden)
Myllypuro (Kvarnbäcken)
Marjaniemi (Marudd)
Roihupellon teollisuusalue (Kasåkers industriområde)
Itäkeskus (Östra centrum)
47. Mellunkylä (Mellungsby)
Kontula (Gårdsbacka)
Vesala (Ärvings)
Mellunmäki (Mellungsbacka)
Kivikko (Stensböle)
Kurkimäki (Tranbacka)
54. Vuosaari (Nordsjö)
Keski-Vuosaari (Mellersta Nordsjö)
Nordsjön kartano (Nordsjö gård)
Uutela (Nybondas)
Meri-Rastila (Havsrastböle)
Kallahti (Kallvik)
Aurinkolahti (Solvik)
Rastila (Rastböle)
Niinisaari (Bastö)
Mustavuori (Svarta backen)
ÖstersundomÖstersundominÖstersundoms
55. Östersundom
56. Salmenkallio (Sundberg)
57. Talosaari (Husö)
58. Karhusaari (Björnsö)
59. Ultuna
Landbo
Puroniitty (Bäckängen)
This Finland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pitkäsilta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitk%C3%A4silta"},{"link_name":"Töölönlahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6%C3%B6l%C3%B6nlahti"},{"link_name":"Lauttasaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauttasaari"}],"text":"It covers the city centre and areas to the south and west of it. It is located roughly speaking south of the Pitkäsilta Bridge and west of the Töölönlahti Bay, and in addition it contains the island of Lauttasaari.","title":"Southern major district of Helsinki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subdistricts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Helsinki#Districts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districts-1"},{"link_name":"Vironniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vironniemi"},{"link_name":"Ullanlinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullanlinna"},{"link_name":"Kampinmalmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampinmalmi"},{"link_name":"Taka-Töölö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taka-T%C3%B6%C3%B6l%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Lauttasaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauttasaari"}],"text":"The Southern major district covers the following five districts subdistricts:[1]Vironniemi\nUllanlinna\nKampinmalmi\nTaka-Töölö\nLauttasaari","title":"Districts belonging to the Southern major district of Helsinki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vironniemi basic district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vironniemi"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kruununhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruununhaka"},{"link_name":"Kluuvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluuvi"},{"link_name":"Katajanokka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katajanokka"},{"link_name":"Ullanlinna basic district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullanlinna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kaartinkaupunki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaartinkaupunki"},{"link_name":"Punavuori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punavuori"},{"link_name":"Eira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eira"},{"link_name":"Ullanlinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullanlinna"},{"link_name":"Kaivopuisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaivopuisto"},{"link_name":"Hernesaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernesaari"},{"link_name":"Suomenlinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomenlinna"},{"link_name":"Länsisaaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nsisaaret"},{"link_name":"Kampinmalmi basic district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampinmalmi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kamppi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamppi"},{"link_name":"Etu-Töölö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etu-T%C3%B6%C3%B6l%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Ruoholahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruoholahti"},{"link_name":"Lapinlahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapinlahti,_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Jätkäsaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4tk%C3%A4saari"},{"link_name":"Taka-Töölö basic district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taka-T%C3%B6%C3%B6l%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Taka-Töölö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taka-T%C3%B6%C3%B6l%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Lauttasaaren peruspiiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauttasaari"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kotkavuori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kotkavuori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vattuniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vattuniemi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Myllykallio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myllykallio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Koivusaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koivusaari"}],"text":"101 Vironniemi basic district (Swedish: Estnäs distrikt)[2]010 Kruununhaka (Swe: Kronohagen)\n020 Kluuvi (Swe: Gloet)\n080 Katajanokka (Swe: Skatudden)102 Ullanlinna basic district (Swe: Ulrikasborgs distrikt)[3]030 Kaartinkaupunki (Swe: Gardesstaden)\n050 Punavuori (Swe: Rödbergen)\n060 Eira (Swe: Eira)\n070 Ullanlinna (Swe: Ulrikasborg)\n090 Kaivopuisto (Swe: Brunnsparken)\n204 Hernesaari (Swe: Ärtholmen)\n520 Suomenlinna (Swe: Sveaborg)\n531 Länsisaaret (Swe: Västra holmarna)103 Kampinmalmi basic district (Swe: Kampmalmens distrikt)[4]040 Kamppi (Swe: Kampen)\n130 Etu-Töölö (Swe: Främre Tölö)\n201 Ruoholahti (Swe: Gräsviken)\n202 Lapinlahti (Swe: Lappviken)\n203 Jätkäsaari (Swe: Busholmen)104 Taka-Töölö basic district (Swe: Bortre Tölö distrikt)[5]140 Taka-Töölö (Swe: Bortre Tölö)105 Lauttasaaren peruspiiri (Swe: Drumsö distrikt)[6]311 Kotkavuori (Swe: Örnberget)\n312 Vattuniemi (Swe: Hallonnäs)\n313 Myllykallio (Swe: Kvarnberget)\n314 Koivusaari (Swe: Björkholmen)","title":"The five districts and their subareas"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.hel.fi/hel2/tietokeskus/helsinki_alueittain_2005/1Etel%C3%A4inen.pdf","external_links_name":"City of Helsinki information Centre: The Southern major district"},{"Link":"http://www.hel.fi/hel2/tietokeskus/helsinki_alueittain_2005/101Vironniemi.pdf","external_links_name":"City of Helsinki information Centre: The Vironniemi district"},{"Link":"http://www.hel.fi/hel2/tietokeskus/helsinki_alueittain_2005/102Ullanlinna.pdf","external_links_name":"City of Helsinki information Centre: The Ullanlinna district"},{"Link":"http://www.hel.fi/hel2/tietokeskus/helsinki_alueittain_2005/103Kampinmalmi.pdf","external_links_name":"City of Helsinki information Centre: The Kampinmalmi district"},{"Link":"http://www.hel.fi/hel2/tietokeskus/helsinki_alueittain_2005/104TakaT%C3%B6%C3%B6l%C3%B6.pdf","external_links_name":"City of Helsinki information Centre: The TakaTöölö district"},{"Link":"http://www.hel.fi/hel2/tietokeskus/helsinki_alueittain_2005/105Lauttasaari.pdf","external_links_name":"City of Helsinki information Centre: The Lauttasaari district"},{"Link":"http://ptp.hel.fi/ptpa/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Helsinki City Map Service"},{"Link":"http://www.hel.fi/hel2/tietokeskus/helsinki_alueittain_2005/Helsinki.pdf","external_links_name":"Helsinki by the districts 2005"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_major_district_of_Helsinki&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemibdella_soleae | Hemibdella soleae | ["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Ecology","4 References"] | Species of annelid worm
Hemibdella soleae
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Annelida
Clade:
Pleistoannelida
Clade:
Sedentaria
Class:
Clitellata
Subclass:
Hirudinea
Order:
Rhynchobdellida
Family:
Piscicolidae
Genus:
Hemibdella
Species:
H. soleae
Binomial name
Hemibdella soleae(van Beneden & Hesse, 1863)
Hemibdella soleae is a marine species of leech in the family Piscicolidae and the type taxon of its genus. Found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is a parasite of flatfish such as the common sole.
Description
This small leech grows to a length of about 10 mm (0.4 in) when extended. It is roughly cylindrical, thicker in the middle and narrowing somewhat to a sucker at each end. Newly-hatched larvae are yellowish and transparent and have a pair of eyespots. As they grow they become opaque, with black speckles, and lose the eyespots; later they become beige or grey, and finally black.
Distribution and habitat
The range of Hemibdella soleae extends across the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Like the flatfish it parasitizes, it is benthic and demersal (living on and just above the seabed) and occurs at depths down to about 200 m (660 ft).
Ecology
Hemibdella soleae is an ectoparasite of flatfish such as the common sole (Solea solea). Like other marine leeches, it feeds on its host's blood, but unlike most freshwater species, it does not drop off the fish after it has fed, instead remaining attached by its anterior sucker. In the juvenile leech, the remnants of each blood meal is visible through the transparent skin as a small red ball inside. In the northern part of its range, the common sole is the main host, but further south, other fish are also parasitized; these include the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis), the wedge sole (Dicologlossa cuneata), the bastard sole (Microchirus azevia), the Klein's sole (Synapturichthys kleinii), the sand sole (Pegusa lascaris) and the Portuguese sole (Dagetichthys lusitanica). In the English Channel, small common sole may have one or two leeches on them while large fish may have forty or more of the parasites.
Adult leeches attached to the underside of fish lay eggs on the seabed in locations where the fish like to semi-bury themselves in the sediment; the eggs have stalks and are anchored to grains of sand. The free-swimming larvae search out a host fish and attach to the anterior end of the dorsal surface, the only part of the fish not buried in sediment. After a short period of development, the larvae migrate to the ventral surface of the fish. Here they attach to the host with their front sucker oriented towards the front of the fish.
References
^ Kolb, Jürgen (2018). "Hemibdella soleae (van Beneden & Hesse, 1863)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
^ a b c d "Sangsue des soles: Hemibdella soleae (van Beneden & Hesse, 1863)" (in French). DORIS. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
^ Kearne, G.C. (2009). "The life cycle of the monogenean Entobdella soleae, a skin parasite of the common sole". Parasitology. 53 (1–2): 253–263. doi:10.1017/S0031182000072723.
Taxon identifiersHemibdella soleae
Wikidata: Q55613603
GBIF: 6098988
NBN: NHMSYS0021048761
Observation.org: 835215
OBIS: 116961
Open Tree of Life: 2847142
WoRMS: 116961
ZooBank: A9268763-160D-47D4-948A-BA6ABCA90B27 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"leech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leech"},{"link_name":"Piscicolidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscicolidae"},{"link_name":"type taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology)"},{"link_name":"common sole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sole"}],"text":"Hemibdella soleae is a marine species of leech in the family Piscicolidae and the type taxon of its genus. Found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is a parasite of flatfish such as the common sole.","title":"Hemibdella soleae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DORIS-2"}],"text":"This small leech grows to a length of about 10 mm (0.4 in) when extended. It is roughly cylindrical, thicker in the middle and narrowing somewhat to a sucker at each end. Newly-hatched larvae are yellowish and transparent and have a pair of eyespots. As they grow they become opaque, with black speckles, and lose the eyespots; later they become beige or grey, and finally black.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"flatfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatfish"},{"link_name":"benthic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthos"},{"link_name":"demersal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demersal_zone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DORIS-2"}],"text":"The range of Hemibdella soleae extends across the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Like the flatfish it parasitizes, it is benthic and demersal (living on and just above the seabed) and occurs at depths down to about 200 m (660 ft).[2]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ectoparasite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoparasite"},{"link_name":"common sole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sole"},{"link_name":"host's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DORIS-2"},{"link_name":"Senegalese sole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solea_senegalensis"},{"link_name":"wedge sole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge_sole"},{"link_name":"bastard sole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastard_sole"},{"link_name":"Microchirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchirus"},{"link_name":"Klein's sole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapturichthys_kleinii"},{"link_name":"sand sole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_sole"},{"link_name":"Portuguese sole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_sole"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DORIS-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kearne-3"}],"text":"Hemibdella soleae is an ectoparasite of flatfish such as the common sole (Solea solea). Like other marine leeches, it feeds on its host's blood, but unlike most freshwater species, it does not drop off the fish after it has fed, instead remaining attached by its anterior sucker. In the juvenile leech, the remnants of each blood meal is visible through the transparent skin as a small red ball inside.[2] In the northern part of its range, the common sole is the main host, but further south, other fish are also parasitized; these include the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis), the wedge sole (Dicologlossa cuneata), the bastard sole (Microchirus azevia), the Klein's sole (Synapturichthys kleinii), the sand sole (Pegusa lascaris) and the Portuguese sole (Dagetichthys lusitanica). In the English Channel, small common sole may have one or two leeches on them while large fish may have forty or more of the parasites.[2]Adult leeches attached to the underside of fish lay eggs on the seabed in locations where the fish like to semi-bury themselves in the sediment; the eggs have stalks and are anchored to grains of sand. The free-swimming larvae search out a host fish and attach to the anterior end of the dorsal surface, the only part of the fish not buried in sediment. After a short period of development, the larvae migrate to the ventral surface of the fish. Here they attach to the host with their front sucker oriented towards the front of the fish.[3]","title":"Ecology"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kolb, Jürgen (2018). \"Hemibdella soleae (van Beneden & Hesse, 1863)\". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=116961","url_text":"\"Hemibdella soleae (van Beneden & Hesse, 1863)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species","url_text":"World Register of Marine Species"}]},{"reference":"\"Sangsue des soles: Hemibdella soleae (van Beneden & Hesse, 1863)\" (in French). DORIS. Retrieved 2 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://doris.ffessm.fr/Especes/Hemibdella-soleae-Sangsue-des-soles-2944","url_text":"\"Sangsue des soles: Hemibdella soleae (van Beneden & Hesse, 1863)\""}]},{"reference":"Kearne, G.C. (2009). \"The life cycle of the monogenean Entobdella soleae, a skin parasite of the common sole\". Parasitology. 53 (1–2): 253–263. doi:10.1017/S0031182000072723.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031182000072723","url_text":"10.1017/S0031182000072723"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=116961","external_links_name":"\"Hemibdella soleae (van Beneden & Hesse, 1863)\""},{"Link":"http://doris.ffessm.fr/Especes/Hemibdella-soleae-Sangsue-des-soles-2944","external_links_name":"\"Sangsue des soles: Hemibdella soleae (van Beneden & Hesse, 1863)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031182000072723","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0031182000072723"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6098988","external_links_name":"6098988"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021048761","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0021048761"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/835215/","external_links_name":"835215"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/116961","external_links_name":"116961"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=2847142","external_links_name":"2847142"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=116961","external_links_name":"116961"},{"Link":"https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/A9268763-160D-47D4-948A-BA6ABCA90B27","external_links_name":"A9268763-160D-47D4-948A-BA6ABCA90B27"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulshan_Caldera | Kulshan caldera | ["1 Geology","1.1 Precaldera activity","1.2 Climactic eruption","1.3 Postcaldera volcanism","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 48°50′0″N 121°43′0″W / 48.83333°N 121.71667°W / 48.83333; -121.71667Pleistocene caldera volcano
Kulshan caldera's intracaldera ignimbrite deposit near Upper Swift Creek
Ptarmigan ridge trail, overlooking Mt. Baker and the remnants of the Kulshan caldera rim.
The Kulshan caldera is a Pleistocene volcano in the North Cascades of Washington and one of the few calderas identified in the entire Cascade Range. It is the product of the Mount Baker volcanic field, which has a history stretching back to possibly 3.722 million years ago.
Geology
Precaldera activity
About ten precaldera units have been identified, but none have been attributed to a major edifice like the Mount Baker we see today. Four of the ten units are composed mostly of rhyodacite which is similar in composition to the rhyodacite that was erupted in the climactic eruption. The other six are andesite dikes and scraps of dacite that are outside of the caldera margin; these six are prominent at Barometer Mountain, Slate Mountain, Chowder Ridge, Lake Ann, and Park Glacier. The rhyodacite units can be found at Dobbs Cleaver, Cougar Divide, Deadhorse Creek, and Swift Rainbow divide. Some of these dikes contain pyroclastic material which indicates that explosive activity occurred before the climactic eruption.
Climactic eruption
Process of caldera-collapse
Formation of the caldera about 1.149 million years ago was accompanied by the largest eruption in the history of the Mount Baker volcanic field. The eruption was subglacial, blasting upward through the continental ice sheet. Over 124 km3 (29.7 cubic miles) of rhyodacite magma erupted from a shallow magma chamber in an ultra-plinian eruption. The magma in this water/ice interaction was quenched and shattered in phreatomagmatic explosions to produce only small fragments of pumice. As the magma escaped from the shallow reservoir, the rock above it collapsed downward forming a massive 4.5 x 8 km (2.8 x 5 mi) depression. As the eruption progressed, the caldera was filled with up to 1,000 meters (3,280 ft.) of ignimbrite and tephra. Tephra fell beyond the limits of the ice sheet and is preserved today at Lake Tapps 125 mi (201 km) south of the caldera, and at Washtucna, Washington 300 km southeast of the caldera. While rhyodacite took up the bulk composition of the eruption some andesitic pumice can be sparsely found in the rhyodacite bands. After the eruption, subsequent glacial recession removed most of the tephra fallout near the caldera. Eventually stripping away all remnants of extracaldera ash flows. The eruption that created the caldera was significantly larger in volume than the one that produced Crater Lake in Oregon.
Postcaldera volcanism
After the climactic eruption between 1.149 and 0.99 million years ago, about a dozen dike-fed eruptions produced rhyodacitic lava domes and lava flows inside the caldera. Another volcanic phase 1.1 to 0.5 million years ago emplaced over 60 andesite dikes, the eruptive products of which have since been stripped away by glacial erosion. It is speculated that the eruptive rocks from this volcanic phase formed one or more large andesitic cone now completely removed.
Location of the Kulshan caldera
References
^ a b Hildreth, Wes. "Kulshan caldera: A Quaternary subglacial caldera in the North Cascades, Washington". pubs.geoscienceworld.org. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
^ Harris, Stephen L. (1988). Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. p. 534. ISBN 978-0-87842-220-3.
^ a b c d e f Hildreth, Wes (2003). "Rhyodacites of Kulshan caldera, North Cascades of Washington: Postcaldera lavas that span the Jaramillo". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 3 (130): 38.
^ Hildreth, Wes. "Eruptive history and geochronology of the Mount Baker volcanic field, Washington". pubs.geoscienceworld.org. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
^ Smith, V.C. (2016). "Identification of a Kulshan caldera correlative tephra in the Palouse loess of Washington State, northwest USA". Quaternary Research. 2 (86): 24 – via ResearchGate.
^ "Pumice: Igneous Rock - Pictures, Definition & More". geology.com. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
^ Westgate, J. A.; Easterbrook, D. J.; Naeser, N. D.; Carson, R. J. (1987-11-01). "Lake Tapps tephra: An early Pleistocene stratigraphic marker in the Puget Lowland, Washington". Quaternary Research. 28 (3): 340–355. Bibcode:1987QuRes..28..340W. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(87)90002-0. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 129429216.
^ King, Georgina; Pearce, Nick; Roberts, Helen; Smith, Victoria; et al. (2016). "Identification of a Kulshan caldera correlative tephra in the Palouse loess of Washington State, northwest USA". Quaternary Research. 86 (2): 232–241. Bibcode:2016QuRes..86..232K. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2016.06.004. hdl:2160/43910. S2CID 132977164.
^ "The Eruption History of Mount Baker". United States Geological Survey. 2013-10-01. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
External links
Media related to Kulshan Caldera at Wikimedia Commons
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.
48°50′0″N 121°43′0″W / 48.83333°N 121.71667°W / 48.83333; -121.71667 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kulshan_intracaldera_ignimbrite_deposit.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Along_the_Ptarmigan_Ridge_trail%E2%80%A6Mt_Baker_(8124197563).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"North Cascades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Cascades"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"calderas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera"},{"link_name":"Cascade Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Range"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mount Baker volcanic field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Baker"}],"text":"Pleistocene caldera volcanoKulshan caldera's intracaldera ignimbrite deposit near Upper Swift CreekPtarmigan ridge trail, overlooking Mt. Baker and the remnants of the Kulshan caldera rim.The Kulshan caldera is a Pleistocene volcano in the North Cascades of Washington and one of the few calderas identified in the entire Cascade Range.[1][2] It is the product of the Mount Baker volcanic field, which has a history stretching back to possibly 3.722 million years ago.","title":"Kulshan caldera"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Mount Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Baker"},{"link_name":"rhyodacite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyodacite"},{"link_name":"andesite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesite"},{"link_name":"dikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dike_(geology)"},{"link_name":"dacite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacite"},{"link_name":"Park Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Glacier"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"sub_title":"Precaldera activity","text":"About ten precaldera units have been identified,[3] but none have been attributed to a major edifice like the Mount Baker we see today. Four of the ten units are composed mostly of rhyodacite which is similar in composition to the rhyodacite that was erupted in the climactic eruption. The other six are andesite dikes and scraps of dacite that are outside of the caldera margin; these six are prominent at Barometer Mountain, Slate Mountain, Chowder Ridge, Lake Ann, and Park Glacier. The rhyodacite units can be found at Dobbs Cleaver, Cougar Divide, Deadhorse Creek, and Swift Rainbow divide.[3] Some of these dikes contain pyroclastic material which indicates that explosive activity occurred before the climactic eruption.","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Mazama_eruption_timeline.PNG"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"magma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma"},{"link_name":"magma chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma_chamber"},{"link_name":"ultra-plinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinian_eruption"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ignimbrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignimbrite"},{"link_name":"tephra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Washtucna, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washtucna,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"pumice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumice"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"tephra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Crater Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater_Lake"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"}],"sub_title":"Climactic eruption","text":"Process of caldera-collapseFormation of the caldera about 1.149[3] million years ago was accompanied by the largest eruption in the history of the Mount Baker volcanic field.[4] The eruption was subglacial, blasting upward through the continental ice sheet.[1] Over 124 km3[5] (29.7 cubic miles) of rhyodacite magma erupted from a shallow magma chamber in an ultra-plinian eruption. The magma in this water/ice interaction was quenched and shattered in phreatomagmatic explosions to produce only small fragments of pumice.[6] As the magma escaped from the shallow reservoir, the rock above it collapsed downward forming a massive 4.5 x 8 km (2.8 x 5 mi) depression. As the eruption progressed, the caldera was filled with up to 1,000 meters (3,280 ft.) of ignimbrite and tephra.[3] Tephra fell beyond the limits of the ice sheet and is preserved today at Lake Tapps[7] 125 mi (201 km) south of the caldera, and at Washtucna, Washington 300 km southeast of the caldera.[8] While rhyodacite took up the bulk composition of the eruption some andesitic pumice can be sparsely found in the rhyodacite bands.[3] After the eruption, subsequent glacial recession removed most of the tephra fallout near the caldera. Eventually stripping away all remnants of extracaldera ash flows.[3] The eruption that created the caldera was significantly larger in volume than the one that produced Crater Lake in Oregon.","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dike_(geology)"},{"link_name":"lava domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_dome"},{"link_name":"andesite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesite"},{"link_name":"cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_cone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Kulshan_%25_Hannegan_Calderas,_Washington.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Postcaldera volcanism","text":"After the climactic eruption between 1.149 and 0.99 million years ago, about a dozen dike-fed eruptions produced rhyodacitic lava domes and lava flows inside the caldera. Another volcanic phase 1.1 to 0.5 million years ago emplaced over 60 andesite dikes, the eruptive products of which have since been stripped away by glacial erosion. It is speculated that the eruptive rocks from this volcanic phase formed one or more large andesitic cone now completely removed.[9]Location of the Kulshan caldera","title":"Geology"}] | [{"image_text":"Kulshan caldera's intracaldera ignimbrite deposit near Upper Swift Creek","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kulshan_intracaldera_ignimbrite_deposit.jpg/220px-Kulshan_intracaldera_ignimbrite_deposit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ptarmigan ridge trail, overlooking Mt. Baker and the remnants of the Kulshan caldera rim.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Along_the_Ptarmigan_Ridge_trail%E2%80%A6Mt_Baker_%288124197563%29.jpg/220px-Along_the_Ptarmigan_Ridge_trail%E2%80%A6Mt_Baker_%288124197563%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Process of caldera-collapse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Mount_Mazama_eruption_timeline.PNG/100px-Mount_Mazama_eruption_timeline.PNG"},{"image_text":"Location of the Kulshan caldera","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_the_Kulshan_%25_Hannegan_Calderas%2C_Washington.jpg/220px-Map_of_the_Kulshan_%25_Hannegan_Calderas%2C_Washington.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Hildreth, Wes. \"Kulshan caldera: A Quaternary subglacial caldera in the North Cascades, Washington\". pubs.geoscienceworld.org. Retrieved 2022-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/108/7/786/183154/Kulshan-caldera-A-Quaternary-subglacial-caldera-in?redirectedFrom=fulltext","url_text":"\"Kulshan caldera: A Quaternary subglacial caldera in the North Cascades, Washington\""}]},{"reference":"Harris, Stephen L. (1988). Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. p. 534. ISBN 978-0-87842-220-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/firemountainsofw00harr/page/534","url_text":"Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missoula,_Montana","url_text":"Missoula, Montana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Press_Publishing_Company","url_text":"Mountain Press Publishing Company"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/firemountainsofw00harr/page/534","url_text":"534"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87842-220-3","url_text":"978-0-87842-220-3"}]},{"reference":"Hildreth, Wes (2003). \"Rhyodacites of Kulshan caldera, North Cascades of Washington: Postcaldera lavas that span the Jaramillo\". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 3 (130): 38.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377027303002907","url_text":"\"Rhyodacites of Kulshan caldera, North Cascades of Washington: Postcaldera lavas that span the Jaramillo\""}]},{"reference":"Hildreth, Wes. \"Eruptive history and geochronology of the Mount Baker volcanic field, Washington\". pubs.geoscienceworld.org. Retrieved 2022-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/115/6/729/184005/Eruptive-history-and-geochronology-of-the-Mount?redirectedFrom=fulltext","url_text":"\"Eruptive history and geochronology of the Mount Baker volcanic field, Washington\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, V.C. (2016). \"Identification of a Kulshan caldera correlative tephra in the Palouse loess of Washington State, northwest USA\". Quaternary Research. 2 (86): 24 – via ResearchGate.","urls":[{"url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9dbdf459-a022-464b-ae9e-3aaa5fc0fedc/download_file?file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_filename=Smith%2Bet%2Bal%2C%2BIdentification%2Bof%2Ba%2BKulshan%2Bcaldera%2Bcorrelative%2Btephra%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPalouse%2Bloess%2Bof%2BWashington%2BState%2C%2Bnorthwest%2BUSA.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article","url_text":"\"Identification of a Kulshan caldera correlative tephra in the Palouse loess of Washington State, northwest USA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pumice: Igneous Rock - Pictures, Definition & More\". geology.com. Retrieved 2022-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://geology.com/rocks/pumice.shtml","url_text":"\"Pumice: Igneous Rock - Pictures, Definition & More\""}]},{"reference":"Westgate, J. A.; Easterbrook, D. J.; Naeser, N. D.; Carson, R. J. (1987-11-01). \"Lake Tapps tephra: An early Pleistocene stratigraphic marker in the Puget Lowland, Washington\". Quaternary Research. 28 (3): 340–355. Bibcode:1987QuRes..28..340W. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(87)90002-0. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 129429216.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894%2887%2990002-0","url_text":"\"Lake Tapps tephra: An early Pleistocene stratigraphic marker in the Puget Lowland, Washington\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987QuRes..28..340W","url_text":"1987QuRes..28..340W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0033-5894%2887%2990002-0","url_text":"10.1016/0033-5894(87)90002-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5894","url_text":"0033-5894"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129429216","url_text":"129429216"}]},{"reference":"King, Georgina; Pearce, Nick; Roberts, Helen; Smith, Victoria; et al. (2016). \"Identification of a Kulshan caldera correlative tephra in the Palouse loess of Washington State, northwest USA\". Quaternary Research. 86 (2): 232–241. Bibcode:2016QuRes..86..232K. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2016.06.004. hdl:2160/43910. S2CID 132977164.","urls":[{"url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9dbdf459-a022-464b-ae9e-3aaa5fc0fedc","url_text":"\"Identification of a Kulshan caldera correlative tephra in the Palouse loess of Washington State, northwest USA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuRes..86..232K","url_text":"2016QuRes..86..232K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2016.06.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.yqres.2016.06.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2160%2F43910","url_text":"2160/43910"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132977164","url_text":"132977164"}]},{"reference":"\"The Eruption History of Mount Baker\". United States Geological Survey. 2013-10-01. Retrieved 2019-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/baker/baker_geo_hist_109.html","url_text":"\"The Eruption History of Mount Baker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kulshan_caldera¶ms=48_50_0_N_121_43_0_W_","external_links_name":"48°50′0″N 121°43′0″W / 48.83333°N 121.71667°W / 48.83333; -121.71667"},{"Link":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/108/7/786/183154/Kulshan-caldera-A-Quaternary-subglacial-caldera-in?redirectedFrom=fulltext","external_links_name":"\"Kulshan caldera: A Quaternary subglacial caldera in the North Cascades, Washington\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/firemountainsofw00harr/page/534","external_links_name":"Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/firemountainsofw00harr/page/534","external_links_name":"534"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377027303002907","external_links_name":"\"Rhyodacites of Kulshan caldera, North Cascades of Washington: Postcaldera lavas that span the Jaramillo\""},{"Link":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/115/6/729/184005/Eruptive-history-and-geochronology-of-the-Mount?redirectedFrom=fulltext","external_links_name":"\"Eruptive history and geochronology of the Mount Baker volcanic field, Washington\""},{"Link":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9dbdf459-a022-464b-ae9e-3aaa5fc0fedc/download_file?file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_filename=Smith%2Bet%2Bal%2C%2BIdentification%2Bof%2Ba%2BKulshan%2Bcaldera%2Bcorrelative%2Btephra%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPalouse%2Bloess%2Bof%2BWashington%2BState%2C%2Bnorthwest%2BUSA.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article","external_links_name":"\"Identification of a Kulshan caldera correlative tephra in the Palouse loess of Washington State, northwest USA\""},{"Link":"https://geology.com/rocks/pumice.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Pumice: Igneous Rock - Pictures, Definition & More\""},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894%2887%2990002-0","external_links_name":"\"Lake Tapps tephra: An early Pleistocene stratigraphic marker in the Puget Lowland, Washington\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987QuRes..28..340W","external_links_name":"1987QuRes..28..340W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0033-5894%2887%2990002-0","external_links_name":"10.1016/0033-5894(87)90002-0"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5894","external_links_name":"0033-5894"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129429216","external_links_name":"129429216"},{"Link":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9dbdf459-a022-464b-ae9e-3aaa5fc0fedc","external_links_name":"\"Identification of a Kulshan caldera correlative tephra in the Palouse loess of Washington State, northwest USA\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuRes..86..232K","external_links_name":"2016QuRes..86..232K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2016.06.004","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.yqres.2016.06.004"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2160%2F43910","external_links_name":"2160/43910"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132977164","external_links_name":"132977164"},{"Link":"https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/baker/baker_geo_hist_109.html","external_links_name":"\"The Eruption History of Mount Baker\""},{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kulshan_caldera¶ms=48_50_0_N_121_43_0_W_","external_links_name":"48°50′0″N 121°43′0″W / 48.83333°N 121.71667°W / 48.83333; -121.71667"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahnu_Barua | Jahnu Barua | ["1 Filmography","2 Television","3 Politics","4 Awards","4.1 National Film Awards","4.2 Chicago International Film Festival","4.3 Brussels International Independent Film Festival","4.4 Fukuoka International Film Festival","4.5 Fribourg International Film Festival","4.6 Locarno International Film Festival","4.7 Singapore International Film Festival","4.8 Mumbai International Film Festival","4.9 Sarhad (NGO)","5 References","6 External links"] | Indian film director
Jahnu BaruaBorn (1952-10-18) 18 October 1952 (age 71)Sivasagar, Assam, IndiaOccupation(s)Film director, writer, producerSpouse
Gayatri Barua (Naumi)
(m. 1989)ChildrenOzu Barua (Actor)AwardsPadma Shri (2003)Padma Bhushan (2015)
Jahnu Barua (born 1952) is an Indian film director. He has written and directed a number of Assamese and Hindi films. Some of his notable films are Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai (1987), Firingoti (1992), Xagoroloi Bohu Door (1995), Maine Gandhi Ko Nahi Mara (2005), Konikar Ramdhenu (2003), Baandhon (2012), and Ajeyo (2014).
Jahnu Barua has been conferred Padma Shri (2003) and Padma Bhushan (2015). He served as chairman of the Indian Film Directors' Association in 1993.
Filmography
Year
Title
English Title
Language
Director
Producer
Writer
Editor
1982
Aparoopa
Aparoopa
Assamese
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
1984
Apeksha – Hindi version of Aparoopa
Expectation
Hindi
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
1986
Papori
Assamese
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
1987
Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai
Catastrophe
Assamese
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
1990
Bonani
Forest
Assamese
Yes
Yes
1992
Firingoti
Spark
Assamese
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
1995
Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door
It's a Long Way to the Sea
Assamese
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
1998
Kuhkhal
Price of Freedom
Assamese
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
2000
Pokhi
And the River Flows
Assamese
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
2003
Konikar Ramdhenu
Ride on the Rainbow
Assamese
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
2004
Tora
Tora's Love
Assamese
Yes
Yes
Yes
2005
Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara
I Did Not Kill Gandhi
Hindi
Yes
Yes
2010
Mumbai Cutting (Anjane Dost segment)
Hindi
Yes
2012
Baandhon
Waves of Silence
Assamese
Yes
Yes
Yes
2014
Ajeyo
Invincible
Assamese
Yes
Yes
Yes
2018
Bhoga Khirikee
Broken Window
Assamese
Yes
Yes
Yes
Under Production
Unread Pages
–
Assamese, English
Yes
Television
Adhikar (Right, 1988)
Ek Kahani (One Story, 1986)
Politics
The Raijor Dal officially announced that Jahnu Baruah had extended his support along with Assamese film actress Zerifa Wahid and lawyer Arup Borbora.
Awards
Jahnu Baruah has received the following awards:
Padma Shri in 2003
Padma Bhushan in 2015
National Film Awards
2013: Best Feature Film in Assamese: Ajeyo
2012: Best Feature Film in Assamese: Baandhon
2003: Best Regional Film for Konikar Ramdhenu
2003: National Film Award for Best Children's Film for Tora
1999: Best Regional Film for Pokhi
1998: Best Regional Film for Kuhkhal
1995: Best Director for Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door
1995: Best Regional Film for Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door
1992: Second Best Feature Film for Firingoti
1990: Best film on Environment for Bonani
1987: Best Film for Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai
1983: Best Regional Film for Aparoopa
Chicago International Film Festival
2005: Getz World Peace Prize for Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door
Brussels International Independent Film Festival
1996: Best Director for Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door
Fukuoka International Film Festival
2006 Kodak Vision Award for Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara
Fribourg International Film Festival
1996: Audience Award for Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door
1996: Award of the Pestalozzi Children's Village Foundation for Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door
Locarno International Film Festival
1988: Prize of the Ecumenical Jury – Special Mention for Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai
1988: Silver Leopard for Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai
Singapore International Film Festival
1996: International Fipresci Award for Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door
Mumbai International Film Festival
2005: International Fipresci Award for Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara
Sarhad (NGO)
2012: 1st Bhupen Hazarika National award
References
^ Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (2014). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Routledge. p. 55. ISBN 978-1135943189 – via GoogleBooks.
^ "An Eternal Optimist". The Pioneer. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
^ "Shooting ends for Bhoga Khidikee, Lunchbox producer's debut Assamese film – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
^ "Jahnu Baruas film to take Assam to global audience". India Today. 30 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
^ "Jailed Akhil Gogoi's KMSS Launches New Party Ahead Of Assam Polls Next Year". NDTV. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
^ "AIUDF meet approves alliance with Cong". The Assam Tribune. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
^ "Padma Awards 2015". Press Information Bureau. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
^ "National Awards for five northeast films". The Times of India. Guwahati. TNN. 17 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
^ "60th National Film Awards Announced" (PDF) (Press release). Press Information Bureau (PIB), India. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
^ Jahnu Barua conferred 1st Bhupen Hazarika Award, Business Standard
External links
Jahnu Barua at IMDb
Jahnu Barua at AllMovie
Jahnu Barua at ČSFD
Jahnu Barua at Kinopoisk
rediff.com interview
Gandhism is Serious Business
vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Art1950s
Omkarnath Thakur (1955)
Sthanam Narasimha Rao (1956)
Sudhir Khastgir (1957)
Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu (1957)
Debaki Bose (1958)
Shambhu Maharaj (1958)
Nargis (1958)
Satyajit Ray (1958)
Devika Rani (1958)
1960s
K. K. Hebbar (1961)
Bismillah Khan (1961)
Raghunath Krishna Phadke (1961)
Ashok Kumar (1962)
Mehboob Khan (1963)
Melville de Mellow (1963)
Vinayak Pandurang Karmarkar (1964)
Adi Pherozeshah Marzban (1964)
P. C. Sorcar (1964)
Guru Kunchu Kurup (1965)
V. Nagayya (1965)
Ravishankar Raval (1965)
Mrinalini Sarabhai (1965)
Sivaji Ganesan (1966)
M. F. Husain (1966)
Sumitra Charat Ram (1966)
P. Bhanumathi (1966)
Daji Bhatawadekar (1967)
Vasant Desai (1967)
Siddheshwari Devi (1967)
Mohammed Rafi (1967)
Sashadhar Mukherjee (1967)
Vinjamuri Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao (1967)
M. R. Acharekar (1968)
Begum Akhtar (1968)
Sharan Rani Backliwal (1968)
Nikhil Banerjee (1968)
Sunil Dutt (1968)
Durga Khote (1968)
Yamini Krishnamurthy (1968)
Shankar–Jaikishan (1968)
Ayodhya Prasad (1968)
Akkineni Nageswara Rao (1968)
N. T. Rama Rao (1968)
Devi Lal Samar (1968)
Vyjayanthimala (1968)
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas (1969)
David Abraham Cheulkar (1969)
N. S. Bendre (1969)
S. D. Burman (1969)
B. Saroja Devi (1969)
Indrani Rahman (1969)
Balraj Sahni (1969)
S. N. Swamy (artist) (1969)
1970s
Sukumar Bose (1970)
Prem Dhawan (1970)
Ratna Fabri (1970)
Gemini Ganesan (1970)
Ritwik Ghatak (1970)
Damayanti Joshi (1970)
Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan (1970)
Karl Jamshed Khandalavala (1970)
Madhaviah Krishnan (1970)
Rajendra Kumar (1970)
Pankaj Mullick (1970)
Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair (1970)
Relangi (1970)
Gummadi (1970)
Vijay Raghav Rao (1970)
V. Satyanarayana Sarma (1970)
Maisnam Amubi Singh (1970)
K. B. Sundarambal (1970)
Avinash Vyas (1970)
M. Balamuralikrishna (1971)
Sankho Chaudhuri (1971)
Manna Dey (1971)
Tripti Mitra (1971)
Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair (1971)
Chenganoor Raman Pillai (1971)
K. N. Dandayudhapani Pillai (1971)
Shanta Rao (1971)
Ravi (1971)
Sahir Ludhianvi (1971)
Siyaram Tiwari (musician) (1971)
Chiranjeet Chakraborty (1972)
Girija Devi (1972)
Vasudeo S. Gaitonde (1972)
Sunil Janah (1972)
Lalgudi Jayaraman (1972)
Bhimsen Joshi (1972)
Mahendra Kapoor (1972)
Ram Kumar (artist) (1972)
Hrishikesh Mukherjee (1972)
Vazhuvoor Ramaiah Pillai (1972)
Samta Prasad (1972)
M. K. Radha (1972)
Raghu Rai (1972)
Krishna Reddy (1972)
Waheeda Rehman (1972)
Juthika Roy (1972)
Suchitra Sen (1972)
Gubbi Veeranna (1972)
Sitara Devi (1973)
T. N. Krishnan (1973)
Kishan Maharaj (1973)
Ramanathapuram C. S. Murugabhoopathy (1973)
Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair (1973)
Uma Sharma (1973)
S. G. Thakur Singh (1973)
Kaifi Azmi (1974)
Pushkar Bhan (1974)
Mani Madhava Chakyar (1974)
Bindhyabasini Devi (1974)
Naina Devi (1974)
Girish Karnad (1974)
Shriram Lagoo (1974)
Kelucharan Mohapatra (1974)
Nutan (1974)
M. D. Ramanathan (1974)
Som Nath Sadhu (1974)
Emani Sankara Sastry (1974)
Kripal Singh Shekhawat (1974)
Manik Varma (1974)
M. S. Gopalakrishnan (1975)
Jasraj (1975)
Amjad Ali Khan (1975)
Gopi Krishna (1975)
Sanjukta Panigrahi (1975)
Basavaraj Rajguru (1975)
Kalyanam Raghuramayya (1975)
M. S. Sathyu (1975)
K. G. Subramanyan (1975)
Gitchandra Tongbra (1975)
K. J. Yesudas (1975)
Shyam Benegal (1976)
Raghunath Mohapatra (1976)
Ram Narayan (1976)
K. V. Narayanaswamy (1976)
R. Nagendra Rao (1976)
S. Somasundaram (1976)
Parveen Sultana (1976)
Dhanraj Bhagat (1977)
Bhupen Hazarika (1977)
Sheik Chinna Moulana (1977)
Alla Rakha (1977)
Jehangir Sabavala (1977)
Ghulam Rasool Santosh (1977)
1980s
B. V. Karanth (1981)
Namagiripettai Krishnan (1981)
Gambhir Singh Mura (1981)
Dashrath Patel (1981)
S. H. Raza (1981)
Padma Subrahmanyam (1981)
Allah Jilai Bai (1982)
Ammannur Madhava Chakyar (1982)
Jabbar Patel (1982)
Virendra Prabhakar (1982)
Gautam Vaghela (1982)
Sirkazhi Govindarajan (1983)
Gautam Vaghela (1982)
Sirkazhi Govindarajan (1983)
Sharafat Hussain Khan (1983)
Nepal Mahata (1983)
Handel Manuel (1983)
Gulam Mohammed Sheikh (1983)
Raghubir Singh (1983)
Sobha Singh (1983)
Habib Tanvir (1983)
Ganga Devi (1984)
Amitabh Bachchan (1984)
Purushottam Das (1984)
Adoor Gopalakrishnan (1984)
Bhupen Khakhar (1984)
Ben Kingsley (1984)
Vinay Chandra Maudgalya (1984)
Roshan Kumari (1984)
Mavelikara Krishnankutty Nair (1984)
N. Rajam (1984)
Raja and Radha Reddy (1984)
Nek Chand (1984)
Ram Gopal Vijayvargiya (1984)
Shanti Dave (1985)
Asa Singh Mastana (1985)
Laxman Pai (1985)
Smita Patil (1985)
Palghat R. Raghu (1985)
Naseeruddin Shah (1985)
Shankar Bapu Apegaonkar (1986)
Kanika Banerjee (1986)
Subrata Mitra (1986)
Rajkumar Singhajit Singh (1986)
Hisam-ud-din Usta (1986)
K. Balachander (1987)
Kumudini Lakhia (1987)
Vijaya Mehta (1987)
N. Ramani (1987)
Aparna Sen (1987)
Naresh Sohal (1987)
Jitendra Abhisheki (1988)
Shabana Azmi (1988)
Teejan Bai (1988)
Bikash Bhattacharjee (1988)
Zakir Hussain (1988)
Chindodi Leela (1988)
Sudharani Raghupathy (1988)
Sudarshan Sahoo (1988)
Kudrat Singh (1988)
Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman (1988)
Jitendra Abhisheki (1988)
Adyar K. Lakshman (1989)
Haku Shah (1989)
L. Subramaniam (1989)
Ratan Thiyam (1989)
Upendra Trivedi (1989)
1990s
Mohan Agashe (1990)
G. Aravindan (1990)
Prabha Atre (1990)
Asgari Bai (1990)
Gulab Bai (1990)
Balwantrai Bhatt (1990)
Diwaliben Bhil (1990)
Raj Bisaria (1990)
S. M. Ganapathy (1990)
Kamal Haasan (1990)
Bishamber Khanna (1990)
Krishen Khanna (1990)
Allu Ramalingaiah (1990)
Tarun Majumdar (1990)
Madhavi Mudgal (1990)
Om Puri (1990)
Kanak Rele (1990)
Leela Samson (1990)
Maharajapuram Santhanam (1990)
Kapila Vatsyayan (1990)
Ranbir Singh Bisht (1991)
Bharat Gopy (1991)
Ghulam Mustafa Khan (1991)
Hafeez Ahmed Khan (1991)
Shanno Khurana (1991)
Pratima Barua Pandey (1991)
Manu Parekh (1991)
Shivkumar Sharma (1991)
Gurcharan Singh (painter) (1991)
Sharda Sinha (1991)
Alarmel Valli (1991)
Jaya Bachchan (1992)
Pankaj Charan Das (1992)
Biren De (1992)
Srirangam Gopalaratnam (1992)
Sabri Khan (1992)
Sunita Kohli (1992)
Madurai N. Krishnan (1992)
Manoj Kumar (1992)
Meera Mukherjee (1992)
Asha Parekh (1992)
Nataraja Ramakrishna (1992)
Bhagaban Sahu (1992)
Anandji Virji Shah (1992)
Kalyanji Virji Shah (Kalyanji-Anandji) (1992)
Sundari K. Shridharani (1992)
Tapan Sinha (1992)
Muthiah Sthapati (1992)
K. Viswanath (1992)
Chitra Visweswaran (1992)
Dipali Barthakur (1998)
Mammootty (1998)
Kunja Bihari Meher (1998)
Krishnarao Sable (1998)
Zohra Sehgal (1998)
K. Ibomcha Sharma (1998)
U. Srinivas (1998)
Javed Akhtar (1999)
Saryu Doshi (1999)
Sulochana Latkar (1999)
Sumati Mutatkar (1999)
Shobha Deepak Singh (1999)
Jagmohan Sursagar (1999)
Ram V. Sutar (1999)
2000s
Kanhai Chitrakar (2000)
Shekhar Kapur (2000)
Hema Malini (2000)
Anjolie Ela Menon (2000)
Shubha Mudgal (2000)
Alyque Padamsee (2000)
A. R. Rahman (2000)
Ramanand Sagar (2000)
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (2001)
Aamir Raza Husain (2001)
Padmaja Phenany Joglekar (2001)
Mohammed Tayab Khan (2001)
Sunil Kothari (2001)
Nerella Venu Madhav (2001)
Mohanlal (2001)
Shobha Naidu (2001)
D. V. S. Raju (2001)
Avadhanam Sita Raman (2001)
Siramdasu Venkata Rama Rao (2001)
Thota Tharani (2001)
W. D. Amaradeva (2002)
Raj Begum (2002)
Vishwa Mohan Bhatt (2002)
Pushpa Bhuyan (2002)
Rajan Devadas (2002)
Darshana Jhaveri (2002)
Abdul Latif Khan (2002)
Mani Krishnaswami (2002)
Fazal Mohammad (2002)
Manorama (2002)
Govind Nihalani (2002)
Mani Ratnam (2002)
Kiran Segal (2002)
Navaneetham Padmanabha Seshadri (2002)
Saroja Vaidyanathan (2002)
T. H. Vinayakram (2002)
Jahnu Barua (2003)
Danny Denzongpa (2003)
Kshetrimayum Ongbi Thouranisabi Devi (2003)
Rita Ganguly (2003)
Ranjana Gauhar (2003)
Sadashiv Vasantrao Gorakshkar (2003)
Rakhee Gulzar (2003)
Nemi Chandra Jain (2003)
O. P. Jain (2003)
Aamir Khan (2003)
Shafaat Ahmed Khan (2003)
T. M. Soundararajan (2003)
Sukumari (2003)
Satish Vyas (2003)
Bharathiraja (2004)
Maguni Charan Das (2004)
Manoranjan Das (2004)
D. K. Datar (2004)
Kadri Gopalnath (2004)
Hariharan (singer) (2004)
Purshottam Das Jalota (2004)
Krishn Kanhai (2004)
Heisnam Kanhailal (2004)
Anupam Kher (2004)
Sikkil Sisters – Kunjumani & Neela (2004)
Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair (2004)
Sudha Ragunathan (2004)
Haridwaramangalam A. K. Palanivel (2004)
Veernala Jayarama Rao (2004)
Bharati Shivaji (2004)
Singh Bandhu (2004)
Bhajan Sopori (2004)
Neyyattinkara Vasudevan (2004)
Muzaffar Ali (2005)
Shameem Dev Azad (2005)
M. Boyer (2005)
K. S. Chithra (2005)
Yumlembam Gambhini Devi (2005)
Shah Rukh Khan (2005)
Ghulam Sadiq Khan (2005)
Kavita Krishnamurti (2005)
Chaturbhuj Meher (2005)
Kumkum Mohanty (2005)
Punaram Nishad (2005)
Kedar Nath Sahoo (2005)
Sougaijam Thanil Singh (2005)
Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan (2005)
Komala Varadan (2005)
Wadali Brothers (2005)
Ileana Citaristi (2006)
Mehmood Dhaulpuri (2006)
Shree Lal Joshi (2006)
Surinder Kaur (2006)
Rashid Khan (musician) (2006)
Vasundhara Komkali (2006)
Yashodhar Mathpal (2006)
Madhup Mudgal (2006)
Kavungal Chathunni Panicker (2006)
Shyama Charan Pati (2006)
Gayatri Sankaran (2006)
Prasad Sawkar (2006)
Aribam Syam Sharma (2006)
Shobana (2006)
Kanaka Srinivasan (2006)
Pankaj Udhas (2006)
Mohan Babu (2007)
Geeta Chandran (2007)
Astad Deboo (2007)
Neelamani Devi (2007)
Remo Fernandes (2007)
P. Gopinathan (2007)
Pushpa Hans (2007)
Shanti Hiranand (2007)
Ananda Shankar Jayant (2007)
Govardhan Kumari (2007)
Sonam Tshering Lepcha (2007)
Balachandra Menon (2007)
Shashikala (2007)
Gajendra Narayan Singh (2007)
Thingbaijam Babu Singh (2007)
Pannuru Sripathy (2007)
Valayapatti A. R. Subramaniam (2007)
Waman Thakre (2007)
P. R. Thilagam (2007)
Tom Alter (2008)
Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar (2008)
Jonnalagadda Gurappa Chetty (2008)
Meenakshi Chitharanjan (2008)
Madhuri Dixit Nene (2008)
Kekoo Gandhy (2008)
Helen Giri Syiem (2008)
Jatin Goswami (2008)
Hans Raj Hans (2008)
Sabitri Heisnam (2008)
Gokulotsavji Maharaj (2008)
P. K. Narayanan Nambiar (2008)
Gennadi Mikhailovich Pechinkov (2008)
Gangadhar Pradhan (2008)
M. Night Shyamalan (2008)
Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram (2008)
Jawahar Wattal (2008)
Ameena Ahmad Ahuja (2009)
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2009)
Hemi Bawa (2009)
Brahmanandam (2009)
Devayani (dancer) (2009)
Suresh Dutta (2009)
Kalamandalam Gopi (2009)
Niranjan Goswami (2009)
Geeta Kapur (2009)
Nirmal Singh Khalsa (2009)
Hashmat Ullah Khan (2009)
Helen (2009)
S. Krishnaswamy (2009)
Akshay Kumar (2009)
Iravatham Mahadevan (2009)
Hridaynath Mangeshkar (2009)
Penaz Masani (2009)
Shaoli Mitra (2009)
Udit Narayan (2009)
Govind Ram Nirmalkar (2009)
Leela Omchery (2009)
Pratapaditya Pal (2009)
Aruna Sairam (2009)
Mattannoor Sankarankutty (2009)
Kumar Sanu (2009)
Kiran Seth (2009)
Gurumayum Gourakishor Sharma (2009)
Skendrowell Syiemlieh (2009)
Thilakan (2009)
K. P. Udayabhanu (2009)
Vivek (actor) (2009)
2010s
Gul Bardhan (2010)
Carmel Berkson (2010)
Wasifuddin Dagar (2010)
Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi (2010)
Nemai Ghosh (2010)
Sumitra Guha (2010)
Ulhas Kashalkar (2010)
Saif Ali Khan (2010)
Mukund Lath (2010)
Ram Dayal Munda (2010)
Arundathi Nag (2010)
Raghunath Panigrahi (2010)
Resul Pookutty (2010)
Arjun Prajapati (2010)
Rajkumar Achouba Singh (2010)
Shobha Raju (2010)
Mayadhar Raut (2010)
Rekha (2010)
Ajoy Chakrabarty (2011)
Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry (2011)
Makar Dhwaja Darogha (2011)
Mahasundari Devi (2011)
Gajam Govardhana (2011)
Sunayana Hazarilal (2011)
S. R. Janakiraman (2011)
Jayaram (2011)
Kajol (2011)
Shaji N. Karun (2011)
Girish Kasaravalli (2011)
Irrfan Khan (2011)
Tabu (2011)
Kalamandalam Kshemavathy (2011)
Peruvanam Kuttan Marar (2011)
Jivya Soma Mashe (2011)
Dadi Pudumjee (2011)
M. K. Saroja (2011)
Khangembam Mangi Singh (2011)
Prahlad Tipanya (2011)
Usha Uthup (2011)
Satish Alekar (2012)
Satish Alekar (2012)
Vanraj Bhatia (2012)
Nameirakpam Ibemni Devi (2012)
Gopal Prasad Dubey (2012)
Gundecha Brothers (2012)
Chittani Ramachandra Hegde (2012)
Anup Jalota (2012)
Moti Lal Kemmu (2012)
Shahid Parvez (2012)
Mohanlal Chaturbhuj Kumhar (2012)
Sakar Khan (2012)
Joy Michael (2012)
Minati Mishra (2012)
Na Muthuswamy (2012)
R. Nagarathnamma (2012)
Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri (2012)
Priyadarshan (2012)
Priyadarshan (2012)
Vijay Sharma (2012)
Laila Tyabji (2012)
Yamunabai Waikar (2012)
S. Shakir Ali (2013)
Gajam Anjaiah (2013)
Bapu (2013)
Pablo Bartholomew (2013)
Purna Das Baul Samrat (2013)
G. C. D. Bharti (2013)
Apurba Kishore Bir (2013)
Ghanakanta Bora (2013)
B. Jayashree (2013)
Hildamit Lepcha (2013)
Madhu (actor) (2013)
Sudha Malhotra (2013)
Kailash Chandra Meher (2013)
Brahmdeo Ram Pandit (2013)
Nana Patekar (2013)
Rekandar Nageswara Rao (2013)
Ghulam Mohammad Saznawaz (2013)
Jaymala Shiledar (2013)
Ramesh Sippy (2013)
Sridevi (2013)
Suresh Talwalkar (2013)
Mahrukh Tarapor (2013)
Balwant Thakur (2013)
Rajendra Tiku (2013)
Mohammad Ali Baig (2014)
Vidya Balan (2014)
Musafir Ram Bhardwaj (2014)
Sabitri Chatterjee (2014)
Biman Bihari Das (2014)
Sunil Das (2014)
Elam Endira Devi (2014)
Supriya Devi (2014)
Vijay Ghate (2014)
Nayana Apte Joshi (2014)
Elam Endira Devi (2014)
Supriya Devi (2014)
Vijay Ghate (2014)
Nayana Apte Joshi (2014)
Rani Karnaa (2014)
Bansi Kaul (2014)
Moinuddin Khan (musician) (2014)
Geeta Mahalik (2014)
Paresh Maity (2014)
Ram Mohan (2014)
Sudarsan Pattnaik (2014)
Paresh Rawal (2014)
Kalamandalam Satyabhama (2014)
Anuj Sharma (actor) (2014)
Santosh Sivan (2014)
Sooni Taraporevala (2014)
Naresh Bedi (2015)
Sanjay Leela Bhansali (2015)
Rahul Jain (2015)
Ravindra Jain (2015)
Prasoon Joshi (2015)
A. Kanyakumari (2015)
Prafulla Kar (2015)
Tripti Mukherjee (2015)
Neil Nongkynrih (2015)
Kota Srinivasa Rao (2015)
Shekhar Sen (2015)
Pran Kumar Sharma (2015)
Mahesh Raj Soni (2015)
Malini Awasthi (2016)
Madhur Bhandarkar (2016)
Tulsidas Borkar (2016)
Mamta Chandrakar (2016)
Priyanka Chopra (2016)
Ajay Devgn (2016)
Bhikhudan Gadhvi (2016)
Laxma Goud (2016)
Saeed Jaffrey (2016)
Venkatesh Kumar (2016)
Naresh Chander Lal (2016)
Bhalchandra Dattatray Mondhe (2016)
Nila Madhab Panda (2016)
Michael Postel (2016)
Pratibha Prahlad (2016)
Gulabo Sapera (2016)
Prakash Chand Surana (2016)
Basanti Bisht (2017)
Baua Devi (2017)
Jitendra Haripal (2017)
Kailash Kher (2017)
Sadhu Meher (2017)
Aruna Mohanty (2017)
T. K. Murthy (2017)
Mukund Nayak (2017)
Anuradha Paudwal (2017)
Parassala B. Ponnammal (2017)
Bharathi Vishnuvardhan (2017)
Doddarangegowda (2018)
Manoj Joshi (actor) (2018)
Pran Kishore Kaul (2018)
Vijay Kichlu (2018)
Prabhakar Maharana (2018)
Sisir Mishra (2018)
Vijayalakshmi Navaneethakrishnan (2018)
Gobardhan Panika (2018)
R. Sathyanarayana (2018)
Bhajju Shyam (2018)
Ibrahim Sutar (2018)
Rudrapatnam Brothers (2018)
Baba Yogendra (2018)
Anup Ranjan Pandey (2019)
Manoj Bajpayee (2019)
Pritam Bhartwan (2019)
Jyoti Bhatt (2019)
Swapan Chaudhuri (2019)
Dinyar Contractor (2019)
Thanga Darlong (2019)
Prabhu Deva (2019)
Godawari Dutta (2019)
Joravarsinh Jadav (2019)
Fayaz Ahmad Jan (2019)
K. G. Jayan (2019)
Waman Kendre (2019)
Kader Khan (2019)
Abdul Gafur Khatri (2019)
Shankar Mahadevan (2019)
Narthaki Nataraj (2019)
Milena Salvini (2019)
Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry (2019)
Rajeev Taranath (2019)
Hiralal Yadav (2019)
Rajeshwar Acharya (2019)
2020s
Shashadhar Acharya (2020)
Indira P. P. Bora (2020)
Bombay Sisters (2020)
Vajira Chitrasena (2020)
Puru Dadheech (2020)
Madhu Mansuri Hasmukh (2020)
Sarita Joshi (2020)
Kangana Ranaut (2020)
Ramzan Khan (2020)
Manilal Nag (2020)
Dalavai Chalapathi Rao (2020)
Adnan Sami (2020)
Suresh Wadkar (2020)
V. K. Munusamy (2020)
Yadla Gopalarao (2020)
Dulari Devi (2021)
Bombay Jayashri (2021)
KC Sivasankaran (2021)
Rewben Mashangva (2021)
Sanjida Khatun (2021)
Annavarapu Rama Swamy (2021)
Nidumolu Sumathi (2021)
Biren Kumar Basak (2021)
Narayan Debnath (2021)
Bhuri Bai (2021)
Manjamma Jogathi (2021)
Gosaveedu Shaik Hassan (Posthumous) (2022)
Lalita Vakil (2022)
H. R. Keshava Murthy (2022)
Jamyang Tsering Namgyal (2022)
Arjun Singh Dhurve (2022)
Ram Sahay Panday (2022)
Durga Bai Vyam (2022)
Sulochana Chavan (2022)
Sonu Nigam (2022)
Lourembam Bino Devi (2022)
Konsam Ibomcha Singh (2022)
Shyamamani Devi (2022)
Thavil Kongampattu A V Murugaiyan (2022)
Chandraprakash Dwivedi (2022)
Ram Dayal Sharma (2022)
Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia (2022)
S. Ballesh (2022)
Sowcar Janaki (2022)
R Muthukannammal (2022)
A. K. C. Natarajan (2022)
Darshanam Mogilaiah (2022)
Sakini Ramachandraih (2022)
Gaddam Padmaja Reddy (2022)
Kamalini Asthana and Nalini Asthana (duo) (2022)
Shivnath Mishra (2022)
Sheesh Ram (2022)
Ajita Srivastava (2022)
Madhuri Barthwal (2022)
Kaajee Singh (2022)
Jodhaiya Bai Baiga (2023)
Premjit Baria (2023)
Usha Barle (2023)
Hemant Chauhan (2023)
Bhanubhai Chitara (2023)
Hemoprova Chutia (2023)
Subhadra Devi (2023)
Hem Chandra Goswami (2023)
Pritikana Goswami (2023)
Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain (2023)
Dilshad Hussain (2023)
Mahipat Kavi (2023)
M. M. Keeravani (2023)
Parshuram Komaji Khune (2023)
Maguni Charan Kuanr (2023)
Domar Singh Kunvar (2023)
Risingbor Kurkalang (2023)
Rani Machaiah (2023)
Ajay Kumar Mandavi (2023)
Nadoja Pindipapanahalli Munivenkatappa (2023)
Ramesh and Shanti Parmar (2023)
Krishna Patel (2023)
K Kalyanasundaram Pillai (2023)
Kapil Dev Prasad (2023)
Shah Rasheed Ahmed Quadri (2023)
C. V. Raju (2023)
Pareshbhai Rathwa (2023)
Mangala Kanti Roy (2023)
K C Runremsangi (2023)
Ritwik Sanyal (2023)
Kota Satchidananda Sastry (2023)
Neihunuo Sorhie (2023)
Moa Subong (2023)
Raveena Tandon (2023)
Coomi Nariman Wadia (2023)
Ghulam Muhammad Zaz (2023)
vteJahnu Barua's FilmographyReleased movies
Aparoopa (1982)
Papori (1986)
Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai (1987)
Bonani (1990)
Firingoti (1992)
Xagoroloi Bohu Door (1995)
Kuhkhal (1998)
Pokhi (2000)
Konikar Ramdhenu (2003)
Tora (2004)
Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara (2005)
Mumbai Cutting (Anjane Dost segment) (2010)
Baandhon (2012)
Ajeyo (2014)
Bhoga Khirikee (2018)
Unread Pages (2018)
Unreleased movies
Har Pal
Homing Pigeons
Butterfly Chess
Copper Ring
Hindol
vtePadma Bhushan award recipients (2010–2019)2010
Satya Paul Agarwal
Mohammad Amin
Sailesh Kumar Bandopadhyay
M. S. Banga
Anil Bordia
Bipan Chandra
B. K. Chaturvedi
Sant Singh Chatwal
G. P. Chopra
Tan Chung
Madhusudan Dhaky
P. R. Dubhashi
Puttaraj Gawai
Belle Monappa Hegde
Ilaiyaraaja
Jagdish Chandra Kapur
Shrinivas Khale
Aamir Khan
Sultan Khan
Ram Kumar
Kumudini Lakhia
Kuzhur Narayana Marar
Chhannulal Mishra
Eledath Thaikkattu Narayanan Mooss
C. P. Krishnan Nair
S. P. Oswal
Akbar Padamsee
Ramakanta Panda
Balasaheb Vikhe Patil
Arogyaswami Paulraj
A. R. Rahman
Moosa Raza
Mallika Sarabhai
Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana
Abhijit Sen
Satya Vrat Shastri
Noshir M. Shroff
Kushal Pal Singh
Bikash Sinha
Balagangadharanatha Swamiji
Narayanan Vaghul
P. K. Warrier
Fareed Zakaria
2011
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
Rajashree Birla
M. N. Buch
C. V. Chandrasekhar
Ajai Chowdhry
Yogesh Chander Deveshwar
Satyadev Dubey
T. J. S. George
Shankha Ghosh
Kris Gopalakrishnan
Keki Byramjee Grant
Shashi Kapoor
Krishen Khanna
Khayyam
Chanda Kochhar
Dwijen Mukhopadhyay
Madavoor Vasudevan Nair
Ramdas Pai
Dashrath Patel
Rajendra Singh Pawar
Suryanarayanan Ramachandran
Shobhana Ranade
Gunupati Venkata Krishna Reddy
Kallam Anji Reddy
Waheeda Rehman
Shyam Saran
Analjit Singh
Arpita Singh
Surendra Singh
R. K. Srikantan
Raghavan Thirumulpad
2012
Suresh H. Advani
Shabana Azmi
Homi K. Bhabha
Shashikumar Chitre
Khaled Choudhury
Jatin Das
Vidya Dehejia
Dharmendra
S. N. Goenka
M. S. Gopalakrishnan
T. V. Gopalakrishnan
Buddhadev Das Gupta
Sunil Janah
Anish Kapoor
S. B. Mujumdar
B. Muthuraman
Mira Nair
Arvind Panagariya
José Pereira
Mata Prasad
M. S. Raghunathan
P. Chandrasekhara Rao
Ronen Sen
Devi Shetty
M. V. Subbiah
N. Vittal
N. H. Wadia
George Yeo
2013
Satya N. Atluri
Maharaj Kishan Bhan
Jaspal Bhatti
Rahul Dravid
Adi Godrej
Abdul Rashid Khan
Rajesh Khanna
Mary Kom
Nandkishore Shamrao Laud
Mangesh Padgaonkar
Hemendra Singh Panwar
Jogesh Pati
Shivajirao Girdhar Patil
A. Sivathanu Pillai
D. Ramanaidu
Kanak Rele
V. K. Saraswat
Ashoke Sen
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
B. N. Suresh
Sharmila Tagore
Ramamurthy Thyagarajan
Saroja Vaidyanathan
2014
Anisuzzaman
Mrityunjay Athreya
Padmanabhan Balaram
Dalveer Bhandari
Ruskin Bond
Anita Desai
Pullela Gopichand
Kamal Haasan
Jyeshtharaj Joshi
V. N. Kaul
Neelam Kler
M. Mahadevappa
Leander Paes
K. Radhakrishnan
Anumolu Ramakrishna
Thirumalachari Ramasami
Lloyd Rudolph
Susanne Hoeber Rudolph
Vinod Prakash Sharma
Gulam Mohammed Sheikh
Parveen Sultana
Dhirubhai Thaker
Vairamuthu
J. S. Verma
T. H. Vinayakram
2015
Jahnu Barua
Manjul Bhargava
Vijay P. Bhatkar
Swapan Dasgupta
David Frawley
Bill Gates
Melinda French Gates
Swami Satyamitranand
N. Gopalaswami
Subhash C. Kashyap
Gokulotsavji Maharaj
Saichiro Misumi
Ambrish Mithal
Sudha Ragunathan
Harish Salve
Ashok Seth
Rajat Sharma
Satpal Singh
Shivakumara Swami
Khadg Singh Valdiya
2016
Ravindra Chandra Bhargava
Robert D. Blackwill
Hafeez Contractor
Indu Jain
Heisnam Kanhailal
Anupam Kher
Sania Mirza
Pallonji Mistry
Udit Narayan
Saina Nehwal
Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad
Vinod Rai
N. S. Ramanuja Tatacharya
A. V. Rama Rao
D. Nageshwara Reddy
Dayananda Saraswati
Barjinder Singh Hamdard
Ram V. Sutar
Tejomayananda
2017
Vishwa Mohan Bhatt
Deviprasad Dwivedi
Ratnasundarsuri
Niranjanananda Saraswati
Cho Ramaswamy
Maha Chakri Sirindhorn
Tehemton Erach Udwadia
2018
Pankaj Advani
Philipose Mar Chrysostom
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
Alexander Kadakin
Ramachandran Nagaswamy
Laxman Pai
Arvind Parikh
Sharda Sinha
2019
John T. Chambers
Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa
Pravin Gordhan
Dharampal Gulati
Darshan Lal Jain
Ashok Laxmanrao Kukade
Kariya Munda
Budhaditya Mukherjee
Mohanlal
Nambi Narayanan
Kuldip Nayar
Bachendri Pal
V. K. Shunglu
Hukmdev Narayan Yadav
# Posthumous conferral
1954–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
2020–2029
vteNational Film Award for Best Direction1967–1980
Satyajit Ray (1967)
Satyajit Ray (1968)
Mrinal Sen (1969)
Satyajit Ray (1970)
Girish Karnad and B. V. Karanth (1971)
Adoor Gopalakrishnan (1972)
Mani Kaul (1973)
Satyajit Ray (1974)
Satyajit Ray (1975)
P. Lankesh (1976)
G. Aravindan (1977)
G. Aravindan (1978)
Mrinal Sen (1979)
Mrinal Sen (1980)
1981–2000
Aparna Sen (1981)
Utpalendu Chakrabarty (1982)
Mrinal Sen (1983)
Adoor Gopalakrishnan (1984)
Shyam Benegal (1985)
G. Aravindan (1986)
Adoor Gopalakrishnan (1987)
Shaji N. Karun (1988)
Adoor Gopalakrishnan (1989)
Tapan Sinha (1990)
Satyajit Ray (1991)
Goutam Ghose (1992)
T. V. Chandran (1993)
Jahnu Barua (1994)
Saeed Akhtar Mirza (1995)
Agathiyan (1996)
Jayaraj (1997)
Rajeevnath (1998)
Buddhadeb Dasgupta (1999)
Rituparno Ghosh (2000)
2001–2020
B. Lenin (2001)
Aparna Sen (2002)
Goutam Ghose (2003)
Buddhadeb Dasgupta (2004)
Rahul Dholakia (2005)
Madhur Bhandarkar (2006)
Adoor Gopalakrishnan (2007)
Bala (2008)
Rituparno Ghosh (2009)
Vetrimaaran (2010)
Gurvinder Singh (2011)
Shivaji Lotan Patil (2012)
Hansal Mehta (2013)
Srijit Mukherji (2014)
Sanjay Leela Bhansali (2015)
Rajesh Mapuskar (2016)
Jayaraj (2017)
Aditya Dhar (2018)
Sanjay Puran Singh Chauhan (2019)
Sachy (2020)
2021–present
Nikhil Mahajan (2021)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halodhia_Choraye_Baodhan_Khai"},{"link_name":"Firingoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firingoti"},{"link_name":"Xagoroloi Bohu Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xagoroloi_Bohudoor"},{"link_name":"Maine Gandhi Ko Nahi Mara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Gandhi_Ko_Nahin_Mara"},{"link_name":"Konikar Ramdhenu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konikar_Ramdhenu"},{"link_name":"Baandhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baandhon"},{"link_name":"Ajeyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajeyo"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Jahnu Barua (born 1952) is an Indian film director. He has written and directed a number of Assamese and Hindi films. Some of his notable films are Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai (1987), Firingoti (1992), Xagoroloi Bohu Door (1995), Maine Gandhi Ko Nahi Mara (2005), Konikar Ramdhenu (2003), Baandhon (2012), and Ajeyo (2014).Jahnu Barua has been conferred Padma Shri (2003) and Padma Bhushan (2015). He served as chairman of the Indian Film Directors' Association in 1993.[1]","title":"Jahnu Barua"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Adhikar (Right, 1988)\nEk Kahani (One Story, 1986)","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raijor Dal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raijor_Dal"},{"link_name":"Zerifa Wahid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerifa_Wahid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Raijor Dal officially announced that Jahnu Baruah had extended his support along with Assamese film actress Zerifa Wahid and lawyer Arup Borbora.[5][6]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padma_Awards-7"},{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Jahnu Baruah has received the following awards:Padma Shri in 2003[7]\nPadma Bhushan in 2015[8]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Feature Film in Assamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Assamese"},{"link_name":"Ajeyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajeyo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI61-9"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Feature Film in Assamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Assamese"},{"link_name":"Baandhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baandhon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60thaward-10"},{"link_name":"Best Regional Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Assamese"},{"link_name":"National Film Award for Best Children's Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Children%27s_Film"},{"link_name":"Best Regional Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Assamese"},{"link_name":"Pokhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhi"},{"link_name":"Best Regional Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Assamese"},{"link_name":"Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Direction"},{"link_name":"Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xagoroloi_Bohudoor"},{"link_name":"Best Regional Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Assamese"},{"link_name":"Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xagoroloi_Bohudoor"},{"link_name":"Second Best Feature Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Second_Best_Feature_Film"},{"link_name":"Firingoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firingoti"},{"link_name":"Best film on Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Film_on_Environment_Conservation/Preservation"},{"link_name":"Bonani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonani"},{"link_name":"Best Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film"},{"link_name":"Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halodhia_Choraye_Baodhan_Khai"},{"link_name":"Best Regional Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Assamese"},{"link_name":"Aparoopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparoopa"}],"sub_title":"National Film Awards","text":"2013: Best Feature Film in Assamese: Ajeyo[9]\n2012: Best Feature Film in Assamese: Baandhon[10]\n2003: Best Regional Film for Konikar Ramdhenu\n2003: National Film Award for Best Children's Film for Tora\n1999: Best Regional Film for Pokhi\n1998: Best Regional Film for Kuhkhal\n1995: Best Director for Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door\n1995: Best Regional Film for Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door\n1992: Second Best Feature Film for Firingoti\n1990: Best film on Environment for Bonani\n1987: Best Film for Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai\n1983: Best Regional Film for Aparoopa","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xagoroloi_Bohudoor"}],"sub_title":"Chicago International Film Festival","text":"2005: Getz World Peace Prize for Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xagoroloi_Bohudoor"}],"sub_title":"Brussels International Independent Film Festival","text":"1996: Best Director for Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Gandhi_Ko_Nahin_Mara"}],"sub_title":"Fukuoka International Film Festival","text":"2006 Kodak Vision Award for Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xagoroloi_Bohudoor"},{"link_name":"Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xagoroloi_Bohudoor"}],"sub_title":"Fribourg International Film Festival","text":"1996: Audience Award for Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door\n1996: Award of the Pestalozzi Children's Village Foundation for Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halodhia_Choraye_Baodhan_Khai"},{"link_name":"Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halodhia_Choraye_Baodhan_Khai"}],"sub_title":"Locarno International Film Festival","text":"1988: Prize of the Ecumenical Jury – Special Mention for Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai\n1988: Silver Leopard for Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Fipresci Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPRESCI"},{"link_name":"Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xagoroloi_Bohudoor"}],"sub_title":"Singapore International Film Festival","text":"1996: International Fipresci Award for Hkhagoroloi Bohu Door","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Fipresci Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPRESCI"},{"link_name":"Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Gandhi_Ko_Nahin_Mara"}],"sub_title":"Mumbai International Film Festival","text":"2005: International Fipresci Award for Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Sarhad (NGO)","text":"2012: 1st Bhupen Hazarika National award[11]","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (2014). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Routledge. p. 55. ISBN 978-1135943189 – via GoogleBooks.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=%22film+directors+association%22","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135943189","url_text":"978-1135943189"}]},{"reference":"\"An Eternal Optimist\". The Pioneer. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/an-eternal-optimist.html","url_text":"\"An Eternal Optimist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pioneer_(India)","url_text":"The Pioneer"}]},{"reference":"\"Shooting ends for Bhoga Khidikee, Lunchbox producer's debut Assamese film – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/shooting-ends-for-bhoga-khidikee-lunchbox-producers-debut-assamese-film/articleshow/62468303.cms","url_text":"\"Shooting ends for Bhoga Khidikee, Lunchbox producer's debut Assamese film – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jahnu Baruas film to take Assam to global audience\". India Today. 30 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/jahnu-baruas-film-to-take-assam-to-global-audience-1157188-2018-01-30","url_text":"\"Jahnu Baruas film to take Assam to global audience\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jailed Akhil Gogoi's KMSS Launches New Party Ahead Of Assam Polls Next Year\". NDTV. Retrieved 12 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jailed-akhil-gogois-kmss-launches-new-party-ahead-of-assam-polls-next-year-2304483","url_text":"\"Jailed Akhil Gogoi's KMSS Launches New Party Ahead Of Assam Polls Next Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV","url_text":"NDTV"}]},{"reference":"\"AIUDF meet approves alliance with Cong\". The Assam Tribune. Retrieved 12 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=oct0420/at063","url_text":"\"AIUDF meet approves alliance with Cong\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Assam_Tribune","url_text":"The Assam Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Padma Awards\" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Padma Awards\""},{"url":"http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Padma Awards 2015\". Press Information Bureau. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150128022143/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952","url_text":"\"Padma Awards 2015\""},{"url":"http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Awards for five northeast films\". The Times of India. Guwahati. TNN. 17 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/National-Awards-for-five-northeast-films/articleshow/33834736.cms","url_text":"\"National Awards for five northeast films\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"60th National Film Awards Announced\" (PDF) (Press release). Press Information Bureau (PIB), India. Retrieved 18 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf","url_text":"\"60th National Film Awards Announced\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=%22film+directors+association%22","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema"},{"Link":"http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/an-eternal-optimist.html","external_links_name":"\"An Eternal Optimist\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/shooting-ends-for-bhoga-khidikee-lunchbox-producers-debut-assamese-film/articleshow/62468303.cms","external_links_name":"\"Shooting ends for Bhoga Khidikee, Lunchbox producer's debut Assamese film – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/jahnu-baruas-film-to-take-assam-to-global-audience-1157188-2018-01-30","external_links_name":"\"Jahnu Baruas film to take Assam to global audience\""},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jailed-akhil-gogois-kmss-launches-new-party-ahead-of-assam-polls-next-year-2304483","external_links_name":"\"Jailed Akhil Gogoi's KMSS Launches New Party Ahead Of Assam Polls Next Year\""},{"Link":"http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=oct0420/at063","external_links_name":"\"AIUDF meet approves alliance with Cong\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Padma Awards\""},{"Link":"http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150128022143/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952","external_links_name":"\"Padma Awards 2015\""},{"Link":"http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/National-Awards-for-five-northeast-films/articleshow/33834736.cms","external_links_name":"\"National Awards for five northeast films\""},{"Link":"http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf","external_links_name":"\"60th National Film Awards Announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/jahnu-barua-conferred-1st-bhupen-hazarika-award/87608/","external_links_name":"Jahnu Barua conferred 1st Bhupen Hazarika Award"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0059395/","external_links_name":"Jahnu Barua"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p166914","external_links_name":"Jahnu Barua"},{"Link":"https://www.csfd.cz/tvurce/118721","external_links_name":"Jahnu Barua"},{"Link":"https://www.kinopoisk.ru/name/963501/","external_links_name":"Jahnu Barua"},{"Link":"http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/30jahnu.htm","external_links_name":"rediff.com interview"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120912144521/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061010/asp/calcutta/story_6850882.asp","external_links_name":"Gandhism is Serious Business"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315532944","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhXcGPDD6fBgPtFhyVHmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006173005","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x49kfv","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Todd | Peter Todd | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References"] | Peter ToddDirector of HEC ParisIn office1 September 2015 – 30 October 2020Preceded byBernard Ramanantsoa
Personal detailsBorn1962 (age 61–62)Burnaby, CanadaAlma materMcGill UniversityUBC Sauder School of Business
Peter Todd (born 1962) is a Canadian professor and academic administrator. He was the dean of McGill University's Desautels Faculty of Management from 2005 to 2014. From July 2015 to October 2020, he has served as the director of HEC Paris.
Early life
Peter Todd was born in 1962 in Canada. He graduated from McGill University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in commerce, finance and information systems. He subsequently earned a PhD in business administration from the Sauder School of Business at the University of British Columbia.
Career
Todd was a professor of business administration at Queen's University from 1989 to 1997. He was a professor and associate dean at the University of Houston's Bauer College of Business from 1997 to 2001, and associate dean of graduate programs at the University of Virginia's McIntire School of Commerce from 2002 to 2005. He returned to his alma mater, McGill University, in 2005, where he served as the dean of its Desautels Faculty of Management until 2014. During his tenure, he led a $75 million fundraising campaign.
Todd succeeded Bernard Ramanantsoa as the dean of HEC Paris in July 2015. Under his leadership, he has expanded the partnership with the University of Paris-Saclay. After being diagnosed with a brain tumor, Todd announced in October of 2020 that he would step down from his job to focus more fully on a recovery. https://poetsandquants.com/2020/10/05/hec-paris-dean-resigns-to-focus-on-recovery-from-brain-tumor/
Personal life
Todd is married, and he has no children.
References
^ a b c d e Bradshaw, Della (July 8, 2015). "Desautels' Peter Todd to be next dean of HEC Paris". Financial Times. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g Moules, Jonathan (May 18, 2016). "HEC Paris dean Peter Todd on his plans for the business school". Financial Times. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
^ a b c d "Le Directeur Général". HEC Paris. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
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IdRef
This biography of a Canadian academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(education)"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"Desautels Faculty of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desautels_Faculty_of_Management"},{"link_name":"HEC Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEC_Paris"}],"text":"Peter Todd (born 1962) is a Canadian professor and academic administrator. He was the dean of McGill University's Desautels Faculty of Management from 2005 to 2014. From July 2015 to October 2020, he has served as the director of HEC Paris.","title":"Peter Todd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ftbradshawtobenext-1"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ftbradshawtobenext-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fthecparisdeanpetertoddonhis-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hecparisbio-3"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Sauder School of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBC_Sauder_School_of_Business"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fthecparisdeanpetertoddonhis-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hecparisbio-3"}],"text":"Peter Todd was born in 1962 in Canada.[1] He graduated from McGill University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in commerce, finance and information systems.[1][2][3] He subsequently earned a PhD in business administration from the Sauder School of Business at the University of British Columbia.[2][3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fthecparisdeanpetertoddonhis-2"},{"link_name":"University of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"Bauer College of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauer_College_of_Business"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"McIntire School of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McIntire_School_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fthecparisdeanpetertoddonhis-2"},{"link_name":"Desautels Faculty of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desautels_Faculty_of_Management"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ftbradshawtobenext-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fthecparisdeanpetertoddonhis-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hecparisbio-3"},{"link_name":"Bernard Ramanantsoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Ramanantsoa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ftbradshawtobenext-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fthecparisdeanpetertoddonhis-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hecparisbio-3"},{"link_name":"University of Paris-Saclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris-Saclay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fthecparisdeanpetertoddonhis-2"},{"link_name":"https://poetsandquants.com/2020/10/05/hec-paris-dean-resigns-to-focus-on-recovery-from-brain-tumor/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//poetsandquants.com/2020/10/05/hec-paris-dean-resigns-to-focus-on-recovery-from-brain-tumor/"}],"text":"Todd was a professor of business administration at Queen's University from 1989 to 1997.[2] He was a professor and associate dean at the University of Houston's Bauer College of Business from 1997 to 2001, and associate dean of graduate programs at the University of Virginia's McIntire School of Commerce from 2002 to 2005.[2] He returned to his alma mater, McGill University, in 2005, where he served as the dean of its Desautels Faculty of Management until 2014.[1][2] During his tenure, he led a $75 million fundraising campaign.[3]Todd succeeded Bernard Ramanantsoa as the dean of HEC Paris in July 2015.[1][2][3] Under his leadership, he has expanded the partnership with the University of Paris-Saclay.[2] After being diagnosed with a brain tumor, Todd announced in October of 2020 that he would step down from his job to focus more fully on a recovery. https://poetsandquants.com/2020/10/05/hec-paris-dean-resigns-to-focus-on-recovery-from-brain-tumor/","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ftbradshawtobenext-1"}],"text":"Todd is married, and he has no children.[1]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bradshaw, Della (July 8, 2015). \"Desautels' Peter Todd to be next dean of HEC Paris\". Financial Times. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/38f5c3a4-2558-11e5-9c4e-a775d2b173ca","url_text":"\"Desautels' Peter Todd to be next dean of HEC Paris\""}]},{"reference":"Moules, Jonathan (May 18, 2016). \"HEC Paris dean Peter Todd on his plans for the business school\". Financial Times. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/203fc956-1614-11e6-b197-a4af20d5575e","url_text":"\"HEC Paris dean Peter Todd on his plans for the business school\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le Directeur Général\". HEC Paris. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hec.fr/A-propos-d-HEC/Gouvernance/Le-Directeur-General","url_text":"\"Le Directeur Général\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://poetsandquants.com/2020/10/05/hec-paris-dean-resigns-to-focus-on-recovery-from-brain-tumor/","external_links_name":"https://poetsandquants.com/2020/10/05/hec-paris-dean-resigns-to-focus-on-recovery-from-brain-tumor/"},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/38f5c3a4-2558-11e5-9c4e-a775d2b173ca","external_links_name":"\"Desautels' Peter Todd to be next dean of HEC Paris\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/203fc956-1614-11e6-b197-a4af20d5575e","external_links_name":"\"HEC Paris dean Peter Todd on his plans for the business school\""},{"Link":"http://www.hec.fr/A-propos-d-HEC/Gouvernance/Le-Directeur-General","external_links_name":"\"Le Directeur Général\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5527157100627772740001","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1183588143","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/234797940","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Todd&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_Directives | List of Adolf Hitler's directives | ["1 The directives","2 References"] | Instructions and strategic plans issued by Adolf Hitler himself
The following is a list of the Führer directives and Führer Orders issued by Adolf Hitler over the course of World War II:
The directives
Directive No
Date issued
Subject
Notes
Full text
1
September 1, 1939
Plan of Attack on Poland
Invasion of Poland
2
September 3, 1939
Hostilities in the West
3
September 9, 1939
Transfer of Forces from Poland to the West
4
September 25, 1939
Finishing the War in Poland
5
September 30, 1939
Partition of Poland, removing restrictions on naval warfare.
6
October 9, 1939
Plans for Offensive in the West
7
October 18, 1939
Preparations for Attack in the West
8
November 20, 1939
Further Preparations for Attack in the West
9
November 29, 1939
Instructions for Warfare against the Economy of the Enemy
10
January 19-February 18, 1940
Concentration of Forces for "Case Yellow" (Fall Gelb)
Manstein Plan
10a
March 1940
Case "Weser Exercise" against Denmark and Norway
Operation Weserübung
11
May 14, 1940
The Offensive in the West
12
May 18, 1940
Prosecution of the Attack in the West
13
May 24, 1940
Next Object in the West
14
June 8, 1940
Continuation of the Offensive in France
15
June 14, 1940
Advance on the Loire
16
July 16, 1940
Preparations for Operation Sea Lion
Specifies a broad front landing on south coast of England from Ramsgate to Isle of Wight.
17
August 1, 1940
Battle of Britain
18
November 12, 1940
Seizure of Gibraltar
Operation Felix
Full text
19
December 10, 1940
German occupation of Vichy France
Operation Attila
Full text
20
December 13, 1940
German invasion of Greece
Operation Marita
21
December 18, 1940
Invasion of the Soviet Union
Operation Barbarossa
Full text; Alt. Full text
22
January 11, 1941
German Support for Battles in the Mediterranean Area
Operation Sonnenblume
23
February 6, 1941
Directions for Operations against the English War Economy
24
March 5, 1941
Co-operation with Japan
25
March 27, 1941
Plan of Attack on Yugoslavia
Operation Strafe
Original text
26
April 3, 1941
Co-operation with our Allies in the Balkans
27
April 4, 1941
Plan of Attack on Greece
28
April 25, 1941
Invasion of Crete
Operation Mercury
29
May 17, 1941
Proposed Military Government of Greece
30
May 23, 1941
Support of anti-British forces in Iraq
(see Führer Directive No. 30)
31
June 9, 1941
German Military Organisation in the Balkans
Battle of Crete
32
June 11, 1941
Plans following defeat of the Soviet Union
Operation Orient
Full text
32a
July 14, 1941
Use of resources following defeat of the Soviet Union
Full text
33
July 19, 1941
Continuation of the War in the East
Two Panzer Groups were removed from Army Group Centre, depriving it of the armour which it would otherwise have used to attack Moscow.
33a
July 23, 1941
Supplement to 33
34
July 30, 1941
Strengthening Soviet resistance
34a
August 12, 1941
Supplement to 34
35
September 6, 1941
Closing the encirclement of Leningrad, destruction of the Southwestern Front
Battle of Moscow, Siege of Leningrad
36
September 22, 1941
Instructions for Winter operations in the Arctic
Instructions to the Army High Command, Norway, the navy and the air force for winter operations in and around northern Norway, Finland, and the Soviet Arctic regions.
37
October 10, 1941
Reorganizing forces in the Arctic
38
December 2, 1941
Transfer of air units to the Mediterranean
39
December 8, 1941
Abandoning the Offensive
40
March 23, 1942
Competence of Commanders in Coastal Areas
Command Organization of the Coasts Atlantic Wall;
41
April 5, 1942
Summer Campaign in the Soviet Union
Operation Blue
42
May 29, 1942
Instructions for operations against unoccupied France and the Iberian Peninsula
Operation Attila replaced by Case Anton; Operation Isabella cancelled;
43
July 11, 1942
Continuation of Operations from the Crimea
44
July 21, 1942
Operations in Northern Finland
45
July 23, 1942
Continuation of Operation Brunswick
46
August 18, 1942
Instructions for Intensified Action Against Banditry in the East
47
December 28, 1942
Outlines the Chain of command for the South Eastern Mediterranean, and defensive strategies for a possible Allied attack on the Balkans and surrounding islands.
48
July 26, 1943
Command and defence measures in the southeast
49
July, 1943
Believed to be a contingency plan to seize Italian positions in the event of their withdrawal from the war.
Did not survive?
50
September 28, 1943
Concerning the preparations for the withdrawal of 20th Mountain Army to Northern Finland and Northern Norway
51
November 3, 1943
Preparations for a two-front war
52
January 28, 1944
Battle of Rome
Battle of Monte Cassino
53
March 8, 1944
Establishment of fortified areas and strong points
54
April 2, 1944
Measures to halt the Soviet advance in the East
55
May 16, 1944
Utilization of long range bombardment against England
56
July 12, 1944
Orders for the protection of shipping
57
July 13, 1944
Protocols for how authorities should operate in the event of an invasion of the Reich
58
July 19, 1944
Preparations for the defense of the Reich
59
July 23, 1944
Reorganization of Army Group North's command structure
60
July 26, 1944
Defensive measures for the Italian Alps
61
August 24, 1944
Establishment of defensive positions in the West
62
August 29, 1944
Establishment of defenses along the German northern coastal regions
63
September 1, 1944
Order for the West Wall to be on the defensive
64
September 3, 1944
Orders for Commander-in-Chief West
64a
September 7, 1944
Conferring powers to Commander-in-Chief West
64b
September 9, 1944
Supplement to 64a
65
September 12, 1944
Defensive measures for the South-East
66
September 19–22, 1944
Second decree on command authority within the Reich in the event of invasion
67
November 28, 1944
Exercise of command for isolated units
68
January 21, 1945
Reestablishing the command supremacy of the Fuhrer
69
January 28, 1945
Employment of the Volkssturm
70
February 5, 1945
Evacuation of refugees from the East to Denmark
71
March 20, 1945
Orders for a scorched earth campaign within the Reich
"Decree Concerning Demolitions in the Reich Territory" also known as Nero Decree
72
April 7, 1945
Reorganization of command in the West
73
April 15, 1945
Organization of command in the event Northern and Southern Germany are separated
74
April 15, 1945
Order of the day to soldiers on the Eastern Front
References
^ "Directive No. 1 for the Conduct of the War". Alternate Wars. 31 August 1939. Archived from the original on Apr 26, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Directive No. 16 On preparations for a landing operation against England". Alternate Wars. 16 July 1940. Archived from the original on Apr 26, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Directive No. 17 For the conduct of air and sea warfare against England". Alternate Wars. 1 August 1940. Archived from the original on Apr 26, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Führer Directive x". Alternate Wars.
^ Crete 1941: Germany’s lightning airborne assault, Peter Antill p.12
^ "Directive No. 28: 'Undertaking Mercury '". Alternate Wars. 25 April 1941. Archived from the original on Apr 26, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Führer Directive x". Alternate Wars.
^ Peter Antill; Peter Dennis (2007). Stalingrad 1942. Osprey Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-84603-028-4.
^ Zaloga, Steven J. (2007). The Atlantic Wall. Osprey Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 9781846031298.
^ "Führer-Directive 40". Alternate Wars.
^ "Führer Directive 41". WW2DB.
^ "Führer Directive 42". Alternate Wars.
^ "Führer-Directive 51".
^ Full text
"Adolf Hitler and World War II: Operational Orders". 3 August 2009. Retrieved 2 Nov 2009.
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"The following is a list of the Führer directives and Führer Orders issued by Adolf Hitler over the course of World War II:","title":"List of Adolf Hitler's directives"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The directives"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Directive No. 1 for the Conduct of the War\". Alternate Wars. 31 August 1939. Archived from the original on Apr 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220426120454/https://www.alternatewars.com/WW2/Docs/Fuhrer_Directives/FD_01.htm","url_text":"\"Directive No. 1 for the Conduct of the War\""}]},{"reference":"\"Directive No. 16 On preparations for a landing operation against England\". Alternate Wars. 16 July 1940. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_surface_movement_guidance_and_control_system | Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System | ["1 ICAO Definition","2 List of Airports with FAA approved SMGCS Plans","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | "SMAGS" redirects here. For the singular of SMAGs, see Smag (disambiguation).
Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System is a system at airports having a surveillance infrastructure consisting of a Non-Cooperative Surveillance (e.g. SMR, Microwave Sensors, Optical Sensors etc.) and Cooperative Surveillance (e.g. Multilateration systems). A-SMGCS has 4 levels, level 1 and 2 have been validated by EUROCONTROL Airport Operations and Environment division in Eurocontrol located in Brussels, Belgium and work is ongoing to verify requirements for further implementation levels in coordination with ICAO, FAA etc.
ICAO Definition
ICAO Doc 9830 defines A-SMGCS as follows:
Advanced surface movement guidance and control system (A-SMGCS). A system providing routing, guidance and surveillance for the control of aircraft and vehicles in order to maintain the declared surface movement rate under all weather conditions within the aerodrome visibility operational level (AVOL) while maintaining the required level of safety.
List of Airports with FAA approved SMGCS Plans
U.S. Airports with FAA Approved Low Visibility Operations /
Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems
(LVO/SMGCS) Operations
OpSpec/Mspec/LOA C056/C078/C079
Updated November 19, 2015
May 24, 2016
Airport ID
Airport
City
State
Region
ANC
Ted Stevens Anchorage International
Anchorage
AK
AAL
FAI
Fairbanks International
Fairbanks
AK
AAL
LIT
Bill and Hillary Clinton National / Adams Field
Little Rock
AR
ASW
FAT
Fresno Yosemite International
Fresno
CA
AWP
BFL
Meadows Field Airport
Bakersfield
CA
AWP
LAX
Los Angeles International
Los Angeles
CA
AWP
ONT
Ontario International
Ontario
CA
AWP
SFO
San Francisco International
San Francisco
CA
AWP
DEN
Denver International
Denver
CO
ANM
BDL
Bradley International
Windsor Locks
CT
AEA
IAD
Washington Dulles International
Washington
DC
AEA
TPA
Tampa International
Tampa
FL
ASO
ATL
Hartsfield - Jackson / Atlanta International
Atlanta
GA
ASO
DSM
Des Moines International
Des Moines
IA
ACE
BOI
Boise Air Terminal / Gowen Field
Boise
ID
ANM
ORD
Chicago O'Hare International
Chicago
IL
AGL
RFD
Chicago / Rockford International
Rockford
IL
AGL
FWA
Fort Wayne International
Fort Wayne
IN
AGL
IND
Indianapolis International
Indianapolis
IN
AGL
SDF
Louisville International - Standiford Field
Louisville
KY
ACE
MSY
Louis Armstrong New Orleans International
New Orleans
LA
ASW
BOS
General Edward Lawrence Logan International
Boston
MA
AEA
ACK
Nantucket Memorial
Nantucket
MA
AEA
ORH
Worcester Regional
Worcester
MA
AEA
BWI
Baltimore / Washington International Thurgood Marshall
Baltimore
MD
AEA
BGR
Bangor International
Bangor
ME
AEA
PWM
Portland International Jetport
Portland
ME
AEA
DTW
Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County
Detroit
MI
AGL
MSP
Minneapolis - St. Paul International / World-Chamberlain
Minneapolis
MN
AGL
MCI
Kansas City International
Kansas City
MO
ACE
STL
St. Louis Lambert International
Saint Louis
MO
ACE
GTF
Great Falls International
Great Falls
MT
ANM
CLT
Charlotte / Douglas International
Charlotte
NC
AEA
GSO
Piedmont Triad International
Greensboro
NC
AEA
RDU
Raleigh-Durham International
Raleigh
NC
AEA
OMA
Eppley Airfield
Omaha
NE
ACE
MHT
Manchester
Manchester
NH
AEA
EWR
Newark Liberty International
Newark
NJ
AEA
SWF
Stewart International
Newburgh
NY
AEA
CLE
Cleveland Hopkins International
Cleveland
OH
AGL
DAY
James M Cox Dayton International
Dayton
OH
AGL
ILN
Wilmington Air Park
Wilmington
OH
AGL
EUG
Mahlon Sweet Field
Eugene
OR
ANM
PDX
Portland International
Portland
OR
ANM
MDT
Harrisburg International
Harrisburg
PA
AEA
PHL
Philadelphia International
Philadelphia
PA
AEA
PIT
Pittsburgh International
Pittsburgh
PA
AEA
PVD
Theodore Francis Green State
Providence
RI
AEA
GSP
Greenville Spartanburg International
Greer
SC
ASO
FSD
Joe Foss Field
Sioux Falls
SD
AGL
TYS
McGhee Tyson
Knoxville
TN
ACE
MEM
Memphis International
Memphis
TN
ACE
BNA
Nashville International
Nashville
TN
ACE
AUS
Austin-Bergstrom International
Austin
TX
ASW
DFW
Dallas / Fort Worth International
Dallas
TX
ASW
AFW
Fort Worth Alliance
Fort Worth
TX
ASW
HOU
William P Hobby
Houston
TX
ASW
IAH
George Bush Intercontental / Houston
Houston
TX
ASW
SLC
Salt Lake City International
Salt Lake City
UT
ANM
RIC
Richmond International
Richmond
VA
AEA
SEA
Seattle-Tacoma International
Seattle
WA
ANM
GEG
Spokane International
Spokane
WA
ANM
MSN
Dane County Regional - Truax Field
Madison
WI
AGL
MKE
General Mitchell International
Milwaukee
WI
AGL
See also
Runway Awareness and Advisory System
Airport surveillance and broadcast systems
Follow the Greens
References
^ A-SMGCS on Skybrary
^ "Flight Operations Branch – LVO/SMGCS Program". Archived from the original on 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
Further reading
Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual
Validation Master Plan for A-SMGCS Implementation Level I
Validation Master Plan for A-SMGCS Implementation Level II
External links
EUROCONTROL Airport Operations and Environment Homepage
Eurocontrol A-SMGCS website
International Cooperation on Airport Surveillance: ICAS
Sensis Corporation A-SMGCS website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smag (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smag_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"SMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_movement_radar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"EUROCONTROL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROCONTROL"}],"text":"\"SMAGS\" redirects here. For the singular of SMAGs, see Smag (disambiguation).Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System is a system at airports having a surveillance infrastructure consisting of a Non-Cooperative Surveillance (e.g. SMR, Microwave Sensors, Optical Sensors etc.) and Cooperative Surveillance (e.g. Multilateration systems). A-SMGCS has 4 levels,[1] level 1 and 2 have been validated by EUROCONTROL Airport Operations and Environment division in Eurocontrol located in Brussels, Belgium and work is ongoing to verify requirements for further implementation levels in coordination with ICAO, FAA etc.","title":"Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"ICAO Doc 9830 defines A-SMGCS as follows:Advanced surface movement guidance and control system (A-SMGCS). A system providing routing, guidance and surveillance for the control of aircraft and vehicles in order to maintain the declared surface movement rate under all weather conditions within the aerodrome visibility operational level (AVOL) while maintaining the required level of safety.","title":"ICAO Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"[2]","title":"List of Airports with FAA approved SMGCS Plans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110927013831/http://www.icao.int/anb/panels/atmrpp/Documents/Doc.9830.alltext.en.pdf"},{"link_name":"Validation Master Plan for A-SMGCS Implementation Level I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110613113227/http://www.eurocontrol.int/airports/gallery/content/public/a_smgcs/library/validation_master_plan_impl_level1.pdf"},{"link_name":"Validation Master Plan for A-SMGCS Implementation Level II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110613113442/http://www.eurocontrol.int/airports/gallery/content/public/a_smgcs/library/validation_master_plan_impl_level2.pdf"}],"text":"Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual\nValidation Master Plan for A-SMGCS Implementation Level I\nValidation Master Plan for A-SMGCS Implementation Level II","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Runway Awareness and Advisory System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway_Awareness_and_Advisory_System"},{"title":"Airport surveillance and broadcast systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_surveillance_and_broadcast_systems"},{"title":"Follow the Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Follow_the_Greens&action=edit&redlink=1"}] | [{"reference":"\"Flight Operations Branch – LVO/SMGCS Program\". Archived from the original on 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2016-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061317/https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afs/afs400/afs410/lvo_smgcs/","url_text":"\"Flight Operations Branch – LVO/SMGCS Program\""},{"url":"https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afs/afs400/afs410/lvo_smgcs/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Advanced_Surface_Movement_Guidance_and_Control_System_%28A-SMGCS%29","external_links_name":"A-SMGCS on Skybrary"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061317/https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afs/afs400/afs410/lvo_smgcs/","external_links_name":"\"Flight Operations Branch – LVO/SMGCS Program\""},{"Link":"https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afs/afs400/afs410/lvo_smgcs/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927013831/http://www.icao.int/anb/panels/atmrpp/Documents/Doc.9830.alltext.en.pdf","external_links_name":"Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613113227/http://www.eurocontrol.int/airports/gallery/content/public/a_smgcs/library/validation_master_plan_impl_level1.pdf","external_links_name":"Validation Master Plan for A-SMGCS Implementation Level I"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613113442/http://www.eurocontrol.int/airports/gallery/content/public/a_smgcs/library/validation_master_plan_impl_level2.pdf","external_links_name":"Validation Master Plan for A-SMGCS Implementation Level II"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071019002134/http://www.eurocontrol.int/airports/public/subsite_homepage/homepage.html","external_links_name":"EUROCONTROL Airport Operations and Environment Homepage"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080609110117/http://www.eurocontrol.int/airports/gallery/content/public/a_smgcs/index.html","external_links_name":"Eurocontrol A-SMGCS website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101125052042/http://www.eurocontrol.int/airports/public/standard_page/APR1_Projects_ASMGCS.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.icas-group.org/","external_links_name":"ICAS"},{"Link":"http://www.sensis.com/docs/3/","external_links_name":"A-SMGCS website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyun_station | Shenyun station | ["1 Station layout","2 Exits","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 22°33′32″N 113°59′24″E / 22.55889°N 113.99000°E / 22.55889; 113.99000Shenzhen Metro station
"Shenyun" redirects here. For the dance troupe, see Shen Yun.
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For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.Shenyun深云General informationLocationNanshan District, Shenzhen, GuangdongChinaOperated bySZMC (Shenzhen Metro Group)Line(s) Line 7HistoryOpened28 October 2016Services
Preceding station
Shenzhen Metro
Following station
Taoyuancuntowards Xili Lake
Line 7
Antuo Hilltowards Tai'an
Wenti ParkTerminus
Line 7Branch
Terminus
Art Wall - The March of the Metro Construction
Shenyun station (Chinese: 深云站; pinyin: Shēn Yún zhàn) is a Metro station of Shenzhen Metro Line 7. It opened on 28 October 2016.
Station layout
G
-
Exit
B1FConcourse
Lobby
Customer Service, Shops, Vending machines, ATMs
B2FPlatforms
Platform 1
← Line 7 towards Xili Lake (Taoyuancun)
Island platform, doors will open on the left
Platform 2 ↑Platform 3 ↓
→ No regular service
Island platform, doors will open on the left
Platform 4
→ Line 7 towards Tai'an (Antuo Hill) →
The center track is used for a staff-only shuttle which leads to the staff-only Wenti Park station in the depot, and is operated with a special 3-car train instead of the typical 6-car trains.
Exits
Exit
Destination
Exit A
Beihuan Boulevard (Side Road)
Exit B
Beihuan Boulevard, Shenyuncun
Exit C
Beihuan Boulevard (N), Qiaocheng North Bus Depot
Exit D
Beihuan Boulevard (N), Shenzhen Metro Shenyun Depot, Xiangruiyuan
References
External links
Shenzhen Metro official page (Chinese)
Shenzhen Metro official page (English)
Street map
vteNanshan, ShenzhenHistory
Nantou (historic town)
Areas
Baishizhou
Chiwan
Overseas Chinese Town
Shekou
Xili
SchoolsPublic
Shekou School
Shenzhen Experimental Education Group Boarding High School
Shenzhen Yucai High School
Private
Shenzhen American Int'l School
Shenzhen Japanese School
Korean Int'l School in Shenzhen
QSI Int'l School
Shekou Int'l School
Shen Wai Int'l School
Colleges anduniversities
Shenzhen Polytechnic Xili Campus
Shenzhen University
University Town of Shenzhen
Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School
Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
Southern University of Science and Technology
Landmarks
Happy Valley Shenzhen
He Xiangning Art Museum
Huaxia Art Centre
OCT Harbour
Sea World
Culture and Arts Center
Minghua
Shenzhen Safari Park
Splendid China Folk Village
China Folk Culture Village
Tencent Binhai Mansion
Window of the World
Yitian Holiday Plaza
Border crossings
Shekou Cruise Center/Shekou Ferry Terminal
Shenzhen Bay Control PointClosed
Old Shekou Ferry Terminal
China Railway stations
Shenzhen West
Shenzhen Metrostations
Baishizhou
Chaguang
Changlingpi
Chiwan
Daxin
Dengliang
Dongjiaotou
Guiwan
Haiyue
Hi-Tech Park
Hi-Tech South
Hongshuwan
Hongshuwan South
Houhai
Huaguoshan
Keyuan
Liwan
Litchi Orchards
Liuxiandong
Liyumen
Longjing
Mawan
Menghai
Nanshan Book Mall
Nanyou
Nanyou West
Overseas Chinese Town
Qianhaiwan
Qianwan
Qianwan Park
Qiaocheng North (for OCT)
Railway Park
Sea World
Shekou Port
Shenwan
Shenyun
Shenzhen Bay Park
Shenzhen University
Shenzhen University South
Shuiwan
Taiziwan
Tanglang
Taoyuan
Taoyuancun
University Town
Wanxia
Window of the World
Xili
Xili Lake
Yihai
Yuehaimen
Zhuguang
Zuopaotai East
This list is incomplete.
vteShenzhen MetroLines in operation
1
2
3
4
5
6
6B
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
16
20
Under construction
3 (Phase IV)
5 (Phase I remaining)
6B (Phase II)
7 (Phase II)
8 (Phase III)
11 (Phase II remaining)
12 (Phase II)
13
15
16 (Phase II)
17
19
20 (Phase II)
22
25
27
29
32
Shenda (Line 33)
Shenhui
Under planning
14 (Extension)
18
20 (Phase II eastern extension)
21
23
24
26
28
30
31
22°33′32″N 113°59′24″E / 22.55889°N 113.99000°E / 22.55889; 113.99000
This article about a railway station in Guangdong is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shen Yun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Yun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shenyun_Station_Cultural_Art_Wall_-_The_March_of_the_Metro_Construction.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_station"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Metro"}],"text":"Shenzhen Metro station\"Shenyun\" redirects here. For the dance troupe, see Shen Yun.Art Wall - The March of the Metro ConstructionShenyun station (Chinese: 深云站; pinyin: Shēn Yún zhàn) is a Metro station of Shenzhen Metro Line 7. It opened on 28 October 2016.","title":"Shenyun station"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The center track is used for a staff-only shuttle which leads to the staff-only Wenti Park station in the depot, and is operated with a special 3-car train instead of the typical 6-car trains.","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exits"}] | [{"image_text":"Art Wall - The March of the Metro Construction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Shenyun_Station_Cultural_Art_Wall_-_The_March_of_the_Metro_Construction.jpg/250px-Shenyun_Station_Cultural_Art_Wall_-_The_March_of_the_Metro_Construction.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shenyun_station¶ms=22_33_32_N_113_59_24_E_source:zhwiki_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"22°33′32″N 113°59′24″E / 22.55889°N 113.99000°E / 22.55889; 113.99000"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://www.szmc.net/shentieyunying/yunyingfuwu/zhandianchaxun/?0707","external_links_name":"Shenzhen Metro official page"},{"Link":"https://www.szmc.net/szmc_en/Stations_and_Maps/Stations/?0707","external_links_name":"Shenzhen Metro official page"},{"Link":"https://www.szmc.net/styles/index/zdWeb/images/0707_b.jpg","external_links_name":"Street map"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shenyun_station¶ms=22_33_32_N_113_59_24_E_source:zhwiki_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"22°33′32″N 113°59′24″E / 22.55889°N 113.99000°E / 22.55889; 113.99000"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shenyun_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenophyllum | Sphenophyllum | ["1 Species","2 References"] | Extinct genus of ferns
SphenophyllumTemporal range: Devonian–Triassic
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Fossil leaves and branches of the species Sphenophyllum miravallis, Upper Carboniferous. Collection of Utrecht University
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Division:
Polypodiophyta
Class:
Polypodiopsida
Subclass:
Equisetidae
Order:
†Sphenophyllales
Family:
†Sphenophyllaceae
Genus:
†SphenophyllumBrongn. (1828)
Species
See text.
Sphenophyllum is a genus in the order Sphenophyllales. It has been placed in the family Sphenophyllaceae.
Species
Species that have been described include:
†Sphenophyllum angustifolium
†Sphenophyllum biarmicum Zalessky (1937)
†Sphenophyllum changxingense
†Sphenophyllum churulianum Ashw. K. Srivast. & Rigby (1963)
†Sphenophyllum costae
†Sphenophyllum crenulatumAshw. K. Srivast. & Rigby (1963)
†Sphenophyllum cuneifolium (Sternb.) Zeiller (1878)
†Sphenophyllum elongatum Rassk. (1961)
†Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brongn. (1822) (type species)
†Sphenophyllum fanwanense
†Sphenophyllum gilmorei C.D. White (1929)
†Sphenophyllum gondwanensis
†Sphenophyllum guangzhuoense, nomen nudum
†Sphenophyllum koboense
†Sphenophyllum latifolium Fontaine & I.C. White (1880)
†Sphenophyllum longifolium (Germar) Gutbier (1843)
†Sphenophyllum lungtanense
†Sphenophyllum majus Bronn (1834)
†Sphenophyllum miravallis Vetter
†Sphenophyllum oblongifolium (Germar) Unger (1850)
†Sphenophyllum paranaense O. Rösler & Rohn (1984)
†Sphenophyllum pseudotenerrimum Sze (1936)
†Sphenophyllum radiatum Unger (1850)
†Sphenophyllum rhodesii
†Sphenophyllum rotundatum T. Halle (1927)
†Sphenophyllum schlotheimii Brongn. (1828)
†Sphenophyllum sino-coreanum H. Yabe (1922)
†Sphenophyllum stoukenbergi Schmalh. (1887)
†Sphenophyllum subtenerrimum Nath. (1902)
†Sphenophyllum tenuifolium Fontaine & I.C. White (1880)
†Sphenophyllum thonii Mahr (1868)
†Sphenophyllum utkalensis
†Sphenophyllum verticillatum
†Sphenophyllum zwickaviense
References
^ a b "Sphenophyllum". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum A.T.Brongniart, 1828". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Huang, Pu; Liu, Le; Liu, Lu; Wang, Jia-Shu & Xue, Jin-Zhuang (2022). "Sphenophyllum Brongniart (Sphenopsida) from the Upper Devonian of South China". Palaeoworld. 31 (3): 402–418. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2021.09.007.
^ "Sphenophyllum biarmicum". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ a b c d e f g h i "†Sphenophyllum König 1825". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum churulianum". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ a b c "genus Sphenophyllum Brogn. †". BioLib. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum crenulatum". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum crenulatum". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum elongatum". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum emarginatum". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum gilmorei". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum latifolium". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum longifolium". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum majus". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ Hetterscheid, W.L. & Batenburg, L.H. (1984). "Sphenophyllum miravallis Vetter and Bowmanites cupulatus sp. n. from the "Illinger Flözzone" ("Heusweiler Schichten", Lower Stephanian, Saar Basin, German Federal Republic)". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 40: 263–293. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(84)90012-5.
^ "Sphenophyllum oblongifolium". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum paranaense". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum pseudotenerrimum". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum radiatum". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum rotundatum". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum schlotheimii". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum sino-coreanum". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum stoukenbergi". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum subtenerrimum". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum tenuifolium". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Sphenophyllum thonii". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sphenophyllum.
Wikispecies has information related to Sphenophyllum.
Taxon identifiersSphenophyllum
Wikidata: Q2295931
Wikispecies: Sphenophyllum
BioLib: 61465
GBIF: 4906709
Paleobiology Database: 249938 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sphenophyllales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenophyllales"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sphenophyllaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenophyllaceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_S-1"}],"text":"Sphenophyllum is a genus in the order Sphenophyllales.[2] It has been placed in the family Sphenophyllaceae.[1]","title":"Sphenophyllum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuanLiuLiuWang22-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Sb-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuanLiuLiuWang22-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDB_249938-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Sch-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BioLib_61465-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDB_249938-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDB_249938-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Scr-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BioLib_61465-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Scu-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDB_249938-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Sel-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuanLiuLiuWang22-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDB_249938-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Sem-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuanLiuLiuWang22-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Sgi-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDB_249938-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuanLiuLiuWang22-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuanLiuLiuWang22-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Sla-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Slo-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuanLiuLiuWang22-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Sma-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HettBate84-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuanLiuLiuWang22-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Sob-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Spa-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuanLiuLiuWang22-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Sps-19"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDB_249938-5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Sra-20"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuanLiuLiuWang22-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuanLiuLiuWang22-3"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Sro-21"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuanLiuLiuWang22-3"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Ssc-22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuanLiuLiuWang22-3"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Ssi-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Sst-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Ssu-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Ste-26"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuanLiuLiuWang22-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDB_249938-5"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI_Sth-27"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDB_249938-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BioLib_61465-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuanLiuLiuWang22-3"}],"text":"Species that have been described include:†Sphenophyllum angustifolium[3]\n†Sphenophyllum biarmicum Zalessky (1937)[4]\n†Sphenophyllum changxingense[3]\n†Sphenophyllum churulianum Ashw. K. Srivast. & Rigby (1963)[5][6]\n†Sphenophyllum costae[7]\n†Sphenophyllum crenulatum[5]Ashw. K. Srivast. & Rigby (1963)[5][8]\n†Sphenophyllum cuneifolium (Sternb.) Zeiller (1878)[7][9]\n†Sphenophyllum elongatum Rassk. (1961)[5][10]\n†Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brongn. (1822) (type species)[3][5][11]\n†Sphenophyllum fanwanense[3]\n†Sphenophyllum gilmorei C.D. White (1929)[12]\n†Sphenophyllum gondwanensis[5]\n†Sphenophyllum guangzhuoense, nomen nudum[3]\n†Sphenophyllum koboense[3]\n†Sphenophyllum latifolium Fontaine & I.C. White (1880)[13]\n†Sphenophyllum longifolium (Germar) Gutbier (1843)[14]\n†Sphenophyllum lungtanense[3]\n†Sphenophyllum majus Bronn (1834)[15]\n†Sphenophyllum miravallis Vetter[16]\n†Sphenophyllum oblongifolium (Germar) Unger (1850)[3][17]\n†Sphenophyllum paranaense O. Rösler & Rohn (1984)[18]\n†Sphenophyllum pseudotenerrimum Sze (1936)[3][19]\n†Sphenophyllum radiatum Unger (1850)[5][20]\n†Sphenophyllum rhodesii[3]\n†Sphenophyllum rotundatum T. Halle (1927)[3][21]\n†Sphenophyllum schlotheimii Brongn. (1828)[3][22]\n†Sphenophyllum sino-coreanum H. Yabe (1922)[3][23]\n†Sphenophyllum stoukenbergi Schmalh. (1887)[24]\n†Sphenophyllum subtenerrimum Nath. (1902)[25]\n†Sphenophyllum tenuifolium Fontaine & I.C. White (1880)[26]\n†Sphenophyllum thonii Mahr (1868)[3][5][27]\n†Sphenophyllum utkalensis[5]\n†Sphenophyllum verticillatum[7]\n†Sphenophyllum zwickaviense[3]","title":"Species"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/genus.htm?id=09711D68-09A0-4E29-B539-C2D93605BEB6","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum A.T.Brongniart, 1828\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2023-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7480046","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum A.T.Brongniart, 1828\""}]},{"reference":"Huang, Pu; Liu, Le; Liu, Lu; Wang, Jia-Shu & Xue, Jin-Zhuang (2022). \"Sphenophyllum Brongniart (Sphenopsida) from the Upper Devonian of South China\". Palaeoworld. 31 (3): 402–418. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2021.09.007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palwor.2021.09.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.palwor.2021.09.007"}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum biarmicum\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=6B619C3A-27CC-45E1-B232-9E2EB5E59AE5","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum biarmicum\""}]},{"reference":"\"†Sphenophyllum König 1825\". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=249938","url_text":"\"†Sphenophyllum König 1825\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum churulianum\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=A62F8B0A-FD38-D112-4FC6-ADA997461193","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum churulianum\""}]},{"reference":"\"genus Sphenophyllum Brogn. †\". BioLib. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id61465/","url_text":"\"genus Sphenophyllum Brogn. †\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum crenulatum\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=EC8DB9E9-5B3C-0552-FEE8-1824A87C1632","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum crenulatum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum crenulatum\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=2480E6D8-D2A2-46F3-B7E6-B27239FAA092","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum crenulatum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum elongatum\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=4DBB682B-F763-4A4A-BF31-BDC23C827F7C","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum elongatum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum emarginatum\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=50C958FB-08CB-45A5-8F39-D880759E4591","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum emarginatum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum gilmorei\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=B5780763-7A4D-826E-CF23-7982F41E8CA0","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum gilmorei\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum latifolium\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=C809D6E7-39AA-7702-0F0E-3A54534335E9","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum latifolium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum longifolium\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=BECF3517-FA19-647C-15B5-A6BE04166E98","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum longifolium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum majus\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=54190597-1774-082D-1214-CDD096CB3CCC","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum majus\""}]},{"reference":"Hetterscheid, W.L. & Batenburg, L.H. (1984). \"Sphenophyllum miravallis Vetter and Bowmanites cupulatus sp. n. from the \"Illinger Flözzone\" (\"Heusweiler Schichten\", Lower Stephanian, Saar Basin, German Federal Republic)\". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 40: 263–293. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(84)90012-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0034-6667%2884%2990012-5","url_text":"10.1016/0034-6667(84)90012-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum oblongifolium\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=2129F340-422E-E312-3FBF-EE78E6457DD3","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum oblongifolium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum paranaense\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=E2097062-843D-986B-1222-CA8A22DE00BF","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum paranaense\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum pseudotenerrimum\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=B734562D-9BBA-4560-B1FB-C443E691432A","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum pseudotenerrimum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum radiatum\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=871ECFC4-3699-4C28-B218-12752BE459EB","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum radiatum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum rotundatum\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=C9305129-F17C-3143-BF50-42F889827862","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum rotundatum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum schlotheimii\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=6395B9AC-2BA7-9BB3-FE9C-2027A340D1C2","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum schlotheimii\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum sino-coreanum\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=D4E2CBFA-40C3-AE93-758D-43B4CE865F74","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum sino-coreanum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum stoukenbergi\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=9CDA5213-CC37-4BEA-987F-301642424E1B","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum stoukenbergi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum subtenerrimum\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=D30FC40E-A765-4883-B5CB-A953044A855C","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum subtenerrimum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum tenuifolium\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=19F79E32-1AA3-096C-9FCC-41DE9B9A1598","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum tenuifolium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sphenophyllum thonii\". International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2024-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=EAE9C7AC-6AFE-4497-887F-052D27D16923","url_text":"\"Sphenophyllum thonii\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/genus.htm?id=09711D68-09A0-4E29-B539-C2D93605BEB6","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum\""},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7480046","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum A.T.Brongniart, 1828\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palwor.2021.09.007","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.palwor.2021.09.007"},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=6B619C3A-27CC-45E1-B232-9E2EB5E59AE5","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum biarmicum\""},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=249938","external_links_name":"\"†Sphenophyllum König 1825\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=A62F8B0A-FD38-D112-4FC6-ADA997461193","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum churulianum\""},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id61465/","external_links_name":"\"genus Sphenophyllum Brogn. †\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=EC8DB9E9-5B3C-0552-FEE8-1824A87C1632","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum crenulatum\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=2480E6D8-D2A2-46F3-B7E6-B27239FAA092","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum crenulatum\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=4DBB682B-F763-4A4A-BF31-BDC23C827F7C","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum elongatum\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=50C958FB-08CB-45A5-8F39-D880759E4591","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum emarginatum\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=B5780763-7A4D-826E-CF23-7982F41E8CA0","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum gilmorei\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=C809D6E7-39AA-7702-0F0E-3A54534335E9","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum latifolium\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=BECF3517-FA19-647C-15B5-A6BE04166E98","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum longifolium\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=54190597-1774-082D-1214-CDD096CB3CCC","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum majus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0034-6667%2884%2990012-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/0034-6667(84)90012-5"},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=2129F340-422E-E312-3FBF-EE78E6457DD3","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum oblongifolium\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=E2097062-843D-986B-1222-CA8A22DE00BF","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum paranaense\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=B734562D-9BBA-4560-B1FB-C443E691432A","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum pseudotenerrimum\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=871ECFC4-3699-4C28-B218-12752BE459EB","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum radiatum\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=C9305129-F17C-3143-BF50-42F889827862","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum rotundatum\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=6395B9AC-2BA7-9BB3-FE9C-2027A340D1C2","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum schlotheimii\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=D4E2CBFA-40C3-AE93-758D-43B4CE865F74","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum sino-coreanum\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=9CDA5213-CC37-4BEA-987F-301642424E1B","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum stoukenbergi\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=D30FC40E-A765-4883-B5CB-A953044A855C","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum subtenerrimum\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=19F79E32-1AA3-096C-9FCC-41DE9B9A1598","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum tenuifolium\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=EAE9C7AC-6AFE-4497-887F-052D27D16923","external_links_name":"\"Sphenophyllum thonii\""},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id61465","external_links_name":"61465"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4906709","external_links_name":"4906709"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=249938","external_links_name":"249938"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_III_of_the_Rhine | Louis III, Elector Palatine | ["1 Biography","2 Family and children","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"] | Elector Palatine from 1410 to 1436
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Louis IIIElector PalatineReign18 May 1410 – 30 December 1436PredecessorRupert IIISuccessorLouis IVBorn23 January 1378Died30 December 1436(1436-12-30) (aged 58)HeidelbergSpouseBlanche of EnglandMatilda of SavoyIssueMathildeLouis IV, Elector PalatineFrederick I, Elector PalatineRupprechtHouseWittelsbachFatherRupert of GermanyMotherElisabeth of Nuremberg
Louis III (German: Ludwig III. der Ältere or der Bärtige) (23 January 1378 – 30 December 1436), was an Elector Palatine of the Rhine from the house of Wittelsbach in 1410–1436.
Biography
Louis III was the third son of King Rupert of Germany and his wife Elisabeth of Nuremberg. During his father's campaign in Italy 1401-1402 Louis served as imperial vicar. He succeeded his father in 1410 as Elector of the Palatinate but did not run for the German crown. The Palatinate was divided among the four of Rupert's surviving sons. As oldest surviving son and new Prince-Elector Louis III received the main part, John received Palatinate-Neumarkt, Stephen received Palatinate-Simmern and Otto received Palatinate-Mosbach.
Louis III was a member of the Parakeet Society and of the League of Constance. Highly cultured and religious he was a patron of the Heidelberg University. Louis III acted as vicar for Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor and was his bearer during the Council of Constance. As such Louis later also executed the sentences against Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague. He also arrested Antipope John XXIII in 1415.
Louis III returned very sick from a pilgrimage in 1427 into the Holy Land which he had organized after the death of his son Ruprecht. From 1430 onwards he was almost blind and in 1435 deprived of power by his wife and her advisors. In the following year he died, in Heidelberg, and was succeeded by his son Louis IV.
Family and children
Louis III was married twice. Firstly, he married on 6 July 1402 Blanche of England (1392 – 22 May 1409), daughter of King Henry IV of England and Mary de Bohun. They had one son Ruprecht (22 June 1406 – 20 May 1426). This marriage brought the Palatine Crown into the hands of the Wittelsbach.
Secondly, he married on 30 November 1417 Matilda of Savoy, daughter of Amadeo, Prince of Achaea. They had five children:
Mathilde (7 March 1419 – 1 October 1482), married:
in 1434 to Count Louis I of Württemberg
in 1452 to Duke Albrecht VI of Austria
Louis IV, Elector Palatine (1 January 1424 – 13 August 1449)
Frederick I, Elector Palatine (1 August 1425 – 12 December 1476)
Rupprecht (27 February 1427 – 26 July 1480), Prince-elector archbishop of Cologne
Margarete (ca. 1428 – 23 November 1466), a nun at Liebenau monastery
References
^ a b Harriss 2005, p. 427.
^ a b c Thomas 2010, p. 387.
^ Ogden 2018, p. 73.
^ Watanabe 2011, p. 259.
Sources
Harriss, Gerald (2005). Shaping the Nation: England 1360-1461. Oxford University Press.
Ogden, Jack (2018). Diamonds: An Early History of the King of Gems. Yale University Press.
Thomas, Andrew L. (2010). A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, c.1550-1650. Brill.
Watanabe, Morimichi (2011). Christianson, Gerald; Izbicki, Thomas M. (eds.). Nicholas of Cusa: A Companion to His Life and His Times. Ashgate Publishing.
External links
(in German) genealogie-mittelalter.de
(in German) Biography
Louis III, Elector Palatine House of WittelsbachBorn: 1378 Died: 1436
Regnal titles
Preceded byRupert III
Elector Palatine 1410–1436
Succeeded byLouis IV
vteElectors of the Palatinate
Rupert I
Rupert II
Rupert III
Louis III
Louis IV
Frederick I
Philip
Louis V
Frederick II
Otto Henry
Frederick III
Louis VI
Frederick IV
Frederick V
Charles I Louis
Charles II
Philip William
John William
Charles III Philip
Charles Theodore
Maximilian Joseph
Authority control databases International
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Netherlands
People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Elector Palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elector_Palatine"},{"link_name":"house of Wittelsbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach"}],"text":"Louis III (German: Ludwig III. der Ältere or der Bärtige) (23 January 1378 – 30 December 1436), was an Elector Palatine of the Rhine from the house of Wittelsbach in 1410–1436.","title":"Louis III, Elector Palatine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rupert of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarriss2005427-1"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2010387-2"},{"link_name":"Prince-Elector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Elector"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_Count_Palatine_of_Neumarkt"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Neumarkt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Neumarkt"},{"link_name":"Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen,_Count_Palatine_of_Simmern-Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Simmern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Simmern"},{"link_name":"Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Count_Palatine_of_Mosbach"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Mosbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Mosbach"},{"link_name":"Parakeet Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakeet_Society"},{"link_name":"League of Constance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakeet_Society"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University"},{"link_name":"Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Council of Constance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Constance"},{"link_name":"Jan Hus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus"},{"link_name":"Jerome of Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_of_Prague"},{"link_name":"Antipope John XXIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_John_XXIII"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"Louis IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IV,_Elector_Palatine"}],"text":"Louis III was the third son of King Rupert of Germany[1] and his wife Elisabeth of Nuremberg.[2] During his father's campaign in Italy 1401-1402 Louis served as imperial vicar. He succeeded his father in 1410 as Elector of the Palatinate but did not run for the German crown. The Palatinate was divided among the four of Rupert's surviving sons. As oldest surviving son and new Prince-Elector Louis III received the main part, John received Palatinate-Neumarkt, Stephen received Palatinate-Simmern and Otto received Palatinate-Mosbach.Louis III was a member of the Parakeet Society and of the League of Constance. Highly cultured and religious he was a patron of the Heidelberg University. Louis III acted as vicar for Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor and was his bearer during the Council of Constance. As such Louis later also executed the sentences against Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague. He also arrested Antipope John XXIII in 1415.Louis III returned very sick from a pilgrimage in 1427 into the Holy Land which he had organized after the death of his son Ruprecht. From 1430 onwards he was almost blind and in 1435 deprived of power by his wife and her advisors. In the following year he died, in Heidelberg, and was succeeded by his son Louis IV.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blanche of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_England"},{"link_name":"Henry IV of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England"},{"link_name":"Mary de Bohun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_de_Bohun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarriss2005427-1"},{"link_name":"Palatine Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Crown"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201873-3"},{"link_name":"Matilda of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatanabe2011259-4"},{"link_name":"Amadeo, Prince of Achaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeo,_Prince_of_Achaea"},{"link_name":"Mathilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechthild_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Louis I of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_I,_Count_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Urach"},{"link_name":"Albrecht VI of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_VI_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Louis IV, Elector Palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IV,_Elector_Palatine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2010387-2"},{"link_name":"Frederick I, Elector Palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Elector_Palatine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2010387-2"},{"link_name":"Rupprecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruprecht_of_the_Palatinate_(Archbishop_of_Cologne)"},{"link_name":"Prince-elector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-elector"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cologne"},{"link_name":"Liebenau monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebenau_monastery"}],"text":"Louis III was married twice. Firstly, he married on 6 July 1402 Blanche of England (1392 – 22 May 1409), daughter of King Henry IV of England and Mary de Bohun.[1] They had one son Ruprecht (22 June 1406 – 20 May 1426). This marriage brought the Palatine Crown into the hands of the Wittelsbach.[3]Secondly, he married on 30 November 1417 Matilda of Savoy,[4] daughter of Amadeo, Prince of Achaea. They had five children:Mathilde (7 March 1419 – 1 October 1482), married:\nin 1434 to Count Louis I of Württemberg\nin 1452 to Duke Albrecht VI of Austria\nLouis IV, Elector Palatine (1 January 1424 – 13 August 1449)[2]\nFrederick I, Elector Palatine (1 August 1425 – 12 December 1476)[2]\nRupprecht (27 February 1427 – 26 July 1480), Prince-elector archbishop of Cologne\nMargarete (ca. 1428 – 23 November 1466), a nun at Liebenau monastery","title":"Family and children"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Harriss, Gerald (2005). Shaping the Nation: England 1360-1461. Oxford University Press.\nOgden, Jack (2018). Diamonds: An Early History of the King of Gems. Yale University Press.\nThomas, Andrew L. (2010). A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, c.1550-1650. Brill.\nWatanabe, Morimichi (2011). Christianson, Gerald; Izbicki, Thomas M. (eds.). Nicholas of Cusa: A Companion to His Life and His Times. Ashgate Publishing.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Harriss, Gerald (2005). Shaping the Nation: England 1360-1461. Oxford University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ogden, Jack (2018). Diamonds: An Early History of the King of Gems. Yale University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thomas, Andrew L. (2010). A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, c.1550-1650. Brill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Watanabe, Morimichi (2011). Christianson, Gerald; Izbicki, Thomas M. (eds.). Nicholas of Cusa: A Companion to His Life and His Times. Ashgate Publishing.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Louis+III%2C+Elector+Palatine%22","external_links_name":"\"Louis III, Elector Palatine\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Louis+III%2C+Elector+Palatine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Louis+III%2C+Elector+Palatine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Louis+III%2C+Elector+Palatine%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Louis+III%2C+Elector+Palatine%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Louis+III%2C+Elector+Palatine%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060408155123/http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/wittelsbacher_kurpfalz/ludwig_3_kurfuerst_1436.html","external_links_name":"genealogie-mittelalter.de"},{"Link":"http://www.historiker.de/cgi-local/menschenbilder/show.pl?file=data%2fbilddatenbank.data&id=196&listtemp=templates%2fframe_ausschnitt_person.htm","external_links_name":"Biography"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/174382/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000061344772","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/264371497","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpPykBcRDmxyKC8MMgxjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118574965","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85288529","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070691827","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118574965.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Monteux_School | Pierre Monteux School | ["1 History","2 Events","3 Philosophy","4 Traditions","5 Music directors","6 Alumni","7 Cultural references","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 44°31′49″N 68°15′21″W / 44.530375°N 68.255733°W / 44.530375; -68.255733Monteux School and Music Festival
44°31′49″N 68°15′21″W / 44.530375°N 68.255733°W / 44.530375; -68.255733
The Monteux School and Music Festival for conductors and orchestra musicians, founded by conductor Pierre Monteux, is a 6-week summer orchestra program located in Hancock, Maine, United States.
History
Pierre Monteux's (1875–1964) first forays into teaching the art of conducting occurred in 1932 in Paris, where he taught a conducting course during the summer. In 1936, he moved his classes to Les Baux.
After marrying the American Doris Hodgkins, he moved permanently to the United States in 1942, maintaining residences in San Francisco and in his wife's home town, Hancock, Maine. It was in this rural community that he and Doris established what was first known as L'École Monteux, later to be known as the Domaine School, and finally, the Pierre Monteux School. In 2018, the name changed to the Monteux School and Music Festival.
After Monteux's death, Maestro Charles Bruck took over leadership of the school. In 1996, the summer of Bruck's passing, his protégé, Michael Jinbo, became the music director and Maestro of the School. After Maestro Jinbo passed away in 2022, his student Tiffany Lu became the Interim and subsequent Music Director.
Events
The Monteux School currently functions as both a school for conductors and orchestra musicians and a classical music festival for the surrounding community. The school is typically in session from mid-June through the end of July and offers a season of six orchestral concerts and five chamber music concerts. Student musicians come from conservatories and schools of music from around the world to study and perform in this setting.
Philosophy
The school's philosophy is still heavily influenced by the life and musicianship of Pierre Monteux. As a young man, Monteux made his living as a violinist and violist in Paris's very active musical scene. His belief was that conductors must come from within the orchestra; as such, all conductors who attend the school must play in the orchestra.
Monteux's repertoire as a conductor was unusually broad for his era. Students at the Monteux School prepare a list of 60 orchestral works each summer, all of which are rehearsed or performed over the course of the six-week season. These range from Baroque/Early Classical through contemporary compositions.
Traditions
The school is noteworthy for a number of long-standing traditions. Excerpts from The Rite of Spring are played every summer in honor of Pierre Monteux's famous association with that work's premiere in 1913. Bastille Day, the French national holiday, is celebrated with a rendition of La Marseillaise on the 14th of July, reflecting the school's cultural roots.
Music directors
Pierre Monteux (1943–1963)
Charles Bruck (1964–1995)
Michael Jinbo (1996–2022)
Tiffany Lu (2024–present)
Alumni
Notable alumni include Lorin Maazel, André Previn, Sir Neville Marriner, David Zinman, Erich Kunzel, Charles Ansbacher, David Hayes, George Cleve, Richard Yardumian, Anshel Brusilow, Hugh Wolff, Pierre Rolland, Ludovic Morlot, Werner Torkanowsky and the composer Robert Hall Lewis.
Leon Fleisher, a student in Hancock during the school's first two years, returned in the summer of 2010 to conduct and play an all-Mozart benefit concert.
Ludovic Morlot conducted Claude Debussy's Jeux (Games) on the Annual Memorial Concert during the 2018 summer season.
Cultural references
David Katz, one of Charles Bruck's longtime students at the Monteux School, has written a one-man play about the conductor and the institution he headed for 26 years. In July 2005, to commemorate the 10th anniversary of Bruck's death, Katz premiered MUSE of FIRE at the Oceanside Meadows Theatre Barn in Prospect Harbor, Maine, and at the Acadia Repertory Theatre in Bar Harbor, both very close to where many of the events in the play took place. Katz has continued to tour the work, which highlights Bruck's intense and demanding teaching style, throughout the East, in Canada, and in an extended engagement in Chicago.
See also
Pierre Monteux
Charles Bruck
References
External links
The school's website
Muse of Fire website (play about Charles Bruck and the Monteux School)
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz place | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"44°31′49″N 68°15′21″W / 44.530375°N 68.255733°W / 44.530375; -68.255733","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pierre_Monteux_School¶ms=44.530375_N_68.255733_W_region:US-ME_type:edu"},{"link_name":"conductors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conducting"},{"link_name":"orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Pierre Monteux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Monteux"},{"link_name":"Hancock, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock,_Maine"}],"text":"Monteux School and Music Festival44°31′49″N 68°15′21″W / 44.530375°N 68.255733°W / 44.530375; -68.255733\nThe Monteux School and Music Festival for conductors and orchestra musicians, founded by conductor Pierre Monteux, is a 6-week summer orchestra program located in Hancock, Maine, United States.","title":"Pierre Monteux School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Les Baux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Baux"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Hancock, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Charles Bruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bruck"},{"link_name":"Michael Jinbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jinbo&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Pierre Monteux's (1875–1964) first forays into teaching the art of conducting occurred in 1932 in Paris, where he taught a conducting course during the summer. In 1936, he moved his classes to Les Baux.After marrying the American Doris Hodgkins, he moved permanently to the United States in 1942, maintaining residences in San Francisco and in his wife's home town, Hancock, Maine. It was in this rural community that he and Doris established what was first known as L'École Monteux, later to be known as the Domaine School, and finally, the Pierre Monteux School. In 2018, the name changed to the Monteux School and Music Festival.After Monteux's death, Maestro Charles Bruck took over leadership of the school. In 1996, the summer of Bruck's passing, his protégé, Michael Jinbo, became the music director and Maestro of the School. After Maestro Jinbo passed away in 2022, his student Tiffany Lu became the Interim and subsequent Music Director.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Monteux School currently functions as both a school for conductors and orchestra musicians and a classical music festival for the surrounding community. The school is typically in session from mid-June through the end of July and offers a season of six orchestral concerts and five chamber music concerts. Student musicians come from conservatories and schools of music from around the world to study and perform in this setting.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The school's philosophy is still heavily influenced by the life and musicianship of Pierre Monteux. As a young man, Monteux made his living as a violinist and violist in Paris's very active musical scene. His belief was that conductors must come from within the orchestra; as such, all conductors who attend the school must play in the orchestra.Monteux's repertoire as a conductor was unusually broad for his era. Students at the Monteux School prepare a list of 60 orchestral works each summer, all of which are rehearsed or performed over the course of the six-week season. These range from Baroque/Early Classical through contemporary compositions.","title":"Philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rite of Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring"},{"link_name":"La Marseillaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Marseillaise"}],"text":"The school is noteworthy for a number of long-standing traditions. Excerpts from The Rite of Spring are played every summer in honor of Pierre Monteux's famous association with that work's premiere in 1913. Bastille Day, the French national holiday, is celebrated with a rendition of La Marseillaise on the 14th of July, reflecting the school's cultural roots.","title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre Monteux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Monteux"},{"link_name":"Charles Bruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bruck"},{"link_name":"Michael Jinbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jinbo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tiffany Lu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiffany_Lu&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Pierre Monteux (1943–1963)\nCharles Bruck (1964–1995)\nMichael Jinbo (1996–2022)\nTiffany Lu (2024–present)","title":"Music directors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lorin Maazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorin_Maazel"},{"link_name":"André Previn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn"},{"link_name":"Neville Marriner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Marriner"},{"link_name":"David Zinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Zinman"},{"link_name":"Erich Kunzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Kunzel"},{"link_name":"Charles Ansbacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ansbacher"},{"link_name":"David Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hayes_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"George Cleve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cleve"},{"link_name":"Richard Yardumian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Yardumian"},{"link_name":"Anshel Brusilow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anshel_Brusilow"},{"link_name":"Hugh Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Wolff"},{"link_name":"Pierre Rolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Rolland_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ludovic Morlot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_Morlot"},{"link_name":"Werner Torkanowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Torkanowsky"},{"link_name":"Robert Hall Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hall_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Leon Fleisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Fleisher"},{"link_name":"Ludovic Morlot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_Morlot"},{"link_name":"Jeux (Games)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux"}],"text":"Notable alumni include Lorin Maazel, André Previn, Sir Neville Marriner, David Zinman, Erich Kunzel, Charles Ansbacher, David Hayes, George Cleve, Richard Yardumian, Anshel Brusilow, Hugh Wolff, Pierre Rolland, Ludovic Morlot, Werner Torkanowsky and the composer Robert Hall Lewis.Leon Fleisher, a student in Hancock during the school's first two years, returned in the summer of 2010 to conduct and play an all-Mozart benefit concert.Ludovic Morlot conducted Claude Debussy's Jeux (Games) on the Annual Memorial Concert during the 2018 summer season.","title":"Alumni"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"David Katz, one of Charles Bruck's longtime students at the Monteux School, has written a one-man play about the conductor and the institution he headed for 26 years. In July 2005, to commemorate the 10th anniversary of Bruck's death, Katz premiered MUSE of FIRE at the Oceanside Meadows Theatre Barn in Prospect Harbor, Maine, and at the Acadia Repertory Theatre in Bar Harbor, both very close to where many of the events in the play took place. Katz has continued to tour the work, which highlights Bruck's intense and demanding teaching style, throughout the East, in Canada, and in an extended engagement in Chicago.","title":"Cultural references"}] | [] | [{"title":"Pierre Monteux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Monteux"},{"title":"Charles Bruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bruck"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pierre_Monteux_School¶ms=44.530375_N_68.255733_W_region:US-ME_type:edu","external_links_name":"44°31′49″N 68°15′21″W / 44.530375°N 68.255733°W / 44.530375; -68.255733"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pierre_Monteux_School¶ms=44.530375_N_68.255733_W_region:US-ME_type:edu","external_links_name":"44°31′49″N 68°15′21″W / 44.530375°N 68.255733°W / 44.530375; -68.255733"},{"Link":"http://www.monteuxschool.org/","external_links_name":"The school's website"},{"Link":"http://www.museoffireplay.squarespace.com/charles-bruck/","external_links_name":"Muse of Fire website (play about Charles Bruck and the Monteux School)"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/d6a1fffc-7297-401e-9430-332a31852b62","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Zimmerly | James G. Zimmerly | ["1 Education","2 Military career","3 Medical work","4 References","5 External links"] | American physician (1941–2002)
James Gregory Zimmerly (March 25, 1941 – September 23, 2002) was an American emergency department physician and chief of legal medicine at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. He co–discovered a vaccine for meningitis in 1970. He died in 2002 following a brain aneurysm and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.
Education
Zimmerly received a BA from Gannon College in 1962. He studied law and medicine while serving in the US Army. He obtained his MD from the University of Maryland School of Medicine in 1966 and studied law at the University of Maryland School of Law while working as an intern at Walter Reed General Hospital, graduating in 1969. He also completed a MPH at Johns Hopkins University in 1968.
Military career
While serving two tours in Vietnam and Cambodia, Zimmerly tracked infectious diseases including malaria, hepatitis and tuberculosis with the aim of protecting troops. For his work in Vietnam, he was awarded the Bronze Star, the National Defense Service Medal, the Joint Services Commendation Medal and the Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross. He retired with the rank of colonel.
Medical work
Zimmerly co-discovered the vaccine for meningitis while completing his residency at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. After the initial animal studies for the vaccine failed, he tested it on himself, before going on to conduct a full study on 13,763 army recruits.
He became the chief of legal medicine for the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in 1971 and served as chair until 1991. After he retired from the Army he served as chair and president at the Baltimore Rh Typing Laboratory as well as working for Monumental Life Insurance as a medical director.
References
^ a b c "Masters of Public Health". Conferring of Degrees at the close of the ninety-second academic year (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University. 11 June 1968. p. 22. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
^ "Burial Detail: Zimmerly, James G. (Section 67, Grave 1251)". ANC Explorer. Arlington National Cemetery. (Official website).
^ a b Artenstein MS, Gold R, Zimmerly JG, Wyle FA, Schneider H, Harkins C (Feb 1970). "Prevention of meningococcal disease by group C polysaccharide vaccine". N Engl J Med. 282 (8): 417–20. doi:10.1056/NEJM197002192820803. PMID 4983754.
^ a b c d e "In Memoriam". Medical Alumni Association, University of Mayland. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
External links
James G. Zimmerly at Find a Grave
"James G. Zimmerly". at ArlingtonCemetery.net. (Unofficial website). | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPH-1"},{"link_name":"emergency department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_department"},{"link_name":"legal medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces Institute of Pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Institute_of_Pathology"},{"link_name":"vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningococcal_vaccine"},{"link_name":"meningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis"},{"link_name":"brain aneurysm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_aneurysm"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Arlington, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nejm-3"}],"text":"James Gregory Zimmerly[1] (March 25, 1941 – September 23, 2002) was an American emergency department physician and chief of legal medicine at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. He co–discovered a vaccine for meningitis in 1970. He died in 2002 following a brain aneurysm and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.[2][3]","title":"James G. Zimmerly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Gannon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannon_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPH-1"},{"link_name":"MD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"University of Maryland School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"University of Maryland School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Walter Reed General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Reed_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medicalalumni-4"},{"link_name":"MPH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Public_Health"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPH-1"}],"text":"Zimmerly received a BA from Gannon College in 1962.[1] He studied law and medicine while serving in the US Army. He obtained his MD from the University of Maryland School of Medicine in 1966 and studied law at the University of Maryland School of Law while working as an intern at Walter Reed General Hospital, graduating in 1969.[4] He also completed a MPH at Johns Hopkins University in 1968.[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medicalalumni-4"},{"link_name":"Bronze Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star"},{"link_name":"National Defense Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Joint Services Commendation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Services_Commendation_Medal"},{"link_name":"Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Gallantry_Cross"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medicalalumni-4"}],"text":"While serving two tours in Vietnam and Cambodia, Zimmerly tracked infectious diseases including malaria, hepatitis and tuberculosis with the aim of protecting troops.[4] For his work in Vietnam, he was awarded the Bronze Star, the National Defense Service Medal, the Joint Services Commendation Medal and the Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross. He retired with the rank of colonel.[4]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medicalalumni-4"},{"link_name":"animal studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_studies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nejm-3"},{"link_name":"Rh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhesus_factor"},{"link_name":"Monumental Life Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegon_N.V."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medicalalumni-4"}],"text":"Zimmerly co-discovered the vaccine for meningitis while completing his residency at Walter Reed Army Medical Center.[4] After the initial animal studies for the vaccine failed, he tested it on himself, before going on to conduct a full study on 13,763 army recruits.[3]He became the chief of legal medicine for the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in 1971 and served as chair until 1991. After he retired from the Army he served as chair and president at the Baltimore Rh Typing Laboratory as well as working for Monumental Life Insurance as a medical director.[4]","title":"Medical work"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Masters of Public Health\". Conferring of Degrees at the close of the ninety-second academic year (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University. 11 June 1968. p. 22. Retrieved 4 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/bitstream/handle/1774.2/36820/commencement1968.pdf","url_text":"Conferring of Degrees at the close of the ninety-second academic year"}]},{"reference":"\"Burial Detail: Zimmerly, James G. (Section 67, Grave 1251)\". ANC Explorer. Arlington National Cemetery. (Official website).","urls":[{"url":"https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CghaaW1tZXJseRIFSmFtZXM-/","url_text":"\"Burial Detail: Zimmerly, James G. (Section 67, Grave 1251)\""}]},{"reference":"Artenstein MS, Gold R, Zimmerly JG, Wyle FA, Schneider H, Harkins C (Feb 1970). \"Prevention of meningococcal disease by group C polysaccharide vaccine\". N Engl J Med. 282 (8): 417–20. doi:10.1056/NEJM197002192820803. PMID 4983754.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM197002192820803","url_text":"10.1056/NEJM197002192820803"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4983754","url_text":"4983754"}]},{"reference":"\"In Memoriam\". Medical Alumni Association, University of Mayland. Retrieved 8 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.medicalalumni.org/bulletin/winter_2003/memoriam.htm","url_text":"\"In Memoriam\""}]},{"reference":"\"James G. Zimmerly\". at ArlingtonCemetery.net. (Unofficial website).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jgzimmerly.htm","url_text":"\"James G. Zimmerly\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/bitstream/handle/1774.2/36820/commencement1968.pdf","external_links_name":"Conferring of Degrees at the close of the ninety-second academic year"},{"Link":"https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CghaaW1tZXJseRIFSmFtZXM-/","external_links_name":"\"Burial Detail: Zimmerly, James G. (Section 67, Grave 1251)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM197002192820803","external_links_name":"10.1056/NEJM197002192820803"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4983754","external_links_name":"4983754"},{"Link":"http://www.medicalalumni.org/bulletin/winter_2003/memoriam.htm","external_links_name":"\"In Memoriam\""},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6849977","external_links_name":"James G. Zimmerly"},{"Link":"http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jgzimmerly.htm","external_links_name":"\"James G. Zimmerly\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_DiLaura | David DiLaura | ["1 Works","2 References"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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David L. DilauraNationality United States
David L. DiLaura (Boulder, Colorado) is an American engineer, educator and pioneer in lighting calculation software.
He received his Bachelor of Science in physics from Wayne State University in Detroit in 1970, after which he worked for 10 years as an illuminating engineer at the architectural engineering firm of Smith, Hinchman & Grylls. During this time he was also visiting lecturer in illuminating engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he taught for the first time in 1972.
In 1981 he founded Lighting Technologies, Inc. in Boulder, Colorado, where he directed the development of Lumen Micro. At the same time he was appointed Associate Professor Adjunct of Architectural Engineering in the College of Engineering at University of Colorado, and established its lighting education program. He was appointed Senior Instructor at University of Colorado in January 1994, and gave up daily management responsibilities at Lighting Technologies. He was Professor and Associate Chair for Architectural Engineering at the University of Colorado. In 2007, after 27 years of teaching, he retired from the university and joined Acuity Brands as Principal Illuminating Engineer.
DiLaura is a Fellow and Gold Medalist of the Illuminating Engineering Society, a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a member of Tau Beta Pi, and has his LC. He has been topic editor of the 8th and 9th editions of the IES Lighting Handbook and editor of the 10th edition, he has published 42 technical papers, a translation and analysis of Johann Lambert's seminal Latin work "Photometria", authored "A History of Light and Lighting", and for eight years was Editor-in-Chief of LEUKOS, the journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society.
He was inducted into the Architectural Lighting Hall of Fame in 2001, and was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Colorado in 2008.
Works
DiLaura, David L. (2001). Photometry, or On the Measure and Gradations of Light, Colors, and Shade. A translation of J.H. Lambert's Photometria. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. ISBN 0-87995-179-6. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012.
DiLaura, David L. (2006). A History of Light and Lighting: In Celebration of the Centenary. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. ISBN 978-0-87995-209-9. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011.
DiLaura, David L.; Houser, Kevin W.; Mistrick, Richard G.; Steffy, Gary R., eds. (2011). IES Lighting Handbook (10th ed.). New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.
References
^ "Medal Recipients". IES.org. Illuminating Engineering Society. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
^ "AAAS Members Distinguished for Contributions to Science". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
^ a b "Several Prominent People To Be Honored During May 9 CU Commencement Ceremony". University of Colorado. May 8, 2008. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wayne State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Colorado at Boulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder"},{"link_name":"Acuity Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuity_Brands"},{"link_name":"Illuminating Engineering Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminating_Engineering_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tau Beta Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_Beta_Pi"},{"link_name":"Johann Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Lambert"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uc-3"},{"link_name":"University of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uc-3"}],"text":"David L. DiLaura (Boulder, Colorado) is an American engineer, educator and pioneer in lighting calculation software.He received his Bachelor of Science in physics from Wayne State University in Detroit in 1970, after which he worked for 10 years as an illuminating engineer at the architectural engineering firm of Smith, Hinchman & Grylls. During this time he was also visiting lecturer in illuminating engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he taught for the first time in 1972.In 1981 he founded Lighting Technologies, Inc. in Boulder, Colorado, where he directed the development of Lumen Micro. At the same time he was appointed Associate Professor Adjunct of Architectural Engineering in the College of Engineering at University of Colorado, and established its lighting education program. He was appointed Senior Instructor at University of Colorado in January 1994, and gave up daily management responsibilities at Lighting Technologies. He was Professor and Associate Chair for Architectural Engineering at the University of Colorado. In 2007, after 27 years of teaching, he retired from the university and joined Acuity Brands as Principal Illuminating Engineer.DiLaura is a Fellow and Gold Medalist of the Illuminating Engineering Society,[1] a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,[2] a member of Tau Beta Pi, and has his LC. He has been topic editor of the 8th and 9th editions of the IES Lighting Handbook and editor of the 10th edition, he has published 42 technical papers, a translation and analysis of Johann Lambert's seminal Latin work \"Photometria\", authored \"A History of Light and Lighting\", and for eight years was Editor-in-Chief of LEUKOS, the journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society.[3]He was inducted into the Architectural Lighting Hall of Fame in 2001, and was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Colorado in 2008.[3]","title":"David DiLaura"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Photometry, or On the Measure and Gradations of Light, Colors, and Shade. A translation of J.H. 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(2001). Photometry, or On the Measure and Gradations of Light, Colors, and Shade. A translation of J.H. Lambert's Photometria. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. ISBN 0-87995-179-6. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012.\nDiLaura, David L. (2006). A History of Light and Lighting: In Celebration of the Centenary. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. ISBN 978-0-87995-209-9. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011.\nDiLaura, David L.; Houser, Kevin W.; Mistrick, Richard G.; Steffy, Gary R., eds. (2011). IES Lighting Handbook (10th ed.). New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.","title":"Works"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"DiLaura, David L. (2001). Photometry, or On the Measure and Gradations of Light, Colors, and Shade. A translation of J.H. Lambert's Photometria. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. ISBN 0-87995-179-6. 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