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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Xuxa	TV Xuxa	["1 Children's program (2005–2007)","2 Sessão X","3 Game show (2008–2014)","4 References","5 External links"]	Brazilian TV series or program TV XuxaGenreChildrenGame showMusicTalk showDirected byBoninhoMário MeirellesOpening theme"TV Xuxa no Ar"Country of originBrazilOriginal languagePortugueseNo. of seasons9No. of episodes1.000ProductionRunning time95 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkTV GloboRelease4 April 2005 (2005-04-04) –25 January 2014 (2014-01-25)Related Xuxa no Mundo da Imaginação(2002-2004) Xuxa Meneghel(2015-2016) TV Xuxa was a children's program on display day-by-day from 2005 until 2007 in the same format as TV Colosso, on TV Globo. Xuxa ran a game show which lasted from 2008 to 2014 in the same format as Planeta Xuxa, another game show that was a hit in the 1990s. Children's program (2005–2007) The first season of the show had a stage in a format almost similar to the Australian children's TV series Hi-5. "TV Xuxa" presented the segment "Notícia da Hora", the news program hosted by Edna Tureza, Artur Ismo and Felipe Mingau; "Triângulo em Ação", featuring the Txutxucão Gang's characters, the dogs:Felícia Fênix, Dinha, Max Well, Otar, Dongo, and Dona Vânia Catxorra, all walk-around puppets built by Grupo 100 Modos with facial animations controlled by remote control (as Priscilla from TV Colosso); and "Kéka Tóke Xou", a talk-show parody hosted by Bruxa Kéka and Urubu João, in TV Pirata (1988 - 1990 and 1992), Mais Você and Programa do Jô cross-over formats. The second stage was in a spaceships,as reminds of her career trademark. In the same year, Xuxa completed 20 years on TV Globo and had a special program. The third and last of the children's program, the stage is now on top of tables. Sessão X "Sessão X" was a TV Xuxa section, which airs some cartoons. Some of them are The Fairly OddParents, SpongeBob SquarePants, Stickin' Around, Potatoes and Dragons, Avatar: The Last Airbender, Power Rangers, He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2002), Sonic X and Dungeons & Dragons. Game show (2008–2014) TV Xuxa was reformulated to change public and debuting new format, hourly and attractions. When it became game show came to be viewed weekly on Saturdays with the intention of rejuvenating the public. The program stopped showing cartoons, invested in play, and Xuxa began to receive her guests on a stage designed to interviews and musical numbers. At this stage, Xuxa talked with singers Justin Bieber (outside the studio, when he came to show in Brazil), and Taylor Swift, who put everyone to dance to the sound of live hits "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" and "Long Live" (song that was a duet with Brazilian singer Paula Fernandes). References ^ "TV Xuxa". Memória Globo. Archived from the original on May 18, 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018. ^ "Em crise, Xuxa dá adeus à TV por tempo indeterminado". Veja.com. Retrieved 12 May 2017. ^ "Taylor Swift participa do "TV Xuxa" especial de Dia das Crianças". Rádio Gaúcha. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2018. External links Official website TV Xuxa at IMDb vteXuxa Discography Awards Filmography Studio albums Xuxa e Seus Amigos Xou da Xuxa Xegundo Xou da Xuxa Xou da Xuxa 3 4º Xou da Xuxa Xuxa 5 Xou da Xuxa Seis Xou da Xuxa Sete Xuxa Sexto Sentido Luz No Meu Caminho Tô de Bem com a Vida Boas Notícias Só Faltava Você Xuxa 2000 Só Para Baixinhos XSPB 2 XSPB 3 XSPB 4 Circo Festa XSPB 7 XSPB 8 Natal Mágico Baixinhos, Bichinhos e + XSPB 11 É Pra Dançar ABC do XSPB International Albums Xuxa 1 Xuxa 2 Xuxa 3 Todos sus Éxitos Talk to Me El Pequeño Mundo Xuxa Dance El Mundo Es de los Dos Solamente para Bajitos Soundtracks Super Xuxa Contra Baixo Astral Xuxa e os Duendes Compilations Xuxa 10 Anos Filmography Love Strange Love Fuscão Preto O Trapalhão na Arca de Noé Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz Os Trapalhões no Reino da Fantasia Super Xuxa Contra Baixo Astral A Princesa Xuxa e os Trapalhões Lua de Cristal O Mistério de Robin Hood Gaúcho Negro Xuxa Requebra Xuxa Popstar Xuxa e os Duendes Xuxa e os Duendes 2: No Caminho das Fadas Xuxa Abracadabra Xuxa e o Tesouro da Cidade Perdida Xuxinha e Guto Contra os Monstros do Espaço Xuxa Gêmeas Xuxa em Sonho de Menina Xuxa em O Mistério de Feiurinha TelevisionNational Clube da Criança Xou da Xuxa Xuxa Xuxa Park Xuxa Hits Planeta Xuxa Xuxa no Mundo da Imaginação TV Xuxa Xuxa Meneghel Dancing Brasil Dancing Brasil Júnior The Four Brasil International El Show de Xuxa Xuxa Park Xuxa Videos Só Para Baixinhos 1 to 13 Related topics Xuxa Park fire Category Quote	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"children's program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_program"},{"link_name":"TV Colosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Colosso"},{"link_name":"TV Globo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Globo"},{"link_name":"Xuxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuxa"},{"link_name":"game show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_show"},{"link_name":"Planeta Xuxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_Xuxa"}],"text":"TV Xuxa was a children's program on display day-by-day from 2005 until 2007 in the same format as TV Colosso, on TV Globo. Xuxa ran a game show which lasted from 2008 to 2014 in the same format as Planeta Xuxa, another game show that was a hit in the 1990s.","title":"TV Xuxa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hi-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-5_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"puppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet"},{"link_name":"TV Colosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Colosso"},{"link_name":"talk-show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk-show"},{"link_name":"parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"TV Pirata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Pirata"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_television"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_in_television"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_in_television"},{"link_name":"Mais Você","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais_Voc%C3%AA"},{"link_name":"Programa do Jô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_do_J%C3%B4"}],"text":"The first season of the show had a stage in a format almost similar to the Australian children's TV series Hi-5.\"TV Xuxa\" presented the segment \"Notícia da Hora\", the news program hosted by Edna Tureza, Artur Ismo and Felipe Mingau; \"Triângulo em Ação\", featuring the Txutxucão Gang's characters, the dogs:Felícia Fênix, Dinha, Max Well, Otar, Dongo, and Dona Vânia Catxorra, all walk-around puppets built by Grupo 100 Modos with facial animations controlled by remote control (as Priscilla from TV Colosso); and \"Kéka Tóke Xou\", a talk-show parody hosted by Bruxa Kéka and Urubu João, in TV Pirata (1988 - 1990 and 1992), Mais Você and Programa do Jô cross-over formats.The second stage was in a spaceships,as reminds of her career trademark. In the same year, Xuxa completed 20 years on TV Globo and had a special program.The third and last of the children's program, the stage is now on top of tables.","title":"Children's program (2005–2007)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Fairly OddParents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fairly_OddParents"},{"link_name":"SpongeBob SquarePants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants"},{"link_name":"Stickin' Around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stickin%27_Around"},{"link_name":"Potatoes and Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potatoes_and_Dragons"},{"link_name":"Avatar: The Last Airbender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender"},{"link_name":"Power Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Rangers"},{"link_name":"He-Man and the Masters of the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He-Man_and_the_Masters_of_the_Universe_(2002_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sonic X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_X"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons_(TV_series)"}],"text":"\"Sessão X\" was a TV Xuxa section, which airs some cartoons. Some of them are The Fairly OddParents, SpongeBob SquarePants, Stickin' Around, Potatoes and Dragons, Avatar: The Last Airbender, Power Rangers, He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2002), Sonic X and Dungeons & Dragons.","title":"Sessão X"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"},{"link_name":"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_Never_Ever_Getting_Back_Together"},{"link_name":"Long Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Live_(Taylor_Swift_song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Paula Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Fernandes"}],"text":"TV Xuxa was reformulated to change public and debuting new format, hourly and attractions. When it became game show came to be viewed weekly on Saturdays with the intention of rejuvenating the public. The program stopped showing cartoons, invested in play, and Xuxa began to receive her guests on a stage designed to interviews and musical numbers. At this stage, Xuxa talked with singers Justin Bieber (outside the studio, when he came to show in Brazil), and Taylor Swift, who put everyone to dance to the sound of live hits \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" and \"Long Live\"[3] (song that was a duet with Brazilian singer Paula Fernandes).","title":"Game show (2008–2014)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"TV Xuxa\". Memória Globo. Archived from the original on May 18, 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180518054949/http://memoriaglobo.globo.com/programas/entretenimento/infantojuvenis/tv-xuxa/ficha-tecnica.htm","url_text":"\"TV Xuxa\""},{"url":"http://memoriaglobo.globo.com/programas/entretenimento/infantojuvenis/tv-xuxa/ficha-tecnica.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Em crise, Xuxa dá adeus à TV por tempo indeterminado\". Veja.com. Retrieved 12 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://veja.abril.com.br/entretenimento/em-crise-xuxa-da-adeus-a-tv-por-tempo-indeterminado/","url_text":"\"Em crise, Xuxa dá adeus à TV por tempo indeterminado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veja_(magazine)","url_text":"Veja.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor Swift participa do \"TV Xuxa\" especial de Dia das Crianças\". Rádio Gaúcha. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2012/10/taylor-swift-participa-do-tv-xuxa-especial-de-dia-das-criancas-3915935.html","url_text":"\"Taylor Swift participa do \"TV Xuxa\" especial de Dia das Crianças\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180518054949/http://memoriaglobo.globo.com/programas/entretenimento/infantojuvenis/tv-xuxa/ficha-tecnica.htm","external_links_name":"\"TV Xuxa\""},{"Link":"http://memoriaglobo.globo.com/programas/entretenimento/infantojuvenis/tv-xuxa/ficha-tecnica.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://veja.abril.com.br/entretenimento/em-crise-xuxa-da-adeus-a-tv-por-tempo-indeterminado/","external_links_name":"\"Em crise, Xuxa dá adeus à TV por tempo indeterminado\""},{"Link":"https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2012/10/taylor-swift-participa-do-tv-xuxa-especial-de-dia-das-criancas-3915935.html","external_links_name":"\"Taylor Swift participa do \"TV Xuxa\" especial de Dia das Crianças\""},{"Link":"http://gshow.globo.com/programas/tv-xuxa/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1003895/","external_links_name":"TV Xuxa"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_Transsaharienne	Compagnie générale transsaharienne	["1 Foundation","2 Exploratory expeditions","3 Operations","4 References","5 Sources"]	Compagnie générale transsaharienneIndustryTransportFounded1923DefunctJune 1950Area servedSaharaKey peopleGaston Gradis, Georges Estienne The Compagnie générale transsaharienne (CGT) was a French company founded in 1923 that provided road and air transport in the French colonial territories that covered most of the Sahara. It was acquired by a rival in June 1950. Foundation The Compagnie Générale Transsaharienne (CGT) was founded on 23 May 1923. The founder was Gaston Gradis, president of the Nieuport-Astra airplane construction company and son-in-law of Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe, who had founded the first French airline, the Compagnie générale transaérienne. The retired General Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne, who had designed and built tanks during the war, was made president of the company. The purpose of the company was to "study, establish and exploit land and air communications between the various territories of the African continent, particularly between Algeria and Niger." The company planned to provide land and air transport, including infrastructure and operations, for tourism and for topographic reconnaissance of the Mediterranean-Niger railroad project. Exploratory expeditions French Sahara showing some of the first locations reached by trans-Saharan automobile The company began with two exploratory voyages at the end of 1923 and the start of 1924. The first mission was led by lieutenant Georges Estienne, son of General Estienne, with his brother René and lieutenant Hubel, accompanied by four legionnaires and four Citroën mechanics. It travelled from Béni Ounif to Adrar, Algeria, and onward to Tessalit, then returned to Colomb-Béchar. Four Citroën cars with Kégresse tracks towed a Nieuport-Delage aircraft with folding wings covered by a huge white tarpaulin. The mission left Adrar on 17 November 1923, reached Tessalit on 30 November, and returned to Adrar on 13 December, having mapped a shorter route than those known before, over excellent terrain. A second exploratory expedition left Colomb-Béchar at midnight on 25 January 1924, headed by Gaston Gradis, with three large six-wheel Renault cars with double tires. Gradis was accompanied by the Estienne brothers, M. Schwob, an engineer from Renault, and three mechanics. A rival Citroën expedition had left a day before, and the press made great play of the competition, which Gradis thought obscured the important goal of establishing a trans-Saharan route. After reaching Adrar the expedition left for the south in two vehicles, following the tracks of the November reconnaissance expedition, which were still visible. The six-wheel cars proved faster than the Citroën caterpillars. This expedition reached Gao, on the Niger River, and returned to Béchar on 1 March 1924. Gradis was optimistic about the potential for aerial travel along this route. Another expedition left Colomb-Béchar on 15 November 1924 in three six-wheel Renaults headed by Gaston Gradis. Gradis was accompanied by the journalist Henri de Kérillis, and Marshal Louis Franchet d'Espèrey was accompanied by commandant Ihler. The Estienne brothers again joined the expedition. The other members were three Renault mechanics and three legionnaires. The expedition reached Savé in Dahomey on 3 December 1924 after a journey of 3,600 kilometres (2,200 mi). The expedition leaders took the train south, and reached Porto-Novo on the Atlantic on 14 December 1924. They then returned to Europe by boat, while the Estienne brothers raced back from Savé to Colomb Bechar in six days, setting a new record for long-distance speed in Africa. The trans-Saharan expedition was acclaimed as a great success, but Georges Estienne was not satisfied due to the huge resources that had been required. The two brothers returned to improve the track. In February 1926 they marked out the route from Adrar so vehicles could find their way in sands storms and heat haze. At each kilometer on the 50 kilometres (31 mi) route they placed a numbered barrel with a water reserve. This was the famous "Bidon V" route. Operations Georges Estienne became head of the CGT. In April 1926 he and René Estienne created a "sleeping car", a moving hotel that made it possible to cross the Tanezrouft in comfort. To publicize the practicality of the crossing, in 1927 Georges traveled alone from Oran to Niamey in five days as part of an eleven-day journey from Paris to Fort-Lamy. On 18 May 1927 René was killed when a convoy of trucks he was in was attacked by robbers on the road from Tafilalt. Georges continued without his brother, and pushed the track through to Gao. The route soon became popular for sporting expeditions. In the winter of 1927–28 the CGT began running a regular service from Colomb-Béchar to Gao using Renault automobiles. In 1928 Georges Estienne resigned from the army to dedicate himself to the CGT. The local French forces, who already had difficulty maintaining order in the desert, had to cope with an influx of tourists who were completely unfamiliar with the conditions, although the cost and duration of the trips kept numbers low. The administration was forced to reclassify Timbuktu and Gao in 1931 so they would qualify for funds allocated to tourism and business development. Hotels along the route in Reggane, Gao and Niamey were operated by the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique. In 1933 Georges Estienne resigned from the CGT and became involved in opening the oasis route through the Hoggar Mountains. He was made head of the Société Algérienne des Transports Tropicaux (SATT). The CGT took the western route, while its competitor the SATT took the eastern route Algiers – Ouargla – Tamanrasset – Agadès – Zinder – Kano. At the end of October 1938 the army contracted with the CGT to provide trucks and cars for desert crossing. This was not a very effective arrangement, and service could not be provided during the rainy season. The tracks were also not capable of handling the load of repeated convoys, despite deployment of convict labor for repairs. In 1939–40 the CGT transported 4,000 soldiers in 16 convoys of 250 men, carried in seven trucks, from Gao to Bechar. The journey took at least ten days. In March 1942 CGT made arrangements with Mer Niger for maintenance of the military and civilian bases on the route. The CGT, then based in Paris, provided weekly service using Renault trucks and cars from Bechar to Gao. Both the CGT and the SATT added air service after World War II (1939–45). CGT provided air transport for passengers and freight. In October 1946 plans were made to create an air network centered on Niamey. The plan was approved on 18 May 1947. The company was based in Algiers, with Maurice Bonhomme as president and Pierre Puyt as Director of African operations. In August 1947 it opened five routes with four Junkers Ju 52 aircraft. The main route was Algiers – Mascara – Aïn Séfra – Colomb Béchar – Adrar – Gao – Niamey – Bobo Dioulasso – Bamako, with flights twice a month. The airline hoped to link up to Brazzaville. Publicity at the time advertised "Rapid transport from the Pyrenees to the Niger". After a series of accidents, in 1948 the airline returned the Ju 52 planes to the army and used a Bristol 170 and two Douglas DC-3 machines on loan from the Compagnie Air Transport. This belonged to the same group as the Compagnie générale transatlantique, with which the CGT merged in June 1950. References ^ Gastines 2013. ^ a b c d Ferry 2005, p. 148. ^ a b c Scranton & Davidson 2007, p. 48. ^ Mondet 2011, p. 271. ^ Mondet 2011, p. 270-271. ^ Mondet 2011, p. 273. ^ Bloom 2008, p. 231. ^ Mondet 2011, p. 274. ^ Mondet 2011, p. 281. ^ Ferry 2005, p. 149. ^ Mondet 2011, p. 287. ^ a b Mondet 2011, p. 288. ^ Bourgin 2011, p. 318. ^ a b c d Goinard 2014. ^ Bloom 2008, p. 90. ^ a b Grégoire 2010, p. 281. ^ Joly 2006, p. 27. ^ Joly 2006, p. 119. ^ Boilley 2013, p. 205. ^ Ferry 2006, p. 154. ^ Ferry 2006, p. 155. Sources Bloom, Peter J. (2008). French Colonial Documentary: Mythologies of Humanitarianism. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4628-9. Retrieved 2013-06-28. Boilley, Pierre (2013). Les Touaregs Kel Adagh: Dépendances et Révoltes: Du Soudan Français Au Mali Contemporain. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-8111-0635-5. Retrieved 2014-12-08. Bourgin, Michel (2011). Chroniques touarègues. L'Harmattan. p. 318. ISBN 978-2-296-56473-2. Retrieved 2013-06-28. Ferry, Vital (2005). Ciels impériaux africains, 1911-1940: les pionniers belges et français. Le gerfaut. ISBN 978-2-914622-58-5. Retrieved 2014-12-08. Ferry, Vital (2006). Du trimoteur au quadrijet: le transport aérien en Afrique noire francophone, 1940-1961. Le gerfaut. ISBN 978-2-35191-007-8. Retrieved 2014-12-08. Gastines, Christian de (2013). "1909 à 1927 – De la Manche au Sahara avec des hommes d'action aux commandes". Retrieved 2013-06-28. Goinard, Odette (2014). "Georges Estienne" (in French). Retrieved 2014-10-22. Grégoire, Emmanuel (2010-03-01). Touaregs du Niger. Le destin d'un mythe (nouvelle édition). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-8111-3261-3. Retrieved 2014-12-08. Joly, Vincent (2006-12-01). Le Soudan français de 1939 à 1945. Une colonie dans la guerre. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-8111-4076-2. Retrieved 2014-12-08. Mondet, Arlette Estienne (2011-01-01). Le général J.B.E Estienne – père des chars: Des chenilles et des ailes. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-44757-8. Retrieved 2013-06-28. Scranton, Philip; Davidson, Janet F. (2007). The Business of Tourism: Place, Faith, And History. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3968-3. Retrieved 2013-06-28.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara"}],"text":"The Compagnie générale transsaharienne (CGT) was a French company founded in 1923 that provided road and air transport in the French colonial territories that covered most of the Sahara. It was acquired by a rival in June 1950.","title":"Compagnie générale transsaharienne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGastines2013-1"},{"link_name":"Gaston Gradis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Gradis"},{"link_name":"Nieuport-Astra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport-Astra"},{"link_name":"Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Deutsch_de_la_Meurthe"},{"link_name":"Compagnie générale transaérienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_transa%C3%A9rienne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerry2005148-2"},{"link_name":"Jean Baptiste Eugène 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operations, for tourism and for topographic reconnaissance of the Mediterranean-Niger railroad project.[2]","title":"Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:French_West_Africa_-_Georges_Estienne.svg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerry2005148-2"},{"link_name":"Georges Estienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Estienne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondet2011271-4"},{"link_name":"Béni Ounif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ni_Ounif"},{"link_name":"Adrar, Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrar,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Tessalit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessalit"},{"link_name":"Colomb-Béchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colomb-B%C3%A9char"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerry2005148-2"},{"link_name":"Citroën","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn"},{"link_name":"Kégresse tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9gresse_track"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondet2011270-271-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondet2011273-6"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2008231-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondet2011274-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondet2011281-9"},{"link_name":"Gao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao"},{"link_name":"Niger River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerry2005149-10"},{"link_name":"Henri de Kérillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_K%C3%A9rillis"},{"link_name":"Louis Franchet d'Espèrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Franchet_d%27Esp%C3%A8rey"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondet2011287-11"},{"link_name":"Savé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sav%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Dahomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomey"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondet2011288-12"},{"link_name":"Porto-Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto-Novo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourgin2011318-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondet2011288-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoinard2014-14"}],"text":"French Sahara showing some of the first locations reached by trans-Saharan automobileThe company began with two exploratory voyages at the end of 1923 and the start of 1924.[2]\nThe first mission was led by lieutenant Georges Estienne, son of General Estienne, with his brother René and lieutenant Hubel, \naccompanied by four legionnaires and four Citroën mechanics.[4] \nIt travelled from Béni Ounif to Adrar, Algeria, and onward to Tessalit, then returned to Colomb-Béchar.[2] \nFour Citroën cars with Kégresse tracks towed a Nieuport-Delage aircraft with folding wings covered by a huge white tarpaulin.[5]\nThe mission left Adrar on 17 November 1923, reached Tessalit on 30 November, and returned to Adrar on 13 December, having mapped a shorter route than those known before, over excellent terrain.[6]A second exploratory expedition left Colomb-Béchar at midnight on 25 January 1924, headed by Gaston Gradis, with three large six-wheel Renault cars with double tires.\nGradis was accompanied by the Estienne brothers, M. Schwob, an engineer from Renault, and three mechanics.[7]\nA rival Citroën expedition had left a day before, and the press made great play of the competition, \nwhich Gradis thought obscured the important goal of establishing a trans-Saharan route.[8] \nAfter reaching Adrar the expedition left for the south in two vehicles, following the tracks of the November reconnaissance expedition, which were still visible. \nThe six-wheel cars proved faster than the Citroën caterpillars.[9]\nThis expedition reached Gao, on the Niger River, and returned to Béchar on 1 March 1924.\nGradis was optimistic about the potential for aerial travel along this route.[10]Another expedition left Colomb-Béchar on 15 November 1924 in three six-wheel Renaults headed by Gaston Gradis. \nGradis was accompanied by the journalist Henri de Kérillis, and Marshal Louis Franchet d'Espèrey was accompanied by commandant Ihler. The Estienne brothers again joined the expedition. The other members were three Renault mechanics and three legionnaires.[11]\nThe expedition reached Savé in Dahomey on 3 December 1924 after a journey of 3,600 kilometres (2,200 mi).[12]\nThe expedition leaders took the train south, and reached Porto-Novo on the Atlantic on 14 December 1924.[13]\nThey then returned to Europe by boat, while the Estienne brothers raced back from Savé to Colomb Bechar in six days, setting a new record for long-distance speed in Africa.[12]The trans-Saharan expedition was acclaimed as a great success, but Georges Estienne was not satisfied due to the huge resources that had been required.\nThe two brothers returned to improve the track. In February 1926 they marked out the route from Adrar so vehicles could find their way in sands storms and heat haze.\nAt each kilometer on the 50 kilometres (31 mi) route they placed a numbered barrel with a water reserve. \nThis was the famous \"Bidon V\" route.[14]","title":"Exploratory expeditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran"},{"link_name":"Niamey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamey"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Fort-Lamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort-Lamy"},{"link_name":"Tafilalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafilalt"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoinard2014-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrantonDavidson200748-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoinard2014-14"},{"link_name":"Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrantonDavidson200748-3"},{"link_name":"Reggane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggane"},{"link_name":"Niamey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamey"},{"link_name":"Compagnie Générale Transatlantique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_Transatlantique"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom200890-15"},{"link_name":"Hoggar Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoggar_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoinard2014-14"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"Ouargla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouargla"},{"link_name":"Tamanrasset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamanrasset"},{"link_name":"Agadès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agad%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Zinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinder"},{"link_name":"Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(city)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%A9goire2010281-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoly200627-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoly2006119-18"},{"link_name":"Mer Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_Niger"},{"link_name":"Bechar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechar"},{"link_name":"Gao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoilley2013205-19"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%A9goire2010281-16"},{"link_name":"Junkers Ju 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"Mascara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascara,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Aïn Séfra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFn_S%C3%A9fra"},{"link_name":"Colomb Béchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colomb_B%C3%A9char"},{"link_name":"Adrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrar,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Gao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao"},{"link_name":"Niamey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamey"},{"link_name":"Bobo Dioulasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobo_Dioulasso"},{"link_name":"Bamako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako"},{"link_name":"Brazzaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerry2006154-20"},{"link_name":"Bristol 170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_170"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerry2006155-21"}],"text":"Georges Estienne became head of the CGT.\nIn April 1926 he and René Estienne created a \"sleeping car\", a moving hotel that made it possible to cross the Tanezrouft in comfort.\nTo publicize the practicality of the crossing, in 1927 Georges traveled alone from Oran to Niamey in five days as part of an eleven-day journey from Paris to Fort-Lamy.\nOn 18 May 1927 René was killed when a convoy of trucks he was in was attacked by robbers on the road from Tafilalt.\nGeorges continued without his brother, and pushed the track through to Gao. \nThe route soon became popular for sporting expeditions.[14]In the winter of 1927–28 the CGT began running a regular service from Colomb-Béchar to Gao using Renault automobiles.[3] \nIn 1928 Georges Estienne resigned from the army to dedicate himself to the CGT.[14]\nThe local French forces, who already had difficulty maintaining order in the desert, had to cope with an influx of tourists who were completely unfamiliar with the conditions, although the cost and duration of the trips kept numbers low. \nThe administration was forced to reclassify Timbuktu and Gao in 1931 so they would qualify for funds allocated to tourism and business development.[3]\nHotels along the route in Reggane, Gao and Niamey were operated by the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique.[15]In 1933 Georges Estienne resigned from the CGT and became involved in opening the oasis route through the Hoggar Mountains.\nHe was made head of the Société Algérienne des Transports Tropicaux (SATT).[14]\nThe CGT took the western route, while its competitor the SATT took the eastern route Algiers – Ouargla – Tamanrasset – Agadès – Zinder – Kano.[16]At the end of October 1938 the army contracted with the CGT to provide trucks and cars for desert crossing.\nThis was not a very effective arrangement, and service could not be provided during the rainy season. \nThe tracks were also not capable of handling the load of repeated convoys, despite deployment of convict labor for repairs.[17]\nIn 1939–40 the CGT transported 4,000 soldiers in 16 convoys of 250 men, carried in seven trucks, from Gao to Bechar. The journey took at least ten days.[18]\nIn March 1942 CGT made arrangements with Mer Niger for maintenance of the military and civilian bases on the route. \nThe CGT, then based in Paris, provided weekly service using Renault trucks and cars from Bechar to Gao.[19]Both the CGT and the SATT added air service after World War II (1939–45).[16]\nCGT provided air transport for passengers and freight. \nIn October 1946 plans were made to create an air network centered on Niamey.\nThe plan was approved on 18 May 1947.\nThe company was based in Algiers, with Maurice Bonhomme as president and Pierre Puyt as Director of African operations.\nIn August 1947 it opened five routes with four Junkers Ju 52 aircraft. The main route was Algiers – Mascara – Aïn Séfra – Colomb Béchar – Adrar – Gao – Niamey – Bobo Dioulasso – Bamako, with flights twice a month. The airline hoped to link up to Brazzaville.\nPublicity at the time advertised \"Rapid transport from the Pyrenees to the Niger\".[20]After a series of accidents, in 1948 the airline returned the Ju 52 planes to the army and used a Bristol 170 and two Douglas DC-3 machines on loan from the Compagnie Air Transport. This belonged to the same group as the Compagnie générale transatlantique, with which the CGT merged in June 1950.[21]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Colonial Documentary: Mythologies of Humanitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uxxBR56QEvMC&pg=PA90"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8166-4628-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4628-9"},{"link_name":"Les Touaregs Kel Adagh: Dépendances et Révoltes: Du Soudan Français Au Mali Contemporain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WYO4TUeLEB4C&pg=PA205"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-8111-0635-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8111-0635-5"},{"link_name":"Chroniques touarègues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0NqkKbor-w4C&pg=PA318"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-296-56473-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-56473-2"},{"link_name":"Ciels impériaux africains, 1911-1940: les pionniers belges et français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0O5iT1RY48IC&pg=PA148"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-914622-58-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-914622-58-5"},{"link_name":"Du trimoteur au quadrijet: le transport aérien en Afrique noire francophone, 1940-1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3P6etIlM3C4C&pg=PA154"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-35191-007-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35191-007-8"},{"link_name":"\"1909 à 1927 – De la Manche au Sahara avec des hommes d'action aux commandes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cdg.pagesperso-orange.fr/CDG15012009.html"},{"link_name":"\"Georges Estienne\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.memoireafriquedunord.net/biog/biog15_Estienne.htm"},{"link_name":"Touaregs du Niger. Le destin d'un mythe (nouvelle édition)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=B3iub82hoy0C&pg=PA281"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-8111-3261-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8111-3261-3"},{"link_name":"Le Soudan français de 1939 à 1945. Une colonie dans la guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tCDxHpqz3VYC&pg=PA27"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-8111-4076-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8111-4076-2"},{"link_name":"Le général J.B.E Estienne – père des chars: Des chenilles et des ailes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1eHV9Kw9phEC&pg=PA270"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-296-44757-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-44757-8"},{"link_name":"The Business of Tourism: Place, Faith, And History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kCNiWjUjJokC&pg=PA48"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8122-3968-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3968-3"}],"text":"Bloom, Peter J. (2008). French Colonial Documentary: Mythologies of Humanitarianism. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4628-9. Retrieved 2013-06-28.\nBoilley, Pierre (2013). Les Touaregs Kel Adagh: Dépendances et Révoltes: Du Soudan Français Au Mali Contemporain. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-8111-0635-5. Retrieved 2014-12-08.\nBourgin, Michel (2011). Chroniques touarègues. L'Harmattan. p. 318. ISBN 978-2-296-56473-2. Retrieved 2013-06-28.\nFerry, Vital (2005). Ciels impériaux africains, 1911-1940: les pionniers belges et français. Le gerfaut. ISBN 978-2-914622-58-5. Retrieved 2014-12-08.\nFerry, Vital (2006). Du trimoteur au quadrijet: le transport aérien en Afrique noire francophone, 1940-1961. Le gerfaut. ISBN 978-2-35191-007-8. Retrieved 2014-12-08.\nGastines, Christian de (2013). \"1909 à 1927 – De la Manche au Sahara avec des hommes d'action aux commandes\". Retrieved 2013-06-28.\nGoinard, Odette (2014). \"Georges Estienne\" (in French). Retrieved 2014-10-22.\nGrégoire, Emmanuel (2010-03-01). Touaregs du Niger. Le destin d'un mythe (nouvelle édition). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-8111-3261-3. Retrieved 2014-12-08.\nJoly, Vincent (2006-12-01). Le Soudan français de 1939 à 1945. Une colonie dans la guerre. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-8111-4076-2. Retrieved 2014-12-08.\nMondet, Arlette Estienne (2011-01-01). Le général J.B.E Estienne – père des chars: Des chenilles et des ailes. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-44757-8. Retrieved 2013-06-28.\nScranton, Philip; Davidson, Janet F. (2007). The Business of Tourism: Place, Faith, And History. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3968-3. Retrieved 2013-06-28.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"French Sahara showing some of the first locations reached by trans-Saharan automobile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/French_West_Africa_-_Georges_Estienne.svg/220px-French_West_Africa_-_Georges_Estienne.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Bloom, Peter J. (2008). French Colonial Documentary: Mythologies of Humanitarianism. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4628-9. Retrieved 2013-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uxxBR56QEvMC&pg=PA90","url_text":"French Colonial Documentary: Mythologies of Humanitarianism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4628-9","url_text":"978-0-8166-4628-9"}]},{"reference":"Boilley, Pierre (2013). Les Touaregs Kel Adagh: Dépendances et Révoltes: Du Soudan Français Au Mali Contemporain. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-8111-0635-5. Retrieved 2014-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WYO4TUeLEB4C&pg=PA205","url_text":"Les Touaregs Kel Adagh: Dépendances et Révoltes: Du Soudan Français Au Mali Contemporain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8111-0635-5","url_text":"978-2-8111-0635-5"}]},{"reference":"Bourgin, Michel (2011). Chroniques touarègues. L'Harmattan. p. 318. ISBN 978-2-296-56473-2. Retrieved 2013-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0NqkKbor-w4C&pg=PA318","url_text":"Chroniques touarègues"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-56473-2","url_text":"978-2-296-56473-2"}]},{"reference":"Ferry, Vital (2005). Ciels impériaux africains, 1911-1940: les pionniers belges et français. Le gerfaut. ISBN 978-2-914622-58-5. Retrieved 2014-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0O5iT1RY48IC&pg=PA148","url_text":"Ciels impériaux africains, 1911-1940: les pionniers belges et français"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-914622-58-5","url_text":"978-2-914622-58-5"}]},{"reference":"Ferry, Vital (2006). Du trimoteur au quadrijet: le transport aérien en Afrique noire francophone, 1940-1961. Le gerfaut. ISBN 978-2-35191-007-8. Retrieved 2014-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3P6etIlM3C4C&pg=PA154","url_text":"Du trimoteur au quadrijet: le transport aérien en Afrique noire francophone, 1940-1961"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35191-007-8","url_text":"978-2-35191-007-8"}]},{"reference":"Gastines, Christian de (2013). \"1909 à 1927 – De la Manche au Sahara avec des hommes d'action aux commandes\". Retrieved 2013-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdg.pagesperso-orange.fr/CDG15012009.html","url_text":"\"1909 à 1927 – De la Manche au Sahara avec des hommes d'action aux commandes\""}]},{"reference":"Goinard, Odette (2014). \"Georges Estienne\" (in French). Retrieved 2014-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.memoireafriquedunord.net/biog/biog15_Estienne.htm","url_text":"\"Georges Estienne\""}]},{"reference":"Grégoire, Emmanuel (2010-03-01). Touaregs du Niger. Le destin d'un mythe (nouvelle édition). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-8111-3261-3. Retrieved 2014-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B3iub82hoy0C&pg=PA281","url_text":"Touaregs du Niger. Le destin d'un mythe (nouvelle édition)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8111-3261-3","url_text":"978-2-8111-3261-3"}]},{"reference":"Joly, Vincent (2006-12-01). Le Soudan français de 1939 à 1945. Une colonie dans la guerre. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-8111-4076-2. Retrieved 2014-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tCDxHpqz3VYC&pg=PA27","url_text":"Le Soudan français de 1939 à 1945. Une colonie dans la guerre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8111-4076-2","url_text":"978-2-8111-4076-2"}]},{"reference":"Mondet, Arlette Estienne (2011-01-01). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondragon_Cooperative_Corporation	Mondragon Corporation	["1 History","1.1 International expansion","2 Business culture","2.1 Wage regulation","3 Business sectors","3.1 Finance","3.2 Industry","3.3 Retail","3.4 Knowledge","4 Reactions","5 Mondragon in fiction","5.1 Works of Kim Stanley Robinson","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading"]	Spanish cooperative federation This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: The numbers are obsolete after the departure of Ulma and Orona. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2022) Mondragon CorporationCompany typeWorker cooperative federationFounded14 April 1956FounderJosé María ArizmendiarrietaHeadquartersMondragón, Basque Country, SpainArea servedInternationalKey peopleIñigo Ucín (president of the General Council)Revenue€12.110 billion (2015)Total assets€24.725 billion (2014)Number of employees81,507 (2019)DivisionsFinance, Industry, Retail, KnowledgeWebsitemondragon-corporation.com The Mondragon Corporation is a corporation and federation of worker cooperatives based in the Basque region of Spain. It was founded in the town of Mondragón in 1956 by Father José María Arizmendiarrieta and a group of his students at a technical college he founded. Its first product was paraffin heaters. It is the seventh-largest Spanish company in terms of asset turnover and the leading business group in the Basque Country. At the end of 2016, it employed 74,117 people in 257 companies and organizations in four areas of activity: finance, industry, retail and knowledge. By 2019, 81,507 people were employed. Mondragon cooperatives operate in accordance with the Statement on the Co-operative Identity maintained by the International Co-operative Alliance. History In 1941, as a young Catholic priest, Arizmendiarrieta settled in Mondragón, a town with a population of 7,000 that had not yet recovered from the poverty, hunger, exile, and tension of the Spanish Civil War. In 1943, Arizmendiarrieta established a technical college which became a training ground for managers, engineers and skilled labour for local companies, and primarily for the co-operatives. Arizmendiarrieta spent a number of years educating young people about a form of humanism based on solidarity and participation, in harmony with Catholic social teaching, and the importance of acquiring the necessary technical knowledge before creating the first co-operative. In 1955, he selected five young people to establish the first company of the co-operative and industrial beginning of the Mondragon Corporation. The company was called Talleres Ulgor, an acronym derived from the surnames of Usatorre, Larrañaga, Gorroñogoitia, Ormaechea, and Ortubay, known today as "Fagor Electrodomésticos". In the first 15 years, many co-operatives were established, thanks to the autarky of the market and the awakening of the Spanish economy. During these years, also with the encouragement of Arizmendiarrieta, the Caja Laboral (1959) and the Social Welfare Body Lagun Aro (1966) were established that played a key role. The first local group was created, Ularco. In 1969, Eroski was founded by merging ten small local consumer co-operatives. During the next 20 years, from 1970 to 1990, the dynamic continued, with a strong increase in new co-operatives promoted by Caja Laboral's Business Division, the promotion of co-operative associations, the formation of local groups, and the founding of the Ikerlan Research Centre in 1974. With Spain scheduled to join the European Economic Community in 1986, it was decided in 1984 to establish the "Mondragon Co-operative Group", the forerunner of the current corporation. In-service training for managers was strengthened by creating Otalora, dedicated to training, and the dissemination of co-operatives. The Group consisted of 23,130 workers at the end of 1990. International expansion On the international stage, the aim was to respond to growing globalisation, expanding abroad by establishing production plants in a number of countries. The first was the Copreci plant in Mexico in 1990, followed by many others: up to 73 by the end of 2008, and 122 at the end of 2013. The goals were to increase competitiveness and market share, bring component supply closer to customers' plants, especially in the automotive and domestic appliance sectors, and to strengthen employment in the Basque Country by promoting exports of co-operatives' products by means of new platforms. Between 2002 and 2007, Fagor and Eroski issued bonds (aportaciones subordinadas). While they were commercialized as safe deposits, the courts classed them as riskier debt instruments. When the yields fell during the financial crisis, bond-holders sued against the cooperatives. In 2008, the worker-owners of the cooperatives Ampo (metal casting) and Irizar (coaches) voted to leave the corporation. In October 2009, the United Steelworkers announced an agreement with Mondragon to create worker cooperatives in the United States. On 26 March 2012, the USW, Mondragon, and the Ohio Employee Ownership Center (OEOC) announced their detailed union co-op model. The industrial sector ended 2012 with a new record of €4 billion in international sales, beating sales figures from before the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Mondragon opened 11 new production subsidiaries. International sales that year accounted for 69% of all sales, a 26% increase from 2009 to 2012, and with 14,000 employees abroad. Mondragon's share in the BRIC markets increased to 20% compared to the previous year. In 2013, international sales grew by 6.7% and accounted for 71.1% of total sales. On 16 October 2013, domestic appliance company Fagor Electrodomésticos filed for bankruptcy under Spanish law to renegotiate €1,1 billion of debt, after suffering heavy losses during the eurocrisis putting 5,600 employees at risk of losing their jobs. This was followed by the bankruptcy of the whole Fagor group on 6 November 2013. In July 2014, Fagor was bought by Catalonian company Cata for €42.5 million. Cata pledged to create 705 direct jobs in the Basque Country and to continue the brand names Fagor, Edesa, Aspes, and Splendid. In 2022, the worker-owners of ULMA Group (scaffolding) and Orona (elevators) voted to leave the corporation. Estimated impact of the leave is a workforce drop by 13% and a 15% cut of the group’s sales. As successful cooperatives they were contributing 10% of their profit to a common fund supporting ailing cooperatives. They will not contribute to the solidarity fund but they will keep insuring their workers with Lagun Aro and collaborate with Mondragon Unibertsitatea and other cooperatives in the group. Business culture Mondragon co-operatives are united by a humanist concept of business, a philosophy of participation and solidarity, and a shared business culture. The culture is rooted in a shared mission and a number of principles, corporate values and business policies. Over the years, these links have been embodied in a series of operating rules approved on a majority basis by the Co-operative Congresses, which regulate the activity of the Governing Bodies of the corporation (Standing Committee, General Council), the Grassroots Co-operatives and the Divisions they belong to, from the organisational, institutional and economic points of view as well as in terms of assets. Iñigo Ucín, president of Mondragon Corporation since 2016 This framework of business culture has been structured based on a common culture derived from the 10 Basic Co-operative Principles, in which Mondragon is rooted: Open Admission, Democratic Organisation, the Sovereignty of Labour, Instrumental and Subordinate Nature of Capital, Participatory Management, Payment Solidarity, Inter-cooperation, Social Transformation, Universality and Education. This philosophy is complemented by four corporate values: Co-operation, acting as owners and protagonists; Participation, which takes shape as a commitment to management; Social Responsibility, by means of the distribution of wealth based on solidarity; and Innovation, focusing on constant renewal in all areas. This business culture translates into compliance with a number of Basic Objectives (Customer Focus, Development, Innovation, Profitability, People in Co-operation and Involvement in the Community) and General Policies approved by the Co-operative Congress, which are taken on board at all the corporation's organisational levels and incorporated into the four-year strategic plans and the annual business plans of the individual co-operatives, divisions, and the corporation as a whole. Wage regulation At Mondragon, there are agreed-upon wage ratios between executive work and field or factory work which earns a minimum wage. These ratios range from 3:1 to 9:1 in different cooperatives and average 5:1. That is, the general manager of an average Mondragon cooperative earns no more than 5 times as much as the theoretical minimum wage paid in their cooperative. For most workers, this ratio is smaller because there are few Mondragon worker-owners that earn minimum wages, because most jobs are somewhat specialized and are classified at higher wage levels. The wage ratio of a cooperative is decided periodically by its worker-owners through a democratic vote. Compared to similar jobs at local industries, Mondragon managers' wages are considerably lower (as some companies pay their best paid managers hundreds of times more than the lowest-paid employee of the company) and equivalent for middle management, technical and professional levels. Lower wage levels are on average 13% higher than similar jobs at local businesses. Spain's progressive tax rate further reduces any disparity in pay. These comparatively low wages can make it very difficult to recruit managers from investor-owned firms. Business sectors Mondragon Corporation operates in four areas: finance, industry, retail, and knowledge, with the latter distinguishing Mondragon from other business groups. In 2013, the corporation posted a total revenue of over €12 billion (roughly US$16 billion), and employed 74,061 workers, making it Spain's fourth-largest industrial and tenth-largest financial group. Finance This area includes the banking business of Laboral Kutxa, the insurance company Seguros Lagun Aro, and the Voluntary Social Welfare Body Lagun Aro, which had an asset fund totaling €5,566 million at the end of 2014. The yield obtained from this fund is used to cover long-term retirement, widowhood, and invalidity benefits, complementary to those offered by the Spanish social security system. Industry The corporation's companies manufacture consumer goods, capital goods, industrial components, products, and systems for construction, and services. The latter includes very diverse business groups such as Abantail: Adaptive design optimization, Alecop: Engineering training, LKS Consultores: Attorneys etc., KREAN: Architects and engineers. MCCTelecom: Telecommunication engineering. Mondragon Lingua: Translation and language schools, Mondragon Sistemas: Automation, Industrial Computing and Telecommunications. Ondoan: Turnkey projects in the energy and environmental sector. In the leisure and sports area, it manufactures Orbea bicycles, exercise equipment and items for camping, garden and beach. In capital goods, Mondragon posted a turnover of €976 million in 2009 and is the leading Spanish manufacturer of machining (Danobat Group) and sheet metal forming (Fagor Arrasate Group) machine tools. These machines are complemented by automation and control products for machine tools, packaging machinery, machinery for automating assembly processes and processing wood, forklift trucks, electric transformers, integrated equipment for the catering industry, cold stores, and refrigeration equipment. Specifically focusing on the automotive sector, the corporation also manufactures a wide variety of dies, molds and tooling for casting iron and aluminium, and occupies a leading position in machinery for the casting sector. In Industrial Components, Mondragon posted a turnover of €1.5 billion in 2009, a sector in which it operates as an integrated supplier for the leading car manufacturers, offering from the design and development of a part to the industrialization and supply of components and assemblies. It has different business units such as brakes, axles, suspension, transmission, engines, aluminium wheel rims, fluid conduction, and other internal and external vehicle components. It also produces components for the main domestic appliance manufacturers in three business areas: white goods, home comfort, and electronics. And it manufactures flanges and pipe accessories for processing oil-gas, petrochemical plants and power generation, copper and aluminium electrical conductors, and components for conveyors. In construction, sales totaled €974 million in 2009. Mondragon has constructed buildings and important infrastructure projects. It designs and builds large metallic (URSSA), laminated wood and prefabricated concrete structures; supplies prefabricated parts in polymer concrete; offers solutions for formwork and structures (ULMA Group) as well as public works machinery and the industrialization of the construction process, including engineering and assembly services. The ORONA Group produces elevators. In services to business, sales totaled €248 million in 2008, including business consultancy services, architecture and engineering, property consulting, design and innovation (LKS Group), systems engineering for electromechanical installations, and integrated logistics engineering. It also offers a modern language service, manufactures educational equipment, and provides graphic arts services (mccgraphics S.Coop). In 2013, 71.1% of turnover came from international sales. Sales resulting from the export of products abroad and production generated in the 122 subsidiaries located in several different countries: China (15), France (17), Poland (8), Czech Republic (7), Mexico (8), Brazil (5), Germany (4), Italy (4), United Kingdom (3), Romania (3), United States (4), Turkey (2), Portugal (2), Slovakia (2), India (5), Thailand (1) and Morocco (1). Overall, in 2013 these 122 plants provided work for more than 11,000 people. The corporate industrial park in Kunshan, close to Shanghai houses seven subsidiaries. In 2012, it opened 11 new subsidiaries abroad, employing around 14,000 people. Its international sales that year marked a record number of 69% of its total sales (€5.8 billion, with a 2% fall compared to the previous year). Mondragon also participated in 91 international R&D projects. In 2014, the industrial cooperatives created 1,000 jobs, and internationalization continued with 125 production subsidiaries abroad – 3 more than the year before. Retail Mondragon runs Eroski, one of the leading retail groups all over Spain and in southern France, and maintains close contacts with the French group Les Mousquetaires and the German retailer Edeka, with whom it set up the Alidis international purchasing group in 2002. The worker-owners and consumer-members participate in the co-operative's decision-making bodies and management of Eroski. At the end of 2013, Eroski posted a turnover of €6.6 billion, operating 2.069 stores made up of 90 Eroski hypermarkets, 1,211 Eroski/center, Caprabo, Eroski/city, Aliprox, Familia, Onda and Cash & Carry supermarkets, 155 branches of Eroski travel agencies, 63 petrol stations, 39 Forum Sport stores and 221 IF perfume stores. In southern France Eroski had 4 hypermarkets, 16 supermarkets and 17 petrol stations, and 4 perfume stores in Andorra. Retail includes the food group Erkop, for catering, cleaning, stock-breeding, and horticulture with Auzo Lagun, a co-operative in group catering and cleaning of buildings and premises, and integrated service in the health sector. In 2008, worker-members voted to expand the cooperative transformation to the retail group as a whole, turning subsidiaries into co-operatives, and making salaried workers worker-members. Knowledge This area has a dual focus: education-training and innovation, which have both been key elements in the development of the corporation. Training-education is mainly linked to the dynamism of Mondragon University, the significant role that Politeknika Ikastegia Txorierri, Arizmendi Ikastola and Lea Artibai Ikastetxea play in their respective areas and the activity of the Management and Co-operative Development Centre Otalora. Mondragon University is a co-operative university, which combines the development of knowledge, skills, and values, and maintains close relations with business, especially Mondragon co-operatives. Technological innovation is generated through the co-operatives' own R&D departments, the Corporate Science and Technology Plan, the corporation's 12 technology centers and the Garaia Innovation Park. The 15 technology centers play a fundamental role in the development of the sectors of focus. In 2009 they employed 742 people and had a budget of €53.7 million. In 2013 its network of technology centers and R&D units provided employment for 1,700 people and the commitment to R&D&I matters amounted to 136 million Euros, 8.5% of added value. Mondragon has 479 families of Patents for Inventions, which accounts for 25% patents in the Basque Country, participating in more than 30 R&D cooperation projects at the European level. Reactions In 2012, Richard D. Wolff, an American professor of economics, hailed the Mondragon set of enterprises, including the good wages it provides for employees, the empowerment of ordinary workers in decision making, and the measure of equality for female workers, as a major success and cited it as a working model of an alternative to the capitalist mode of production. In an April 2012 interview, Noam Chomsky said that, while Mondragon offers an alternative to capitalism, it was still embedded in a capitalist system which limits Mondragon's decisions: Take the most advanced case: Mondragon. It’s worker-owned, it’s not worker managed, although the management does come from the workforce often, but it’s in a market system and they still exploit workers in South America, and they do things that are harmful to the society as a whole and they have no choice. If you’re in a system where you must make a profit in order to survive, you're compelled to ignore negative externalities, effects on others. Vicenç Navarro wrote that, from a business perspective, Mondragon is successful in matching efficiency with solidarity and democracy. However, he writes that the number of employees who are not owners has increased more rapidly than worker-owners, to a point that in some companies, for example in the supermarket chains owned by Mondragon, the first is a much larger group than the second. In Navarro's view, this establishes a two-tier system – for example, in terms of whom to save in the case the company collapses. In the collapse of Fagor, the relocation of employees to other companies belonging to Mondragon favored those who were worker-owners, which may affect labor relations: Actually, one of the successes of Mondragon was its ability to create a sense of identity among the workers within the company, encouraging an environment of solidarity and collegiality among them, a feeling that also extended (although to a much lesser degree) to non-worker-owners. The connection felt by the latter group has somewhat weakened, however, exposing a vulnerable point for the cooperative. The Mondragon system is one of four case studies analyzed in Capital and the Debt Trap, which summarized evidence claiming that cooperatives tend to last longer and are less susceptible to perverse incentives and other problems of organizational governance than more traditionally managed organizations. The founders of Cooperation Jackson, a network of worker cooperatives in Jackson, Mississippi in the United States, cite Mondragon as a key inspiration. Mondragon in fiction Works of Kim Stanley Robinson In 2312, a science fiction novel by Kim Stanley Robinson, the Mondragon Corporation has evolved into a planned economy system called the Mondragon Accord. The Mondragon Accord is controlled by means of a network of AIs running on quantum computers, and rules large parts of the Solar System, including Mercury and most of the moons of the gas giants; only part of Earth, and its colonies in space, retain remnants of capitalist economies, while Mars has withdrawn from the Accord in the century preceding the story. The Mondragon Corporation already appeared in Robinson's earlier Mars trilogy, as one of the Terran groups involved in the colonization and terraforming of Mars; the coop is also portrayed as the inspiration of both the bogdanovist movement and the libertarian-leaning Praxis Corporation two of the main forces leading the revolution for the independence of Mars. In Robinson's book The Ministry for the Future, the Mondragon Corporation is introduced in chapter 58 as a model for a future, post-capitalist, cooperative economy. See also Spain portalOrganized labour portal Cecosesola, association of cooperatives in Venezuela Distributism Horizontalidad John Lewis Partnership List of worker cooperatives Workers' self-management References ^ "Annual Report 2015". Mondragon Corporation. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016. ^ "Annual Report 2014" (PDF). Mondragon Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2016. ^ a b "Annual Report 2019" (PDF). Mondragon Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020. ^ a b Mondragon Corporation. "Annual Report 2012". Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013. ^ The Mondragón Experiment – Corporate Cooperativism (1980) FULL Archived 13 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine You Tube ^ "Biography of Fr Jose María Arizmendiarrieta (1915-1976)". Cause for Canonization. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021. ^ Molina, Fernando (2005). José María Arizmendiarreta. Caja Laboral. ISBN 84-920246-2-3. ^ Foote, William (1991). Making Mondragón. IRL Press. ISBN 0-87546-182-4. ^ "Conosce Eroski una empresa diferente". Eroski.Archived 1 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Ikerlan - Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia" . aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus, euskomedia.org (in Basque). Retrieved 28 April 2024. Archived 2 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ Staff writer(s). "Year-on-year Development, MONDRAGON Corporation". mondragon-corporation.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011. ^ Ormaetxe, Jose Maria (2003). Medio siglo de la experiencia cooperativa de Mondragon (in Spanish). Azatza. SS-1433/2003. ^ a b c Ferreras, Belén (18 December 2022). "Mondragon sin Ulma y Orona: la nueva vida de la cooperativa más grande del mundo". elDiario.es (in European Spanish). Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Wilson, Amanda. Bendable Business: Cooperatives less likely to break in economic crises. Archived 16 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Dominion. 4 December 2009. ^ The-Union-Co-op-Model Archived 11 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine United Steelworkers, 26 March 2012 ^ Internationalisation consolidates MONDRAGON’s industrial business with sales abroad in excess of €4bn www.tulankide.com Archived 11 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine 17 June 2013 ^ a b Internationalisation and innovation, keys to the evolution of MONDRAGON cooperatives in 2013 Archived 10 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine 8 September 2014, mondragon-corporation.com ^ Spanish white goods company Fagor seeks protection from creditors Archived 23 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine 16 October 2013 reuters.com/ ^ Fagor et sa filiale française déposent le bilan www.lemonde.fr Archived 2 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Le Monde.fr, AFP and Reuters, 6 November 2013 ^ "Catalan company Cata buys bankrupt domestic appliance business Fagor". 29 July 2014. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020. ^ Hadfield, Miles (1 February 2023). "New trouble for Mondragon as two industrial co-ops leave the fold". www.thenews.coop. Co-operative Press Ltd. Retrieved 27 July 2023. ^ Larrañaga, Jesus (1998). El cooperativismo en Mondragon. Azatza. ISBN 84-88125-12-7. ^ "Mondragon Corporation". www.mondragon-corporation.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2010. ^ "Mondragon Corporation. Co-operative Culture". www.mondragon-corporation.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2010. ^ Foote, William (1991). Making Mondragon. ILR. ISBN 0-87546-182-4. ^ "Mondragon Corporation. Co-operatives bodies and terminology". www.mondragon-corporation.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2010. ^ a b Herrera, David (2004). "Mondragon: a for-profit organization that embodies Catholic social thought" (PDF). Review of Business. 25 (1). The Peter J. Tobin College of Business, St. John's University: 56–68. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2014. ^ Basterretxea, Imanol; Heras-Saizarbitoria, Iñaki; Lertxundi, Aitziber (20 February 2019). "Can employee ownership and human resource management policies clash in worker cooperatives? Lessons from a defunct cooperative". Human Resource Management. 58 (6): 585–601. doi:10.1002/hrm.21957. hdl:10810/31804. S2CID 159410290. Retrieved 13 September 2019. ^ Jeffrey Hollender (27 June 2011). "The Rise of Shared Ownership and the Fall of Business As Usual". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 1 July 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2011. ^ "Organisational Estructure in Mondragon, consumer goods". www.mcc.es. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. ^ "Llega la Mondragón del futuro, centrada en la rentabilidad y la solidaridad exigente". 19 July 2016. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2020. ^ "Organisational estructure in Mondragon, capital goods". www.mcc.es. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. ^ "Organisational Estructure in Mondragon, industrial components". www.mcc.es. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. ^ "ORONA is part of MONDRAGON". www.orona-group.com. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2019. ^ "Corporative Profile 2010". www.mondragon-corporation.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011. ^ Tu Lankide,"Internationalization consolidates Mondragon’s industrial business with sales abroad in excess of €4bn" www.tulankide.com Archived 11 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 17 June 2013. ^ a b Tu Lankide MONDRAGON cooperatives in industrial sector create 1.000 jobs in 2014 www.tulankide.com Archived 22 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine 14 July 2015 ^ "Mondragón Worker-Cooperatives Decide How to Ride Out a Downturn". Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020. ^ Datos destacados de 2014 Archived 16 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Eroski ^ "/ Magnitudes económicas de Eroski". Archived from the original on 19 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011. ^ "Erkop". Erkop. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2011. ^ "Eroski mantendrá su expansión pese a la crisis y abrirá cinco 'hiper' y 50 'súper". www.elcorreo.com. 2 April 2008. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2020. ^ "Mondragón: Más de 50 años en Navarra". www.negociosennavarra.com. 16 August 2019. ^ "Otalora". aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020. ^ "Mondragon Annual Corporate Profile for 2010". www.mondragon-corporation.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011. ^ "/ Mondragon Yearly Report 2010". www.mondragon-corporation.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011. ^ Wolff, Richard (24 June 2012). Yes, there is an alternative to capitalism: Mondragon shows the way Archived 6 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. ^ Talking With Chomsky Archived 10 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Laura Flanders, 30 April 2012 CounterPunch. ^ Vincent Navarro, What About Cooperatives as a Solution? The Case of Mondragon Archived 2 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, CounterPunch, 2014.04.30 ^ Moskowitz, P. E. (24 April 2017). "Meet the Radical Workers' Cooperative Growing in the Heart of the Deep South". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2020. ^ Kim Stanley Robinson (May 2012). 2312. Orbit. ISBN 978-0-316-09812-0. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2017 – via kimstanleyrobinson.info. ^ Kim Stanley Robinson. "Mars trilogy groups". kimstanleyrobinson.info. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ "A rebuke by Vlad Taneev from Kim Stanley Robinson's "Blue Mars"". claecceity.wordpress.com. 4 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ "Imagining the End of Capitalism With Kim Stanley Robinson". Jacobin. 22 October 2020. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020. Further reading Azurmendi, Joxe 1984: El hombre cooperativo Spanish white goods company Fagor seeks protection from creditors (October 2013) Thousands of Fagor employees demand in Mondragon town to keep their jobs (October 2013) White-goods giant Fagor goes into administration (October 2013) Cooperation for Economic Success. The Mondragon Case (2011) in Analyse & Kritik, 33 (1), 157–170 . Ramon Flecha & Iñaqui Santa Cruz.http://www.analyse-und-kritik.net/en/abstracts_current.php#562 Making Mondragon: The Growth and Dynamics of the Worker Cooperative Complex (1991), William Whyte. ISBN 0-87546-182-4 We Build the Road as We Travel: Mondragon, A Cooperative Social System, Roy Morrison. ISBN 0-86571-173-9 The Mondragon Cooperative Experience (1993), J. Ormachea. Cooperation at Work: The Mondragon Experience (1983), K. Bradely & A. Gelb. Values at Work: Employees participation meets market pressure at Mondragon (1999), G. Cheney. Mondragon: An economic analysis (1982), C. Logan & H. Thomas. The Myth of Mondragon: Cooperatives, Politics, and Working-Class Life in a Basque Town (1996), by Sharryn Kasmir, State University of New York Press. From Mondragon to America: Experiments in Community Economic Development (1997), by G. MacLeod, University College of Cape Breton Press. ISBN 0-920336-53-1 "Jobs of Our Own: Building a Stakeholder Society" (1999), by Race Mathews, Pluto Press (Australia) and Comerford & Miller (London). ISBN 1-86403-064-X. US reprint 2009, The Distributist Review Press. ISBN 978-0-9679707-9-0. "Rag Radio: Carl Davidson on Mondragon and Workers' Cooperatives," The Rag Blog, September 15, 2011 Interview by Thorne Dreyer (44:05) Articles about the Mondragon Corporation on The Rag Blog Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mondragon Corporation. vteMondragon CorporationJosé María ArizmendiarrietaFinances Laboral Kutxa Seguros Lagun Aro Lagun Aro Vida Lagun Aro EPSV Lagun Aro Mondragon IndustryMondragón Automatización Industrial Fagor Automation Mondragon Assembly Fagor Arrasate Onapres Mondragón Automoción Chasis and Powertrain (CHP) Ecenarro Fagor Ederlan Mapsa Mondragón Automoción CM F.P.K. Maier Cikautxo Goikide Urola Mondragón Components Consonni Copreci Eika Embega Fagor Electrónica Matz-Erreka Orkli Tajo Construction Biurrarena Elur Etorki Fagor Industrial Kide Lana Rochman Urssa Elevación Electra Vitoria Orona Equipación Alkargo Becker Coinalde Dikar Ederfil Eredu mccgraphics Oiarso Orbea Osatu Wingroup Hogar Coinma Danona Domusa Fagor Gerodan Mondragón Engineering and Services Abantail Alecop LKS LKS Ingeniería Mondragón Conet Mondragon Lingua Mondragón Sistemas Ondoan Máquinas Herramienta Danobat Danobat-Sistemas Dano-Rail Doiki Egurko Estarta Goimek Goiti Ideko Latz Lealde Ortza Soraluce Industrial systems ULMA Group (ULMA Construction Ulma Agícola Ulma CyE Ulma Piping Ulma Hormigón Polímero Ulma Manutención) Mondragón Tools and Systems Aurrenak Batz Loramendi Matrici MB Sistemas Distribution Auzo-Lagun Barrenetxe Behi-Alde Eroski Gestión de Servicios Residenciales GSR Miba Multifood Unekel Eroski Eroski City Eroski Center Aliprox Cash Record Caprabo Familia Viajes Eroski Ópticas Eroski Perfumerías IF Tiendas de Deporte FORUM Tiendas de ocio y cultura ABAC KnowledgeEducation Ikastola Arizmendi Escuela Lea Artibai Mondragon University MONE Otalora Politeknika Ikastegia Txorierri R+D centres Aotek Ikerlan Ideko Koniker Lortek M.T.C. (Maier Technology Centre) MIK (Mondragon Innovation & Knowledge) Orona EIC Polo de Innovación Garaia Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation"},{"link_name":"federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_federation"},{"link_name":"worker cooperatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worker_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herria"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Mondragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondrag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"José María Arizmendiarrieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arizmendiarrieta"},{"link_name":"paraffin heaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene_heater"},{"link_name":"asset turnover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset_turnover"},{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR2012-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual2019-3"},{"link_name":"cooperatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative"},{"link_name":"Statement on the Co-operative Identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_the_Co-operative_Identity"},{"link_name":"International Co-operative Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance"}],"text":"The Mondragon Corporation is a corporation and federation of worker cooperatives based in the Basque region of Spain.It was founded in the town of Mondragón in 1956 by Father José María Arizmendiarrieta and a group of his students at a technical college he founded. Its first product was paraffin heaters.It is the seventh-largest Spanish company in terms of asset turnover and the leading business group in the Basque Country. At the end of 2016, it employed 74,117 people in 257 companies and organizations in four areas of activity: finance, industry, retail and knowledge.[4] By 2019, 81,507 people were employed.[3]\nMondragon cooperatives operate in accordance with the Statement on the Co-operative Identity maintained by the International Co-operative Alliance.","title":"Mondragon Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizmendiarrieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arizmendiarrieta"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"Catholic social teaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching"},{"link_name":"co-operative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative"},{"link_name":"Fagor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"autarky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarky"},{"link_name":"Spanish economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Caja Laboral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja_Laboral"},{"link_name":"Eroski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroski"},{"link_name":"consumer co-operatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_co-operative"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"European Economic Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"text":"In 1941, as a young Catholic priest, Arizmendiarrieta settled in Mondragón, a town with a population of 7,000 that had not yet recovered from the poverty, hunger, exile, and tension of the Spanish Civil War.[5][6]\nIn 1943, Arizmendiarrieta established a technical college which became a training ground for managers, engineers and skilled labour for local companies, and primarily for the co-operatives.[7]Arizmendiarrieta spent a number of years educating young people about a form of humanism based on solidarity and participation, in harmony with Catholic social teaching, and the importance of acquiring the necessary technical knowledge before creating the first co-operative.In 1955, he selected five young people to establish the first company of the co-operative and industrial beginning of the Mondragon Corporation. The company was called Talleres Ulgor, an acronym derived from the surnames of Usatorre, Larrañaga, Gorroñogoitia, Ormaechea, and Ortubay, known today as \"Fagor Electrodomésticos\".[8][page needed]In the first 15 years, many co-operatives were established, thanks to the autarky of the market and the awakening of the Spanish economy. During these years, also with the encouragement of Arizmendiarrieta, the Caja Laboral (1959) and the Social Welfare Body Lagun Aro (1966) were established that played a key role. The first local group was created, Ularco. In 1969, Eroski was founded by merging ten small local consumer co-operatives.[9][non-primary source needed]During the next 20 years, from 1970 to 1990, the dynamic continued, with a strong increase in new co-operatives promoted by Caja Laboral's Business Division, the promotion of co-operative associations, the formation of local groups, and the founding of the Ikerlan Research Centre in 1974.[10]With Spain scheduled to join the European Economic Community in 1986, it was decided in 1984 to establish the \"Mondragon Co-operative Group\", the forerunner of the current corporation. In-service training for managers was strengthened by creating Otalora, dedicated to training, and the dissemination of co-operatives. The Group consisted of 23,130 workers at the end of 1990.[11][non-primary source needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"globalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisation"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"automotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry"},{"link_name":"domestic appliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_appliance"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"deposits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_(finance)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferreras-13"},{"link_name":"Ampo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ampo_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Irizar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irizar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferreras-13"},{"link_name":"United Steelworkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Steelworkers"},{"link_name":"worker cooperatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worker_cooperative"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"union co-op model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_co-op_model"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"financial crisis of 2007–2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008"},{"link_name":"BRIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIC"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mondragon-corporation.com-17"},{"link_name":"eurocrisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocrisis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Cata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cata_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"ULMA Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULMA_Group"},{"link_name":"Orona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orona_(cooperative)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Lagun Aro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagun_Aro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mondragon Unibertsitatea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondragon_Unibertsitatea"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferreras-13"}],"sub_title":"International expansion","text":"On the international stage, the aim was to respond to growing globalisation, expanding abroad by establishing production plants in a number of countries. The first was the Copreci plant in Mexico in 1990, followed by many others: up to 73 by the end of 2008, and 122 at the end of 2013. The goals were to increase competitiveness and market share, bring component supply closer to customers' plants, especially in the automotive and domestic appliance sectors, and to strengthen employment in the Basque Country by promoting exports of co-operatives' products by means of new platforms.[12]Between 2002 and 2007, Fagor and Eroski issued bonds (aportaciones subordinadas).\nWhile they were commercialized as safe deposits, the courts classed them as riskier debt instruments.\nWhen the yields fell during the financial crisis, bond-holders sued against the cooperatives.[13]In 2008, the worker-owners of the cooperatives Ampo (metal casting) and Irizar (coaches) voted to leave the corporation.[13]In October 2009, the United Steelworkers announced an agreement with Mondragon to create worker cooperatives in the United States.[14] On 26 March 2012, the USW, Mondragon, and the Ohio Employee Ownership Center (OEOC) announced their detailed union co-op model.[15]The industrial sector ended 2012 with a new record of €4 billion in international sales, beating sales figures from before the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Mondragon opened 11 new production subsidiaries. International sales that year accounted for 69% of all sales, a 26% increase from 2009 to 2012, and with 14,000 employees abroad. Mondragon's share in the BRIC markets increased to 20% compared to the previous year.[16] In 2013, international sales grew by 6.7% and accounted for 71.1% of total sales.[17]On 16 October 2013, domestic appliance company Fagor Electrodomésticos filed for bankruptcy under Spanish law to renegotiate €1,1 billion of debt, after suffering heavy losses during the eurocrisis putting 5,600 employees at risk of losing their jobs.[18] This was followed by the bankruptcy of the whole Fagor group on 6 November 2013.[19] In July 2014, Fagor was bought by Catalonian company Cata for €42.5 million. Cata pledged to create 705 direct jobs in the Basque Country and to continue the brand names Fagor, Edesa, Aspes, and Splendid.[20]In 2022, the worker-owners of ULMA Group (scaffolding) and Orona (elevators) voted to leave the corporation. Estimated impact of the leave is a workforce drop by 13% and a 15% cut of the group’s sales.[21]\nAs successful cooperatives they were contributing 10% of their profit to a common fund supporting ailing cooperatives.\nThey will not contribute to the solidarity fund but they will keep insuring their workers with Lagun Aro and collaborate with Mondragon Unibertsitatea and other cooperatives in the group.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I%C3%B1igo_Uc%C3%ADn,_presidente_de_Corporaci%C3%B3n_Mondrag%C3%B3n.jpg"},{"link_name":"Co-operative Principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_principles"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"text":"Mondragon co-operatives are united by a humanist concept of business, a philosophy of participation and solidarity, and a shared business culture. The culture is rooted in a shared mission and a number of principles, corporate values and business policies.[22]Over the years, these links have been embodied in a series of operating rules approved on a majority basis by the Co-operative Congresses, which regulate the activity of the Governing Bodies of the corporation (Standing Committee, General Council), the Grassroots Co-operatives and the Divisions they belong to, from the organisational, institutional and economic points of view as well as in terms of assets.[23][non-primary source needed]Iñigo Ucín, president of Mondragon Corporation since 2016This framework of business culture has been structured based on a common culture derived from the 10 Basic Co-operative Principles, in which Mondragon is rooted: Open Admission, Democratic Organisation, the Sovereignty of Labour, Instrumental and Subordinate Nature of Capital, Participatory Management, Payment Solidarity, Inter-cooperation, Social Transformation, Universality and Education.[24][non-primary source needed]This philosophy is complemented by four corporate values: Co-operation, acting as owners and protagonists; Participation, which takes shape as a commitment to management; Social Responsibility, by means of the distribution of wealth based on solidarity; and Innovation, focusing on constant renewal in all areas.[25]This business culture translates into compliance with a number of Basic Objectives (Customer Focus, Development, Innovation, Profitability, People in Co-operation and Involvement in the Community) and General Policies approved by the Co-operative Congress, which are taken on board at all the corporation's organisational levels and incorporated into the four-year strategic plans and the annual business plans of the individual co-operatives, divisions, and the corporation as a whole.[26][non-primary source needed]","title":"Business culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herrera-27"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"progressive tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_tax"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herrera-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Basterretxea-28"}],"sub_title":"Wage regulation","text":"At Mondragon, there are agreed-upon wage ratios between executive work and field or factory work which earns a minimum wage. These ratios range from 3:1 to 9:1 in different cooperatives and average 5:1. That is, the general manager of an average Mondragon cooperative earns no more than 5 times as much as the theoretical minimum wage paid in their cooperative. For most workers, this ratio is smaller because there are few Mondragon worker-owners that earn minimum wages, because most jobs are somewhat specialized and are classified at higher wage levels. The wage ratio of a cooperative is decided periodically by its worker-owners through a democratic vote.[27]Compared to similar jobs at local industries, Mondragon managers' wages are considerably lower (as some companies pay their best paid managers hundreds of times more than the lowest-paid employee of the company)[citation needed] and equivalent for middle management, technical and professional levels. Lower wage levels are on average 13% higher than similar jobs at local businesses. Spain's progressive tax rate further reduces any disparity in pay.[27] These comparatively low wages can make it very difficult to recruit managers from investor-owned firms.[28]","title":"Business culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR2012-4"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Mondragon Corporation operates in four areas: finance, industry, retail, and knowledge, with the latter distinguishing Mondragon from other business groups. In 2013, the corporation posted a total revenue of over €12 billion (roughly US$16 billion), and employed 74,061 workers,[4] making it Spain's fourth-largest industrial and tenth-largest financial group.[29]","title":"Business sectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laboral Kutxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboral_Kutxa"},{"link_name":"social security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security"}],"sub_title":"Finance","text":"This area includes the banking business of Laboral Kutxa, the insurance company Seguros Lagun Aro, and the Voluntary Social Welfare Body Lagun Aro, which had an asset fund totaling €5,566 million at the end of 2014. The yield obtained from this fund is used to cover long-term retirement, widowhood, and invalidity benefits, complementary to those offered by the Spanish social security system.","title":"Business sectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capital goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_goods"},{"link_name":"Orbea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbea"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"molds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_(process)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"car manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_manufacturer"},{"link_name":"flanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flange"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"polymer concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_concrete"},{"link_name":"buzzword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Use_plain_English#Buzzwords"},{"link_name":"formwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formwork"},{"link_name":"ULMA Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULMA_Group"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"business consultancy services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_consultant"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"systems engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kunshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunshan"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mon2015-37"}],"sub_title":"Industry","text":"The corporation's companies manufacture consumer goods, capital goods, industrial components, products, and systems for construction, and services. The latter includes very diverse business groups such as Abantail: Adaptive design optimization, Alecop: Engineering training, LKS Consultores: Attorneys etc., KREAN: Architects and engineers. MCCTelecom: Telecommunication engineering. Mondragon Lingua: Translation and language schools, Mondragon Sistemas: Automation, Industrial Computing and Telecommunications. Ondoan: Turnkey projects in the energy and environmental sector.\nIn the leisure and sports area, it manufactures Orbea bicycles, exercise equipment and items for camping, garden and beach.[30]\n[31]In capital goods, Mondragon posted a turnover of €976 million in 2009 and is the leading Spanish manufacturer of machining (Danobat Group) and sheet metal forming (Fagor Arrasate Group) machine tools. These machines are complemented by automation and control products for machine tools, packaging machinery, machinery for automating assembly processes and processing wood, forklift trucks, electric transformers, integrated equipment for the catering industry, cold stores, and refrigeration equipment. Specifically focusing on the automotive sector, the corporation also manufactures a wide variety of dies, molds and tooling for casting iron and aluminium, and occupies a leading position in machinery for the casting sector.[32]In Industrial Components, Mondragon posted a turnover of €1.5 billion in 2009, a sector in which it operates as an integrated supplier for the leading car manufacturers, offering from the design and development of a part to the industrialization and supply of components and assemblies. It has different business units such as brakes, axles, suspension, transmission, engines, aluminium wheel rims, fluid conduction, and other internal and external vehicle components. It also produces components for the main domestic appliance manufacturers in three business areas: white goods, home comfort, and electronics. And it manufactures flanges and pipe accessories for processing oil-gas, petrochemical plants and power generation, copper and aluminium electrical conductors, and components for conveyors.[33]In construction, sales totaled €974 million in 2009. Mondragon has constructed buildings and important infrastructure projects. It designs and builds large metallic (URSSA), laminated wood and prefabricated concrete structures; supplies prefabricated parts in polymer concrete; offers solutions[buzzword] for formwork and structures (ULMA Group) as well as public works machinery and the industrialization of the construction process, including engineering and assembly services. The ORONA Group produces elevators.[34]In services to business, sales totaled €248 million in 2008, including business consultancy services, architecture and engineering, property consulting, design and innovation (LKS Group), systems engineering for electromechanical installations, and integrated logistics engineering. It also offers a modern language service, manufactures educational equipment, and provides graphic arts services (mccgraphics S.Coop).[citation needed]In 2013, 71.1% of turnover came from international sales. Sales resulting from the export of products abroad and production generated in the 122 subsidiaries located in several different countries: China (15), France (17), Poland (8), Czech Republic (7), Mexico (8), Brazil (5), Germany (4), Italy (4), United Kingdom (3), Romania (3), United States (4), Turkey (2), Portugal (2), Slovakia (2), India (5), Thailand (1) and Morocco (1). Overall, in 2013 these 122 plants provided work for more than 11,000 people. The corporate industrial park in Kunshan, close to Shanghai houses seven subsidiaries.[35] In 2012, it opened 11 new subsidiaries abroad, employing around 14,000 people. Its international sales that year marked a record number of 69% of its total sales (€5.8 billion, with a 2% fall compared to the previous year). Mondragon also participated in 91 international R&D projects.[36]In 2014, the industrial cooperatives created 1,000 jobs, and internationalization continued with 125 production subsidiaries abroad – 3 more than the year before.[37]","title":"Business sectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eroski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroski"},{"link_name":"Les Mousquetaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mousquetaires"},{"link_name":"Edeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edeka"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Caprabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprabo"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"co-operatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Retail","text":"Mondragon runs Eroski, one of the leading retail groups all over Spain and in southern France, and maintains close contacts with the French group Les Mousquetaires and the German retailer Edeka, with whom it set up the Alidis international purchasing group in 2002. The worker-owners and consumer-members participate in the co-operative's decision-making bodies and management of Eroski.[38] At the end of 2013, Eroski posted a turnover of €6.6 billion, operating 2.069 stores made up of 90 Eroski hypermarkets, 1,211 Eroski/center, Caprabo, Eroski/city, Aliprox, Familia, Onda and Cash & Carry supermarkets, 155 branches of Eroski travel agencies, 63 petrol stations, 39 Forum Sport stores and 221 IF perfume stores.[39] In southern France Eroski had 4 hypermarkets, 16 supermarkets and 17 petrol stations, and 4 perfume stores in Andorra.[40]Retail includes the food group Erkop, for catering, cleaning, stock-breeding, and horticulture with Auzo Lagun, a co-operative in group catering and cleaning of buildings and premises, and integrated service in the health sector.[41]\nIn 2008, worker-members voted to expand the cooperative transformation to the retail group as a whole, turning subsidiaries into co-operatives, and making salaried workers worker-members.[42]","title":"Business sectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mondragon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondragon_University"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mondragon-corporation.com-17"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mon2015-37"}],"sub_title":"Knowledge","text":"This area has a dual focus: education-training and innovation, which have both been key elements in the development of the corporation. Training-education is mainly linked to the dynamism of Mondragon University, the significant role that Politeknika Ikastegia Txorierri, Arizmendi Ikastola and Lea Artibai Ikastetxea play in their respective areas and the activity of the Management and Co-operative Development Centre Otalora.[43][44]Mondragon University is a co-operative university, which combines the development of knowledge, skills, and values, and maintains close relations with business, especially Mondragon co-operatives. Technological innovation is generated through the co-operatives' own R&D departments, the Corporate Science and Technology Plan, the corporation's 12 technology centers and the Garaia Innovation Park.[45]The 15 technology centers play a fundamental role in the development of the sectors of focus. In 2009 they employed 742 people and had a budget of €53.7 million.[46] In 2013 its network of technology centers and R&D units provided employment for 1,700 people and the commitment to R&D&I matters amounted to 136 million Euros, 8.5% of added value.[17] Mondragon has 479 families of Patents for Inventions, which accounts for 25% patents in the Basque Country, participating in more than 30 R&D cooperation projects at the European level.[37]","title":"Business sectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard D. Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff"},{"link_name":"capitalist mode of production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Noam Chomsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"worker managed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worker_self_management"},{"link_name":"Vicenç Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicen%C3%A7_Navarro"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Professor-2014-04-30-49"},{"link_name":"Capital and the Debt Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_and_the_Debt_Trap"},{"link_name":"cooperatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative"},{"link_name":"perverse incentives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perverse_incentive"},{"link_name":"Cooperation Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"In 2012, Richard D. Wolff, an American professor of economics, hailed the Mondragon set of enterprises, including the good wages it provides for employees, the empowerment of ordinary workers in decision making, and the measure of equality for female workers, as a major success and cited it as a working model of an alternative to the capitalist mode of production.[47]In an April 2012 interview, Noam Chomsky said that, while Mondragon offers an alternative to capitalism, it was still embedded in a capitalist system which limits Mondragon's decisions:[48]Take the most advanced case: Mondragon. It’s worker-owned, it’s not worker managed, although the management does come from the workforce often, but it’s in a market system and they still exploit workers in South America, and they do things that are harmful to the society as a whole and they have no choice. If you’re in a system where you must make a profit in order to survive, you're compelled to ignore negative externalities, effects on others.Vicenç Navarro wrote that, from a business perspective, Mondragon is successful in matching efficiency with solidarity and democracy. However, he writes that the number of employees who are not owners has increased more rapidly than worker-owners, to a point that in some companies, for example in the supermarket chains owned by Mondragon, the first is a much larger group than the second. In Navarro's view, this establishes a two-tier system – for example, in terms of whom to save in the case the company collapses. In the collapse of Fagor, the relocation of employees to other companies belonging to Mondragon favored those who were worker-owners, which may affect labor relations:[49]Actually, one of the successes of Mondragon was its ability to create a sense of identity among the workers within the company, encouraging an environment of solidarity and collegiality among them, a feeling that also extended (although to a much lesser degree) to non-worker-owners. The connection felt by the latter group has somewhat weakened, however, exposing a vulnerable point for the cooperative.The Mondragon system is one of four case studies analyzed in Capital and the Debt Trap, which summarized evidence claiming that cooperatives tend to last longer and are less susceptible to perverse incentives and other problems of organizational governance than more traditionally managed organizations.The founders of Cooperation Jackson, a network of worker cooperatives in Jackson, Mississippi in the United States, cite Mondragon as a key inspiration.[50]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mondragon in fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2312","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2312_(novel)"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Kim Stanley Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"AIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet)"},{"link_name":"moons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_satellite"},{"link_name":"gas giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_giant"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"Mars trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_trilogy"},{"link_name":"terraforming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraforming"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"The Ministry for the Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ministry_for_the_Future"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Works of Kim Stanley Robinson","text":"In 2312, a science fiction novel by Kim Stanley Robinson, the Mondragon Corporation has evolved into a planned economy system called the Mondragon Accord.[51] The Mondragon Accord is controlled by means of a network of AIs running on quantum computers, and rules large parts of the Solar System, including Mercury and most of the moons of the gas giants; only part of Earth, and its colonies in space, retain remnants of capitalist economies, while Mars has withdrawn from the Accord in the century preceding the story. The Mondragon Corporation already appeared in Robinson's earlier Mars trilogy, as one of the Terran groups involved in the colonization and terraforming of Mars; the coop is also portrayed as the inspiration of both the bogdanovist movement [52] and the libertarian-leaning Praxis Corporation[53] two of the main forces leading the revolution for the independence of Mars. In Robinson's book The Ministry for the Future, the Mondragon Corporation is introduced in chapter 58 as a model for a future, post-capitalist, cooperative economy.[54]","title":"Mondragon in fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azurmendi, Joxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi"},{"link_name":"El hombre cooperativo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.euskomedia.org/PDFAnlt/mono/arizmendiarrieta/elhombre.pdf"},{"link_name":"Spanish white goods company Fagor seeks protection from creditors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.reuters.com/article/spain-fagor-idUSL6N0I61WA20131016"},{"link_name":"Thousands of Fagor employees demand in Mondragon town to keep their jobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20131031/economia/trabajadores-fagor-manifiestan-esta-201310310908.html"},{"link_name":"White-goods giant Fagor goes into administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//evertiq.com/news/32967"},{"link_name":"http://www.analyse-und-kritik.net/en/abstracts_current.php#562","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120425131808/http://www.analyse-und-kritik.net/en/abstracts_current.php#562%20"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87546-182-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87546-182-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-86571-173-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86571-173-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-920336-53-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920336-53-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86403-064-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86403-064-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9679707-9-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9679707-9-0"},{"link_name":"\"Rag Radio: Carl Davidson on Mondragon and Workers' Cooperatives,\" The Rag Blog, September 15, 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//theragblog.blogspot.com/2011/09/rag-radio-carl-davidson-on-mondragon.html"},{"link_name":"Thorne Dreyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorne_Dreyer"},{"link_name":"Articles about the Mondragon Corporation on The Rag Blog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//theragblog.blogspot.com/search?q=mondragon"},{"link_name":"Mondragon Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mondragon_Corporation"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mondragon_Corporation"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mondragon_Corporation"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mondragon_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Mondragon Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"José María Arizmendiarrieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arizmendiarrieta"},{"link_name":"Laboral Kutxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboral_Kutxa"},{"link_name":"Fagor Automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagor_Automation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagor Ederlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagor_Ederlan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Embega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embega"},{"link_name":"Fagor Electrónica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagor_Electr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orkli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orkli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Urssa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urssa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orona_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orbea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbea"},{"link_name":"Fagor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagor"},{"link_name":"Danobat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danobat"},{"link_name":"ULMA Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULMA_Construction"},{"link_name":"Eroski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroski"},{"link_name":"Eroski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroski"},{"link_name":"Caprabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprabo"},{"link_name":"Mondragon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondragon_University"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163327#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000093962065"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/138197169"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007394048805171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006136553"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/117201316"}],"text":"Azurmendi, Joxe 1984: El hombre cooperativo\nSpanish white goods company Fagor seeks protection from creditors (October 2013)\nThousands of Fagor employees demand in Mondragon town to keep their jobs (October 2013)\nWhite-goods giant Fagor goes into administration (October 2013)\nCooperation for Economic Success. The Mondragon Case (2011) in Analyse & Kritik, 33 (1), 157–170 . Ramon Flecha & Iñaqui Santa Cruz.http://www.analyse-und-kritik.net/en/abstracts_current.php#562\nMaking Mondragon: The Growth and Dynamics of the Worker Cooperative Complex (1991), William Whyte. ISBN 0-87546-182-4\nWe Build the Road as We Travel: Mondragon, A Cooperative Social System, Roy Morrison. ISBN 0-86571-173-9\nThe Mondragon Cooperative Experience (1993), J. Ormachea.\nCooperation at Work: The Mondragon Experience (1983), K. Bradely & A. Gelb.\nValues at Work: Employees participation meets market pressure at Mondragon (1999), G. Cheney.\nMondragon: An economic analysis (1982), C. Logan & H. Thomas.\nThe Myth of Mondragon: Cooperatives, Politics, and Working-Class Life in a Basque Town (1996), by Sharryn Kasmir, State University of New York Press.\nFrom Mondragon to America: Experiments in Community Economic Development (1997), by G. MacLeod, University College of Cape Breton Press. ISBN 0-920336-53-1\n\"Jobs of Our Own: Building a Stakeholder Society\" (1999), by Race Mathews, Pluto Press (Australia) and Comerford & Miller (London). ISBN 1-86403-064-X. US reprint 2009, The Distributist Review Press. ISBN 978-0-9679707-9-0.\n\"Rag Radio: Carl Davidson on Mondragon and Workers' Cooperatives,\" The Rag Blog, September 15, 2011 Interview by Thorne Dreyer (44:05)\nArticles about the Mondragon Corporation on The Rag BlogWikimedia Commons has media related to Mondragon Corporation.vteMondragon CorporationJosé María ArizmendiarrietaFinances\nLaboral Kutxa\nSeguros Lagun Aro\nLagun Aro Vida\nLagun Aro EPSV\nLagun Aro Mondragon\nIndustryMondragón Automatización Industrial\nFagor Automation\nMondragon Assembly\nFagor Arrasate\nOnapres\nMondragón Automoción Chasis and Powertrain (CHP)\nEcenarro\nFagor Ederlan\nMapsa\nMondragón Automoción CM\nF.P.K.\nMaier\nCikautxo\nGoikide\nUrola\nMondragón Components\nConsonni\nCopreci\nEika\nEmbega\nFagor Electrónica\nMatz-Erreka\nOrkli\nTajo\nConstruction\nBiurrarena\nElur\nEtorki\nFagor Industrial\nKide\nLana\nRochman\nUrssa\nElevación\nElectra Vitoria\nOrona\nEquipación\nAlkargo\nBecker\nCoinalde\nDikar\nEderfil\nEredu\nmccgraphics\nOiarso\nOrbea\nOsatu\nWingroup\nHogar\nCoinma\nDanona\nDomusa\nFagor\nGerodan\nMondragón Engineering and Services\nAbantail\nAlecop\nLKS\nLKS Ingeniería\nMondragón Conet\nMondragon Lingua\nMondragón Sistemas\nOndoan\nMáquinas Herramienta\nDanobat\nDanobat-Sistemas\nDano-Rail\nDoiki\nEgurko\nEstarta\nGoimek\nGoiti\nIdeko\nLatz\nLealde\nOrtza\nSoraluce\nIndustrial systems\nULMA Group (ULMA Construction\nUlma Agícola\nUlma CyE\nUlma Piping\nUlma Hormigón Polímero\nUlma Manutención)\nMondragón Tools and Systems\nAurrenak\nBatz\nLoramendi\nMatrici\nMB Sistemas\nDistribution\nAuzo-Lagun\nBarrenetxe\nBehi-Alde\nEroski\nGestión de Servicios Residenciales GSR\nMiba\nMultifood\nUnekel\nEroski\nEroski City\nEroski Center\nAliprox\nCash Record\nCaprabo\nFamilia\nViajes Eroski\nÓpticas Eroski\nPerfumerías IF\nTiendas de Deporte FORUM\nTiendas de ocio y cultura ABAC\n\nKnowledgeEducation\nIkastola Arizmendi\nEscuela Lea Artibai\nMondragon University\nMONE\nOtalora\nPoliteknika Ikastegia Txorierri\nR+D centres\nAotek\nIkerlan\nIdeko\nKoniker\nLortek\nM.T.C. (Maier Technology Centre)\nMIK (Mondragon Innovation & Knowledge)\nOrona EIC\nPolo de Innovación GaraiaAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Iñigo Ucín, president of Mondragon Corporation since 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/I%C3%B1igo_Uc%C3%ADn%2C_presidente_de_Corporaci%C3%B3n_Mondrag%C3%B3n.jpg/260px-I%C3%B1igo_Uc%C3%ADn%2C_presidente_de_Corporaci%C3%B3n_Mondrag%C3%B3n.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Spain portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg"},{"title":"Organized labour portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Organized_labour"},{"title":"Cecosesola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecosesola"},{"title":"Distributism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributism"},{"title":"Horizontalidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontalidad"},{"title":"John Lewis Partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_Partnership"},{"title":"List of worker cooperatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_worker_cooperatives"},{"title":"Workers' self-management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_self-management"}]	[{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2015\". Mondragon Corporation. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160614111433/http://www.mondragon-corporation.com/eng/mondragon-in-2015-growth-in-jobs-turnover-and-earnings/","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2015\""},{"url":"http://www.mondragon-corporation.com/eng/mondragon-in-2015-growth-in-jobs-turnover-and-earnings/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2014\" (PDF). Mondragon Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondragon-corporation.com/wp-content/themes/mondragon/docs/eng/annual-report-2014.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2014\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210306060658/http://www.mondragon-corporation.com/wp-content/themes/mondragon/docs/eng/annual-report-2014.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2019\" (PDF). Mondragon Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922084740/https://www.mondragon-corporation.com/2019urtekotxostena/assets/downloads/mondragon-txostena-2019-es.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2019\""},{"url":"https://www.mondragon-corporation.com/2019urtekotxostena/assets/downloads/mondragon-txostena-2019-es.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mondragon Corporation. \"Annual Report 2012\". Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061624/http://www.mondragon-corporation.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=ZzxamLvmVgk%3d&tabid=331","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.mondragon-corporation.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=ZzxamLvmVgk%3d&tabid=331","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography of Fr Jose María Arizmendiarrieta (1915-1976)\". Cause for Canonization. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canonizacionarizmendiarrieta.com/en/biografia/","url_text":"\"Biography of Fr Jose María Arizmendiarrieta (1915-1976)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210504182929/http://www.canonizacionarizmendiarrieta.com/en/biografia/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Molina, Fernando (2005). José María Arizmendiarreta. Caja Laboral. ISBN 84-920246-2-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja_Laboral","url_text":"Caja Laboral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-920246-2-3","url_text":"84-920246-2-3"}]},{"reference":"Foote, William (1991). Making Mondragón. IRL Press. ISBN 0-87546-182-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87546-182-4","url_text":"0-87546-182-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Conosce Eroski una empresa diferente\". Eroski.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eroski.es/es/conoce-eroski/una-empresa-diferente/historia","url_text":"\"Conosce Eroski una empresa diferente\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ikerlan - Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia\" [Research - Auñamendi Basque Encyclopedia]. aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus, euskomedia.org (in Basque). Retrieved 28 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/76338","url_text":"\"Ikerlan - Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer(s). \"Year-on-year Development, MONDRAGON Corporation\". mondragon-corporation.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_(North_Sea_Radio_Orchestra_album)	Birds (North Sea Radio Orchestra album)	["1 Background","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Birds" North Sea Radio Orchestra album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2008 studio album by North Sea Radio OrchestraBirdsStudio album by North Sea Radio OrchestraReleased2008GenreClassical musicLength41:11LabelOof! RecordsProducerMark Cawthra, Tim SmithNorth Sea Radio Orchestra chronology North Sea Radio Orchestra(2006) Birds(2008) I a Moon(2011) Birds is the second album by the English cross-disciplinary musical ensemble North Sea Radio Orchestra. It was released on December 1, 2008, on Oof! Records. Background This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Birds was a continuation of the work begun on the ensemble's first album, North Sea Radio Orchestra, consisting almost entirely of original compositions and containing settings of antique poetry from the Victorian and Edwardian eras and earlier. As with the previous album, Birds contained settings of poems by Thomas Hardy ("The Wound" and "Phantom") and Alfred, Lord Tennyson ("The Flower" and "Move Eastward Happy Earth", both of which had been in the repertoire of the ensemble since its earliest concerts in 2002). Birds expanded the band's choice of poetry for setting choice by including settings of Geoffrey Chaucer ("Now Welcom Somer") and William Blake ("The Angel", "A Poison Tree" and "Golden Cage"). Almost all of the music was written by group leader Craig Fortnam with the exception of "Personent Hodie" (a Fortnam arrangement of a traditional tune) and "Harbour Wall", which was a Fortnam arrangement of a composition by William D. Drake (the original of which had appeared as a solo piano performance on Drake's 2007 album Yews Paw). The band performed a concert at St Martin in the Fields on 18 November 2008 to promote the release of Birds. One album track, "The Flower", had previously been released as the first track on a 7-inch vinyl EP. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic(unrated) link Reviews of the album were generally positive. Isle Of Man Today described Birds as "effortlessly beautiful to listen to… NSRO manage to take you back centuries to an ancient form of music while retaining an eerie ability to remain thoroughly modern… Birds has a distinctly non-conformist sound but nevertheless achieves its aim with quiet, reserved gusto. NSRO aren't about to go on a media rampage shouting about how good they are; the whole project is far too middle-class for that. But by putting out Birds they are giving their audience a knowing wink. They realise they've created a fine piece of work and you can feel the confidence growing from track to track." The Cambridgeshire Times called the album "an intriguing proposition feels at times like it's just been unearthed from an archaeological dig alongside some ancient flagstones. Organ, violins, clarinet, bassoon and oboe feature heavily alongside acoustic guitar, drum, percussion and choral parts, conjuring up images of royal court musicians… straddles the less crowded end of 60s folk and revives traditional chamber music, managing to sound timeless and refreshing rather than hopelessly outdated. A calming record of quality musicianship and carefully woven melodies." The review also praised Sharron Fortnam as being "a beguiling embodiment of a cut-glass English Rose singer, delicate, classical, strong and capable." Reviewing Birds in issue 181, Mojo described the album as sounding like "Tortoise reworked by Howard Goodall" and suggested "there's charm and melody aplenty, but the churchier excursions suggest bourgeois smugness - Blake would not approve." In the underground music press, the Name Someone That’s Not A Parasite music blog hailed the NSRO as "(the) band British Sea Power wish they could be! These guys are like a latter day Incredible String Band mess of uniquely Anglican eccentricity." Describing the NSRO’s music as "kitchen-sink folk" Subba Cultcha commented that Birds was "something quite magical, but at times cringingly twee and fluffy, but in terms of artistic endeavour, it’s a tour-de-force in no uncertain terms. Part classical, part folk, part something entirely new, if you fancy dipping your toe in something a bit different, then this is a great rock pool to do it in." Organ lavishly praised the album, saying that "North Sea Radio Orchestra are blossoming in a rather fine way now with their inviting mix of delicate English prog and 20th century classical pastoral folk. Harmonically rich and fluid in a Henry Cow, Art Bears, Incredible String Band kind of way... A fine mix of delicate English folk and something that has evolved out of fine traditions of chamber music… Birds is an album pulling gently in two distinct ways. One direction; nice, simple, sitting in a sunny field, female-voiced acoustic folk, the other towards a rarer thing, this fusion of English medieval progressive classical, chamber orchestral music, via Vaughan Williams, Cardiacs, Vernon Elliott, Henry Cow. In the end, it all works as a melodic spirited integral classical whole. Always more than just decorating modern music with classical instrumentation, at its core a real orchestra, this is something that’s both timeless and enchantingly beautiful – a very fine, very enjoyable rather magical album." Track listing All music written by Craig Fortnam except where noted. All arrangements by Craig Fortnam. Lyricists as credited. The Angel (2:12) (words by William Blake) The Wound (3:54) (words by Thomas Hardy) Copt Gilders (4:48) Move Eastward, Happy Earth (4.07) (words by Alfred, Lord Tennyson) A Poison Tree (2:15) (words by William Blake) The Flower (3:53) (words by Alfred, Lord Tennyson) Harbour Wall (3:57) (music by William D. Drake) Guitar Miniature #2 (1:21) Phantom (2:10) (words by Thomas Hardy) Personent Hodie (3:24) (music - Trad. arr Craig Fortnam) Now Welcom Somer (6:14) (words by Geoffrey Chaucer) Golden Cage (2:47) (words by William Blake) Personnel North Sea Radio Orchestra: Craig Fortnam - nylon-string acoustic guitar, chamber organ, piano, vocals Sharron Fortnam: lead vocals (soprano) Dug Parker: vocals (main harmonies) James Larcombe: monosynth, chamber organ Ben Davies: piano, chamber organ Nicola Baigent: clarinet Geraldine Peach: oboe Luke Crookes: bassoon Harry Escott: cello Sarah Longe, Brian Wright: violins Hugh Wilkinson: percussion North Sea Radio Chorus: Luke Albery, Ben Davies, William D. Drake, Louise Harrison, Suzy Kirby, James Larcombe, Richard Larcombe, Gideon Miller, Kavus Torabi Melanie Woods References ^ Isle Of Man Today review of Birds, retrieved November 19, 2008 ^ Cambridgeshire Times review of Birds, retrieved November 19, 2008 ^ David Sheppard, Review of NSRO album Birds in Mojo #181, retrieved October 24, 2008 ^ Name Someone That’s Not A Parasite music blog review of Birds, retrieved November 19, 2008 ^ Subba Cultcha review of Birds, retrieved November 19, 2008 ^ Organ magazine review of Birds Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved November 19, 2008 Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Sea Radio Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Radio_Orchestra"}],"text":"2008 studio album by North Sea Radio OrchestraBirds is the second album by the English cross-disciplinary musical ensemble North Sea Radio Orchestra. It was released on December 1, 2008, on Oof! Records.","title":"Birds (North Sea Radio Orchestra album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Sea Radio Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Radio_Orchestra_(album)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Alfred, Lord Tennyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer"},{"link_name":"William Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake"},{"link_name":"Craig Fortnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Fortnam"},{"link_name":"Personent Hodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personent_Hodie"},{"link_name":"William D. Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._Drake"},{"link_name":"St Martin in the Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin_in_the_Fields"}],"text":"Birds was a continuation of the work begun on the ensemble's first album, North Sea Radio Orchestra, consisting almost entirely of original compositions and containing settings of antique poetry from the Victorian and Edwardian eras and earlier. As with the previous album, Birds contained settings of poems by Thomas Hardy (\"The Wound\" and \"Phantom\") and Alfred, Lord Tennyson (\"The Flower\" and \"Move Eastward Happy Earth\", both of which had been in the repertoire of the ensemble since its earliest concerts in 2002). Birds expanded the band's choice of poetry for setting choice by including settings of Geoffrey Chaucer (\"Now Welcom Somer\") and William Blake (\"The Angel\", \"A Poison Tree\" and \"Golden Cage\"). Almost all of the music was written by group leader Craig Fortnam with the exception of \"Personent Hodie\" (a Fortnam arrangement of a traditional tune) and \"Harbour Wall\", which was a Fortnam arrangement of a composition by William D. Drake (the original of which had appeared as a solo piano performance on Drake's 2007 album Yews Paw).The band performed a concert at St Martin in the Fields on 18 November 2008 to promote the release of Birds.One album track, \"The Flower\", had previously been released as the first track on a 7-inch vinyl EP.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Tortoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise_(band)"},{"link_name":"Howard Goodall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Goodall"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"British Sea Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Sea_Power"},{"link_name":"Incredible String Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incredible_String_Band"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Henry Cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cow"},{"link_name":"Art Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Bears"},{"link_name":"Incredible String Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incredible_String_Band"},{"link_name":"Vaughan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan_Williams"},{"link_name":"Cardiacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiacs"},{"link_name":"Vernon Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Henry Cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cow"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Reviews of the album were generally positive. Isle Of Man Today described Birds as \"effortlessly beautiful to listen to… NSRO manage to take you back centuries to an ancient form of music while retaining an eerie ability to remain thoroughly modern… Birds has a distinctly non-conformist sound but nevertheless achieves its aim with quiet, reserved gusto. NSRO aren't about to go on a media rampage shouting about how good they are; the whole project is far too middle-class for that. But by putting out Birds they are giving their audience a knowing wink. They realise they've created a fine piece of work and you can feel the confidence growing from track to track.\"[1]The Cambridgeshire Times called the album \"an intriguing proposition [which] feels at times like it's just been unearthed from an archaeological dig alongside some ancient flagstones. Organ, violins, clarinet, bassoon and oboe feature heavily alongside acoustic guitar, drum, percussion and choral parts, conjuring up images of royal court musicians… [The album] straddles the less crowded end of 60s folk and revives traditional chamber music, managing to sound timeless and refreshing rather than hopelessly outdated. A calming record of quality musicianship and carefully woven melodies.\" The review also praised Sharron Fortnam as being \"a beguiling embodiment of a cut-glass English Rose singer, delicate, classical, strong and capable.\"[2]Reviewing Birds in issue 181, Mojo described the album as sounding like \"Tortoise reworked by Howard Goodall\" and suggested \"there's charm and melody aplenty, but the churchier excursions suggest bourgeois smugness - Blake would not approve.\"[3] In the underground music press, the Name Someone That’s Not A Parasite music blog hailed the NSRO as \"(the) band British Sea Power wish they could be! These guys are like a latter day Incredible String Band mess of uniquely Anglican eccentricity.\"[4] Describing the NSRO’s music as \"kitchen-sink folk\" Subba Cultcha commented that Birds was \"something quite magical, but at times cringingly twee and fluffy, but in terms of artistic endeavour, it’s a tour-de-force in no uncertain terms. Part classical, part folk, part something entirely new, if you fancy dipping your toe in something a bit different, then this is a great rock pool to do it in.\"[5]Organ lavishly praised the album, saying that \"North Sea Radio Orchestra are blossoming in a rather fine way now with their inviting mix of delicate English prog and 20th century classical pastoral folk. Harmonically rich and fluid in a Henry Cow, Art Bears, Incredible String Band kind of way... A fine mix of delicate English folk and something that has evolved out of fine traditions of chamber music… Birds is an album pulling gently in two distinct ways. One direction; nice, simple, sitting in a sunny field, female-voiced acoustic folk, the other towards a rarer thing, this fusion of English medieval progressive classical, chamber orchestral music, via Vaughan Williams, Cardiacs, Vernon Elliott, Henry Cow. In the end, it all works as a melodic spirited integral classical whole. Always more than just decorating modern music with classical instrumentation, at its core a real orchestra, this is something that’s both timeless and enchantingly beautiful – a very fine, very enjoyable rather magical album.\"[6]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Alfred, Lord Tennyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson"},{"link_name":"William D. Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._Drake"},{"link_name":"Personent Hodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personent_Hodie"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer"}],"text":"All music written by Craig Fortnam except where noted. All arrangements by Craig Fortnam. Lyricists as credited.The Angel (2:12) (words by William Blake)\nThe Wound (3:54) (words by Thomas Hardy)\nCopt Gilders (4:48)\nMove Eastward, Happy Earth (4.07) (words by Alfred, Lord Tennyson)\nA Poison Tree (2:15) (words by William Blake)\nThe Flower (3:53) (words by Alfred, Lord Tennyson)\nHarbour Wall (3:57) (music by William D. Drake)\nGuitar Miniature #2 (1:21)\nPhantom (2:10) (words by Thomas Hardy)\nPersonent Hodie (3:24) (music - Trad. arr Craig Fortnam)\nNow Welcom Somer (6:14) (words by Geoffrey Chaucer)\nGolden Cage (2:47) (words by William Blake)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Craig Fortnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Fortnam"},{"link_name":"acoustic guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_guitar"},{"link_name":"chamber organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_organ"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano"},{"link_name":"James Larcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_in_Battledress_(band)"},{"link_name":"monosynth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosynth"},{"link_name":"chamber organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_organ"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"oboe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"bassoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon"},{"link_name":"cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"violins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion"},{"link_name":"William D. Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._Drake"},{"link_name":"James Larcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_in_Battledress_(band)"},{"link_name":"Richard Larcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_in_Battledress_(band)"},{"link_name":"Kavus Torabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavus_Torabi"},{"link_name":"Melanie Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Woods_(musician)"}],"text":"North Sea Radio Orchestra:Craig Fortnam - nylon-string acoustic guitar, chamber organ, piano, vocals\nSharron Fortnam: lead vocals (soprano)\nDug Parker: vocals (main harmonies)\nJames Larcombe: monosynth, chamber organ\nBen Davies: piano, chamber organ\nNicola Baigent: clarinet\nGeraldine Peach: oboe\nLuke Crookes: bassoon\nHarry Escott: cello\nSarah Longe, Brian Wright: violins\nHugh Wilkinson: percussionNorth Sea Radio Chorus:Luke Albery, Ben Davies, William D. Drake, Louise Harrison, Suzy Kirby, James Larcombe, Richard Larcombe, Gideon Miller, Kavus Torabi Melanie Woods","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Birds%22+North+Sea+Radio+Orchestra+album","external_links_name":"\"Birds\" North Sea Radio Orchestra album"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Birds%22+North+Sea+Radio+Orchestra+album+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Birds%22+North+Sea+Radio+Orchestra+album&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Birds%22+North+Sea+Radio+Orchestra+album+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Birds%22+North+Sea+Radio+Orchestra+album","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Birds%22+North+Sea+Radio+Orchestra+album&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1456389","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120803012711/http://www.iomtoday.co.im/reviews/CD-North-Sea-Radio-OrchestraKung.4646186.jp","external_links_name":"Isle Of Man Today review of Birds"},{"Link":"http://www.cambstimes.co.uk/content/cambs24/entertainment/cds/story.aspx?brand=Cambs24&category=--WhatsonReviewCD&tBrand=HertsCambsOnline&tCategory=entertainmentCDS&itemid=WEED23%20Oct%202008%2010%3A36%3A42%3A710","external_links_name":"Cambridgeshire Times review of Birds"},{"Link":"http://namemesomeonethatsnotaparasite.blogspot.com/2008/11/vice-v6n11-record-reviews.html","external_links_name":"Name Someone That’s Not A Parasite music blog review of Birds"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171227121955/http://www.subba-cultcha.com/article_album.php?id=8750","external_links_name":"Subba Cultcha review of Birds"},{"Link":"http://www.organart.demon.co.uk/neworgan.htm","external_links_name":"Organ magazine review of Birds"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722091238/http://www.organart.demon.co.uk/neworgan.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/584dbb40-4d7f-3f00-ab39-f820673043cb","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_chemotaxis	Sperm chemotaxis	["1 Background","2 Sperm chemotaxis in non-mammalian species","2.1 Chemoattractants","2.2 Table 1. Some sperm chemoattractants in non-mammalian species*","2.3 Species specificity","2.4 Behavioral mechanism","2.5 Molecular mechanism","3 Sperm chemotaxis in mammals","3.1 Chemoattractants","3.2 Species specificity","3.3 Behavioral mechanism","3.4 Molecular mechanism","3.5 Physiology","4 References","5 Further reading"]	Sperm chemotaxis is a form of sperm guidance, in which sperm cells (spermatozoa) follow a concentration gradient of a chemoattractant secreted from the oocyte and thereby reach the oocyte. Background Since the discovery of sperm attraction to the female gametes in ferns over a century ago, sperm guidance in the form of sperm chemotaxis has been established in a large variety of species Although sperm chemotaxis is prevalent throughout the Metazoa kingdom, from marine species with external fertilization such as sea urchins and corals, to humans, much of the current information on sperm chemotaxis is derived from studies of marine invertebrates, primarily sea urchin and starfish. As a matter of fact, until not too long ago, the dogma was that, in mammals, guidance of spermatozoa to the oocyte was unnecessary. This was due to the common belief that, following ejaculation into the female genital tract, large numbers of spermatozoa 'race' towards the oocyte and compete to fertilize it. Research during the 1980s caused this belief to be taken apart when it became clear that only few of the ejaculated spermatozoa — in humans, only ~1 of every million spermatozoa — succeed in entering the oviducts (fallopian tubes) and when more recent studies showed that mammalian spermatozoa do respond chemotactically. Sperm chemotaxis in non-mammalian species In sperm chemotaxis, the oocyte secretes a chemoattractant, which, as it diffuses away, forms a concentration gradient: a high concentration close to the egg, and a gradually lower concentration as the distance from the oocyte increases. Spermatozoa can sense this chemoattractant and orient their swimming direction up the concentration gradient towards the oocyte. Sperm chemotaxis was demonstrated in a large number of non-mammalian species, from marine invertebrates to frogs. Chemoattractants The sperm chemoattractants in non-mammalian species vary to a large extent. Some examples are shown in Table 1. So far, most sperm chemoattractants that have been identified in non-mammalian species are peptides or low-molecular-weight proteins (1–20 kDa), which are heat stable and sensitive to proteases. Exceptions to this rule are the sperm chemoattractants of corals, ascidians, plants such as ferns, and algae (Table 1). Table 1. Some sperm chemoattractants in non-mammalian species* Species Chemoattractant References Algae Low-molecular-weight unsaturated pheromones of cyclic or linear structure (for example 532 Da pentosylated hydroquinone in the case of Chlamydomonas allensworthii) Amphibians Allurin — a 21 kDa protein (for Xenopus) Ascidians SAAF — a sulfated steroid: 3,4,7,26-tetrahydroxycholestane-3,26-disulfate (for Ciona savignyi and intestinalis) Corals A lipid-like long chain fatty alcohol CH3-(CH2)8-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH2OH (for Montipora digitata) Ferns Dicarboxylic acids, for example malic acid in its partially ionized form (for Pteridium aquilinum) Mollusks SepSAP — a 6-residue peptide-amide with the sequence PIDPGV-CONH2 (for Sepia officinalis) Sea urchins Resact — a 14-residue peptide with the sequence CVTGAPGCVGGGRL-NH2 (for Arbacia punctulata) Starfish Startrak — a 13 kDa heat-stable protein (for Pycnopodia helianthoides) Taken from reference. Species specificity The variety of chemoattractants raises the question of species specificity with respect to the chemoattractant identity. There is no single rule for chemoattractant-related specificity. Thus, in some groups of marine invertebrates (e.g., hydromedusae and certain ophiuroids), the specificity is very high; in others (e.g., starfish), the specificity is at the family level and, within the family, there is no specificity. In mollusks, there appears to be no specificity at all. Likewise, in plants, a unique simple compound might be a chemoattractant for various species. Behavioral mechanism Here, too, there is no single rule. In some species (for example, in hydroids like Campanularia or tunicate like Ciona), the swimming direction of the spermatozoa changes abruptly towards the chemoattractant source. In others (for example, in sea urchin, hydromedusa, fern, or fish such as Japanese bitterlings), the approach to the chemoattractant source is indirect and the movement is by repetitive loops of small radii. In some species (for example, herring or the ascidian Ciona) activation of motility precedes chemotaxis. In chemotaxis, cells may either sense a temporal gradient of the chemoattractant, comparing the occupancy of its receptors at different time points (as do bacteria), or they may detect a spatial gradient, comparing the occupancy of receptors at different locations along the cell (as do leukocytes). In the best-studied species, sea urchin, the spermatozoa sense a temporal gradient and respond to it with a transient increase in flagellar asymmetry. The outcome is a turn in the swimming path, followed by a period of straight swimming, leading to the observed epicycloid-like movements directed towards the chemoattractant source. The particular mechanism by which sea urchin sperm cells sense the temporal gradient has been recently identified as a natural implementation of the well-known adaptive controller known as extremum seeking. Molecular mechanism The molecular mechanism of sperm chemotaxis is still not fully known. The current knowledge is mainly based on studies in the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata, where binding of the chemoattractant resact (Table 1) to its receptor, a guanylyl cyclase, activates cGMP synthesis (Figure 1). The resulting rise of cGMP possibly activates K+-selective ion channels. The consequential hyperpolarization activates hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. The depolarizing inward current through HCN channels possibly activates voltage-activated Ca2+ channels, resulting in elevation of intracellular Ca2+. This rise leads to flagellar asymmetry and, consequently, a turn of the sperm cell. A model of the signal-transduction pathway during sperm chemotaxis of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata. Binding of a chemoattractant (ligand) to the receptor — a membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase (GC) — activates the synthesis of cGMP from GTP. Cyclic GMP possibly opens cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) K+-selective channels, thereby causing hyperpolarization of the membrane. The cGMP signal is terminated by the hydrolysis of cGMP through phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity and inactivation of GC. On hyperpolarization, hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels allow the influx of Na+ that leads to depolarization and thereby causes a rapid Ca2+ entry through voltage-activated Ca2+ channels (Cav), Ca2+ ions interact by unknown mechanisms with the axoneme of the flagellum and cause an increase of the asymmetry of flagellar beat and eventually a turn or bend in the swimming trajectory. Ca2+ is removed from the flagellum by a Na+/Ca2+ exchange mechanism. (Taken from ref.) Sperm chemotaxis in mammals A simplified scheme describing the suggested sequence of sperm guidance events in mammals (Michael Eisenbach, Weizmann Institute of Science, 2009) Following the findings that human spermatozoa accumulate in follicular fluid and that there is a remarkable correlation between this in vitro accumulation and oocyte fertilization, chemotaxis was substantiated as the cause of this accumulation. Sperm chemotaxis was later also demonstrated in mice and rabbits. In addition, sperm accumulation in follicular fluid (but without substantiating that it truly reflects chemotaxis) was demonstrated in horses and pigs. A key feature of sperm chemotaxis in humans is that this process is restricted to capacitated cells — the only cells that possess the ability to penetrate the oocyte and fertilize it. This raised the possibility that, in mammals, chemotaxis is not solely a guidance mechanism but it is also a mechanism of sperm selection. Importantly, the fraction of capacitated (and, hence, chemotactically responsive) spermatozoa is low (~10% in humans), the life span of the capacitated/chemotactic state is short (1–4 hours in humans), a spermatozoon can be at this state only once in its lifetime, and sperm individuals become capacitated/chemotactic at different time points, resulting in continuous replacement of capacitated/chemotactic cells within the sperm population, i.e., prolonged availability of capacitated cells. These sperm features raised the possibility that prolonging the time period, during which capacitated spermatozoa can be found in the female genital tract, is a mechanism, evolved in humans, to compensate for the lack of coordination between insemination and ovulation. Chemoattractants In humans, there are at least two different origins of sperm chemoattractants. One is the cumulus cells that surround the oocyte, and the other is the mature oocyte itself. The chemoattractant secreted from the cumulus cells is the steroid progesterone, shown to be effective at the picomolar range. The chemoattractant secreted from the oocyte is even more potent. It is a hydrophobic non-peptide molecule which, when secreted from the oocyte, is in complex with a carrier protein Additional compounds have been shown to act as chemoattractants for mammalian spermatozoa. They include the chemokine CCL20, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), specific odorants, natriuretic peptide type C (NPPC), and allurin, to mention a few. It is reasonable to assume that not all of them are physiologically relevant. Species specificity Species specificity was not detected in experiments that compared the chemotactic responsiveness of human and rabbit spermatozoa to follicular fluids or egg-conditioned media obtained from human, bovine, and rabbit. The subsequent findings that cumulus cells of both human and rabbit (and, probably, of other mammals as well) secrete the chemoattractant progesterone is sufficient to account for the lack of specificity in the chemotactic response of mammalian spermatozoa. Behavioral mechanism Mammalian spermatozoa, like sea-urchin spermatozoa, appear to sense the chemoattractant gradient temporally (comparing receptor occupancy over time) rather than spatially (comparing receptor occupancy over space). This is because the establishment of a temporal gradient in the absence of spatial gradient, achieved by mixing human spermatozoa with a chemoattractant or by photorelease of a chemoattractant from its caged compound, results in delayed transient changes in swimming behavior that involve increased frequency of turns and hyperactivation events. On the basis of these observations and the finding that the level of hyperactivation events is reduced when chemotactically responsive spermatozoa swim in a spatial chemoattractant gradient it was proposed that turns and hyperactivation events are suppressed when capacitated spermatozoa swim up a chemoattractant gradient, and vice versa when they swim down a gradient. In other words, human spermatozoa approach chemoattractants by modulating the frequency of turns and hyperactivation events, similarly to Escherichia coli bacteria. Molecular mechanism As in non-mammalian species, the end signal in chemotaxis for changing the direction of swimming is Ca2+. The discovery of progesterone as a chemoattractant led to the identification of its receptor on the sperm surface – CatSper, a Ca2+ channel present exclusively in the tail of mammalian spermatozoa. (Note, though, that progesterone only stimulates human CatSper but not mouse CatSper. Consistently, sperm chemotaxis to progesterone was not found in mice.) However, the molecular steps subsequent to CatSper activation by progesterone are obscure, though the involvement of trans-membrane adenylyl cyclase, cAMP and protein kinase A as well as soluble guanylyl cyclase, cGMP, inositol trisphosphate receptor and store-operated Ca2+ channel was proposed. Physiology Chemotaxis is a short-range guidance mechanism. As such, it can guide spermatozoa for short distances only, estimated at the order of millimeters. It is, therefore, believed that, in mammals, sperm chemotaxis occurs in the oviduct, close to the oocyte. First spermatozoa may be chemotactically guided to the oocyte-cumulus complex by the gradient of progesterone, secreted from the cumulus cells. In addition, progesterone may inwardly guide spermatozoa, already present within the periphery of the cumulus oophorus. Spermatozoa that are already deep within the cumulus oophorus may sense the more potent chemoattractant that is secreted from the oocyte and chemotactically guide themselves to the oocyte according to the gradient of this chemoattractant. It should be borne in mind, however, that this scenario may be an oversimplification. In view of the increasing number of different chemoattractants that are being discovered, the physiology of chemotaxis in vivo might be much more complex. References ^ Pfeffer, W. (1884) Lokomotorische richtungsbewegungen durch chemische reize. Untersuch. aus d. Botan. Inst. Tübingen 1, 363–482. ^ a b c d e f Miller, R.L. (1985) Sperm chemo-orientation in the metazoa. In: Biology of Fertilization (Metz, C.B. and Monroy, A., eds.), pp. 275–337. Academic Press, New York. ^ a b c d e f Cosson, M.P. (1990) Sperm chemotaxis. In: Controls of Sperm Motility: Biological and Clinical Aspects (Gagnon, C., ed.) pp. 103–135. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. ^ a b Eisenbach, M. and Tur-Kaspa, I. (1994) Human sperm chemotaxis is not enigmatic anymore. Fertil. Steril. 62, 233–235. ^ Kaupp, U.B., Kashikar, N.D. and Weyand, I. (2008) Mechanisms of sperm chemotaxis Annu. Rev. Physiol. 70, 93-117. ^ "Professor Michael Eisenbach of the Weizmann Membrane Reearch Department was inspired to initiate this research several years ago when ..." "Egg to Sperm: Don't Call Us, We'll Call You". Weizmann News (Fall 1991, p. 3). 1991. ^ a b Eisenbach, M. and Giojalas, L.C. (2006) Sperm guidance in mammals - an unpaved road to the egg. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 7, 276–285. ^ a b Ralt, D., Manor, M., Cohen-Dayag, A., Tur-Kaspa, I., Makler, A., Yuli, I., Dor, J., Blumberg, S., Mashiach, S. and Eisenbach, M. (1994) Chemotaxis and chemokinesis of human spermatozoa to follicular factors. Biol. Reprod. 50, 774–785. ^ a b Al-Anzi, B. and Chandler, D.E. (1998) A sperm chemoattractant is released from Xenopus egg jelly during spawning. Dev. Biol. 198, 366–375. ^ a b Maier, I. and Müller, D.G. (1986) Sexual pheromones in algae. Biol. Bull. 170, 145–175. ^ Starr, R.C., Marner, F.J. and Jaenicke, L. (1995) Chemoattraction of male gametes by a pheromone produced by female gametes of chlamydomonas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 641–645. ^ Olson, J.H., Xiang, X.Y., Ziegert, T., Kittelson, A., Rawls, A., Bieber, A.L. and Chandler, D.E. (2001) Allurin, a 21-kDa sperm chemoattractant from Xenopus egg jelly, is related to mammalian sperm-binding proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 11205–11210. ^ Yoshida, M., Inaba, K. and Morisawa, M. (1993) Sperm chemotaxis during the process of fertilization in the ascidians Ciona-Savignyi and Ciona-Intestinalis. Dev. Biol. 157, 497–506. ^ Yoshida, M., Inaba, K., Ishida, K. and Morisawa, M. (1994) Calcium and cyclic AMP mediate sperm activation, but Ca2+ alone contributes sperm chemotaxis in the ascidian, Ciona savignyi. Dev. Growth Dif. 36, 589–595. ^ Yoshida, M., Murata, M., Inaba, K. and Morisawa, M. (2002) A chemoattractant for ascidian spermatozoa is a sulfated steroid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 14831–14836. ^ Coll, J.C. and Miller, R.L. (1992) The nature of sperm chemo-attractants in coral and starfis. In: Comparative Spermatology: 20 Years After (Baccetti, B., ed.) pp. 129–134. Raven Press, New York. ^ Brokaw, C.J. (1958) Chemotaxis of bracken spermatozoids. The role of bimalate ions. J. Exp. Zool. 35, 192–196. ^ Zatylny, C., Marvin, L., Gagnon, J. and Henry, J.L. (2002) Fertilization in Sepia officinalis: the first mollusk sperm-attracting peptide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 296, 1186–1193. ^ Ward, G.E., Brokaw, C.J., Garbers, D.L. and Vacquier, V.D. (1985) Chemotaxis of Arbacia punctulata spermatozoa to resact, a peptide from the egg jelly layer. J. Cell Biol. 101, 2324–2329. ^ Miller, R.D. and Vogt, R. (1996) An N-terminal partial sequence of the 13kDa Pycnopodia helianthoides sperm chemoattractant 'startrak' possesses sperm-attracting activity. J. Exp. Biol. 199, 311–318. ^ Eisenbach, M. (2004) Chemotaxis. Imperial College Press, London. ^ Miller, R.L. (1997) Specificity of sperm chemotaxis among great barrier reef shallow-water holothurians and ophiuroids. J. Exp. Zool. 279, 189–200. ^ a b c Kaupp, U.B., Hildebrand, E. and Weyand, I. (2006) Sperm chemotaxis in marine invertebrates - molecules and mechanism. J. Cell. Physiol. 208, 487–494. ^ Morisawa, M. (1994). Cell signaling mechanisms for sperm motility. Zool. Sci. 11, 647–662. ^ a b Macnab, R.M. and Koshland, D.E. (1972) The gradient-sensing mechanism in bacterial chemotaxis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69, 2509–2512. ^ Devreotes, P.N. and Zigmond, S.H. (1988) Chemotaxis in eukaryotic cells: a focus on leukocytes and Dictyostelium. Annu Rev Cell Biol 4, 649–86. ^ Kaupp, U.B., Solzin, J., Hildebrand, E., Brown, J.E., Helbig, A., Hagen, V., Beyermann, M., Pampaloni, F. and Weyand, I. (2003) The signal flow and motor response controlling chemotaxis of sea urchin sperm. Nature Cell Biol. 5, 109–117. ^ Böhmer, M., Van, Q., Weyand, I., Hagen, V., Beyermann, M., Matsumoto, M., Hoshi, M., Hildebrand, E. and Kaupp, U.B. (2005) Ca2+ spikes in the flagellum control chemotactic behavior of sperm. EMBO J. 24, 2741–2752. ^ Abdelgalil, M., Aboelkassem, Y., Taha, H. (2022) Sea urchin sperm exploit extremum seeking control to find the egg. Phys. Rev. E 106, L062401 ^ a b Ralt, D., Goldenberg, M., Fetterolf, P., Thompson, D., Dor, J., Mashiach, S., Garbers, D.L. and Eisenbach, M. (1991) Sperm attraction to a follicular factor(s) correlates with human egg fertilizability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 2840–2844. ^ Villanueva-Díaz, C., Vadillo-Ortega, F., Kably-Ambe, A., Diaz-Perez, M.A. and Krivitzky, S.K. (1990) Evidence that human follicular fluid contains a chemoattractant for spermatozoa. Fertil. Steril. 54, 1180–1182. ^ Oliveira, R.G., Tomasi, L., Rovasio, R.A. and Giojalas, L.C. (1999) Increased velocity and induction of chemotactic response in mouse spermatozoa by follicular and oviductal fluids. J. Reprod. Fertil. 115, 23–27. ^ Fabro, G., Rovasio, R.A., Civalero, S., Frenkel, A., Caplan, S.R., Eisenbach, M. and Giojalas, L.C. (2002) Chemotaxis of capacitated rabbit spermatozoa to follicular fluid revealed by a novel directionality-based assay. Biol. Reprod. 67, 1565–1571. ^ Navarro, M.C., Valencia, J., Vazquez, C., Cozar, E. and Villanueva, C. (1998) Crude mare follicular fluid exerts chemotactic effects on stallion spermatozoa. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 33, 321–324. ^ Serrano, H., Canchola, E. and García-Suárez, M.D. (2001) Sperm-attracting activity in follicular fluid associated to an 8.6-kDa protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 283, 782–784. ^ a b c d Cohen-Dayag, A., Tur-Kaspa, I., Dor, J., Mashiach, S. and Eisenbach, M. (1995) Sperm capacitation in humans is transient and correlates with chemotactic responsiveness to follicular factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 11039–11043. ^ a b c Eisenbach, M. (1999) Mammalian sperm chemotaxis and its association with capacitation. Dev. Genet. 25, 87–94. ^ Jaiswal, B.S. and Eisenbach, M. (2002) Capacitation. In: Fertilization (Hardy, D.M., ed.) pp. 57–117. Academic Press, San Diego. ^ Cohen-Dayag, A., Ralt, D., Tur-Kaspa, I., Manor, M., Makler, A., Dor, J., Mashiach, S. and Eisenbach, M. (1994) Sequential acquisition of chemotactic responsiveness by human spermatozoa. Biol. Reprod. 50, 786–790. ^ Giojalas, L.C., Rovasio, R.A., Fabro, G., Gakamsky, A. and Eisenbach, M. (2004) Timing of sperm capacitation appears to be programmed according to egg availability in the female genital tract. Fertil. Steril. 82, 247–249. ^ a b c Sun, F., Bahat, A., Gakamsky, A., Girsh, E., Katz, N., Giojalas, L.C., Tur-Kaspa, I. and Eisenbach, M. (2005) Human sperm chemotaxis: both the oocyte and its surrounding cumulus cells secrete sperm chemoattractants. Hum. Reprod. 20, 761–767. ^ a b c d e Teves, M.E., Barbano, F., Guidobaldi, H.A., Sanchez, R., Miska, W. and Giojalas, L.C. (2006) Progesterone at the picomolar range is a chemoattractant for mammalian spermatozoa. Fertil. Steril. 86, 745–749. ^ a b c d Oren-Benaroya, R., Orvieto, R., Gakamsky, A., Pinchasov, M. and Eisenbach, M. (2008) The sperm chemoattractant secreted from human cumulus cells is progesterone. Hum. Reprod. 23, 2339–2345. ^ a b c d Guidobaldi, H.A., Teves, M.E., Unates, D.R., Anastasia, A. and Giojalas, L.C. (2008) Progesterone from the cumulus cells is the sperm chemoattractant secreted by the rabbit oocyte cumulus complex. PLOS One 3, e3040. ^ a b Armon, L., Ben-Ami, I., Ron-El, R. and Eisenbach, M. (2014) Human oocyte-derived sperm chemoattractant is a hydrophobic molecule associated with a carrier protein. Fertil. Steril. 102, 885–890. ^ Caballero-Campo, P., Buffone, M.G., Benencia, F., Conejo-García, J.R., Rinaudo, P.F and Gerton, G.L. (2014) A role for the chemokine receptor CCR6 in mammalian sperm motility and chemotaxis. J. Cell. Physiol. 229, 68–78. ^ Zamir, N., Riven-Kreitman, R., Manor, M., Makler, A., Blumberg, S., Ralt, D. and Eisenbach, M. (1993) Atrial natriuretic peptide attracts human spermatozoa in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 197, 116–122. ^ Spehr, M., Gisselmann, G., Poplawski, A., Riffell, J.A., Wetzel, C.H., Zimmer, R.K. and Hatt, H. (2003) Identification of a testicular odorant receptor mediating human sperm chemotaxis'. Science 299, 2054–2058. ^ Kong, N., Xu, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Hao, X., Zhao, Y., Qiao, J., Xia, G. and Zhang, M. (2017) Natriuretic peptide type C induces sperm attraction for fertilization in mouse. Sci. Rep. 7, 39711. ^ Burnett, L.A., Anderson, D.M., Rawls, A., Bieber, A.L. and Chandler, D.E. (2011) Mouse sperm exhibit chemotaxis to allurin, a truncated member of the cysteine-rich secretory protein family. Dev. Biol. 360, 318–328. ^ Sun, F., Giojalas, L.C., Rovasio, R.A., Tur-Kaspa, I., Sanchez, R. and Eisenbach, M. (2003) Lack of species-specificity in mammalian sperm chemotaxis. Dev. Biol. 255, 423–427. ^ a b Gakamsky, A., Armon, L. and Eisenbach, M. (2009) Behavioral response of human spermatozoa to a concentration jump of chemoattractants or intracellular cyclic nucleotides. Hum. Reprod. 24, 1152-1163. ^ a b c Armon, L. and Eisenbach, M. (2011) Behavioral mechanism during human sperm chemotaxis: Involvement of hyperactivation. PLOS One 6, e28359. ^ Sugiyama, H. and Chandler, D.E. (2014) Sperm guidance to the egg finds calcium at the helm. Protoplasma 251, 461-475. ^ Strünker, T., Goodwin, N., Brenker, C., Kashikar, N.D., Weyand, I., Seifert, R. and Kaupp, U.B. (2011) The CatSper channel mediates progesterone-induced Ca2+ influx in human sperm. Nature 471, 382–386. ^ a b Lishko, P.V., Botchkina, I.L. and Kirichok, Y. (2011) Progesterone activates the principal Ca2+ channel of human sperm. Nature 471, 387–391. ^ Chang, H., Kim, B. J., Kim, Y. S., Suarez, S. S., and Wu, M. (2013) Different migration patterns of sea urchin and mouse sperm revealed by a microfluidic chemotaxis device. PLOS One 8, e60587. ^ Teves, M.E., Guidobaldi, H.A., Unates, D.R., Sanchez, R., Miska, W., Publicover, S.J., Morales Garcia, A.A. and Giojalas, L. (2009) Molecular mechanism for human sperm chemotaxis mediated by progesterone. PLOS One 4, e8211. ^ Pérez-Cerezales, S., Boryshpolets, S. and Eisenbach, M. (2015) Behavioral mechanisms of mammalian sperm guidance. Asian J. Androl. 17, 628-632 Further reading Michael Eisenbach (with contribution from Joseph W Lengeler) (2004). "Chemotaxis." Imperial College Press, London. Michael Eisenbach and Laura Cecilia Giojalas (2006). "Sperm guidance in mammals - an unpaved road to the egg". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 7, 276–285. Alvarez, L., Friedrich, B.M., Gompper, G., Kaupp. U.B. (2013). "The computational sperm cell". Trends in Cell Biol.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sperm chemotaxis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gametes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamete"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-2"},{"link_name":"Metazoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metazoa"},{"link_name":"sea urchins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_urchin"},{"link_name":"corals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cosson-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ilan-4"},{"link_name":"starfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"oviducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviducts"},{"link_name":"fallopian tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallopian_tubes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ilan-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ralt-8"}],"text":"Since the discovery of sperm attraction to the female gametes in ferns over a century ago,[1] sperm guidance in the form of sperm chemotaxis has been established in a large variety of species[2] Although sperm chemotaxis is prevalent throughout the Metazoa kingdom, from marine species with external fertilization such as sea urchins and corals, to humans,[2][3][4] much of the current information on sperm chemotaxis is derived from studies of marine invertebrates, primarily sea urchin and starfish.[5] As a matter of fact, until not too long ago, the dogma was that, in mammals, guidance of spermatozoa to the oocyte was unnecessary. This was due to the common belief that, following ejaculation into the female genital tract, large numbers of spermatozoa 'race' towards the oocyte and compete to fertilize it.Research during the 1980s[6] caused this belief to be taken apart when it became clear that only few of the ejaculated spermatozoa — in humans, only ~1 of every million spermatozoa — succeed in entering the oviducts (fallopian tubes)[4][7] and when more recent studies showed that mammalian spermatozoa do respond chemotactically.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chemoattractant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemoattractant"},{"link_name":"gradient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient"},{"link_name":"gradient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cosson-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Al-Anzi,_B_1998-9"}],"text":"In sperm chemotaxis, the oocyte secretes a chemoattractant, which, as it diffuses away, forms a concentration gradient: a high concentration close to the egg, and a gradually lower concentration as the distance from the oocyte increases. Spermatozoa can sense this chemoattractant and orient their swimming direction up the concentration gradient towards the oocyte. Sperm chemotaxis was demonstrated in a large number of non-mammalian species, from marine invertebrates[2][3] to frogs.[9]","title":"Sperm chemotaxis in non-mammalian species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kDa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit"},{"link_name":"proteases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteases"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cosson-3"},{"link_name":"ascidians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascidians"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"}],"sub_title":"Chemoattractants","text":"The sperm chemoattractants in non-mammalian species vary to a large extent. Some examples are shown in Table 1. So far, most sperm chemoattractants that have been identified in non-mammalian species are peptides or low-molecular-weight proteins (1–20 kDa), which are heat stable and sensitive to proteases.[2][3] Exceptions to this rule are the sperm chemoattractants of corals, ascidians, plants such as ferns, and algae (Table 1).","title":"Sperm chemotaxis in non-mammalian species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Table 1. Some sperm chemoattractants in non-mammalian species*","text":"Taken from reference.[21]","title":"Sperm chemotaxis in non-mammalian species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydromedusae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydromedusae"},{"link_name":"ophiuroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiuroids"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cosson-3"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"mollusks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusks"},{"link_name":"alkene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkene"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maier,_I_1986-10"}],"sub_title":"Species specificity","text":"The variety of chemoattractants raises the question of species specificity with respect to the chemoattractant identity. There is no single rule for chemoattractant-related specificity. Thus, in some groups of marine invertebrates (e.g., hydromedusae and certain ophiuroids), the specificity is very high; in others (e.g., starfish), the specificity is at the family level and, within the family, there is no specificity.[2][3][22] In mollusks, there appears to be no specificity at all. Likewise, in plants, a unique simple compound [e.g., fucoserratene — a linear, unsaturated alkene (1,3-trans 5-cis-octatriene)] might be a chemoattractant for various species.[10]","title":"Sperm chemotaxis in non-mammalian species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroids"},{"link_name":"tunicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunicate"},{"link_name":"Ciona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciona"},{"link_name":"herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cosson-3"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaupp-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macnab-25"},{"link_name":"leukocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytes"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"flagellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Behavioral mechanism","text":"Here, too, there is no single rule. In some species (for example, in hydroids like Campanularia or tunicate like Ciona), the swimming direction of the spermatozoa changes abruptly towards the chemoattractant source. In others (for example, in sea urchin, hydromedusa, fern, or fish such as Japanese bitterlings), the approach to the chemoattractant source is indirect and the movement is by repetitive loops of small radii. In some species (for example, herring or the ascidian Ciona) activation of motility precedes chemotaxis.[2][3][23][24] In chemotaxis, cells may either sense a temporal gradient of the chemoattractant, comparing the occupancy of its receptors at different time points (as do bacteria[25]), or they may detect a spatial gradient, comparing the occupancy of receptors at different locations along the cell (as do leukocytes[26]). In the best-studied species, sea urchin, the spermatozoa sense a temporal gradient and respond to it with a transient increase in flagellar asymmetry. The outcome is a turn in the swimming path, followed by a period of straight swimming,[27] leading to the observed epicycloid-like movements directed towards the chemoattractant source.[28] \nThe particular mechanism by which sea urchin sperm cells sense the temporal gradient has been recently identified as a natural implementation of the well-known adaptive controller known as extremum seeking. [29]","title":"Sperm chemotaxis in non-mammalian species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arbacia punctulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbacia_punctulata"},{"link_name":"guanylyl cyclase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanylyl_cyclase"},{"link_name":"cGMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate"},{"link_name":"ion channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channels"},{"link_name":"hyperpolarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpolarization_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaupp-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Signal_transduction_in_sea-urchin_sperm_chemotaxis.jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaupp-23"}],"sub_title":"Molecular mechanism","text":"The molecular mechanism of sperm chemotaxis is still not fully known. The current knowledge is mainly based on studies in the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata, where binding of the chemoattractant resact (Table 1) to its receptor, a guanylyl cyclase, activates cGMP synthesis (Figure 1). The resulting rise of cGMP possibly activates K+-selective ion channels. The consequential hyperpolarization activates hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. The depolarizing inward current through HCN channels possibly activates voltage-activated Ca2+ channels, resulting in elevation of intracellular Ca2+. This rise leads to flagellar asymmetry and, consequently, a turn of the sperm cell.[23]A model of the signal-transduction pathway during sperm chemotaxis of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata. Binding of a chemoattractant (ligand) to the receptor — a membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase (GC) — activates the synthesis of cGMP from GTP. Cyclic GMP possibly opens cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) K+-selective channels, thereby causing hyperpolarization of the membrane. The cGMP signal is terminated by the hydrolysis of cGMP through phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity and inactivation of GC. On hyperpolarization, hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels allow the influx of Na+ that leads to depolarization and thereby causes a rapid Ca2+ entry through voltage-activated Ca2+ channels (Cav), Ca2+ ions interact by unknown mechanisms with the axoneme of the flagellum and cause an increase of the asymmetry of flagellar beat and eventually a turn or bend in the swimming trajectory. Ca2+ is removed from the flagellum by a Na+/Ca2+ exchange mechanism. (Taken from ref.[23])","title":"Sperm chemotaxis in non-mammalian species"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Model_of_sperm_guidance_in_mammals.jpg"},{"link_name":"follicular fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_fluid"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ralt,_D._1991-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ralt,_D._1991-30"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ralt-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliveira1999-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fabro2002-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"capacitated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitation"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dayag1995-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review1999-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dayag1995-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review1999-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dayag1995-36"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-7"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dayag1995-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review1999-37"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"A simplified scheme describing the suggested sequence of sperm guidance events in mammals (Michael Eisenbach, Weizmann Institute of Science, 2009)Following the findings that human spermatozoa accumulate in follicular fluid[30][31] and that there is a remarkable correlation between this in vitro accumulation and oocyte fertilization,[30] chemotaxis was substantiated as the cause of this accumulation.[8] Sperm chemotaxis was later also demonstrated in mice[32] and rabbits.[33] In addition, sperm accumulation in follicular fluid (but without substantiating that it truly reflects chemotaxis) was demonstrated in horses[34] and pigs.[35] A key feature of sperm chemotaxis in humans is that this process is restricted to capacitated cells[36][37] — the only cells that possess the ability to penetrate the oocyte and fertilize it.[38] This raised the possibility that, in mammals, chemotaxis is not solely a guidance mechanism but it is also a mechanism of sperm selection.[36][37] Importantly, the fraction of capacitated (and, hence, chemotactically responsive) spermatozoa is low (~10% in humans), the life span of the capacitated/chemotactic state is short (1–4 hours in humans), a spermatozoon can be at this state only once in its lifetime, and sperm individuals become capacitated/chemotactic at different time points, resulting in continuous replacement of capacitated/chemotactic cells within the sperm population, i.e., prolonged availability of capacitated cells.[36][39] These sperm features raised the possibility that prolonging the time period, during which capacitated spermatozoa can be found in the female genital tract, is a mechanism, evolved in humans, to compensate for the lack of coordination between insemination and ovulation.[7][36][37][40]","title":"Sperm chemotaxis in mammals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sun2005-41"},{"link_name":"progesterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teves,_M.E._2006-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oren-Benaroya,_R._2008-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guidobaldi,_H.A._2008-44"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sun2005-41"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armon2014-45"},{"link_name":"chemokine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokine"},{"link_name":"CCL20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL20"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"atrial natriuretic peptide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"odorants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorants"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"natriuretic peptide type C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriuretic_peptide_precursor_C"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Chemoattractants","text":"In humans, there are at least two different origins of sperm chemoattractants. One is the cumulus cells that surround the oocyte, and the other is the mature oocyte itself.[41] The chemoattractant secreted from the cumulus cells is the steroid progesterone, shown to be effective at the picomolar range.[42][43][44] The chemoattractant secreted from the oocyte is even more potent.[41] It is a hydrophobic non-peptide molecule which, when secreted from the oocyte, is in complex with a carrier protein[45] Additional compounds have been shown to act as chemoattractants for mammalian spermatozoa. They include the chemokine CCL20,[46] atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP),[47] specific odorants,[48] natriuretic peptide type C (NPPC),[49] and allurin,[50] to mention a few. It is reasonable to assume that not all of them are physiologically relevant.","title":"Sperm chemotaxis in mammals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teves,_M.E._2006-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oren-Benaroya,_R._2008-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guidobaldi,_H.A._2008-44"}],"sub_title":"Species specificity","text":"Species specificity was not detected in experiments that compared the chemotactic responsiveness of human and rabbit spermatozoa to follicular fluids or egg-conditioned media obtained from human, bovine, and rabbit.[51] The subsequent findings that cumulus cells of both human and rabbit (and, probably, of other mammals as well) secrete the chemoattractant progesterone[42][43][44] is sufficient to account for the lack of specificity in the chemotactic response of mammalian spermatozoa.","title":"Sperm chemotaxis in mammals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anna-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leah2011-53"},{"link_name":"hyperactivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperactivation"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leah2011-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anna-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leah2011-53"},{"link_name":"Escherichia coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macnab-25"}],"sub_title":"Behavioral mechanism","text":"Mammalian spermatozoa, like sea-urchin spermatozoa, appear to sense the chemoattractant gradient temporally (comparing receptor occupancy over time) rather than spatially (comparing receptor occupancy over space). This is because the establishment of a temporal gradient in the absence of spatial gradient, achieved by mixing human spermatozoa with a chemoattractant[52] or by photorelease of a chemoattractant from its caged compound,[53] results in delayed transient changes in swimming behavior that involve increased frequency of turns and hyperactivation events. On the basis of these observations and the finding that the level of hyperactivation events is reduced when chemotactically responsive spermatozoa swim in a spatial chemoattractant gradient[53] it was proposed that turns and hyperactivation events are suppressed when capacitated spermatozoa swim up a chemoattractant gradient, and vice versa when they swim down a gradient.[52][53] In other words, human spermatozoa approach chemoattractants by modulating the frequency of turns and hyperactivation events, similarly to Escherichia coli bacteria.[25]","title":"Sperm chemotaxis in mammals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teves,_M.E._2006-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oren-Benaroya,_R._2008-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guidobaldi,_H.A._2008-44"},{"link_name":"CatSper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation_channels_of_sperm"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lishko,_P.V._2011-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lishko,_P.V._2011-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"adenylyl cyclase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase"},{"link_name":"cAMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate"},{"link_name":"protein kinase A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_A"},{"link_name":"guanylyl cyclase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanylate_cyclase"},{"link_name":"cGMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate"},{"link_name":"inositol trisphosphate receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inositol_trisphosphate_receptor"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Molecular mechanism","text":"As in non-mammalian species, the end signal in chemotaxis for changing the direction of swimming is Ca2+.[54] The discovery of progesterone as a chemoattractant[42][43][44] led to the identification of its receptor on the sperm surface – CatSper, a Ca2+ channel present exclusively in the tail of mammalian spermatozoa.[55][56] (Note, though, that progesterone only stimulates human CatSper but not mouse CatSper.[56] Consistently, sperm chemotaxis to progesterone was not found in mice.[57]) However, the molecular steps subsequent to CatSper activation by progesterone are obscure, though the involvement of trans-membrane adenylyl cyclase, cAMP and protein kinase A as well as soluble guanylyl cyclase, cGMP, inositol trisphosphate receptor and store-operated Ca2+ channel was proposed.[58]","title":"Sperm chemotaxis in mammals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aja-59"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teves,_M.E._2006-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oren-Benaroya,_R._2008-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guidobaldi,_H.A._2008-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teves,_M.E._2006-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sun2005-41"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armon2014-45"}],"sub_title":"Physiology","text":"Chemotaxis is a short-range guidance mechanism. As such, it can guide spermatozoa for short distances only, estimated at the order of millimeters.[59] It is, therefore, believed that, in mammals, sperm chemotaxis occurs in the oviduct, close to the oocyte. First spermatozoa may be chemotactically guided to the oocyte-cumulus complex by the gradient of progesterone, secreted from the cumulus cells.[42][43][44] In addition, progesterone may inwardly guide spermatozoa, already present within the periphery of the cumulus oophorus.[42] Spermatozoa that are already deep within the cumulus oophorus may sense the more potent chemoattractant that is secreted from the oocyte[41][45] and chemotactically guide themselves to the oocyte according to the gradient of this chemoattractant. It should be borne in mind, however, that this scenario may be an oversimplification. In view of the increasing number of different chemoattractants that are being discovered, the physiology of chemotaxis in vivo might be much more complex.","title":"Sperm chemotaxis in mammals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alvarez, L., Friedrich, B.M., Gompper, G., Kaupp. U.B. (2013). \"The computational sperm cell\". Trends in Cell Biol.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cell.com/trends/cell-biology/abstract/S0962-8924(13)00183-9"}],"text":"Michael Eisenbach (with contribution from Joseph W Lengeler) (2004). \"Chemotaxis.\" Imperial College Press, London.\nMichael Eisenbach and Laura Cecilia Giojalas (2006). \"Sperm guidance in mammals - an unpaved road to the egg\". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 7, 276–285.\nAlvarez, L., Friedrich, B.M., Gompper, G., Kaupp. U.B. (2013). \"The computational sperm cell\". Trends in Cell Biol.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Signal_transduction_in_sea-urchin_sperm_chemotaxis.jpg/500px-Signal_transduction_in_sea-urchin_sperm_chemotaxis.jpg"},{"image_text":"A simplified scheme describing the suggested sequence of sperm guidance events in mammals (Michael Eisenbach, Weizmann Institute of Science, 2009)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Model_of_sperm_guidance_in_mammals.jpg/220px-Model_of_sperm_guidance_in_mammals.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Egg to Sperm: Don't Call Us, We'll Call You\". Weizmann News (Fall 1991, p. 3). 1991.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160698800110","external_links_name":"A sperm chemoattractant is released from Xenopus egg jelly during spawning"},{"Link":"http://www.pnas.org/content/98/20/11205.long","external_links_name":"Allurin, a 21-kDa sperm chemoattractant from Xenopus egg jelly, is related to mammalian sperm-binding proteins"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manabu_Yoshida2/publication/229988264_Calcium_and_Cyclic_AMP_Mediate_Sperm_Activation_but_Ca2Alone_Contributes_Sperm_Chemotaxis_in_the_Ascidian_Ciona_savignyi/links/546094aa0cf2c1a63bfe0e98.pdf","external_links_name":"Calcium and cyclic AMP mediate sperm activation, but Ca2+ alone contributes sperm chemotaxis in the ascidian, Ciona savignyi"},{"Link":"http://www.pnas.org/content/99/23/14831.long","external_links_name":"A chemoattractant for ascidian spermatozoa is a sulfated steroid"},{"Link":"http://authors.library.caltech.edu/11635/1/BROjeb58a.pdf","external_links_name":"Chemotaxis of bracken spermatozoids. The role of bimalate ions"},{"Link":"http://borea.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs/2002-BBRC-SepSAP.pdf","external_links_name":"Fertilization in Sepia officinalis: the first mollusk sperm-attracting peptide"},{"Link":"http://jcb.rupress.org/content/jcb/101/6/2324.full.pdf","external_links_name":"Chemotaxis of Arbacia punctulata spermatozoa to resact, a peptide from the egg jelly layer"},{"Link":"http://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/199/2/311.full.pdf","external_links_name":"An N-terminal partial sequence of the 13kDa Pycnopodia helianthoides sperm chemoattractant 'startrak' possesses sperm-attracting activity"},{"Link":"http://www.pnas.org/content/69/9/2509.full.pdf","external_links_name":"The gradient-sensing mechanism in bacterial chemotaxis"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170904011646/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/32c6/8e43bfe6973c17a9b816032c44d80457f403.pdf","external_links_name":"Chemotaxis in eukaryotic cells: a focus on leukocytes and Dictyostelium"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Francesco_Pampaloni/publication/10921369_The_signal_flow_and_motor_response_controling_chemotaxis_of_sea_urchin_sperm/links/0912f50f03f0db3a0c000000.pdf","external_links_name":"The signal flow and motor response controlling chemotaxis of sea urchin sperm"},{"Link":"https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.106.L062401","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.pnas.org/content/88/7/2840.full.pdf","external_links_name":"Sperm attraction to a follicular factor(s) correlates with human egg fertilizability"},{"Link":"http://www.pnas.org/content/92/24/11039.full.pdf","external_links_name":"Sperm capacitation in humans is transient and correlates with chemotactic responsiveness to follicular factors"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Eisenbach/publication/12858646_Eisenbach_M._Mammalian_sperm_chemotaxis_and_its_association_with_capacitation._Dev._Genet._25_87-94/links/0deec518d3e849cba8000000.pdf","external_links_name":"Mammalian sperm chemotaxis and its association with capacitation"},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/biolreprod/article-pdf/50/4/786/10538133/biolreprod0786.pdf","external_links_name":"Sequential acquisition of chemotactic responsiveness by human spermatozoa"},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/23/10/2339/713861","external_links_name":"The sperm chemoattractant secreted from human cumulus cells is progesterone"},{"Link":"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0003040","external_links_name":"Progesterone from the cumulus cells is the sperm chemoattractant secreted by the rabbit oocyte cumulus complex"},{"Link":"http://zunbo.sz.hostadm.net/upload/Article/Big/1409/2014959325.pdf","external_links_name":"Human oocyte-derived sperm chemoattractant is a hydrophobic molecule associated with a carrier protein"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3807638/","external_links_name":"A role for the chemokine receptor CCR6 in mammalian sperm motility and chemotaxis"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/download/43754369/Spehr_M_Gisselmann_G_Poplawski_A_et_al.I20160315-14692-6proj5.pdf","external_links_name":"Identification of a testicular odorant receptor mediating human sperm chemotaxis"},{"Link":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160611012723","external_links_name":"Mouse sperm exhibit chemotaxis to allurin, a truncated member of the cysteine-rich secretory protein family"},{"Link":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160602000908","external_links_name":"Lack of species-specificity in mammalian sperm chemotaxis"},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/24/5/1152/709725","external_links_name":"Behavioral response of human spermatozoa to a concentration jump of chemoattractants or intracellular cyclic nucleotides"},{"Link":"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0028359","external_links_name":"Behavioral mechanism during human sperm chemotaxis: Involvement of hyperactivation"},{"Link":"http://www.cell.com/trends/cell-biology/abstract/S0962-8924(13)00183-9","external_links_name":"Alvarez, L., Friedrich, B.M., Gompper, G., Kaupp. U.B. (2013). \"The computational sperm cell\". Trends in Cell Biol."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Mansfield_Clark	William Mansfield Clark	["1 References"]	American professor of chemistry (1884–1964) William Mansfield ClarkPortrait from the Smithsonian Institution ArchivesBorn(1884-08-17)August 17, 1884DiedJanuary 19, 1964(1964-01-19) (aged 79)EducationThe Hotchkiss SchoolAlma materWilliams CollegeJohns Hopkins UniversityParentJames Starr Clark (father)AwardsWilliam H. Nichols Medal (1936)Borden Award (1944)Passano Award (1957)Scientific careerFieldsBiochemistryInstitutionsJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineHarvard UniversityUnited States Department of AgricultureAcademic advisorsHarmon Northrop Morse William Mansfield Clark (17 August 1884 – 19 January 1964) was an American chemist and professor at the Johns Hopkins University. He studied oxidation-reduction reactions and was a pioneer of medical biochemistry. Clark was born in Tivoli, New York, in a clergy family and studied at Hotchkiss School and Williams College before entering Johns Hopkins University, where he received a PhD in chemistry under H.N. Morse with a dissertation on A contribution to the investigation of the temperature coefficient of osmotic pressure: a redetermination of the osmotic pressures of cane sugar at 20°. He then worked on dairy bacteriology in the US department of agriculture followed by studies on oxidation reduction of dyes and metalloporphyrins at the Hygiene Laboratory, which he headed from 1920. He joined the Johns Hopkins Medical School as a professor of physiological chemistry in 1927. He was the President of both the Society of American Bacteriologists in 1933 and American Society of Biological Chemists in 1933–34. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1928 and to the American Philosophical Society in 1939. References ^ Wood, W. Barry (1964-04-01). "William Mansfield Clark 1884–1964". Journal of Bacteriology. 87 (4): 751–754. doi:10.1128/JB.87.4.751-754.1964. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 277088. PMID 14139526. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands People Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"Tivoli, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivoli,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hotchkiss School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_School"},{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"H.N. Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmon_Northrop_Morse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Society of American Bacteriologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_American_Bacteriologists"},{"link_name":"American Society of Biological Chemists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Biological_Chemists"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"}],"text":"William Mansfield Clark (17 August 1884 – 19 January 1964) was an American chemist and professor at the Johns Hopkins University. He studied oxidation-reduction reactions and was a pioneer of medical biochemistry.Clark was born in Tivoli, New York, in a clergy family and studied at Hotchkiss School and Williams College before entering Johns Hopkins University, where he received a PhD in chemistry under H.N. Morse with a dissertation on A contribution to the investigation of the temperature coefficient of osmotic pressure: a redetermination of the osmotic pressures of cane sugar at 20°. He then worked on dairy bacteriology in the US department of agriculture followed by studies on oxidation reduction of dyes and metalloporphyrins at the Hygiene Laboratory, which he headed from 1920. He joined the Johns Hopkins Medical School as a professor of physiological chemistry in 1927.[1] He was the President of both the Society of American Bacteriologists in 1933 and American Society of Biological Chemists in 1933–34. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1928 and to the American Philosophical Society in 1939.","title":"William Mansfield Clark"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Wood, W. Barry (1964-04-01). \"William Mansfield Clark 1884–1964\". Journal of Bacteriology. 87 (4): 751–754. doi:10.1128/JB.87.4.751-754.1964. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 277088. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Malaysia)	Ministry of Defence (Malaysia)	["1 History","2 Organisation","2.1 Federal departments","2.2 Federal agencies","3 Key legislation","4 Policy Priorities of the Government of the Day","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Malaysia ministry responsible for defence This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ministry of Defence" Malaysia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ministry of Defence (MINDEF)Kementerian Pertahanan(KEMENTAH)Ministry overviewFormed31 August 1957; 66 years ago (1957-08-31)JurisdictionGovernment of MalaysiaHeadquartersWisma Pertahanan, Jalan Padang Tembak, 50634 Kuala LumpurEmployees168,774 (2017)Annual budgetMYR 15,057,630,000 (2017)Minister responsibleMohamed Khaled Nordin, Minister of DefenceDeputy Minister responsibleAdly Zahari, Deputy Minister of DefenceMinistry executiveIsham Ishak, Secretary-GeneralWebsitewww.mod.gov.myFootnotesMinistry of Defence on Facebook The Ministry of Defence (Malay: Kementerian Pertahanan), abbreviated MINDEF or KEMENTAH, is a ministry of the Government of Malaysia that is responsible for defence, national security, army, navy, hydrography, air force, armed forces, intelligence services, counterintelligence, military intelligence, national service, and veterans affairs. The Minister of Defence administers his functions through the Ministry of Defence and a range of other government agencies. Its headquarters is in Kuala Lumpur. History Ministry of Defence was established on 31 August 1957 and officially began operations in a building located in Brockman Road (now Jalan Dato' Onn), Kuala Lumpur. This building also housed the office of the first Defence Minister, the late Tun Abdul Razak bin Datuk Hussein, who served from 31 August 1957 to 22 September 1970. The first building of the Ministry of Defence was constructed by the Federal Government at a cost of RM122,000.00 and was officially opened by Tun Haji Abdul Razak bin Datuk Hussein on 18 March 1960. The building constructed in Jalan Padang Tembak also housed the Chiefs and Officers of the Malaysian Armed Forces of the three services. As a result of growing awareness among leaders of the importance of the armed forces, a complex consisting of six blocks of four storeys high was built in front of the Office of the Member Services Division to cater for the growing membership. The RM 2 million building was officially opened by Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra on 6 April 1967. After the withdrawal of the British troops, the Malaysian Government took drastic measures to improve the security of the country from any threat. This task is entrusted to the Ministry of Defence as well as the task of improving efficiency in the management of military needs from time to time. To accommodate all the agencies under one roof, the government has decided to build a new building for the Ministry of Defence. As a symbolic, the foundation stone was laid by the then Deputy Defence Minister, Dato' Abu Bakar bin Datu Abang Abang Haji Mustapha on 10 March 1982. The new building is located at Jalan Padang Tembak, Kuala Lumpur and was built with a budget of RM144 million and was completed in mid 1985. This 20 storey high building is known as "WISMA PERTAHANAN" and provides office space and meeting rooms. The area around "WISMA PERTAHANAN" known as the Defence Complex also provides facilities such as multi-storey car park building, auditorium, prayer room, Field of Defence (Parade Ground), guard stations, towers, computer room, 'helipad', cafeteria and others. The Ministry of Defence is led by the Minister of Defence and assisted by a Deputy Minister. The organization of the Ministry of Defence consists of two main services. First, is the Public Service which is headed by the Secretary General and the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) is headed by Chief of the Armed Forces. Source : On March 6, 2023, MINDEF reported that the National Defence and Security Industry Policy (DIPKN) to support the Malaysian defense industry. On December 12, 2023, Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim in a cabinet reshuffling announcement, announces that Dato Sri Mohamed Khaled Nordin is the new Minister of Defense, replacing Mohamad as he was appointed as the new Minister of Foreign Affairs. Organisation Minister of Defence Deputy Minister Secretary-General Under the Authority of Secretary-General Internal Audit and Investigation Division Malaysian Armed Forces Council Secretariat Key Performance Indicator (KPI) Unit Legal Division Strategic Communication Unit Integrity Unit Deputy Secretary-General (Development) Development Division Procurement Division Malaysian Armed Forces Cataloguing Authority Deputy Secretary-General (Policy) Policy and Strategic Planning Division Defence Industry Division Defence Reserve Depot Deputy Secretary-General (Management) Human Resource Management Division Information Management Division Finance Division Account Division Administration Division Chief of Defence Forces Chief of Army Chief of Navy Chief of Air Force Joint Force Commander Director of General Defence Intelligence Chief of Staff Malaysian Armed Forces Headquarters Federal departments Malaysian Armed Forces Headquarters (MAF), or Markas Angkatan Tentera Malaysia. (Official site) Malaysian Army, or Tentera Darat Malaysia. (Official site) Royal Malaysian Navy, or Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia. (Official site) Royal Malaysian Air Force, or Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia. (Official site) Joint Forces Command, Malaysia, or Markas Angkatan Bersama. (Official site) Malaysian Defence Intelligence Organisation, or Pertubuhan Perisikan Pertahanan Malaysia (PPPM). National Service Training Department, or Jabatan Latihan Khidmat Negara (JLKN). (Official site) Malaysian Armed Forces Department of Veterans Affairs, or Jabatan Hal Ehwal Veteran Angkatan Tentera Malaysia (JHEV). (Official site) Judge Advocate General Department, or Jabatan Ketua Hakim Peguam. Office of the Ministry of Defence Sabah (MINDEF Sabah), or Pejabat Kementerian Pertahanan Sabah. Office of the Ministry of Defence Sarawak (MINDEF Sarawak), or Pejabat Kementerian Pertahanan Sarawak. Federal agencies Malaysian Institute of Defence and Security (MiDAS), or Institut Pertahanan dan Keselamatan Malaysia. (Official site) Science and Technology Research Institute For Defence (STRIDE), or Institut Penyelidikan Sains dan Teknologi Pertahanan. (Official site) Malaysian Armed Forces Cataloguing Authority (MAFCA), or Penguasa Katalog Angkatan Tentera Malaysia. (Official site) Defence Reserve Depot, or Depot Simpanan Pertahanan. (Official site) Ex-Serviceman Affairs Corporation, or Perbadanan Hal Ehwal Bekas Angkatan Tentera (PERHEBAT). (Official site) Armed Forces Fund Board, Lembaga Tabung Angkatan Tentera (LTAT). (Official site) Key legislation The Ministry of Defence is responsible for administration of several key Acts: Armed Forces Act 1972 Arms Act 1960 National Service Act 1952 National Service Training Act 2003 Veterans Act 2012 Policy Priorities of the Government of the Day On 24 February 2020, MINDEF Chief of the Malaysian Armed Forces Haji Affendi Buang had unveiled the inaugural Defence White Paper which sets up strategic orientations for Malaysia's military defence in the next 10 years. The paper highlights Malaysia's geography as a maritime nation and Malaysian government’s commitment to pursuing the three pillars of the defence strategy, namely concentric deterrence, comprehensive defence and credible partnerships. The paper further primed focus on dealing with non-traditional security issues like terrorism, piracy and maritime security, cyber crime and security, and transnational crimes, as well as to apply modern technologies to defence. The 104-page document can be viewed at the following link on the MINDEF website. See also Minister of Defence (Malaysia) References ^ a b "Mindef to launch national defence and security industry policy this year \| New Straits Times". ^ "Hubungan pertahanan Malaysia-S'pura kekal hangat - MINDEF". 18 October 2018. ^ "Background of Mindef". Archived from the original on 2018-05-07. ^ "Anwar's Cabinet reshuffle sees the return of Umno's Jo Ghani, DAP's Gobind, Amanah's Dr Dzul". ^ "Malaysia publicises Defence White Paper for first time". Vietnam News Agency. 24 February 2020. ^ "Defence White Paper" (PDF). MINDEF. External links Ministry of Defence Malaysia portal Ministry of Defence on Facebook vteFederal Government of MalaysiaMalaysian Federal CabinetExecutive branch Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister Senior Ministers Federal Ministries Prime Minister's Department Agriculture and Food Security Communications Defence Digital Domestic Trade and Costs of Living Economy Education Energy Transition and Water Transformation Entrepreneur and Co-operatives Development Environment and Water Federal Territories Finance Foreign Affairs Health Higher Education Home Affairs Housing and Local Government Human Resources Investment, Trade and Industry National Unity Natural Resources and Environmental Sustainability Plantation and Commodities Rural and Regional Development Science, Technology and Innovation Tourism, Arts and Culture Transport Women, Family and Community Development Works Youth and Sports Commissions Communications and Multimedia Commission Companies Election Energy Human Rights Independent Police Conduct Public Services Securities Departments Audit Broadcasting Immigration Skills Development Wildlife and National Parks Orang Asli Affairs Public Works Road Transport Fire and Rescue Civil Defence Film Prison Islamic Development Other agencies Agricultural Research and Development Institute Bernama Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority Federal Land Development Authority Forest Research Institute Halal Development Corporation Highway Authority Investment Development Authority Maritime Enforcement Agency National Institute of Public Administration National Sports Council Palm Oil Board Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority Space Agency Urban Development Authority Volunteers Corps Department Law enforcement Anti-Corruption Commission Customs Maritime Enforcement Agency National Security Council Police Tourist Police Central bank Central Bank of Malaysia Federal government of Malaysia Ministries, departments and agencies Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSTMINDEF-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)"},{"link_name":"Government of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_(military)"},{"link_name":"national security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security"},{"link_name":"army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army"},{"link_name":"navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy"},{"link_name":"hydrography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrography"},{"link_name":"air force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_force"},{"link_name":"armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_forces"},{"link_name":"intelligence services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_services"},{"link_name":"counterintelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterintelligence"},{"link_name":"military intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence"},{"link_name":"national service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_service"},{"link_name":"veterans affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_affairs"},{"link_name":"Minister of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Malaysia)#List_of_ministers_of_defence"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"}],"text":"The Ministry of Defence (Malay: Kementerian Pertahanan), abbreviated MINDEF[1] or KEMENTAH,[2] is a ministry of the Government of Malaysia that is responsible for defence, national security, army, navy, hydrography, air force, armed forces, intelligence services, counterintelligence, military intelligence, national service, and veterans affairs.The Minister of Defence administers his functions through the Ministry of Defence and a range of other government agencies.Its headquarters is in Kuala Lumpur.","title":"Ministry of Defence (Malaysia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Tun Abdul Razak bin Datuk Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Razak_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSTMINDEF-1"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Khaled Nordin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Khaled_Nordin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ministry of Defence was established on 31 August 1957 and officially began operations in a building located in Brockman Road (now Jalan Dato' Onn), Kuala Lumpur. This building also housed the office of the first Defence Minister, the late Tun Abdul Razak bin Datuk Hussein, who served from 31 August 1957 to 22 September 1970.The first building of the Ministry of Defence was constructed by the Federal Government at a cost of RM122,000.00 and was officially opened by Tun Haji Abdul Razak bin Datuk Hussein on 18 March 1960. The building constructed in Jalan Padang Tembak also housed the Chiefs and Officers of the Malaysian Armed Forces of the three services.As a result of growing awareness among leaders of the importance of the armed forces, a complex consisting of six blocks of four storeys high was built in front of the Office of the Member Services Division to cater for the growing membership. The RM 2 million building was officially opened by Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra on 6 April 1967.After the withdrawal of the British troops, the Malaysian Government took drastic measures to improve the security of the country from any threat. This task is entrusted to the Ministry of Defence as well as the task of improving efficiency in the management of military needs from time to time.To accommodate all the agencies under one roof, the government has decided to build a new building for the Ministry of Defence. As a symbolic, the foundation stone was laid by the then Deputy Defence Minister, Dato' Abu Bakar bin Datu Abang Abang Haji Mustapha on 10 March 1982. The new building is located at Jalan Padang Tembak, Kuala Lumpur and was built with a budget of RM144 million and was completed in mid 1985. This 20 storey high building is known as \"WISMA PERTAHANAN\" and provides office space and meeting rooms. The area around \"WISMA PERTAHANAN\" known as the Defence Complex also provides facilities such as multi-storey car park building, auditorium, prayer room, Field of Defence (Parade Ground), guard stations, towers, computer room, 'helipad', cafeteria and others.The Ministry of Defence is led by the Minister of Defence and assisted by a Deputy Minister. The organization of the Ministry of Defence consists of two main services. First, is the Public Service which is headed by the Secretary General and the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) is headed by Chief of the Armed Forces.Source :[3]On March 6, 2023, MINDEF reported that the National Defence and Security Industry Policy (DIPKN) to support the Malaysian defense industry.[1]On December 12, 2023, Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim in a cabinet reshuffling announcement, announces that Dato Sri Mohamed Khaled Nordin is the new Minister of Defense, replacing Mohamad as he was appointed as the new Minister of Foreign Affairs.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Minister of Defence\nDeputy Minister\nSecretary-General\nUnder the Authority of Secretary-General\nInternal Audit and Investigation Division\nMalaysian Armed Forces Council Secretariat\nKey Performance Indicator (KPI) Unit\nLegal Division\nStrategic Communication Unit\nIntegrity Unit\nDeputy Secretary-General (Development)\nDevelopment Division\nProcurement Division\nMalaysian Armed Forces Cataloguing Authority\nDeputy Secretary-General (Policy)\nPolicy and Strategic Planning Division\nDefence Industry Division\nDefence Reserve Depot\nDeputy Secretary-General (Management)\nHuman Resource Management Division\nInformation Management Division\nFinance Division\nAccount Division\nAdministration Division\nChief of Defence Forces\nChief of Army\nChief of Navy\nChief of Air Force\nJoint Force Commander\nDirector of General Defence Intelligence\nChief of Staff Malaysian Armed Forces Headquarters","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysian Armed Forces Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Official site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mafhq.mil.my/"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Army"},{"link_name":"Official site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//army.mod.gov.my/"},{"link_name":"Royal Malaysian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Official site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navy.mil.my/"},{"link_name":"Royal Malaysian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Official site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//airforce.mil.my/"},{"link_name":"Joint Forces Command, Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Forces_Command,_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Official site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140331224407/http://www.jointforce.mil.my/"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Defence Intelligence Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Defence_Intelligence_Organisation"},{"link_name":"National Service Training Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Service_Training_Programme_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Official site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.khidmatnegara.gov.my/"},{"link_name":"Official site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jhev.gov.my/"}],"sub_title":"Federal departments","text":"Malaysian Armed Forces Headquarters (MAF), or Markas Angkatan Tentera Malaysia. (Official site)\nMalaysian Army, or Tentera Darat Malaysia. (Official site)\nRoyal Malaysian Navy, or Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia. (Official site)\nRoyal Malaysian Air Force, or Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia. (Official site)\nJoint Forces Command, Malaysia, or Markas Angkatan Bersama. (Official site)\nMalaysian Defence Intelligence Organisation, or Pertubuhan Perisikan Pertahanan Malaysia (PPPM).\nNational Service Training Department, or Jabatan Latihan Khidmat Negara (JLKN). (Official site)\nMalaysian Armed Forces Department of Veterans Affairs, or Jabatan Hal Ehwal Veteran Angkatan Tentera Malaysia (JHEV). (Official site)\nJudge Advocate General Department, or Jabatan Ketua Hakim Peguam.\nOffice of the Ministry of Defence Sabah (MINDEF Sabah), or Pejabat Kementerian Pertahanan Sabah.\nOffice of the Ministry of Defence Sarawak (MINDEF Sarawak), or Pejabat Kementerian Pertahanan Sarawak.","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Official site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//midas.mod.gov.my/"},{"link_name":"Official site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stride.gov.my/"},{"link_name":"Official site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mafca.mod.gov.my/"},{"link_name":"Official site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eksamindef.mod.gov.my/depot-simpanan-pertahanan.html"},{"link_name":"Official site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perhebat.com.my/"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces Fund Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Fund_Board"},{"link_name":"Official site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ltat.org.my/"}],"sub_title":"Federal agencies","text":"Malaysian Institute of Defence and Security (MiDAS), or Institut Pertahanan dan Keselamatan Malaysia. (Official site)\nScience and Technology Research Institute For Defence (STRIDE), or Institut Penyelidikan Sains dan Teknologi Pertahanan. (Official site)\nMalaysian Armed Forces Cataloguing Authority (MAFCA), or Penguasa Katalog Angkatan Tentera Malaysia. (Official site)\nDefence Reserve Depot, or Depot Simpanan Pertahanan. (Official site)\nEx-Serviceman Affairs Corporation, or Perbadanan Hal Ehwal Bekas Angkatan Tentera (PERHEBAT). (Official site)\nArmed Forces Fund Board, Lembaga Tabung Angkatan Tentera (LTAT). (Official site)","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_in_Malaysia"}],"text":"The Ministry of Defence is responsible for administration of several key Acts:Armed Forces Act 1972 [Act 77]\nArms Act 1960 [Act 206]\nNational Service Act 1952 [Act 425]\nNational Service Training Act 2003 [Act 628]\nVeterans Act 2012 [Act 740]","title":"Key legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On 24 February 2020, MINDEF Chief of the Malaysian Armed Forces Haji Affendi Buang had unveiled the inaugural Defence White Paper which sets up strategic orientations for Malaysia's military defence in the next 10 years.[5] The paper highlights Malaysia's geography as a maritime nation and Malaysian government’s commitment to pursuing the three pillars of the defence strategy, namely concentric deterrence, comprehensive defence and credible partnerships. The paper further primed focus on dealing with non-traditional security issues like terrorism, piracy and maritime security, cyber crime and security, and transnational crimes, as well as to apply modern technologies to defence. The 104-page document can be viewed at the following link on the MINDEF website.[6]","title":"Policy Priorities of the Government of the Day"}]	[]	[{"title":"Minister of Defence (Malaysia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Malaysia)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Mindef to launch national defence and security industry policy this year \| New Straits Times\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2023/03/886502/mindef-launch-national-defence-and-security-industry-policy-year","url_text":"\"Mindef to launch national defence and security industry policy this year \| New Straits Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hubungan pertahanan Malaysia-S'pura kekal hangat - MINDEF\". 18 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/447961","url_text":"\"Hubungan pertahanan Malaysia-S'pura kekal hangat - MINDEF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Background of Mindef\". Archived from the original on 2018-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180507071829/http://www.mod.gov.my/en/mengenai-kami-7/background.html","url_text":"\"Background of Mindef\""},{"url":"http://www.mod.gov.my/en/mengenai-kami-7/background.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Anwar's Cabinet reshuffle sees the return of Umno's Jo Ghani, DAP's Gobind, Amanah's Dr Dzul\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/12/12/anwars-cabinet-reshuffle-sees-the-return-of-umnos-jo-ghani-daps-gobind-amanahs-dr-dzul/107081#google_vignette","url_text":"\"Anwar's Cabinet reshuffle sees the return of Umno's Jo Ghani, DAP's Gobind, Amanah's Dr Dzul\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malaysia publicises Defence White Paper for first time\". Vietnam News Agency. 24 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.vietnamplus.vn/malaysia-publicises-defence-white-paper-for-first-time/169138.vnp","url_text":"\"Malaysia publicises Defence White Paper for first time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Defence White Paper\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Metropolitan_Borough_Council	Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council	["1 History","2 Governance","2.1 Political control","2.2 Leadership","2.3 Composition","3 Elections","4 Wards and councillors","5 Premises","6 References","7 External links"]	Local authority for Wigan, England Wigan Metropolitan Borough CouncilCoat of armsCorporate logoTypeTypeMetropolitan borough council LeadershipMayorDebbie Parkinson, Labour since 22 May 2024 LeaderDavid Molyneux, Labour since 23 May 2018 Chief ExecutiveAlison McKenzie-Folan since 6 March 2019 StructureSeats75 councillorsPolitical groups Administration (63) Labour (63) Other parties (11) Independent (10) Conservative (1) Vacant (1) Vacant (1) Joint committeesGreater Manchester Combined AuthorityGreater Manchester Police, Fire and Crime PanelElectionsVoting systemFirst-past-the-postLast election2 May 2024Next election7 May 2026MottoProgress with UnityMeeting placeTown Hall, Library Street, Wigan, WN1 1YNWebsitewigan.gov.uk Wigan Council, or Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council, is the local authority of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan in Greater Manchester, England. It is a metropolitan borough council and provides the majority of local government services in the borough. The council has been a member of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority since 2011. The council has been under Labour majority control since the metropolitan borough was created in 1974. It meets at Wigan Town Hall and has its main offices at the adjoining Wigan Life Centre. History Further information: County Borough of Wigan The town of Wigan was an ancient borough, having been granted a charter in 1246. From around 1350 the borough was led by a mayor. The borough was reformed to become a municipal borough under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, which standardised how most boroughs operated across the country. It was then governed by a body formally called the 'mayor, aldermen and burgesses of the borough of Wigan', generally known as the corporation, town council or borough council. Old Town Hall, King Street: Built 1867, vacated 1990 and demolished 2013 When elected county councils were established in 1889, Wigan was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services, and so it became a county borough, independent from the new Lancashire County Council, whilst remaining part of the geographical county of Lancashire. The larger Metropolitan Borough of Wigan and its council were created in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 as one of ten metropolitan districts within the new metropolitan county of Greater Manchester. The first election was held in 1973. For its first year the council acted as a shadow authority alongside the area's fourteen outgoing authorities, being the borough councils of Wigan and Leigh, the urban district councils of Abram, Ashton-in-Makerfield, Aspull, Atherton, Billinge and Winstanley, Golborne, Hindley, Ince-in-Makerfield, Orrell, Standish-with-Langtree, and Tyldesley, and the Wigan Rural District Council. The new metropolitan district and its council formally came into being on 1 April 1974, at which point the old districts and their councils were abolished. The metropolitan district was awarded borough status from its creation, allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor, continuing Wigan's series of mayors dating back to the 14th century. The council styles itself Wigan Council rather than its full formal name of Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council. From 1974 until 1986 the council was a lower-tier authority, with upper-tier functions provided by the Greater Manchester County Council. The county council was abolished in 1986 and its functions passed to Greater Manchester's ten borough councils, including Wigan, with some services provided through joint committees. Since 2011 the council has been a member of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority, which has been led by the directly elected Mayor of Greater Manchester since 2017. The combined authority provides strategic leadership and co-ordination for certain functions across Greater Manchester, notably regarding transport and town planning, but Wigan Council continues to be responsible for most local government functions. Governance Wigan Council provides metropolitan borough services. Some strategic functions in the area are provided by the Greater Manchester Combined Authority; the leader of Wigan Council sits on the combined authority as Wigan's representative. There are three civil parishes in the borough at Haigh, Shevington and Worthington which form an additional tier of local government for their areas; the rest of the borough is unparished. Political control The council has been under Labour majority control since the 1974 reforms. Party Period Labour 1974–present Leadership The role of Mayor of Wigan is largely ceremonial. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 1991 have been: Councillor Party From To Peter Smith Labour 1991 23 May 2018 David Molyneux Labour 23 May 2018 Composition Following the 2024 election, the composition of the council was: Party Councillors Labour 63 Independent 10 Conservative 1 Vacant 1 Total 75 Four of the independent councillors are supported by the Independent Network and sit together as a group, another four form the 'Independent Together' group and the remaining two do not form part of a group. A by-election to fill the vacant seat is due in July 2024. The next routine election is due in May 2026. Elections See also: Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council elections Since the last boundary changes in 2023, the council has comprised 75 councillors representing 25 wards, with each ward electing three councillors. Elections are held three years out of every four, with a third of the council (one councillor for each ward) elected each time for a four-year term of office. Wards and councillors The councillors as at June 2024 were: Ward Party Councillor Offices Abram Labour Co-op Nazia Rehman Portfolio Holder for Finance, Resources & Transformation Labour Eunice Smethurst Chairman - Confident Council Scrutiny Committee Labour Co-op Martyn Smethurst Lead Member - Armed Forces & Veterans Ashton-in-Makerfield South Labour Andrew Bullen Labour Jenny Bullen Portfolio Holder for Children and Families / Deputy Mayor Labour Danny Fletcher Lead Member - Leisure & Public Health Aspull, New Springs and Whelley Labour Ronald Josef Conway Chair of the Health and Social Care Scrutiny Committee Labour Laura Flynn Lead Member - Youth Opportunities Labour Christopher Ready Portfolio Holder - Communities & Neighbourhoods Astley Labour Christine Lillian Roberts Labour Barry John Taylor Vice-Chair of the Confident Places Scrutiny Committee Labour Paula Wakefield Lead Member for Equalities and Domestic Abuse Atherton North Independent Network Stuart Andrew Gerrard Independent Network Jamie Hodgkinson Independent Network James Paul Watson Atherton South and Lilford Labour John Harding Vice Chair of Planning Committee Labour Lee McStein Labour Debra Susan Ann Wailes Bryn with Ashton-in-Makerfield North Independent Steve Jones Independent Scarlett Myler Independent Sylvia Wilkinson Douglas Labour Mary Callaghan Vice-Chair of the Confident Council Scrutiny Committee Labour Matt Dawber Labour Pat Draper Vice-Chair of the Audit, Governance and Standards Committee Golborne and Lowton West Labour Susan Gambles Portfolio Holder for Housing and Welfare Labour Yvonne Klieve Lead Member - District Centres and Night Time Economy Labour Gena Merrett Vice-Chair of the Children and Young People Scrutiny Committee Hindley Labour Paul John Blay Vice-Chair of the Licensing and Regulation Committee Labour Jim Churton Labour James Talbot Hindley Green Independent Bob Brierley Labour James Palmer Labour John Melville Vickers Ince Labour David Trevor Molyneux Executive Leader and Portfolio Holder for Economic Development Independent Maureen O'Bern Independent Tony Whyte Leigh Central and Higher Folds Labour Keith Cunliffe Deputy Leader Portfolio Holder for Adult Social Care Labour Shelley Guest Labour Fredrick Bown Walker Leigh South Labour Co-op Kevin Anderson Chair of Licensing and Regulation Committees Labour Co-op Charles Rigby Chair of Audit, Governance and Standards Committee Vacant (vacant) Leigh West Labour Dane Anderton Portfolio Holder for Police, Crime and Civil Contingencies Labour Samantha Brown Labour Susan June Greensmith Lowton East Labour Jenny Gregory Labour Garry Lloyd Labour Mike Smith Orrell Labour Anne Collins Labour Jim Nicholson Labour Mark Tebbutt Pemberton Labour Jeanette Prescott Labour Paul Prescott Portfolio Holder for Planning, Environmental Services and Transport Labour Eileen Winifred Rigby Shevington with Lower Ground and Moor Labour Paul Anthony Collins Labour Michael John Crosby Labour Vicky Galligan Standish with Langtree Labour Terry Mugan Labour Debbie Parkinson Mayor Conservative Raymond Whittingham Tyldesley and Mosley Common Labour Jess Eastoe Vice-Chair of Children and Young People Scrutiny Committee Independent Network James Fish Labour Joanne Marshall Lead Member for Greener Wigan Wigan Central Labour George Davies Labour Lawrence Hunt Lead Member for Heritage and Building Conservation Labour Michael McLoughlin Wigan West Labour Phyllis Cullen Labour Sheila Ramsdale Labour Co-op David Wood Winstanley Labour Co-op Paul Terence Kenny Chair of the Planning Committee Labour Clive William Morgan Chair of Confident Places and Environment Scrutiny Committee Labour Marie Morgan Worsley Mesnes Labour David Hurst Labour Paul Molyneux Vice-Chair of Health and Social Care Scrutiny Committee Labour Helen O’Neill Premises The council meets at Wigan Town Hall on Library Street, which had been built in 1903 as the Wigan Mining and Technical College. After the college moved to new premises, the building was converted into a town hall in 1990 to replace the Old Town Hall on King Street. Wigan Life Centre, The Wiend, Wigan, WN1 1NH: Council's main offices The council's main offices are at the Wigan Life Centre on The Wiend, a modern building completed in 2012 behind the retained façade of the former Municipal Buildings facing Hewlett Street and Library Street. The building also incorporates the town's library. Municipal Buildings, Hewlett Street: Retained façade of 1900 building, with Wigan Life Centre behind Wigan Civic Centre, Millgate: Council's main offices 1970–2018 The old Wigan Borough Council had held its meetings at the Old Town Hall on King Street, which had been built as a courthouse in 1867 and had become the council's headquarters in 1882. By the 1950s the council had moved its main offices to the Municipal Buildings, being a converted row of shops and offices at the corner of Hewlett Street and Library Street, which had been built in 1900. Meetings continued to be held at the Old Town Hall until the new Town Hall opened in 1990. The offices were supplemented by the construction of the Civic Centre on Millgate in 1970. After the council consolidated its offices at the Wigan Life Centre and Town Hall, the Civic Centre closed in 2018. References ^ Jackson, Nick (21 May 2024). "All change: meet Wigan's new mayor". Wigan Today. Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4. London: Victoria County History. 1911. pp. 68–78. Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ "Wigan Municipal Borough / County Borough". A Vision of Britain through Time. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ "Local Government Act 1972: Schedule 1", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1972 c. 70 (sch. 1), retrieved 30 May 2024 ^ "District Councils and Boroughs". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 28 March 1974. Retrieved 30 May 2024. ^ "Find your local council". gov.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ "Local Government Act 1985", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1985 c. 51, retrieved 5 April 2024 ^ "The Greater Manchester Combined Authority Order 2011", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 2011/908, retrieved 30 May 2024 ^ "Understand how your council works". gov.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2024. ^ "GMCA Members". Greater Manchester Combined Authority. Retrieved 30 May 2024. ^ "Election Maps". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 30 May 2024. ^ "Compositions calculator". The Elections Centre. Retrieved 10 August 2022. ^ "Wigan". BBC News Online. 19 April 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2010. ^ "Council minutes". Wigan Council. Retrieved 30 August 2022. ^ "Local elections 2024: full mayoral and council results for England". The Guardian. 4 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024. ^ "Your councillors by political grouping". Wigan Council. Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ "The Wigan (Electoral Changes) Order 2022", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 2019/1372, retrieved 4 June 2024 ^ "Your Councillors by Ward". Wigan Council. Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ Historic England. "Town Hall (formerly Wigan and District Mining and Technical College) and railings (Grade II) (1384483)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 5 June 2024. ^ "Mayors Handbook". Wigan Council. Archived from the original on 6 June 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2024. ^ "Wigan Life Centre". Wigan Council. Retrieved 5 June 2024. ^ "Morgan Sindall completes £50m Wigan Life Centre". The Business Desk. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2024. ^ Historic England. "Municipal Buildings, Hewlett Street (Grade II) (1384469)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 5 June 2024. ^ Dunton, Jim (8 February 2024). "Shedkm cleared to turn brutalist former council HQ into start-up space". Building Design. Retrieved 5 June 2024. External links Official website vteLocal authorities in Greater ManchesterJoint arrangements Combined authority Fire and rescue service Local government association Police and crime commissioner Police, fire and crime panel Waste disposal authority District councils Bolton Bury Manchester Oldham Rochdale Salford Stockport Tameside Trafford Wigan Parish councils Blackrod Horwich vteMetropolitan districts of EnglandDistricts Barnsley Birmingham Bolton Bradford Bury Calderdale Coventry Doncaster Dudley Gateshead Kirklees Knowsley Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne North Tyneside Oldham Rochdale Rotherham Salford Sandwell Sefton Sheffield Solihull South Tyneside St Helens Stockport Sunderland Tameside Trafford Wakefield Walsall Wigan Wirral Wolverhampton Councils Barnsley Birmingham Bolton Bradford Bury Calderdale Coventry Doncaster Dudley Gateshead Kirklees Knowsley Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne North Tyneside Oldham Rochdale Rotherham Salford Sandwell Sefton Sheffield Solihull South Tyneside St Helens Stockport Sunderland Tameside Trafford Wakefield Walsall Wigan Wirral Wolverhampton Local elections Barnsley Birmingham Bolton Bradford Bury Calderdale Coventry Doncaster Dudley Gateshead Kirklees Knowsley Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne North Tyneside Oldham Rochdale Rotherham Salford Sandwell Sefton Sheffield Solihull South Tyneside St Helens Stockport Sunderland Tameside Trafford Wakefield Walsall Wigan Wirral Wolverhampton	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_England"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Borough of Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wigan"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"metropolitan borough council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_borough_council"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester Combined Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Combined_Authority"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Wigan Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Town_Hall"}],"text":"Wigan Council, or Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council, is the local authority of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan in Greater Manchester, England. It is a metropolitan borough council and provides the majority of local government services in the borough. The council has been a member of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority since 2011.The council has been under Labour majority control since the metropolitan borough was created in 1974. It meets at Wigan Town Hall and has its main offices at the adjoining Wigan Life Centre.","title":"Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County Borough of Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Borough_of_Wigan"},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan"},{"link_name":"ancient borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_borough"},{"link_name":"charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_charter"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayors_in_England"},{"link_name":"municipal borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_borough"},{"link_name":"Municipal Corporations Act 1835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Wigan_Town_Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Old Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town_Hall,_Wigan"},{"link_name":"county borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_borough"},{"link_name":"Lancashire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"geographical county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England#Geographical_counties_1889%E2%80%931974"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"metropolitan county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_county"},{"link_name":"in 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Wigan_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_election"},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Borough_of_Wigan"},{"link_name":"Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Leigh"},{"link_name":"urban district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_district_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Abram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Ashton-in-Makerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton-in-Makerfield"},{"link_name":"Aspull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspull"},{"link_name":"Atherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherton_Urban_District"},{"link_name":"Billinge and Winstanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billinge_and_Winstanley_Urban_District"},{"link_name":"Golborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golborne"},{"link_name":"Hindley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindley,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Ince-in-Makerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ince-in-Makerfield"},{"link_name":"Orrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrell_Urban_District"},{"link_name":"Standish-with-Langtree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standish-with-Langtree"},{"link_name":"Tyldesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyldesley_Urban_District"},{"link_name":"Wigan Rural District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"borough status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester Combined Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Combined_Authority"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Further information: County Borough of WiganThe town of Wigan was an ancient borough, having been granted a charter in 1246. From around 1350 the borough was led by a mayor. The borough was reformed to become a municipal borough under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, which standardised how most boroughs operated across the country. It was then governed by a body formally called the 'mayor, aldermen and burgesses of the borough of Wigan', generally known as the corporation, town council or borough council.[2]Old Town Hall, King Street: Built 1867, vacated 1990 and demolished 2013When elected county councils were established in 1889, Wigan was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services, and so it became a county borough, independent from the new Lancashire County Council, whilst remaining part of the geographical county of Lancashire.[3]The larger Metropolitan Borough of Wigan and its council were created in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 as one of ten metropolitan districts within the new metropolitan county of Greater Manchester. The first election was held in 1973. For its first year the council acted as a shadow authority alongside the area's fourteen outgoing authorities, being the borough councils of Wigan and Leigh, the urban district councils of Abram, Ashton-in-Makerfield, Aspull, Atherton, Billinge and Winstanley, Golborne, Hindley, Ince-in-Makerfield, Orrell, Standish-with-Langtree, and Tyldesley, and the Wigan Rural District Council. The new metropolitan district and its council formally came into being on 1 April 1974, at which point the old districts and their councils were abolished.[4]The metropolitan district was awarded borough status from its creation, allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor, continuing Wigan's series of mayors dating back to the 14th century.[5] The council styles itself Wigan Council rather than its full formal name of Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council.[6]From 1974 until 1986 the council was a lower-tier authority, with upper-tier functions provided by the Greater Manchester County Council. The county council was abolished in 1986 and its functions passed to Greater Manchester's ten borough councils, including Wigan, with some services provided through joint committees.[7]Since 2011 the council has been a member of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority, which has been led by the directly elected Mayor of Greater Manchester since 2017. The combined authority provides strategic leadership and co-ordination for certain functions across Greater Manchester, notably regarding transport and town planning, but Wigan Council continues to be responsible for most local government functions.[8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metropolitan borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_borough"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"civil parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Haigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haigh,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Shevington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shevington"},{"link_name":"Worthington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthington,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"unparished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unparished_area"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Wigan Council provides metropolitan borough services. Some strategic functions in the area are provided by the Greater Manchester Combined Authority; the leader of Wigan Council sits on the combined authority as Wigan's representative.[10] There are three civil parishes in the borough at Haigh, Shevington and Worthington which form an additional tier of local government for their areas; the rest of the borough is unparished.[11]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-change-13"}],"sub_title":"Political control","text":"The council has been under Labour majority control since the 1974 reforms.[12][13]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayor of Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Wigan"},{"link_name":"leader of the council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_council"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Leadership","text":"The role of Mayor of Wigan is largely ceremonial. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 1991 have been:[14]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2024 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Wigan_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_election"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Independent Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Network"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Composition","text":"Following the 2024 election, the composition of the council was:[15]Four of the independent councillors are supported by the Independent Network and sit together as a group, another four form the 'Independent Together' group and the remaining two do not form part of a group.[16] A by-election to fill the vacant seat is due in July 2024. The next routine election is due in May 2026.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections"},{"link_name":"councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councillor"},{"link_name":"wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"See also: Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council electionsSince the last boundary changes in 2023, the council has comprised 75 councillors representing 25 wards, with each ward electing three councillors. Elections are held three years out of every four, with a third of the council (one councillor for each ward) elected each time for a four-year term of office.[17]","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The councillors as at June 2024 were:[18]","title":"Wards and councillors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wigan Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Old Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town_Hall,_Wigan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wigan_Life_Centre.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Building_on_the_corner_of_Hewlett_Street_and_Library_Street,_Wigan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wigan_Civic_Centre.jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The council meets at Wigan Town Hall on Library Street, which had been built in 1903 as the Wigan Mining and Technical College.[19] After the college moved to new premises, the building was converted into a town hall in 1990 to replace the Old Town Hall on King Street.[20]Wigan Life Centre, The Wiend, Wigan, WN1 1NH: Council's main officesThe council's main offices are at the Wigan Life Centre on The Wiend, a modern building completed in 2012 behind the retained façade of the former Municipal Buildings facing Hewlett Street and Library Street. The building also incorporates the town's library.[21][22]Municipal Buildings, Hewlett Street: Retained façade of 1900 building, with Wigan Life Centre behindWigan Civic Centre, Millgate: Council's main offices 1970–2018The old Wigan Borough Council had held its meetings at the Old Town Hall on King Street, which had been built as a courthouse in 1867 and had become the council's headquarters in 1882. By the 1950s the council had moved its main offices to the Municipal Buildings, being a converted row of shops and offices at the corner of Hewlett Street and Library Street, which had been built in 1900.[23] Meetings continued to be held at the Old Town Hall until the new Town Hall opened in 1990. The offices were supplemented by the construction of the Civic Centre on Millgate in 1970. After the council consolidated its offices at the Wigan Life Centre and Town Hall, the Civic Centre closed in 2018.[24]","title":"Premises"}]	[{"image_text":"Old Town Hall, King Street: Built 1867, vacated 1990 and demolished 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Old_Wigan_Town_Hall.jpg/220px-Old_Wigan_Town_Hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wigan Life Centre, The Wiend, Wigan, WN1 1NH: Council's main offices","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wigan_Life_Centre.jpg/220px-Wigan_Life_Centre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Municipal Buildings, Hewlett Street: Retained façade of 1900 building, with Wigan Life Centre behind","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Building_on_the_corner_of_Hewlett_Street_and_Library_Street%2C_Wigan.jpg/220px-Building_on_the_corner_of_Hewlett_Street_and_Library_Street%2C_Wigan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wigan Civic Centre, Millgate: Council's main offices 1970–2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Wigan_Civic_Centre.jpg/220px-Wigan_Civic_Centre.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Jackson, Nick (21 May 2024). \"All change: meet Wigan's new mayor\". Wigan Today. Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wigantoday.net/news/politics/council/all-change-meet-wigans-new-mayor-4636514","url_text":"\"All change: meet Wigan's new mayor\""}]},{"reference":"A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4. London: Victoria County History. 1911. pp. 68–78. Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/lancs/vol4/pp68-78","url_text":"A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4"}]},{"reference":"\"Wigan Municipal Borough / County Borough\". A Vision of Britain through Time. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10109206","url_text":"\"Wigan Municipal Borough / County Borough\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Government Act 1972: Schedule 1\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1972 c. 70 (sch. 1), retrieved 30 May 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/70/schedule/1/","url_text":"\"Local Government Act 1972: Schedule 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"District Councils and Boroughs\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 28 March 1974. Retrieved 30 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1974/mar/28/district-councils-and-boroughs#S5CV0871P0_19740328_CWA_145","url_text":"\"District Councils and Boroughs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"Find your local council\". gov.uk. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsikada	Tsikada	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Tsikada" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2016) Tsikada (Russian: Цикада meaning cicada), was a Soviet satellite navigation system including ten Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. It transmits the same two carrier frequencies as the U.S. TRANSIT satellite system. The first satellite was launched in 1974. See also Tsiklon Parus GLONASS References ^ a b Bernhard Hofmann-Wellenhof, Herbert Lichtenegger, Elmar Wasle, "GNSS – global navigation satellite systems: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo & more", SpringerWienNewYork 2008, p. 5. External links Tsikada on the Encyclopedia Astronautica vteSatellite navigation systemsOperational BeiDou DORIS Galileo GLONASS GPS / NavStar IRNSS / NAVIC Historical BDS / BeiDou-1 Transit Timation Tsiklon GNSS augmentation EGNOS GAGAN GPS·C (retired) JPALS LAAS MSAS NTRIP QZSS / Michibiki SouthPAN StarFire WAAS SDCM Related topics GNSS reflectometry Kalman filter United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System Wavelet This article about one or more spacecraft of the Russian Federation is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about one or more spacecraft of the Soviet Union is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"cicada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicada"},{"link_name":"satellite navigation system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_navigation_system"},{"link_name":"Low Earth Orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_Orbit"},{"link_name":"TRANSIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hofmann-Wellenhof_2008-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hofmann-Wellenhof_2008-1"}],"text":"Tsikada (Russian: Цикада meaning cicada), was a Soviet satellite navigation system including ten Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. It transmits the same two carrier frequencies as the U.S. TRANSIT satellite system.[1] The first satellite was launched in 1974.[1]","title":"Tsikada"}]	[]	[{"title":"Tsiklon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiklon_(satellite)"},{"title":"Parus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parus_(satellite)"},{"title":"GLONASS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsikada&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tsikada%22","external_links_name":"\"Tsikada\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tsikada%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tsikada%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tsikada%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tsikada%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tsikada%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020227115843/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/tsikada.htm","external_links_name":"Tsikada"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsikada&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsikada&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Rosenman	Howard Rosenman	["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","2.1 Film","2.2 Television","3 References","4 External links"]	American film producer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Howard Rosenman" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Howard RosenmanBornZvi Howard Rosenman (1945-02-01) February 1, 1945 (age 79)New York City, U.S.Alma materBrooklyn CollegeOccupationProducerYears active1969–present Howard Rosenman (born February 1, 1945), also known as Zvi Howard Rosenman, is an American producer and motion picture executive. He specializes in producing romantic comedy films and documentary films. Some of his most popular productions include Father of the Bride (1991) starring Steve Martin and Diane Keaton, Joss Whedon's Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1992) and The Family Man (2000) starring Nicolas Cage. Rosenman's documentary film Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt won the Peabody Award and the 1990 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature; his film The Celluloid Closet also won the Peabody Award. Life and career Rosenman was born in Brooklyn, New York and grew up in Far Rockaway, Queens, the son of Sima (née Rosenfeld) and Morris Joseph Rosenman, Ashkenazi Jewish parents from Israel whose families had lived in the Old City of Jerusalem and Mea Shearim for seven generations, but immigrated to the United States in the wake of Arab pogroms. Rosenman graduated from Brooklyn College with a degree in European Literature in 1965. In 1967, he took a leave from medical school at Hahnemann Medical College to serve as an extern medic in the Six-Day War as a part of the Israeli Defense Forces. After the war, he met his mentor, the composer Leonard Bernstein, who encouraged him to leave medical school after two years and begin his career in show business. Rosenman's first job was on Broadway assisting Katharine Hepburn in the André Previn musical Coco in 1969. Also, on Broadway, he assisted the director, Sir Michael Benthall (former head of Britain's National Theatre/Old Vic), on I'm Solomon and Her First Roman. He then became a producer of commercials for the ad agency Benton & Bowles, winning two Clio Awards on campaigns for Cool Whip and Almond Joy. For his first feature film Sparkle, he served as its producer and collaborated with Joel Schumacher on its story. With producing partner Renée Missel, Rosenman went on to make the film The Main Event starring Barbra Streisand and Ryan O'Neal and Resurrection starring Ellen Burstyn and Sam Shepard. Resurrection received two Academy Award nominations. He served as Co-President of Production at Sandollar, manager Sandy Gallin's and performer Dolly Parton's production company, from 1985–1992. While co-heading production at Sandollar with producer Carol Baum, he produced Father of the Bride, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Gross Anatomy starring Matthew Modine (about Rosenman's years in medical school), Straight Talk starring Dolly Parton, Sidney Lumet's A Stranger Among Us, Shining Through starring Melanie Griffith and Michael Douglas, and Harvey Fierstein's Tidy Endings for HBO, which garnered two Emmy Award nominations and two CableACE Awards. Also during this time, Rosenman served as Executive Producer of the Oscar-winning Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt by Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman. Rosenman collaborated with Epstein and Friedman on two more documentary films: The Celluloid Closet in 1995, which was nominated for four Emmy Awards, and Paragraph 175 in 2000. He served as President of Production at Brillstein-Grey Entertainment from 1992–1994. While at Brillstein-Grey Entertainment, he oversaw initial development of The Cable Guy starring Jim Carrey and Mike Nichols's What Planet Are You From?. He subsequently formed Howard Rosenman Productions and produced The Family Man, Noel starring Susan Sarandon, Penélope Cruz and Robin Williams and You Kill Me starring Sir Ben Kingsley and Téa Leoni. In 2007, Rosenman was the Executive Producer on the David Milch surfing series John from Cincinnati for HBO. Rosenman made his acting debut in Gus Van Sant's Milk playing the role of David Goodstein (founder of The Advocate) opposite Sean Penn as Harvey Milk. Rosenman is Co-Founder of Project Angel Food in Los Angeles, a meals-on-wheels program for people living with life-threatening diseases including AIDS and cancer. Filmography He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted. Film Year Film Credit 1976 Sparkle 1979 The Main Event Executive producer 1980 Resurrection 1989 Lost Angels Gross Anatomy 1991 True Identity Executive producer Father of the Bride 1992 Shining Through Straight Talk Executive producer A Stranger Among Us Buffy the Vampire Slayer 2000 The Family Man 2001 My First Mister Co-executive producer American Neurotic Executive producer 2004 Noel 2007 You Kill Me Breakfast with Scot Executive producer 2009 Jonah 2012 Sparkle Executive producer 2016 Lazy Eye Executive producer 2017 Call Me by Your Name 2019 Shepherd: The Story of a Jewish Dog TBA Anita As an actor Year Film Role 2008 Milk David Goodstein 2011 Coming & Going Creator 2012 Should've Been Romeo Henry Sparkle Landlord As writer Year Film 1976 Sparkle 1989 Gross Anatomy 2012 Sparkle Television Year Title Credit Notes 1973 Isn't It Shocking? Television film 1974 Killer Bees Television film Virginia Hill Executive producer Television film 1975 All Together Now Executive producer Television film Death Scream Television film 1988 Tidy Endings Executive producer Television film 2002 Bond Girls Are Forever Co-executive producer Documentary 2007 John from Cincinnati Executive producer References ^ "Howard Rosenman Biography (1945–)". Filmreference.com. February 1, 1945. Retrieved December 5, 2013. ^ Rosenman, Howard. "The Arrangement: Who would want an arrange marriage? Someone with faith", Los Angeles Times Magazine, May 2009. Accessed July 26, 2012. "To say I am the complete opposite of Freydee, my ultra-Orthodox sister who married a born-again Jew, moved to Israel and brought up her five children in a completely non-secular world, is an understatement: I am (a) not observant and (b) gay...not to mention a movie and television producer.... My parents' families — seventh-generation Jerusalemites — immigrated to America from Palestine in the late '20s because of Arab pogroms." ^ "CLIO Awards". CLIO Awards. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2013. ^ Howard Rosenman (February 13, 2012). "The Saga of Whitney Houston's Last Movie, 'Sparkle'". The Daily Beast. External links Howard Rosenman at IMDb Howard Rosenman at filmreference.com Howard Rosenman at movies.nytimes.com Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"Father of the Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_the_Bride_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Steve Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Martin"},{"link_name":"Diane Keaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Keaton"},{"link_name":"Joss Whedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joss_Whedon"},{"link_name":"Buffy the Vampire Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Family Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_Man"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage"},{"link_name":"Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Threads:_Stories_from_the_Quilt"},{"link_name":"Peabody Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Award"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature"},{"link_name":"The Celluloid Closet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Celluloid_Closet_(film)"},{"link_name":"Peabody Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Award"}],"text":"Howard Rosenman (born February 1, 1945), also known as Zvi Howard Rosenman, is an American producer and motion picture executive. 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In 1967, he took a leave from medical school at Hahnemann Medical College to serve as an extern medic in the Six-Day War as a part of the Israeli Defense Forces. After the war, he met his mentor, the composer Leonard Bernstein, who encouraged him to leave medical school after two years and begin his career in show business. Rosenman's first job was on Broadway assisting Katharine Hepburn in the André Previn musical Coco in 1969. Also, on Broadway, he assisted the director, Sir Michael Benthall (former head of Britain's National Theatre/Old Vic), on I'm Solomon and Her First Roman. He then became a producer of commercials for the ad agency Benton & Bowles, winning two Clio Awards on campaigns for Cool Whip and Almond Joy.[3]For his first feature film Sparkle, he served as its producer and collaborated with Joel Schumacher on its story.[4] With producing partner Renée Missel, Rosenman went on to make the film The Main Event starring Barbra Streisand and Ryan O'Neal and Resurrection starring Ellen Burstyn and Sam Shepard. Resurrection received two Academy Award nominations.He served as Co-President of Production at Sandollar, manager Sandy Gallin's and performer Dolly Parton's production company, from 1985–1992. While co-heading production at Sandollar with producer Carol Baum, he produced Father of the Bride, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Gross Anatomy starring Matthew Modine (about Rosenman's years in medical school), Straight Talk starring Dolly Parton, Sidney Lumet's A Stranger Among Us, Shining Through starring Melanie Griffith and Michael Douglas, and Harvey Fierstein's Tidy Endings for HBO, which garnered two Emmy Award nominations and two CableACE Awards.Also during this time, Rosenman served as Executive Producer of the Oscar-winning Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt by Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman. Rosenman collaborated with Epstein and Friedman on two more documentary films: The Celluloid Closet in 1995, which was nominated for four Emmy Awards, and Paragraph 175 in 2000.He served as President of Production at Brillstein-Grey Entertainment from 1992–1994. While at Brillstein-Grey Entertainment, he oversaw initial development of The Cable Guy starring Jim Carrey and Mike Nichols's What Planet Are You From?.He subsequently formed Howard Rosenman Productions and produced The Family Man, Noel starring Susan Sarandon, Penélope Cruz and Robin Williams and You Kill Me starring Sir Ben Kingsley and Téa Leoni.In 2007, Rosenman was the Executive Producer on the David Milch surfing series John from Cincinnati for HBO.Rosenman made his acting debut in Gus Van Sant's Milk playing the role of David Goodstein (founder of The Advocate) opposite Sean Penn as Harvey Milk.Rosenman is Co-Founder of Project Angel Food in Los Angeles, a meals-on-wheels program for people living with life-threatening diseases including AIDS and cancer.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted.","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","text":"As an actorAs writer","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Howard Rosenman Biography (1945–)\". 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The Daily Beast.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/02/13/the-saga-of-whitney-houston-s-last-movie-sparkle.html","url_text":"\"The Saga of Whitney Houston's Last Movie, 'Sparkle'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast","url_text":"The Daily Beast"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Howard+Rosenman%22","external_links_name":"\"Howard Rosenman\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Howard+Rosenman%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Howard+Rosenman%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Howard+Rosenman%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Howard+Rosenman%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Howard+Rosenman%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.filmreference.com/film/89/Howard-Rosenman.html","external_links_name":"\"Howard Rosenman Biography (1945–)\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimesmagazine.com/2009/05/arranged-marriage-jewish-orthodox.html","external_links_name":"\"The Arrangement: Who would want an arrange marriage? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_R._Blake	Jennifer R. Blake	["1 Career","2 Filmography","3 Awards","4 Community volunteer activities","5 References","6 External links"]	Jennifer R. BlakeBackground informationOccupation(s)Actress, singerInstrument(s)VocalsYears active1999–presentWebsitewww.jenniferblake.tvMusical artist Jennifer Blake in the role of Caroline (Ma) in Prairie-Oke at the Cavern Club Theatre, Los Angeles Jennifer Blake in the role of Mindy McCready, McCready the Musical Jennifer R. Blake is an American actress and producer who has performed in television, film and musical theatre. Career Jennifer Blake is a notable alumna of The Boston Conservatory, where she earned a BFA in Musical Theatre and has appeared in television, film and musical stage plays in Boston, New York and Los Angeles. She produced and starred in the role of Mindy McCready in McCready The Musical at Spirit Studio in Silver Lake, Los Angeles, May–June, 2015, reimagined and iterated during the Hollywood Fringe Festival, Los Angeles, June, 2016, and reprised Off-Broadway at The Triad Theater, New York City, September, 2016. She was also co-creator and co-producer of the show in New York City. She co-starred in Behaving Badly (2014). She guest-starred in the prime-time comedy series How to Live with Your Parents (for the Rest of Your Life) in the role of Nirvana on ABC. She also guest-starred in the NBC comedy Marlon (TV series) starring Marlon Wayans (2017). One of her most notable roles in musical theatre has been as the character Susan in the 2010 Los Angeles premiere of , at the Celebration Theatre. She was called in for an audition and remarkably learned the role in three weeks. Her performance was awarded Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Musical by StagesceneLA. Jennifer Blake was also critically esteemed for her lead role in Side By Side By Sondheim at The Attic Theatre, Los Angeles, and was awarded Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble Cast/Musical by StageSceneLA. She was in the original cast of the Off-Broadway New York City production of The Donkey Show, in the roles of Disco Girl/Swing for Hellen/Vinnie/Mia/Oberon. She earned critical acclaim for her 2013 role of Caroline (Ma) in Prairie-Oke! at the Cavern Club Theatre, Los Angeles. and for her 2012 lead role in Are You There God? It's Me, Karen Carpenter at the Hudson Mainstage (Los Angeles), reprised in 2013 at the Palm Canyon Theater (Palm Springs, CA). She appeared in a musical based upon the life of Charles Bukowski, Bukowsical!, (Swing) at the Sacred Fools Theater Company, Los Angeles, a production which was taken to New York City and presented at the New York International Fringe Festival, and the show was awarded as Outstanding Musical. She participated in the original cast recording. Other notable roles include Hair in the role of Jeannie at the Bay Street Theatre, New York; Jesus Christ Superstar in the role of Mary Magdalene at The Attic Theatre, Los Angeles; Chess in the Ensemble and in the role of Vanity Fair Reporter at The Lyric Theatre, Boston; and Ex(it) Wounds at IO Mainstage, Los Angeles.; The Crucible in the role of Betty Parris at the Alabama Shakespeare Festival; Grease in the role of Marty at the West Virginia Public Theatre; and The Will Rogers Follies in the role of Ziegfeld Girl at the Galveston Island Outdoor Musicals, Texas. Her television appearances have included Late Show with David Letterman, broadcast on CBS, Sketch Artist; Sex and the City, Co-Star; Contest Searchlight, Co-Star; and in the series How to Live with Your Parents (for the Rest of Your Life) in the role of Nirvana on ABC. She also sang on Ryan Adams' album Love is Hell, B sides. She was producer/actor in "The Bar", a comedy web series about the South. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2015 "The Bar" web comedy series T.K. 2014 Behaving Badly Janice 2013 How to Live with Your Parents (for the Rest of Your Life) Nirvana TV series ABC 2012 Jayne Mansfield's Car (ADR Loop Group) 2010/I Hello (short)(I) Jennifer Randall 2008 Simon (short) Anna 2006 My Mother's Hairdo (short) Dancer at the Hairdo 2004 The Stepford Wives Stepford wife 2001 Zoolander Fashionista Awards Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Musical for the role of Susan in from StagesceneLA's Best of LA Theatre Awards 2009–2010 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble Cast/Musical for Side By Side By Sondheim from StagesceneLA's Best of LA Theatre Awards 2009–2010 Memorable Performance by an Ensemble Cast/Musical Spoof for Prairie-Oke from StagesceneLA's Best of LA Theatre Awards 2012–2013 Community volunteer activities Blake has given generously of her time to children in need through CoachArt, Los Angeles, a non-profit organization offering free lessons in the arts and athletics to patients with chronic illnesses and their siblings, ages 6 – 18. She also traveled to Delhi, India, as a volunteer on a build in the Bawana district for Habitat for Humanity International's Global Village Program. She produced the California for Alabama Benefit at MBAR, which was for the victims of the 2011 tornadoes that killed hundreds and left thousands homeless or with significant damage. The event was to benefit the local charity California for Alabama: California residents by way of Alabama collecting and delivering donations to the areas of Alabama ravaged by the April 27, 2011 tornado outbreak. Among her other volunteer interests are East L.A. Classic Theatre, the nation's only Latino based Theater Company that offers professionally performed Shakespeare adapted for youth in underserved communities of color and ENRICHLA Interdisciplinary Garden Program, an Environmental Non-profit focused on helping students build a good work ethic, promoting thoughtful and healthy eating habits, and adding edible school gardens to public schools. She has also had a part in The Creative Coalition, the premier nonprofit, nonpartisan social and political advocacy organization of the entertainment industry. and The National Lab Network, a national initiative that connects K-12 teachers with science, technology, engineering and mathematics professionals to bring hands-on learning experiences to students in all 50 states Further information: List of Boston Conservatory people § The Theater Division References ^ "Mindy McCready Musical to Open in Los Angeles". Rolling Stone. April 21, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015. ^ "BWW Interview: Jennifer Blake Chats MCCREADY THE MUSICAL, Opening in Silverlake 5/8". BroadwayWorld. May 7, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015. ^ "PopCulturalist Chats with Jennifer Blake". Pop-Culturalist. August 24, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016. ^ a b c "How To Live With Your Parents – Episode 1.08 – How to Live With Your Parents for the Rest of Your Life – Press Release". Spoilertv. May 6, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "Theatre review: "" at Celebration Theatre". Los Angeles Times. July 22, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "Review: """. Variety. July 18, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ " at the Celebration Theatre". L. A. Theatre Review. July 22, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "Theater Review: "(title of show)"". UCLA Daily Bruin. August 30, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "Theater Review: "(title of show)"". Stage Happenings. July 22, 2010. Archived from the original on November 6, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "L. A. Theater Review: "(title of show)"". Backstage. July 21, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "BWW Reviews: L.A. Premiere of Witty '' Is Hilarious Fun". Broadway World. July 19, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ ", Celebration Theatre, Los Angeles". Huffington Post. August 30, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "Singin' in the Rain and Dani Girl". L. A. Weekly. July 29, 2010. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "Facing Your Vampires". LAStageTimes. August 10, 2010. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ ": Celebration Theatre, 9/3/10". wordpress. October 3, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2013. ^ a b c d 2009–2010 StageSceneLA Scenies ^ "Theater Reviews: Hot Pants, Cold Feet, Liberty Inn, Side by Side by Sondheim". L. A. Weekly. March 18, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "Side by Side by Sondheim". L. A. Weekly. March 18, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "Stage Raw: Extropia". L. A. Weekly. March 15, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "Ashman, Blake, Duke, Donohoe and Sarando Set for Attic Theatre's Side by Side by Sondheim". Playbill. February 12, 2010. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "The Donkey Show: A Midsummer Night's Disco". Lortel Archives, The Off-Broadway Internet Database. August 18, 1999. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "The Donkey Show: A Midsummer Night's Disco Off-Broadway Cast". Broadway World. September 30, 1999. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "'The Donkey Show' shakes up Shakespeare". The Daily Princetonian. September 30, 1999. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "Forever Young: Judy Blume & Laura Ingalls Wilder Become Cheeky Musicals". LAMag. March 8, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "Little House on the Prairie-oke!". AllEvents. April 5, 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "Whoa, Nellie: Get Ready For Little House On The Prairie-Oke!". laimyours. March 29, 2013. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "Need to Know: 'Little House on the Prairie-Oke'". Out. March 29, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "Prairie-Oke!". stagescenela. August 16, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013. ^ "'Are You There God? It's Me, Karen Carpenter' parodies teen angst". Los Angeles Times. August 23, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "Karen Carpenter Meets Judy Blume in a Glorious Musical at Hollywood's Hudson Theatre". Huffington Post. December 4, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "ARE YOU THERE GOD? IT'S ME, KAREN CARPENTER". StageSceneLA. August 17, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ "ARE YOU THERE GOD? IT'S ME, KAREN CARPENTER". Palm Springs Life. October 17, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2013. ^ "BUKOWSICAL!". NY Theatre. August 12, 2007. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "Review: "Bukowsical!"". Variety. March 19, 2006. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "'Bukowsical!' is seeking support". Variety. March 24, 2006. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "Gary Stockdale wins Outstanding Music Award at 2007 New York International Fringe Festival". thescl. August 2007. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013. ^ "BUKOWSICAL!". Kritzerland. February 19, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2013. ^ "JESUS CHRIST SUPERSTAR". StageSceneLA. March 2008. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "BWW Reviews: EX(IT) WOUNDS Takes a Trashingly Refreshing Look at Real Break-Up Letters". BroadwayWorld. March 19, 2006. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "Hello (I)". imdb. June 19, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2013. ^ "Simon". imdb. April 10, 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2013. ^ "My Mother's Hairdo". imdb. April 5, 2006. Retrieved July 13, 2013. ^ "2012-2013-stagescenela-scenies". stagescenela. September 3, 2013. Retrieved September 29, 2013. ^ "Volunteer FAQs". CoachArt. July 12, 2013. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "GV in India". Habitat for Humanity. July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013. ^ "Habitat For Humanity And Roman Catholic Chetanalaya To Build 150 Houses For Former Delhi Slum Dwellers In India". Habitat for Humanity. August 24, 2006. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013. ^ "Habitat for Humanity India". Habitat for Humanity. July 12, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "California for Alabama Benefit". All Events in Los Angeles. August 3, 2011. Archived from the original on August 17, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "East L.A. Classic Theatre". East L.A. Classic Theatre. July 12, 2013. Archived from the original on July 23, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "Programs". ENRICHLA. July 12, 2013. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "Quincy Jones Elementary and Synergy Charter BUILD 4/14/12". ENRICHLA. April 14, 2012. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "The Creative Coalition". The Creative Coalition. July 12, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ "The National Lab Network". The National Lab Network. July 12, 2013. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jennifer R. Blake. Jennifer R. Blake at IMDb Jennifer R. Blake, Actor	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jennifer_Blake_in_the_role_of_Caroline_(Ma)_in_Prairie-Oke_at_the_Cavern_Club_Theatre,_Los_Angeles.JPG"},{"link_name":"Prairie-Oke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie-Oke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jennifer_Blake_in_the_role_of_Mindy_McCready,_McCreadytheMusical.jpg"}],"text":"Musical artistJennifer Blake in the role of Caroline (Ma) in Prairie-Oke at the Cavern Club Theatre, Los AngelesJennifer Blake in the role of Mindy McCready, McCready the MusicalJennifer R. Blake is an American actress and producer who has performed in television, film and musical theatre.","title":"Jennifer R. Blake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Conservatory"},{"link_name":"Mindy McCready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindy_McCready"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollingstone-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-broadwayworld-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popculturalist-3"},{"link_name":"Behaving Badly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaving_Badly_(film)"},{"link_name":"How to Live with Your Parents (for the Rest of Your Life)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Live_with_Your_Parents_(for_the_Rest_of_Your_Life)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spoilertv-4"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Marlon (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Marlon Wayans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Wayans"},{"link_name":"[title of show]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_of_show"},{"link_name":"Celebration Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebration_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009-2010_StageSceneLA_Scenies-16"},{"link_name":"Side By Side By Sondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_By_Side_By_Sondheim"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009-2010_StageSceneLA_Scenies-16"},{"link_name":"Off-Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway"},{"link_name":"The Donkey Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Donkey_Show_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Prairie-Oke!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie-Oke!&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Are You There God? It's Me, Karen Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Are_You_There_God%3F_It%27s_Me,_Karen_Carpenter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Charles Bukowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bukowski"},{"link_name":"Bukowsical!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bukowsical!&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sacred Fools Theater Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Fools_Theater_Company"},{"link_name":"New York International Fringe Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_International_Fringe_Festival"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ Superstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Ex(it) Wounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ex(it)_Wounds&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"The Crucible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crucible"},{"link_name":"Alabama Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Shakespeare_Festival"},{"link_name":"Grease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(musical)"},{"link_name":"The Will Rogers Follies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Will_Rogers_Follies"},{"link_name":"Late Show with David Letterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Sex and the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_the_City"},{"link_name":"Contest Searchlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contest_Searchlight"},{"link_name":"How to Live with Your Parents (for the Rest of Your Life)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Live_with_Your_Parents_(for_the_Rest_of_Your_Life)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spoilertv-4"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Ryan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Adams"},{"link_name":"Love is Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_is_Hell_(Ryan_Adams_album)"}],"text":"Jennifer Blake is a notable alumna of The Boston Conservatory, where she earned a BFA in Musical Theatre and has appeared in television, film and musical stage plays in Boston, New York and Los Angeles.She produced and starred in the role of Mindy McCready in McCready The Musical at Spirit Studio in Silver Lake, Los Angeles, May–June, 2015, reimagined and iterated during the Hollywood Fringe Festival, Los Angeles, June, 2016, and reprised Off-Broadway at The Triad Theater, New York City, September, 2016.[1][2][3] She was also co-creator and co-producer of the show in New York City.She co-starred in Behaving Badly (2014). She guest-starred in the prime-time comedy series How to Live with Your Parents (for the Rest of Your Life)[4] in the role of Nirvana on ABC. She also guest-starred in the NBC comedy Marlon (TV series) starring Marlon Wayans (2017).One of her most notable roles in musical theatre has been as the character Susan in the 2010 Los Angeles premiere of [title of show], at the Celebration Theatre.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] She was called in for an audition and remarkably learned the role in three weeks.[14][15] Her performance was awarded Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Musical by StagesceneLA.[16]Jennifer Blake was also critically esteemed for her lead role in Side By Side By Sondheim at The Attic Theatre, Los Angeles,[17][18][19][20] and was awarded Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble Cast/Musical by StageSceneLA.[16]She was in the original cast of the Off-Broadway New York City\nproduction of The Donkey Show, in the roles of Disco Girl/Swing for Hellen/Vinnie/Mia/Oberon.[21][22][23]She earned critical acclaim for her 2013 role of Caroline (Ma) in Prairie-Oke! at the Cavern Club Theatre, Los Angeles.[24][25][26][27][28] and for her 2012 lead role in Are You There God? It's Me, Karen Carpenter at the Hudson Mainstage (Los Angeles), reprised in 2013 at the Palm Canyon Theater (Palm Springs, CA).[29][30][31][32]She appeared in a musical based upon the life of Charles Bukowski, Bukowsical!, (Swing) at the Sacred Fools Theater Company, Los Angeles, a production which was taken to New York City and presented at the New York International Fringe Festival, and the show was awarded as Outstanding Musical.[33][34][35][36] She participated in the original cast recording.[37]Other notable roles include Hair in the role of Jeannie at the Bay Street Theatre, New York; Jesus Christ Superstar in the role of Mary Magdalene at The Attic Theatre, Los Angeles;[38] Chess in the Ensemble and in the role of Vanity Fair Reporter at The Lyric Theatre, Boston; and Ex(it) Wounds at IO Mainstage, Los Angeles.;[39] The Crucible in the role of Betty Parris at the Alabama Shakespeare Festival; Grease in the role of Marty at the West Virginia Public Theatre; and The Will Rogers Follies in the role of Ziegfeld Girl at the Galveston Island Outdoor Musicals, Texas.Her television appearances have included Late Show with David Letterman, broadcast on CBS, Sketch Artist; Sex and the City, Co-Star; Contest Searchlight, Co-Star; and in the series How to Live with Your Parents (for the Rest of Your Life)[4] in the role of Nirvana on ABC. She also sang on Ryan Adams' album Love is Hell, B sides.She was producer/actor in \"The Bar\", a comedy web series about the South.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[title of show]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_of_show"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009-2010_StageSceneLA_Scenies-16"},{"link_name":"Side By Side By Sondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_By_Side_By_Sondheim"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009-2010_StageSceneLA_Scenies-16"},{"link_name":"Prairie-Oke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie-Oke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Musical for the role of Susan in [title of show] from StagesceneLA's Best of LA Theatre Awards 2009–2010[16]Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble Cast/Musical for Side By Side By Sondheim from StagesceneLA's Best of LA Theatre Awards 2009–2010[16]Memorable Performance by an Ensemble Cast/Musical Spoof for Prairie-Oke from StagesceneLA's Best of LA Theatre Awards 2012–2013[43]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Habitat for Humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_for_Humanity"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"List of Boston Conservatory people § The Theater Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Boston_Conservatory_people#The_Theater_Division"}],"text":"Blake has given generously of her time to children in need through CoachArt, Los Angeles, a non-profit organization offering free lessons in the arts and athletics to patients with chronic illnesses and their siblings, ages 6 – 18.[44] She also traveled to Delhi, India, as a volunteer on a build in the Bawana district for Habitat for Humanity International's Global Village Program.[45][46][47]She produced the California for Alabama Benefit at MBAR, which was for the victims of the 2011 tornadoes that killed hundreds and left thousands homeless or with significant damage. The event was to benefit the local charity California for Alabama: California residents by way of Alabama collecting and delivering donations to the areas of Alabama ravaged by the April 27, 2011 tornado outbreak.[48]Among her other volunteer interests are East L.A. Classic Theatre, the nation's only Latino based Theater Company that offers professionally performed Shakespeare adapted for youth in underserved communities of color[49] and ENRICHLA Interdisciplinary Garden Program, an Environmental Non-profit focused on helping students build a good work ethic, promoting thoughtful and healthy eating habits, and adding edible school gardens to public schools.[50][51]She has also had a part in The Creative Coalition, the premier nonprofit, nonpartisan social and political advocacy organization of the entertainment industry.[52] and The National Lab Network, a national initiative that connects K-12 teachers with science, technology, engineering and mathematics professionals to bring hands-on learning experiences to students in all 50 states[53]Further information: List of Boston Conservatory people § The Theater Division","title":"Community volunteer activities"}]	[{"image_text":"Jennifer Blake in the role of Caroline (Ma) in Prairie-Oke at the Cavern Club Theatre, Los Angeles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jennifer_Blake_in_the_role_of_Caroline_%28Ma%29_in_Prairie-Oke_at_the_Cavern_Club_Theatre%2C_Los_Angeles.JPG/220px-Jennifer_Blake_in_the_role_of_Caroline_%28Ma%29_in_Prairie-Oke_at_the_Cavern_Club_Theatre%2C_Los_Angeles.JPG"},{"image_text":"Jennifer Blake in the role of Mindy McCready, McCready the Musical","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jennifer_Blake_in_the_role_of_Mindy_McCready%2C_McCreadytheMusical.jpg/220px-Jennifer_Blake_in_the_role_of_Mindy_McCready%2C_McCreadytheMusical.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mindy McCready Musical to Open in Los Angeles\". Rolling Stone. April 21, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/mindy-mccready-musical-to-open-in-los-angeles-20150421","url_text":"\"Mindy McCready Musical to Open in Los Angeles\""}]},{"reference":"\"BWW Interview: Jennifer Blake Chats MCCREADY THE MUSICAL, Opening in Silverlake 5/8\". BroadwayWorld. May 7, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/los-angeles/article/BWW-Interview-Jennifer-Blake-Chats-MCCREADY-THE-MUSICAL-Opening-in-Silverlake-58-20150507#","url_text":"\"BWW Interview: Jennifer Blake Chats MCCREADY THE MUSICAL, Opening in Silverlake 5/8\""}]},{"reference":"\"PopCulturalist Chats with Jennifer Blake\". Pop-Culturalist. August 24, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://pop-culturalist.com/pop-culturalist-chats-with-jennifer-blake/","url_text":"\"PopCulturalist Chats with Jennifer Blake\""}]},{"reference":"\"How To Live With Your Parents – Episode 1.08 – How to Live With Your Parents for the Rest of Your Life – Press Release\". Spoilertv. May 6, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spoilertv.com/2013/05/how-to-live-with-your-parents-episode_6.html","url_text":"\"How To Live With Your Parents – Episode 1.08 – How to Live With Your Parents for the Rest of Your Life – Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theatre review: \"[title of show]\" at Celebration Theatre\". Los Angeles Times. July 22, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2010/07/theatre-review-title-of-show-at-celebration-theatre.html","url_text":"\"Theatre review: \"[title of show]\" at Celebration Theatre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review: \"[title of show]\"\". Variety. July 18, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2010/legit/reviews/title-of-show-1117943188/","url_text":"\"Review: \"[title of show]\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"[title of show] at the Celebration Theatre\". L. A. Theatre Review. July 22, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latheatrereview.com/2010/07/22/title-of-show-at-the-celebration-theatre/","url_text":"\"[title of show] at the Celebration Theatre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theater Review: \"(title of show)\"\". UCLA Daily Bruin. August 30, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dailybruin.com/2010/08/30/theater_review_/","url_text":"\"Theater Review: \"(title of show)\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theater Review: \"(title of show)\"\". Stage Happenings. July 22, 2010. Archived from the original on November 6, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131106062640/http://stagehappenings.com/Dale_Reynolds/reviews/_2010/titleofshow.php","url_text":"\"Theater Review: \"(title of show)\"\""},{"url":"http://stagehappenings.com/Dale_Reynolds/reviews/_2010/titleofshow.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"L. A. Theater Review: \"(title of show)\"\". Backstage. July 21, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.backstage.com/review/la-theater/title-of-show/","url_text":"\"L. A. Theater Review: \"(title of show)\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"BWW Reviews: L.A. Premiere of Witty '[title of show]' Is Hilarious Fun\". Broadway World. July 19, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://losangeles.broadwayworld.com/article/BWW-Reviews-LA-Premiere-of-Witty-title-of-show-Is-Hilarious-Fun-20100719","url_text":"\"BWW Reviews: L.A. Premiere of Witty '[title of show]' Is Hilarious Fun\""}]},{"reference":"\"[title of show], Celebration Theatre, Los Angeles\". Huffington Post. August 30, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-scarborough/title-of-show-celebration_b_698279.html","url_text":"\"[title of show], Celebration Theatre, Los Angeles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Singin' in the Rain [title of show] and Dani Girl\". L. A. Weekly. July 29, 2010. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131104053143/http://www.laweekly.com/2010-07-29/stage/singin-in-the-rain/","url_text":"\"Singin' in the Rain [title of show] and Dani Girl\""},{"url":"http://www.laweekly.com/2010-07-29/stage/singin-in-the-rain/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Facing Your Vampires\". LAStageTimes. August 10, 2010. Retrieved July 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lastagetimes.com/2010/08/facing-your-vampires-in-title-of-show/","url_text":"\"Facing Your Vampires\""}]},{"reference":"\"[title of show]: Celebration Theatre, 9/3/10\". wordpress. October 3, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://staylorellis.wordpress.com/tag/jennifer-r-blake/","url_text":"\"[title of show]: Celebration Theatre, 9/3/10\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theater Reviews: Hot Pants, Cold Feet, Liberty Inn, Side by Side by Sondheim\". L. A. Weekly. March 18, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laweekly.com/2010-03-18/stage/theater-reviews-hot-pants-cold-feet-liberty-inn-side-by-side-by-sondheim/","url_text":"\"Theater Reviews: Hot Pants, Cold Feet, Liberty Inn, Side by Side by Sondheim\""}]},{"reference":"\"Side by Side by Sondheim\". L. A. Weekly. March 18, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laweekly.com/2010-03-18/calendar/side-by-side-by-sondheim/","url_text":"\"Side by Side by Sondheim\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stage Raw: Extropia\". L. A. Weekly. March 15, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.laweekly.com/arts/2010/03/stage_raw_extropia.php","url_text":"\"Stage Raw: Extropia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ashman, Blake, Duke, Donohoe and Sarando Set for Attic Theatre's Side by Side by Sondheim\". Playbill. February 12, 2010. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20131018032834/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/136p854-Ashman-Blake-Duke-Donohoe-and-Sarando-Set-for-Attic-Theatres-Side-by-Side-by-Sondheim","url_text":"\"Ashman, Blake, Duke, Donohoe and Sarando Set for Attic Theatre's Side by Side by Sondheim\""},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/136p854-Ashman-Blake-Duke-Donohoe-and-Sarando-Set-for-Attic-Theatres-Side-by-Side-by-Sondheim","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Donkey Show: A Midsummer Night's Disco\". Lortel Archives, The Off-Broadway Internet Database. August 18, 1999. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140108092450/http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&title=The%20Donkey%20Show%3A%20A%20Midsummer%20Night%27s%20Disco","url_text":"\"The Donkey Show: A Midsummer Night's Disco\""},{"url":"http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&title=The%20Donkey%20Show%3A%20A%20Midsummer%20Night%27s%20Disco","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Donkey Show: A Midsummer Night's Disco Off-Broadway Cast\". Broadway World. September 30, 1999. Retrieved July 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://broadwayworld.com/shows/cast.php?showid=326170&cast_type=original#","url_text":"\"The Donkey Show: A Midsummer Night's Disco Off-Broadway Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"'The Donkey Show' shakes up Shakespeare\". The Daily Princetonian. September 30, 1999. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Gram_Swing	Raymond Gram Swing	["1 College years","2 Early career","3 Career after World War I","4 Personal life and recognition","5 Notes","6 Sources"]	American journalist Raymond Gram Swing (March 25, 1887 – December 22, 1968) was an American print and broadcast journalist. He was one of the most influential news commentators of his era, heard by people worldwide as a leading American voice from Britain during World War II. Known originally as Raymond Swing, he adopted his wife's last name in 1919 and became known as Raymond Gram Swing. College years Swing was born in Cortland, New York, on March 25, 1887. He attended Oberlin College in Ohio, where his father was a professor of theology. As a youth, Swing was the proverbial "minister's son" and felt unable to live up to his parents' high expectations. Describing himself during his student days as "a prankster who found freshman math 'totally incomprehensible,'" Swing only lasted for a year at Oberlin. He later expressed gratitude for "how much Oberlin had given me—in music, in the first interest I had in the other arts, and in the basic liberalism of racial and sexual equality." "Just being a part of Oberlin gave me an innate sense of the political equality of men and women—all men and all women." Early career After leaving Oberlin, Swing worked briefly in a barber shop. His first foray into journalism came at age 19, in 1906 with the Cleveland Press. This was followed by stints at The Richmond (Indiana) Evening News, the Indianapolis Star and The Cincinnati Times-Star. Determined to prove himself after what he saw as his early failure, he worked to the point of exhaustion. His career was meteoric. At age 23 he became managing editor of the Indianapolis Sun. Then he was named London bureau chief for the Philadelphia Public Ledger. He also wrote for the journal The Nation during this time. By 1913, Swing was working as Berlin and Germany bureau chief for the Chicago Daily News. When World War I broke out in 1914, he covered major battles and was the first to report on the existence of Big Bertha, a massive 420 mm artillery cannon. Gordon Holmes claimed in her autobiography that Swing once told her that he may have been "the only man who might have stopped the 1914 war and forgot to." She recalled: tells how in December, 1914, the German authorities entrusted him with a peace offer to carry to Sir Edward Grey. Germany wanted peace, would withdraw from Belgium and France, would ask for a financial indemnity as a German face-saver, but would not expect payment. Swing, very young, very nervous, saw Grey, who received the message in silence until the word “indemnity” was reached. Then "Grey flushed and denounced it as an insult” and flatly turned down the German proposal. And only after the meeting was over did Swing realize he had told Grey that an indemnity would be asked for, but had forgotten to tell him that payment would not be expected.In 1915 the Chicago Daily News sent him to Turkey, where his coverage of the attack on the Dardanelles and other stories made him legendary. Crossing the Sea of Marmora on a Turkish freighter, the Nagara, as the British submarine HMS E11 overtook the ship, one of the officers signaled for Swing to do the talking. The British sub commander asked "Who are you?" A question to which Swing should have replied with the ship's name but he instead responded, "I am Raymond Swing, of the Chicago Daily News." Career after World War I In 1922, Swing left the New York Herald, for which he had been "the eminent Berlin correspondent," to join The Wall Street Journal as head of its staff in Europe. By 1930, he headed the New York Evening Post's London Bureau. During the 1920s, Swing migrated to the new medium of radio journalism, to which his reassuring and articulate manner was uniquely suited. After covering the 1932 presidential election, he was offered a job at CBS. Swing turned the job down and it was later given to Edward R. Murrow. Swing instead joined the Mutual Broadcasting System, where, in 1936, he began to broadcast on European affairs, emerging as a strong voice of opposition to Adolf Hitler and Fascism. As the Nazis rose in power and influence and began to threaten Europe, Mutual increased his broadcasts to five times a week. He also gave a number of lectures in the United States and abroad on the dangers of Fascism. In The Historian, David H. Culbert described Swing as a liberal who voted for Norman Thomas in 1926 and supported Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II. Because of his prestige and credibility, Swing was chosen to be chairman of the Council for Democracy, a group founded in 1940 to support American rearmament and combat domestic isolationism. Funded by Henry Luce, the Council was led by Harvard political science professor Carl Joachim Friedrich and Charles Douglas Jackson, vice president of Time magazine. Swing was the narrator for the cartoon series How War Came, nominated in 1941 for an Academy Award in the Best Short Subject, Cartoons category. During the war, Swing was reportedly the nation's highest-paid radio commentator. After the war he worked at ABC, BBC and the Blue Network. In the spring of 1951, after Swing had been offered a position with the Voice of America (VOA), the entertainment industry periodical Counterattack called him a Communist sympathizer. He then received his security clearance and joined the VOA as a political commentator in May. In 1953, he was called to testify before Senator Joseph McCarthy's Investigations Subcommittee, but was questioned for only a few minutes in private. Because he objected to McCarthy's treatment of the VOA and to the State Department's failure to defend the service and its employees, he resigned, sending a copy of his resignation letter to the press. It said he was resigning to protest the State Department's "spineless failure...to stand by its own staff," citing the recent resignation of Theodore Kaghan in particular. He said the VOA "has been crippled, perhaps beyond recovery, by slanderous attacks on its integrity." During the early 1950s, Edward R. Murrow hired Swing to write news copy for him. Swing returned to his former position as a political commentator for the VOA from 1959 to 1964. Personal life and recognition Following his marriage to Suzanne Morin with whom he had a son born in Europe and a daughter, Swing married his second wife, Betty Gram Swing (c. 1894 – 1969), a feminist and suffragist, whom he met in Berlin in 1919. Because Swing shared her views on gender equality, he adopted her surname and became known as Raymond Gram Swing. The couple had two sons and a daughter. They divorced in 1944 and he dropped the "Gram" from his name. He then married Mary Hartshorne. They lived in Washington, D.C., and spent time at her home in Jamaica where he composed music. He later married Meisung Loh, who survived him. Oberlin awarded him an honorary degree in 1940. In 1943 Lewis received the Alfred I. duPont Award. In 1962, Folkways Records released Raymond Swing: Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Album, which included highlights from Swing's career. Swing died at home in Washington D.C., on December 22, 1968. Fred W. Friendly of CBS said: "He was the closest thing broadcasting ever had to a Walter Lippmann." Notes ^ "Takes His Wife's Name". The Decatur Herald. Illinois, Decatur. Philadelphia Public Ledger. March 8, 1922. p. 6. Retrieved September 4, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Oberlin Alumni Magazine, Spring 2000. ^ Microphones, a history of radio broadcasting. ^ Beatrice Gordon Holmes (1944). In Love With Life: A Pioneer Career Woman's Story. pp. 182–183. ^ Parker, John (2001). "Dash and Daring in the Dardanelles". The Silent Service: The Inside Story of the Royal Navy's Submarine Heroes. London: Headline Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4722-0261-1. As E11 drew closer, Nasmith appear in the conning tower, wearing a white sweater, and hailed the ship, cupping his hands around his mouth. 'Who are you?' he shouted. Turkish sailors panicked and started to jump into the sea, while the American called back: 'I'm Swing of the Chicago Daily News'. ^ "Swing Joins The Wall Street Journal". The Wall Street Journal. New York, New York. April 27, 1922. p. 1. Retrieved September 4, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "R.G. Swing Talking On Air From London". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. New York, Brooklyn. April 27, 1930. p. 40. Retrieved September 4, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Culbert, David H. (1973-08-01). "Radio's Raymond Gram Swing: "He Isn't the Kind of Man You Would Call Ray"". The Historian. 35 (4): 587–606. ISSN 0018-2370. Retrieved 2022-09-04. ^ Oberlin Alumni Magazine, Spring 2000 ^ Swing, Good Evening, 262-264 ^ New York Times: "Swing Joins 'Voice' as Commentator," May 27, 1951, accessed May 15, 2011 ^ a b c d e New York Times: "Raymond Swing, Radio Commentator, Dies at 81," December 24, 1968, accessed May 15, 2011 ^ Raymond Swing, "Good Evening!": A Professional Memoir (NY: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964), 279-81 ^ New York Times: "Swing Quits 'Voice' in Kaghan Protest," May 20, 1953, accessed March 7, 2011 ^ Swing, ""Good Evening, 282ff. ^ All duPont–Columbia Award Winners Archived 2012-08-14 at the Wayback Machine, Columbia Journalism School. Retrieved 2013-08-06. ^ Smithsonian Folkways: Swing Discography Sources "Radio Find", an admiring profile of Raymond Swing in Time, Jan. 8, 1940 Historian John Simkin Oberlin Alumni Magazine Spring 2000 Raymond Gram Swing at IMDb Culbert, David Holbrook. News for everyman: radio and foreign affairs in thirties America, Greenwood Press, 1976. Good Evening! - A Professional Memoir - Raymond Swing Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. 1964 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other NARA SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dh-1"}],"text":"Raymond Gram Swing (March 25, 1887 – December 22, 1968) was an American print and broadcast journalist. He was one of the most influential news commentators of his era, heard by people worldwide as a leading American voice from Britain during World War II. Known originally as Raymond Swing, he adopted his wife's last name in 1919 and became known as Raymond Gram Swing.[1]","title":"Raymond Gram Swing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cortland, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortland,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Oberlin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Swing was born in Cortland, New York, on March 25, 1887. He attended Oberlin College in Ohio, where his father was a professor of theology. As a youth, Swing was the proverbial \"minister's son\" and felt unable to live up to his parents' high expectations. Describing himself during his student days as \"a prankster who found freshman math 'totally incomprehensible,'\" Swing only lasted for a year at Oberlin. He later expressed gratitude for \"how much Oberlin had given me—in music, in the first interest I had in the other arts, and in the basic liberalism of racial and sexual equality.\"[2] \"Just being a part of Oberlin gave me an innate sense of the political equality of men and women—all men and all women.\"[3]","title":"College years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleveland Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Press"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Star"},{"link_name":"The Cincinnati Times-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Times-Star"},{"link_name":"managing editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managing_editor"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Times"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Public Ledger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Public_Ledger"},{"link_name":"The Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation"},{"link_name":"Chicago Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Big Bertha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bertha_(Howitzer)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Gordon_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chicago Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"Dardanelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelles"},{"link_name":"Sea of Marmora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmora"},{"link_name":"HMS E11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_E11#Mediterranean_operations"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"After leaving Oberlin, Swing worked briefly in a barber shop. His first foray into journalism came at age 19, in 1906 with the Cleveland Press. This was followed by stints at The Richmond (Indiana) Evening News, the Indianapolis Star and The Cincinnati Times-Star. Determined to prove himself after what he saw as his early failure, he worked to the point of exhaustion. His career was meteoric. At age 23 he became managing editor of the Indianapolis Sun. Then he was named London bureau chief for the Philadelphia Public Ledger. He also wrote for the journal The Nation during this time.By 1913, Swing was working as Berlin and Germany bureau chief for the Chicago Daily News. When World War I broke out in 1914, he covered major battles and was the first to report on the existence of Big Bertha, a massive 420 mm artillery cannon. Gordon Holmes claimed in her autobiography that Swing once told her that he may have been \"the only man who might have stopped the 1914 war and forgot to.\" She recalled:[Swing] tells how in December, 1914, the German authorities entrusted him with a peace offer to carry to Sir Edward Grey. Germany wanted peace, would withdraw from Belgium and France, would ask for a financial indemnity as a German face-saver, but would not expect payment. Swing, very young, very nervous, saw Grey, who received the message in silence until the word “indemnity” was reached. Then \"Grey flushed and denounced it as an insult” and flatly turned down the German proposal. And only after the meeting was over did Swing realize he had told Grey that an indemnity would be asked for, but had forgotten to tell him that payment would not be expected.[4]In 1915 the Chicago Daily News sent him to Turkey, where his coverage of the attack on the Dardanelles and other stories made him legendary. Crossing the Sea of Marmora on a Turkish freighter, the Nagara, as the British submarine HMS E11 overtook the ship, one of the officers signaled for Swing to do the talking. The British sub commander asked \"Who are you?\" A question to which Swing should have replied with the ship's name but he instead responded, \"I am Raymond Swing, of the Chicago Daily News.\"[5]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"New York Evening Post's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"1932 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1932"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Edward R. 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Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"isolationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolationism"},{"link_name":"Henry Luce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Luce"},{"link_name":"Carl Joachim Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Joachim_Friedrich"},{"link_name":"Charles Douglas Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Douglas_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Time magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"How War Came","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_War_Came&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Best Short Subject, Cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Short_Film"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Blue Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Network"},{"link_name":"Voice of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America"},{"link_name":"Counterattack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterattack"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-12"},{"link_name":"Joseph McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Theodore Kaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Kaghan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-12"}],"text":"In 1922, Swing left the New York Herald, for which he had been \"the eminent Berlin correspondent,\" to join The Wall Street Journal as head of its staff in Europe.[6] By 1930, he headed the New York Evening Post's London Bureau.[7]During the 1920s, Swing migrated to the new medium of radio journalism, to which his reassuring and articulate manner was uniquely suited. After covering the 1932 presidential election, he was offered a job at CBS. Swing turned the job down and it was later given to Edward R. Murrow. Swing instead joined the Mutual Broadcasting System, where, in 1936, he began to broadcast on European affairs, emerging as a strong voice of opposition to Adolf Hitler and Fascism. As the Nazis rose in power and influence and began to threaten Europe, Mutual increased his broadcasts to five times a week. He also gave a number of lectures in the United States and abroad on the dangers of Fascism. In The Historian, David H. Culbert described Swing as a liberal who voted for Norman Thomas in 1926 and supported Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II.[8]Because of his prestige and credibility, Swing was chosen to be chairman of the Council for Democracy, a group founded in 1940 to support American rearmament and combat domestic isolationism. Funded by Henry Luce, the Council was led by Harvard political science professor Carl Joachim Friedrich and Charles Douglas Jackson, vice president of Time magazine. Swing was the narrator for the cartoon series How War Came, nominated in 1941 for an Academy Award in the Best Short Subject, Cartoons category.During the war, Swing was reportedly the nation's highest-paid radio commentator.[9] After the war he worked at ABC, BBC and the Blue Network.In the spring of 1951, after Swing had been offered a position with the Voice of America (VOA), the entertainment industry periodical Counterattack called him a Communist sympathizer.[10] He then received his security clearance and joined the VOA as a political commentator in May.[11][12] In 1953, he was called to testify before Senator Joseph McCarthy's Investigations Subcommittee, but was questioned for only a few minutes in private. Because he objected to McCarthy's treatment of the VOA and to the State Department's failure to defend the service and its employees, he resigned, sending a copy of his resignation letter to the press.[13] It said he was resigning to protest the State Department's \"spineless failure...to stand by its own staff,\" citing the recent resignation of Theodore Kaghan in particular. He said the VOA \"has been crippled, perhaps beyond recovery, by slanderous attacks on its integrity.\"[14]During the early 1950s, Edward R. Murrow hired Swing to write news copy for him.[15]Swing returned to his former position as a political commentator for the VOA from 1959 to 1964.[12]","title":"Career after World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Betty Gram Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Gram_Swing"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-12"},{"link_name":"Alfred I. duPont Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_I._duPont%E2%80%93Columbia_University_Award"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Folkways Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkways_Records"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Fred W. Friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_W._Friendly"},{"link_name":"Walter Lippmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-12"}],"text":"Following his marriage to Suzanne Morin with whom he had a son born in Europe and a daughter, Swing married his second wife, Betty Gram Swing (c. 1894 – 1969), a feminist and suffragist, whom he met in Berlin in 1919. Because Swing shared her views on gender equality, he adopted her surname and became known as Raymond Gram Swing. The couple had two sons and a daughter. They divorced in 1944 and he dropped the \"Gram\" from his name. He then married Mary Hartshorne. They lived in Washington, D.C., and spent time at her home in Jamaica where he composed music. He later married Meisung Loh, who survived him.[12]Oberlin awarded him an honorary degree in 1940.[12]In 1943 Lewis received the Alfred I. duPont Award.[16]In 1962, Folkways Records released Raymond Swing: Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Album, which included highlights from Swing's career.[17]Swing died at home in Washington D.C., on December 22, 1968. Fred W. Friendly of CBS said: \"He was the closest thing broadcasting ever had to a Walter Lippmann.\"[12]","title":"Personal life and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dh_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Takes His Wife's Name\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/6503612/the_decatur_herald/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Oberlin Alumni Magazine, Spring 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oberlin.edu/alummag/oamcurrent/oam_spring_00/duty3.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Microphones, a history of radio broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.coutant.org/swing.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"In Love With Life: A Pioneer Career Woman's Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/bgh_ocr"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"The Silent Service: The Inside Story of the Royal Navy's Submarine Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lXQ5AgAAQBAJ&q=raymond+gram+swing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4722-0261-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4722-0261-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Swing Joins The Wall Street Journal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/6503658/the_wall_street_journal/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"R.G. Swing Talking On Air From London\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/6503781/the_brooklyn_daily_eagle/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Radio's Raymond Gram Swing: \"He Isn't the Kind of Man You Would Call Ray\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.proquest.com/docview/1296490127/citation/3A897DB9F37044B1PQ/1"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0018-2370","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2370"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Oberlin Alumni Magazine, Spring 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oberlin.edu/alummag/oamcurrent/oam_spring_00/duty3.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Swing Joins 'Voice' as Commentator,\" May 27, 1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1951/05/27/archives/swing-joins-voice-as-commentator-radio-news-analyst-to-advise-us.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nytobit_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nytobit_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nytobit_12-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nytobit_12-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nytobit_12-4"},{"link_name":"\"Raymond Swing, Radio Commentator, Dies at 81,\" December 24, 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0912FD3F54157493C6AB1789D95F4C8685F9&"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Swing Quits 'Voice' in Kaghan Protest,\" May 20, 1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1953/05/20/archives/swing-quits-voice-in-kaghan-protest-analyst-not-naming-mccarthy.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"All duPont–Columbia Award Winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.journalism.columbia.edu/page/412-past-dupont-award-winners/594"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120814182043/http://www.journalism.columbia.edu/page/412-past-dupont-award-winners/594"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Columbia Journalism School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Graduate_School_of_Journalism"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Swing Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.folkways.si.edu/albumdetails.aspx?itemid=327/"}],"text":"^ \"Takes His Wife's Name\". The Decatur Herald. Illinois, Decatur. Philadelphia Public Ledger. March 8, 1922. p. 6. Retrieved September 4, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ Oberlin Alumni Magazine, Spring 2000.\n\n^ Microphones, a history of radio broadcasting.\n\n^ Beatrice Gordon Holmes (1944). In Love With Life: A Pioneer Career Woman's Story. pp. 182–183.\n\n^ Parker, John (2001). \"Dash and Daring in the Dardanelles\". The Silent Service: The Inside Story of the Royal Navy's Submarine Heroes. London: Headline Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4722-0261-1. As E11 drew closer, Nasmith appear in the conning tower, wearing a white sweater, and hailed the ship, cupping his hands around his mouth. 'Who are you?' he shouted. Turkish sailors panicked and started to jump into the sea, while the American called back: 'I'm Swing of the Chicago Daily News'.\n\n^ \"Swing Joins The Wall Street Journal\". The Wall Street Journal. New York, New York. April 27, 1922. p. 1. Retrieved September 4, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ \"R.G. Swing Talking On Air From London\". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. New York, Brooklyn. April 27, 1930. p. 40. Retrieved September 4, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ Culbert, David H. (1973-08-01). \"Radio's Raymond Gram Swing: \"He Isn't the Kind of Man You Would Call Ray\"\". The Historian. 35 (4): 587–606. ISSN 0018-2370. Retrieved 2022-09-04.\n\n^ Oberlin Alumni Magazine, Spring 2000\n\n^ Swing, Good Evening, 262-264\n\n^ New York Times: \"Swing Joins 'Voice' as Commentator,\" May 27, 1951, accessed May 15, 2011\n\n^ a b c d e New York Times: \"Raymond Swing, Radio Commentator, Dies at 81,\" December 24, 1968, accessed May 15, 2011\n\n^ Raymond Swing, \"Good Evening!\": A Professional Memoir (NY: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964), 279-81\n\n^ New York Times: \"Swing Quits 'Voice' in Kaghan Protest,\" May 20, 1953, accessed March 7, 2011\n\n^ Swing, \"\"Good Evening, 282ff.\n\n^ All duPont–Columbia Award Winners Archived 2012-08-14 at the Wayback Machine, Columbia Journalism School. Retrieved 2013-08-06.\n\n^ Smithsonian Folkways: Swing Discography","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Radio Find\", an admiring profile of Raymond Swing in Time, Jan. 8, 1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,763171,00.html"},{"link_name":"Historian John Simkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.spartacus-educational.com/2WWswingR.htm"},{"link_name":"Oberlin Alumni Magazine Spring 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oberlin.edu/alummag/oamcurrent/oam_spring_00/duty3.html"},{"link_name":"Raymond Gram Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/name/nm1295067/"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Good Evening! - A Professional Memoir - Raymond Swing Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Bookshelf/Biography/Good-Evening-Raymond-Swing.pdf"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298809#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/283761/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000121381242"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/69007556"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqbgP76FjbqpV3GrF8Hmd"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/14003654"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12367183p"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12367183p"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/123067685"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007590157605171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no91006055"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p150997310"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810703745805606"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd123067685.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"NARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.archives.gov/id/12012081"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jw8vc2"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/067059848"}],"text":"\"Radio Find\", an admiring profile of Raymond Swing in Time, Jan. 8, 1940\nHistorian John Simkin\nOberlin Alumni Magazine Spring 2000\nRaymond Gram Swing at IMDb\nCulbert, David Holbrook. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giray_dynasty	Giray dynasty	["1 During Ottoman suzerainty","1.1 Alliances","2 Downfall","3 After downfall","4 Family Tree","5 See also","6 Notes"]	Ruling dynasty of the Khanate of Crimea This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Giray dynasty" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) House of GirayParent houseBorjigin DynastyCountryCrimean KhanateFounded1431 - Hacı I GirayTitles Khan of Crimea Khan of Qasim Khan of Kazan Khan of Astrakhan Khan of Ulugh Ulus (after 1502) DissolutionQasim:1512 - Astrakhan:1523, 1531, 1549 - Kazan:1551 - Crimea:1783 - Budjak Horde:1792 - The House of Giray (Crimean Tatar: Geraylar, كرايلر‎; Ottoman Turkish: آل جنكيز, romanized: Âl-i Cengiz, lit. 'Genghisids'), also Girays, were the Genghisid/Turkic dynasty that reigned in the Khanate of Crimea from its formation in 1431 until its downfall in 1783. The dynasty also supplied several khans of Kazan and Astrakhan between 1521 and 1550. Apart from the royal Girays, there was also a lateral branch, the Choban Girays (Çoban Geraylar). Before reaching the age of majority, young Girays were brought up in one of the Circassian tribes, where they were instructed in the arts of war. The Giray Khans were elected by other Crimean Tatar dynasts, called myrzas (mırzalar). They also elected an heir apparent, called the qalgha sultan (qalğa sultan). In later centuries, the Ottoman Sultan obtained the right of installing and deposing the khans at his will. Their early ancestor was Togay Timur (Tuqa Timur), a younger son of Jochi. The story of the Girays begin with Öreng Timur, son of Togay Timur, receiving Crimea from Mengu-Timur. During Ottoman suzerainty According to some scholars, the Girays were regarded as the second family of the Ottoman Empire after the House of Ottoman: "If Rome and Byzantium represented two of the three international traditions of imperial legitimacy, the blood of Genghis Khan was the third... If ever the Ottomans became extinct, it was understood that the Genghisid Girays would succeed them" During the 15th and early 16th centuries, the Giray Khan was second to the Ottoman Emperor - and thus superior to the Grand Vizier - in the Ottoman protocol. After the disobedience and 1584 removal of Mehmed II Giray, the Sultan demoted the Crimean Khan to the level of Grand Vizier. The Giray Khans were also sovereigns of their own realm. They could mint coins, make law by decree, and had their own tughras. Alliances Tatars fighting Zaporozhian Cossacks The Crimean Khanate made alliances with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and with the Zaporizhian Sich. The assistance of İslâm III Giray during the Khmelnytsky Uprising in 1648 contributed greatly to the initial momentum of military successes for the Cossacks. The relationship with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was also strong - the dynasty of Girays would seek sanctuary in Lithuania in the 15th century before establishing themselves on the Crimean peninsula. Downfall After the khanate's annexation by Imperial Russia in 1783, the last khan Şahin Giray remained nominally in power until 1787, when he took refuge in the Ottoman Empire, and was executed in Rhodes. Other dynasts were permitted by the Russian authorities to reside in their Bakhchisaray palace. Selim III's young son, Qattı Giray, was converted by missionaries to Protestantism and married a Scottish heiress, Anne Neilson. After downfall After the execution of Şahin Giray by Abdul Hamid I, his family lived in Burgazada, Istanbul. Family Tree House of Giray Golden Horde/White Horde/Great Horde (After Islamization) Kazan Khanate Crimean Khanate Qasim Khanate Hacı I Giray r. 1428–1429, 1431–1434 r. 1441–1456, 1456–1466 Nur Devlet r. 1466–1469, 1475–1476 r. 1477–1477 r. 1486–1491Hayder r. 1456–1456, 1475–1475Meñli I Giray r. 1467–1467, 1469–1475 r. 1478–1515 Satylghan r. 1491–1506Janai r. 1506–1512Mehmed I Giray r. 1493–1495 r. 1515–1523Saadet I Giray r. 1524–1532Sahib I Giray r. 1521–1524 r. 1532–1551Mubarak GirayFetih Giray Ğazı I Giray r. 1523–1524İslâm I Giray r. 1524–1524, 1525–1525 r. 1528–1528, 1532–1532Devlet I Giray r. 1549–1551 r. 1551–1577Safa Giray r. 1524–1531, 1535–1546 r. 1546–1549 Mehmed II Giray r. 1577–1584İslâm II Giray r. 1584–1588Ğazı II Giray r. 1588–1596, 1596–1607Fetih I Giray r. 1596–1596Selâmet I Giray r. 1607–1610Mubarak GirayUtamesh Giray r. 1549–1551 Saadet II Giray r. 1584–1584İnayet Giray r. 1635–1637Toqtamış Giray r. 1607–1607Choban GirayBahadır I Giray r. 1637–1641İslâm III Giray r. 1644–1654Mehmed IV Giray r. 1641–1644, 1654–1666Qırım GirayMubarak GirayCanibek Giray r. 1610–1623, 1628–1635 Mehmed III Giray r. 1623–1628Safa GirayAdil Giray r. 1666–1671Selim I Giray r. 1671–1678, 1684–1691 r. 1692–1699, 1702–1704Haci II Giray r. 1683–1684Saadet III Giray r. 1691–1691Murad Giray r. 1678–1683 Safa Giray r. 1691–1692Devlet III Giray r. 1715–1717Devlet II Giray r. 1699–1702, 1709–1713Saadet IV Giray r. 1717–1724Ğazı III Giray r. 1704–1707Qaplan I Giray r. 1707–1709, 1713–1715 r. 1730–1736Meñli II Giray r. 1724–1730, 1737–1739Selamet II Giray r. 1739–1743 Arslan Giray r. 1748–1756, 1767–1767Ahmad GirayFetih II Giray r. 1736–1737Qırım Giray r. 1758–1764, 1768–1769Halim Giray r. 1756–1758Selim II Giray r. 1743–1748Maqsud Giray r. 1767–1768 Devlet IV Giray r. 1769–1770, 1775–1777Bahadır II Giray r. 1782–1782Sahib II Giray r. 1771–1775Şahin Giray r. 1777–1782, 1782–1783Selim III Giray r. 1764–1767, 1770–1771Qaplan II Giray r. 1770–1770 See also History of the Turks List of Crimean khans List of Kazan khans Notes ^ Alternative spellings include Geray, Girey, Guirey, Ghirai, Ghiray, and Ghiray. ^ "HACI GİRAY I". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. 1988–2016. Togay Timur'un oğullarının Kırım'la ilgisi, Öreng Timur'un Altın Orda hükümdarı Mengü Timur'dan (1266-1280) Kırım ve Kefe'yi yurtluk olarak almasıyla başlar. ^ Simon Sebag Montefiore, Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin. London, 2000. ^ Hakan Kırımlı, “Crimean Tatars, Nogays, and Scottish Missionaries: The Story of Kattı Geray and Other Baptised Descendants of the Crimean Khans”, Cahiers du monde russe 45, no. 1 (2004): 61–107. ^ FERİDUN EMECEN, "ŞÂHİN GİRAY", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sahin-giray (14.07.2020). vteRoyal houses of Ukraine Rurikids Piast Gediminids Olshanski Olelkovich Giray Romanov Habsburg-Lorraine Skoropadsky vte Turkic topicsLanguages Afshar Altai Northern Southern Äynu Azerbaijani Bashkir Bulgar Chagatai Chulym Chuvash Crimean Tatar Cuman Dolgan Fuyü Gïrgïs Gagauz Ili Turki Karachay-Balkar Karaim Karakalpak Karamanli Turkish Kazakh Khakas Khalaj Khazar Khorasani Turkic Kipchak Krymchak Kumyk Kipchak languages Kyrgyz Nogai Old Turkic Ottoman Turkish Pecheneg Qashqai Sakha/Yakut Salar Shor Siberian Tatar Tatar Tofa Turkish Turkmen Tuvan Urum Uyghur Uzbek Western Yugur Alphabets Old Turkic Common Turkic Cyrillic Old Uyghur Persian Peoples Afshars Altaians Chelkans, Kumandins, Telengits, Teleuts, Tubalars Azerbaijanis in Iran, Armenia, Georgia1 Balkars Bashkirs Chulyms Chuvash Crimean Karaites Crimean Tatars Dolgans Gagauz Karachays Karakalpaks Kazakhs in China1 Khakas Khalaj Khorasani Turks Krymchaks Kyrgyz in China1 Kumyks Naimans Nogais Qarai Turks Qashqai Salar Shors Siberian Tatars Baraba Tatars Tatars Astrakhan, Chinese, Lipka, Kryashens, Mishar, Nağaybäk, Volga Tofalar Turkmens Afghan, Iranian1 Turkish in Abkhazia, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Crete, Cyprus, Dodecanese, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Kosovo, Lebanon, Libya, North Macedonia, Meskhetia (Ahiska), Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Syria, Tunisia, Western Thrace, Yemen1 Tuvans Uyghurs Uzbeks in Afghanistan1 Yakuts (Sakha) Yugurs Extinct Turkic groups Bulaqs Bulgars Cumans Dughlats Göktürks Karluks Khazars Kimek Kipchaks K'o-sa Oghuz Turks Shatuo Türgesh Uzes Politics Grey Wolves Kemalism Burkhanism Jadid Pan-Turkism Turkesism Turanism (Hungarian) Origins Turkestan Mongolia History Timeline of the Göktürks Timeline 500–1300 Migration Turkification Nomadic empire Turco-Mongol Tian Shan / Altai Mountains Otuken Oğuz LocationsSovereign states Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Northern Cyprus2 Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Autonomous areas Altai Republic Bashkortostan Chuvashia Gagauzia Kabardino-Balkaria Karachay-Cherkessia Karakalpakstan Khakassia Nakhchivan Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Xinjiang Studies Old Turkic script Proto-Turkic language Turkology Religions Turkic mythology Tengrism Shamanism Aiyy Faith Tibetan Buddhism Islam Alevism Batiniyya Bayramiye Bektashi Order Burkhanism Christianity Hurufism Khalwati order Malamatiyya Qadiri Qalandariyya Rifaʽi* Safaviyya Zahediyeh Vattisen Yaly Traditional sports Kyz kuu Jereed Kokpar Jigit Chovgan Organizations Organization of Turkic States International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY) Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA) Turkic Academy Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM) World Turks Qurultai 1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas. 2State with limited international recognition. Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National Germany Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crimean Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ottoman_Turkish"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Genghisid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghisid"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Khanate of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"khans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_(title)"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Astrakhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Choban Girays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choban_Giray&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Circassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassia"},{"link_name":"Crimean Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars"},{"link_name":"myrzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morza"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"qalgha sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qalgha_sultan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Jochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi"},{"link_name":"Mengu-Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengu-Timur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The House of Giray (Crimean Tatar: Geraylar, كرايلر‎; Ottoman Turkish: آل جنكيز, romanized: Âl-i Cengiz, lit. 'Genghisids'), also Girays,[1] were the Genghisid/Turkic dynasty that reigned in the Khanate of Crimea from its formation in 1431 until its downfall in 1783. The dynasty also supplied several khans of Kazan and Astrakhan between 1521 and 1550. Apart from the royal Girays, there was also a lateral branch, the Choban Girays (Çoban Geraylar).Before reaching the age of majority, young Girays were brought up in one of the Circassian tribes, where they were instructed in the arts of war. The Giray Khans were elected by other Crimean Tatar dynasts, called myrzas (mırzalar). They also elected an heir apparent, called the qalgha sultan (qalğa sultan). In later centuries, the Ottoman Sultan obtained the right of installing and deposing the khans at his will.Their early ancestor was Togay Timur (Tuqa Timur), a younger son of Jochi. The story of the Girays begin with Öreng Timur, son of Togay Timur, receiving Crimea from Mengu-Timur.[2]","title":"Giray dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"House of Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Genghis Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Grand Vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Vizier"},{"link_name":"protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_(diplomacy)"},{"link_name":"Mehmed II Giray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II_Giray"},{"link_name":"tughras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughra"}],"text":"According to some scholars, the Girays were regarded[by whom?] as the second family of the Ottoman Empire after the House of Ottoman: \"If Rome and Byzantium represented two of the three international traditions of imperial legitimacy, the blood of Genghis Khan was the third... If ever the Ottomans became extinct, it was understood that the Genghisid Girays would succeed them\" [3]During the 15th and early 16th centuries, the Giray Khan was second to the Ottoman Emperor - and thus superior to the Grand Vizier - in the Ottoman protocol. After the disobedience and 1584 removal of Mehmed II Giray, the Sultan demoted the Crimean Khan to the level of Grand Vizier. The Giray Khans were also sovereigns of their own realm. They could mint coins, make law by decree, and had their own tughras.","title":"During Ottoman suzerainty"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Brandt_-_Potyczka_Kozak%C3%B3w_z_Tatarami.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zaporozhian Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhian Sich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhian_Sich"},{"link_name":"İslâm III Giray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_III_Giray"},{"link_name":"Khmelnytsky Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"}],"sub_title":"Alliances","text":"Tatars fighting Zaporozhian CossacksThe Crimean Khanate made alliances with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and with the Zaporizhian Sich. The assistance of İslâm III Giray during the Khmelnytsky Uprising in 1648 contributed greatly to the initial momentum of military successes for the Cossacks. The relationship with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was also strong - the dynasty of Girays would seek sanctuary in Lithuania in the 15th century before establishing themselves on the Crimean peninsula.","title":"During Ottoman suzerainty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russia"},{"link_name":"Şahin Giray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eahin_Giray"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Bakhchisaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhchisaray"},{"link_name":"Selim III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_III_Giray"},{"link_name":"Qattı Giray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qatt%C4%B1_Giray&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"After the khanate's annexation by Imperial Russia in 1783, the last khan Şahin Giray remained nominally in power until 1787, when he took refuge in the Ottoman Empire, and was executed in Rhodes.Other dynasts were permitted by the Russian authorities to reside in their Bakhchisaray palace. Selim III's young son, Qattı Giray, was converted by missionaries to Protestantism and married a Scottish heiress, Anne Neilson.[4]","title":"Downfall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdul Hamid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I"},{"link_name":"Burgazada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgazada"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"After the execution of Şahin Giray by Abdul Hamid I, his family lived in Burgazada, Istanbul.[5]","title":"After downfall"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family Tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"HACI GİRAY I\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/arama/?q=HACI+G%C4%B0RAY+I"},{"link_name":"TDV Encyclopedia of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDV_Encyclopedia_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"Turkiye Diyanet Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Simon Sebag Montefiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Crimean Tatars, Nogays, and Scottish Missionaries: The Story of Kattı Geray and Other Baptised Descendants of the Crimean Khans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-du-monde-russe-2004-1-page-61.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sahin-giray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sahin-giray"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Royal_houses_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_houses_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_houses_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Royal 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Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Turkic"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish"},{"link_name":"Pecheneg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecheneg_language"},{"link_name":"Qashqai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qashqai_language"},{"link_name":"Sakha/Yakut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakut_language"},{"link_name":"Salar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar_language"},{"link_name":"Shor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor_language"},{"link_name":"Siberian Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_language"},{"link_name":"Tofa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofa_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Turkmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_language"},{"link_name":"Tuvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_language"},{"link_name":"Urum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urum_language"},{"link_name":"Uyghur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_language"},{"link_name":"Uzbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_language"},{"link_name":"Western Yugur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Yugur_language"},{"link_name":"Alphabets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alphabets_used_by_Turkic_languages"},{"link_name":"Old Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Turkic_script"},{"link_name":"Common 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Karaites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Karaites"},{"link_name":"Crimean Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Dolgans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolgans"},{"link_name":"Gagauz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagauz_people"},{"link_name":"Karachays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachays"},{"link_name":"Karakalpaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalpaks"},{"link_name":"Kazakhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China"},{"link_name":"Khakas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khakas"},{"link_name":"Khalaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalaj_people"},{"link_name":"Khorasani 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Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraba_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars"},{"link_name":"Astrakhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Lipka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipka_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Kryashens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryashens"},{"link_name":"Mishar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishar_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Nağaybäk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k"},{"link_name":"Volga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Tofalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofalar"},{"link_name":"Turkmens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmens"},{"link_name":"Afghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Turks"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots"},{"link_name":"Dodecanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Libya"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Meskhetia (Ahiska)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Western Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Tuvans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvans"},{"link_name":"Uyghurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs"},{"link_name":"Uzbeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Yakuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuts"},{"link_name":"Yugurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugurs"},{"link_name":"Bulaqs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulaqs"},{"link_name":"Bulgars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgars"},{"link_name":"Cumans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumans"},{"link_name":"Dughlats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dughlats"},{"link_name":"Göktürks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks"},{"link_name":"Karluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karluks"},{"link_name":"Khazars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars"},{"link_name":"Kimek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemek"},{"link_name":"Kipchaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks"},{"link_name":"K'o-sa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27o-sa"},{"link_name":"Oghuz Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks"},{"link_name":"Shatuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatuo"},{"link_name":"Türgesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh"},{"link_name":"Uzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzes_(people)"},{"link_name":"Grey Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)"},{"link_name":"Kemalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemalism"},{"link_name":"Burkhanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhanism"},{"link_name":"Jadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadid"},{"link_name":"Pan-Turkism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Turkism"},{"link_name":"Turkesism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Turanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turanism"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism"},{"link_name":"Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples#History"},{"link_name":"Timeline of the Göktürks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks"},{"link_name":"Timeline 500–1300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkic_peoples_(500%E2%80%931300)"},{"link_name":"Migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_migration"},{"link_name":"Turkification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkification"},{"link_name":"Nomadic empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic_empire"},{"link_name":"Turco-Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition"},{"link_name":"Tian Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Shan"},{"link_name":"Altai Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Otuken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otuken"},{"link_name":"Oğuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations"},{"link_name":"Sovereign states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Autonomous areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division"},{"link_name":"Altai Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Republic"},{"link_name":"Bashkortostan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkortostan"},{"link_name":"Chuvashia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvashia"},{"link_name":"Gagauzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagauzia"},{"link_name":"Kabardino-Balkaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria"},{"link_name":"Karachay-Cherkessia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia"},{"link_name":"Karakalpakstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalpakstan"},{"link_name":"Khakassia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khakassia"},{"link_name":"Nakhchivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic"},{"link_name":"Sakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakha_Republic"},{"link_name":"Tatarstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarstan"},{"link_name":"Tuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuva"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Old Turkic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Turkic_script"},{"link_name":"Proto-Turkic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language"},{"link_name":"Turkology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkology"},{"link_name":"Turkic mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_mythology"},{"link_name":"Tengrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrism"},{"link_name":"Shamanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism#Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Aiyy Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiyy_Faith"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Alevism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevism"},{"link_name":"Batiniyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batiniyya"},{"link_name":"Bayramiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayramiye"},{"link_name":"Bektashi Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi_Order"},{"link_name":"Burkhanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhanism"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Hurufism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurufism"},{"link_name":"Khalwati order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalwati_order"},{"link_name":"Malamatiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malamatiyya"},{"link_name":"Qadiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadiriyya"},{"link_name":"Qalandariyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalandariyya"},{"link_name":"Rifaʽi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifa%CA%BDi"},{"link_name":"Safaviyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_order"},{"link_name":"Zahediyeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahediyeh"},{"link_name":"Vattisen Yaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly"},{"link_name":"Kyz kuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyz_kuu"},{"link_name":"Jereed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jereed"},{"link_name":"Kokpar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzkashi"},{"link_name":"Jigit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigit"},{"link_name":"Chovgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chovgan"},{"link_name":"Organization of Turkic States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States"},{"link_name":"International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TURKPA"},{"link_name":"Turkic Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_Academy"},{"link_name":"Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAKM"},{"link_name":"World Turks Qurultai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Turks_Qurultai"},{"link_name":"State with limited international recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2353443#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/31156617068028591471"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/35250845"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118695126"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810820551205606"}],"text":"^ Alternative spellings include Geray, Girey, Guirey, Ghirai, Ghiray, and Ghiray.\n\n^ \"HACI GİRAY I\". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. 1988–2016. Togay Timur'un oğullarının Kırım'la ilgisi, Öreng Timur'un Altın Orda hükümdarı Mengü Timur'dan (1266-1280) Kırım ve Kefe'yi yurtluk olarak almasıyla başlar.\n\n^ Simon Sebag Montefiore, Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin. London, 2000.\n\n^ Hakan Kırımlı, “Crimean Tatars, Nogays, and Scottish Missionaries: The Story of Kattı Geray and Other Baptised Descendants of the Crimean Khans”, Cahiers du monde russe 45, no. 1 (2004): 61–107.\n\n^ FERİDUN EMECEN, \"ŞÂHİN GİRAY\", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sahin-giray (14.07.2020).vteRoyal houses of Ukraine\nRurikids\nPiast\nGediminids\nOlshanski\nOlelkovich\nGiray\nRomanov\nHabsburg-Lorraine\nSkoropadskyvte Turkic topicsLanguages\nAfshar\nAltai\nNorthern\nSouthern\nÄynu\nAzerbaijani\nBashkir\nBulgar\nChagatai\nChulym\nChuvash\nCrimean Tatar\nCuman\nDolgan\nFuyü Gïrgïs\nGagauz\nIli Turki\nKarachay-Balkar\nKaraim\nKarakalpak\nKaramanli Turkish\nKazakh\nKhakas\nKhalaj\nKhazar\nKhorasani Turkic\nKipchak\nKrymchak\nKumyk\nKipchak languages\nKyrgyz\nNogai\nOld Turkic\nOttoman Turkish\nPecheneg\nQashqai\nSakha/Yakut\nSalar\nShor\nSiberian Tatar\nTatar\nTofa\nTurkish\nTurkmen\nTuvan\nUrum\nUyghur\nUzbek\nWestern Yugur\nAlphabets\nOld Turkic\nCommon Turkic\nCyrillic\nOld Uyghur\nPersian\n\nPeoples\nAfshars\nAltaians\nChelkans, Kumandins, Telengits, Teleuts, Tubalars\nAzerbaijanis\nin Iran, Armenia, Georgia1\nBalkars\nBashkirs\nChulyms\nChuvash\nCrimean Karaites\nCrimean Tatars\nDolgans\nGagauz\nKarachays\nKarakalpaks\nKazakhs\nin China1\nKhakas\nKhalaj\nKhorasani Turks\nKrymchaks\nKyrgyz\nin China1\nKumyks\nNaimans\nNogais\nQarai Turks\nQashqai\nSalar\nShors\nSiberian Tatars\nBaraba Tatars\nTatars\nAstrakhan, Chinese, Lipka, Kryashens, Mishar, Nağaybäk, Volga\nTofalar\nTurkmens\nAfghan, Iranian1\nTurkish\nin Abkhazia, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Crete, Cyprus, Dodecanese, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Kosovo, Lebanon, Libya, North Macedonia, Meskhetia (Ahiska), Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Syria, Tunisia, Western Thrace, Yemen1\nTuvans\nUyghurs\nUzbeks\nin Afghanistan1\nYakuts (Sakha)\nYugurs\nExtinct Turkic groups\nBulaqs\nBulgars\nCumans\nDughlats\nGöktürks\nKarluks\nKhazars\nKimek\nKipchaks\nK'o-sa\nOghuz Turks\nShatuo\nTürgesh\nUzes\n\nPolitics\nGrey Wolves\nKemalism\nBurkhanism\nJadid\nPan-Turkism\nTurkesism\nTuranism (Hungarian)\nOrigins\nTurkestan\nMongolia\nHistory\nTimeline of the Göktürks\nTimeline 500–1300\nMigration\nTurkification\nNomadic empire\nTurco-Mongol\nTian Shan / Altai Mountains\nOtuken\nOğuz\nLocationsSovereign states\nAzerbaijan\nKazakhstan\nKyrgyzstan\nNorthern Cyprus2\nTurkey\nTurkmenistan\nUzbekistan\nAutonomous areas\nAltai Republic\nBashkortostan\nChuvashia\nGagauzia\nKabardino-Balkaria\nKarachay-Cherkessia\nKarakalpakstan\nKhakassia\nNakhchivan\nSakha\nTatarstan\nTuva\nXinjiang\nStudies\nOld Turkic script\nProto-Turkic language\nTurkology\nReligions\nTurkic mythology\nTengrism\nShamanism\nAiyy Faith\nTibetan Buddhism\nIslam\nAlevism\nBatiniyya\nBayramiye\nBektashi Order\nBurkhanism\nChristianity\nHurufism\nKhalwati order\nMalamatiyya\nQadiri\nQalandariyya\nRifaʽi*\nSafaviyya\nZahediyeh\nVattisen Yaly\nTraditional sports\nKyz kuu\nJereed\nKokpar\nJigit\nChovgan\nOrganizations\nOrganization of Turkic States\nInternational Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)\nParliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)\nTurkic Academy\nOrganization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)\nWorld Turks Qurultai\n1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.\n2State with limited international recognition.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\n2\nNational\nGermany\nPoland","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Tatars fighting Zaporozhian Cossacks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/J%C3%B3zef_Brandt_-_Potyczka_Kozak%C3%B3w_z_Tatarami.jpg/220px-J%C3%B3zef_Brandt_-_Potyczka_Kozak%C3%B3w_z_Tatarami.jpg"}]	[{"title":"History of the Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Turkish_people"},{"title":"List of Crimean khans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Crimean_khans"},{"title":"List of Kazan khans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kazan_khans"}]	[{"reference":"\"HACI GİRAY I\". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. 1988–2016. Togay Timur'un oğullarının Kırım'la ilgisi, Öreng Timur'un Altın Orda hükümdarı Mengü Timur'dan (1266-1280) Kırım ve Kefe'yi yurtluk olarak almasıyla başlar.","urls":[{"url":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/arama/?q=HACI+G%C4%B0RAY+I","url_text":"\"HACI GİRAY I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDV_Encyclopedia_of_Islam","url_text":"TDV Encyclopedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs","url_text":"Turkiye Diyanet Foundation"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Giray+dynasty%22","external_links_name":"\"Giray dynasty\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Giray+dynasty%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Giray+dynasty%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Giray+dynasty%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Giray+dynasty%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Giray+dynasty%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/arama/?q=HACI+G%C4%B0RAY+I","external_links_name":"\"HACI GİRAY I\""},{"Link":"http://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-du-monde-russe-2004-1-page-61.htm","external_links_name":"Crimean Tatars, Nogays, and Scottish Missionaries: The Story of Kattı Geray and Other Baptised Descendants of the Crimean Khans"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sahin-giray","external_links_name":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sahin-giray"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/31156617068028591471","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/35250845","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118695126","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810820551205606","external_links_name":"Poland"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badge_reel	Badge tether	[]	Spring-loaded reeled tether that resembles a button badge This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Badge tether" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A badge tether with clips suited for skiwear and a ski pass, since skiwear typically has dedicated loops for attachment. A badge tether or badge reel is a spring-loaded reeled tether that resembles a button badge in appearance or attachment. It is used to avoid damage to or the loss of small important objects kept on-person that need to be accessed frequently or quickly, such as a ski pass, identification card or badge, name badge, keys, a phone or other handheld device, or a penknife or other small tool. Badge tethers consist of a thin cord, dimensions on the order of a millimetre diameter by a metre long with one end wound round a spring-loaded reel contained within a small badge-like body that has a clip for a belt, belt loop, pocket, the edge of the clothing itself, or an attachment specifically for such a tether. The other end of the cord has a clip, loop, splitring, strap, or other fastener. This technology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badge_reel.JPG"},{"link_name":"skiwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiwear"},{"link_name":"reeled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reel"},{"link_name":"tether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tether"},{"link_name":"button badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_badge"},{"link_name":"ski pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ski_pass&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"splitring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_action_run.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badge_tether&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tech-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tech-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tech-stub"}],"text":"A badge tether with clips suited for skiwear and a ski pass, since skiwear typically has dedicated loops for attachment.A badge tether or badge reel is a spring-loaded reeled tether that resembles a button badge in appearance or attachment. It is used to avoid damage to or the loss of small important objects kept on-person that need to be accessed frequently or quickly, such as a ski pass, identification card or badge, name badge, keys, a phone or other handheld device, or a penknife or other small tool.Badge tethers consist of a thin cord, dimensions on the order of a millimetre diameter by a metre long with one end wound round a spring-loaded reel contained within a small badge-like body that has a clip for a belt, belt loop, pocket, the edge of the clothing itself, or an attachment specifically for such a tether. The other end of the cord has a clip, loop, splitring, strap, or other fastener.This technology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Badge tether"}]	[{"image_text":"A badge tether with clips suited for skiwear and a ski pass, since skiwear typically has dedicated loops for attachment.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Badge_reel.JPG/220px-Badge_reel.JPG"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Badge+tether%22","external_links_name":"\"Badge tether\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Badge+tether%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Badge+tether%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Badge+tether%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Badge+tether%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Badge+tether%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badge_tether&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawis_cranium	Gawis cranium	["1 Discovery and significance","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Hominin fossil Gawis craniumthe gawis cranium shortly after it was discoveredCommon nameGawis craniumSpeciesHomo erectus/Homo sapiens/Homo heidelbergensisAge200,000 - 500,000Place discoveredEthiopiaDate discoveredFebruary 16, 2006Discovered byAsahmed Humet The Gawis cranium is a portion of a fossil hominin skull discovered on February 16, 2006 near the drainage of Gawis, a tributary of the Awash River in the Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Despite the presence of volcanic ash layers that are key to dating, the cranium is only generally dated between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago due to taphonomic issues. The 2006 discovery was reported by Sileshi Semaw, director of the Gona Project, which is based at the Stone Age Institute and Indiana University Bloomington's CRAFT research center. Discovery and significance The hominin skull was discovered by Asahmed Humet, a member of the Gona Paleoanthropological Research Project; he found the recently resurfaced fossil in a small erosion gully that empties into the Gawis river drainage basin in the Afar Region, some 300 miles northeast of Addis Ababa. The skull is a nearly complete cranium of what is believed to be a Middle Pleistocene human ancestor. While different from a modern human, the braincase, upper face and jaw of the cranium have unmistakable anatomical evidence that belong to human ancestry. The discovery was reported by Sileshi Semaw, director of the Gona Project at the Stone Age Institute. Semaw noted the skull fossil could be a transitional form that fills a gap in human evolutionary origins. He described its appearance as intermediate between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. Significant archaeological collections of stone tools and numerous fossil animal specimens were also found at the site. Gawis is in the Gona Research Project study area situated in the Awash River Valley. Immediately to the east of Gona, also located along the Awash and one of its tributaries is the site of Hadar, where in 1974 U.S. scientist Donald Johanson found the 3.2-million-year-old remains of an Australopithecus afarensis, known as Lucy. The Middle Awash project, site of many other hominin discoveries, is to the south. In addition to the Gawis cranium, the Gona project area has yielded some of the world's oldest stone tools (2.6 million years old), as well as fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus—hominid, and debated as whether or not hominin—dated to approximately 4.5 million years ago. See also Human evolution List of fossil sites (with link directory) List of hominini (hominin) fossils (with images) References ^ "Scientists discover hominid cranium in Ethiopia: IU News Room: Indiana University". newsinfo.iu.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-13. ^ "Google Scholar". External links Stone Age Institute CNN article reporting the discovery Indiana University press release This article relating to anthropology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This African archaeology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Ethiopian history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hominin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominin"},{"link_name":"Gawis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gawis,_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Awash River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awash_River"},{"link_name":"Afar Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_Depression"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"taphonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taphonomy"},{"link_name":"Sileshi Semaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sileshi_Semaw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gona Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gona_Paleoanthropological_Research_Project&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Gawis cranium is a portion of a fossil hominin skull discovered on February 16, 2006 near the drainage of Gawis, a tributary of the Awash River in the Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Despite the presence of volcanic ash layers that are key to dating, the cranium is only generally dated between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago due to taphonomic issues.The 2006 discovery was reported by Sileshi Semaw, director of the Gona Project, which is based at the Stone Age Institute and Indiana University Bloomington's CRAFT research center.","title":"Gawis cranium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asahmed Humet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asahmed_Humet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gona Paleoanthropological Research Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gona_Paleoanthropological_Research_Project&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"drainage basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Afar Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_Region"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa,_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Middle Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Sileshi Semaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sileshi_Semaw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stone Age Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age_Institute"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"transitional form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_fossil"},{"link_name":"Homo erectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus"},{"link_name":"Homo sapiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens"},{"link_name":"Hadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadar,_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Donald Johanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Johanson"},{"link_name":"Australopithecus afarensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis"},{"link_name":"Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_(Australopithecus)"},{"link_name":"Middle Awash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Awash"},{"link_name":"hominid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominid"},{"link_name":"hominin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominin"}],"text":"The hominin skull was discovered by Asahmed Humet, a member of the Gona Paleoanthropological Research Project; he found the recently resurfaced fossil in a small erosion gully that empties into the Gawis river drainage basin in the Afar Region, some 300 miles northeast of Addis Ababa.[1] The skull is a nearly complete cranium of what is believed to be a Middle Pleistocene human ancestor. While different from a modern human, the braincase, upper face and jaw of the cranium have unmistakable anatomical evidence that belong to human ancestry. The discovery was reported by Sileshi Semaw, director of the Gona Project at the Stone Age Institute.[2] Semaw noted the skull fossil could be a transitional form that fills a gap in human evolutionary origins. He described its appearance as intermediate between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.Significant archaeological collections of stone tools and numerous fossil animal specimens were also found at the site.Gawis is in the Gona Research Project study area situated in the Awash River Valley. Immediately to the east of Gona, also located along the Awash and one of its tributaries is the site of Hadar, where in 1974 U.S. scientist Donald Johanson found the 3.2-million-year-old remains of an Australopithecus afarensis, known as Lucy. The Middle Awash project, site of many other hominin discoveries, is to the south.In addition to the Gawis cranium, the Gona project area has yielded some of the world's oldest stone tools (2.6 million years old), as well as fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus—hominid, and debated as whether or not hominin—dated to approximately 4.5 million years ago.","title":"Discovery and significance"}]	[]	[{"title":"Human evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution"},{"title":"List of fossil sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossil_sites"},{"title":"List of hominini (hominin) fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hominina_fossils"}]	[{"reference":"\"Scientists discover hominid cranium in Ethiopia: IU News Room: Indiana University\". newsinfo.iu.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/3142.html","url_text":"\"Scientists discover hominid cranium in Ethiopia: IU News Room: Indiana University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google Scholar\".","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=%22Sileshi+Semaw%22+gawis&btnG=Search","url_text":"\"Google Scholar\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/3142.html","external_links_name":"\"Scientists discover hominid cranium in Ethiopia: IU News Room: Indiana University\""},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=%22Sileshi+Semaw%22+gawis&btnG=Search","external_links_name":"\"Google Scholar\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080624005441/http://www.stoneageinstitute.org/news/gona_nature_paper.shtml#1","external_links_name":"Stone Age Institute"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/03/25/missing.link.ap/index.html","external_links_name":"CNN article reporting the discovery"},{"Link":"http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/3142.html","external_links_name":"Indiana University press release"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gawis_cranium&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gawis_cranium&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gawis_cranium&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango!	Fandango!	["1 Album title","2 Background","3 Promotion and release","4 Track listing","5 Personnel","6 Production","7 Charts","8 Certifications","9 References","10 External links"]	1975 studio & live album by ZZ Top This article is about the ZZ Top album. For other uses, see Fandango (disambiguation). Fandango!Studio album (with live tracks) by ZZ TopReleasedApril 18, 1975RecordedApril 12, 1974 (tracks 1–3) December 30, 1974 – March 23, 1975Genre Blues rock Southern rock boogie rock hard rock Length33:33LabelLondonProducerBill HamZZ Top chronology Tres Hombres(1973) Fandango!(1975) Tejas(1976) Singles from Fandango! "Tush"Released: May 1975 "Heard It on the X"Released: 1978 (Japan) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRolling Stone(not rated)The Rolling Stone Album Guide Fandango! is the fourth album by the American rock band ZZ Top, released in 1975. The album's first side consists of selections from live shows, with the second side being new studio recordings. A remastered and expanded edition of this album was released on February 28, 2006. Album title Fandango, from which the album gets its name, is a type of dance similar to flamenco. Background Frontman Billy Gibbons said of the album: The live capture wound up being in the can first. We had enough live material to make up one side of the disc, so we decided to go with the unusual move of making the album half live, half studio. It turned out to be a winning combination for us. The album's opening song, "Thunderbird", despite having ZZ Top writing credit, was originally written and performed by The Nightcaps, a band formed in the 1950s when its members were teenagers. The Nightcaps performed the song and distributed it on their album Wine, Wine, Wine but never applied for copyright. ZZ Top began performing the song as early as 1974, and has conceded that their version is lyrically and musically identical to the Nightcaps' song. The Nightcaps sued ZZ Top for copyright infringement but their claims were dismissed as ZZ Top had registered a copyright on the song in 1975. The song "Heard It on the X" was written about the influence of a Mexican border blaster radio station, X-Rock 80. The station was located in El Paso, Texas while the transmitter was across the border in Juárez, Mexico. That allowed it to put out 150,000 watts of power from 5p.m. to 6a.m. Mountain Time. It could be heard in up to 44 states and parts of Canada. Promotion and release The only single released from the album was "Tush". The single peaked at #20 on the US Billboard Hot 100, making it the band's first top 40 single in the US. The song "Heard It on the X" also received heavy rotation on classic rock radio. In the late 1980s the album was released on CD with the studio recordings being digitally remixed and the original 1975 mix version was discontinued. The remix version created controversy among fans because it significantly changed the sound of the instruments, especially the drums. The remix version was used on all early CD copies and was the only version available for over 20 years. A remastered and expanded edition of the album was released on February 28, 2006, containing three bonus live tracks. The 2006 edition is the first CD version to use Terry Manning's original 1975 mix. The album was re-released in 2009 on 180-gram vinyl using the original master tapes. It appears exactly the same except that it had a 180-gram vinyl LP sticker, by Back to Vinyl records. Track listing All tracks are written by Billy Gibbons, Dusty Hill, and Frank Beard except where notedSide oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength1."Thunderbird" (Live) Gibbons4:102."Jailhouse Rock" (Live)Jerry Leiber, Mike StollerHill2:013."Backdoor Medley" (Live) "Backdoor Love Affair" "Mellow Down Easy" "Backdoor Love Affair No. 2" "Long Distance Boogie" Gibbons, Bill Ham Willie Dixon Gibbons John Lee HookerGibbons, Hill9:45 0:40 4:03 2:00 3:02 Side twoNo.TitleLead vocalsLength4."Nasty Dogs and Funky Kings"Gibbons2:375."Blue Jean Blues"Gibbons4:426."Balinese"Hill2:377."Mexican Blackbird"Gibbons3:048."Heard It on the X"Gibbons, Hill2:239."Tush"Hill2:14 2006 remastered version bonus tracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength10."Heard it on the X" (Live) Gibbons, Hill2:3611."Jailhouse Rock" (Live)Leiber, StollerHill1:5212."Tush" (Live) Hill3:42 Tracks 1–3 (side A of the original LP) were recorded live at The Warehouse in New Orleans on April 12, 1974, "captured as it came down - hot, spontaneous and presented to you honestly, without the assistance of studio gimmicks". Tracks 4–9 (side B) were new studio recordings. Tracks 10–12 (of the expanded 2006 version) were recorded live at the Capitol Theatre in Passaic, New Jersey, on August 30, 1980. Personnel Billy Gibbons – guitar, vocals Dusty Hill – bass, vocals Frank Beard – drums, percussion Production Producer – Bill Ham Engineers – Jim Reeves, John L. Venable, and, Norman Mershon for Record Plant Truck. Robin Brians, Terry Kane, Bob Ludwig (mastering), Terry Manning Album concept – Bill Ham Design – Bill Narum Photography – John Dekalb Charts Chart (1975) Peakposition Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) 61 Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) 1 UK Albums (OCC) 60 US Billboard 200 10 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Canada (Music Canada) Platinum 100,000^ United States (RIAA) Gold 500,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ Fandango! at AllMusic ^ Rollingstone ^ Cross, Charles R. (2004). "ZZ Top". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 907-8. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. ^ "Billy Gibbons talks ZZ Top: The Complete Studio Albums (1970-1990)". June 3, 2013. ^ a b Dabou/sb v. Gibbons, 42 F.3d 285, 287 (5th Cir. 1995). ^ Dabou/sb v. Gibbons at 287 and 287 n.1. ^ Dabou/sb v. Gibbons at 291. ^ Wilkening. "ZZ Top 'Heard It on the X' – Lyrics Uncovered". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved August 17, 2021. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 348. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 4033a". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved July, 8 2023. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July, 8 2023. ^ "ZZ Top Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved July, 8 2023. ^ "Canadian album certifications – ZZ Top – Fandango". Music Canada. Retrieved December 9, 2019. ^ "American album certifications – ZZ Top – Fandango". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 9, 2019. External links Commercial for the album Fandango! from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image vteZZ Top Billy Gibbons Frank Beard Elwood Francis Lanier Greig Dan Mitchell Billy Ethridge Dusty Hill Studio albums ZZ Top's First Album Rio Grande Mud Tres Hombres Fandango! Tejas Degüello El Loco Eliminator Afterburner Recycler Antenna Rhythmeen XXX Mescalero La Futura Compilations The Best of ZZ Top Greatest Hits One Foot in the Blues Rancho Texicano: The Very Best of ZZ Top Live albums Live from Texas Box sets The Six Pack Chrome, Smoke & BBQ Singles "Francine" "La Grange" "Tush" "It's Only Love" "Arrested for Driving While Blind" "I Thank You" "Cheap Sunglasses" "Leila" "Tube Snake Boogie" "Gimme All Your Lovin'" "Sharp Dressed Man" "TV Dinners" "Legs" "Sleeping Bag" "Stages" "Velcro Fly" "Rough Boy" "Doubleback" "My Head's in Mississippi" "Viva Las Vegas" "Pincushion" "She's Just Killing Me" "What's Up with That" Other songs "Waitin' for the Bus" "Jesus Just Left Chicago" "Master of Sparks" "Pearl Necklace" "Got Me Under Pressure" Video albums Greatest Hits Live from Texas Live at Montreux 2013 Tours Worldwide Texas Tour Recycler Tour XXX Tour Beer Drinkers and Hell Raisers Tour Whack Attack Tour Hollywood Blues Tour El Camino Ocho Tour 2010 World Tour Gang of Outlaws Tour Tonnage Tour Related articles Discography Super Bowl XXXI halftime show CadZZilla Bill Ham Moving Sidewalks American Blues Sharp Dressed Men: A Tribute to ZZ Top ZZ Top: A Tribute from Friends Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fandango (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"ZZ Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZZ_Top"}],"text":"This article is about the ZZ Top album. For other uses, see Fandango (disambiguation).Fandango! is the fourth album by the American rock band ZZ Top, released in 1975. The album's first side consists of selections from live shows, with the second side being new studio recordings. A remastered and expanded edition of this album was released on February 28, 2006.","title":"Fandango!"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fandango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango"},{"link_name":"flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco"}],"text":"Fandango, from which the album gets its name, is a type of dance similar to flamenco.","title":"Album title"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Nightcaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nightcaps_(Texas_band)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dabou/sb_v._Gibbons-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dabou/sb_v._Gibbons-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"border blaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_blaster"},{"link_name":"X-Rock 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEROK-AM"},{"link_name":"El Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso"},{"link_name":"Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Mountain Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Frontman Billy Gibbons said of the album:The live capture wound up being in the can first. We had enough live material to make up one side of the disc, so we decided to go with the unusual move of making the album half live, half studio. It turned out to be a winning combination for us.[4]The album's opening song, \"Thunderbird\", despite having ZZ Top writing credit, was originally written and performed by The Nightcaps, a band formed in the 1950s when its members were teenagers.[5] The Nightcaps performed the song and distributed it on their album Wine, Wine, Wine but never applied for copyright.[5] ZZ Top began performing the song as early as 1974, and has conceded that their version is lyrically and musically identical to the Nightcaps' song.[6] The Nightcaps sued ZZ Top for copyright infringement but their claims were dismissed as ZZ Top had registered a copyright on the song in 1975.[7]The song \"Heard It on the X\" was written about the influence of a Mexican border blaster radio station, X-Rock 80. The station was located in El Paso, Texas while the transmitter was across the border in Juárez, Mexico. That allowed it to put out 150,000 watts of power from 5p.m. to 6a.m. Mountain Time. It could be heard in up to 44 states and parts of Canada.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tush_(ZZ_Top_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"digitally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_recording"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Terry Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Manning"}],"text":"The only single released from the album was \"Tush\". The single peaked at #20 on the US Billboard Hot 100, making it the band's first top 40 single in the US. The song \"Heard It on the X\" also received heavy rotation on classic rock radio.[citation needed]In the late 1980s the album was released on CD with the studio recordings being digitally remixed and the original 1975 mix version was discontinued. The remix version created controversy among fans because it significantly changed the sound of the instruments, especially the drums.[citation needed] The remix version was used on all early CD copies and was the only version available for over 20 years.A remastered and expanded edition of the album was released on February 28, 2006, containing three bonus live tracks. The 2006 edition is the first CD version to use Terry Manning's original 1975 mix.The album was re-released in 2009 on 180-gram vinyl using the original master tapes. It appears exactly the same except that it had a 180-gram vinyl LP sticker, by Back to Vinyl records.","title":"Promotion and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"Dusty Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_Hill"},{"link_name":"Frank Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Beard_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jailhouse Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jailhouse_Rock_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Leiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Leiber"},{"link_name":"Mike Stoller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Stoller"},{"link_name":"Bill Ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ham"},{"link_name":"Willie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Dixon"},{"link_name":"John Lee Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker"},{"link_name":"Tush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tush_(ZZ_Top_song)"},{"link_name":"Jailhouse Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jailhouse_Rock_(song)"},{"link_name":"Tush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tush_(ZZ_Top_song)"},{"link_name":"Passaic, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic,_New_Jersey"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Billy Gibbons, Dusty Hill, and Frank Beard except where notedSide oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength1.\"Thunderbird\" (Live) Gibbons4:102.\"Jailhouse Rock\" (Live)Jerry Leiber, Mike StollerHill2:013.\"Backdoor Medley\" (Live)\n\"Backdoor Love Affair\"\n\"Mellow Down Easy\"\n\"Backdoor Love Affair No. 2\"\n\"Long Distance Boogie\" \nGibbons, Bill Ham\nWillie Dixon\nGibbons\nJohn Lee HookerGibbons, Hill9:45\n0:40\n4:03\n2:00\n3:02Side twoNo.TitleLead vocalsLength4.\"Nasty Dogs and Funky Kings\"Gibbons2:375.\"Blue Jean Blues\"Gibbons4:426.\"Balinese\"Hill2:377.\"Mexican Blackbird\"Gibbons3:048.\"Heard It on the X\"Gibbons, Hill2:239.\"Tush\"Hill2:142006 remastered version bonus tracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength10.\"Heard it on the X\" (Live) Gibbons, Hill2:3611.\"Jailhouse Rock\" (Live)Leiber, StollerHill1:5212.\"Tush\" (Live) Hill3:42Tracks 1–3 (side A of the original LP) were recorded live at The Warehouse in New Orleans on April 12, 1974, \"captured as it came down - hot, spontaneous and presented to you honestly, without the assistance of studio gimmicks\".\nTracks 4–9 (side B) were new studio recordings.\nTracks 10–12 (of the expanded 2006 version) were recorded live at the Capitol Theatre in Passaic, New Jersey, on August 30, 1980.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"Dusty Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_Hill"},{"link_name":"Frank Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Beard_(musician)"}],"text":"Billy Gibbons – guitar, vocals\nDusty Hill – bass, vocals\nFrank Beard – drums, percussion","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ludwig"},{"link_name":"Terry Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Manning"},{"link_name":"Bill Narum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Narum"}],"text":"Producer – Bill Ham\nEngineers – Jim Reeves, John L. Venable, and, Norman Mershon for Record Plant Truck. Robin Brians, Terry Kane, Bob Ludwig (mastering), Terry Manning\nAlbum concept – Bill Ham\nDesign – Bill Narum\nPhotography – John Dekalb","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Cross, Charles R. (2004). \"ZZ Top\". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 907-8. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Cross","url_text":"Cross, Charles R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide","url_text":"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/907","url_text":"907-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8","url_text":"0-7432-0169-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Billy Gibbons talks ZZ Top: The Complete Studio Albums (1970-1990)\". June 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/billy-gibbons-talks-zz-top-the-complete-studio-albums-1970-1990-575728","url_text":"\"Billy Gibbons talks ZZ Top: The Complete Studio Albums (1970-1990)\""}]},{"reference":"Wilkening. \"ZZ Top 'Heard It on the X' – Lyrics Uncovered\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved August 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/zz-top-heard-it-on-the-x-lyrics-uncovered/","url_text":"\"ZZ Top 'Heard It on the X' – Lyrics Uncovered\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 348. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – ZZ Top – Fandango\". Music Canada. Retrieved December 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Fandango%20ZZ+Top","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – ZZ Top – Fandango\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – ZZ Top – Fandango\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=ZZ+Top&ti=Fandango&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – ZZ Top – Fandango\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r22728","external_links_name":"Fandango!"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071112000947/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/zztop/albums/album/198546/review/5941643/fandango","external_links_name":"Rollingstone"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/907","external_links_name":"907-8"},{"Link":"https://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/billy-gibbons-talks-zz-top-the-complete-studio-albums-1970-1990-575728","external_links_name":"\"Billy Gibbons talks ZZ Top: The Complete Studio Albums (1970-1990)\""},{"Link":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/zz-top-heard-it-on-the-x-lyrics-uncovered/","external_links_name":"\"ZZ Top 'Heard It on the X' – Lyrics Uncovered\""},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.4033a&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.4033a.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.4033a","external_links_name":"\"Top RPM Albums: Issue 4033a\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/19750706/7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/ZZ-Top/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"ZZ Top Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Fandango%20ZZ+Top","external_links_name":"\"Canadian album certifications – ZZ Top – Fandango\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=ZZ+Top&ti=Fandango&format=Album&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American album certifications – ZZ Top – Fandango\""},{"Link":"https://texasarchive.org/2017_00178","external_links_name":"Commercial for the album Fandango!"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/50196017-7002-378a-918b-653efd010c5e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebster	Shebster	[]	Coordinates: 58°33′03″N 3°41′37″W / 58.55097°N 3.69372°W / 58.55097; -3.69372 Human settlement in ScotlandShebsterShebsterLocation within the Caithness areaOS grid referenceND015637Council areaHighlandCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townThursoPostcode districtKW14 7PoliceScotlandFireScottishAmbulanceScottish List of places UK Scotland 58°33′03″N 3°41′37″W / 58.55097°N 3.69372°W / 58.55097; -3.69372 Shebster is a small remote hamlet, which lies 7 miles southwest of Thurso, in northern Caithness, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland. This Highland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thurso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurso"},{"link_name":"Caithness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caithness"},{"link_name":"Scottish Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Highland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Council_area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Highland_in_Scotland.svg"},{"link_name":"Highland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_(council_area)"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shebster&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Highland-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Highland-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Highland-geo-stub"}],"text":"Human settlement in ScotlandShebster is a small remote hamlet, which lies 7 miles southwest of Thurso, in northern Caithness, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.This Highland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Shebster"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shebster&params=58.55097_N_3.69372_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"58°33′03″N 3°41′37″W / 58.55097°N 3.69372°W / 58.55097; -3.69372"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shebster&params=58.550174_N_3.694217_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Shebster","external_links_name":"ND015637"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shebster&params=58.55097_N_3.69372_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"58°33′03″N 3°41′37″W / 58.55097°N 3.69372°W / 58.55097; -3.69372"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shebster&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_al_Samim	Umm al Samim	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 21°38′N 55°54′E / 21.633°N 55.900°E / 21.633; 55.900Area of quicksand in the Rub' al Khali desert The Umm al Samim (Arabic: أم السّميم) (also known as the Umm as Samim) is a quicksand area on the eastern edge of the Rub al'khali desert largely within Oman's borders. The waters, such as they are, drain into this brackish low-lying closed basin area off the Omani mountains and the wadis of the Rub al'khali. The Al Samim (known locally as the 'Mother of Poisons' or the 'Mother of Worries') is a salt marsh with a solid-looking crust, but can be very treacherous when broken through. There is little vegetation. Sir Wilfred Thesiger was the first European to see the area in the late 1940s after his travels from Salalah in Oman. References ^ Rabi, Uzi (2006). The Emergence of States in a Tribal Society: Oman Under Saʻid Bin Taymur, 1932-1970. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 235–. ISBN 9781845190804. Retrieved 14 April 2013. ^ a b Maitland, Alexander (2011-10-27). Wilfred Thesiger: The Life of the Great Explorer. Penguin. ISBN 9781590209950. Retrieved 14 April 2013. ^ Ham, Anthony (2004). Lonely Planet Saudi Arabia. Lonely Planet. pp. 144–. ISBN 9781740596671. Retrieved 14 April 2013. 21°38′N 55°54′E / 21.633°N 55.900°E / 21.633; 55.900 This article about the geography of Oman is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"quicksand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rabi2006-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maitland2011-2"},{"link_name":"Rub al'khali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub_al%27khali"},{"link_name":"desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ham2004-3"},{"link_name":"closed basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_basin"},{"link_name":"wadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi"},{"link_name":"salt marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Thesiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Thesiger"},{"link_name":"Salalah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salalah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maitland2011-2"}],"text":"Area of quicksand in the Rub' al Khali desertThe Umm al Samim (Arabic: أم السّميم) (also known as the Umm as Samim) is a quicksand area[1][2] on the eastern edge of the Rub al'khali desert largely within Oman's borders.[3] The waters, such as they are, drain into this brackish low-lying closed basin area off the Omani mountains and the wadis of the Rub al'khali. The Al Samim (known locally as the 'Mother of Poisons' or the 'Mother of Worries') is a salt marsh with a solid-looking crust, but can be very treacherous when broken through. There is little vegetation.Sir Wilfred Thesiger was the first European to see the area in the late 1940s after his travels from Salalah in Oman.[2]","title":"Umm al Samim"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Rabi, Uzi (2006). The Emergence of States in a Tribal Society: Oman Under Saʻid Bin Taymur, 1932-1970. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 235–. ISBN 9781845190804. Retrieved 14 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jgq3pS9qJgkC&pg=PA235","url_text":"The Emergence of States in a Tribal Society: Oman Under Saʻid Bin Taymur, 1932-1970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845190804","url_text":"9781845190804"}]},{"reference":"Maitland, Alexander (2011-10-27). Wilfred Thesiger: The Life of the Great Explorer. Penguin. ISBN 9781590209950. Retrieved 14 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jiqr8erOb9cC&pg=RA1-PR31","url_text":"Wilfred Thesiger: The Life of the Great Explorer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590209950","url_text":"9781590209950"}]},{"reference":"Ham, Anthony (2004). Lonely Planet Saudi Arabia. Lonely Planet. pp. 144–. ISBN 9781740596671. Retrieved 14 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA144","url_text":"Lonely Planet Saudi Arabia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781740596671","url_text":"9781740596671"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Umm_al_Samim&params=21_38_N_55_54_E_","external_links_name":"21°38′N 55°54′E / 21.633°N 55.900°E / 21.633; 55.900"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jgq3pS9qJgkC&pg=PA235","external_links_name":"The Emergence of States in a Tribal Society: Oman Under Saʻid Bin Taymur, 1932-1970"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jiqr8erOb9cC&pg=RA1-PR31","external_links_name":"Wilfred Thesiger: The Life of the Great Explorer"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA144","external_links_name":"Lonely Planet Saudi Arabia"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Umm_al_Samim&params=21_38_N_55_54_E_","external_links_name":"21°38′N 55°54′E / 21.633°N 55.900°E / 21.633; 55.900"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umm_al_Samim&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_Bena	Stevan Bena	["1 International career","2 References","3 External links"]	Serbian footballer Stevan BenaPersonal informationFull name Stevan BenaDate of birth (1935-08-23)23 August 1935Place of birth Pančevo, Kingdom of YugoslaviaDate of death 6 May 2012(2012-05-06) (aged 76)Place of death Belgrade, SerbiaPosition(s) Defensive midfielderYouth career Dinamo PančevoSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1956–1963 Vojvodina 98 (14)1964–1965 1860 Munich 9 (0)1965–1967 Hannover 96 48 (3)1968 Oakland Clippers 24 (0)1970 Dallas Tornado 2 (0)International career1959–1961 Yugoslavia 7 (0)Managerial career Galenika Zemun Vršac1989 Selangor Club domestic league appearances and goals Stevan Bena (Serbian Cyrillic: Стеван Бена; 23 August 1935 – 6 May 2012) was a Serbian footballer. He played for TSV 1860 Munich, playing in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup at the Wembley Stadium in London in 1965, which was won by West Ham United (2–0). International career On the national level, Bena made his debut for Yugoslavia in an October 1959 friendly match against Hungary and earned a total of 7 caps (no goals). His final international was a December 1961 friendly away against Israel. References ^ "Stefan Bena" (in German). Fussball Portal. Retrieved 1 December 2008. ^ "Stevan Bena, international football player". EU-football.info. Retrieved 29 March 2024. External links Obituary Stevan Bena at WorldFootball.net Stevan Bena at National-Football-Teams.com Stevan Bena at kicker (in German) Stevan Bena at EU-Football.info Stevan Bena at Fussballdaten.de (in German) vteSelangor F.C. – Head coaches Abdul-Ghani (1970–73) Coaching committee (1974) M. Chandran (1975–78) Chow K.L. (1979–83) Abdul-Ghani (1983–85) M. Chandran (1986–88) Bena (1989) Khaidir (1989–90) Worden (1991) M. Chandran (1992) Schumm (1993) Worden (1994–96) Wicks (1997–98) Ismail Zakaria (1998) Pejic (1999) Rajagopal (1999–00) Abdul-Rahman (2001–02) Worden (2002–03) Larrosa (2004) Ismail Ibrahim (2004) Worden (2004) Dollah (2005–08) Devan (2008–2011) Maniamc (2011) Irfan Bakti (2011–13) Maniamc (2013) Duraković (2014–15) Zainal (2016) K. Gunalanc (2016) Maniam (2017–18) Nazliazmic (2018) Sathianathan (2018–2020) Feichtenbeiner (2020) Neitzel (2020–21) Feichtenbeiner (2021–22) Tan C.H. (2022–24) Nidzamc (2024–) This biographical article related to a Serbian association football midfielder is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"TSV 1860 Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSV_1860_Munich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C."}],"text":"Stevan Bena (Serbian Cyrillic: Стеван Бена; 23 August 1935 – 6 May 2012) was a Serbian footballer. He played for TSV 1860 Munich,[1] playing in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup at the Wembley Stadium in London in 1965, which was won by West Ham United (2–0).","title":"Stevan Bena"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"friendly match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"On the national level, Bena made his debut for Yugoslavia in an October 1959 friendly match against Hungary and earned a total of 7 caps (no goals). His final international was a December 1961 friendly away against Israel.[2]","title":"International career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Stefan Bena\" (in German). Fussball Portal. Retrieved 1 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fussballportal.de/index.php?kat=44&spieler_id=213","url_text":"\"Stefan Bena\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stevan Bena, international football player\". EU-football.info. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_Worthington_Smith	Hilda Worthington Smith	["1 Early life and education","2 The Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry","3 Later career and life","4 Life philosophy","5 Published works","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	American educator, poet Hilda Worthington SmithBorn(1888-06-19)June 19, 1888New York City, New YorkDiedMarch 3, 1984(1984-03-03) (aged 95)Washington, D.C.NationalityAmericanOther names"Jane" (nickname)OccupationeducatorKnown forBryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry/She-She-She Camps Hilda Worthington Smith (June 19, 1888 – March 3, 1984) was an American labor educator, social worker, and poet. She is best known for her roles as first Director of the Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry and as a co-founder of the Affiliated Schools for Workers (later known as the American Labor Education Service), although she also had a long career in government service supporting education for underserved groups including women, laborers, African-Americans and the elderly. Early life and education Hilda Worthington Smith, nicknamed "Jane", was born on June 19, 1888, in New York City, the firstborn of three children of John Jewell and Mary Helen (née Hall) Smith. The Smith family spent its summers in West Park, New York, where young Hilda would later establish two resident workers' schools in the 1930s. The rest of the year was spent in their home near Central Park where Hilda and her younger sister (Helen Hall Smith; 1892–1971), and her younger brother (Jewell Kellogg Smith; 1890–1956), created an imaginary world described in her 1934 essay, "A Post Office in Fairyland". Her father's invention of a steamheating system, which heated many of the early office buildings of New York, provided the family with a handsome fortune. She attended Bryn Mawr College between 1906 and 1910 for her undergraduate degree, during which she was elected to lead the student body as president of the Self Government Association. Worthington Smith remained at Bryn Mawr the following year and left in 1911 with a master's degree in ethics and psychology, after which she received a second graduate degree from the New York School of Philanthropy (which exists currently as the Columbia University School of Social Work). When she was twenty-five years old she returned to Bryn Mawr at the invitation of President of the college, M. Carey Thomas, to oversee a residence hall as a Warden, and began to teach an informal class on social work at the request of a group of undergraduates in which she introduced the concepts of child welfare, family rehabilitation, delinquency, immigration, and housing. She returned to her studies at the School of Philanthropy in 1914 and soon established a community center for youth in New York City that served many boys of Irish, Italian, and African American descent, which she ran until Carey Thomas offered her the position of Acting Dean in 1919. During the two years she served as Dean, her interest in workers' education was already becoming an area of active pursuit: in addition to her duties mentoring undergraduate students and administering college programs, Smith took the initiative to arrange night classes for the black college gardeners and service employees. The Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry A pivotal moment in Worthington Smith's career came in 1921, when President Carey Thomas asked her to head the Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry, a brand new initiative that Thomas envisioned and set into motion after visiting Workers' Educational Association programs in England. Although Thomas was the original visionary of the school, Worthington Smith is credited with developing it into the immensely successful program that it became and setting the example for a host of other similar programs that were founded in its image, including the Wisconsin Summer School, Barnard Summer School, Vineyard Shore School, Southern Summer School, and the coeducational Hudson Shore Labor School. The Summer School was a residential program on the campus of Bryn Mawr College that operated for 8 weeks in the summer every year (except for 1935) between 1921 and 1938, hosting and educating female factory workers from all over the country who numbered approximately 1700 over the duration of the initiative. Money was raised for scholarships to support the students, who were between the ages of 18 and 35 and came from diverse backgrounds including different nationalities, races, religions, industries, non-unionized and union affiliations. About 100 women attended each year that the school operated, gathering to live, eat, and sleep together while they studied a variety of liberal arts subjects with distinguished faculty drawn from local institutions. The object of the school, as stated in prospectus and distributed to a variety of news outlets, was "to offer young women of character and ability a fuller education and an opportunity to study liberal subjects in order that they might widen their influence in the industrial world, help in the coming social reconstruction and increase the happiness and usefulness of their own lives." The focus was therefore on giving women the knowledge and tools to exercise agency in their lives, and to become leaders in their communities in a new era of social change. In 1933, Harry Hopkins, as adviser to FDR and head of the FERA, borrowed Ms. Smith to set up an educational program for the Administration, which in 1937 became the W.P.A.'s Workers Education Service. As FDR's Educational Specialist, She created and ran multiple programs; one such program employed out-of-work teachers, whose graduates include Hubert H. Humphrey, a future vice president under LBJ. Another set up the She-She-She Camps for unemployed women, ER's bid to place women in the program of Civilian Conservation Corps camps for men, and to provide education and housing for unemployed youth. Later career and life The workers' education movement gained momentum, with Worthington Smith playing an active and significant role. In addition to the schools that she was directly involved in founding (such as the Hudson Shore Labor School, which was established on the site of her family home on the Hudson River), she served on the advisory committees of many such initiatives. She also established and served as first Director of the Affiliated Schools for Workers (1927–1939), later known as the American Labor Education Service (1939–1962). The later years of Worthington Smith's career were dominated by federal appointments, listed here: Specialist in Workers' Education for the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 1933–1943 Director of the Workers' Service Program for the Works Progress Administration 1939–1943 Consultant in Labor Education, 1943 Federal Public Housing Authority as Chief of the Project Services Section 1943–1945 Chairman of the National Committee for the Extension of Labor Education 1945–1951 Member of the New York State Adult Education Bureau (1957 to 1959) Consultant for the Connecticut State Commission for Services to Elderly Persons from 1959 to 1961. Consultant for the Training Division of the Community Action Program of the Office of Economic Opportunity, 1965 Worthington Smith retired at the age of 83 to focus on various writing projects related to her life experiences and career, including a narrative of her seven years with the Office of Economic Opportunity and a revised and expanded version of her autobiography, Opening Vistas in Workers' Education, which was self-published in 1978. In addition to these publications, Worthington Smith's poetry was published in songbooks, periodicals, and in three printed volumes: Castle of Dream (1910) and Poems (1964), both privately printed, and Selected Poems (1977). She died of leukemia, aged 95, on March 3, 1984, in Washington, D.C. Life philosophy To sum up Jane's life a story done in 1984 for The New York Times does come close to sewing 1919 to 1983 into a fine embroidery. The author noted that in 1937 the programs Smith initiated but couldn't in 1933 call by name became the W.P.A.'s Workers Education Service. When tasked by Harry Hopkins to be education specialist, she already knew what she wanted. Smith also wanted to teach "workers' education", a term that had a strong communist association. She related years later, "I hardly dared mention it because it was so unpopular." Workers'education was ... "unusual because it involved three groups virtually ignored at the time: women, blue collar workers, and blacks.."—Priscilla Van Tassel, New York Times, June 24, 1984, NJ5. (Caption for HWSmith picture) from the interview for the story in the NYTimes "And what is workers' education? I think the first thing is to say what workers' education is and what it is not. I'd like to say, first, it is not vocational education. Many people think that that is what it is; it's not trade training for workers. That's entirely separate, should supplement workers' education and go along with it. But it is not the same thing. Workers' education is a specialized branch of adult education. It covers in general the economic and labor problems related to the experience of industrial workers, office workers, farmers, anything that touches the economic field. It is also and usually supplemented with much work in English, with elementary science, social psychology, with history, with a background of life in the United States. It touches: employers' problems, trade union problems, the worker in the community as citizen, the government's relation to industry and to the labor movement." Interview with Hilda Worthington Smith, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, NY, October 17, 1963 Published works Library resources about Hilda Worthington Smith Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Hilda Worthington Smith Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Worthington Smith's published works include: Castle of Dream. Smith, 1910. (Full text on Internet Archive.) Women Workers at the Bryn Mawr Summer School. New York City : Affiliated Summer Schools for Women Workers in Industry and American Association for Adult Education, 1929. Poems. Washington : Merkle Press, 1964. Selected Poems. New York: Institute for Education and Research on Women and Work, New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, 1977. Opening Vistas in Workers' Education: an autobiography. Smith, 1978. See also Louise Leonard McLaren M. Carey Thomas References ^ "The Southern Summer School for Women Workers in Industry". Archived from the original on 2016-04-20. Retrieved 2019-04-04. ^ Cohen Brody, Doris (1973). American Labor Education Service, 1927-1962: an organization in workers' education. New York: Cornell University Press. ^ a b c d e Kornbluh, Joyce L. (1987). A New Deal for Workers' Education. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252013959. ^ a b Worthington Smith, Hilda (1978). Opening Vistas in Workers' Education: An Autobiography of Hilda Worthington Smith. Published by the author. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-07-02. Retrieved 2019-04-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Phamplet for the School, larson.library.emory.edu. Accessed November 3, 2022. ^ a b "The Women of Summer: The Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers, 1921-1938". Rita Heller, Syracuse University Kellogg Project. Archived from the original on 2003-08-26. Retrieved 2014-03-03. ^ O'Hagan, Anne (August 13, 1921). "An Adventure in Education: the Summer School for Women Workers at Bryn Mawr". The Woman Citizen. The Woman's Citizen Corporation, New York. pp. 9–10. ^ "The Summer School for Women Workers: Diversity, Class and Education : Hilda Worthington Smith: Early life and studies \| The Albert M. Greenfield Digital Center for the History of Women's Education". brynmawrcollections.org. Retrieved November 3, 2022. ^ "New Deal Resident Camps for Unemployed Women". January 22, 2021. ^ "August, 1939 - FDR: Day by Day". Archived from the original on 2015-04-09. Retrieved 2015-04-08. ^ "August, 1939". FDR: Day by Day. ^ a b c d "Hilda Worthington Smith Papers". The Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College. Retrieved 2014-03-03. ^ "Hilda W. Smith, 95, Educator (Published 1984)". The New York Times. March 14, 1984. External links American Labor Education Service Records, 1927-1962 at Cornell University Papers, 1837–1975. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. The Summer School for Women Workers: Diversity, Class and Education Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other NARA SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_Summer_School_for_Women_Workers_in_Industry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALES19271962-2"}],"text":"Hilda Worthington Smith (June 19, 1888 – March 3, 1984) was an American labor educator, social worker, and poet. She is best known for her roles as first Director of the Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry[1] and as a co-founder of the Affiliated Schools for Workers (later known as the American Labor Education Service),[2] although she also had a long career in government service supporting education for underserved groups including women, laborers, African-Americans and the elderly.","title":"Hilda Worthington Smith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"West Park, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Park,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewDeal-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OpeningVistas-4"},{"link_name":"Bryn Mawr College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewDeal-3"},{"link_name":"Columbia University School of Social Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_Social_Work"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"M. Carey Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Carey_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewDeal-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewDeal-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ego2heart.org-5"}],"text":"Hilda Worthington Smith, nicknamed \"Jane\", was born on June 19, 1888, in New York City, the firstborn of three children of John Jewell and Mary Helen (née Hall) Smith. The Smith family spent its summers in West Park, New York, where young Hilda would later establish two resident workers' schools in the 1930s. The rest of the year was spent in their home near Central Park where Hilda and her younger sister (Helen Hall Smith; 1892–1971), and her younger brother (Jewell Kellogg Smith; 1890–1956), created an imaginary world described in her 1934 essay, \"A Post Office in Fairyland\".[3] Her father's invention of a steamheating system, which heated many of the early office buildings of New York, provided the family with a handsome fortune.[4]She attended Bryn Mawr College between 1906 and 1910 for her undergraduate degree, during which she was elected to lead the student body as president of the Self Government Association.[3] Worthington Smith remained at Bryn Mawr the following year and left in 1911 with a master's degree in ethics and psychology, after which she received a second graduate degree from the New York School of Philanthropy (which exists currently as the Columbia University School of Social Work).[citation needed]When she was twenty-five years old she returned to Bryn Mawr at the invitation of President of the college, M. Carey Thomas, to oversee a residence hall as a Warden, and began to teach an informal class on social work at the request of a group of undergraduates in which she introduced the concepts of child welfare, family rehabilitation, delinquency, immigration, and housing. She returned to her studies at the School of Philanthropy in 1914 and soon established a community center for youth in New York City that served many boys of Irish, Italian, and African American descent, which she ran until Carey Thomas offered her the position of Acting Dean in 1919.[3]During the two years she served as Dean, her interest in workers' education was already becoming an area of active pursuit: in addition to her duties mentoring undergraduate students and administering college programs, Smith took the initiative to arrange night classes for the black college gardeners and service employees.[3][5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_Summer_School_for_Women_Workers_in_Industry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Workers' Educational Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Educational_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewDeal-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heller-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heller-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Harry Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Hubert H. Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey"},{"link_name":"She-She-She Camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She-She-She_Camps"},{"link_name":"Civilian Conservation Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A pivotal moment in Worthington Smith's career came in 1921, when President Carey Thomas asked her to head the Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry,[6] a brand new initiative that Thomas envisioned and set into motion after visiting Workers' Educational Association programs in England.[3]Although Thomas was the original visionary of the school, Worthington Smith is credited with developing it into the immensely successful program that it became and setting the example for a host of other similar programs that were founded in its image, including the Wisconsin Summer School, Barnard Summer School, Vineyard Shore School, Southern Summer School, and the coeducational Hudson Shore Labor School.[7]The Summer School was a residential program on the campus of Bryn Mawr College that operated for 8 weeks in the summer every year (except for 1935) between 1921 and 1938, hosting and educating female factory workers from all over the country who numbered approximately 1700 over the duration of the initiative.[7] Money was raised for scholarships to support the students, who were between the ages of 18 and 35 and came from diverse backgrounds including different nationalities, races, religions, industries, non-unionized and union affiliations. About 100 women attended each year that the school operated, gathering to live, eat, and sleep together while they studied a variety of liberal arts subjects with distinguished faculty drawn from local institutions.[citation needed]The object of the school, as stated in prospectus and distributed to a variety of news outlets, was \"to offer young women of character and ability a fuller education and an opportunity to study liberal subjects in order that they might widen their influence in the industrial world, help in the coming social reconstruction and increase the happiness and usefulness of their own lives.\"[8] The focus was therefore on giving women the knowledge and tools to exercise agency in their lives, and to become leaders in their communities in a new era of social change.[9]In 1933, Harry Hopkins, as adviser to FDR and head of the FERA, borrowed Ms. Smith to set up an educational program for the Administration, which in 1937 became the W.P.A.'s Workers Education Service.\nAs FDR's Educational Specialist, She created and ran multiple programs; one such program employed out-of-work teachers, whose graduates include Hubert H. Humphrey, a future vice president under LBJ. Another set up the She-She-She Camps for unemployed women, ER's bid to place women in the program of Civilian Conservation Corps camps for men, and to provide education and housing for unemployed youth.[10]","title":"The Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fdrlibrary.marist.edu-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ego2heart.org-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchlesingerPapers-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchlesingerPapers-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchlesingerPapers-13"},{"link_name":"Federal Emergency Relief Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"Community Action Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Action_Program"},{"link_name":"Office of Economic Opportunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Economic_Opportunity"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OpeningVistas-4"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchlesingerPapers-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The workers' education movement gained momentum, with Worthington Smith playing an active and significant role. In addition to the schools[11] that she was directly involved in founding (such as the Hudson Shore Labor School, which was established on the site of her family home on the Hudson River),[12][5] she served on the advisory committees of many such initiatives.[13] She also established and served as first Director of the Affiliated Schools for Workers (1927–1939), later known as the American Labor Education Service (1939–1962).[13]The later years of Worthington Smith's career were dominated by federal appointments, listed here:[13]Specialist in Workers' Education for the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 1933–1943\nDirector of the Workers' Service Program for the Works Progress Administration 1939–1943\nConsultant in Labor Education, 1943\nFederal Public Housing Authority as Chief of the Project Services Section 1943–1945\nChairman of the National Committee for the Extension of Labor Education 1945–1951\nMember of the New York State Adult Education Bureau (1957 to 1959)\nConsultant for the Connecticut State Commission for Services to Elderly Persons from 1959 to 1961.\nConsultant for the Training Division of the Community Action Program of the Office of Economic Opportunity, 1965Worthington Smith retired at the age of 83 to focus on various writing projects related to her life experiences and career, including a narrative of her seven years with the Office of Economic Opportunity and a revised and expanded version of her autobiography, Opening Vistas in Workers' Education,[4] which was self-published in 1978.In addition to these publications, Worthington Smith's poetry was published in songbooks, periodicals, and in three printed volumes: Castle of Dream (1910) and Poems (1964), both privately printed, and Selected Poems (1977). She died of leukemia, aged 95, on March 3, 1984, in Washington, D.C.[13][14]","title":"Later career and life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"To sum up Jane's life a story done in 1984 for The New York Times does come close to sewing 1919 to 1983 into a fine embroidery. The author noted that in 1937 the programs Smith initiated but couldn't in 1933 call by name became the W.P.A.'s Workers Education Service. When tasked by Harry Hopkins to be education specialist, she already knew what she wanted.Smith also wanted to teach \"workers' education\", a term that had a strong communist association. She related years later, \"I hardly dared mention it because it was so unpopular.\"Workers'education was ... \"unusual because it involved three groups virtually ignored at the time: women, blue collar workers, and blacks..\"—Priscilla Van Tassel, New York Times, June 24, 1984, NJ5. (Caption for HWSmith picture) from the interview for the story in the NYTimes\"And what is workers' education? I think the first thing is to say what workers' education is and what it is not. I'd like to say, first, it is not vocational education. Many people think that that is what it is; it's not trade training for workers. That's entirely separate, should supplement workers' education and go along with it. But it is not the same thing. Workers' education is a specialized branch of adult education. It covers in general the economic and labor problems related to the experience of industrial workers, office workers, farmers, anything that touches the economic field. It is also and usually supplemented with much work in English, with elementary science, social psychology, with history, with a background of life in the United States. It touches: employers' problems, trade union problems, the worker in the community as citizen, the government's relation to industry and to the labor movement.\" Interview with Hilda Worthington Smith, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, NY, October 17, 1963","title":"Life philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Library resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=188042351"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=188042351&library=0CHOOSE0"},{"link_name":"Online books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=188042351&library=OLBP"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=188042351"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=188042351&library=0CHOOSE0"},{"link_name":"Full text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/castleofdream00smit"},{"link_name":"New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_School_of_Industrial_and_Labor_Relations"}],"text":"Library resources about Hilda Worthington Smith \n\nResources in your library\nResources in other libraries\n\nBy Hilda Worthington Smith\n\nOnline books\nResources in your library\nResources in other librariesWorthington Smith's published works include:Castle of Dream. Smith, 1910. (Full text on Internet Archive.)\nWomen Workers at the Bryn Mawr Summer School. New York City : Affiliated Summer Schools for Women Workers in Industry and American Association for Adult Education, 1929.\nPoems. Washington : Merkle Press, 1964.\nSelected Poems. New York: Institute for Education and Research on Women and Work, New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, 1977.\nOpening Vistas in Workers' Education: an autobiography. Smith, 1978.","title":"Published works"}]	[]	[{"title":"Louise Leonard McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Leonard_McLaren"},{"title":"M. Carey Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Carey_Thomas"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Southern Summer School for Women Workers in Industry\". Archived from the original on 2016-04-20. Retrieved 2019-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160420184034/http://larson.library.emory.edu/marbl/DigProjects/swh/subjects/The%20Southern%20Summer%20School%20for%20Women%20Workers%20in%20Industry.htm","url_text":"\"The Southern Summer School for Women Workers in Industry\""},{"url":"http://larson.library.emory.edu/marbl/DigProjects/swh/subjects/The%20Southern%20Summer%20School%20for%20Women%20Workers%20in%20Industry.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cohen Brody, Doris (1973). American Labor Education Service, 1927-1962: an organization in workers' education. New York: Cornell University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kornbluh, Joyce L. (1987). A New Deal for Workers' Education. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252013959.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newdealforworker00korn","url_text":"A New Deal for Workers' Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252013959","url_text":"9780252013959"}]},{"reference":"Worthington Smith, Hilda (1978). Opening Vistas in Workers' Education: An Autobiography of Hilda Worthington Smith. Published by the author.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2017-07-02. Retrieved 2019-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170702015318/http://ego2heart.org/heartsease/history.html","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.ego2heart.org/heartsease/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Women of Summer: The Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers, 1921-1938\". Rita Heller, Syracuse University Kellogg Project. Archived from the original on 2003-08-26. Retrieved 2014-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030826144443/http://www-distance.syr.edu/heller.html","url_text":"\"The Women of Summer: The Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers, 1921-1938\""},{"url":"http://www-distance.syr.edu/heller.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O'Hagan, Anne (August 13, 1921). \"An Adventure in Education: the Summer School for Women Workers at Bryn Mawr\". The Woman Citizen. The Woman's Citizen Corporation, New York. pp. 9–10.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IohLAAAAYAAJ&q=bryn+mawr+the+opportunity+to+study+liberal+subjects+in+order+that+they+might+widen+their+influence+in+the+industrial+world+and+help+in+the+coming+social+reconstruction&pg=PA117","url_text":"\"An Adventure in Education: the Summer School for Women Workers at Bryn Mawr\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Summer School for Women Workers: Diversity, Class and Education : Hilda Worthington Smith: Early life and studies \| The Albert M. Greenfield Digital Center for the History of Women's Education\". brynmawrcollections.org. Retrieved November 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://brynmawrcollections.org/greenfield/exhibits/show/the-summer-school-for-women-wo/introduction/hilda-worthington-smith","url_text":"\"The Summer School for Women Workers: Diversity, Class and Education : Hilda Worthington Smith: Early life and studies \| The Albert M. Greenfield Digital Center for the History of Women's Education\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Deal Resident Camps for Unemployed Women\". January 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/02050ee5b4d543cf93821f56382367c2","url_text":"\"New Deal Resident Camps for Unemployed Women\""}]},{"reference":"\"August, 1939 - FDR: Day by Day\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-09. Retrieved 2015-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150409220119/http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/resource/august-1939-4/","url_text":"\"August, 1939 - FDR: Day by Day\""},{"url":"http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/resource/august-1939-4/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"August, 1939\". FDR: Day by Day.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/event/august-1939-18/","url_text":"\"August, 1939\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hilda Worthington Smith Papers\". The Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College. Retrieved 2014-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch00911","url_text":"\"Hilda Worthington Smith Papers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hilda W. Smith, 95, Educator (Published 1984)\". The New York Times. March 14, 1984.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/14/obituaries/hilda-w-smith-95-educator.html","url_text":"\"Hilda W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_knockout_stage	UEFA Euro 2016 knockout stage	["1 Format","1.1 Combinations of matches in the Round of 16","2 Qualified teams","3 Bracket","4 Round of 16","4.1 Switzerland vs Poland","4.2 Wales vs Northern Ireland","4.3 Croatia vs Portugal","4.4 France vs Republic of Ireland","4.5 Germany vs Slovakia","4.6 Hungary vs Belgium","4.7 Italy vs Spain","4.8 England vs Iceland","5 Quarter-finals","5.1 Poland vs Portugal","5.2 Wales vs Belgium","5.3 Germany vs Italy","5.4 France vs Iceland","6 Semi-finals","6.1 Portugal vs Wales","6.2 Germany vs France","7 Final","8 References","9 External links"]	International football tournament stage The knockout phase of UEFA Euro 2016 began on 25 June 2016 and ended on 10 July 2016 with the final in Saint-Denis, France, near Paris. All times listed are Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) Format In the knockout phase, extra time and a penalty shoot-out were used to decide the winners if necessary. As with every tournament since UEFA Euro 1984, there was no third place play-off. UEFA set out the following schedule for the round of 16: Match 1: Runners-up Group A vs Runners-up Group C Match 2: Winners Group D vs 3rd Place Group B/E/F Match 3: Winners Group B vs 3rd Place Group A/C/D Match 4: Winners Group F vs Runners-up Group E Match 5: Winners Group C vs 3rd Place Group A/B/F Match 6: Winners Group E vs Runners-up Group D Match 7: Winners Group A vs 3rd Place Group C/D/E Match 8: Runners-up Group B vs Runners-up Group F Combinations of matches in the Round of 16 The specific match-ups involving the third-placed teams depended on which four third-placed teams qualified for the round of 16: Combination according to the four qualified teams Third-placed teamsqualify from groups 1Avs 1Bvs 1Cvs 1Dvs A B C D 3C 3D 3A 3B A B C E 3C 3A 3B 3E A B C F 3C 3A 3B 3F A B D E 3D 3A 3B 3E A B D F 3D 3A 3B 3F A B E F 3E 3A 3B 3F A C D E 3C 3D 3A 3E A C D F 3C 3D 3A 3F A C E F 3C 3A 3F 3E A D E F 3D 3A 3F 3E B C D E 3C 3D 3B 3E B C D F 3C 3D 3B 3F B C E F 3E 3C 3B 3F B D E F 3E 3D 3B 3F C D E F 3C 3D 3F 3E Qualified teams The top two placed teams from each of the six groups qualified for the knockout stage, along with the four best third-placed teams. Group Winners Runners-up Third-placed teams(Best four qualify) A France Switzerland — B Wales England Slovakia C Germany Poland Northern Ireland D Croatia Spain — E Italy Belgium Republic of Ireland F Hungary Iceland Portugal Bracket Round of 16Quarter-finalsSemi-finalsFinal 25 June – Saint-Étienne Switzerland1 (4) 30 June – Marseille Poland (p)1 (5) Poland1 (3) 25 June – Lens Portugal (p)1 (5) Croatia0 6 July – Décines-Charpieu Portugal (a.e.t.)1 Portugal2 25 June – Paris Wales0 Wales1 1 July – Villeneuve-d'Ascq Northern Ireland0 Wales3 26 June – Toulouse Belgium1 Hungary0 10 July – Saint-Denis Belgium4 Portugal (a.e.t.)1 26 June – Villeneuve-d'Ascq France0 Germany3 2 July – Bordeaux Slovakia0 Germany (p)1 (6) 27 June – Saint-Denis Italy1 (5) Italy2 7 July – Marseille Spain0 Germany0 26 June – Décines-Charpieu France2 France2 3 July – Saint-Denis Republic of Ireland1 France5 27 June – Nice Iceland2 England1 Iceland2 Round of 16 Switzerland vs Poland 25 June 2016 (2016-06-25)15:00 Switzerland 1–1 (a.e.t.) Poland Shaqiri 82' Report Błaszczykowski 39' Penalties Lichtsteiner Xhaka Shaqiri Schär Rodríguez 4–5 Lewandowski Milik Glik Błaszczykowski Krychowiak Stade Geoffroy-Guichard, Saint-ÉtienneAttendance: 38,842Referee: Mark Clattenburg (England) Switzerland Poland GK 1 Yann Sommer RB 2 Stephan Lichtsteiner (c) CB 22 Fabian Schär 55' CB 20 Johan Djourou 117' LB 13 Ricardo Rodríguez CM 11 Valon Behrami 77' CM 10 Granit Xhaka RW 23 Xherdan Shaqiri AM 15 Blerim Džemaili 58' LW 18 Admir Mehmedi 70' CF 9 Haris Seferovic Substitutions: FW 7 Breel Embolo 58' FW 19 Eren Derdiyok 70' MF 16 Gelson Fernandes 77' Manager: Vladimir Petković GK 22 Łukasz Fabiański RB 20 Łukasz Piszczek CB 15 Kamil Glik CB 2 Michał Pazdan 111' LB 3 Artur Jędrzejczyk 58' RM 16 Jakub Błaszczykowski CM 10 Grzegorz Krychowiak CM 5 Krzysztof Mączyński 101' LM 11 Kamil Grosicki 104' SS 7 Arkadiusz Milik CF 9 Robert Lewandowski (c) Substitutions: MF 6 Tomasz Jodłowiec 101' MF 17 Sławomir Peszko 104' Manager: Adam Nawałka Man of the Match: Xherdan Shaqiri (Switzerland) Assistant referees: Simon Beck (England) Jake Collin (England) Fourth official: Anastasios Sidiropoulos (Greece) Additional assistant referees: Anthony Taylor (England) Andre Marriner (England) Reserve assistant referee: Damianos Efthymiadis (Greece) Wales vs Northern Ireland 25 June 2016 (2016-06-25)18:00 Wales 1–0 Northern Ireland McAuley 75' (o.g.) Report Parc des Princes, ParisAttendance: 44,342Referee: Martin Atkinson (England) Wales Northern Ireland GK 1 Wayne Hennessey CB 5 James Chester CB 6 Ashley Williams (c) CB 4 Ben Davies RM 2 Chris Gunter CM 7 Joe Allen CM 16 Joe Ledley 63' CM 10 Aaron Ramsey 90+4' LM 3 Neil Taylor 58' CF 18 Sam Vokes 55' CF 11 Gareth Bale Substitutions: FW 9 Hal Robson-Kanu 55' MF 20 Jonny Williams 63' Manager: Chris Coleman GK 1 Michael McGovern RB 18 Aaron Hughes CB 4 Gareth McAuley 84' CB 20 Craig Cathcart LB 5 Jonny Evans CM 8 Steven Davis (c) 67' CM 13 Corry Evans CM 16 Oliver Norwood 79' RW 19 Jamie Ward 69' LW 14 Stuart Dallas 44' CF 10 Kyle Lafferty Substitutions: FW 11 Conor Washington 69' MF 7 Niall McGinn 79' FW 21 Josh Magennis 84' Manager: Michael O'Neill Man of the Match: Gareth Bale (Wales) Assistant referees: Michael Mullarkey (England) Stephen Child (England) Fourth official: Felix Brych (Germany) Additional assistant referees: Michael Oliver (England) Craig Pawson (England) Reserve assistant referee: Mark Borsch (Germany) Croatia vs Portugal 25 June 2016 (2016-06-25)21:00 Croatia 0–1 (a.e.t.) Portugal Report Quaresma 117' Stade Bollaert-Delelis, LensAttendance: 33,523Referee: Carlos Velasco Carballo (Spain) Croatia Portugal GK 23 Danijel Subašić RB 11 Darijo Srna (c) CB 5 Vedran Ćorluka 120' CB 21 Domagoj Vida LB 3 Ivan Strinić CM 10 Luka Modrić CM 19 Milan Badelj RW 14 Marcelo Brozović AM 7 Ivan Rakitić 110' LW 4 Ivan Perišić CF 17 Mario Mandžukić 88' Substitutions: FW 16 Nikola Kalinić 88' FW 20 Marko Pjaca 110' FW 9 Andrej Kramarić 120' Manager: Ante Čačić GK 1 Rui Patrício RB 21 Cédric CB 3 Pepe CB 4 José Fonte LB 5 Raphaël Guerreiro RM 10 João Mário 87' CM 23 Adrien Silva 108' CM 14 William Carvalho 78' LM 15 André Gomes 50' CF 17 Nani CF 7 Cristiano Ronaldo (c) Substitutions: MF 16 Renato Sanches 50' FW 20 Ricardo Quaresma 87' MF 13 Danilo 108' Manager: Fernando Santos Man of the Match: Renato Sanches (Portugal) Assistant referees: Roberto Alonso Fernández (Spain) Juan Carlos Yuste Jiménez (Spain) Fourth official: Viktor Kassai (Hungary) Additional assistant referees: Jesús Gil Manzano (Spain) Carlos del Cerro Grande (Spain) Reserve assistant referee: György Ring (Hungary) France vs Republic of Ireland 26 June 2016 (2016-06-26)15:00 France 2–1 Republic of Ireland Griezmann 58', 61' Report Brady 2' (pen.) Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Décines-CharpieuAttendance: 56,279Referee: Nicola Rizzoli (Italy) France Republic of Ireland GK 1 Hugo Lloris (c) RB 19 Bacary Sagna CB 4 Adil Rami 44' CB 21 Laurent Koscielny LB 3 Patrice Evra CM 15 Paul Pogba CM 5 N'Golo Kanté 27' 46' CM 14 Blaise Matuidi RW 7 Antoine Griezmann LW 8 Dimitri Payet CF 9 Olivier Giroud 73' Substitutions: FW 20 Kingsley Coman 46' 90+3' FW 10 André-Pierre Gignac 73' MF 18 Moussa Sissoko 90+3' Manager: Didier Deschamps GK 23 Darren Randolph RB 2 Séamus Coleman (c) 25' CB 5 Richard Keogh CB 12 Shane Duffy 66' LB 17 Stephen Ward RM 19 Robbie Brady CM 8 James McCarthy 71' CM 13 Jeff Hendrick 41' LM 11 James McClean 68' CF 9 Shane Long 72' CF 21 Daryl Murphy 65' Substitutions: FW 14 Jonathan Walters 65' DF 4 John O'Shea 68' MF 20 Wes Hoolahan 71' Manager: Martin O'Neill Man of the Match: Antoine Griezmann (France) Assistant referees: Elenito Di Liberatore (Italy) Mauro Tonolini (Italy) Fourth official: Aleksei Kulbakov (Belarus) Additional assistant referees: Daniele Orsato (Italy) Antonio Damato (Italy) Reserve assistant referee: Vitali Maliutsin (Belarus) Germany vs Slovakia 26 June 2016 (2016-06-26)18:00 Germany 3–0 Slovakia Boateng 8' Gómez 43' Draxler 63' Report Stade Pierre-Mauroy, Villeneuve-d'AscqAttendance: 44,312Referee: Szymon Marciniak (Poland) Germany Slovakia GK 1 Manuel Neuer (c) RB 21 Joshua Kimmich 46' CB 17 Jérôme Boateng 72' CB 5 Mats Hummels 67' LB 3 Jonas Hector CM 18 Toni Kroos CM 6 Sami Khedira 76' RW 13 Thomas Müller AM 8 Mesut Özil LW 11 Julian Draxler 72' CF 23 Mario Gómez Substitutions: DF 4 Benedikt Höwedes 72' FW 10 Lukas Podolski 72' MF 7 Bastian Schweinsteiger 76' Manager: Joachim Löw GK 23 Matúš Kozáčik RB 2 Peter Pekarík CB 3 Martin Škrtel (c) 13' CB 4 Ján Ďurica LB 5 Norbert Gyömbér 84' CM 13 Patrik Hrošovský CM 14 Milan Škriniar CM 17 Marek Hamšík RW 19 Juraj Kucka 90+1' LW 7 Vladimír Weiss 46' CF 21 Michal Ďuriš 64' Substitutions: MF 6 Ján Greguš 46' FW 9 Stanislav Šesták 64' DF 16 Kornel Saláta 84' Manager: Ján Kozák Man of the Match: Julian Draxler (Germany) Assistant referees: Paweł Sokolnicki (Poland) Tomasz Listkiewicz (Poland) Fourth official: Björn Kuipers (Netherlands) Additional assistant referees: Paweł Raczkowski (Poland) Tomasz Musiał (Poland) Reserve assistant referee: Erwin Zeinstra (Netherlands) Hungary vs Belgium 26 June 2016 (2016-06-26)21:00 Hungary 0–4 Belgium Report Alderweireld 10' Batshuayi 78' Hazard 80' Carrasco 90+1' Stadium Municipal, ToulouseAttendance: 28,921Referee: Milorad Mažić (Serbia) Hungary Belgium GK 1 Gábor Király RB 2 Ádám Lang 47' CB 20 Richárd Guzmics CB 23 Roland Juhász 79' LB 4 Tamás Kádár 34' CM 8 Ádám Nagy CM 10 Zoltán Gera 46' CM 16 Ádám Pintér 75' RW 14 Gergő Lovrencsics LW 7 Balázs Dzsudzsák (c) CF 9 Ádám Szalai 90+2' Substitutions: MF 6 Ákos Elek 61' 46' FW 17 Nemanja Nikolić 75' FW 13 Dániel Böde 79' Manager: Bernd Storck GK 1 Thibaut Courtois RB 16 Thomas Meunier CB 2 Toby Alderweireld CB 3 Thomas Vermaelen 67' LB 5 Jan Vertonghen CM 4 Radja Nainggolan CM 6 Axel Witsel AM 7 Kevin De Bruyne RW 14 Dries Mertens 70' LW 10 Eden Hazard (c) 81' CF 9 Romelu Lukaku 76' Substitutions: FW 11 Yannick Carrasco 70' FW 22 Michy Batshuayi 89' 76' MF 8 Marouane Fellaini 90+2' 81' Manager: Marc Wilmots Man of the Match: Eden Hazard (Belgium) Assistant referees: Milovan Ristić (Serbia) Dalibor Đurđević (Serbia) Fourth official: Jonas Eriksson (Sweden) Additional assistant referees: Danilo Grujić (Serbia) Nenad Đokić (Serbia) Reserve assistant referee: Daniel Wärnmark (Sweden) Italy vs Spain See also: Italy–Spain football rivalry 27 June 2016 (2016-06-27)18:00 Italy 2–0 Spain Chiellini 33' Pellè 90+1' Report Stade de France, Saint-DenisAttendance: 76,165Referee: Cüneyt Çakır (Turkey) Italy Spain GK 1 Gianluigi Buffon (c) CB 15 Andrea Barzagli CB 19 Leonardo Bonucci CB 3 Giorgio Chiellini RM 8 Alessandro Florenzi 84' CM 18 Marco Parolo CM 16 Daniele De Rossi 54' CM 23 Emanuele Giaccherini LM 2 Mattia De Sciglio 24' SS 17 Éder 82' CF 9 Graziano Pellè 54' Substitutions: MF 10 Thiago Motta 89' 54' FW 20 Lorenzo Insigne 82' DF 4 Matteo Darmian 84' Manager: Antonio Conte GK 13 David de Gea RB 16 Juanfran CB 3 Gerard Piqué CB 15 Sergio Ramos (c) LB 18 Jordi Alba 89' DM 5 Sergio Busquets 89' CM 10 Cesc Fàbregas CM 6 Andrés Iniesta RW 21 David Silva 90+4' LW 22 Nolito 41' 46' CF 7 Álvaro Morata 70' Substitutions: FW 20 Aritz Aduriz 46' 81' FW 9 Lucas Vázquez 70' FW 11 Pedro 81' Manager: Vicente del Bosque Man of the Match: Leonardo Bonucci (Italy) Assistant referees: Bahattin Duran (Turkey) Tarık Ongun (Turkey) Fourth official: Martin Atkinson (England) Additional assistant referees: Hüseyin Göçek (Turkey) Barış Şimşek (Turkey) Reserve assistant referee: Michael Mullarkey (England) England vs Iceland The match has been described as one of England's worst defeats ever. Former footballer and Talksport presenter Stan Collymore, who was commentating on the game, panned the England team, reserving special criticism for goalkeeper Joe Hart and captain Wayne Rooney. Former England international and BBC Sport pundit Alan Shearer described it as the worst performance he had ever seen from an England team. The defeat was called England's most shocking since losing 1–0 to the United States in the 1950 World Cup. The English team was viciously mocked by the press who described it as a "second exit from Europe", as the United Kingdom had voted to leave the European Union just four days earlier. As a result, the match was seen as a national embarrassment. The English media criticized the team to be unfit and the fans to be unsportsmanlike. 27 June 2016 (2016-06-27)21:00 England 1–2 Iceland Rooney 4' (pen.) Report R. Sigurðsson 6' Sigþórsson 18' Stade de Nice, NiceAttendance: 33,901Referee: Damir Skomina (Slovenia) England Iceland GK 1 Joe Hart RB 2 Kyle Walker CB 5 Gary Cahill CB 6 Chris Smalling LB 3 Danny Rose CM 20 Dele Alli CM 17 Eric Dier 46' CM 10 Wayne Rooney (c) 87' RF 15 Daniel Sturridge 47' CF 9 Harry Kane LF 7 Raheem Sterling 60' Substitutions: MF 18 Jack Wilshere 46' FW 11 Jamie Vardy 60' FW 22 Marcus Rashford 87' Manager: Roy Hodgson GK 1 Hannes Þór Halldórsson RB 2 Birkir Már Sævarsson CB 14 Kári Árnason CB 6 Ragnar Sigurðsson LB 23 Ari Freyr Skúlason RM 7 Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson CM 10 Gylfi Sigurðsson 38' CM 17 Aron Gunnarsson (c) 65' LM 8 Birkir Bjarnason CF 9 Kolbeinn Sigþórsson 77' CF 15 Jón Daði Böðvarsson 89' Substitutions: MF 18 Theódór Elmar Bjarnason 77' MF 21 Arnór Ingvi Traustason 89' Managers: Heimir Hallgrímsson Lars Lagerbäck Man of the Match: Ragnar Sigurðsson (Iceland) Assistant referees: Jure Praprotnik (Slovenia) Robert Vukan (Slovenia) Fourth official: Carlos Velasco Carballo (Spain) Additional assistant referees: Matej Jug (Slovenia) Slavko Vinčić (Slovenia) Reserve assistant referee: Roberto Alonso Fernández (Spain) Quarter-finals Poland vs Portugal 30 June 2016 (2016-06-30)21:00 Poland 1–1 (a.e.t.) Portugal Lewandowski 2' Report Sanches 33' Penalties Lewandowski Milik Glik Błaszczykowski 3–5 Ronaldo Sanches Moutinho Nani Quaresma Stade Vélodrome, MarseilleAttendance: 62,940Referee: Felix Brych (Germany) Poland Portugal GK 22 Łukasz Fabiański RB 20 Łukasz Piszczek CB 15 Kamil Glik 66' CB 2 Michał Pazdan LB 3 Artur Jędrzejczyk 42' RM 16 Jakub Błaszczykowski CM 10 Grzegorz Krychowiak CM 5 Krzysztof Mączyński 98' LM 11 Kamil Grosicki 82' SS 7 Arkadiusz Milik CF 9 Robert Lewandowski (c) Substitutions: MF 21 Bartosz Kapustka 89' 82' MF 6 Tomasz Jodłowiec 98' Manager: Adam Nawałka GK 1 Rui Patrício RB 21 Cédric CB 3 Pepe CB 4 José Fonte LB 19 Eliseu DM 14 William Carvalho 90+2' 96' RM 10 João Mário 80' CM 16 Renato Sanches LM 23 Adrien Silva 70' 73' SS 17 Nani CF 7 Cristiano Ronaldo (c) Substitutions: MF 8 João Moutinho 73' FW 20 Ricardo Quaresma 80' MF 13 Danilo 96' Manager: Fernando Santos Man of the Match: Renato Sanches (Portugal) Assistant referees: Mark Borsch (Germany) Stefan Lupp (Germany) Fourth official: Milorad Mažić (Serbia) Additional assistant referees: Bastian Dankert (Germany) Marco Fritz (Germany) Reserve assistant referee: Milovan Ristić (Serbia) Wales vs Belgium 1 July 2016 (2016-07-01)21:00 Wales 3–1 Belgium A. Williams 31' Robson-Kanu 55' Vokes 86' Report Nainggolan 13' Stade Pierre-Mauroy, Villeneuve-d'AscqAttendance: 45,936Referee: Damir Skomina (Slovenia) Wales Belgium GK 1 Wayne Hennessey CB 5 James Chester 16' CB 6 Ashley Williams (c) CB 4 Ben Davies 5' DM 16 Joe Ledley 78' CM 7 Joe Allen CM 10 Aaron Ramsey 75' 90' RW 3 Neil Taylor LW 2 Chris Gunter 24' CF 9 Hal Robson-Kanu 80' CF 11 Gareth Bale Substitutions: MF 8 Andy King 78' FW 18 Sam Vokes 80' DF 19 James Collins 90' Manager: Chris Coleman GK 1 Thibaut Courtois RB 16 Thomas Meunier CB 2 Toby Alderweireld 85' CB 15 Jason Denayer LB 21 Jordan Lukaku 75' CM 4 Radja Nainggolan CM 6 Axel Witsel RW 11 Yannick Carrasco 46' AM 7 Kevin De Bruyne LW 10 Eden Hazard (c) CF 9 Romelu Lukaku 83' Substitutions: MF 8 Marouane Fellaini 59' 46' FW 14 Dries Mertens 75' FW 22 Michy Batshuayi 83' Manager: Marc Wilmots Man of the Match: Hal Robson-Kanu (Wales) Assistant referees: Jure Praprotnik (Slovenia) Robert Vukan (Slovenia) Fourth official: Nicola Rizzoli (Italy) Additional assistant referees: Matej Jug (Slovenia) Slavko Vinčić (Slovenia) Reserve assistant referee: Elenito Di Liberatore (Italy) Germany vs Italy See also: Germany–Italy football rivalry 2 July 2016 (2016-07-02)21:00 Germany 1–1 (a.e.t.) Italy Özil 65' Report Bonucci 78' (pen.) Penalties Kroos Müller Özil Draxler Schweinsteiger Hummels Kimmich Boateng Hector 6–5 Insigne Zaza Barzagli Pellè Bonucci Giaccherini Parolo De Sciglio Darmian Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux, BordeauxAttendance: 38,764Referee: Viktor Kassai (Hungary) Germany Italy GK 1 Manuel Neuer (c) RB 4 Benedikt Höwedes CB 17 Jérôme Boateng CB 5 Mats Hummels 90' LB 3 Jonas Hector RM 21 Joshua Kimmich CM 6 Sami Khedira 16' CM 18 Toni Kroos LM 8 Mesut Özil CF 13 Thomas Müller CF 23 Mario Gómez 72' Substitutions: MF 7 Bastian Schweinsteiger 112' 16' MF 11 Julian Draxler 72' Manager: Joachim Löw GK 1 Gianluigi Buffon (c) CB 15 Andrea Barzagli CB 19 Leonardo Bonucci CB 3 Giorgio Chiellini 120+1' DM 18 Marco Parolo 59' CM 14 Stefano Sturaro 56' CM 23 Emanuele Giaccherini 103' RW 8 Alessandro Florenzi 86' LW 2 Mattia De Sciglio 57' CF 9 Graziano Pellè 91' CF 17 Éder 108' Substitutions: DF 4 Matteo Darmian 86' FW 20 Lorenzo Insigne 108' FW 7 Simone Zaza 120+1' Manager: Antonio Conte Man of the Match: Manuel Neuer (Germany) Assistant referees: György Ring (Hungary) Vencel Tóth (Hungary) Fourth official: Szymon Marciniak (Poland) Additional assistant referees: Tamás Bognár (Hungary) Ádám Farkas (Hungary) Reserve assistant referee: Paweł Sokolnicki (Poland) France vs Iceland 3 July 2016 (2016-07-03)21:00 France 5–2 Iceland Giroud 12', 59' Pogba 20' Payet 43' Griezmann 45' Report Sigþórsson 56' B. Bjarnason 84' Stade de France, Saint-DenisAttendance: 76,833Referee: Björn Kuipers (Netherlands) France Iceland GK 1 Hugo Lloris (c) RB 19 Bacary Sagna CB 22 Samuel Umtiti 75' CB 21 Laurent Koscielny 72' LB 3 Patrice Evra CM 15 Paul Pogba CM 14 Blaise Matuidi RW 18 Moussa Sissoko AM 7 Antoine Griezmann LW 8 Dimitri Payet 80' CF 9 Olivier Giroud 60' Substitutions: FW 10 André-Pierre Gignac 60' DF 13 Eliaquim Mangala 72' FW 20 Kingsley Coman 80' Manager: Didier Deschamps GK 1 Hannes Þór Halldórsson RB 2 Birkir Már Sævarsson CB 14 Kári Árnason 46' CB 6 Ragnar Sigurðsson LB 23 Ari Freyr Skúlason RM 7 Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson CM 17 Aron Gunnarsson (c) CM 10 Gylfi Sigurðsson LM 8 Birkir Bjarnason 58' CF 9 Kolbeinn Sigþórsson 83' CF 15 Jón Daði Böðvarsson 46' Substitutions: FW 11 Alfreð Finnbogason 46' DF 5 Sverrir Ingi Ingason 46' FW 22 Eiður Guðjohnsen 83' Managers: Heimir Hallgrímsson Lars Lagerbäck Man of the Match: Olivier Giroud (France) Assistant referees: Sander van Roekel (Netherlands) Erwin Zeinstra (Netherlands) Fourth official: Milorad Mažić (Serbia) Additional assistant referees: Pol van Boekel (Netherlands) Richard Liesveld (Netherlands) Reserve assistant referee: Milovan Ristić (Serbia) Semi-finals Portugal vs Wales 6 July 2016 (2016-07-06)21:00 Portugal 2–0 Wales Ronaldo 50' Nani 53' Report Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Décines-CharpieuAttendance: 55,679Referee: Jonas Eriksson (Sweden) Portugal Wales GK 1 Rui Patrício RB 21 Cédric CB 2 Bruno Alves 71' CB 4 José Fonte LB 5 Raphaël Guerreiro DM 13 Danilo CM 10 João Mário CM 23 Adrien Silva 79' AM 16 Renato Sanches 74' CF 17 Nani 86' CF 7 Cristiano Ronaldo (c) 72' Substitutions: MF 15 André Gomes 74' MF 8 João Moutinho 79' FW 20 Ricardo Quaresma 86' Manager: Fernando Santos GK 1 Wayne Hennessey CB 5 James Chester 62' CB 19 James Collins 66' CB 6 Ashley Williams (c) RWB 2 Chris Gunter LWB 3 Neil Taylor DM 16 Joe Ledley 58' CM 7 Joe Allen 8' CM 8 Andy King CF 9 Hal Robson-Kanu 63' CF 11 Gareth Bale 88' Substitutions: FW 18 Sam Vokes 58' FW 23 Simon Church 63' MF 20 Jonny Williams 66' Manager: Chris Coleman Man of the Match: Cristiano Ronaldo (Portugal) Assistant referees: Mathias Klasenius (Sweden) Daniel Wärnmark (Sweden) Fourth official: Szymon Marciniak (Poland) Additional assistant referees: Stefan Johannesson (Sweden) Markus Strömbergsson (Sweden) Reserve assistant referee: Paweł Sokolnicki (Poland) Germany vs France See also: France–Germany football rivalry 7 July 2016 (2016-07-07)21:00 Germany 0–2 France Report Griezmann 45+2' (pen.), 72' Stade Vélodrome, MarseilleAttendance: 64,078Referee: Nicola Rizzoli (Italy) Germany France GK 1 Manuel Neuer RB 21 Joshua Kimmich CB 17 Jérôme Boateng 61' CB 4 Benedikt Höwedes LB 3 Jonas Hector CM 14 Emre Can 36' 67' CM 7 Bastian Schweinsteiger (c) 45+1' 79' RW 8 Mesut Özil 45+1' AM 18 Toni Kroos LW 11 Julian Draxler 50' CF 13 Thomas Müller Substitutions: DF 2 Shkodran Mustafi 61' MF 19 Mario Götze 67' MF 20 Leroy Sané 79' Manager: Joachim Löw GK 1 Hugo Lloris (c) RB 19 Bacary Sagna CB 21 Laurent Koscielny CB 22 Samuel Umtiti LB 3 Patrice Evra 43' CM 15 Paul Pogba CM 14 Blaise Matuidi RW 18 Moussa Sissoko AM 7 Antoine Griezmann 90+2' LW 8 Dimitri Payet 71' CF 9 Olivier Giroud 78' Substitutions: MF 5 N'Golo Kanté 75' 71' FW 10 André-Pierre Gignac 78' MF 6 Yohan Cabaye 90+2' Manager: Didier Deschamps Man of the Match: Antoine Griezmann (France) Assistant referees: Elenito Di Liberatore (Italy) Mauro Tonolini (Italy) Fourth official: Damir Skomina (Slovenia) Additional assistant referees: Daniele Orsato (Italy) Antonio Damato (Italy) Reserve assistant referee: Jure Praprotnik (Slovenia) Final Main article: UEFA Euro 2016 Final 10 July 2016 (2016-07-10)21:00 Portugal 1–0 (a.e.t.) France Eder 109' Report Stade de France, Saint-DenisAttendance: 75,868Referee: Mark Clattenburg (England) Portugal France GK 1 Rui Patrício 120+3' RB 21 Cédric 34' CB 3 Pepe CB 4 José Fonte 119' LB 5 Raphaël Guerreiro 95' DM 14 William Carvalho 98' RW 16 Renato Sanches 79' AM 23 Adrien Silva 66' LW 10 João Mário 62' CF 17 Nani CF 7 Cristiano Ronaldo (c) 25' Substitutions: FW 20 Ricardo Quaresma 25' MF 8 João Moutinho 66' FW 9 Eder 79' Manager: Fernando Santos GK 1 Hugo Lloris (c) RB 19 Bacary Sagna CB 21 Laurent Koscielny 107' CB 22 Samuel Umtiti 80' LB 3 Patrice Evra RM 18 Moussa Sissoko 110' CM 15 Paul Pogba 115' CM 14 Blaise Matuidi 97' LM 8 Dimitri Payet 58' SS 7 Antoine Griezmann CF 9 Olivier Giroud 78' Substitutions: MF 20 Kingsley Coman 58' FW 10 André-Pierre Gignac 78' FW 11 Anthony Martial 110' Manager: Didier Deschamps Man of the Match: Pepe (Portugal) Assistant referees: Simon Beck (England) Jake Collin (England) Fourth official: Viktor Kassai (Hungary) Additional assistant referees: Anthony Taylor (England) Andre Marriner (England) Reserve assistant referee: György Ring (Hungary) References ^ UEFA Euro 2016 knockout phase. UEFA.com. ^ UEFA Euro 2016 Final. UEFA.com. ^ a b c d "Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship 2014-16" (PDF). UEFA.com. ^ "Full Time Summary – Switzerland v Poland" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016. ^ a b "Tactical Line-ups – Switzerland v Poland" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016. ^ Burke, Chris (25 June 2016). "Poland edge past Switzerland on penalties". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 25 June 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Who is the referee? UEFA EURO 2016 appointments". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016. ^ "Full Time Summary – Wales v Northern Ireland" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016. ^ a b "Tactical Line-ups – Wales v Northern Ireland" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016. ^ Foulerton, Jim (25 June 2016). "McAuley agony as Wales reach last eight". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 25 June 2016. ^ "Full Time Summary – Croatia v Portugal" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016. ^ a b "Tactical Line-ups – Croatia v Portugal" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016. ^ Atkin, John (25 June 2016). "Quaresma snatches extra-time win for Portugal". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 25 June 2016. ^ "Full Time Summary – France v Republic of Ireland" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016. ^ a b "Tactical Line-ups – France v Republic of Ireland" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016. ^ Haslam, Andrew (26 June 2016). "Griezmann helps France fight back to oust Ireland". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 26 June 2016. ^ "Full Time Summary – Germany v Slovakia" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016. ^ a b "Tactical Line-ups – Germany v Slovakia" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016. ^ Kell, Tom (26 June 2016). "Germany go through the gears to see off Slovakia". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 26 June 2016. ^ "Full Time Summary – Hungary v Belgium" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016. ^ a b "Tactical Line-ups – Hungary v Belgium" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016. ^ Saffer, Paul (26 June 2016). "Hazard-inspired Belgium blow away Hungary". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 26 June 2016. ^ "Full Time Summary – Italy v Spain" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016. ^ a b "Tactical Line-ups – Italy v Spain" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016. ^ Foulerton, Jim (27 June 2016). "Dominant Italy brush aside champions Spain". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 27 June 2016. ^ "England's defeat vs. Iceland at Euro 2016 will go down as one of their worst". ESPN FC. 27 June 2016. ^ "Stan Collymore's magnificent rant at full time of England 1 – Iceland 2 (Video)". 101 Great Goals. 27 June 2016. ^ "Alan Shearer says England's performance vs Iceland was worst ever". Metro. 29 June 2016. ^ "England vs Iceland: Steve McClaren's painful reaction to winning goal in Euro 2016 goes viral". The Independent. 28 June 2016. ^ "England 1-2 Iceland: the internet reacts to another humiliating exit from Europe". The Guardian. 28 June 2016. ^ "The week that was: the world's ugliest dog". The Sunday Times. 3 July 2016. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. ^ "Full Time Summary – England v Iceland" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016. ^ a b "Tactical Line-ups – England v Iceland" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016. ^ Harrison, Wayne (27 June 2016). "Iceland into quarter-finals after stunning England". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 27 June 2016. ^ "Full Time Summary – Poland v Portugal" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016. ^ a b "Tactical Line-ups – Poland v Portugal" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016. ^ James, Andy (30 June 2016). "Draw specialists Portugal beat Poland on penalties". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 30 June 2016. ^ "Full Time Summary – Wales v Belgium" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016. ^ a b "Tactical Line-ups – Wales v Belgium" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016. ^ Hart, Patrick (1 July 2016). "Remarkable Wales shock Belgium to reach semis". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 1 July 2016. ^ "Full Time Summary – Germany v Italy" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 2 July 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016. ^ a b "Tactical Line-ups – Germany v Italy" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 2 July 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016. ^ Adams, Sam (2 July 2016). "Hector the shoot-out hero as Germany finally defeat Italy". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 3 July 2016. ^ "Full Time Summary – France v Iceland" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 3 July 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2016. ^ a b "Tactical Line-ups – France v Iceland" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 3 July 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2016. ^ Burke, Chris (3 July 2016). "Slick France end Iceland saga". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 3 July 2016. ^ "Full Time Summary – Portugal v Wales" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 6 July 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016. ^ a b "Tactical Line-ups – Portugal v Wales" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 6 July 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016. ^ John, Atkin (6 July 2016). "Portugal reach EURO final as Wales fairy tale ends". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 6 July 2016. ^ "Full Time Summary – Germany v France" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ a b "Tactical Line-ups – Germany v France" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ Haslam, Andrew (7 July 2016). "Griezmann double takes France into final". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ "Full Time Summary – Portugal v France" (PDF). UEFA. 10 July 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016. ^ a b "Tactical Line-ups – Portugal v France" (PDF). UEFA. 10 July 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016. ^ Kell, Tom (10 July 2016). "Portugal spoil France's party with extra-time win". UEFA. Archived from the original on 13 July 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to UEFA Euro 2016. UEFA Euro 2016 official history vteUEFA Euro 2016Stages Qualification Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Knockout phase Final General information Bids Broadcasting Squads Statistics Riots Official symbols Beau Jeu (group stage ball) Fracas (knockout phase ball) Super Victor (mascot) Pro Evolution Soccer: UEFA Euro 2016 France (video game) "This One's for You" (song) vteUEFA Euro 2016 finalistsChampions Portugal Runners-up France Eliminated in the semi-finals Germany Wales Eliminated in the quarter-finals Belgium Iceland Italy Poland Eliminated in the round of 16 Croatia England Hungary Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland Slovakia Spain Switzerland Eliminated in the group stageGroup A Albania Romania Group B Russia Group C Ukraine Group D Czech Republic Turkey Group E Sweden Group F Austria	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 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Group E\nMatch 5: Winners Group C vs 3rd Place Group A/B/F\nMatch 6: Winners Group E vs Runners-up Group D\nMatch 7: Winners Group A vs 3rd Place Group C/D/E\nMatch 8: Runners-up Group B vs Runners-up Group F","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro2016_Regulations-3"}],"sub_title":"Combinations of matches in the Round of 16","text":"The specific match-ups involving the third-placed teams depended on which four third-placed teams qualified for the round of 16:[3]Combination according to the four qualified teams","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro2016_Regulations-3"}],"text":"The top two placed teams from each of the six groups qualified for the knockout stage, along with the four best third-placed teams.[3]","title":"Qualified teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bracket"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Round of 16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_knockout_phase#Switzerland_vs_Poland"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Shaqiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xherdan_Shaqiri"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2017996/"},{"link_name":"Błaszczykowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_B%C5%82aszczykowski"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Lichtsteiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Lichtsteiner"},{"link_name":"Xhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit_Xhaka"},{"link_name":"Shaqiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xherdan_Shaqiri"},{"link_name":"Schär","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Sch%C3%A4r"},{"link_name":"Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Lewandowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lewandowski"},{"link_name":"Milik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkadiusz_Milik"},{"link_name":"Glik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Glik"},{"link_name":"Błaszczykowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_B%C5%82aszczykowski"},{"link_name":"Krychowiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_Krychowiak"},{"link_name":"Stade Geoffroy-Guichard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Geoffroy-Guichard"},{"link_name":"Saint-Étienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mark Clattenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Clattenburg"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"Switzerland vs Poland","text":"25 June 2016 (2016-06-25)15:00\nSwitzerland 1–1 (a.e.t.) Poland\n\nShaqiri 82'\nReport\n\nBłaszczykowski 39'\nPenalties\n\nLichtsteiner \nXhaka \nShaqiri \nSchär \nRodríguez \n4–5\n\n Lewandowski\n Milik\n Glik\n Błaszczykowski\n Krychowiak\nStade Geoffroy-Guichard, Saint-ÉtienneAttendance: 38,842[4]Referee: Mark Clattenburg (England)","title":"Round of 16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_knockout_phase#Wales_vs_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"McAuley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_McAuley"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2017997/"},{"link_name":"Parc des Princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_des_Princes"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Martin Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"Wales vs Northern Ireland","text":"25 June 2016 (2016-06-25)18:00\nWales 1–0 Northern Ireland\n\nMcAuley 75' (o.g.)\nReport\n\nParc des Princes, ParisAttendance: 44,342[8]Referee: Martin Atkinson (England)","title":"Round of 16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"0–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_knockout_phase#Croatia_vs_Portugal"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2017998/"},{"link_name":"Quaresma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Quaresma"},{"link_name":"Stade Bollaert-Delelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Bollaert-Delelis"},{"link_name":"Lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens,_Pas-de-Calais"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Carlos Velasco Carballo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Velasco_Carballo"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Football_Federation"}],"sub_title":"Croatia vs Portugal","text":"25 June 2016 (2016-06-25)21:00\nCroatia 0–1 (a.e.t.) Portugal\n\nReport\n\nQuaresma 117'\nStade Bollaert-Delelis, LensAttendance: 33,523[11]Referee: Carlos Velasco Carballo (Spain)","title":"Round of 16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_knockout_phase#France_vs_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Griezmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Griezmann"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2017999/"},{"link_name":"Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Brady"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Parc Olympique Lyonnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_Olympique_Lyonnais"},{"link_name":"Décines-Charpieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cines-Charpieu"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Nicola Rizzoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Rizzoli"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Football_Federation"}],"sub_title":"France vs Republic of Ireland","text":"26 June 2016 (2016-06-26)15:00\nFrance 2–1 Republic of Ireland\n\nGriezmann 58', 61'\nReport\n\nBrady 2' (pen.)\nParc Olympique Lyonnais, Décines-CharpieuAttendance: 56,279[14]Referee: Nicola Rizzoli (Italy)","title":"Round of 16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"3–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_knockout_phase#Germany_vs_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Boateng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Boateng"},{"link_name":"Gómez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_G%C3%B3mez"},{"link_name":"Draxler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Draxler"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2018000/"},{"link_name":"Stade Pierre-Mauroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Pierre-Mauroy"},{"link_name":"Villeneuve-d'Ascq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villeneuve-d%27Ascq"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Szymon Marciniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szymon_Marciniak"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"Germany vs Slovakia","text":"26 June 2016 (2016-06-26)18:00\nGermany 3–0 Slovakia\n\nBoateng 8'\nGómez 43'\nDraxler 63'\nReport\n\nStade Pierre-Mauroy, Villeneuve-d'AscqAttendance: 44,312[17]Referee: Szymon Marciniak (Poland)","title":"Round of 16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"0–4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_knockout_phase#Hungary_vs_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2018001/"},{"link_name":"Alderweireld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Alderweireld"},{"link_name":"Batshuayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michy_Batshuayi"},{"link_name":"Hazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Hazard"},{"link_name":"Carrasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_Carrasco"},{"link_name":"Stadium Municipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_Municipal"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Milorad Mažić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milorad_Ma%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Serbia"}],"sub_title":"Hungary vs Belgium","text":"26 June 2016 (2016-06-26)21:00\nHungary 0–4 Belgium\n\nReport\n\nAlderweireld 10'\nBatshuayi 78'\nHazard 80'\nCarrasco 90+1'\nStadium Municipal, ToulouseAttendance: 28,921[20]Referee: Milorad Mažić (Serbia)","title":"Round of 16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italy–Spain football rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Spain_football_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_knockout_phase#Italy_vs_Spain"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Chiellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Chiellini"},{"link_name":"Pellè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graziano_Pell%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2018002/"},{"link_name":"Stade de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_France"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Cüneyt Çakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BCneyt_%C3%87ak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Football_Federation"}],"sub_title":"Italy vs Spain","text":"See also: Italy–Spain football rivalry27 June 2016 (2016-06-27)18:00\nItaly 2–0 Spain\n\nChiellini 33'\nPellè 90+1'\nReport\n\nStade de France, Saint-DenisAttendance: 76,165[23]Referee: Cüneyt Çakır (Turkey)","title":"Round of 16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Talksport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talksport"},{"link_name":"Stan Collymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Collymore"},{"link_name":"Joe Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Hart"},{"link_name":"Wayne Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Rooney"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"BBC Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport"},{"link_name":"Alan Shearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Shearer"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"1–0 to the United States in the 1950 World Cup.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v_England_(1950_FIFA_World_Cup)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom had voted to leave the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_knockout_phase#England_vs_Iceland"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Rooney"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2018003/"},{"link_name":"R. Sigurðsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar_Sigur%C3%B0sson"},{"link_name":"Sigþórsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbeinn_Sig%C3%BE%C3%B3rsson"},{"link_name":"Stade de Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allianz_Riviera"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Damir Skomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damir_Skomina"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Slovenia"}],"sub_title":"England vs Iceland","text":"The match has been described as one of England's worst defeats ever.[26] Former footballer and Talksport presenter Stan Collymore, who was commentating on the game, panned the England team, reserving special criticism for goalkeeper Joe Hart and captain Wayne Rooney.[27] Former England international and BBC Sport pundit Alan Shearer described it as the worst performance he had ever seen from an England team.[28] The defeat was called England's most shocking since losing 1–0 to the United States in the 1950 World Cup.[29]The English team was viciously mocked by the press who described it as a \"second exit from Europe\", as the United Kingdom had voted to leave the European Union just four days earlier. As a result, the match was seen as a national embarrassment.[30] The English media criticized the team to be unfit and the fans to be unsportsmanlike.[31]27 June 2016 (2016-06-27)21:00\nEngland 1–2 Iceland\n\nRooney 4' (pen.)\nReport\n\nR. Sigurðsson 6'\nSigþórsson 18'\nStade de Nice, NiceAttendance: 33,901[32]Referee: Damir Skomina (Slovenia)","title":"Round of 16"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Quarter-finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_knockout_phase#Poland_vs_Portugal"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Lewandowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lewandowski"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2017901/"},{"link_name":"Sanches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Sanches"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Lewandowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lewandowski"},{"link_name":"Milik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkadiusz_Milik"},{"link_name":"Glik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Glik"},{"link_name":"Błaszczykowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_B%C5%82aszczykowski"},{"link_name":"Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo"},{"link_name":"Sanches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Sanches"},{"link_name":"Moutinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Moutinho"},{"link_name":"Nani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nani_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Quaresma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Quaresma"},{"link_name":"Stade Vélodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Felix Brych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Brych"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"Poland vs Portugal","text":"30 June 2016 (2016-06-30)21:00\nPoland 1–1 (a.e.t.) Portugal\n\nLewandowski 2'\nReport\n\nSanches 33'\nPenalties\n\nLewandowski \nMilik \nGlik \nBłaszczykowski \n3–5\n\n Ronaldo\n Sanches\n Moutinho\n Nani\n Quaresma\nStade Vélodrome, MarseilleAttendance: 62,940[35]Referee: Felix Brych (Germany)","title":"Quarter-finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"3–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_knockout_phase#Wales_vs_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"A. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Williams_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Robson-Kanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Robson-Kanu"},{"link_name":"Vokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Vokes"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2017902/"},{"link_name":"Nainggolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radja_Nainggolan"},{"link_name":"Stade Pierre-Mauroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Pierre-Mauroy"},{"link_name":"Villeneuve-d'Ascq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villeneuve-d%27Ascq"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Damir Skomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damir_Skomina"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Slovenia"}],"sub_title":"Wales vs Belgium","text":"1 July 2016 (2016-07-01)21:00\nWales 3–1 Belgium\n\nA. Williams 31'\nRobson-Kanu 55'\nVokes 86'\nReport\n\nNainggolan 13'\nStade Pierre-Mauroy, Villeneuve-d'AscqAttendance: 45,936[38]Referee: Damir Skomina (Slovenia)","title":"Quarter-finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany–Italy football rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Italy_football_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_knockout_phase#Germany_vs_Italy"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Özil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesut_%C3%96zil"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2017903/"},{"link_name":"Bonucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Bonucci"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Kroos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Kroos"},{"link_name":"Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Özil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesut_%C3%96zil"},{"link_name":"Draxler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Draxler"},{"link_name":"Schweinsteiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastian_Schweinsteiger"},{"link_name":"Hummels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mats_Hummels"},{"link_name":"Kimmich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Kimmich"},{"link_name":"Boateng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Boateng"},{"link_name":"Hector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Hector"},{"link_name":"Insigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Insigne"},{"link_name":"Zaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Zaza"},{"link_name":"Barzagli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Barzagli"},{"link_name":"Pellè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graziano_Pell%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"Bonucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Bonucci"},{"link_name":"Giaccherini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuele_Giaccherini"},{"link_name":"Parolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Parolo"},{"link_name":"De Sciglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattia_De_Sciglio"},{"link_name":"Darmian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Darmian"},{"link_name":"Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_Stade_de_Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Viktor Kassai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Kassai"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Football_Federation"}],"sub_title":"Germany vs Italy","text":"See also: Germany–Italy football rivalry2 July 2016 (2016-07-02)21:00\nGermany 1–1 (a.e.t.) Italy\n\nÖzil 65'\nReport\n\nBonucci 78' (pen.)\nPenalties\n\nKroos \nMüller \nÖzil \nDraxler \nSchweinsteiger \nHummels \nKimmich \nBoateng \nHector \n6–5\n\n Insigne\n Zaza\n Barzagli\n Pellè\n Bonucci\n Giaccherini\n Parolo\n De Sciglio\n Darmian\nNouveau Stade de Bordeaux, BordeauxAttendance: 38,764[41]Referee: Viktor Kassai (Hungary)","title":"Quarter-finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"5–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_knockout_phase#France_vs_Iceland"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Giroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Giroud"},{"link_name":"Pogba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pogba"},{"link_name":"Payet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Payet"},{"link_name":"Griezmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Griezmann"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2017904/"},{"link_name":"Sigþórsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbeinn_Sig%C3%BE%C3%B3rsson"},{"link_name":"B. Bjarnason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkir_Bjarnason"},{"link_name":"Stade de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_France"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Björn Kuipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Kuipers"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"France vs Iceland","text":"3 July 2016 (2016-07-03)21:00\nFrance 5–2 Iceland\n\nGiroud 12', 59'\nPogba 20'\nPayet 43'\nGriezmann 45'\nReport\n\nSigþórsson 56'\nB. Bjarnason 84'\nStade de France, Saint-DenisAttendance: 76,833[44]Referee: Björn Kuipers (Netherlands)","title":"Quarter-finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Semi-finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_knockout_phase#Portugal_vs_Wales"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo"},{"link_name":"Nani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nani_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2017905/"},{"link_name":"Parc Olympique Lyonnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_Olympique_Lyonnais"},{"link_name":"Décines-Charpieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cines-Charpieu"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Jonas Eriksson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Eriksson_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"Portugal vs Wales","text":"6 July 2016 (2016-07-06)21:00\nPortugal 2–0 Wales\n\nRonaldo 50'\nNani 53'\nReport\n\nParc Olympique Lyonnais, Décines-CharpieuAttendance: 55,679[47]Referee: Jonas Eriksson (Sweden)","title":"Semi-finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France–Germany football rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_football_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"0–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_knockout_phase#Germany_vs_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2017906/"},{"link_name":"Griezmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Griezmann"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Stade Vélodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Nicola Rizzoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Rizzoli"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Football_Federation"}],"sub_title":"Germany vs France","text":"See also: France–Germany football rivalry7 July 2016 (2016-07-07)21:00\nGermany 0–2 France\n\nReport\n\nGriezmann 45+2' (pen.), 72'\nStade Vélodrome, MarseilleAttendance: 64,078[50]Referee: Nicola Rizzoli (Italy)","title":"Semi-finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_knockout_phase#Final"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Eder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eder_(footballer,_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2017907/"},{"link_name":"Stade de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_France"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-attendance-53"},{"link_name":"Mark Clattenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Clattenburg"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"}],"text":"10 July 2016 (2016-07-10)21:00\nPortugal 1–0 (a.e.t.) France\n\nEder 109'\nReport\n\nStade de France, Saint-DenisAttendance: 75,868[53]Referee: Mark Clattenburg (England)","title":"Final"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship 2014-16\" (PDF). UEFA.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/Regulations/uefaorg/Regulations/02/03/92/81/2039281_DOWNLOAD.pdf","url_text":"\"Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship 2014-16\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Time Summary – Switzerland v Poland\" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017996_fr.pdf","url_text":"\"Full Time Summary – Switzerland v Poland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Switzerland v Poland\" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017996_lu.pdf","url_text":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Switzerland v Poland\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, Chris (25 June 2016). \"Poland edge past Switzerland on penalties\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 25 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2016/matches/round=2000744/match=2017996/postmatch/report/index.html","url_text":"\"Poland edge past Switzerland on penalties\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who is the referee? UEFA EURO 2016 appointments\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=2372154.html","url_text":"\"Who is the referee? UEFA EURO 2016 appointments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Time Summary – Wales v Northern Ireland\" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017997_fr.pdf","url_text":"\"Full Time Summary – Wales v Northern Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Wales v Northern Ireland\" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017997_lu.pdf","url_text":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Wales v Northern Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"Foulerton, Jim (25 June 2016). \"McAuley agony as Wales reach last eight\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 25 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2016/matches/round=2000744/match=2017997/postmatch/report/index.html","url_text":"\"McAuley agony as Wales reach last eight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Time Summary – Croatia v Portugal\" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017998_fr.pdf","url_text":"\"Full Time Summary – Croatia v Portugal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Croatia v Portugal\" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017998_lu.pdf","url_text":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Croatia v Portugal\""}]},{"reference":"Atkin, John (25 June 2016). \"Quaresma snatches extra-time win for Portugal\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 25 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2016/matches/round=2000744/match=2017998/postmatch/report/index.html","url_text":"\"Quaresma snatches extra-time win for Portugal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Time Summary – France v Republic of Ireland\" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017999_fr.pdf","url_text":"\"Full Time Summary – France v Republic of Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tactical Line-ups – France v Republic of Ireland\" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017999_lu.pdf","url_text":"\"Tactical Line-ups – France v Republic of Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"Haslam, Andrew (26 June 2016). \"Griezmann helps France fight back to oust Ireland\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 26 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2016/matches/round=2000744/match=2017999/postmatch/report/index.html","url_text":"\"Griezmann helps France fight back to oust Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Time Summary – Germany v Slovakia\" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2018000_fr.pdf","url_text":"\"Full Time Summary – Germany v Slovakia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Germany v Slovakia\" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2018000_lu.pdf","url_text":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Germany v Slovakia\""}]},{"reference":"Kell, Tom (26 June 2016). \"Germany go through the gears to see off Slovakia\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 26 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2016/matches/round=2000744/match=2018000/postmatch/report/index.html","url_text":"\"Germany go through the gears to see off Slovakia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Time Summary – Hungary v Belgium\" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2018001_fr.pdf","url_text":"\"Full Time Summary – Hungary v Belgium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Hungary v Belgium\" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2018001_lu.pdf","url_text":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Hungary v Belgium\""}]},{"reference":"Saffer, Paul (26 June 2016). \"Hazard-inspired Belgium blow away Hungary\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 26 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2016/matches/round=2000744/match=2018001/postmatch/report/index.html","url_text":"\"Hazard-inspired Belgium blow away Hungary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Time Summary – Italy v Spain\" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2018002_fr.pdf","url_text":"\"Full Time Summary – Italy v Spain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Italy v Spain\" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2018002_lu.pdf","url_text":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Italy v Spain\""}]},{"reference":"Foulerton, Jim (27 June 2016). \"Dominant Italy brush aside champions Spain\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 27 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2016/matches/round=2000744/match=2018002/postmatch/report/index.html","url_text":"\"Dominant Italy brush aside champions Spain\""}]},{"reference":"\"England's defeat vs. Iceland at Euro 2016 will go down as one of their worst\". ESPN FC. 27 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espnfc.com/blog/the-match/60/post/2896655/england-defeat-vs-iceland-at-euro-2016-one-of-their-worst-ever","url_text":"\"England's defeat vs. Iceland at Euro 2016 will go down as one of their worst\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stan Collymore's magnificent rant at full time of England 1 – Iceland 2 (Video)\". 101 Great Goals. 27 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.101greatgoals.com/101ggvideos/stan-collymores-magnificent-rant-full-time-england-1-iceland-2-video/","url_text":"\"Stan Collymore's magnificent rant at full time of England 1 – Iceland 2 (Video)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Shearer says England's performance vs Iceland was worst ever\". Metro. 29 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://metro.co.uk/2016/06/29/alan-shearer-says-englands-performance-vs-iceland-was-worst-ever-5973435/","url_text":"\"Alan Shearer says England's performance vs Iceland was worst ever\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)","url_text":"Metro"}]},{"reference":"\"England vs Iceland: Steve McClaren's painful reaction to winning goal in Euro 2016 goes viral\". The Independent. 28 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/england-vs-iceland-steve-mcclaren-reaction-goal-euro-2016-a7106896.html","url_text":"\"England vs Iceland: Steve McClaren's painful reaction to winning goal in Euro 2016 goes viral\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"England 1-2 Iceland: the internet reacts to another humiliating exit from Europe\". The Guardian. 28 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/jun/28/england-iceland-internet-reacts-humiliating-euro-2016-brexit","url_text":"\"England 1-2 Iceland: the internet reacts to another humiliating exit from Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"The week that was: the world's ugliest dog\". The Sunday Times. 3 July 2016. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20210714035047/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-week-that-was-zww3tzxxm","url_text":"\"The week that was: the world's ugliest dog\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times","url_text":"The Sunday Times"},{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-week-that-was-zww3tzxxm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Full Time Summary – England v Iceland\" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2018003_fr.pdf","url_text":"\"Full Time Summary – England v Iceland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tactical Line-ups – England v Iceland\" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2018003_lu.pdf","url_text":"\"Tactical Line-ups – England v Iceland\""}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Wayne (27 June 2016). \"Iceland into quarter-finals after stunning England\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 27 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2016/matches/round=2000744/match=2018003/postmatch/report/index.html","url_text":"\"Iceland into quarter-finals after stunning England\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Time Summary – Poland v Portugal\" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017901_fr.pdf","url_text":"\"Full Time Summary – Poland v Portugal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Poland v Portugal\" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017901_lu.pdf","url_text":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Poland v Portugal\""}]},{"reference":"James, Andy (30 June 2016). \"Draw specialists Portugal beat Poland on penalties\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 30 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2016/matches/round=2000449/match=2017901/postmatch/report/index.html","url_text":"\"Draw specialists Portugal beat Poland on penalties\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Time Summary – Wales v Belgium\" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017902_fr.pdf","url_text":"\"Full Time Summary – Wales v Belgium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Wales v Belgium\" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017902_lu.pdf","url_text":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Wales v Belgium\""}]},{"reference":"Hart, Patrick (1 July 2016). \"Remarkable Wales shock Belgium to reach semis\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 1 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2016/matches/round=2000449/match=2017902/postmatch/report/index.html","url_text":"\"Remarkable Wales shock Belgium to reach semis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Time Summary – Germany v Italy\" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 2 July 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017903_fr.pdf","url_text":"\"Full Time Summary – Germany v Italy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Germany v Italy\" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 2 July 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017903_lu.pdf","url_text":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Germany v Italy\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Sam (2 July 2016). \"Hector the shoot-out hero as Germany finally defeat Italy\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 3 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2016/matches/round=2000449/match=2017903/postmatch/report/index.html","url_text":"\"Hector the shoot-out hero as Germany finally defeat Italy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Time Summary – France v Iceland\" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 3 July 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017904_fr.pdf","url_text":"\"Full Time Summary – France v Iceland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tactical Line-ups – France v Iceland\" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 3 July 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017904_lu.pdf","url_text":"\"Tactical Line-ups – France v Iceland\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, Chris (3 July 2016). \"Slick France end Iceland saga\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 3 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2016/matches/round=2000449/match=2017904/postmatch/report/index.html","url_text":"\"Slick France end Iceland saga\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Time Summary – Portugal v Wales\" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 6 July 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017905_fr.pdf","url_text":"\"Full Time Summary – Portugal v Wales\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Portugal v Wales\" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 6 July 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017905_lu.pdf","url_text":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Portugal v Wales\""}]},{"reference":"John, Atkin (6 July 2016). \"Portugal reach EURO final as Wales fairy tale ends\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 6 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2016/matches/round=2000450/match=2017905/postmatch/report/index.html","url_text":"\"Portugal reach EURO final as Wales fairy tale ends\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Time Summary – Germany v France\" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 7 July 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarotesius	Sarotesius	["1 See also","2 References"]	Genus of spiders Sarotesius Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata Class: Arachnida Order: Araneae Infraorder: Araneomorphae Family: Sparassidae Genus: SarotesiusPocock, 1898 Species: S. melanognathus Binomial name Sarotesius melanognathusPocock, 1898 Sarotesius is a monotypic genus of East African huntsman spiders containing the single species, Sarotesius melanognathus. It was first described by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1898, and is found in Africa. See also List of Sparassidae species References ^ a b "Gen. Sarotesius Pocock, 1898". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-10-13. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1898). "The Arachnida from the regions of Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika contained in the collection of the British Museum". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 2 (7): 429–448. doi:10.1080/00222939808678518. Taxon identifiersSarotesius Wikidata: Q18094060 Wikispecies: Sarotesius BioLib: 603606 CoL: 7CLH EoL: 113857 GBIF: 2161555 iNaturalist: 420735 IRMNG: 1314824 ITIS: 872984 Open Tree of Life: 3551188 WSC: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02575 Sarotesius melanognathus Wikidata: Q2401421 ADW: Sarotesius BioLib: 603935 CoL: 6XNQG EoL: 1207945 GBIF: 2161556 iNaturalist: 852588 IRMNG: 11298385 ITIS: 888450 Open Tree of Life: 3551282 WSC: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:029500 This Sparassidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic_taxon"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"huntsman spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparassidae"},{"link_name":"Reginald Innes Pocock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Innes_Pocock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poco1898-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMBE-1"}],"text":"Sarotesius is a monotypic genus of East African huntsman spiders containing the single species, Sarotesius melanognathus. It was first described by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1898,[2] and is found in Africa.[1]","title":"Sarotesius"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Sparassidae species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sparassidae_species"}]	[{"reference":"\"Gen. Sarotesius Pocock, 1898\". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_and_Freedoms	Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms	["1 Differences in the successor states of Czechoslovakia","2 Creation of the Czech Constitution","3 Comparison with the US legislation","4 References"]	Not to be confused with Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Czech. (February 2024) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Czech Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|cs\|Listina základních práv a svobod}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Politics of the Czech Republic Constitution Constitutional acts Charter of Fundamental Rights andBasic Freedoms Executive President (list) Petr Pavel Government Prime Minister (list) Petr Fiala Parliament Senate Chamber of Deputies Judiciary Constitutional Court Supreme Court Supreme Administrative Court High Courts Regional Courts District Courts Recent elections Legislative: 20062010201320172021 Senate: 20142016201820202022 European: 2009201420192024 Presidential:2008201320182023 Administrative divisions Regions Districts Municipalities Foreign relations Czech Republic–Germany relations Czech Republic–France relations Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations Czech Republic–United States relations Czech Republic–China relations Czech Republic–Poland relations Czech Republic–Russia relations Czech Republic–Ukraine relations Politics of the European Union Czech Republic portal Other countries vte The Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (Czech: Listina základních práv a svobod, Slovak: Listina základných práv a slobôd) is a document enacted in 1991 by the Czechoslovak Federative Republic and currently continued as part of the constitutional systems of both the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. Differences in the successor states of Czechoslovakia In the Czech Republic, the document was kept in its entirety as a separate document from the constitution, but imbued with the same legal standing as the constitution. It is a part of the Constitutional Code of the Czech Republic – a sum of constitutional laws and other sources of law, explicitly named in the constitution – that possesses the highest level of legal force. In Slovakia, the basic provisions of the Charter were integrated directly into the Slovak constitution. Though these legal provisions articles are substantively the same, there are some differences, such as the Slovak contention that "the privacy of correspondence and secrecy of mailed messages and other written documents and the protection of personal data are guaranteed." The inclusion of the goals of the Charter directly into the Slovak constitution means that only the Czech Republic currently has a "Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms". Creation of the Czech Constitution An agreement was signed after the negotiations of the prime ministers Václav Klaus and Vladimír Mečiar on in August 1992, that set the date of the dissolution of Czechoslovakia to 31 December 1992. The dissolution was approved by the Parliament in November of the same year. Because of an opposition from the Civic Democratic Alliance (ODA), the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) and especially the prime minister Klaus – who described the Charter as "the weeds of the Constitution" – the Charter never became a part of the Constitution. The time was running out and the members of the parliament had to reach an agreement on the text of the new Czech Constitution. Because of that a new legal term Constitutional Code was created, so that the Charter could have a legal authority similar to the constitution without being a part of the constitution. Viktor Knapp – a distinguished Czech lawyer – called this at the time "a result of a strange legislative compromise". Comparison with the US legislation The document is somewhat analogous to the United States Bill of Rights, although its provisions tend to be more specific, and imbue its citizens with more and different rights than in United States constitutional law, which by contrast recognizes and protects natural rights rather than grant legal entitlement. References ^ Full text of Czech Charter ^ Constitution of the Czech Republic, Art. 112 ^ Constitution of the Slovak Republic, Art. 5–54 Archived 30 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ Constitution of the Slovak Republic, Art. 22 ^ Rychlík, Jan (1998). Češi a Slováci ve 20. století: česko-slovenské vztahy / 2 1945–1992 (in Czech). Bratislava: Acad. Electronic Press. pp. 345–351. ISBN 80-88880-11-4. ^ "Mezi Senátem a prezidentem Václavem Klausem ve čtvrtek opět zajiskřilo". radio.cz (in Czech). Archived from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ Klíma, Karel (2005). Komentář k Ústavě a Listině (in Czech). Plzeň: Aleš Čeněk. p. 56. ISBN 80-86898-44-X. ^ Sládeček, Vladimír (2007). Ústava České republiky: komentář (in Czech) (1st ed.). Prague: C.H. Beck. p. 36. ISBN 978-80-7179-869-9. ^ Knapp, Viktor (1993). "Poslední dějství národního majetku". Právník (in Czech) (6): 456. ISSN 0231-6625.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak Federative Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Federative_Republic"},{"link_name":"constitutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Slovak Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.The Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (Czech: Listina základních práv a svobod, Slovak: Listina základných práv a slobôd) is a document enacted in 1991 by the Czechoslovak Federative Republic and currently continued as part of the constitutional systems of both the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic.","title":"Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charter-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art112-2"},{"link_name":"Slovak constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Slovak_Republic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SlovakRights-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slovak22-4"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"}],"text":"In the Czech Republic, the document was kept in its entirety as a separate document from the constitution, but imbued with the same legal standing as the constitution.[1][2] It is a part of the Constitutional Code of the Czech Republic – a sum of constitutional laws and other sources of law, explicitly named in the constitution – that possesses the highest level of legal force.In Slovakia, the basic provisions of the Charter were integrated directly into the Slovak constitution.[3] Though these legal provisions articles are substantively the same, there are some differences, such as the Slovak contention that \"the privacy of correspondence and secrecy of mailed messages and other written documents and the protection of personal data are guaranteed.\"[4]The inclusion of the goals of the Charter directly into the Slovak constitution means that only the Czech Republic currently has a \"Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms\".","title":"Differences in the successor states of Czechoslovakia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Václav Klaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Klaus"},{"link_name":"Vladimír Mečiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_Me%C4%8Diar"},{"link_name":"dissolution of Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Civic Democratic Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Civic Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"Klaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Klaus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Viktor Knapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Knapp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"An agreement was signed after the negotiations of the prime ministers Václav Klaus and Vladimír Mečiar on in August 1992, that set the date of the dissolution of Czechoslovakia to 31 December 1992.[5] The dissolution was approved by the Parliament in November of the same year.Because of an opposition from the Civic Democratic Alliance (ODA), the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) and especially the prime minister Klaus – who described the Charter as \"the weeds of the Constitution\"[6] – the Charter never became a part of the Constitution. The time was running out and the members of the parliament had to reach an agreement on the text of the new Czech Constitution. Because of that a new legal term Constitutional Code was created, so that the Charter could have a legal authority similar to the constitution without being a part of the constitution.[7][8] Viktor Knapp – a distinguished Czech lawyer – called this at the time \"a result of a strange legislative compromise\".[9]","title":"Creation of the Czech Constitution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Bill of Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights"},{"link_name":"United States constitutional law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_constitutional_law"}],"text":"The document is somewhat analogous to the United States Bill of Rights, although its provisions tend to be more specific, and imbue its citizens with more and different rights than in United States constitutional law, which by contrast recognizes and protects natural rights rather than grant legal entitlement.","title":"Comparison with the US legislation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Rychlík, Jan (1998). 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ISSN 0231-6625.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0231-6625","url_text":"0231-6625"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.usoud.cz/fileadmin/user_upload/ustavni_soud_www/Pravni_uprava/AJ/Listina_English_version.pdf","external_links_name":"Full text of Czech Charter"},{"Link":"http://angl.concourt.cz/angl_verze/rights.php","external_links_name":"Constitution of the Slovak Republic, Art. 5–54"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080430034320/http://angl.concourt.cz/angl_verze/rights.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090402145808/http://www.radio.cz/cz/zpravy/52596","external_links_name":"\"Mezi Senátem a prezidentem Václavem Klausem ve čtvrtek opět zajiskřilo\""},{"Link":"http://www.radio.cz/cz/zpravy/52596","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0231-6625","external_links_name":"0231-6625"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenago_(crater)	Parenago (crater)	["1 Satellite craters","2 References"]	Coordinates: 25°54′N 108°30′W / 25.9°N 108.5°W / 25.9; -108.5Crater on the Moon This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Feature on the moonParenagoLRO imageCoordinates25°54′N 108°30′W / 25.9°N 108.5°W / 25.9; -108.5Diameter93 kmDepthUnknownColongitude110° at sunriseEponymPavel P. Parenago Oblique Lunar Orbiter 5 image, facing west Parenago is an impact crater on the Moon's far side, behind the eastern limb. Nearly attached to the east-southeastern outer rim of Parengo is the crater Berkner. To the south-southwest lies Comrie. This is a worn and eroded crater formation. Attached to the northern outer rim are the satellite craters Parenago W and Parenago Z. Three small craters lie prominently along the edge the inner wall in the southeast quadrant of the interior floor. The floor is otherwise relatively level and is marked by only a few tiny craterlets. Satellite craters By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Parenago. Parenago Latitude Longitude Diameter T 26.0° N 110.7° W 18 km W 27.8° N 109.7° W 49 km Z 28.9° N 109.0° W 18 km References Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097. Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05. Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4. Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1. McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24. Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855. Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6. Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3. Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4. Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3. Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6. Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parenago_crater_5015_h2_h3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lunar Orbiter 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5"},{"link_name":"impact crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"far side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_side_(Moon)"},{"link_name":"Berkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkner_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Comrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comrie_(crater)"}],"text":"Crater on the MoonFeature on the moonOblique Lunar Orbiter 5 image, facing westParenago is an impact crater on the Moon's far side, behind the eastern limb. Nearly attached to the east-southeastern outer rim of Parengo is the crater Berkner. To the south-southwest lies Comrie.This is a worn and eroded crater formation. Attached to the northern outer rim are the satellite craters Parenago W and Parenago Z. Three small craters lie prominently along the edge the inner wall in the southeast quadrant of the interior floor. The floor is otherwise relatively level and is marked by only a few tiny craterlets.","title":"Parenago (crater)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Parenago.","title":"Satellite craters"}]	[{"image_text":"Oblique Lunar Orbiter 5 image, facing west","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Parenago_crater_5015_h2_h3.jpg/240px-Parenago_crater_5015_h2_h3.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewen_Whitaker","url_text":"Whitaker, E. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). \"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature\". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"USGS"}]},{"reference":"Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. 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ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780936389271","url_text":"Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936389-27-1","url_text":"978-0-936389-27-1"}]},{"reference":"McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). \"Lunar Nomenclature\". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://host.planet4589.org/astro/lunar/","url_text":"\"Lunar Nomenclature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%27s_Space_Report","url_text":"Jonathan's Space Report"}]},{"reference":"Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). \"Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU\". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971SSRv...12..136M","url_text":"1971SSRv...12..136M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00171763","url_text":"10.1007/BF00171763"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122125855","url_text":"122125855"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ncraiu_de_Mure%C8%99	Sâncraiu de Mureș	["1 Demographics","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 46°33′N 24°31′E / 46.55°N 24.52°E / 46.55; 24.52Commune in Mureș, RomaniaSâncraiu de Mureș MarosszentkirályCommuneLocation in Mureș CountySâncraiu de MureșLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 46°33′N 24°31′E / 46.55°N 24.52°E / 46.55; 24.52CountryRomaniaCountyMureșGovernment • Mayor (2020–2024) Petru-Ionuț Budian (PNL)Population (2021-12-01)10,403Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Vehicle reg.MS Sâncraiu de Mureș (Hungarian: Marosszentkirály, Hungarian pronunciation: meaning "Holy King on the Mureș River") is a commune in Mureș County, Transylvania, Romania composed of two villages: Nazna / Náznánfalva Sâncraiu de Mureș Around 1930, Cornățel (Egerszeg) village was merged into Sâncraiu de Mureș. Demographics The commune has an ethnically mixed population. According to the 2011 census, it has a population of 7,275 of which 64.52% or 4,694 are Romanians and 30.81% or 2,242 are Székely Hungarians. See also List of Hungarian exonyms (Mureș County) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sâncraiu de Mureș, Mureș. References ^ "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 10 June 2021. ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics. vteMureș County, RomaniaCities Târgu Mureș (county seat) Reghin Sighișoara Târnăveni Towns Iernut Luduș Miercurea Nirajului Sângeorgiu de Pădure Sărmașu Sovata Ungheni Communes Acățari Adămuș Albești Aluniș Apold Ațintiș Băgaciu Bahnea Băla Bălăușeri Band Batoș Beica de Jos Bereni Bichiș Bogata Brâncovenești Breaza Ceuașu de Câmpie Chețani Chibed Chiheru de Jos Coroisânmărtin Corunca Cozma Crăciunești Crăiești Cristești Cucerdea Cuci Daneș Deda Eremitu Ernei Fântânele Fărăgău Gălești Gănești Gheorghe Doja Ghindari Glodeni Gornești Grebenișu de Câmpie Gurghiu Hodac Hodoșa Ibănești Iclănzel Ideciu de Jos Livezeni Lunca Lunca Bradului Mădăraș Măgherani Mica Miheșu de Câmpie Nadeș Neaua Ogra Pănet Papiu Ilarian Păsăreni Petelea Pogăceaua Râciu Răstolița Rușii-Munți Sâncraiu de Mureș Sângeorgiu de Mureș Sânger Sânpaul Sânpetru de Câmpie Sântana de Mureș Sărăteni Saschiz Șăulia Șincai Solovăstru Stânceni Suplac Suseni Tăureni Valea Largă Vânători Vărgata Vătava Vețca Viișoara Voivodeni Zagăr Zau de Câmpie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈmɒrossɛntkiraːj]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian"},{"link_name":"Mureș County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mure%C8%99_County"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"}],"text":"Commune in Mureș, RomaniaSâncraiu de Mureș (Hungarian: Marosszentkirály, Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmɒrossɛntkiraːj] meaning \"Holy King on the Mureș River\") is a commune in Mureș County, Transylvania, Romania composed of two villages:Nazna / Náznánfalva\nSâncraiu de MureșAround 1930, Cornățel (Egerszeg) village was merged into Sâncraiu de Mureș.","title":"Sâncraiu de Mureș"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_people"},{"link_name":"Székely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_people"}],"text":"The commune has an ethnically mixed population. According to the 2011 census, it has a population of 7,275 of which 64.52% or 4,694 are Romanians and 30.81% or 2,242 are Székely Hungarians.","title":"Demographics"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Hungarian exonyms (Mureș County)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_exonyms_(Mure%C8%99_County)"},{"title":"Sâncraiu de Mureș, Mureș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:S%C3%A2ncraiu_de_Mure%C8%99,_Mure%C8%99"}]	[{"reference":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 10 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final","url_text":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","url_text":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)","url_text":"National Institute of Statistics"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=S%C3%A2ncraiu_de_Mure%C8%99&params=46.55_N_24.52_E_source:kolossus-frwiki_region:RO_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"46°33′N 24°31′E / 46.55°N 24.52°E / 46.55; 24.52"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=S%C3%A2ncraiu_de_Mure%C8%99&params=46.55_N_24.52_E_source:kolossus-frwiki_region:RO_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"46°33′N 24°31′E / 46.55°N 24.52°E / 46.55; 24.52"},{"Link":"https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final","external_links_name":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\""},{"Link":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","external_links_name":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheravna_Glacier	Zheravna Glacier	["1 Location","2 See also","3 Maps","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 62°32′50″S 59°40′56″W / 62.54722°S 59.68222°W / -62.54722; -59.68222Glacier in Antarctica Zheravna GlacierLocation of Greenwich Island in the South Shetland IslandsLocation of Zheravna Glacier in AntarcticaShow map of South Shetland IslandsZheravna Glacier (Antarctica)Show map of AntarcticaLocationGreenwich IslandSouth Shetland IslandsCoordinates62°32′50″S 59°40′56″W / 62.54722°S 59.68222°W / -62.54722; -59.68222Length1 nmi (2 km; 1 mi)Width1 nmi (2 km; 1 mi)ThicknessunknownTerminusMcFarlane StraitStatusunknown Zheravna Glacier from near Camp Academia, with Half Moon Island and McFarlane Strait in the foreground and Viskyar Ridge in the background. Topographic map of Livingston Island, Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Zheravna Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Жеравна, romanized: lednik Zheravna, IPA: ) is a glacier on Greenwich Island, Antarctica situated east of Wulfila Glacier and west of Targovishte Glacier. It is bounded by Razgrad Peak to the west, Ilinden Peak and Momchil Peak to the north, and Viskyar Ridge to the east, extending 2 km in the east–west direction and 1.8 km in the north–south direction, and draining southwards into McFarlane Strait between Ephraim Bluff and Sartorius Point. The feature is named after the settlement of Zheravna in the eastern Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria. Location Zheravna Glacier is centred at 62°32′50″S 59°40′56″W / 62.54722°S 59.68222°W / -62.54722; -59.68222 (Bulgarian survey Tangra 2004/05 and mapping in 2005 and 2009). See also List of glaciers in the Antarctic Glaciology Maps L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005. L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4 References Zheravna Glacier. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English) External links Zheravna Glacier. Copernix satellite image This article includes information from the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria which is used with permission. Portal: Geography vteGlaciersTypes Aufeis Cirque Ice cap Ice field Ice sheet Ice shelf Ice stream Ledoyom Outlet glacier Piedmont glacier Rock glacier Valley glacier Anatomy Ablation zone Accumulation zone Bergschrund Blue ice Crevasse Dirt cone Firn Glacier cave Glacier head Ice divide Glacier tongue Icefall Lateral moraine Medial moraine Moraine Moulin Penitente Randkluft Sérac Terminus Processes Ablation Accumulation Basal sliding Calving Creep Motion Outburst flood Overdeepening Periglaciation Plucking Retreat Starvation Surge Measurements Ice core Mass balance Volcanic relations Jökulhlaup Subglacial eruption Subglacial volcano Tuya LandformsErosional Arête Cirque Cirque stairway Crag and tail Finger lake Fjord Glacial horn Glacial lake Glacial striae Hanging valley Nunatak P-form Ribbon lake Roche moutonnée Suncup Tarn Trough lake Trough valley Tunnel valley U-valley Valley step Zungenbecken Depositional Drumlin Erratic block Moraine Moraine-dammed lake Pulju moraine Rogen moraine Sevetti moraine Terminal moraine Till plain Veiki moraine Glaciofluvial Alpentor Diluvium Esker Giant current ripples Kame Kame delta Kettle hole Outwash fan Sandur Urstromtal Glaciology Category List Template:Periglacial environment vteGlaciers in the AntarcticAlphabetic List of glaciers in the Antarctic: A–H List of glaciers in the Antarctic: I–Z By territory Adélie Land Bouvet Island Coats Land Ellsworth Land Enderby Land Graham Land Heard Island and McDonald Islands James Ross Island and Graham Land Kaiser Wilhelm II Land Kemp Land Mac. Robertson Land Marie Byrd Land Oates Land Palmer Archipelago and Graham Land Palmer Land Princess Elizabeth Land Queen Elizabeth Land Queen Mary Land Queen Maud Land Ross Dependency South Georgia South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands Trinity Peninsula and Graham Land Victoria Land Wilkes Land Miscellaneous List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands List of Antarctic ice rises List of Antarctic ice shelves List of Antarctic ice streams List of glaciers List of subantarctic glaciers vteGlaciers of South Shetland Islands This article about a glacier in Greenwich Island is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zheravna-Glacier.JPG"},{"link_name":"Camp Academia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Academia"},{"link_name":"Half Moon Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Moon_Island"},{"link_name":"McFarlane Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarlane_Strait"},{"link_name":"Viskyar Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viskyar_Ridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Livingston-Island-Map-2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"[ˈlɛdniɡ ˈʒɛrɐvnɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Island"},{"link_name":"Wulfila Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfila_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Targovishte Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targovishte_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Razgrad Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razgrad_Peak"},{"link_name":"Ilinden Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden_Peak"},{"link_name":"Momchil Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momchil_Peak"},{"link_name":"Viskyar Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viskyar_Ridge"},{"link_name":"McFarlane Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarlane_Strait"},{"link_name":"Ephraim Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim_Bluff"},{"link_name":"Sartorius Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sartorius_Point"},{"link_name":"Zheravna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheravna"},{"link_name":"Balkan Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"}],"text":"Glacier in AntarcticaZheravna Glacier from near Camp Academia, with Half Moon Island and McFarlane Strait in the foreground and Viskyar Ridge in the background.Topographic map of Livingston Island, Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands.Zheravna Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Жеравна, romanized: lednik Zheravna, IPA: [ˈlɛdniɡ ˈʒɛrɐvnɐ]) is a glacier on Greenwich Island, Antarctica situated east of Wulfila Glacier and west of Targovishte Glacier. It is bounded by Razgrad Peak to the west, Ilinden Peak and Momchil Peak to the north, and Viskyar Ridge to the east, extending 2 km in the east–west direction and 1.8 km in the north–south direction, and draining southwards into McFarlane Strait between Ephraim Bluff and Sartorius Point.The feature is named after the settlement of Zheravna in the eastern Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria.","title":"Zheravna Glacier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"62°32′50″S 59°40′56″W / 62.54722°S 59.68222°W / -62.54722; -59.68222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zheravna_Glacier&params=62_32_50_S_59_40_56_W_type:glacier_region:AQ"},{"link_name":"Tangra 2004/05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangra_2004/05"}],"text":"Zheravna Glacier is centred at 62°32′50″S 59°40′56″W / 62.54722°S 59.68222°W / -62.54722; -59.68222 (Bulgarian survey Tangra 2004/05 and mapping in 2005 and 2009).","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//apcbg.org/image023.jpg"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-954-92032-6-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-92032-6-4"}],"text":"L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.\nL.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4","title":"Maps"}]	[{"image_text":"Zheravna Glacier from near Camp Academia, with Half Moon Island and McFarlane Strait in the foreground and Viskyar Ridge in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Zheravna-Glacier.JPG/275px-Zheravna-Glacier.JPG"},{"image_text":"Topographic map of Livingston Island, Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Livingston-Island-Map-2010.jpg/275px-Livingston-Island-Map-2010.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of glaciers in the Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic"},{"title":"Glaciology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciology"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zheravna_Glacier&params=62_32_50_S_59_40_56_W_type:glacier_region:AQ","external_links_name":"62°32′50″S 59°40′56″W / 62.54722°S 59.68222°W / -62.54722; -59.68222"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zheravna_Glacier&params=62_32_50_S_59_40_56_W_region:AQ_type:glacier","external_links_name":"62°32′50″S 59°40′56″W / 62.54722°S 59.68222°W / -62.54722; -59.68222"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zheravna_Glacier&params=62_32_50_S_59_40_56_W_type:glacier_region:AQ","external_links_name":"62°32′50″S 59°40′56″W / 62.54722°S 59.68222°W / -62.54722; -59.68222"},{"Link":"http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg","external_links_name":"Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands"},{"Link":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=134688","external_links_name":"Zheravna Glacier."},{"Link":"http://apcbg.org/gazet-bg.pdf","external_links_name":"Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer."},{"Link":"http://apcbg.org/gazet.pdf","external_links_name":"basic data"},{"Link":"https://copernix.io/#?where=-59.682736984130884,-62.54492688395219,14&?query=&?map_type=hybrid","external_links_name":"Zheravna Glacier."},{"Link":"http://apcbg.org/","external_links_name":"Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zheravna_Glacier&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Golea	Eugenia Golea	["1 Career","2 Post retirement","3 References"]	Romanian gymnast (born 1971) Eugenia GoleaGolea in the 1980sPersonal informationCountry represented RomaniaBorn (1971-03-10) 10 March 1971 (age 53)Bucharest, RomaniaHeight159 cm (5 ft 3 in)DisciplineWomen's artistic gymnasticsYears on national team1984–88 (ROM)Head coach(es)Adrian GoreacMaria CosmaOctavian BelluAdrian StanFormer coach(es)Mihai DemetrescuLucia Marcu Medal record Olympic Games 1988 Seoul Team competition World Championships 1987 Rotterdam Team competition 1985 Montreal Team competition 1987 Rotterdam Vault European Championships 1987 Moscow Beam 1987 Moscow Vault Eugenia Golea (born 10 March 1971) is a retired Romanian artistic gymnast, who competed in international events between 1984 and 1988. She is known for scoring a perfect 10 for the vault optional in the team competition of the 1987 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships and for being the first gymnast to compete two consecutive layout stepout jumps. She helped her team to win an Olympic silver medal, a world title and a world silver medal. She liked all the events equally, though she excelled in vaulting and floor. On vault she won a world silver medal and a continental bronze and on beam she won a continental silver medal. Career Golea began training at School Club N 2 in Bucharest under the coaching of Lucia Marcu and Mihai Demetrescu. Later she joined the national team at Deva where she trained with Adrian Gorean, Adrian Stan and Maria Cosma. Her debut as a senior in an international event was in 1984. Although she had an excellent showing at the 1984 Balkan Championships where she placed first with the team and third all-around she was left off the 1984 Olympic team. In 1985 she was a member of the silver winning team at the World Championships in Montreal. In 1987, together with Aurelia Dobre, Camelia Voinea, Celestina Popa, Daniela Silivaș and Ecaterina Szabo, Golea was a member of the gold medal winning team at the 1987 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Rotterdam, Netherlands. During the vault optional in the team finals both Aurelia Dobre and Golea scored perfect tens from the judges, Golea being one of three women (along with Elena Shushunova and Svetlana Baitova) to debut the double twisting yurchenko at the World Championships that year. Individually she won the silver medal on vault behind Elena Shushunova. She added two more individual medals at the 1987 European Championships in Moscow, a silver on beam and a bronze on vault. After winning silver with the team at the 1988 Summer Olympics, Golea retired. Post retirement After retiring she joined her brother in an acrobatic circus act. In 1991 she moved to Puerto Rico. There, she worked for a circus and helped coach the Puerto Rican gymnastics team. Golea eventually moved to the United States to work as a gymnastic coach and choreographer. She coached at American Gymnastics in Bedford Hills, New York and YWCA in White Plains, New York. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eugenia Golea. ^ a b Eugenia Golea Archived 2013-09-22 at the Wayback Machine. sports-reference.com ^ a b c d Eugenia Golea. Romanian Olympic Committee ^ a b c d "Gymnastics Greats: Eugenia Golea" Archived 2010-11-09 at the Wayback Machine. Gymn.ca. Retrieved on 2016-10-07. ^ a b “Gymn Forum: 1987 World Artistic Championships, Women's Team ”. Gymn-forum.net. ^ "Geocities: Golea" ^ Eugenia Golea. Gymn-Forum (2015-09-27). ^ 1987 World Artistic Championships, Women's Final Events. Gymn-Forum. ^ 1987 European Artistic Championships, Women's Final Events. Gymn-Forum. ^ Eugenia Golea. Romanian Gymnastics. vteWorld Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Women's Team Competition 1934: Czechoslovakia 1938: Czechoslovakia 1950: Sweden 1954: Soviet Union 1958: Soviet Union 1962: Soviet Union 1966: Czechoslovakia 1970: Soviet Union 1974: Soviet Union 1978: Soviet Union 1979: Romania 1981: Soviet Union 1983: Soviet Union 1985: Soviet Union 1987: Romania 1989: Soviet Union 1991: Soviet Union 1994: Romania 1995: Romania 1997: Romania 1999: Romania 2001: Romania 2003: United States 2006: China 2007: United States 2010: Russia 2011: United States 2014: United States 2015: United States 2018: United States 2019: United States 2022: United States 2023: United States 1987: Romania (ROM), Aurelia Dobre, Eugenia Golea, Celestina Popa, Daniela Silivaș, Ecaterina Szabo, Camelia Voinea	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"artistic gymnast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_gymnast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golea-3"},{"link_name":"1987 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFE87-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skill-5"}],"text":"Eugenia Golea (born 10 March 1971) is a retired Romanian artistic gymnast, who competed in international events between 1984 and 1988.[3] She is known for scoring a perfect 10 for the vault optional in the team competition of the 1987 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships[4] and for being the first gymnast to compete two consecutive layout stepout jumps.[5] She helped her team to win an Olympic silver medal, a world title and a world silver medal. She liked all the events equally, though she excelled in vaulting and floor. On vault she won a world silver medal and a continental bronze and on beam she won a continental silver medal.","title":"Eugenia Golea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cosr-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gymFBG-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golea-3"},{"link_name":"Aurelia Dobre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelia_Dobre"},{"link_name":"Camelia Voinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelia_Voinea"},{"link_name":"Celestina Popa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestina_Popa"},{"link_name":"Daniela Silivaș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniela_Siliva%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Ecaterina Szabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecaterina_Szabo"},{"link_name":"1987 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFE87-4"},{"link_name":"Elena Shushunova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Shushunova"},{"link_name":"Svetlana Baitova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Baitova"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFEF87-7"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFEEF87-8"},{"link_name":"1988 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golea-3"}],"text":"Golea began training at School Club N 2 in Bucharest under the coaching of Lucia Marcu and Mihai Demetrescu. Later she joined the national team at Deva where she trained with Adrian Gorean, Adrian Stan and Maria Cosma.[2][6] Her debut as a senior in an international event was in 1984. Although she had an excellent showing at the 1984 Balkan Championships where she placed first with the team and third all-around she was left off the 1984 Olympic team.[3]In 1985 she was a member of the silver winning team at the World Championships in Montreal.\nIn 1987, together with Aurelia Dobre, Camelia Voinea, Celestina Popa, Daniela Silivaș and Ecaterina Szabo, Golea was a member of the gold medal winning team at the 1987 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Rotterdam, Netherlands. During the vault optional in the team finals both Aurelia Dobre and Golea scored perfect tens from the judges,[4] Golea being one of three women (along with Elena Shushunova and Svetlana Baitova) to debut the double twisting yurchenko at the World Championships that year. Individually she won the silver medal on vault behind Elena Shushunova.[7] She added two more individual medals at the 1987 European Championships in Moscow, a silver on beam and a bronze on vault.[8] After winning silver with the team at the 1988 Summer Olympics, Golea retired.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cosr-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golea-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RGG-9"}],"text":"After retiring she joined her brother in an acrobatic circus act. In 1991 she moved to Puerto Rico. There, she worked for a circus and helped coach the Puerto Rican gymnastics team. Golea eventually moved to the United States to work as a gymnastic coach and choreographer.[2][3] She coached at American Gymnastics in Bedford Hills, New York and YWCA in White Plains, New York.[9]","title":"Post retirement"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/go/eugenia-golea-1.html","external_links_name":"Eugenia Golea"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130922145827/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/go/eugenia-golea-1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cosr.ro/sportiv/eugenia-golea","external_links_name":"Eugenia Golea"},{"Link":"http://www.gymn.ca/gymnasticgreats/wag/golea.htm","external_links_name":"\"Gymnastics Greats: Eugenia Golea\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101109182230/http://www.gymn.ca/gymnasticgreats/wag/golea.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gymn-forum.net/Results/Worlds/Women/1987_teams_1-3.html","external_links_name":"“Gymn Forum: 1987 World Artistic Championships, Women's Team ”"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090829185448/http://geocities.com/ultimateromanians/golea.html","external_links_name":"\"Geocities: Golea\""},{"Link":"http://www.gymn-forum.net/bios/women/golea.html","external_links_name":"Eugenia Golea"},{"Link":"http://www.gymn-forum.net/Results/Worlds/Women/1987_ef.html","external_links_name":"1987 World Artistic Championships, Women's Final Events"},{"Link":"http://www.gymn-forum.net/Results/EChamps/Women/1987_ef.html","external_links_name":"1987 European Artistic Championships, Women's Final Events"},{"Link":"http://www.romanian-gymnastics.com/profiles/others/golea_eugenia.htm","external_links_name":"Eugenia Golea"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Ireland	Court of Appeal (Ireland)	["1 Establishment","2 Cases","3 Composition","3.1 Current members","3.2 Ex officio members","4 References","5 External links"]	Court of civil and criminal appeal in Ireland For the 1877–1924 court, see Court of Appeal in Ireland. Politics of the Republic of Ireland Constitution Amendments PresidencyPresident Michael D. Higgins Council of State Presidential Commission GovernmentCabinet Taoiseach: Simon Harris Tánaiste: Micheál Martin Departments of State Public Service Civil Service State Agencies Attorney General Rossa Fanning Oireachtas Dáil Éireann Ceann Comhairle: Seán Ó Fearghaíl Seanad Éireann Cathaoirleach: Jerry Buttimer Opposition Leader: Mary Lou McDonald Committees Courts Supreme Court Chief Justice: Donal O'Donnell Court of Appeal President: George Birmingham High Court President: David Barniville Special Criminal Court Circuit Court President: Patricia Ryan District Court President: Paul Kelly Elections Constituencies Political parties By-elections Electoral Commission Recent elections General201120162020Presidential200420112018Local201420192024European201420192024 Administrative geography Counties Local government Foreign relations Department of Foreign Affairs Minister: Micheál Martin Irish neutrality Diplomatic missions of / in Ireland Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Ireland–United Kingdom relations Politics of Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement Ireland–UK border Brexit and the Irish border British–Irish Council Australia–Ireland relations Ireland–New Zealand relations Canada–Ireland relations Ireland–United States relations Politics of the European Union Ireland portal Other countries vte The Court of Appeal (Irish: An Chúirt Achomhairc) is a court in Ireland that sits between the High Court and Supreme Court. Its jurisdiction derives from Article 34.4. It was established in 2014, taking over the existing appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in 2014 and replacing the Court of Criminal Appeal and the Courts-Martial Appeal Court (subject to transitional provisions). Appeals to the Supreme Court are at that Court's discretion. Establishment Main article: Thirty-third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The superior courts provided under the Courts of Justice Act 1924 and the 1937 constitution were the High Court and the Supreme Court. By the 1990s, there was a large backlog of cases in which the Supreme Court was required to hear appeals from the High Court. The Supreme Court heard a greater number of cases than its counterparts in other common law states. A working group which reported in 2009 recommended introducing a new court to hear most appeals of High Court judgments, freeing up the Supreme Court to restrict itself to cases of constitutional importance. This would require amending the constitution to remove the general right to appeal to the Supreme Court and allow that court the discretion to decide which cases to hear itself. A constitutional amendment along the lines of the 2009 report was approved in a referendum on 4 October 2013. The Court of Appeal Act 2014 gave effect in primary legislation to the new constitutional provision. The Rules of the Superior Courts and schedule of court fees were then amended by statutory instrument. The court came into operation on 28 October 2014. In February 2014, the government announced that serving High Court judge Sean Ryan would be designated as the president of the new court. On 29 October 2014, the Government nominated Ryan and eight ordinary judges of the Court of Appeal, who were appointed by the President of Ireland on the same day. A ninth ordinary judge, John A. Edwards, was nominated on 11 November 2014, and appointed on 4 December 2014. Nine of the appointees to the new Court were judges of the High Court; one was promoted directly from the Circuit Court. Cases On 28 October 2014, the Supreme Court transferred 258 cases to the Court of Appeal. It later transferred more, to a total of about 1,650 cases. On 10 March 2015, the Court of Appeal upheld a May 2014 High Court ruling that section 2(2) of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1977 was unconstitutional, thus annulling statutory instruments made under section 2(2) which criminalised various designer drugs. Although the government may seek to appeal this to the Supreme Court, it had also made contingency plans for emergency legislation after the High Court ruling, and an Act was rushed through the Oireachtas on 10–11 March 2015. International media reported on the one-day decriminalisation of MDMA and methamphetamine. In September 2016, a paper in The Irish Law Times claimed "the Court of Appeal never had a prayer of solving the problem that was put to the people in this referendum, which was solving the backlog", with 1,814 cases pending at the end of 2015 compared to 2,001 cases at the start. A spokesperson for the court said it would process cases faster when it "finds its rhythm". In October 2017, the court's president said it was "coming to the point of being overwhelmed" by its backlog of cases, with about 600 added annually compared to about 320 dealt with. The Supreme Court offered to take back some of the 650 cases still outstanding from those it had transferred in 2014. In 2014, before the introduction of the Court of Appeal, the waiting time for appeals from the High Court was 5 to 7 years; in 2018, it averaged one year for appeals to the Supreme Court and 2 years to the Court of Appeal. Composition The Court of Appeal consists of its president, up to 15 ordinary judges, and two ex officio members: the Chief Justice (head of the Supreme Court) and the President of the High Court. The President of the Court of Appeal is ex officio an additional judge of both the Supreme Court and the High Court. The Courts Act 2019 increased the number of ordinary judges from 9 to 15. See also: List of Judges of the Court of Appeal (Ireland) Current members denotes President Name Since George Birmingham April 2018 John A. Edwards December 2014 Máire Whelan June 2017 Patrick J. McCarthy July 2018 Caroline Costello November 2018 Isobel Kennedy November 2018 Seamus Noonan November 2019 Mary Faherty November 2019 Robert Haughton November 2019 Úna Ní Raifeartaigh November 2019 Ann Power November 2019 Donald Binchy March 2020 Teresa Pilkington September 2020 Nuala Butler October 2022 Charles Meenan July 2023 Tara Burns July 2023 Brian O'Moore October 2023 Ex officio members Name Since Office Donal O'Donnell October 2021 Chief Justice of Ireland David Barniville July 2022 President of the High Court References ^ Butler, Graham (August 2015). "The Road to a Court of Appeal—Part I: History and Constitutional Amendment". Irish Law Times. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2015. This was out-of-kilter with other jurisdictions of a similar nature in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand and Australia. ^ Working Group on a Court of Appeal (May 2009). Report (PDF). Government Publications. Vol. Prn. A8/0153. Dublin: Stationery Office. ISBN 978-1-4064-2117-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015. ^ "Court of Appeal Act 2014". Irish Statute Book. 20 July 2014. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ "S.I. No. 485/2014 - Rules of the Superior Courts (Court of Appeal Act 2014) 2014". Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ "S.I. No. 492/2014 - Supreme Court, Court of Appeal and High Court (Fees) Order 2014". Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ "Court of Appeal Act 2014 (Establishment Day) Order 2014". Irish Statute Book. Office of the Attorney General. 21 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ a b "Appointments to the Court of Appeal". MerrionStreet.ie. 29 October 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ "President appoints Appeal Court Judges". Áras an Uachtaráin. 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. ^ "Appointment to the Court of Appeal". MerrionStreet.ie. 11 November 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ "President appoints Mr Justice John Edwards as Appeal Court Judge". Áras an Uachtaráin. 2 December 2014. ^ "258 cases transferred to new Court of Appeal". RTÉ News. 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014. ^ a b c "Court of Appeal President warns court close to being overwhelmed". RTÉ.ie. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017. ^ "Bederev -v- Ireland & ors". Judgments. Courts Service of Ireland. IECA 38. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ "Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) Bill 2015 (Number 21 of 2015)". Bills. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ McDonald, Henry (10 March 2015). "Irish Es are smiling – ecstasy and other drugs temporarily legal in Ireland". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ Minihan, Mary (14 March 2015). "Give Me a Crash Course In . . . the temporary legalisation of ecstasy". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015. Media outlets all over the world picked up on the unusual development. ^ a b Gallagher, Conor (19 September 2016). "Court of Appeal backlog 'could take over a decade to clear'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016. ^ O'Donnell, Orla (4 March 2019). "Wait for Supreme Court to hear appeals falls to a year". RTÉ News. Archived from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019. ^ a b "Court of Appeal Act 2014, s.6". Irish Statute Book. 20 July 2014. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2016. ^ "Courts Act 2019: Section 1, Amendment of section 1A of Courts (Establishment and Constitution) Act 1961". Irish Statute Book. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019. ^ "The Judges". Courts Service. Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020. External links Irish Statute Book Thirty-third Amendment of the Constitution Act, 2013 Court of Appeal Act 2014 Courts Service of Ireland Court of Appeal Judgments Supreme Court, Court of Appeal and High Court Fees Court of Appeal Forms Court of Appeal Legal Diary British and Irish Legal Information Institute (BAILII) Irish Court of Appeal cases vteJudiciary of the Republic of IrelandCourtsCurrent Supreme Court Court of Appeal High Court Special Criminal Court Circuit Court District Court Former Court of Criminal Appeal Supreme Court of Judicature Court of Chancery Court of King's Bench Court of Common Pleas Court of Exchequer Court of Appeal High Court of Justice JusticesCurrent Chief Justice President of the Court of Appeal President of the High Court Former Lord Chancellor of Ireland Lord Chief Justice of Ireland Master of the Rolls in Ireland Recorder of Dublin Law OfficersCurrent Attorney General Former Attorney-General for Ireland Solicitor-General for Ireland BuildingsCurrent Four Courts Criminal Courts of Justice Former Green Street Courthouse	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Court of Appeal in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"appellate jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"Court of Criminal Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Criminal_Appeal_(Ireland)"}],"text":"For the 1877–1924 court, see Court of Appeal in Ireland.The Court of Appeal (Irish: An Chúirt Achomhairc) is a court in Ireland that sits between the High Court and Supreme Court. Its jurisdiction derives from Article 34.4. It was established in 2014, taking over the existing appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in 2014 and replacing the Court of Criminal Appeal and the Courts-Martial Appeal Court (subject to transitional provisions). Appeals to the Supreme Court are at that Court's discretion.","title":"Court of Appeal (Ireland)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Courts of Justice Act 1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courts_of_Justice_Act_1924"},{"link_name":"1937 constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"constitutional amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"primary legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_legislation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"court fees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_fees"},{"link_name":"statutory instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_instrument"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sean Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Ryan_(judge)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MerrionStreet.ie-7"},{"link_name":"President of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Circuit Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Court_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MerrionStreet.ie-7"}],"text":"The superior courts provided under the Courts of Justice Act 1924 and the 1937 constitution were the High Court and the Supreme Court. By the 1990s, there was a large backlog of cases in which the Supreme Court was required to hear appeals from the High Court. The Supreme Court heard a greater number of cases than its counterparts in other common law states.[1] A working group which reported in 2009 recommended introducing a new court to hear most appeals of High Court judgments, freeing up the Supreme Court to restrict itself to cases of constitutional importance. This would require amending the constitution to remove the general right to appeal to the Supreme Court and allow that court the discretion to decide which cases to hear itself.[2]A constitutional amendment along the lines of the 2009 report was approved in a referendum on 4 October 2013. The Court of Appeal Act 2014 gave effect in primary legislation to the new constitutional provision.[3] The Rules of the Superior Courts and schedule of court fees were then amended by statutory instrument.[4][5] The court came into operation on 28 October 2014.[6]In February 2014, the government announced that serving High Court judge Sean Ryan would be designated as the president of the new court. On 29 October 2014, the Government nominated Ryan and eight ordinary judges of the Court of Appeal,[7] who were appointed by the President of Ireland on the same day.[8] A ninth ordinary judge, John A. Edwards, was nominated on 11 November 2014,[9] and appointed on 4 December 2014.[10] Nine of the appointees to the new Court were judges of the High Court; one was promoted directly from the Circuit Court.[7]","title":"Establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rte915433-12"},{"link_name":"statutory instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_instrument"},{"link_name":"designer drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_drug"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Oireachtas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oireachtas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"MDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA"},{"link_name":"methamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-it2796120-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-it2796120-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rte915433-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rte915433-12"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"On 28 October 2014, the Supreme Court transferred 258 cases to the Court of Appeal.[11] It later transferred more, to a total of about 1,650 cases.[12]On 10 March 2015, the Court of Appeal upheld a May 2014 High Court ruling that section 2(2) of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1977 was unconstitutional, thus annulling statutory instruments made under section 2(2) which criminalised various designer drugs.[13] Although the government may seek to appeal this to the Supreme Court, it had also made contingency plans for emergency legislation after the High Court ruling, and an Act was rushed through the Oireachtas on 10–11 March 2015.[14] International media reported on the one-day decriminalisation of MDMA and methamphetamine.[15][16]In September 2016, a paper in The Irish Law Times claimed \"the Court of Appeal never had a prayer of solving the problem that was put to the people in this referendum, which was solving the backlog\", with 1,814 cases pending at the end of 2015 compared to 2,001 cases at the start.[17] A spokesperson for the court said it would process cases faster when it \"finds its rhythm\".[17] In October 2017, the court's president said it was \"coming to the point of being overwhelmed\" by its backlog of cases, with about 600 added annually compared to about 320 dealt with.[12] The Supreme Court offered to take back some of the 650 cases still outstanding from those it had transferred in 2014.[12]In 2014, before the introduction of the Court of Appeal, the waiting time for appeals from the High Court was 5 to 7 years; in 2018, it averaged one year for appeals to the Supreme Court and 2 years to the Court of Appeal.[18]","title":"Cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ex officio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_officio"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-act2014n18s6-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-act2014n18s6-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"List of Judges of the Court of Appeal (Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Judges_of_the_Court_of_Appeal_(Ireland)"}],"text":"The Court of Appeal consists of its president, up to 15 ordinary judges, and two ex officio members: the Chief Justice (head of the Supreme Court) and the President of the High Court.[19] The President of the Court of Appeal is ex officio an additional judge of both the Supreme Court and the High Court.[19] The Courts Act 2019 increased the number of ordinary judges from 9 to 15.[20]See also: List of Judges of the Court of Appeal (Ireland)","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current members","text":"denotes President","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ex officio members","title":"Composition"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Butler, Graham (August 2015). \"The Road to a Court of Appeal—Part I: History and Constitutional Amendment\". Irish Law Times. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2015. This was out-of-kilter with other jurisdictions of a similar nature in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand and Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://jura.ku.dk/cecs/staff/?pure=en%2Fpublications%2Fthe-road-to-a-court-of-appealpart-i-history-and-constitutional-amendment(8a0b30dc-8d94-4fa5-88af-cde17c48a05d).html","url_text":"\"The Road to a Court of Appeal—Part I: History and Constitutional Amendment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Law_Times","url_text":"Irish Law Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160316011928/http://jura.ku.dk/cecs/staff/?pure=en%2Fpublications%2Fthe-road-to-a-court-of-appealpart-i-history-and-constitutional-amendment%288a0b30dc-8d94-4fa5-88af-cde17c48a05d%29.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Working Group on a Court of Appeal (May 2009). Report (PDF). Government Publications. Vol. Prn. A8/0153. Dublin: Stationery Office. ISBN 978-1-4064-2117-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.courts.ie/Courts.ie/library3.nsf/(WebFiles)/D3E9CCA7BAAB5F868025760B0032EA4E/$FILE/Report%20of%20the%20Working%20Group%20on%20a%20Court%20of%20Appeal.pdf","url_text":"Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4064-2117-0","url_text":"978-1-4064-2117-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210809/http://www.courts.ie/Courts.ie/library3.nsf/(WebFiles)/D3E9CCA7BAAB5F868025760B0032EA4E/$FILE/Report%20of%20the%20Working%20Group%20on%20a%20Court%20of%20Appeal.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Court of Appeal Act 2014\". Irish Statute Book. 20 July 2014. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2014/en/act/pub/0018/index.html","url_text":"\"Court of Appeal Act 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book","url_text":"Irish Statute Book"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150723004532/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2014/en/act/pub/0018/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"S.I. No. 485/2014 - Rules of the Superior Courts (Court of Appeal Act 2014) 2014\". Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2014/en/si/0485.html","url_text":"\"S.I. No. 485/2014 - Rules of the Superior Courts (Court of Appeal Act 2014) 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book","url_text":"Irish Statute Book"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125232/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2014/en/si/0485.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"S.I. No. 492/2014 - Supreme Court, Court of Appeal and High Court (Fees) Order 2014\". Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2014/en/si/0492.html","url_text":"\"S.I. No. 492/2014 - Supreme Court, Court of Appeal and High Court (Fees) Order 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book","url_text":"Irish Statute Book"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153330/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2014/en/si/0492.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Court of Appeal Act 2014 (Establishment Day) Order 2014\". Irish Statute Book. Office of the Attorney General. 21 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. 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Áras an Uachtaráin. 2 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.president.ie/engagements/week-beginning-monday-1st-december-2014/","url_text":"\"President appoints Mr Justice John Edwards as Appeal Court Judge\""}]},{"reference":"\"258 cases transferred to new Court of Appeal\". RTÉ News. 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/2014/1029/655650-court/","url_text":"\"258 cases transferred to new Court of Appeal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_News","url_text":"RTÉ News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141029201535/http://www.rte.ie/news/2014/1029/655650-court/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Court of Appeal President warns court close to being overwhelmed\". RTÉ.ie. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. 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Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://courts.ie/Judgments.nsf/bce24a8184816f1580256ef30048ca50/ad1638c8122f48ef80257e04003f88df?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"Bederev -v- Ireland & ors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134140/http://courts.ie/Judgments.nsf/bce24a8184816f1580256ef30048ca50/ad1638c8122f48ef80257e04003f88df?OpenDocument","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) Bill 2015 (Number 21 of 2015)\". Bills. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=28479&&CatID=59","url_text":"\"Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) Bill 2015 (Number 21 of 2015)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150322200120/http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=28479&&CatID=59","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Henry (10 March 2015). \"Irish Es are smiling – ecstasy and other drugs temporarily legal in Ireland\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/10/irish-es-are-smiling-ecstasy-drugs-temporarily-legal-in-ireland","url_text":"\"Irish Es are smiling – ecstasy and other drugs temporarily legal in Ireland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150316172727/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/10/irish-es-are-smiling-ecstasy-drugs-temporarily-legal-in-ireland","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Minihan, Mary (14 March 2015). \"Give Me a Crash Course In . . . the temporary legalisation of ecstasy\". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015. Media outlets all over the world picked up on the unusual development.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/give-me-a-crash-course-in-the-temporary-legalisation-of-ecstasy-1.2138755","url_text":"\"Give Me a Crash Course In . . . the temporary legalisation of ecstasy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150315053043/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/give-me-a-crash-course-in-the-temporary-legalisation-of-ecstasy-1.2138755","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, Conor (19 September 2016). \"Court of Appeal backlog 'could take over a decade to clear'\". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. 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Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2014/act/18/section/6/enacted/en/html#sec6","url_text":"\"Court of Appeal Act 2014, s.6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book","url_text":"Irish Statute Book"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171031225420/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2014/act/18/section/6/enacted/en/html#sec6","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Courts Act 2019: Section 1, Amendment of section 1A of Courts (Establishment and Constitution) Act 1961\". Irish Statute Book. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2019/act/30/section/1/enacted/en/html#sec1","url_text":"\"Courts Act 2019: Section 1, Amendment of section 1A of Courts (Establishment and Constitution) Act 1961\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book","url_text":"Irish Statute Book"}]},{"reference":"\"The Judges\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Assembly_Line	Apple Assembly Line	["1 Overview","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Apple Assembly Line" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Apple Assembly Line was a monthly newsletter edited by Bob Sander-Cederlof from October 1980 through May 1988. The publisher was S-C Software Corporation based in Dallas, Texas. Overview The newsletter focused on assembly language programming for the Apple II personal computer. Initially, the programs were only written for the MOS 6502 microprocessor, but this expanded to the 65C02, 65802, and 65816 microprocessors as the Apple II family continued to develop. Sander-Cederlof used the S-C Macro Assembler, which he had authored and sold himself, to publish his programs. At its peak, the newsletter had over 1000 subscribers–mainly those learning to program in assembly language–with issues being mailed all over the world. In a retrospective of Apple II periodicals, Steven Weyhrich wrote: This was something more than a newsletter, but not quite a magazine. It was edited and printed by Bob Sander-Cederlof, author of the S-C Macro Assembler, and was written initially for support of that product. It included information about how to write assembly language routines for various projects, and one of Sander-Cederlof’s favorite pastimes was finding ways to squeeze the most code into the fewest bytes possible. Often he would take sections of code from Apple’s system software, disassemble it, and point out how it could have been coded more tightly or efficiently. He also included various products that he or others had written that were useful for other programmers, including a package of extensions for Applesoft BASIC that allowed 18-digit-precision math functions. See also List of publications and periodicals devoted to the Apple II References ^ "Apple Assembly Line. Volume 3 Issue 5". Easy68k. Retrieved 17 June 2020. ^ a b "Apple Assembly Line Archive". www.txbobsc.com. Retrieved 24 April 2019. ^ Steven Weyhrich (2 July 2010). "20-Magazines". Apple II History. Retrieved 24 April 2019. External links Official Archive iPhone Purchasing Downloadable Programs This computer magazine or journal-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte This article about Apple Inc. is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"newsletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsletter"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Apple Assembly Line was a monthly newsletter edited by Bob Sander-Cederlof from October 1980 through May 1988. The publisher was S-C Software Corporation based in Dallas, Texas.[1]","title":"Apple Assembly Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"assembly language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language"},{"link_name":"Apple II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II_series"},{"link_name":"MOS 6502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology"},{"link_name":"65C02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDC_65C02"},{"link_name":"65802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDC_65C816"},{"link_name":"65816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDC_65C816"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"routines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutine"},{"link_name":"Applesoft BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applesoft_BASIC"}],"text":"The newsletter focused on assembly language programming for the Apple II personal computer. Initially, the programs were only written for the MOS 6502 microprocessor, but this expanded to the 65C02, 65802, and 65816 microprocessors as the Apple II family continued to develop.[2]Sander-Cederlof used the S-C Macro Assembler, which he had authored and sold himself, to publish his programs. At its peak, the newsletter had over 1000 subscribers–mainly those learning to program in assembly language–with issues being mailed all over the world.[2]In a retrospective of Apple II periodicals, Steven Weyhrich wrote:[3]This was something more than a newsletter, but not quite a magazine. It was edited and printed by Bob Sander-Cederlof, author of the S-C Macro Assembler, and was written initially for support of that product. It included information about how to write assembly language routines for various projects, and one of Sander-Cederlof’s favorite pastimes was finding ways to squeeze the most code into the fewest bytes possible. Often he would take sections of code from Apple’s system software, disassemble it, and point out how it could have been coded more tightly or efficiently. He also included various products that he or others had written that were useful for other programmers, including a package of extensions for Applesoft BASIC that allowed 18-digit-precision math functions.","title":"Overview"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of publications and periodicals devoted to the Apple II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_and_periodicals_devoted_to_the_Apple_II"}]	[{"reference":"\"Apple Assembly Line. Volume 3 Issue 5\". Easy68k. Retrieved 17 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.easy68k.com/paulrsm/6502/AAL/AAL8302.TXT","url_text":"\"Apple Assembly Line. Volume 3 Issue 5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple Assembly Line Archive\". www.txbobsc.com. Retrieved 24 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.txbobsc.com/aal/","url_text":"\"Apple Assembly Line Archive\""}]},{"reference":"Steven Weyhrich (2 July 2010). \"20-Magazines\". Apple II History. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_Bifferty	Skip Bifferty	["1 History","2 Personnel","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]	Skip BiffertyAlso known asHeavy JellyOriginNewcastle, EnglandGenres Psychedelic rock psychedelic pop Years active1966–1969LabelsRCA VictorPast membersGraham BellMick GallagherColin GibsonJohn Turnbull Tommy JackmanPaul Nichols Skip Bifferty were an English psychedelic rock band formed in early 1966. The band featured future members of Ian Dury and The Blockheads. History Skip Bifferty were formed when Newcastle upon Tyne band The Chosen Few (featuring Alan Hull, later of Lindisfarne) changed their name and recruited a new singer, Graham Bell, to replace Hull. Managed by Don Arden, father of Sharon Osbourne, the band were given a contract by RCA Records. For RCA, the group released a number of psychedelic singles, including "Man in Black" (produced by Steve Marriott and Ronnie Lane, both then in the Small Faces), and the 1967 album Skip Bifferty, most recently released with bonus tracks as The Story of Skip Bifferty on Sanctuary Records. Some of their songs were covered by established artists Cilla Black, The Tremeloes and The Kingsmen, and they built a following on the live circuit, including touring with The Who in October 1968. They also appeared in the 1960s cult film Smashing Time, featuring Rita Tushingham. However, a management dispute with Arden eventually led to the band's demise under that name in November 1968. Early in 1969, under the pseudonym 'Heavy Jelly' and with Paul Nichols replacing Jackman on drums, the band released one single on Island Records, "I Keep Singing That Same Old Song", which received exposure on the Island Records sampler LP Nice Enough to Eat. The name was taken from a joke review in the London magazine Time Out, and confusingly was soon after also used by another group, which featured Jackie Lomax as lead singer, prior to the commencement of his solo career. Uncovered as Skip Bifferty and without a recording contract, the band, now with Fred Wheatley on drums, split soon after. Together with Turnbull and Gallagher, Bell formed Bell & Arc in July 1971. Bassist Colin Gibson went on to work with Ginger Baker, Bert Jansch, Alvin Lee and Van Morrison, amongst others. John Turnbull and Mick Gallagher reappeared as Loving Awareness, in 1974, and, in 1977, in The Blockheads, backing Ian Dury; in 1979 Gallagher played and recorded with The Clash and The Only Ones. Personnel Graham Bell: vocals Mick Gallagher: keyboards Colin Gibson: bass John Turnbull: guitar, vocals Tommy Jackman: drums Paul Nichols: drums on Heavy Jelly Discography "On Love" / "Cover Girl" (RCA Victor RCA 1621, 1967) "Happy Land" / "Reason to Live" (RCA Victor RCA 1648, 1967) "Man in Black" / "Mr. Money Man" (RCA Victor RCA 1720, July 1968) L.P.: Skip Bifferty (RCA Victor SF 7941 / RD 7941 , September 1968) "I Keep Singing That Same Old Song" / "Blue" (Island WIP-6049, January 1969) "Skip Bifferty--The Story of Skip Bifferty " (Sanctuary/Castle CMEDD 518, 2003) 2CD References ^ "Skip Bifferty Biography, Songs, & Albums". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 April 2023. ^ a b c Larkin C Virgin Encyclopedia of Sixties Music (Muze UK Ltd, 1997) ISBN 0-7535-0149-X p. 410 ^ Andrew Neill, Matthew Kent, Roger Daltrey, Chris Stamp: Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere: The Complete Chronicle of the Who 1958–1978 (Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2009) ISBN 1-4027-6691-2 p145 ^ Arden's side of the somewhat bizarre intrigue is told in "One Of The Family" by John Pearson (Random House, 2011) ISBN 1-4464-5731-1 ^ Clocking in at 8.22, this was at the time the longest single ever released ^ a b Larkin C Virgin Encyclopedia of Sixties Music (Muze UK Ltd, 1997) ISBN 0-7535-0149-X p. 229 ^ Uncredited, Biography of Heavy Jelly; AllMusic. Retrieved 2017-03-11. ^ note: some sources infer that the band were responsible for the Time Out joke as a marketing device for the relaunch of the band, but this does not appear to be verified External links Skip Bifferty Shindig! Magazine review Authority control databases International ISNI Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"psychedelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rock"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Ian Dury and The Blockheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Dury"}],"text":"Skip Bifferty were an English psychedelic rock band formed in early 1966. The band featured future members of Ian Dury and The Blockheads.","title":"Skip Bifferty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Alan Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hull"},{"link_name":"Lindisfarne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfarne_(band)"},{"link_name":"Graham Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Bell_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin2-2"},{"link_name":"Don Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Arden"},{"link_name":"Sharon Osbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Osbourne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin2-2"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"psychedelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rock"},{"link_name":"Small Faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Faces"},{"link_name":"Skip Bifferty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_Bifferty_(album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin2-2"},{"link_name":"Sanctuary Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_Records"},{"link_name":"Cilla Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilla_Black"},{"link_name":"The Tremeloes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tremeloes"},{"link_name":"The Kingsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingsmen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Smashing Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smashing_Time"},{"link_name":"Rita Tushingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Tushingham"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Island Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nice Enough to Eat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice_Enough_to_Eat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-6"},{"link_name":"Time Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(company)"},{"link_name":"Jackie Lomax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Lomax"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Colin Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Gibson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ginger Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Baker"},{"link_name":"Bert Jansch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Jansch"},{"link_name":"Alvin Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Lee"},{"link_name":"Van Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Loving Awareness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loving_Awareness"},{"link_name":"The Blockheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blockheads"},{"link_name":"Ian Dury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Dury"},{"link_name":"The Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash"},{"link_name":"The Only Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Only_Ones"}],"text":"Skip Bifferty were formed when Newcastle upon Tyne band The Chosen Few (featuring Alan Hull, later of Lindisfarne) changed their name and recruited a new singer, Graham Bell, to replace Hull.[2] Managed by Don Arden, father of Sharon Osbourne,[2] the band were given a contract by RCA Records.For RCA, the group released a number of psychedelic singles, including \"Man in Black\" (produced by Steve Marriott and Ronnie Lane, both then in the Small Faces), and the 1967 album Skip Bifferty,[2] most recently released with bonus tracks as The Story of Skip Bifferty on Sanctuary Records. Some of their songs were covered by established artists Cilla Black, The Tremeloes and The Kingsmen,[citation needed] and they built a following on the live circuit, including touring with The Who in October 1968.[3] They also appeared in the 1960s cult film Smashing Time, featuring Rita Tushingham.However, a management dispute with Arden[4] eventually led to the band's demise under that name in November 1968. Early in 1969, under the pseudonym 'Heavy Jelly' and with Paul Nichols replacing Jackman on drums, the band released one single on Island Records, \"I Keep Singing That Same Old Song\",[5] which received exposure on the Island Records sampler LP Nice Enough to Eat.[6] The name was taken from a joke review in the London magazine Time Out, and confusingly was soon after also used by another group, which featured Jackie Lomax as lead singer, prior to the commencement of his solo career.[7][6][8] Uncovered as Skip Bifferty and without a recording contract, the band, now with Fred Wheatley on drums, split soon after.Together with Turnbull and Gallagher, Bell formed Bell & Arc in July 1971. Bassist Colin Gibson went on to work with Ginger Baker, Bert Jansch, Alvin Lee and Van Morrison, amongst others. John Turnbull and Mick Gallagher reappeared as Loving Awareness, in 1974, and, in 1977, in The Blockheads, backing Ian Dury; in 1979 Gallagher played and recorded with The Clash and The Only Ones.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graham Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Bell_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Mick Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Colin Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Gibson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"John Turnbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turnbull_(musician)"}],"text":"Graham Bell: vocals\nMick Gallagher: keyboards\nColin Gibson: bass\nJohn Turnbull: guitar, vocals\nTommy Jackman: drums\nPaul Nichols: drums on Heavy Jelly","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RCA Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Victor"}],"text":"\"On Love\" / \"Cover Girl\" (RCA Victor RCA 1621, 1967)\n\"Happy Land\" / \"Reason to Live\" (RCA Victor RCA 1648, 1967)\n\"Man in Black\" / \"Mr. Money Man\" (RCA Victor RCA 1720, July 1968)\nL.P.: Skip Bifferty (RCA Victor SF 7941 [stereo] / RD 7941 [mono], September 1968)\n\"I Keep Singing That Same Old Song\" / \"Blue\" [as Heavy Jelly] (Island WIP-6049, January 1969)\n\"Skip Bifferty--The Story of Skip Bifferty \" (Sanctuary/Castle CMEDD 518, 2003) 2CD","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Skip Bifferty Biography, Songs, & Albums\". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/skip-bifferty-mn0000016792/biography","url_text":"\"Skip Bifferty Biography, Songs, & Albums\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/skip-bifferty-mn0000016792/biography","external_links_name":"\"Skip Bifferty Biography, Songs, & Albums\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/heavy-jelly-mn0001275031","external_links_name":"Biography of Heavy Jelly"},{"Link":"http://alexgitlin.com/npp/skipb.htm","external_links_name":"Skip Bifferty"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070807070530/http://www.shindig-magazine.com/reviews-mar2003-1.html","external_links_name":"Shindig! Magazine review"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000100307596","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7acbad28-24f1-494f-a11f-63607a0d0f76","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone_Theatre	Theatre Royal, Marylebone	["1 Early history","2 Royal Marylebone Theatre","3 Theatre Royal, Marylebone","4 Marylebone Theatre","5 West London Theatre of Varieties","6 Final years","7 References"]	Coordinates: 51°31′23″N 0°10′13″W / 51.5231°N 0.1704°W / 51.5231; -0.1704 Exterior view of the Royal West London Theatre shortly before its closure in 1945 The Theatre Royal, Marylebone (also known as the Marylebone Theatre, among other names) was a Victorian era theatre in the Marylebone area of London. Built in 1831, at various other times it was a music hall, a cinema and warehouse until it was damaged by fire in 1962, when it was demolished. Early history The earliest known playbill of a production of Oliver Twist - Royal Pavilion Theatre (1838) Over the course of its history the theatre had many names and many owners. Located on Church Street in Marylebone, it opened in 1831 as the Royal Sussex Theatre. Built at a cost of about £9,000 by Messrs Ward, Eggerton, and Abbott, the theatre's foundation stone was laid on 17 May 1831 but by the following year it was refused a performing licence as being 'unfinished'. Despite this setback it reopened in 1832 as the unlicensed Royal Pavilion Theatre for performances of 'crude melodrama and comic songs'. In 1833 the still unfinished theatre was renamed the Portman Theatre but following its owner's bankruptcy it was put up for auction in July 1833. In its early years the theatre was a cheap venue or "penny gaffe" for the working classes which put on crude melodramas while in 1835 it was raided by the police and was under threat of closure by the local magistrates. The Portman Theatre was renovated and improved in 1837 following which it was renamed as the Marylebone Theatre. Royal Marylebone Theatre On 13 November 1837, the theatre officially opened as the Royal Marylebone Theatre, under the management of Arthur Walker Hyde, the first of proprietor John Loveridge's many tenants. Hyde was a disciplinarian. A printed list of Rules and Regulations, 26 in all, with accompanying fines if disregarded, was posted in the theatre. Charles Zachary Barnett's early Dickens adaptation, the three-act burletta Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy's Progress, opened at the theatre on 21 May 1838. It was only the second stage production of the work: Dickens had not yet completed the novel. Hyde left the Royal Marylebone Theatre on 1 September 1838. Theatre Royal, Marylebone The theatre was relaunched under the management of John Douglass as the Theatre Royal, Marylebone with a production of the drama The Saxon Maid; or The Days of William the Conqueror, followed by the farce Tea With My Aunt and finishing the evening with Passion And Repentance. Later performances included Shakespeare's Richard III and The Cricket on the Hearth by Charles Dickens, who at the time was living nearby in Tavistock House in Devonshire Terrace. Under Douglass the theatre could seat about 2,500 patrons and was quite successful. He put on melodramas and pantomimes until he retired in 1847. Marylebone Theatre Mary Amelia Warner, in character as Josephine in Werner; she briefly managed the theatre from 1847 In 1847 the actor-manager Mary Warner retired from the management of Sadler's Wells Theatre and took on that of the Marylebone Theatre where she tried to stage legitimate theatre, opening on 30 September 1847 with The Winter's Tale with Warner herself playing Hermione. She took on parts such as Julia in The Hunchback (Knowles), Lady Teazle, and Lady Townley in The Provoked Husband (John Vanburgh and Colley Cibber) for which her years began to disqualify her. She revived in November The Scornful Lady, adapted by Serle, playing in it the Lady; and in 1848 Lucille and The Double Marriage, the latter again in Serle's adaptation. In 1847 Martha Cranmer Oliver made her London début at the Theatre Royal, which was the same year the actress Sarah West made her last appearance at the theatre before retiring. Warner's period of management at the Marylebone Theatre was not a success and she was succeeded by Edward Tyrrel Smith (1850–1852), and J. W. Wallack (1853–1857) in joint management with William Shaftoe Robertson, the father of Madge Kendal. They similarly failed to make the Marylebone a success. Performance of Lucille at the Marylebone Theatre (1848) In 1854, during her father William Robertson's joint-management of the theatre, the 6 year-old Madge Kendal made her stage debut as Marie in the drama The Struggle for Gold and the Orphan of the Frozen Sea by Edward Stirling which had a scene of a Danish vessel breaking up on sea ice. In 1857 the actor Samuel Anderson Emery was briefly the manager, being succeeded in 1858 by Joseph Arnold Cave, who had performed there as a boy; while he remained for some years he was no more successful than his predecessors. In 1862 the musician Arthur Lloyd appeared at the theatre. In 1864 the theatre was rebuilt and enlarged while in 1868 under the management of Amy Sedgwick it was renamed the Royal Alfred Theatre in honour of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. In 1869 Sedgwick directed herself in the play Pindee Singh, the Pearl of Oude by C. H. Stephenson but unfortunately the play was not a success. By 1873 the theatre was once again known as the Marylebone Theatre when it began staging melodramas once again. West London Theatre of Varieties From Easter 1871 to Easter 1872 actor Charles Harcourt was lessee of the theatre. Over the years the theatre put on pantomimes and melodramas, to suit the taste for such entertainments at that time, when it became known as "the home of East London theatre in the West". By December 1892 when vaudeville became popular the Theatre Royal underwent renovation and began operating as the West London Theatre of Varieties in order to take financial advantage of the then fashion for music hall. The theatre reopened in April 1893 with a performance lasting about five hours and which included Charles Coborn in the drama Brought to Bay; a racing piece called Terry; or, True to his Trust; The Clue performed by the Collinson combination, and a 'Negro Farce' performed by Rice, Melrose, Davis, and Co. The Era wrote of the evening:- "Comedians in galore were there. Ryland and Golden and R. G. Knowles excelled in American wit, while the Brothers Griffiths, the Brothers Poluski, Gus Elen, Pat Rafferty, and Edgar Granville represented some of the many phases of English and Irish humour. Among the ladies Miss Kate James, soubrette; Miss Nellie Navette, danseuse; Miss Ethel Buchanan and Miss Clara Bell, ballad singers, were particular favourites, and the volunteers for the stage on Saturday night also included Arthur Thomas, Sisters Palmer, Jessie Wild, Medley, Jesmond Dene, Charles Vincent, the Tortajados troupe, Jessie Prince, Dora Fielding, Harry Walton, Rosie Sylvester, Sisters Idris, Norris and Delmont, Daisy De Roy, Arthur Stevens, Mark Antony, Aubyn and Allen, Daisy May, Mr Melville, and Jessie Wynn.' Final years In 1895 the theatre underwent another name change when it reverted to being the Royal West London Theatre where it continued to show variety acts until 1910, when it converted to a cinema. In 1932 it became the West London Cinema, being owned by the New Biograph Trading Company and known as the 'Bug Hole' by locals. In 1941 during World War II the building was damaged by bombs and the cinema finally closed in 1945 after which the building was used as a warehouse. The building burned down in 1962 and was demolished. A parade of shops with flats above stands on the site today with a plaque marking the former connection with the theatre. References ^ a b c Theatres in Victorian London - Victorian Web ^ Playbill for The Royal Pavilion Theatre advertising Oliver Twist - British Library Collection ^ Morley, M. The Old Marylebone Theatre (1960), St Marylebone Society Publication ^ a b c Theatre Royal, Marylebone - Church Street Memories website ^ a b c d e The West London Theatre, Church Street, London - Arthur Lloyd.co.uk: The Music Hall and Theatre History Site dedicated to Arthur Lloyd, 1839-1904 ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1899). "Warner, Mary Amelia" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 59. London: Smith, Elder & Co. ^ Obituary, The Era, 1 January 1881, p. 8 ^ Brown, T. Allston. A History of the New York Stage from the First Performance in 1732 ..., Volume 2, pp. 128-29 (1902) ^ Pemberton, T. Edgar (1900). The Kendals: A Biography. London: Pearson. OCLC 684413482. ^ Baker, R.A., British Music Hall: An Illustrated History, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, Pen & Sword History Books, 2014, p. 26 ^ Cullen, Frank. Vaudeville Old & New: an Encyclopedia of Variety performances, Elen Gus, Volume 1, pg 351 – 354 ^ Review in The Era, 8 April 1893 ^ Plaque: Theatre Royal Marylebone - London Remembers website 51°31′23″N 0°10′13″W / 51.5231°N 0.1704°W / 51.5231; -0.1704	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Theatre_Marylebone_1945.jpg"},{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"Marylebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone"},{"link_name":"music hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_hall"},{"link_name":"cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theater"},{"link_name":"warehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse"}],"text":"Exterior view of the Royal West London Theatre shortly before its closure in 1945The Theatre Royal, Marylebone (also known as the Marylebone Theatre, among other names) was a Victorian era theatre in the Marylebone area of London. Built in 1831, at various other times it was a music hall, a cinema and warehouse until it was damaged by fire in 1962, when it was demolished.","title":"Theatre Royal, Marylebone"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oliver_Twist_Pavilion_Theatre_1838.jpg"},{"link_name":"Church Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Street,_Marylebone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Web-1"},{"link_name":"melodramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama"}],"text":"The earliest known playbill of a production of Oliver Twist - Royal Pavilion Theatre (1838)Over the course of its history the theatre had many names and many owners. Located on Church Street in Marylebone, it opened in 1831 as the Royal Sussex Theatre. Built at a cost of about £9,000 by Messrs Ward, Eggerton, and Abbott, the theatre's foundation stone was laid on 17 May 1831 but by the following year it was refused a performing licence as being 'unfinished'. 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The Portman Theatre was renovated and improved in 1837 following which it was renamed as the Marylebone Theatre.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Zachary Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Zachary_Barnett"},{"link_name":"Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"burletta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burletta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Web-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"On 13 November 1837, the theatre officially opened as the Royal Marylebone Theatre, under the management of Arthur Walker Hyde, the first of proprietor John Loveridge's many tenants. Hyde was a disciplinarian. A printed list of Rules and Regulations, 26 in all, with accompanying fines if disregarded, was posted in the theatre.Charles Zachary Barnett's early Dickens adaptation, the three-act burletta Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy's Progress, opened at the theatre on 21 May 1838.[1][2] It was only the second stage production of the work: Dickens had not yet completed the novel. Hyde left the Royal Marylebone Theatre on 1 September 1838.[3]","title":"Royal Marylebone Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"farce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farce"},{"link_name":"Richard III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Cricket on the Hearth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cricket_on_the_Hearth"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Tavistock House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavistock_House"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Memories-4"},{"link_name":"melodramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama"},{"link_name":"pantomimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomime"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Memories-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arthur-5"}],"text":"The theatre was relaunched under the management of John Douglass as the Theatre Royal, Marylebone with a production of the drama The Saxon Maid; or The Days of William the Conqueror, followed by the farce Tea With My Aunt and finishing the evening with Passion And Repentance. Later performances included Shakespeare's Richard III and The Cricket on the Hearth by Charles Dickens, who at the time was living nearby in Tavistock House in Devonshire Terrace.[4] Under Douglass the theatre could seat about 2,500 patrons and was quite successful. He put on melodramas and pantomimes until he retired in 1847.[4][5]","title":"Theatre Royal, Marylebone"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Amelia_Warner_as_Josephine.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mary Amelia Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Warner"},{"link_name":"actor-manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor-manager"},{"link_name":"Mary Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Warner"},{"link_name":"Sadler's Wells Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadler%27s_Wells_Theatre"},{"link_name":"legitimate theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimate_theatre"},{"link_name":"The Winter's Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale"},{"link_name":"The Hunchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Provoked Husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Provoked_Husband"},{"link_name":"John Vanburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanburgh"},{"link_name":"Colley Cibber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colley_Cibber"},{"link_name":"The Scornful Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scornful_Lady"},{"link_name":"The Double Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_Marriage"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-6"},{"link_name":"Martha Cranmer Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Cranmer_Oliver"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Era1-7"},{"link_name":"Sarah West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_West_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Edward Tyrrel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tyrrel_Smith"},{"link_name":"William Shaftoe Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shaftoe_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Madge Kendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madge_Kendal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arthur-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucille_Marylebone_Theatre_1848.jpg"},{"link_name":"Madge Kendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madge_Kendal"},{"link_name":"The Struggle for Gold and the Orphan of the Frozen Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sea_of_Ice_(play)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keenetwo-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Samuel Anderson Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Anderson_Emery"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lloyd_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Amy Sedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Sedgwick"},{"link_name":"Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"link_name":"melodramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Web-1"}],"text":"Mary Amelia Warner, in character as Josephine in Werner; she briefly managed the theatre from 1847In 1847 the actor-manager Mary Warner retired from the management of Sadler's Wells Theatre and took on that of the Marylebone Theatre where she tried to stage legitimate theatre, opening on 30 September 1847 with The Winter's Tale with Warner herself playing Hermione. She took on parts such as Julia in The Hunchback (Knowles), Lady Teazle, and Lady Townley in The Provoked Husband (John Vanburgh and Colley Cibber) for which her years began to disqualify her. She revived in November The Scornful Lady, adapted by Serle, playing in it the Lady; and in 1848 Lucille and The Double Marriage, the latter again in Serle's adaptation.[6] In 1847 Martha Cranmer Oliver made her London début at the Theatre Royal,[7] which was the same year the actress Sarah West made her last appearance at the theatre before retiring. Warner's period of management at the Marylebone Theatre was not a success and she was succeeded by Edward Tyrrel Smith (1850–1852), and J. W. Wallack (1853–1857) in joint management with William Shaftoe Robertson, the father of Madge Kendal. They similarly failed to make the Marylebone a success.[5]Performance of Lucille at the Marylebone Theatre (1848)In 1854, during her father William Robertson's joint-management of the theatre, the 6 year-old Madge Kendal made her stage debut as Marie in the drama The Struggle for Gold and the Orphan of the Frozen Sea by Edward Stirling which had a scene of a Danish vessel breaking up on sea ice.[8][9]In 1857 the actor Samuel Anderson Emery was briefly the manager, being succeeded in 1858 by Joseph Arnold Cave, who had performed there as a boy; while he remained for some years he was no more successful than his predecessors. In 1862 the musician Arthur Lloyd appeared at the theatre.[10]In 1864 the theatre was rebuilt and enlarged while in 1868 under the management of Amy Sedgwick it was renamed the Royal Alfred Theatre in honour of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. In 1869 Sedgwick directed herself in the play Pindee Singh, the Pearl of Oude by C. H. Stephenson but unfortunately the play was not a success. By 1873 the theatre was once again known as the Marylebone Theatre when it began staging melodramas once again.[1]","title":"Marylebone Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"pantomimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomime"},{"link_name":"melodramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arthur-5"},{"link_name":"music hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_hall"},{"link_name":"Charles Coborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coborn"},{"link_name":"The Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Era_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"R. G. Knowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Knowles"},{"link_name":"Brothers Poluski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poluski_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Gus Elen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Elen"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaud-11"},{"link_name":"Nellie Navette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie_Navette"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arthur-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"From Easter 1871 to Easter 1872 actor Charles Harcourt was lessee of the theatre. Over the years the theatre put on pantomimes and melodramas, to suit the taste for such entertainments at that time, when it became known as \"the home of East London theatre in the West\". By December 1892 when vaudeville became popular the Theatre Royal underwent renovation and began operating as the West London Theatre of Varieties[5] in order to take financial advantage of the then fashion for music hall. The theatre reopened in April 1893 with a performance lasting about five hours and which included Charles Coborn in the drama Brought to Bay; a racing piece called Terry; or, True to his Trust; The Clue performed by the Collinson combination, and a 'Negro Farce' performed by Rice, Melrose, Davis, and Co. The Era wrote of the evening:- \"Comedians in galore were there. Ryland and Golden and R. G. Knowles excelled in American wit, while the Brothers Griffiths, the Brothers Poluski, Gus Elen,[11] Pat Rafferty, and Edgar Granville represented some of the many phases of English and Irish humour. Among the ladies Miss Kate James, soubrette; Miss Nellie Navette, danseuse; Miss Ethel Buchanan and Miss Clara Bell, ballad singers, were particular favourites, and the volunteers for the stage on Saturday night also included Arthur Thomas, Sisters Palmer, Jessie Wild, Medley, Jesmond Dene, Charles Vincent, the Tortajados troupe, Jessie Prince, Dora Fielding, Harry Walton, Rosie Sylvester, Sisters Idris, Norris and Delmont, Daisy De Roy, Arthur Stevens, Mark Antony, Aubyn and Allen, Daisy May, Mr Melville, and Jessie Wynn.'[5][12]","title":"West London Theatre of Varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theater"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arthur-5"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Memories-4"},{"link_name":"plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 1895 the theatre underwent another name change when it reverted to being the Royal West London Theatre where it continued to show variety acts until 1910, when it converted to a cinema.[5] In 1932 it became the West London Cinema, being owned by the New Biograph Trading Company and known as the 'Bug Hole' by locals. In 1941 during World War II the building was damaged by bombs and the cinema finally closed in 1945 after which the building was used as a warehouse. The building burned down in 1962 and was demolished.[4]A parade of shops with flats above stands on the site today with a plaque marking the former connection with the theatre.[13]","title":"Final years"}]	[{"image_text":"Exterior view of the Royal West London Theatre shortly before its closure in 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/38/Royal_Theatre_Marylebone_1945.jpg/220px-Royal_Theatre_Marylebone_1945.jpg"},{"image_text":"The earliest known playbill of a production of Oliver Twist - Royal Pavilion Theatre (1838)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Oliver_Twist_Pavilion_Theatre_1838.jpg/170px-Oliver_Twist_Pavilion_Theatre_1838.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mary Amelia Warner, in character as Josephine in Werner; she briefly managed the theatre from 1847","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mary_Amelia_Warner_as_Josephine.jpg/170px-Mary_Amelia_Warner_as_Josephine.jpg"},{"image_text":"Performance of Lucille at the Marylebone Theatre (1848)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lucille_Marylebone_Theatre_1848.jpg/220px-Lucille_Marylebone_Theatre_1848.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Lee, Sidney, ed. (1899). \"Warner, Mary Amelia\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 59. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Warner,_Mary_Amelia","url_text":"\"Warner, Mary Amelia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Pemberton, T. Edgar (1900). The Kendals: A Biography. London: Pearson. OCLC 684413482.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edgar_Pemberton","url_text":"Pemberton, T. Edgar"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kendalsbiography00pembuoft","url_text":"The Kendals: A Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/684413482","url_text":"684413482"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Theatre_Royal,_Marylebone&params=51.5231_N_0.1704_W_","external_links_name":"51°31′23″N 0°10′13″W / 51.5231°N 0.1704°W / 51.5231; -0.1704"},{"Link":"http://www.victorianweb.org/victorian/mt/theaters/pva234.html","external_links_name":"Theatres in Victorian London - Victorian Web"},{"Link":"https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/playbill-for-the-royal-pavilion-theatre-advertising-oliver-twist#","external_links_name":"Playbill for The Royal Pavilion Theatre advertising Oliver Twist"},{"Link":"http://www.churchstreetmemories.org.uk/page_id__130_path__0p2p23p.aspx","external_links_name":"Theatre Royal, Marylebone - Church Street Memories website"},{"Link":"http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/MaryleboneTheatre.htm","external_links_name":"The West London Theatre, Church Street, London - Arthur Lloyd.co.uk: The Music Hall and Theatre History Site dedicated to Arthur Lloyd, 1839-1904"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Warner,_Mary_Amelia","external_links_name":"\"Warner, Mary Amelia\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XTamwC54BNoC&pg=PA129","external_links_name":"A History of the New York Stage from the First Performance in 1732 ..., Volume 2"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/kendalsbiography00pembuoft","external_links_name":"The Kendals: A Biography"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/684413482","external_links_name":"684413482"},{"Link":"https://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/theatre-royal-marylebone","external_links_name":"Plaque: Theatre Royal Marylebone - London Remembers website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Theatre_Royal,_Marylebone&params=51.5231_N_0.1704_W_","external_links_name":"51°31′23″N 0°10′13″W / 51.5231°N 0.1704°W / 51.5231; -0.1704"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy-le-Meil	Saint-Barthélemy-le-Meil	["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 44°53′08″N 4°29′56″E / 44.8856°N 4.4989°E / 44.8856; 4.4989 You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Saint-Barthélemy-le-Meil}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceSaint-Barthélemy-le-MeilCommuneThe church in Saint-Barthélemy-le-MeilLocation of Saint-Barthélemy-le-Meil Saint-Barthélemy-le-MeilShow map of FranceSaint-Barthélemy-le-MeilShow map of Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesCoordinates: 44°53′08″N 4°29′56″E / 44.8856°N 4.4989°E / 44.8856; 4.4989CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesDepartmentArdècheArrondissementTournon-sur-RhôneCantonHaut-EyrieuxGovernment • Mayor (2022–2026) Céline SausseArea17.35 km2 (2.84 sq mi)Population (2021)202 • Density27/km2 (71/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code07215 /07160Elevation340–800 m (1,120–2,620 ft) (avg. 500 m or 1,600 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Saint-Barthélemy-le-Meil (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Sant Bartomieu Amelh) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 285— 1975 239−2.48%1982 229−0.61%1990 223−0.33%1999 222−0.05%2009 211−0.51%2014 197−1.36%2020 201+0.34%Source: INSEE See also Communes of the Ardèche department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 6 June 2023. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint-Barthélemy-le-Meil. vteCommunes of the Ardèche department Accons Ailhon Aizac Ajoux Alba-la-Romaine Albon-d'Ardèche Alboussière Alissas Andance Annonay Arcens Ardoix Arlebosc Arras-sur-Rhône Les Assions Astet Aubenas Aubignas Baix Balazuc Banne Barnas Le Béage Beauchastel Beaulieu Beaumont Beauvène Belsentes Berrias-et-Casteljau Berzème Bessas Bidon Boffres Bogy Borée Borne Boucieu-le-Roi Boulieu-lès-Annonay Bourg-Saint-Andéol Bozas Brossainc Burzet Cellier-du-Luc Chalencon Le Chambon Chambonas Champagne Champis Chandolas Chanéac Charmes-sur-Rhône Charnas Chassiers Châteaubourg Châteauneuf-de-Vernoux Chauzon Chazeaux Cheminas Le Cheylard Chirols Chomérac Colombier-le-Cardinal Colombier-le-Jeune Colombier-le-Vieux Cornas Coucouron Coux Le Crestet Creysseilles Cros-de-Géorand Cruas Darbres Davézieux Désaignes Devesset Dompnac Dornas Dunière-sur-Eyrieux Eclassan Empurany Étables Fabras Faugères Félines Flaviac Fons Freyssenet Genestelle Gilhac-et-Bruzac Gilhoc-sur-Ormèze Gluiras Glun Gourdon Gras Gravières Grospierres Guilherand-Granges Issamoulenc Issanlas Issarlès Jaujac Jaunac Joannas Joyeuse Juvinas Labastide-de-Virac Labastide-sur-Bésorgues Labatie-d'Andaure Labeaume Labégude Lablachère Laboule Le Lac-d'Issarlès Lachamp-Raphaël Lachapelle-Graillouse Lachapelle-sous-Aubenas Lachapelle-sous-Chanéac Lafarre Lagorce Lalevade-d'Ardèche Lalouvesc Lamastre Lanarce Lanas Largentièresubpr Larnas Laurac-en-Vivarais Laveyrune Lavillatte Lavilledieu Laviolle Lemps Lentillères Lespéron Limony Loubaresse Lussas Lyas Malarce-sur-la-Thines Malbosc Marcols-les-Eaux Mariac Mars Mauves Mayres Mazan-l'Abbaye Mercuer Meyras Meysse Mézilhac Mirabel Monestier Montpezat-sous-Bauzon Montréal Montselgues Nozières Les Ollières-sur-Eyrieux Orgnac-l'Aven Ozon Pailharès Payzac Peaugres Péreyres Peyraud Le Plagnal Planzolles Plats Pont-de-Labeaume Pourchères Le Pouzin Prades Pradons Pranles Préaux Privaspref Prunet Quintenas Ribes Rochecolombe Rochemaure Rochepaule Rocher Rochessauve La Rochette Rocles Roiffieux Rompon Rosières Le Roux Ruoms Sablières Sagnes-et-Goudoulet Saint-Agrève Saint-Alban-Auriolles Saint-Alban-d'Ay Saint-Alban-en-Montagne Saint-Andéol-de-Berg Saint-Andéol-de-Fourchades Saint-Andéol-de-Vals Saint-André-de-Cruzières Saint-André-en-Vivarais Saint-André-Lachamp Saint-Apollinaire-de-Rias Saint-Barthélemy-Grozon Saint-Barthélemy-le-Meil Saint-Barthélemy-le-Plain Saint-Basile Saint-Bauzile Saint-Christol Saint-Cierge-la-Serre Saint-Cierge-sous-le-Cheylard Saint-Cirgues-de-Prades Saint-Cirgues-en-Montagne Saint-Clair Saint-Clément Saint-Cyr Saint-Désirat Saint-Didier-sous-Aubenas Sainte-Eulalie Sainte-Marguerite-Lafigère Saint-Étienne-de-Boulogne Saint-Étienne-de-Fontbellon Saint-Étienne-de-Lugdarès Saint-Étienne-de-Serre Saint-Étienne-de-Valoux Saint-Félicien Saint-Fortunat-sur-Eyrieux Saint-Genest-de-Beauzon Saint-Genest-Lachamp Saint-Georges-les-Bains Saint-Germain Saint-Gineys-en-Coiron Saint-Jacques-d'Atticieux Saint-Jean-Chambre Saint-Jean-de-Muzols Saint-Jean-le-Centenier Saint-Jean-Roure Saint-Jeure-d'Andaure Saint-Jeure-d'Ay Saint-Joseph-des-Bancs Saint-Julien-d'Intres Saint-Julien-du-Gua Saint-Julien-du-Serre Saint-Julien-en-Saint-Alban Saint-Julien-le-Roux Saint-Julien-Vocance Saint-Just-d'Ardèche Saint-Lager-Bressac Saint-Laurent-du-Pape Saint-Laurent-les-Bains-Laval-d'Aurelle Saint-Laurent-sous-Coiron Saint-Marcel-d'Ardèche Saint-Marcel-lès-Annonay Saint-Martial Saint-Martin-d'Ardèche Saint-Martin-de-Valamas Saint-Martin-sur-Lavezon Saint-Maurice-d'Ardèche Saint-Maurice-d'Ibie Saint-Maurice-en-Chalencon Saint-Mélany Saint-Michel-d'Aurance Saint-Michel-de-Boulogne Saint-Michel-de-Chabrillanoux Saint-Montan Saint-Paul-le-Jeune Saint-Péray Saint-Pierre-de-Colombier Saint-Pierre-la-Roche Saint-Pierre-Saint-Jean Saint-Pierre-sur-Doux Saint-Pierreville Saint-Pons Saint-Priest Saint-Privat Saint-Prix Saint-Remèze Saint-Romain-d'Ay Saint-Romain-de-Lerps Saint-Sauveur-de-Cruzières Saint-Sauveur-de-Montagut Saint-Sernin Saint-Sylvestre Saint-Symphorien-de-Mahun Saint-Symphorien-sous-Chomérac Saint-Thomé Saint-Victor Saint-Vincent-de-Barrès Saint-Vincent-de-Durfort Salavas Les Salelles Sampzon Sanilhac Sarras Satillieu Savas Sceautres Sécheras Serrières Silhac La Souche Soyons Talencieux Tauriers Le Teil Thorrenc Thueyts Toulaud Tournon-sur-Rhônesubpr Ucel Usclades-et-Rieutord Uzer Vagnas Valgorge Vallées-d'Antraigues-Asperjoc Vallon-Pont-d'Arc Vals-les-Bains Valvignères Vanosc Les Vans Vaudevant Vernon Vernosc-lès-Annonay Vernoux-en-Vivarais Vesseaux Veyras Villeneuve-de-Berg Villevocance Vinezac Vinzieux Vion Viviers Vocance Vogüé La Voulte-sur-Rhône pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture This Ardèche geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[sɛ̃ baʁtelemi lə mɛj]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Ardèche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard%C3%A8che"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceSaint-Barthélemy-le-Meil (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ baʁtelemi lə mɛj]; Occitan: Sant Bartomieu Amelh) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.","title":"Saint-Barthélemy-le-Meil"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]	[]	[{"title":"Communes of the Ardèche department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Ard%C3%A8che_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 6 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-07215","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy-le-Meil&params=44.8856_N_4.4989_E_type:city(202)_region:FR-ARA","external_links_name":"44°53′08″N 4°29′56″E / 44.8856°N 4.4989°E / 44.8856; 4.4989"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSaint-Barth%C3%A9lemy-le-Meil&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy-le-Meil&params=44.8856_N_4.4989_E_type:city(202)_region:FR-ARA","external_links_name":"44°53′08″N 4°29′56″E / 44.8856°N 4.4989°E / 44.8856; 4.4989"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-07215","external_links_name":"07215"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-07215","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7633058?geo=COM-07215#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy-le-Meil&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dailey_(glass_artist)	Dan Dailey (glass artist)	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 1970s","2.2 1980s","2.3 1990s","2.4 2000s","2.5 2010 and onward","3 Public museum collections","3.1 United States","3.2 Europe","3.3 Other locations","4 Gallery","5 References"]	American artist This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Dan Dailey" glass artist – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Dan Owen DaileyBorn (1947-02-04) February 4, 1947 (age 77)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.Alma materUniversity of the Arts, Rhode Island School of DesignKnown forGlass sculptureMovementModernism, MaterialismSpouseLinda MacNeilChildren2Websitewww.dandailey.com Dan Owen Dailey (born February 4, 1947) is an American artist and educator, known for his sculpture. With the support of a team of artists and crafts people, he creates sculptures and functional objects in glass and metal. He has taught at many glass programs and is professor emeritus at the Massachusetts College of Art, where he founded the glass program. Emerging from the studio glass movement initiated by Harvey Littleton, Dailey's work has branched out from the mainstream by the incorporation of metal into many of the sculptures. Additionally, he has worked with several glass companies, for more than twenty years. Since 1971, Dailey's work has been featured in more than 150 exhibitions and included in over 350 juried or invitational group shows. Early life and education Dan Dailey was born on February 4, 1947, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Daily attended the Philadelphia College of Art (now called the University of the Arts, BFA 1969) and Rhode Island School of Design (MFA 1972). Dailey studied with Dale Chihuly at RISD, and was Chihuly’s first graduate student. In 1972 to 1973, he was awarded the Fulbright Fellowship to study glass at the Venini Factory in Murano, Italy. He is married to Linda MacNeil, an artist also working with glass and metal, primarily in the studio or art jewelry field. Career This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Dan Dailey" glass artist – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1970s Series from the 1970s Title Dates No. of pieces Engraved 1972–75 24 “M” 1975–76 3 Nail Vases 1976 12 “Skagit” 1977 11 Wire Glass 1978 9 City Vases 1979 14 Oceanic Vases 1979 12 Scenic Vases 1979–80 22 Distorted Vessels 1979–82 19 Vitrolite Wall Reliefs 1979–90 30 Dailey worked at Massachusetts College of Art and Design, Boston from 1973 until 1985; where he was the founder of the glass department. Additionally he taught in 1975 at Pilchuck Glass School in Stanwood, Washington. In the 1970s, Dailey continued to create illuminated sculpture and vase forms, and began to develop Vitrolite wall reliefs. In 1975, Dailey received a fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Center for Advanced Visual Studies in Cambridge where he co-taught the class Glass, Gas and Electricity with German artist Otto Piene. This experimental sculpture class emphasized and explored the phenomenon of illumination. In conjunction with the MIT Research Lab for Electronics, Dailey further studied the qualities of light and glass. From in 1978 to 2003, Dailey created 7 editions of pâte de verre works with Cristallerie Daum, a French decorative glass studio. Dailey's editions of work with studio Daum include, Les Danseurs, Le Vent, Le Joyeau, L’Eau, Le Vin, Le Soleil, and La Dame. In 1979, he received a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship–Glass award. 1980s During 1980, Dailey was awarded the Massachusetts Council on the Arts Fellowship–Glass. From 1984 until 1985, he worked as an independent designer and artist with Steuben Glass Works in Corning, New York. At the request of Steuben, Dailey produced sports-themed designs to be produced on vases, with one design, Ice Dancers, being produced. Additionally from 1984 to 1985, he worked as an independent designer and artist at Fenton Art Glass Company, in Williamstown, West Virginia. Together with Fenton Art Glass Company, Dailey worked on producing cast glass components of a low-relief mural. Over a period of 20 years, Dailey made 26 large scale murals, one of which was 16 feet (4.9 m) by 24 feet (7.3 m), weighing over 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg). With numerous assistants, Dailey also blew glass to create various works, notably, the mural Science Fiction Series (created 1985 to 1986). Series from the 1980s Title Dates No. of pieces Head Vases 1980 21 Tripod Vessels 1980–81 23 People & Animal Vases 1981–82 11 Fish Vases 1981 24 Bird Vases 1982 28 Travel Vases 1982 9 Constructed Heads & Busts 1982–87 20 Automobile Vases 1983 20 People Holding Animals 1983 3 Constructed Animals 1983–95 16 Science Fiction Vases 1984–85 24 Portrait Vases 1986 18 Character Heads 1988–89 20 Nature Vases 1988 10 Face Vases 1988–97 196 Dailey/Tagliapietra Vases 1989–90 54 Mythology Head Vases 1989–90 22 Male/Female Figurative Vases 1989–94 38 1987 Commission: Orbit, Rockefeller Center, New York City In 1987 Henry Geldzahler, Milton Glaser, and Hugh Hardy selected Dailey to make a cast glass relief mural titled Orbit, for the Rainbow Room at the Rockefeller Center. The mural is a 15-foot (4.6 m) by 8-foot (2.4 m) abstract representation of orbiting planets and artistic debris, illuminated from behind with changing colors coordinated with the mood lighting of the dining/dancing space. In 2018 Orbit was removed and donated to the Toledo Museum of Art. Dailey also created wall sconces for various locations around the Rainbow Room complex. These works were later removed and their location is unknown. 1987 Solo exhibition: Renwick Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Henry Geldzahler wrote an essay for the catalog, in which he noted, "Dan Dailey's achievement is in the seamless marriage he effects in his work in every medium between the idiosyncratic convolutions of his inner landscape and the classic harmony and lucidity of the great tradition in glass, of whom Daum, Nancy and Lalique are giants. Dailey's work joins in that tradition, but with a contemporary spin that causes the viewer to smile in complicity." 1987 Retrospective exhibition of Dan Dailey’s work at the University of the Arts (Philadelphia), Rosenwald Wolf Gallery The exhibition, curated by Eleni Cocordas, consisted of fifty works, including illuminated sculpture, Vitrolite wall reliefs, vases, and pastel drawings. 1989 Masters Fellowship, Creative Glass Center of America 1990s 1993 collections: Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Louvre, Paris Dailey work titled The Doctor from 1988 is accepted into their permanent collection. 1994 commission: Boca Palms 26 special edition vases commissioned by the Boca Raton Museum of Art, Florida. 1998 Invited Artist: Waterford Crystal in Ireland Dailey was invited to work as an independent artist by Waterford Crystal, Kilbarry, Ireland, in 1998. Dailey visited three times between 1998-1999 to create chandeliers, wall sconces, and seven engraved vases, using particular processes unique to the history and specialty of Waterford Crystal. 1998 awards Fellow of the American Craft Council, ACC College of Fellows Outstanding Achievement in Glass, UrbanGlass Honorary Lifetime Membership Award, Glass Arts Society Series from the 1990s Title Dates No. of pieces Characters from Literature 1990 2 Mask Vases 1990 5 Abstract Head Vases 1990–94 80 Figurative Lamps 1990–ongoing 111 Dailey/Tagliapietra Vases 1992–93 53 Animal Vessels 1992–98 50 Boca Palm Vases 1993 26 Skyscraper New York Vases 1993–94 10 Art Deco Building Vases 1995 5 Circus Vases 1995–ongoing 162 2000s 2000 Libensky Award, Chateau Ste. Michelle Vineyards & Winery 2001 awards President's Distinguished Artist Award, University of the Arts, Philadelphia Masters of the Medium Award, James Renwick Alliance Art of Liberty Award, National Liberty Museum, Philadelphia 2004 commission: Tribute Chandelier, Providence Performing Arts Center, Rhode Island 2007 publication: Glassigator, written and illustrated by Dan Dailey and Allison MacNeil Dailey in conjunction with the Toledo Museum of Art The Toledo Museum of Art, a museum whose major focus is on glass, asked Dailey to create a children's book explaining and illustrating the process of glassblowing. Dailey collaborated with Allison Dailey, who developed the characters and executed all of the final watercolor drawings for the book. The book is based on the making of a particular vase titled Alligator, from Dailey's Animal Vase series begun in 1992. 2007 publication: Dan Dailey, a 384-page volume on Dailey's work, published by Harry N. Abrams. The book, a comprehensive view of Dailey's work from 1968 to 2007, includes 460 illustrations and 400 full-color images, and was designed and edited by Joe Rapone. Writing and essays are by Milton Glaser, Tina Oldknow, and William Warmus. 2007 Silver Star Alumni Award, College of Art and Design at the University of the Arts (Philadelphia) 2008-09 Residency: G.A.P.P Glass Residency (Guest Artist Pavilion Project) Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio Dailey was asked to be a part of the G.A.P.P. The focus of the residency was to study and respond to the museum's collection, with a focus on landscape and paintings. Dailey's glass mural project for the museum was begun in 2008 and is now in progress. 2009–Present: Materialism lecture series, Massachusetts College of Art and Design, Boston Dailey conducted a series of artist interviews, in collaboration with Joe Rapone, which explore the notion of "Materialism", a term that includes a rethinking of movements of the 1970s, specifically the Studio Craft Movement. Series from the 2000s Title Dates No. of pieces Fabricated Music 2001- ongoing Individuals 2004–ongoing 15 Scenes 2012–ongoing 15 2010 and onward 2010 Guest Artist Pavilion Project - Artist Residency, Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH 2012 Exhibition Dan Dailey: Working Method, Fuller Craft Museum, Brockton, Massachusetts Dailey named Professor Emeritus at Massachusetts College of Art and Design, Boston, MA 2013 Visiting Artist Fellowship, Museum of Glass, Tacoma, WA 2014 Exhibition Dan Dailey: Illuminated Works 7, World Trade Center, New York 2014 Exhibition Dan Dailey: Working Method, Fuller Craft Museum, Brockton, MA, 19 works 2014 Publication Dan Dailey: Visions Realized, Fuller Craft Museum, Brockton, MA, 56 pp Distinguished Educator Award, Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum Lifetime Achievement Award, Glass Art Society 2019 Exhibition Dan Dailey: Character SketchChrysler Museum of Art Norfolk, VA 39 works 2019 Publication Dan Dailey: Character Sketch Chrysler Museum of Art Norfolk, VA 50 pp Public museum collections United States Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California de Young Museum and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco, California Renwick Gallery, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC Boca Raton Museum of Art, Boca Raton, Florida Imagine Museum, St. Petersburg, Florida Lowe Art Museum, University of Miami High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Georgia Illinois State University Galleries, Normal Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indiana Speed Art Museum, Louisville, Kentucky Fuller Craft Museum, Brockton, Massachusetts Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan Flint Institute of Arts, Flint, Michigan Henry Ford Museum, Detroit, Michigan Currier Museum of Art, Manchester, New Hampshire Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey Morris Museum, Morristown, New Jersey Museum of American Glass, Millville, New Jersey 92nd Street Y, New York City, New York Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, New York Museum of Arts & Design, New York City, New York Mint Museum, Charlotte, North Carolina Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, Ohio Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Philadelphia Museum of Art, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Providence Performing Arts Center, Providence, Rhode Island Hunter Museum of American Art, Chattanooga, Tennessee Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas Barry Art Museum, Old Dominion University Norfolk, Virginia Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia Pilchuck Glass Collection at City Centre and US Bank Centre, Seattle, Washington Huntington Museum of Art, West Virginia Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Racine Art Museum, Racine, Wisconsin Europe Les Archives de la Cristallerie Daum, Nancy and Paris Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Louvre, Paris Museum August Kestner, Hannover Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts, Lausanne Other locations National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Quebec, Canada Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto, Japan Toyama Institute of Glass, Toyama City, Japan Yokohama Museum, Yokohama, Japan State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia Gallery Pistachio Lamp 1972Private collection Stars and Skyline 1980Metropolitan Museum of ArtNew York, NY Anguish 1983Milwaukee Art Museum Milwaukee, WI Romance1987Huntington Museum of ArtHuntington, WV Hawk & Dove Man 1995Currier Museum of ArtManchester, NH The Doctor 1988Louvre MuseumParis, France Fantasy 1988LA County Museum of Art Los Angeles, CA Opaque 1991Royal Ontario MuseumToronto, OB, Canada Jest 1992Dailey Archive Alligator 1995Corning Museum of GlassCorning, NY Gray Mandril 1993Dayton Art Institute Dayton, OH Le Soleil 2003Cristallerie DaumEdition Dance of Light 1999Private Collection Tribute 2003Providence Performing Arts Center Providence, RI Splendid 2006Private Collection Swiveler 2009Edition 3/7 References ^ Chambers, Karen S.; Oldknow, Tina (1999). Clearly Inspired: Contemporary Glass and Its Origins (art exhibition). Tampa Museum of Art, Fort Wayne Museum of Art. Pomegranate. p. 58. ISBN 9780764909320. ^ "Dan Dailey - Biography". Askart.com. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 2021-12-15. ^ a b Hampson, Ferdinand (1984). Glass, State of the Art 1984. E. Johnston Publishers. ISBN 978-99992-22-86-0. ^ a b Sculptural Glass: Tucson Museum of Art, February 13-April 3, 1983 : Traveling to Owens-Illinois, World Headquarters Building, One Seagate, Toledo, Ohio, May 15-June 30, 1983. Tucson Museum of Art. Tucson Museum of Art. 1983. ISBN 978-0-911611-04-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Fike, Bonita (1998). A Passion for Glass: The Aviva and Jack A. Robinson Studio Glass Collection. Detroit Institute of Arts. Detroit Institute of Arts. ISBN 978-0-89558-150-1. ^ American Studio Glass, 1960-1990. Hudson Hills. 2004. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-55595-239-6. ^ Solondz, Simone (2017-05-31). "News and Events: Body Language". Rhode Island School of Design. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 2021-12-15. ^ Klein, Dan (1989). Glass: A Contemporary Art. Random House Incorporated. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8478-1081-9. ^ a b c d e ^ Oldknow, Tina. Pilchuck: A Glass School (1996) ISBN 978-0-295-97559-7 ^ Kohler, Lucartha. Glass: An Artist's Medium (1998) ISBN 978-0-87341-604-7 ^ 1987 exhibition catalogue titled Dan Dailey: Simple Complexities in Drawings and Glass 1972-1987. Renwick Gallery, National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. ^ "Dan Dailey". LACMA Collections. Retrieved 2021-12-15. ^ "Dan Dailey". FAMSF Search the Collections. 2018-09-21. Retrieved 2021-12-15. ^ "Birds in Pursuit of Food". Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM). Archived from the original on 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2021-12-15. ^ "Collection". Imagine Museum. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. ^ "Works – Glass Art – Collections – eMuseum". barryart.emuseum.com. Retrieved 2021-12-15. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dan Dailey. vteAmerican Craft Council College of FellowsHonorary Fellows are listed in italics.1975 Adda Husted Andersen Dorothy Meredith Ed Rossbach Frans Wildenhain Harvey Littleton Lenore Tawney Lili Blumenau Peter Voulkos Sam Maloof Toshiko Takaezu Trude Guermonprez Florence Eastmead Francis Sumner Merritt Margaret Patch Mary Lyon Maurine Roberts Rudolph Schaeffer 1976 Charles Loloma Else Regensteiner John Paul Miller Karen Karnes Laura Anderson Ronald Hayes Pearson Ruth Penington Anna Wetherill Olmsted Lloyd Kiva New 1977 Alice Kagawa Parrott Daniel Rhodes Don Reitz John Prip Mary Caroline Richards Ramona Solberg Robert C. Turner Aileen Osborn Webb 1978 Alma Eikerman Bob Stocksdale Dominick Labino Frederick Miller Jack Lenor Larsen L. Brent Kington Mary Walker Phillips Rudolf Staffel Rudy Autio Eugenia Campbell Nowlin 1979 Arline Fisch George Nakashima Gerry Williams Hans Christensen Katherine Westphal Joan Mondale Margery Anneberg Rose Slivka William Brown 1980 Bernard Kester Joel Myers Margret Craver Mary Nyburg Tage Frid Warren MacKenzie Eudorah Moore Robert W. Gray 1983 Douglass Morse Howell F. Carlton Ball Mary Ann Scherr Ruth Duckworth Sheila Hicks Marian Heard Susan Peterson 1985 John Mason Kay Sekimachi Marianne Strengell Maurice Heaton Richard Thomas Ted Randall Harold Brennan Sydney Butchkes 1986 Dale Chihuly Kenneth Ferguson Wendell Castle 1987 Beatrice Wood Claire Zeisler Dominic Di Mare Edward Moulthrop Heikki Seppä June Schwarcz Richard DeVore Robert Sperry Val Cushing Carlyle Smith James Wallace Jonathan Fairbanks LaMar Harrington 1988 Albert Green Arthur Carpenter C. Carl Jennings Frances Senska Fritz Dreisbach Glen Kaufman Harrison McIntosh Mark Peiser Mary Scheier James McKinnell Nan Bangs McKinnell Paul Soldner Phillip Fike Polly Lada-Mocarski Ted Hallman Walter G. Nottingham William Daley C. Malcolm Watkins James Melchert Lloyd Herman Marion Stroud Swingle Paul J. Smith Rudy Turk 1990 Edris Eckhardt Frances Higgins Francis Whitaker Gertrud Natzler Lillian Elliott Margaret Tafoya Michael Higgins Otto Heino Otto Natzler Viktor Schreckengost Vivika Heino Blanche Reeves R. Leigh Glover 1992 Cynthia Schira David Shaner Edgar Anderson Joyce Anderson James 'Mel' Someroski Karl Martz Kurt Matzdorf Marvin Lipofsky Robert Arneson Stanley Lechtzin Walker Weed Helen Drutt English Mildred Constantine Ruth DeYoung Kohler 1993 Betty Woodman Gerhardt Knodel Jere Osgood John Marshall Kenneth Price Margarete Seeler Oppi Untracht Robert G. Hart 1994 Albert Paley Henry Halem John McQueen Merry Renk Patti Warashina Robert Ebendorf Rude Osolnik Stephen De Staebler Viola Frey Lee Nordness 1995 Charles Counts Ferne Jacobs Fred Fenster J. Fred Woell Karl Drerup Richard Marquis Wayne Higby Michael Monroe 1996 Betty Cooke Claude Horan Garry Knox Bennett Helena Hernmarck Jun Kaneko Kenneth Bates Mark Levine Mary Lee Hu Jean Griffith Virginia Harvey 1997 Chunghi Choo Jack Earl Ka Kwong Hui Lia Cook Bob Winston Ron Nagle Tommy Simpson William Keyser Sandra Blain 1998 Dan Dailey Edwin Scheier Eleanor Moty James Bassler Judy McKie Richard Mawdsley Richard Shaw William Harper Paulus Berensohn 1999 Dorothy Barnes Helen Shirk Irena Brynner Nancy Crow Paul Marioni Ralph Baccera Therman Statom Fred Marer 2000 Adrian Saxe Anne Wilson Cynthia Bringle Eugene Pijanowski Hiroko Sato-Pijanowski James Krenov Joyce Scott Marjorie Schick Paul Stankard Christa C. Mayer Thurman Theodore Cohen 2001 David Ellsworth Gary Noffke Joan Livingstone John Glick Michael James Norman Schulman Thomas Patti Warren Seelig Alice Rooney 2002 Harlan Butt Jane Sauer John Cederquist Paula Winokur Robert Winokur Garth Clark 2003 Ana Lisa Hedstrom James Tanner Kurt Weiser Norma Minkowitz Tom Joyce Albert LeCoff 2005 Alphonse Mattia Flora Mace Gary Griffin Joey Kirkpatrick Linda Threadgill Patricia Hickman Martha Longenecker 2006 Akio Takamori Howard Ben Tré Jason Pollen Kiff Slemmons Walter Hamady Stuart Kestenbaum 2007 Arturo Sandoval Marilyn da Silva Mark Lindquist Richard Notkin Robert Brady William Morris Nanette Laitman 2008 Adela Akers Glenda Arentzen Gyöngy Laky John Horn Robyn Horn Tony Hepburn Toots Zynsky Wendy Maruyama Lois Moran 2009 Benjamin Moore Bernard Bernstein Carol Shaw-Sutton Jamie Bennett Louis Marak Rosanne Somerson Robert Pfannebecker 2010 Ginny Ruffner John Garrett John Stephenson Rebecca Medel Ron Ho Susanne Stephenson William Hunter Janet Koplos 2012 Andrea Gill Anne Currier Dante Marioni Lewis Knauss Sharon Church Sherri Smith Thomas Loeser Bruce Pepich 2014 John Gill Jane Lackey Michael Hurwitz Judith Schaechter Bruce Metcalf William Carlson Tina Oldknow 2016 Nick Cave Michael Cooper Françoise Grossen Chris Gustin Myra Mimlitsch-Gray Hank Murta Adams Edward S. Cooke Jr. 2018 Mark Burns Thomas Gentille Thomas Hucker Mary Jackson Beth Lipman Consuelo Jimenez Underwood Susan Cummins Yoshiko Iwamoto Wada 2020 Sonya Clark Lisa Gralnick Katherine Gray Annabeth Rosen Bob Trotman Patricia Malarcher 2022 Teri Greeves Karen Hampton Nancy Koenigsberg Keith Lewis Kristina Madsen Mark Pharis Preston Singletary Tip Toland Carolyn Mazloomi Howard Risatti Lowery Stokes Sims 2024 Syd Carpenter Michael A. Cummings Einar and Jamex de la Torre Yuri Kobayashi Mark Newport Michael Puryear Diego Romero Lynda Watson Diana Baird N'Diaye Cindi Strauss Recipients of the Gold Medal for Consummate Craftsmanship Dorothy Liebes (1970) Anni Albers (1981) Harvey Littleton (1983) Lucy M. Lewis (1985) Margret Craver (1986) Peter Voulkos (1986) Gerry Williams (1986) Lenore Tawney (1987) Sam Maloof (1988) Ed Rossbach (1990) John Prip (1992) Beatrice Wood (1992) Alma Eikerman (1993) Douglass Morse Howell (1993) Marianne Strengell (1993) Robert C. Turner (1993) John Paul Miller (1994) Toshiko Takaezu (1994) Rudolf Staffel (1995) Bob Stocksdale (1995) Jack Lenor Larsen (1996) Ronald Hayes Pearson (1996) June Schwarcz (1996) Wendell Castle (1997) Ruth Duckworth (1997) Sheila Hicks (1997) Kenneth Ferguson (1998) Karen Karnes (1998) Warren MacKenzie (1998) Rudy Autio (1999) Dominic Di Mare (1999) L. Brent Kington (2000) Cynthia Schira (2000) Arline Fisch (2001) Gertrud Natzler (2001) Otto Natzler (2001) Don Reitz (2002) Kay Sekimachi (2002) William Daley (2003) Fred Fenster (2005) Dale Chihuly (2006) Paul Soldner (2008) Katherine Westphal (2009) Albert Paley (2010) Stephen De Staebler (2012) Betty Woodman (2014) Gerhardt Knodel (2016) Jun Kaneko (2018) Joyce J. Scott (2020) Jim Bassler (2022) Lia Cook (2022) Richard Marquis (2022) Judy Kensley McKie (2022) John McQueen (2022) Patti Warashina (2022) Nick Cave (2024) Wendy Maruyama (2024) Anne Wilson (2024) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands Artists Museum of Modern Art Victoria RKD Artists ULAN Other SNAC 2 IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"professor emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"studio glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_glass"},{"link_name":"Harvey Littleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Littleton"}],"text":"Dan Owen Dailey (born February 4, 1947)[1][2] is an American artist and educator, known for his sculpture. With the support of a team of artists and crafts people, he creates sculptures and functional objects in glass and metal. He has taught at many glass programs and is professor emeritus at the Massachusetts College of Art, where he founded the glass program.[3]Emerging from the studio glass movement initiated by Harvey Littleton, Dailey's work has branched out from the mainstream by the incorporation of metal into many of the sculptures. Additionally, he has worked with several glass companies, for more than twenty years. Since 1971, Dailey's work has been featured in more than 150 exhibitions and included in over 350 juried or invitational group shows.","title":"Dan Dailey (glass artist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island School of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dale Chihuly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Chihuly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Fulbright Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Program"},{"link_name":"Murano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murano"},{"link_name":"Linda MacNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_MacNeil"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Dan Dailey was born on February 4, 1947, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[3][4]Daily attended the Philadelphia College of Art (now called the University of the Arts, BFA 1969) and Rhode Island School of Design (MFA 1972).[4][5] Dailey studied with Dale Chihuly at RISD,[6] and was Chihuly’s first graduate student.[citation needed] In 1972 to 1973, he was awarded the Fulbright Fellowship to study glass at the Venini Factory in Murano, Italy.He is married to Linda MacNeil, an artist also working with glass and metal, primarily in the studio or art jewelry field.[7][8]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massachusetts College of Art and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Art_and_Design"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Pilchuck Glass School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilchuck_Glass_School"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pilchuck-10"},{"link_name":"Stanwood, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanwood,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Vitrolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrolite"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Otto Piene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Piene"},{"link_name":"pâte de verre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2te_de_verre"},{"link_name":"Cristallerie Daum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daum_(studio)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"}],"sub_title":"1970s","text":"Dailey worked at Massachusetts College of Art and Design, Boston from 1973 until 1985; where he was the founder of the glass department. Additionally he taught in 1975 at Pilchuck Glass School[10] in Stanwood, Washington. In the 1970s, Dailey continued to create illuminated sculpture and vase forms, and began to develop Vitrolite wall reliefs.In 1975, Dailey received a fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Center for Advanced Visual Studies in Cambridge where he co-taught the class Glass, Gas and Electricity with German artist Otto Piene. This experimental sculpture class emphasized and explored the phenomenon of illumination. In conjunction with the MIT Research Lab for Electronics, Dailey further studied the qualities of light and glass.From in 1978 to 2003, Dailey created 7 editions of pâte de verre works with Cristallerie Daum, a French decorative glass studio. Dailey's editions of work with studio Daum include, Les Danseurs, Le Vent, Le Joyeau, L’Eau, Le Vin, Le Soleil, and La Dame.[11]In 1979, he received a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship–Glass award.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steuben Glass Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steuben_Glass_Works"},{"link_name":"Fenton Art Glass Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton_Art_Glass_Company"},{"link_name":"Williamstown, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamstown,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Center"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Henry Geldzahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Geldzahler"},{"link_name":"Milton Glaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Glaser"},{"link_name":"Hugh Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Rainbow Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Room"},{"link_name":"Toledo Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Renwick Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renwick_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"University of the Arts (Philadelphia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"Vitrolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrolite"}],"sub_title":"1980s","text":"During 1980, Dailey was awarded the Massachusetts Council on the Arts Fellowship–Glass.From 1984 until 1985, he worked as an independent designer and artist with Steuben Glass Works in Corning, New York. At the request of Steuben, Dailey produced sports-themed designs to be produced on vases, with one design, Ice Dancers, being produced.Additionally from 1984 to 1985, he worked as an independent designer and artist at Fenton Art Glass Company, in Williamstown, West Virginia. Together with Fenton Art Glass Company, Dailey worked on producing cast glass components of a low-relief mural. Over a period of 20 years, Dailey made 26 large scale murals, one of which was 16 feet (4.9 m) by 24 feet (7.3 m), weighing over 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg). With numerous assistants, Dailey also blew glass to create various works, notably, the mural Science Fiction Series (created 1985 to 1986).1987 Commission: Orbit, Rockefeller Center, New York CityIn 1987 Henry Geldzahler, Milton Glaser, and Hugh Hardy selected Dailey to make a cast glass relief mural titled Orbit, for the Rainbow Room at the Rockefeller Center. The mural is a 15-foot (4.6 m) by 8-foot (2.4 m) abstract representation of orbiting planets and artistic debris, illuminated from behind with changing colors coordinated with the mood lighting of the dining/dancing space. In 2018 Orbit was removed and donated to the Toledo Museum of Art. Dailey also created wall sconces for various locations around the Rainbow Room complex. These works were later removed and their location is unknown.1987 Solo exhibition: Renwick Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.Henry Geldzahler wrote an essay for the catalog, in which he noted, \"Dan Dailey's achievement is in the seamless marriage he effects in his work in every medium between the idiosyncratic convolutions of his inner landscape and the classic harmony and lucidity of the great tradition in glass, of whom Daum, Nancy and Lalique are giants. Dailey's work joins in that tradition, but with a contemporary spin that causes the viewer to smile in complicity.\"[12]1987 Retrospective exhibition of Dan Dailey’s work at the University of the Arts (Philadelphia), Rosenwald Wolf GalleryThe exhibition, curated by Eleni Cocordas, consisted of fifty works, including illuminated sculpture, Vitrolite wall reliefs, vases, and pastel drawings.1989 Masters Fellowship, Creative Glass Center of America","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Musée des Arts Décoratifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"link_name":"Boca Raton Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Raton_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Waterford Crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Crystal"},{"link_name":"Kilbarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilbarry"},{"link_name":"chandeliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandelier"},{"link_name":"sconces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sconce_(light_fixture)"},{"link_name":"American Craft Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Craft_Council"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"1993 collections: Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Louvre, ParisDailey work titled The Doctor from 1988 is accepted into their permanent collection.1994 commission: Boca Palms26 special edition vases commissioned by the Boca Raton Museum of Art, Florida.1998 Invited Artist: Waterford Crystal in IrelandDailey was invited to work as an independent artist by Waterford Crystal, Kilbarry, Ireland, in 1998. Dailey visited three times between 1998-1999 to create chandeliers, wall sconces, and seven engraved vases, using particular processes unique to the history and specialty of Waterford Crystal.1998 awards\nFellow of the American Craft Council, ACC College of Fellows\nOutstanding Achievement in Glass, UrbanGlass\nHonorary Lifetime Membership Award, Glass Arts Society","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chateau Ste. Michelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_Ste._Michelle"},{"link_name":"James Renwick Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jra.org/"},{"link_name":"National Liberty Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberty_Museum"},{"link_name":"Providence Performing Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Performing_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Toledo Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"children's book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_book"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dailey_book-9"},{"link_name":"Milton Glaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Glaser"},{"link_name":"University of the Arts (Philadelphia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"Toledo Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts College of Art and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Art_and_Design"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"2000 Libensky Award, Chateau Ste. Michelle Vineyards & Winery\n2001 awards\nPresident's Distinguished Artist Award, University of the Arts, Philadelphia\nMasters of the Medium Award, James Renwick Alliance\nArt of Liberty Award, National Liberty Museum, Philadelphia\n2004 commission: Tribute Chandelier, Providence Performing Arts Center, Rhode Island\n2007 publication: Glassigator, written and illustrated by Dan Dailey and Allison MacNeil Dailey in conjunction with the Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art, a museum whose major focus is on glass, asked Dailey to create a children's book explaining and illustrating the process of glassblowing. Dailey collaborated with Allison Dailey, who developed the characters and executed all of the final watercolor drawings for the book. The book is based on the making of a particular vase titled Alligator, from Dailey's Animal Vase series begun in 1992.2007 publication: Dan Dailey,[9] a 384-page volume on Dailey's work, published by Harry N. Abrams.The book, a comprehensive view of Dailey's work from 1968 to 2007, includes 460 illustrations and 400 full-color images, and was designed and edited by Joe Rapone. Writing and essays are by Milton Glaser, Tina Oldknow, and William Warmus.2007 Silver Star Alumni Award, College of Art and Design at the University of the Arts (Philadelphia)\n2008-09 Residency: G.A.P.P Glass Residency (Guest Artist Pavilion Project) Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OhioDailey was asked to be a part of the G.A.P.P. The focus of the residency was to study and respond to the museum's collection, with a focus on landscape and paintings. Dailey's glass mural project for the museum was begun in 2008 and is now in progress.2009–Present: Materialism lecture series, Massachusetts College of Art and Design, BostonDailey conducted a series of artist interviews, in collaboration with Joe Rapone, which explore the notion of \"Materialism\", a term that includes a rethinking of movements of the 1970s, specifically the Studio Craft Movement.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toledo Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Fuller Craft Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuller_Craft_Museum"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts College of Art and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Art_and_Design"},{"link_name":"Museum of Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Glass"},{"link_name":"World Trade Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(2001%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Fuller Craft Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuller_Craft_Museum"},{"link_name":"Fuller Craft Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuller_Craft_Museum"},{"link_name":"Renwick Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renwick_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Chrysler Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Chrysler Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Museum_of_Art"}],"sub_title":"2010 and onward","text":"2010 Guest Artist Pavilion Project - Artist Residency, Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH\n2012 Exhibition Dan Dailey: Working Method, Fuller Craft Museum, Brockton, MassachusettsDailey named Professor Emeritus at Massachusetts College of Art and Design, Boston, MA2013 Visiting Artist Fellowship, Museum of Glass, Tacoma, WA\n2014 Exhibition Dan Dailey: Illuminated Works 7, World Trade Center, New York\n2014 Exhibition Dan Dailey: Working Method, Fuller Craft Museum, Brockton, MA, 19 works\n2014 Publication Dan Dailey: Visions Realized, Fuller Craft Museum, Brockton, MA, 56 ppDistinguished Educator Award, Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum\nLifetime Achievement Award, Glass Art Society2019 Exhibition Dan Dailey: Character SketchChrysler Museum of Art Norfolk, VA 39 works\n2019 Publication Dan Dailey: Character Sketch Chrysler Museum of Art Norfolk, VA 50 pp","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Public museum collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"de Young Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Young_Museum"},{"link_name":"Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Arts_Museums_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Renwick Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renwick_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Boca Raton Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Raton_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Lowe Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowe_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"High Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Illinois State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_State_University"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Speed Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Fuller Craft Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuller_Craft_Museum"},{"link_name":"Brockton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Museum of Fine Arts, Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston"},{"link_name":"Detroit Institute of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Flint Institute of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Institute_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Henry Ford Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford_Museum"},{"link_name":"Currier Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currier_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Voorhees_Zimmerli_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Morris Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Museum"},{"link_name":"Museum of American Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_American_Glass"},{"link_name":"Millville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millville,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"92nd Street Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_Street_Y"},{"link_name":"Corning Museum of Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corning_Museum_of_Glass"},{"link_name":"Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_F._Johnson_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Museum of Arts & Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Arts_%26_Design"},{"link_name":"Mint Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint_Museum"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Dayton Art Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Art_Institute"},{"link_name":"Toledo Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Providence Performing Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Performing_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"Hunter Museum of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"Museum of Fine Arts, Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Houston"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Chrysler Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Huntington Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Racine Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racine_Art_Museum"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California[13]\nde Young Museum and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco, California[14]\nRenwick Gallery, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC[15]\nBoca Raton Museum of Art, Boca Raton, Florida\nImagine Museum, St. Petersburg, Florida[16]\nLowe Art Museum, University of Miami\nHigh Museum of Art, Atlanta, Georgia\nIllinois State University Galleries, Normal\nIndianapolis Museum of Art, Indiana\nSpeed Art Museum, Louisville, Kentucky\nFuller Craft Museum, Brockton, Massachusetts\nMuseum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts\nDetroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan\nFlint Institute of Arts, Flint, Michigan\nHenry Ford Museum, Detroit, Michigan\nCurrier Museum of Art, Manchester, New Hampshire\nJane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey\nMorris Museum, Morristown, New Jersey\nMuseum of American Glass, Millville, New Jersey\n92nd Street Y, New York City, New York\nCorning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York\nHerbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York\nMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, New York\nMuseum of Arts & Design, New York City, New York\nMint Museum, Charlotte, North Carolina\nCincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio\nDayton Art Institute, Dayton, Ohio\nToledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio\nCarnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania\nPhiladelphia Museum of Art, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania\nProvidence Performing Arts Center, Providence, Rhode Island\nHunter Museum of American Art, Chattanooga, Tennessee\nMuseum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas\nBarry Art Museum, Old Dominion University Norfolk, Virginia[17]\nChrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia\nPilchuck Glass Collection at City Centre and US Bank Centre, Seattle, Washington\nHuntington Museum of Art, West Virginia\nMilwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin\nRacine Art Museum, Racine, Wisconsin","title":"Public museum collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cristallerie Daum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daum_(studio)"},{"link_name":"Musée des Arts Décoratifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris"},{"link_name":"Museum August Kestner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_August_Kestner"},{"link_name":"Hannover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover"},{"link_name":"Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Design_and_Applied_Arts"},{"link_name":"Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne"}],"sub_title":"Europe","text":"Les Archives de la Cristallerie Daum, Nancy and Paris\nMusée des Arts Décoratifs, Louvre, Paris\nMuseum August Kestner, Hannover\nMuseum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts, Lausanne","title":"Public museum collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Gallery of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Montreal Museum of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Royal Ontario Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Modern_Art,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Toyama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyama_City"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Hermitage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_Museum"}],"sub_title":"Other locations","text":"National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia\nMontreal Museum of Fine Arts, Quebec, Canada\nRoyal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada\nNational Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto, Japan\nToyama Institute of Glass, Toyama City, Japan\nYokohama Museum, Yokohama, Japan\nState Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia","title":"Public museum collections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Chambers, Karen S.; Oldknow, Tina (1999). Clearly Inspired: Contemporary Glass and Its Origins (art exhibition). Tampa Museum of Art, Fort Wayne Museum of Art. Pomegranate. p. 58. ISBN 9780764909320.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GADg6Q5-ipYC","url_text":"Clearly Inspired: Contemporary Glass and Its Origins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Museum_of_Art","url_text":"Tampa Museum of Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Museum_of_Art","url_text":"Fort Wayne Museum of Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764909320","url_text":"9780764909320"}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Dailey - Biography\". Askart.com. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 2021-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.askart.com/artist/Dan_Owen_Dailey/102490/Dan_Owen_Dailey.aspx","url_text":"\"Dan Dailey - Biography\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211215003354/https://www.askart.com/artist/Dan_Owen_Dailey/102490/Dan_Owen_Dailey.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hampson, Ferdinand (1984). Glass, State of the Art 1984. E. Johnston Publishers. ISBN 978-99992-22-86-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M11QAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Glass, State of the Art 1984"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99992-22-86-0","url_text":"978-99992-22-86-0"}]},{"reference":"Sculptural Glass: Tucson Museum of Art, February 13-April 3, 1983 : Traveling to Owens-Illinois, World Headquarters Building, One Seagate, Toledo, Ohio, May 15-June 30, 1983. Tucson Museum of Art. Tucson Museum of Art. 1983. ISBN 978-0-911611-04-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4A5QAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Sculptural Glass: Tucson Museum of Art, February 13-April 3, 1983 : Traveling to Owens-Illinois, World Headquarters Building, One Seagate, Toledo, Ohio, May 15-June 30, 1983"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson_Museum_of_Art","url_text":"Tucson Museum of Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911611-04-5","url_text":"978-0-911611-04-5"}]},{"reference":"Fike, Bonita (1998). A Passion for Glass: The Aviva and Jack A. Robinson Studio Glass Collection. Detroit Institute of Arts. Detroit Institute of Arts. ISBN 978-0-89558-150-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ImhQAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"A Passion for Glass: The Aviva and Jack A. Robinson Studio Glass Collection"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89558-150-1","url_text":"978-0-89558-150-1"}]},{"reference":"American Studio Glass, 1960-1990. Hudson Hills. 2004. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-55595-239-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b4KhNlxnyOEC&dq=Dan+Dailey+Rhode+Island+School+of+Design&pg=PA60","url_text":"American Studio Glass, 1960-1990"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55595-239-6","url_text":"978-1-55595-239-6"}]},{"reference":"Solondz, Simone (2017-05-31). \"News and Events: Body Language\". Rhode Island School of Design. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 2021-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.risd.edu/news/stories/body-language","url_text":"\"News and Events: Body Language\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211215014902/https://www.risd.edu/news/stories/body-language","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Klein, Dan (1989). Glass: A Contemporary Art. Random House Incorporated. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8478-1081-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_lpQAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Glass: A Contemporary Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-1081-9","url_text":"978-0-8478-1081-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Dailey\". LACMA Collections. Retrieved 2021-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.lacma.org/node/164853","url_text":"\"Dan Dailey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Dailey\". FAMSF Search the Collections. 2018-09-21. Retrieved 2021-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://art.famsf.org/dan-dailey","url_text":"\"Dan Dailey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birds in Pursuit of Food\". Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM). Archived from the original on 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2021-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/birds-pursuit-food-71418","url_text":"\"Birds in Pursuit of Food\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200814225304/https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/birds-pursuit-food-71418","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Collection\". Imagine Museum. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imaginemuseum.com/collection/","url_text":"\"Collection\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201022201558/https://www.imaginemuseum.com/collection/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Works – Glass Art – Collections – eMuseum\". barryart.emuseum.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol_phosphate_shuttle	Glycerol phosphate shuttle	["1 History","2 Reaction","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	NADH transport mechanism in mitochondria Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is a mechanism used in skeletal muscle and the brain that regenerates NAD+ from NADH, a by-product of glycolysis. NADH is a reducing equivalent that stores electrons generated in the cytoplasm during glycolysis. NADH must be transported into the mitochondria to enter the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. However, the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and only contains a transport system for NAD+. Depending on the type of tissue either the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle pathway or the malate–aspartate shuttle pathway is used to transport electrons from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria. The shuttle consists of two proteins acting in sequence. Cytoplasmic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (cGPD) transfers an electron pair from NADH to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), forming glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and regenerating the NAD+ needed to generate energy via glycolysis. Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD) then catalyzes the oxidation of G3P by FAD, regenerating DHAP in the cytosol and forming FADH2 in the mitochondrial matrix. In mammals, its activity in transporting reducing equivalents across the mitochondrial membrane is secondary to the malate–aspartate shuttle. History The glycerol phosphate shuttle was first characterized as a major route of mitochondrial hydride transport in the flight muscles of blow flies. It was initially believed that the system would be inactive in mammals due to the predominance of lactate dehydrogenase activity over glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) until high GPD1 and GPD2 activity were demonstrated in mammalian brown adipose tissue and pancreatic ß-islets. Reaction In this shuttle, the enzyme called cytoplasmic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1 or cGPD) converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate (2) to glycerol 3-phosphate (1) by oxidizing one molecule of NADH to NAD+ as in the following reaction: Glycerol-3-phosphate is converted back to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by an inner membrane-bound mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GPD2 or mGPD), this time reducing one molecule of enzyme-bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) to FADH2. FADH2 then reduces coenzyme Q (ubiquinone to ubiquinol) whose electrons enter into oxidative phosphorylation. This reaction is irreversible. These electrons bypass Complex I of the electron transport chain, making the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle less energetically efficient compared to oxidation of NADH by Complex I. See also Malate-aspartate shuttle Mitochondrial shuttle References ^ Blanco, Antonio; Blanco, Gustavo (2017-01-01), Blanco, Antonio; Blanco, Gustavo (eds.), "Chapter 9 - Biological Oxidations: Bioenergetics", Medical Biochemistry, Academic Press, pp. 177–204, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803550-4.00009-4, ISBN 978-0-12-803550-4, retrieved 2023-05-14 ^ Bhagavan, N. V. (2002-01-01), Bhagavan, N. V. (ed.), "CHAPTER 14 - Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation", Medical Biochemistry (Fourth Edition), San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 247–274, doi:10.1016/b978-012095440-7/50016-0, ISBN 978-0-12-095440-7, retrieved 2023-05-14 ^ "GPD1 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 – Gene – NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-03. ^ "GPD2 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 – Gene – NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-03. ^ a b Estabrook RW, Sacktor B (October 1958). "alpha-Glycerophosphate oxidase of flight muscle mitochondria". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 233 (4): 1014–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64696-4. PMID 13587533. ^ Sacktor B, Dick A (October 1962). "Pathways of hydrogen transport in the oxidation of extramitochondrial reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide in flight muscle". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 237 (10): 3259–63. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)50156-3. PMID 13975951. ^ Boxer GE, Shonk CE (January 1960). "Low levels of soluble DPN-linked alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in tumors". Cancer Research. 20: 85–91. PMID 13803504. ^ Ohkawa KI, Vogt MT, Farber E (May 1969). "Unusually high mitochondrial alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in rat brown adipose tissue". The Journal of Cell Biology. 41 (2): 441–9. doi:10.1083/jcb.41.2.441. PMC 2107766. PMID 5783866. ^ Houstek J, Cannon B, Lindberg O (1975). "Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle and its function in intermediate metabolism of hamster brown-adipose tissue". European Journal of Biochemistry. 54 (1): 11–18. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb04107.x. PMID 168075. ^ Ratner PL, Fisher M, Burkart D, Cook JR, Kozak LP (April 1981). "The role of mRNA levels and cellular localization in controlling sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression in tissues of the mouse". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 256 (7): 3576–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69647-X. PMID 6782104. ^ Koza RA, Kozak UC, Brown LJ, Leiter EH, MacDonald MJ, Kozak LP (December 1996). "Sequence and tissue-dependent RNA expression of mouse FAD-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 336 (1): 97–104. doi:10.1006/abbi.1996.0536. PMID 8951039. ^ Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. (2007). Biochemistry. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-8724-2. Archived from the original on 2007-05-18. ^ Shen W, Wei Y, Dauk M, et al. (February 2006). "Involvement of a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in modulating the NADH/NAD+ ratio provides evidence of a mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle in Arabidopsis". Plant Cell. 18 (2): 422–41. doi:10.1105/tpc.105.039750. PMC 1356549. PMID 16415206. ^ Mráček, Tomáš; Drahota, Zdeněk; Houštěk, Josef (2013-03-01). "The function and the role of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in mammalian tissues". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1827 (3): 401–410. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.11.014. ISSN 0005-2728. PMID 23220394. External links http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/601glycolysissum.html Archived 2020-06-24 at the Wayback Machine (describes the shuttle in the context of glycolysis)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glycerin-3-phosphat-Shuttle.svg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"NADH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NADH"},{"link_name":"glycolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis"},{"link_name":"reducing equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducing_agent"},{"link_name":"electrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"oxidative phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"inner mitochondrial membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_mitochondrial_membrane"},{"link_name":"impermeable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membrane"},{"link_name":"transport system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport"},{"link_name":"tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"},{"link_name":"malate–aspartate shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate%E2%80%93aspartate_shuttle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol-3-phosphate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"dihydroxyacetone phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone_phosphate"},{"link_name":"glycerol-3-phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol_3-phosphate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Glycerol Phosphate ShuttleThe glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is a mechanism used in skeletal muscle and the brain[1] that regenerates NAD+ from NADH, a by-product of glycolysis. NADH is a reducing equivalent that stores electrons generated in the cytoplasm during glycolysis. NADH must be transported into the mitochondria to enter the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. However, the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and only contains a transport system for NAD+. Depending on the type of tissue either the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle pathway or the malate–aspartate shuttle pathway is used to transport electrons from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria.[2]The shuttle consists of two proteins acting in sequence. Cytoplasmic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (cGPD) transfers an electron pair from NADH to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), forming glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and regenerating the NAD+ needed to generate energy via glycolysis.[3] Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD) then catalyzes the oxidation of G3P by FAD, regenerating DHAP in the cytosol and forming FADH2 in the mitochondrial matrix.[4] In mammals, its activity in transporting reducing equivalents across the mitochondrial membrane is secondary to the malate–aspartate shuttle.","title":"Glycerol phosphate shuttle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blow flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliphoridae"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Estabrook1958-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sacktor1962-6"},{"link_name":"lactate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol-3-phosphate_dehydrogenase_1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Estabrook1958-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boxer1960-7"},{"link_name":"brown adipose tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_adipose_tissue"},{"link_name":"pancreatic ß-islets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_cell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ohkawa1969-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Houstek1975-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ratner1981-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koza1996-11"}],"text":"The glycerol phosphate shuttle was first characterized as a major route of mitochondrial hydride transport in the flight muscles of blow flies.[5][6] It was initially believed that the system would be inactive in mammals due to the predominance of lactate dehydrogenase activity over glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1)[5][7] until high GPD1 and GPD2 activity were demonstrated in mammalian brown adipose tissue and pancreatic ß-islets.[8][9][10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol-3-phosphate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"dihydroxyacetone phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone_phosphate"},{"link_name":"glycerol 3-phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol_3-phosphate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dihydroxyacetone_phosphate_to_glycerol_3-phosphate_en.svg"},{"link_name":"glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol-3-phosphate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"flavin adenine dinucleotide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide"},{"link_name":"coenzyme Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_Q"},{"link_name":"oxidative phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biochemistry-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inPlant-13"},{"link_name":"electron transport chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In this shuttle, the enzyme called cytoplasmic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1 or cGPD) converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate (2) to glycerol 3-phosphate (1) by oxidizing one molecule of NADH to NAD+ as in the following reaction:Glycerol-3-phosphate is converted back to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by an inner membrane-bound mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GPD2 or mGPD), this time reducing one molecule of enzyme-bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) to FADH2. FADH2 then reduces coenzyme Q (ubiquinone to ubiquinol) whose electrons enter into oxidative phosphorylation.[12] This reaction is irreversible.[13] These electrons bypass Complex I of the electron transport chain, making the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle less energetically efficient compared to oxidation of NADH by Complex I.[14]","title":"Reaction"}]	[{"image_text":"Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Glycerin-3-phosphat-Shuttle.svg/380px-Glycerin-3-phosphat-Shuttle.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dihydroxyacetone_phosphate_to_glycerol_3-phosphate_en.svg/458px-Dihydroxyacetone_phosphate_to_glycerol_3-phosphate_en.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Malate-aspartate shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate-aspartate_shuttle"},{"title":"Mitochondrial shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_shuttle"}]	[{"reference":"Blanco, Antonio; Blanco, Gustavo (2017-01-01), Blanco, Antonio; Blanco, Gustavo (eds.), \"Chapter 9 - Biological Oxidations: Bioenergetics\", Medical Biochemistry, Academic Press, pp. 177–204, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803550-4.00009-4, ISBN 978-0-12-803550-4, retrieved 2023-05-14","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128035504000094","url_text":"\"Chapter 9 - Biological Oxidations: Bioenergetics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-803550-4.00009-4","url_text":"10.1016/b978-0-12-803550-4.00009-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-803550-4","url_text":"978-0-12-803550-4"}]},{"reference":"Bhagavan, N. V. (2002-01-01), Bhagavan, N. V. (ed.), \"CHAPTER 14 - Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation\", Medical Biochemistry (Fourth Edition), San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 247–274, doi:10.1016/b978-012095440-7/50016-0, ISBN 978-0-12-095440-7, retrieved 2023-05-14","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120954407500160","url_text":"\"CHAPTER 14 - Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-012095440-7%2F50016-0","url_text":"10.1016/b978-012095440-7/50016-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-095440-7","url_text":"978-0-12-095440-7"}]},{"reference":"\"GPD1 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 [Homo sapiens (human)] – Gene – NCBI\". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2819","url_text":"\"GPD1 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 [Homo sapiens (human)] – Gene – NCBI\""}]},{"reference":"\"GPD2 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] – Gene – NCBI\". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2820","url_text":"\"GPD2 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] – Gene – NCBI\""}]},{"reference":"Estabrook RW, Sacktor B (October 1958). \"alpha-Glycerophosphate oxidase of flight muscle mitochondria\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 233 (4): 1014–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64696-4. PMID 13587533.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2964696-4","url_text":"\"alpha-Glycerophosphate oxidase of flight muscle mitochondria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2964696-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64696-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13587533","url_text":"13587533"}]},{"reference":"Sacktor B, Dick A (October 1962). \"Pathways of hydrogen transport in the oxidation of extramitochondrial reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide in flight muscle\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 237 (10): 3259–63. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)50156-3. PMID 13975951.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2950156-3","url_text":"\"Pathways of hydrogen transport in the oxidation of extramitochondrial reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide in flight muscle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2950156-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)50156-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13975951","url_text":"13975951"}]},{"reference":"Boxer GE, Shonk CE (January 1960). \"Low levels of soluble DPN-linked alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in tumors\". Cancer Research. 20: 85–91. PMID 13803504.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13803504","url_text":"13803504"}]},{"reference":"Ohkawa KI, Vogt MT, Farber E (May 1969). \"Unusually high mitochondrial alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in rat brown adipose tissue\". The Journal of Cell Biology. 41 (2): 441–9. doi:10.1083/jcb.41.2.441. PMC 2107766. PMID 5783866.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2107766","url_text":"\"Unusually high mitochondrial alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in rat brown adipose tissue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.41.2.441","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.41.2.441"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2107766","url_text":"2107766"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5783866","url_text":"5783866"}]},{"reference":"Houstek J, Cannon B, Lindberg O (1975). \"Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle and its function in intermediate metabolism of hamster brown-adipose tissue\". European Journal of Biochemistry. 54 (1): 11–18. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb04107.x. PMID 168075.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1975.tb04107.x","url_text":"\"Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle and its function in intermediate metabolism of hamster brown-adipose tissue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1975.tb04107.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb04107.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/168075","url_text":"168075"}]},{"reference":"Ratner PL, Fisher M, Burkart D, Cook JR, Kozak LP (April 1981). \"The role of mRNA levels and cellular localization in controlling sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression in tissues of the mouse\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 256 (7): 3576–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69647-X. PMID 6782104.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2969647-X","url_text":"\"The role of mRNA levels and cellular localization in controlling sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression in tissues of the mouse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2969647-X","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69647-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6782104","url_text":"6782104"}]},{"reference":"Koza RA, Kozak UC, Brown LJ, Leiter EH, MacDonald MJ, Kozak LP (December 1996). \"Sequence and tissue-dependent RNA expression of mouse FAD-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase\". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 336 (1): 97–104. doi:10.1006/abbi.1996.0536. PMID 8951039.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fabbi.1996.0536","url_text":"10.1006/abbi.1996.0536"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8951039","url_text":"8951039"}]},{"reference":"Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. (2007). Biochemistry. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-8724-2. Archived from the original on 2007-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070518142847/http://bcs.whfreeman.com/biochem6/default.asp?s=&n=&i=&v=&o=&ns=0&uid=0&rau=0","url_text":"Biochemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-8724-2","url_text":"978-0-7167-8724-2"},{"url":"http://bcs.whfreeman.com/biochem6/default.asp?s=&n=&i=&v=&o=&ns=0&uid=0&rau=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shen W, Wei Y, Dauk M, et al. (February 2006). \"Involvement of a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in modulating the NADH/NAD+ ratio provides evidence of a mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle in Arabidopsis\". Plant Cell. 18 (2): 422–41. doi:10.1105/tpc.105.039750. PMC 1356549. PMID 16415206.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356549","url_text":"\"Involvement of a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in modulating the NADH/NAD+ ratio provides evidence of a mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle in Arabidopsis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1105%2Ftpc.105.039750","url_text":"10.1105/tpc.105.039750"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356549","url_text":"1356549"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16415206","url_text":"16415206"}]},{"reference":"Mráček, Tomáš; Drahota, Zdeněk; Houštěk, Josef (2013-03-01). \"The function and the role of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in mammalian tissues\". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1827 (3): 401–410. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.11.014. ISSN 0005-2728. PMID 23220394.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbabio.2012.11.014","url_text":"\"The function and the role of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in mammalian tissues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbabio.2012.11.014","url_text":"10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.11.014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0005-2728","url_text":"0005-2728"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23220394","url_text":"23220394"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128035504000094","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 9 - Biological Oxidations: Bioenergetics\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-803550-4.00009-4","external_links_name":"10.1016/b978-0-12-803550-4.00009-4"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120954407500160","external_links_name":"\"CHAPTER 14 - Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-012095440-7%2F50016-0","external_links_name":"10.1016/b978-012095440-7/50016-0"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2819","external_links_name":"\"GPD1 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 [Homo sapiens (human)] – Gene – NCBI\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2820","external_links_name":"\"GPD2 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] – Gene – NCBI\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2964696-4","external_links_name":"\"alpha-Glycerophosphate oxidase of flight muscle mitochondria\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2964696-4","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64696-4"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13587533","external_links_name":"13587533"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2950156-3","external_links_name":"\"Pathways of hydrogen transport in the oxidation of extramitochondrial reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide in flight muscle\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2950156-3","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)50156-3"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13975951","external_links_name":"13975951"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13803504","external_links_name":"13803504"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2107766","external_links_name":"\"Unusually high mitochondrial alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in rat brown adipose tissue\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.41.2.441","external_links_name":"10.1083/jcb.41.2.441"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2107766","external_links_name":"2107766"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5783866","external_links_name":"5783866"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1975.tb04107.x","external_links_name":"\"Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle and its function in intermediate metabolism of hamster brown-adipose tissue\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1975.tb04107.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb04107.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/168075","external_links_name":"168075"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2969647-X","external_links_name":"\"The role of mRNA levels and cellular localization in controlling sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression in tissues of the mouse\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2969647-X","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69647-X"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6782104","external_links_name":"6782104"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fabbi.1996.0536","external_links_name":"10.1006/abbi.1996.0536"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8951039","external_links_name":"8951039"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070518142847/http://bcs.whfreeman.com/biochem6/default.asp?s=&n=&i=&v=&o=&ns=0&uid=0&rau=0","external_links_name":"Biochemistry"},{"Link":"http://bcs.whfreeman.com/biochem6/default.asp?s=&n=&i=&v=&o=&ns=0&uid=0&rau=0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356549","external_links_name":"\"Involvement of a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in modulating the NADH/NAD+ ratio provides evidence of a mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle in Arabidopsis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1105%2Ftpc.105.039750","external_links_name":"10.1105/tpc.105.039750"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356549","external_links_name":"1356549"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16415206","external_links_name":"16415206"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbabio.2012.11.014","external_links_name":"\"The function and the role of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in mammalian tissues\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbabio.2012.11.014","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.11.014"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0005-2728","external_links_name":"0005-2728"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23220394","external_links_name":"23220394"},{"Link":"http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/601glycolysissum.html","external_links_name":"http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/601glycolysissum.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200624183736/http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/601glycolysissum.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_trace_formula	Arthur–Selberg trace formula	["1 Notation","2 The compact case","2.1 Examples","2.2 Difficulties in the non-compact case","3 The trace formula in the non-compact case","3.1 Distributions","3.2 Geometric terms","3.3 Spectral terms","4 The invariant trace formula","5 Stable trace formula","6 Simple trace formula","7 Applications","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	In mathematics, the Arthur–Selberg trace formula is a generalization of the Selberg trace formula from the group SL2 to arbitrary reductive groups over global fields, developed by James Arthur in a long series of papers from 1974 to 2003. It describes the character of the representation of G(A) on the discrete part L20(G(F)\G(A)) of L2(G(F)\G(A)) in terms of geometric data, where G is a reductive algebraic group defined over a global field F and A is the ring of adeles of F. There are several different versions of the trace formula. The first version was the unrefined trace formula, whose terms depend on truncation operators and have the disadvantage that they are not invariant. Arthur later found the invariant trace formula and the stable trace formula which are more suitable for applications. The simple trace formula (Flicker & Kazhdan 1988) is less general but easier to prove. The local trace formula is an analogue over local fields. Jacquet's relative trace formula is a generalization where one integrates the kernel function over non-diagonal subgroups. Notation F is a global field, such as the field of rational numbers. A is the ring of adeles of F. G is a reductive algebraic group defined over F. The compact case In the case when G(F)\G(A) is compact the representation splits as a direct sum of irreducible representations, and the trace formula is similar to the Frobenius formula for the character of the representation induced from the trivial representation of a subgroup of finite index. In the compact case, which is essentially due to Selberg, the groups G(F) and G(A) can be replaced by any discrete subgroup Γ of a locally compact group G with Γ\G compact. The group G acts on the space of functions on Γ\G by the right regular representation R, and this extends to an action of the group ring of G, considered as the ring of functions f on G. The character of this representation is given by a generalization of the Frobenius formula as follows. The action of a function f on a function φ on Γ\G is given by R ( f ) ( ϕ ) ( x ) = ∫ G f ( y ) ϕ ( x y ) d y = ∫ Γ ∖ G ∑ γ ∈ Γ f ( x − 1 γ y ) ϕ ( y ) d y . {\displaystyle \displaystyle R(f)(\phi )(x)=\int _{G}f(y)\phi (xy)\,dy=\int _{\Gamma \backslash G}\sum _{\gamma \in \Gamma }f(x^{-1}\gamma y)\phi (y)\,dy.} In other words, R(f) is an integral operator on L2(Γ\G) (the space of functions on Γ\G) with kernel K f ( x , y ) = ∑ γ ∈ Γ f ( x − 1 γ y ) . {\displaystyle \displaystyle K_{f}(x,y)=\sum _{\gamma \in \Gamma }f(x^{-1}\gamma y).} Therefore, the trace of R(f) is given by Tr ⁡ ( R ( f ) ) = ∫ Γ ∖ G K f ( x , x ) d x . {\displaystyle \displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} (R(f))=\int _{\Gamma \backslash G}K_{f}(x,x)\,dx.} The kernel K can be written as K f ( x , y ) = ∑ o ∈ O K o ( x , y ) {\displaystyle K_{f}(x,y)=\sum _{o\in O}K_{o}(x,y)} where O is the set of conjugacy classes in Γ, and K o ( x , y ) = ∑ γ ∈ o f ( x − 1 γ y ) = ∑ δ ∈ Γ γ ∖ Γ f ( x − 1 δ − 1 γ δ y ) {\displaystyle K_{o}(x,y)=\sum _{\gamma \in o}f(x^{-1}\gamma y)=\sum _{\delta \in \Gamma _{\gamma }\backslash \Gamma }f(x^{-1}\delta ^{-1}\gamma \delta y)} where γ is an element of the conjugacy class o, and Γγ is its centralizer in Γ. On the other hand, the trace is also given by Tr ⁡ ( R ( f ) ) = ∑ π m ( π ) Tr ⁡ ( R ( f ) \| π ) {\displaystyle \displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} (R(f))=\sum _{\pi }m(\pi )\operatorname {Tr} (R(f)\|\pi )} where m(π) is the multiplicity of the irreducible unitary representation π of G in L2(Γ\G). Examples If Γ and G are both finite, the trace formula is equivalent to the Frobenius formula for the character of an induced representation. If G is the group R of real numbers and Γ the subgroup Z of integers, then the trace formula becomes the Poisson summation formula. Difficulties in the non-compact case In most cases of the Arthur–Selberg trace formula, the quotient G(F)\G(A) is not compact, which causes the following (closely related) problems: The representation on L2(G(F)\G(A)) contains not only discrete components, but also continuous components. The kernel is no longer integrable over the diagonal, and the operators R(f) are no longer of trace class. Arthur dealt with these problems by truncating the kernel at cusps in such a way that the truncated kernel is integrable over the diagonal. This truncation process causes many problems; for example, the truncated terms are no longer invariant under conjugation. By manipulating the terms further, Arthur was able to produce an invariant trace formula whose terms are invariant. The original Selberg trace formula studied a discrete subgroup Γ of a real Lie group G(R) (usually SL2(R)). In higher rank it is more convenient to replace the Lie group with an adelic group G(A). One reason for this that the discrete group can be taken as the group of points G(F) for F a (global) field, which is easier to work with than discrete subgroups of Lie groups. It also makes Hecke operators easier to work with. The trace formula in the non-compact case One version of the trace formula (Arthur 1983) asserts the equality of two distributions on G(A): ∑ o ∈ O J o T = ∑ χ ∈ X J χ T . {\displaystyle \sum _{o\in O}J_{o}^{T}=\sum _{\chi \in X}J_{\chi }^{T}.} The left hand side is the geometric side of the trace formula, and is a sum over equivalence classes in the group of rational points G(F) of G, while the right hand side is the spectral side of the trace formula and is a sum over certain representations of subgroups of G(A). Distributions This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2011) Geometric terms This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2011) Spectral terms This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2011) The invariant trace formula The version of the trace formula above is not particularly easy to use in practice, one of the problems being that the terms in it are not invariant under conjugation. Arthur (1981) found a modification in which the terms are invariant. The invariant trace formula states ∑ M \| W 0 M \| \| W 0 G \| ∑ γ ∈ ( M ( Q ) ) a M ( γ ) I M ( γ , f ) = ∑ M \| W 0 M \| \| W 0 G \| ∫ Π ( M ) a M ( π ) I M ( π , f ) d π {\displaystyle \sum _{M}{\frac {\|W_{0}^{M}\|}{\|W_{0}^{G}\|}}\sum _{\gamma \in (M(Q))}a^{M}(\gamma )I_{M}(\gamma ,f)=\sum _{M}{\frac {\|W_{0}^{M}\|}{\|W_{0}^{G}\|}}\int _{\Pi (M)}a^{M}(\pi )I_{M}(\pi ,f)\,d\pi } where f is a test function on G(A) M ranges over a finite set of rational Levi subgroups of G (M(Q)) is the set of conjugacy classes of M(Q) Π(M) is the set of irreducible unitary representations of M(A) aM(γ) is related to the volume of M(Q,γ)\M(A,γ) aM(π) is related to the multiplicity of the irreducible representation π in L2(M(Q)\M(A)) I M ( γ , f ) {\displaystyle \displaystyle I_{M}(\gamma ,f)} is related to ∫ M ( A , γ ) ∖ M ( A ) f ( x − 1 γ x ) d x {\displaystyle \displaystyle \int _{M(A,\gamma )\backslash M(A)}f(x^{-1}\gamma x)\,dx} I M ( π , f ) {\displaystyle \displaystyle I_{M}(\pi ,f)} is related to trace ∫ M ( A ) f ( x ) π ( x ) d x {\displaystyle \displaystyle \int _{M(A)}f(x)\pi (x)\,dx} W0(M) is the Weyl group of M. Stable trace formula Langlands (1983) suggested the possibility a stable refinement of the trace formula that can be used to compare the trace formula for two different groups. Such a stable trace formula was found and proved by Arthur (2002). Two elements of a group G(F) are called stably conjugate if they are conjugate over the algebraic closure of the field F. The point is that when one compares elements in two different groups, related for example by inner twisting, one does not usually get a good correspondence between conjugacy classes, but only between stable conjugacy classes. So to compare the geometric terms in the trace formulas for two different groups, one would like the terms to be not just invariant under conjugacy, but also to be well behaved on stable conjugacy classes; these are called stable distributions. The stable trace formula writes the terms in the trace formula of a group G in terms of stable distributions. However these stable distributions are not distributions on the group G, but are distributions on a family of quasisplit groups called the endoscopic groups of G. Unstable orbital integrals on the group G correspond to stable orbital integrals on its endoscopic groups H. Simple trace formula There are several simple forms of the trace formula, which restrict the compactly supported test functions f in some way (Flicker & Kazhdan 1988). The advantage of this is that the trace formula and its proof become much easier, and the disadvantage is that the resulting formula is less powerful. For example, if the functions f are cuspidal, which means that ∫ n ∈ N ( A ) f ( x n y ) d n = 0 {\displaystyle \int _{n\in N(A)}f(xny)\,dn=0} for any unipotent radical N of a proper parabolic subgroup (defined over F) and any x, y in G(A), then the operator R(f) has image in the space of cusp forms so is compact. Applications Jacquet & Langlands (1970) used the Selberg trace formula to prove the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence between automorphic forms on GL2 and its twisted forms. The Arthur–Selberg trace formula can be used to study similar correspondences on higher rank groups. It can also be used to prove several other special cases of Langlands functoriality, such as base change, for some groups. Kottwitz (1988) used the Arthur–Selberg trace formula to prove the Weil conjecture on Tamagawa numbers. Lafforgue (2002) described how the trace formula is used in his proof of the Langlands conjecture for general linear groups over function fields. See also Maass wave form Harmonic Maass form Arthur's conjectures References Arthur, James (1981), "The trace formula in invariant form", Annals of Mathematics, Second Series, 114 (1): 1–74, doi:10.2307/1971376, JSTOR 1971376, MR 0625344 Arthur, James (1983), "The trace formula for reductive groups" (PDF), Conference on automorphic theory (Dijon, 1981), Publ. Math. Univ. Paris VII, vol. 15, Paris: Univ. Paris VII, pp. 1–41, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.207.4897, doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6730-7_1, ISBN 978-0-8176-3135-2, MR 0723181 Arthur, James (2002), "A stable trace formula. I. General expansions" (PDF), Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu, 1 (2): 175–277, doi:10.1017/S1474-748002000051, MR 1954821, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-09 Arthur, James (2005), "An introduction to the trace formula" (PDF), Harmonic analysis, the trace formula, and Shimura varieties, Clay Math. Proc., vol. 4, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, pp. 1–263, MR 2192011, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-09 Flicker, Yuval Z.; Kazhdan, David A. (1988), "A simple trace formula", Journal d'Analyse Mathématique, 50: 189–200, doi:10.1007/BF02796122 Gelbart, Stephen (1996), Lectures on the Arthur-Selberg trace formula, University Lecture Series, vol. 9, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, arXiv:math.RT/9505206, doi:10.1090/ulect/009, ISBN 978-0-8218-0571-8, MR 1410260, S2CID 118372096 Jacquet, H.; Langlands, Robert P. (1970), Automorphic forms on GL(2), Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 114, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/BFb0058988, ISBN 978-3-540-04903-6, MR 0401654, S2CID 122773458 Konno, Takuya (2000), "A survey on the Arthur-Selberg trace formula" (PDF), Surikaisekikenkyusho Kõkyuroku (1173): 243–288, MR 1840082 Kottwitz, Robert E. (1988), "Tamagawa numbers", Ann. of Math., 2, 127 (3): 629–646, doi:10.2307/2007007, JSTOR 2007007, MR 0942522 Labesse, Jean-Pierre (1986), "La formule des traces d'Arthur-Selberg", Astérisque (133): 73–88, MR 0837215 Langlands, Robert P. (2001), "The trace formula and its applications: an introduction to the work of James Arthur", Canadian Mathematical Bulletin, 44 (2): 160–209, doi:10.4153/CMB-2001-020-8, ISSN 0008-4395, MR 1827854 Lafforgue, Laurent (2002), "Chtoucas de Drinfeld, formule des traces d'Arthur-Selberg et correspondance de Langlands", Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Vol. I (Beijing, 2002), Beijing: Higher Ed. Press, pp. 383–400, MR 1989194 Langlands, Robert P. (1983), Les débuts d'une formule des traces stable, Publications Mathématiques de l'Université Paris VII , vol. 13, Paris: Université de Paris VII U.E.R. de Mathématiques, MR 0697567 Shokranian, Salahoddin (1992), The Selberg-Arthur trace formula, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1503, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/BFb0092305, ISBN 978-3-540-55021-1, MR 1176101 External links Works of James Arthur Archived 2021-05-16 at the Wayback Machine at the Clay institute Archive of Collected Works of James Arthur at the University of Toronto Department of Mathematics	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flicker & Kazhdan 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFlickerKazhdan1988"},{"link_name":"local trace formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_trace_formula"}],"text":"There are several different versions of the trace formula. The first version was the unrefined trace formula, whose terms depend on truncation operators and have the disadvantage that they are not invariant. Arthur later found the invariant trace formula and the stable trace formula which are more suitable for applications. The simple trace formula (Flicker & Kazhdan 1988) is less general but easier to prove. The local trace formula is an analogue over local fields.\nJacquet's relative trace formula is a generalization where one integrates the kernel function over non-diagonal subgroups.","title":"Arthur–Selberg trace formula"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"global field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_field"}],"text":"F is a global field, such as the field of rational numbers.\nA is the ring of adeles of F.\nG is a reductive algebraic group defined over F.","title":"Notation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frobenius formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_reciprocity"},{"link_name":"index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_a_subgroup"},{"link_name":"locally compact group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_compact_group"}],"text":"In the case when G(F)\\G(A) is compact the representation splits as a direct sum of irreducible representations, and the trace formula is similar to the Frobenius formula for the character of the representation induced from the trivial representation of a subgroup of finite index.In the compact case, which is essentially due to Selberg, the groups G(F) and G(A) can be replaced by any\ndiscrete subgroup Γ of a locally compact group G with Γ\\G compact. The group G acts on the space of functions on\nΓ\\G by the right regular representation R, and this extends to an action of the group ring of G, considered as the ring of functions f on G. The character of this representation is given by a generalization of the Frobenius formula as follows.\nThe action of a function f on a function φ on Γ\\G is given byR\n (\n f\n )\n (\n ϕ\n )\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n G\n \n \n f\n (\n y\n )\n ϕ\n (\n x\n y\n )\n \n d\n y\n =\n \n ∫\n \n Γ\n ∖\n G\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n γ\n ∈\n Γ\n \n \n f\n (\n \n x\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n γ\n y\n )\n ϕ\n (\n y\n )\n \n d\n y\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle R(f)(\\phi )(x)=\\int _{G}f(y)\\phi (xy)\\,dy=\\int _{\\Gamma \\backslash G}\\sum _{\\gamma \\in \\Gamma }f(x^{-1}\\gamma y)\\phi (y)\\,dy.}In other words, R(f) is an integral operator on L2(Γ\\G) (the space of functions on Γ\\G) with kernelK\n \n f\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n γ\n ∈\n Γ\n \n \n f\n (\n \n x\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n γ\n y\n )\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle K_{f}(x,y)=\\sum _{\\gamma \\in \\Gamma }f(x^{-1}\\gamma y).}Therefore, the trace of R(f) is given byTr\n ⁡\n (\n R\n (\n f\n )\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n Γ\n ∖\n G\n \n \n \n K\n \n f\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle \\operatorname {Tr} (R(f))=\\int _{\\Gamma \\backslash G}K_{f}(x,x)\\,dx.}The kernel K can be written asK\n \n f\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n o\n ∈\n O\n \n \n \n K\n \n o\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K_{f}(x,y)=\\sum _{o\\in O}K_{o}(x,y)}where O is the set of conjugacy classes in Γ, andK\n \n o\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n γ\n ∈\n o\n \n \n f\n (\n \n x\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n γ\n y\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n δ\n ∈\n \n Γ\n \n γ\n \n \n ∖\n Γ\n \n \n f\n (\n \n x\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n δ\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n γ\n δ\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K_{o}(x,y)=\\sum _{\\gamma \\in o}f(x^{-1}\\gamma y)=\\sum _{\\delta \\in \\Gamma _{\\gamma }\\backslash \\Gamma }f(x^{-1}\\delta ^{-1}\\gamma \\delta y)}where γ is an element of the conjugacy class o, and Γγ is its centralizer in Γ.On the other hand, the trace is also given byTr\n ⁡\n (\n R\n (\n f\n )\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n π\n \n \n m\n (\n π\n )\n Tr\n ⁡\n (\n R\n (\n f\n )\n \n \|\n \n π\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle \\operatorname {Tr} (R(f))=\\sum _{\\pi }m(\\pi )\\operatorname {Tr} (R(f)\|\\pi )}where m(π) is the multiplicity of the irreducible unitary representation π of G in L2(Γ\\G).","title":"The compact case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poisson summation formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_summation_formula"}],"sub_title":"Examples","text":"If Γ and G are both finite, the trace formula is equivalent to the Frobenius formula for the character of an induced representation.\nIf G is the group R of real numbers and Γ the subgroup Z of integers, then the trace formula becomes the Poisson summation formula.","title":"The compact case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lie group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group"},{"link_name":"Hecke operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecke_operator"}],"sub_title":"Difficulties in the non-compact case","text":"In most cases of the Arthur–Selberg trace formula, the quotient G(F)\\G(A) is not compact, which causes the following (closely related) problems:The representation on L2(G(F)\\G(A)) contains not only discrete components, but also continuous components.\nThe kernel is no longer integrable over the diagonal, and the operators R(f) are no longer of trace class.Arthur dealt with these problems by truncating the kernel at cusps in such a way that the truncated kernel is integrable over the diagonal. This truncation process causes many problems; for example, the truncated terms are no longer invariant under conjugation. By manipulating the terms further, Arthur was able to produce an invariant trace formula whose terms are invariant.The original Selberg trace formula studied a discrete subgroup Γ of a real Lie group G(R) (usually SL2(R)).\nIn higher rank it is more convenient to replace the Lie group with an adelic group G(A). One reason for this that the discrete group can be taken as the group of points G(F) for F a (global) field, which is easier to work with than discrete subgroups of Lie groups. It also makes Hecke operators easier to work with.","title":"The compact case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFArthur1983"}],"text":"One version of the trace formula (Arthur 1983) asserts the equality of two distributions on G(A):∑\n \n o\n ∈\n O\n \n \n \n J\n \n o\n \n \n T\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n χ\n ∈\n X\n \n \n \n J\n \n χ\n \n \n T\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{o\\in O}J_{o}^{T}=\\sum _{\\chi \\in X}J_{\\chi }^{T}.}The left hand side is the geometric side of the trace formula, and is a sum over equivalence classes in the group of rational points G(F) of G, while the right hand side is the spectral side of the trace formula and is a sum over certain representations of subgroups of G(A).","title":"The trace formula in the non-compact case"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Distributions","title":"The trace formula in the non-compact case"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Geometric terms","title":"The trace formula in the non-compact case"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spectral terms","title":"The trace formula in the non-compact case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFArthur1981"},{"link_name":"Weyl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_group"}],"text":"The version of the trace formula above is not particularly easy to use in practice, one of the problems being that the terms in it are not invariant under conjugation. Arthur (1981) found a modification in which the terms are invariant.The invariant trace formula states∑\n \n M\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n W\n \n 0\n \n \n M\n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n W\n \n 0\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n γ\n ∈\n (\n M\n (\n Q\n )\n )\n \n \n \n a\n \n M\n \n \n (\n γ\n )\n \n I\n \n M\n \n \n (\n γ\n ,\n f\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n M\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n W\n \n 0\n \n \n M\n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n W\n \n 0\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n Π\n (\n M\n )\n \n \n \n a\n \n M\n \n \n (\n π\n )\n \n I\n \n M\n \n \n (\n π\n ,\n f\n )\n \n d\n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{M}{\\frac {\|W_{0}^{M}\|}{\|W_{0}^{G}\|}}\\sum _{\\gamma \\in (M(Q))}a^{M}(\\gamma )I_{M}(\\gamma ,f)=\\sum _{M}{\\frac {\|W_{0}^{M}\|}{\|W_{0}^{G}\|}}\\int _{\\Pi (M)}a^{M}(\\pi )I_{M}(\\pi ,f)\\,d\\pi }wheref is a test function on G(A)\nM ranges over a finite set of rational Levi subgroups of G\n(M(Q)) is the set of conjugacy classes of M(Q)\nΠ(M) is the set of irreducible unitary representations of M(A)\naM(γ) is related to the volume of M(Q,γ)\\M(A,γ)\naM(π) is related to the multiplicity of the irreducible representation π in L2(M(Q)\\M(A))\n\n \n \n \n \n \n I\n \n M\n \n \n (\n γ\n ,\n f\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle I_{M}(\\gamma ,f)}\n \n is related to \n \n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n M\n (\n A\n ,\n γ\n )\n ∖\n M\n (\n A\n )\n \n \n f\n (\n \n x\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n γ\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle \\int _{M(A,\\gamma )\\backslash M(A)}f(x^{-1}\\gamma x)\\,dx}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n I\n \n M\n \n \n (\n π\n ,\n f\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle I_{M}(\\pi ,f)}\n \n is related to trace \n \n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n M\n (\n A\n )\n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n π\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle \\int _{M(A)}f(x)\\pi (x)\\,dx}\n \n\nW0(M) is the Weyl group of M.","title":"The invariant trace formula"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Langlands (1983)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLanglands1983"},{"link_name":"Arthur (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFArthur2002"},{"link_name":"endoscopic groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopic_group"}],"text":"Langlands (1983) suggested the possibility a stable refinement of the trace formula that can be used to compare the trace formula for two different groups. Such a stable trace formula was found and proved by Arthur (2002).Two elements of a group G(F) are called stably conjugate if they are conjugate over\nthe algebraic closure of the field F. The point is that when one compares elements in two different groups, related for example by inner twisting, one does not usually get a good correspondence between conjugacy classes, but only between stable conjugacy classes. So to compare the geometric terms in the trace formulas for two different groups, one would like the terms to be not just invariant under conjugacy, but also to be well behaved on stable conjugacy classes; these are called stable distributions.The stable trace formula writes the terms in the trace formula of a group G in terms of stable distributions. However these stable distributions are not distributions on the group G, but are distributions on a family of quasisplit groups called the endoscopic groups of G. Unstable orbital integrals on the group G correspond to stable orbital integrals on its endoscopic groups H.","title":"Stable trace formula"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flicker & Kazhdan 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFlickerKazhdan1988"}],"text":"There are several simple forms of the trace formula, which restrict the compactly supported test functions f in some way (Flicker & Kazhdan 1988). The advantage of this is that the trace formula and its proof become much easier, and the disadvantage is that the resulting formula is less powerful.For example, if the functions f are cuspidal, which means that∫\n \n n\n ∈\n N\n (\n A\n )\n \n \n f\n (\n x\n n\n y\n )\n \n d\n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{n\\in N(A)}f(xny)\\,dn=0}for any unipotent radical N of a proper parabolic subgroup (defined over F) and any x, y in G(A), then the operator R(f) has image in the space of cusp forms so is compact.","title":"Simple trace formula"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacquet & Langlands (1970)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJacquetLanglands1970"},{"link_name":"Jacquet–Langlands correspondence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquet%E2%80%93Langlands_correspondence"},{"link_name":"Kottwitz (1988)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKottwitz1988"},{"link_name":"Weil conjecture on Tamagawa numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weil_conjecture_on_Tamagawa_numbers"},{"link_name":"Lafforgue (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLafforgue2002"}],"text":"Jacquet & Langlands (1970) used the Selberg trace formula to prove the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence between automorphic forms on GL2 and its twisted forms. The Arthur–Selberg trace formula can be used to study similar correspondences on higher rank groups. It can also be used to prove several other special cases of Langlands functoriality, such as base change, for\nsome groups.Kottwitz (1988) used the Arthur–Selberg trace formula to prove the Weil conjecture on Tamagawa numbers.Lafforgue (2002) described how the trace formula is used in his proof of the Langlands conjecture for general linear groups over function fields.","title":"Applications"}]	[]	[{"title":"Maass wave form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maass_wave_form"},{"title":"Harmonic Maass form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_Maass_form"},{"title":"Arthur's conjectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%27s_conjectures"}]	[{"reference":"Arthur, James (1981), \"The trace formula in invariant form\", Annals of Mathematics, Second Series, 114 (1): 1–74, doi:10.2307/1971376, JSTOR 1971376, MR 0625344","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Annals of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1971376","url_text":"10.2307/1971376"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1971376","url_text":"1971376"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0625344","url_text":"0625344"}]},{"reference":"Arthur, James (1983), \"The trace formula for reductive groups\" (PDF), Conference on automorphic theory (Dijon, 1981), Publ. Math. Univ. Paris VII, vol. 15, Paris: Univ. Paris VII, pp. 1–41, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.207.4897, doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6730-7_1, ISBN 978-0-8176-3135-2, MR 0723181","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.maths.ox.ac.uk/cmi/library/cw/arthur/pdf/tfreductive.pdf","url_text":"\"The trace formula for reductive groups\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.207.4897","url_text":"10.1.1.207.4897"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-6730-7_1","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4684-6730-7_1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-3135-2","url_text":"978-0-8176-3135-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0723181","url_text":"0723181"}]},{"reference":"Arthur, James (2002), \"A stable trace formula. I. General expansions\" (PDF), Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu, 1 (2): 175–277, doi:10.1017/S1474-748002000051, MR 1954821, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-09","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509063705/http://www.claymath.org/cw/arthur/pdf/54.pdf","url_text":"\"A stable trace formula. I. General expansions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1474-748002000051","url_text":"10.1017/S1474-748002000051"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1954821","url_text":"1954821"},{"url":"http://www.claymath.org/cw/arthur/pdf/54.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Arthur, James (2005), \"An introduction to the trace formula\" (PDF), Harmonic analysis, the trace formula, and Shimura varieties, Clay Math. Proc., vol. 4, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, pp. 1–263, MR 2192011, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-09","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509055029/http://www.claymath.org/cw/arthur/pdf/62.pdf","url_text":"\"An introduction to the trace formula\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2192011","url_text":"2192011"},{"url":"http://www.claymath.org/cw/arthur/pdf/62.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Flicker, Yuval Z.; Kazhdan, David A. (1988), \"A simple trace formula\", Journal d'Analyse Mathématique, 50: 189–200, doi:10.1007/BF02796122","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kazhdan","url_text":"Kazhdan, David A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_d%27Analyse_Math%C3%A9matique","url_text":"Journal d'Analyse Mathématique"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02796122","url_text":"10.1007/BF02796122"}]},{"reference":"Gelbart, Stephen (1996), Lectures on the Arthur-Selberg trace formula, University Lecture Series, vol. 9, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, arXiv:math.RT/9505206, doi:10.1090/ulect/009, ISBN 978-0-8218-0571-8, MR 1410260, S2CID 118372096","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gelbart","url_text":"Gelbart, Stephen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math.RT/9505206","url_text":"math.RT/9505206"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fulect%2F009","url_text":"10.1090/ulect/009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-0571-8","url_text":"978-0-8218-0571-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1410260","url_text":"1410260"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118372096","url_text":"118372096"}]},{"reference":"Jacquet, H.; Langlands, Robert P. (1970), Automorphic forms on GL(2), Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 114, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/BFb0058988, ISBN 978-3-540-04903-6, MR 0401654, S2CID 122773458","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sunsite.ubc.ca/DigitalMathArchive/Langlands/JL.html#book","url_text":"Automorphic forms on GL(2)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag","url_text":"Springer-Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBFb0058988","url_text":"10.1007/BFb0058988"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-04903-6","url_text":"978-3-540-04903-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0401654","url_text":"0401654"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122773458","url_text":"122773458"}]},{"reference":"Konno, Takuya (2000), \"A survey on the Arthur-Selberg trace formula\" (PDF), Surikaisekikenkyusho Kõkyuroku (1173): 243–288, MR 1840082","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~kyodo/kokyuroku/contents/pdf/1173-20.pdf","url_text":"\"A survey on the Arthur-Selberg trace formula\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1840082","url_text":"1840082"}]},{"reference":"Kottwitz, Robert E. (1988), \"Tamagawa numbers\", Ann. of Math., 2, 127 (3): 629–646, doi:10.2307/2007007, JSTOR 2007007, MR 0942522","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2007007","url_text":"10.2307/2007007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2007007","url_text":"2007007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0942522","url_text":"0942522"}]},{"reference":"Labesse, Jean-Pierre (1986), \"La formule des traces d'Arthur-Selberg\", Astérisque (133): 73–88, MR 0837215","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0837215","url_text":"0837215"}]},{"reference":"Langlands, Robert P. (2001), \"The trace formula and its applications: an introduction to the work of James Arthur\", Canadian Mathematical Bulletin, 44 (2): 160–209, doi:10.4153/CMB-2001-020-8, ISSN 0008-4395, MR 1827854","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Mathematical_Bulletin","url_text":"Canadian Mathematical Bulletin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4153%2FCMB-2001-020-8","url_text":"10.4153/CMB-2001-020-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4395","url_text":"0008-4395"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1827854","url_text":"1827854"}]},{"reference":"Lafforgue, Laurent (2002), \"Chtoucas de Drinfeld, formule des traces d'Arthur-Selberg et correspondance de Langlands\", Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Vol. I (Beijing, 2002), Beijing: Higher Ed. Press, pp. 383–400, MR 1989194","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Lafforgue","url_text":"Lafforgue, Laurent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1989194","url_text":"1989194"}]},{"reference":"Langlands, Robert P. (1983), Les débuts d'une formule des traces stable, Publications Mathématiques de l'Université Paris VII [Mathematical Publications of the University of Paris VII], vol. 13, Paris: Université de Paris VII U.E.R. de Mathématiques, MR 0697567","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sunsite.ubc.ca/DigitalMathArchive/Langlands/endoscopy.html#debuts","url_text":"Les débuts d'une formule des traces stable"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0697567","url_text":"0697567"}]},{"reference":"Shokranian, Salahoddin (1992), The Selberg-Arthur trace formula, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1503, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/BFb0092305, ISBN 978-3-540-55021-1, MR 1176101","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag","url_text":"Springer-Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBFb0092305","url_text":"10.1007/BFb0092305"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-55021-1","url_text":"978-3-540-55021-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1176101","url_text":"1176101"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%E2%80%93Selberg_trace_formula&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%E2%80%93Selberg_trace_formula&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%E2%80%93Selberg_trace_formula&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1971376","external_links_name":"10.2307/1971376"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1971376","external_links_name":"1971376"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0625344","external_links_name":"0625344"},{"Link":"http://www2.maths.ox.ac.uk/cmi/library/cw/arthur/pdf/tfreductive.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The trace formula for reductive groups\""},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.207.4897","external_links_name":"10.1.1.207.4897"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-6730-7_1","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-1-4684-6730-7_1"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0723181","external_links_name":"0723181"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509063705/http://www.claymath.org/cw/arthur/pdf/54.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A stable trace formula. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OnAir_(telecommunications)	SITAONAIR	["1 Services","1.1 Inmarsat SwiftBroadband (L band)","1.2 Inmarsat GlobalXpress (Ka band)","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	In-flight telecommunications company This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "SITAONAIR" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments, a violation of Wikipedia's terms of use. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) SITAONAIRCompany typePrivateIndustryTelecommunication, Technology, AviationPredecessorOnAirFateAirbus sold its 33% in OnAir to SITA making it a subsidiary of SITA.HeadquartersGeneva, SwitzerlandArea servedWorldwideKey peopleDavid Lavorel (CEO) Websitewww.sitaonair.aero SITAONAIR is a company that enables airline passengers to use their smart devices including mobile phones and laptops for calls, text messaging, emails and Internet browsing. The company is a fully owned subsidiary of SITA, originally incorporated as OnAir as a joint venture with Airbus in February 2005. In February 2013, Airbus sold its 33% final stake to SITA. The company is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and sales offices in London, Singapore and Dubai. Services SITAONAIR offers services which aircraft operators can use together or separately: Flight Operations or Flight planning is the process of producing a flight plan to describe a proposed aircraft flight. Internet OnAir is a Wi-Fi network which offers Internet access at broadband speed to passengers. Mobile OnAir is a cellphone service which offers mobile telephony, SMS and narrowband Internet access (56 kbit/s) and so allows passengers to make and receive calls on their mobile phones, send and receive text messages and emails and use the Internet. Airlines can restrict usage of these services at discretion enabling them to ban voice calls and allow only SMS and Internet access instead. Lufthansa is one airline following this restrictive approach due to passengers' alleged desire for quietness during flights. Link OnAir is a managed network service that allows airlines to use the IP-based satellite connection used by the aforementioned services for other applications, such as supplying in-flight entertainment systems with news content or Internet access and providing mission-critical information and communication services to air crews. OnAir Play' combines inflight connectivity with films, TV, live news, music, games, magazines and newspapers. Passengers have access to a full range of content including live news and sport, updated throughout the flight and can buy destination-based goods and services to ease their arrival. All three services share the same satellite connection to the ground. SITAONAIR (then OnAir) was the first company to provide integrated GSM and inflight wifi services, with Oman Air as the launch airline in March 2010. SITAONAIR's technology has been certified for use on many types of aircraft – both private and commercial jets including Boeing and Airbus – for short and long haul. In most cases, it is available for linefit or retrofit. Inmarsat SwiftBroadband (L band) A satellite data unit (SDU) manufactured by Thales and branded TopConnect establishes a backhaul link to the ground through Inmarsat's SwiftBroadband geostationary satellite constellation operating in the L band around 1500 MHz which allows the use of electronically steerable antennas mounted atop the aircraft fuselage and encased within a fiberglass, RF-transparent radome that have a low profile compared to systems operating in the Ku band or Ka band which today still require mechanically steerable antennas with a significantly higher profile. Thus drag and fuel costs are reduced allowing economical operation even on smaller aircraft like business or regional jets. Inmarsat's SwiftBroadband system covers much of the planet except for the polar regions above −82 and below +82 degrees latitude and currently provides symmetric data rates of up to 432 kbit/s per channel dependent on signal quality and overall load on the satellite's spotbeam serving the corresponding geographical area. Currently the Thales SDU can bond two channels resulting in a maximum bandwidth of 864 kbit/s. Inmarsat GlobalXpress (Ka band) SITAONAIR was appointed as distribution partner for Inmarsat's Global Xpress service in November 2011. See also Gogo Inflight Internet Aircell Swift Broadband by Inmarsat Connexion by Boeing AeroMobile References ^ Mary Kirby (11 February 2013). "Exclusive: Airbus exits inflight connectivity business with sale of OnAir stake to SITA". APEX. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013. ^ a b "Global Distribution Systems & Technology Partners". Archived from the original on 2014-07-27. Retrieved 2014-07-17. ^ Focus (22 September 2011). "Lufthansa: Ja zur SMS im Flieger, nein zu Telefonaten". Focus. Retrieved 14 July 2012. ^ "Philippine Airlines to be launch customer for OnAir Play". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-07-17. ^ "Oman Air launches full mobile phone and wi-fi connectivity aboard new Airbus A330s". Archived from the original on 2014-07-24. Retrieved 2014-07-17. ^ "The new inflight 'must have': An interview with OnAir CEO Ian Dawkins". Archived from the original on 2014-07-28. Retrieved 2014-07-17. ^ "Thales launches connectivity demonstrator suite". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2019-11-15. ^ OnAir (29 November 2011). "OnAir selected by Inmarsat as Global Xpress Distribution Partner" (PDF). OnAir. Retrieved 14 July 2012. External links Official website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline"},{"link_name":"mobile phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phones"},{"link_name":"laptops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptops"},{"link_name":"SITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SITA_(business_services_company)"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"Airbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apex20130211-1"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"}],"text":"SITAONAIR is a company that enables airline passengers to use their smart devices including mobile phones and laptops for calls, text messaging, emails and Internet browsing.The company is a fully owned subsidiary of SITA, originally incorporated as OnAir as a joint venture with Airbus in February 2005. In February 2013, Airbus sold its 33% final stake to SITA.[1][unreliable source?] The company is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and sales offices in London, Singapore and Dubai.","title":"SITAONAIR"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flight planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_planning"},{"link_name":"flight plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_plan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaco.org-2"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"Lufthansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"in-flight entertainment systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-flight_entertainment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaco.org-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"GSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM"},{"link_name":"Oman Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_Air"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"Airbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"SITAONAIR offers services which aircraft operators can use together or separately:Flight Operations or Flight planning is the process of producing a flight plan to describe a proposed aircraft flight.\nInternet OnAir is a Wi-Fi network which offers Internet access at broadband speed to passengers.[2]\nMobile OnAir is a cellphone service which offers mobile telephony, SMS and narrowband Internet access (56 kbit/s) and so allows passengers to make and receive calls on their mobile phones, send and receive text messages and emails and use the Internet. Airlines can restrict usage of these services at discretion enabling them to ban voice calls and allow only SMS and Internet access instead. Lufthansa is one airline following this restrictive approach due to passengers' alleged desire for quietness during flights.[3]\nLink OnAir is a managed network service that allows airlines to use the IP-based satellite connection used by the aforementioned services for other applications, such as supplying in-flight entertainment systems with news content or Internet access and providing mission-critical information and communication services to air crews.[2]\nOnAir Play' combines inflight connectivity with films, TV, live news, music, games, magazines and newspapers. Passengers have access to a full range of content including live news and sport, updated throughout the flight and can buy destination-based goods and services to ease their arrival.[4]All three services share the same satellite connection to the ground. SITAONAIR (then OnAir) was the first company to provide integrated GSM and inflight wifi services, with Oman Air as the launch airline in March 2010.[5] SITAONAIR's technology has been certified for use on many types of aircraft – both private and commercial jets including Boeing and Airbus – for short and long haul. In most cases, it is available for linefit or retrofit.[6]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_Group"},{"link_name":"backhaul link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhaul_(telecommunications)"},{"link_name":"SwiftBroadband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SwiftBroadband"},{"link_name":"geostationary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit"},{"link_name":"satellite constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_constellation"},{"link_name":"L band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_band"},{"link_name":"Ku band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_band"},{"link_name":"Ka band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_band"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Inmarsat SwiftBroadband (L band)","text":"A satellite data unit (SDU) manufactured by Thales and branded TopConnect establishes a backhaul link to the ground through Inmarsat's SwiftBroadband geostationary satellite constellation operating in the L band around 1500 MHz which allows the use of electronically steerable antennas mounted atop the aircraft fuselage and encased within a fiberglass, RF-transparent radome\nthat have a low profile compared to systems operating in the Ku band or Ka band which today still require mechanically steerable antennas with a significantly higher profile. Thus drag and fuel costs are reduced allowing economical operation even on smaller aircraft like business or regional jets.\nInmarsat's SwiftBroadband system covers much of the planet except for the polar regions above −82 and below +82 degrees latitude and currently provides symmetric data rates of up to 432 kbit/s per channel dependent on signal quality and overall load on the satellite's spotbeam serving the corresponding geographical area. Currently the Thales SDU can bond two channels resulting in a maximum bandwidth of 864 kbit/s.[7]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Inmarsat GlobalXpress (Ka band)","text":"SITAONAIR was appointed as distribution partner for Inmarsat's Global Xpress service in November 2011.[8]","title":"Services"}]	[]	[{"title":"Gogo Inflight Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogo_Inflight_Internet"},{"title":"Aircell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircell"},{"title":"Inmarsat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmarsat"},{"title":"Connexion by Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connexion_by_Boeing"},{"title":"AeroMobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AeroMobile"}]	[{"reference":"Mary Kirby (11 February 2013). \"Exclusive: Airbus exits inflight connectivity business with sale of OnAir stake to SITA\". APEX. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130516183210/http://blog.apex.aero/ife/exclusive-airbus-exits-inflight-connectivity-business-sale-onair-stake-sita/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Airbus exits inflight connectivity business with sale of OnAir stake to SITA\""},{"url":"http://blog.apex.aero/ife/exclusive-airbus-exits-inflight-connectivity-business-sale-onair-stake-sita/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Global Distribution Systems & Technology Partners\". Archived from the original on 2014-07-27. Retrieved 2014-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aaco.org/partnerdetails.aspx?pageid=378","url_text":"\"Global Distribution Systems & Technology Partners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140727085755/http://www.aaco.org/partnerdetails.aspx?pageid=378","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Focus (22 September 2011). \"Lufthansa: Ja zur SMS im Flieger, nein zu Telefonaten\". Focus. Retrieved 14 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.focus.de/reisen/fliegen/lufthansa-ja-zur-sms-im-flieger-nein-zu-telefonaten_aid_667857.html","url_text":"\"Lufthansa: Ja zur SMS im Flieger, nein zu Telefonaten\""}]},{"reference":"\"Philippine Airlines to be launch customer for OnAir Play\". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.getconnected.aero/2014/05/philippine-airlines-launch-customer-onair-play","url_text":"\"Philippine Airlines to be launch customer for OnAir Play\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021945/http://www.getconnected.aero/2014/05/philippine-airlines-launch-customer-onair-play","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Oman Air launches full mobile phone and wi-fi connectivity aboard new Airbus A330s\". Archived from the original on 2014-07-24. Retrieved 2014-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.meed.com/sectors/transport/aviation-and-airports/oman-air-launches-full-mobile-phone-and-wi-fi-connectivity-aboard-new-airbus-a330s/3056602.article","url_text":"\"Oman Air launches full mobile phone and wi-fi connectivity aboard new Airbus A330s\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140724135833/http://www.meed.com/sectors/transport/aviation-and-airports/oman-air-launches-full-mobile-phone-and-wi-fi-connectivity-aboard-new-airbus-a330s/3056602.article","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The new inflight 'must have': An interview with OnAir CEO Ian Dawkins\". Archived from the original on 2014-07-28. Retrieved 2014-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sita.aero/content/the-new-inflight-must-have-an-interview-with-onair-ceo-ian-dawkins","url_text":"\"The new inflight 'must have': An interview with OnAir CEO Ian Dawkins\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140728223605/http://www.sita.aero/content/the-new-inflight-must-have-an-interview-with-onair-ceo-ian-dawkins","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Thales launches connectivity demonstrator suite\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2019-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aircraftinteriorsinternational.com/news.php?NewsID=20140/","url_text":"\"Thales launches connectivity demonstrator suite\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305122736/http://www.aircraftinteriorsinternational.com/news.php?NewsID=20140%2F","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"OnAir (29 November 2011). \"OnAir selected by Inmarsat as Global Xpress Distribution Partner\" (PDF). OnAir. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irinaka_Station	Irinaka Station	["1 History","2 Lines","3 Layout","3.1 Platforms","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 35°08′36″N 136°57′19″E / 35.1432°N 136.9552°E / 35.1432; 136.9552Metro station in Nagoya, Japan T14Irinaka Stationいりなか駅 Nagoya Municipal Subway stationIrinaka Station, 1st EntranceGeneral informationLocationHayato 3-4, Shōwa, Nagoya, Aichi（名古屋市昭和区隼人町3-4）JapanOperated byTransportation Bureau City of NagoyaLine(s) Tsurumai LineConnections Bus terminal Other informationStation codeT14HistoryOpened18 March 1977; 47 years ago (1977-03-18)Passengers20097,461 daily Services Preceding station Nagoya Municipal Subway Following station KawanaT13towards Kami-Otai Tsurumai Line YagotoT15towards Akaike Station platform 1 towards Akaike and Toyotashi (2010) Irinaka Station (いりなか駅, Irinaka-eki) is an underground metro station located in Kawanayama-chō, Shōwa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan operated by the Nagoya Municipal Subway's Tsurumai Line. It is located 14.1 rail kilometers from the terminus of the Tsurumai Line at Kami-Otai Station. History Irinaka Station was opened on 18 March 1977. Lines Nagoya Municipal Subway Tsurumai Line (Station number: T14) Layout Irinaka Station has two underground opposed side platforms. The platform layout is as follows: Platforms 1 ■ Tsurumai Line For Yagoto, Akaike, and Toyotashi 2 ■ Tsurumai Line For Fushimi, Kami-Otai, and Inuyama References ^ いりなか (in Japanese). Transportation Bureau City of Nagoya. Retrieved 21 November 2010. ^ 佐藤, 信之 (19 June 2004), 地下鉄の歴史首都圏・中部・近畿圏 (in Japanese), グランプリ出版, ISBN 4-87687-260-0 ^ 駅構内図 (in Japanese). Transportation Bureau City of Nagoya. Retrieved 21 November 2010. External links Media related to Irinaka Station at Wikimedia Commons Irinaka Station official web site (in Japanese) vteStations of the Nagoya Municipal Subway Tsurumai Line Kami-Otai Shōnai Ryokuchi Kōen Shōnai-dōri Jōshin Sengen-chō Marunouchi Fushimi Ōsu Kannon Kamimaezu Tsurumai Arahata Gokiso Kawana Irinaka Yagoto Shiogama-guchi Ueda Hara Hirabari Akaike 35°08′36″N 136°57′19″E / 35.1432°N 136.9552°E / 35.1432; 136.9552 This Aichi Prefecture railroad station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nagoya-subway-T14-Irinaka-station-platform-20100316.jpg"},{"link_name":"metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_station"},{"link_name":"Kawanayama-chō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanayama-ch%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Shōwa-ku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa-ku,_Nagoya"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"Aichi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Nagoya Municipal Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_Municipal_Subway"},{"link_name":"Tsurumai Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsurumai_Line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nagoya-1"},{"link_name":"Kami-Otai Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami-Otai_Station"}],"text":"Metro station in Nagoya, JapanStation platform 1 towards Akaike and Toyotashi (2010)Irinaka Station (いりなか駅, Irinaka-eki) is an underground metro station located in Kawanayama-chō, Shōwa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan operated by the Nagoya Municipal Subway's Tsurumai Line.[1] It is located 14.1 rail kilometers from the terminus of the Tsurumai Line at Kami-Otai Station.","title":"Irinaka Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history_of_subways-2"}],"text":"Irinaka Station was opened on 18 March 1977.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_Municipal_Subway"},{"link_name":"Nagoya Municipal Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_Municipal_Subway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsurumai_Line"},{"link_name":"Tsurumai Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsurumai_Line"}],"text":"Nagoya Municipal Subway\n Tsurumai Line (Station number: T14)","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"side platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platform"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-3"}],"text":"Irinaka Station has two underground opposed side platforms. 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Retrieved 21 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kotsu.city.nagoya.jp/subway/stn_map/a_map/irinaka_map.html","url_text":"駅構内図"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Irinaka_Station&params=35.1432_N_136.9552_E_type:railwaystation_region:JP","external_links_name":"35°08′36″N 136°57′19″E / 35.1432°N 136.9552°E / 35.1432; 136.9552"},{"Link":"http://www.kotsu.city.nagoya.jp/subway/station_info/a_info/irinaka.html","external_links_name":"いりなか"},{"Link":"http://www.kotsu.city.nagoya.jp/subway/stn_map/a_map/irinaka_map.html","external_links_name":"駅構内図"},{"Link":"http://www.kotsu.city.nagoya.jp/subway/station_info/a_info/irinaka.html","external_links_name":"Irinaka Station official web site"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Irinaka_Station&params=35.1432_N_136.9552_E_type:railwaystation_region:JP","external_links_name":"35°08′36″N 136°57′19″E / 35.1432°N 136.9552°E / 35.1432; 136.9552"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irinaka_Station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C5%82a	Odła	[]	Coordinates: 53°20′47″N 23°52′22″E / 53.3464°N 23.8728°E / 53.3464; 23.8728This article is about the river. For the Palestinian town, see Odala. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Polish. (October 2011) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Polish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|pl\|Odła}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. River in Poland, BelarusOdłaОдлаLocationCountryPoland, BelarusPhysical characteristicsMouth • locationSvislach • coordinates53°20′47″N 23°52′22″E / 53.3464°N 23.8728°E / 53.3464; 23.8728Basin featuresProgressionSvislach→ Neman→ Baltic Sea Odła (Belarusian: Одла - Odla) is a river of Poland and Belarus, a tributary of the Svislach. Its source is near the village Zubrzyca Mała in eastern Poland. It crosses the border with Belarus, and flows into the Svislach near the village Pachobuty, Byerastavitsa District. This article related to a river in Poland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odala"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Svislach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svislach_(Neman)"},{"link_name":"Zubrzyca Mała","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubrzyca_Ma%C5%82a"},{"link_name":"Pachobuty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pachobuty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Byerastavitsa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byerastavitsa_District"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Od%C5%82a&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Poland-river-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Poland-river-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poland-river-stub"}],"text":"This article is about the river. For the Palestinian town, see Odala.River in Poland, BelarusOdła (Belarusian: Одла - Odla) is a river of Poland and Belarus, a tributary of the Svislach. Its source is near the village Zubrzyca Mała in eastern Poland. It crosses the border with Belarus, and flows into the Svislach near the village Pachobuty, Byerastavitsa District.This article related to a river in Poland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Odła"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Od%C5%82a&params=53.3464_N_23.8728_E_region:BY_type:river","external_links_name":"53°20′47″N 23°52′22″E / 53.3464°N 23.8728°E / 53.3464; 23.8728"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOd%C5%82a&sl=pl&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Od%C5%82a&params=53.3464_N_23.8728_E_region:BY_type:river","external_links_name":"53°20′47″N 23°52′22″E / 53.3464°N 23.8728°E / 53.3464; 23.8728"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Od%C5%82a&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Attila	Ludwig Durlacher	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life and death","4 References"]	American strongman, gymnasium owner, and personal trainer Ludwig DurlacherBorn(1844-07-02)2 July 1844Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of BadenDied15 March 1924(1924-03-15) (aged 79)Occupation(s)Strongman, gym owner, personal trainerSpouseRoseanna AttilaChildren1 daughterRelativesSiegmund Klein (son-in-law) Ludwig Durlacher, also known as Louis Attila, (July 2, 1844 – March 15, 1924) was a Grand Duchy of Baden-born American strongman, gym owner and personal trainer. He trained members of European royal families and American high society as well as athletes like Eugen Sandow and James J. Corbett. He was "one of the first 'personal trainers' for the rich and famous". Early life Durlacher was born on July 2, 1844, in Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden. He was trained by Italian strongman Felice Napoli from a young age, and he later joined the Baden Sharpshooters, a sports club. Career Durlacher began his career as a strongman in 1863, under the stage name of Attila. He toured all over Europe, including at the Folies Bergère in Paris and the Alhambra Theatre in London. He performed at the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887. Durlacher became "one of the first 'personal trainers' for the rich and famous". His clients included many members of high society like Cornelius Vanderbilt and members of royal families of Denmark, Norway, Britain, Greece and Russia. After opening his own gym in Brussels in 1886, he began training Eugen Sandow, an early bodybuilder. He opened another gym in Bloomsbury, London in 1889, and he continued to train Sandow. Durlacher emigrated to the United States in 1893. He opened a gym in New York City known as Attila's Athletic Studio and School of Physical Culture. From 1898 to 1924, it was located at 1383 Broadway in Midtown Manhattan. Members included John Philip Sousa, Alfred Vanderbilt, and J. P. Morgan Jr., and visitors included Louis Cyr and Warren Lincoln Travis. Durlacher also trained boxing champion James J. Corbett. He was one of the first trainers to encourage women to lift weights and box. Personal life and death Durlacher had a daughter, Grace, who married Siegmund Klein, a bodybuilder. Durlacher died on March 15, 1924. His widow, Roseanna Attila, died in 1961. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Beckwith, Kim; Todd, Jan (July 2002). "Requiem for a Strongman: Reassessing the Career of Reassessing the Career of Professor Louis Attila" (PDF). Iron Game History. 7 (2–3): 42–55. Retrieved January 12, 2019 – via H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports. ^ a b c d e "Professor Attila's Scrapbook". H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports. Retrieved January 12, 2019. ^ a b c d e Apeland, John H. (March 30, 1924). "Age, Eighty--Profession, Strong Man! Louis Attila, Sandow's Instructor, Who for Sixty Years Has Been an "Atlas", Tells How He Has Taught Royalty and Society Folk the Principles of Keeping Physically Fit". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 12. Retrieved January 12, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Maher, Louise (April 29, 2015). "The Mighty Sandow: How the world's strongest man wowed Australian audiences in 1902". ABC. Retrieved January 12, 2019. ^ a b St. Sukie de la Croix (2012). Chicago Whispers: A History of LGBT Chicago before Stonewall. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 182. ISBN 9780299286941. OCLC 756913037. ^ "Mrs. Roseanna Attila". The Daily News. May 12, 1961. p. 89. Retrieved January 12, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. vtePhysical cultureAntecedents Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths Friedrich Ludwig Jahn Johann Baptist Krebs Pehr Henrik Ling Franz Nachtegall Francisco Amorós y Ondeano Adolf Spiess Thomas Topham SystemsWesternEuropean Bert Assirati William Bankier Edward William Barton-Wright Zishe Breitbart Niels Bukh Victor Dane François Delsarte Edmond Desbonnet Launceston Elliot Tony Emmott Juan Ferrero Eileen Fowler Bob Fitzsimmons Gustav Frištenský Edith Margaret Garrud Hermann Görner George Hackenschmidt Georges Hébert Oscar Heidenstam F. A. Hornibrook Thomas Inch John Lees Dan McLeod Jørgen Peter Müller Hartvig Nissen Reg Park William Pullum Joan Rhodes Eugen Sandow Arthur Saxon Clara Schlaffhorst Sokol Mary Bagot Stack Lionel Strongfort Maxalding Maxick Monte Saldo Vulcana Ronald Walker Emily Diana Watts Freddie Welsh New World Marguerite Agniel Charles Atlas Clarence Bass Sanford Bennett Pierre Bernard Mark Berry Joe Bonomo George Brosius Drexel Biddle Marie Bjelke Petersen William Blaikie Paul Bragg Alan Calvert Edwin Checkley C. Ward Crampton Jack Delinger Ludwig Durlacher George Eiferman Carrica Le Favre Keene Fitzpatrick Mark Forest Ed Fury John B. Gagnon Vince Gironda Joe Greenstein John Grimek Milo Hastings Roy Hilligenn Bob Hoffman George F. Jowett Annette Kellerman Siegmund Klein Jack LaLanne W. R. C. Latson Diocletian Lewis Gilman Low Dan Lurie Bernarr Macfadden Artie McGovern William Muldoon Ralph Parcaut Kid Parker Harry Paschall Bill Pearl Steve Reeves Leo Robert Joe Rollino Tony Sansone Dudley Allen Sargent Larry Scott Amos Alonzo Stagg Genevieve Stebbins Alois P. Swoboda Armand Tanny Vic Tanny John Terpak Warren Lincoln Travis Al Treloar Turners IndianBodybuilding Manohar Aich Ramesh Balsekar The Great Gama B. C. Ghosh Ambika Charan Guha Jatindra Charan Guho Guru Hanuman K. V. Iyer Kodi Rammurthy Naidu Chandgi Ram Monotosh Roy Yogic Krishnamacharya Kuvalayananda Seetharaman Sundaram Shri Yogendra Tiruka Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Related Battle of the Systems Fitness culture Gymnastics Muscular religion Yoga as exercise Natural hygiene Pilates Category Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"strongman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongman_(strength_athlete)"},{"link_name":"high society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_society_(social_class)"},{"link_name":"Eugen Sandow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Sandow"},{"link_name":"James J. Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Corbett"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-requiemforastrongman-1"}],"text":"Ludwig Durlacher, also known as Louis Attila, (July 2, 1844 – March 15, 1924) was a Grand Duchy of Baden-born American strongman, gym owner and personal trainer. He trained members of European royal families and American high society as well as athletes like Eugen Sandow and James J. Corbett. He was \"one of the first 'personal trainers' for the rich and famous\".[1]","title":"Ludwig Durlacher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karlsruhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-requiemforastrongman-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scrapbook-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brooklyndailyeagleageeighty-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-requiemforastrongman-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brooklyndailyeagleageeighty-3"}],"text":"Durlacher was born on July 2, 1844, in Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden.[1][2][3] He was trained by Italian strongman Felice Napoli from a young age, and he later joined the Baden Sharpshooters, a sports club.[1][3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scrapbook-2"},{"link_name":"Folies Bergère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Alhambra Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-requiemforastrongman-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brooklyndailyeagleageeighty-3"},{"link_name":"Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brooklyndailyeagleageeighty-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-requiemforastrongman-1"},{"link_name":"high society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_society_(social_class)"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-requiemforastrongman-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brooklyndailyeagleageeighty-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scrapbook-2"},{"link_name":"Eugen Sandow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Sandow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-requiemforastrongman-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abcthemightysandow-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicagowhispers182-5"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-requiemforastrongman-1"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Midtown Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"John Philip Sousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa"},{"link_name":"Alfred Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Vanderbilt"},{"link_name":"J. P. Morgan Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan_Jr."},{"link_name":"Louis Cyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Cyr"},{"link_name":"Warren Lincoln Travis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Lincoln_Travis"},{"link_name":"James J. Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Corbett"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-requiemforastrongman-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicagowhispers182-5"}],"text":"Durlacher began his career as a strongman in 1863, under the stage name of Attila.[2] He toured all over Europe, including at the Folies Bergère in Paris and the Alhambra Theatre in London.[1][3] He performed at the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887.[3]Durlacher became \"one of the first 'personal trainers' for the rich and famous\".[1] His clients included many members of high society like Cornelius Vanderbilt and members of royal families of Denmark, Norway, Britain, Greece and Russia.[1][3] After opening his own gym in Brussels in 1886,[2] he began training Eugen Sandow, an early bodybuilder.[1][4][5] He opened another gym in Bloomsbury, London in 1889, and he continued to train Sandow.[1]Durlacher emigrated to the United States in 1893. He opened a gym in New York City known as Attila's Athletic Studio and School of Physical Culture. From 1898 to 1924, it was located at 1383 Broadway in Midtown Manhattan. Members included John Philip Sousa, Alfred Vanderbilt, and J. P. Morgan Jr., and visitors included Louis Cyr and Warren Lincoln Travis. Durlacher also trained boxing champion James J. Corbett.[1] He was one of the first trainers to encourage women to lift weights and box.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siegmund Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegmund_Klein"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-requiemforastrongman-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scrapbook-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-requiemforastrongman-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scrapbook-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailynewsmrsroseannaattila-6"}],"text":"Durlacher had a daughter, Grace, who married Siegmund Klein, a bodybuilder.[1][2]Durlacher died on March 15, 1924.[1][2] His widow, Roseanna Attila, died in 1961.[6]","title":"Personal life and death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Beckwith, Kim; Todd, Jan (July 2002). \"Requiem for a Strongman: Reassessing the Career of Reassessing the Career of Professor Louis Attila\" (PDF). Iron Game History. 7 (2–3): 42–55. Retrieved January 12, 2019 – via H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starkcenter.org/igh/igh-v7/igh-v7-n2-n3/igh0703i.pdf","url_text":"\"Requiem for a Strongman: Reassessing the Career of Reassessing the Career of Professor Louis Attila\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.J._Lutcher_Stark_Center_for_Physical_Culture_and_Sports","url_text":"H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Attila's Scrapbook\". H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports. Retrieved January 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starkcenter.org/books/attila-scrapbook/","url_text":"\"Professor Attila's Scrapbook\""}]},{"reference":"Apeland, John H. (March 30, 1924). \"Age, Eighty--Profession, Strong Man! Louis Attila, Sandow's Instructor, Who for Sixty Years Has Been an \"Atlas\", Tells How He Has Taught Royalty and Society Folk the Principles of Keeping Physically Fit\". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 12. Retrieved January 12, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/60018046/?terms=%22professor%2Battila%22","url_text":"\"Age, Eighty--Profession, Strong Man! Louis Attila, Sandow's Instructor, Who for Sixty Years Has Been an \"Atlas\", Tells How He Has Taught Royalty and Society Folk the Principles of Keeping Physically Fit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Maher, Louise (April 29, 2015). \"The Mighty Sandow: How the world's strongest man wowed Australian audiences in 1902\". ABC. Retrieved January 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-21/mighty-sandow-worlds-strongest-man/6408670","url_text":"\"The Mighty Sandow: How the world's strongest man wowed Australian audiences in 1902\""}]},{"reference":"St. Sukie de la Croix (2012). Chicago Whispers: A History of LGBT Chicago before Stonewall. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 182. ISBN 9780299286941. OCLC 756913037.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Sukie_de_la_Croix","url_text":"St. Sukie de la Croix"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=44lheqlq-jYC&q=%22Ludwig+Durlacher%22&pg=PA182","url_text":"Chicago Whispers: A History of LGBT Chicago before Stonewall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299286941","url_text":"9780299286941"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/756913037","url_text":"756913037"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. Roseanna Attila\". The Daily News. May 12, 1961. p. 89. Retrieved January 12, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/457206012/?terms=%22louis%2Battila%22","url_text":"\"Mrs. Roseanna Attila\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.starkcenter.org/igh/igh-v7/igh-v7-n2-n3/igh0703i.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Requiem for a Strongman: Reassessing the Career of Reassessing the Career of Professor Louis Attila\""},{"Link":"https://www.starkcenter.org/books/attila-scrapbook/","external_links_name":"\"Professor Attila's Scrapbook\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/60018046/?terms=%22professor%2Battila%22","external_links_name":"\"Age, Eighty--Profession, Strong Man! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Provoost	Samuel Provoost	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Consecrators","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	American clergyman, 1742–1815 The Most ReverendSamuel Provoost3rd Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal ChurchSamuel ProvoostChurchEpiscopal ChurchIn office1792–1795PredecessorSamuel SeaburySuccessorWilliam WhiteOther post(s)Bishop of New York (1787-1815)OrdersOrdinationMarch 25, 1766by Edmund KeeneConsecrationFebruary 4, 1787by John MoorePersonal detailsBornMarch 11, 1742New York City, Province of New York, Kingdom of Great BritainDiedSeptember 6, 1815(1815-09-06) (aged 73)New York City, New York, United StatesBuriedTrinity Church CemeteryNationalityAmericanDenominationAnglicanParentsJohn Provoost and Eva RutgersSpouse Maria Bousfield (m. 1766)Alma materKing's College, New YorkSignature Samuel Provoost (March 11, 1742 – September 6, 1815) was an American Clergyman. He was the first Chaplain of the United States Senate and the first Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York, as well as the third Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, USA. He was consecrated as bishop of New York in 1787 with Bishop William White. He was the first Episcopal Bishop of Dutch and Huguenot ancestry. Early life Coat of Arms of Samuel Provoost Samuel Provoost was born in New York City, New York to John Provoost and Eva Rutgers on 26 February 1742. He was baptized on 28 February 1742 (The Roosevelt Genealogy, 1649–1902). He was a descendant of William Provoost, who was of a Huguenot family (some of the early settlers in Quebec). His paternal grandmother was Mary (née Spratt) Alexander (1693–1760). Provoost was educated at King's College, now known as Columbia University, graduating in 1758. In 1761 he arrived in England and continued his studies at Peterhouse, Cambridge, from which he graduated in 1765. Samuel was fluent in Hebrew, Greek and Latin, and while he was at the College he learned French and Italian gaining the distinction as a linguist. Samuel Provoost also matriculated at the University of Leiden, July 28, 1764. Career In February 1766, Provoost was ordained a deacon at the Chapel Royal of St James's Palace in Westminster and a priest in March 1766. In September 1766, he sailed to New York with his wife and in December he became an assistant rector of Trinity Church. Provoost's dry preaching style, along his support for American independence, offended some church members and in 1769 a motion was made in the vestry to dispense with his services. The vestry subsequently resolved "That Mr. Provoost be continued, and paid by what can be raised by subscription only," but funds weren't forthcoming and in 1771 Provoost resigned and settled in Dutchess County near his friends Walter Livingston and Robert R. Livingston. During his 13 years there he preached occasionally in neighboring churches, and joined his neighbors in their pursuit of the British after the burning of the town of Esopus, but he declined offers to serve as a delegate to the Provincial Congress and as chaplain of the New York Constitutional Convention of 1777, as well as the rectorship of churches in Charleston, South Carolina, and Boston. In 1783, after the end of the American Revolutionary War, the outspoken Tory rector of Trinity Church, Charles Inglis (the future first Anglican Bishop in Canada), left for England and was replaced by assistant rector Benjamin Moore, who had stayed at Trinity through the British occupation. Returning Patriots objected and in 1784 installed Provoost as rector of Trinity, with Moore agreeing to stay on as assistant rector. In 1785, he was named chaplain of the Continental Congress. The Episcopal Church of the United States broke away from the Church of England and held its first General Convention in 1785. In 1786 Provoost was elected first Bishop of New York at the Diocesan Convention. A short while later, he was honored with the degree of Doctor of Divinity from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1787, Provoost was consecrated with Dr. William White at Lambeth Place by Dr. John Moore. Provoost was elected Chaplain to the Senate in 1789. Due to health issues, he resigned the rectorship of Trinity in 1800. The following year, Provoost sought to relinquish his episcopal office, but the House of Bishops declined his resignation, instead appointing Moore as Adjutant Bishop. Provoost effectively retired, but remained Bishop until his death in 1815. Personal life On June 8, 1766, he married Maria Bousfield (d. 1799) who was the daughter of Thomas Bousfield, a rich Irish banker and the sister of Benjamin Bousfield, a Sheriff of Cork City. Their children were: Maria Provoost (1770–1837), who married Cadwallader D. Colden (1769–1834) in 1793. Benjamin Bousfield Provoost (1776–1841), who married Nellie French (d. 1863) in 1803, and had 8 children. John Provoost (d. 1800), who died young. Susanna Elizabeth Provoost, who married George Rapalje (1771–1885) in 1798. and later Dr. Julian Xavier Charbet (1792–1859). His wife died in August 1799. Bishop Provoost died in 1815 due to a stroke. Consecrators John Moore, 88th Archbishop of Canterbury William Markham, 77th Archbishop of York Charles Moss, Bishop of Bath and Wells Samuel Provoost was the third bishop consecrated for the Episcopal Church of the United States. See also List of presiding bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America List of Episcopal bishops of the United States Historical list of the Episcopal bishops of the United States References Notes ^ The Living Church Annual, 1944, pg. 375 ^ a b c d "Samuel Provoost; American Clergyman" "Encyclopædia Britannica" ^ "(PRVT761S)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. Retrieved June 16, 2020. ^ Sprague, William B., "Rt Rev. Samuel Provoost" "Project Canterbury" 2008 ^ "Provost (or Provoost), Samuel". University of Cambridge Alumni Database. Retrieved July 11, 2023. ^ "Provost (or Provoost), Samuel (PRVT761S)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Album Studiosorum Academiae Lugduno Batavae MDLXXV-MDCCCLXXV, kol. 1082. ^ Index to English speaking students who have graduated at Leyden university / by Edward Peacock, F.S.A. - London : For the Index society, by Longmans, Green & co. 1883, p. 80, 1082. ^ Chorley, E. Clowes (June 1933). "Samuel Provoost: First Bishop of New York". Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church. 2: 1–25 – via Project Canterbury. ^ a b Wilson, James Grant (1886). The Centennial History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New York 1785-1885. New York: D. Appleton and Company. ^ Lowndes, Arthur, ed. (1911). Archives of the General Convention (Volume II ed.). New York: Privately printed. pp. 231–233. ^ Chorley, E. C., "Samuel Provoost: First Bishop of New York" "Project Canterbury" 2010 ^ University of Pennsylvania. Society of the Alumni (1894). Biographical catalogue of the matriculates of the college, together with lists of the members of the college faculty and the trustees, officers and recipients of honorary degrees, 1749-1893. Robarts - University of Toronto. Philadelphia, Society of the Alumni. ^ a b c Ryder, George T. (August 21, 1886). "The First Bishop of New York". The Churchman. Churchman Company: 201–202. Retrieved 21 June 2017. ^ a b c d e Greene, Richard Henry; Stiles, Henry Reed; Dwight, Melatiah Everett; Morrison, George Austin; Mott, Hopper Striker; Totten, John Reynolds; Pitman, Harold Minot; Ditmas, Charles Andrew; Forest, Louis Effingham De; Maynard, Arthur S.; Mann, Conklin (1880). The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. Retrieved 21 June 2017. ^ Valentine's Manual of Old New York. Valentine's manual, Incorporated. 1916. p. 228. Retrieved 21 June 2017. ^ a b c Whittelsey, Charles Barney (1902). The Roosevelt Genealogy, 1649-1902. Press of J.B. Burr & Company. p. 33. Retrieved 21 June 2017. ^ Adams, Louisa Catherine (2014). A Traveled First Lady. Harvard University Press. p. 305. ISBN 9780674369276. Retrieved 21 June 2017. ^ Fisher, James (2015). Historical Dictionary of American Theater: Beginnings. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780810878334. Retrieved 21 June 2017. ^ The Living Church Annual, 1944, pgs. 376-377 Sources W. S. Perry, The History of the American Episcopal Church, 1587-1883 (Boston, 1885) The Centennial History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New York, 1785-1885, edited by J. G. Wilson, (New York, 1886) External links Historical Documents about Provoost from Project Canterbury U.S. Senate Chaplains Samuel Provoost records at Trinity Wall Street Archives Episcopal Church (USA) titles Preceded by(none) 1st Bishop of New York 1787–1815 Succeeded byBenjamin Moore Preceded bySamuel Seabury 3rd Presiding Bishop September 13, 1792 – September 8, 1795 Succeeded byWilliam White Preceded by(none) 1st US Senate Chaplain April 25, 1789 – December 9, 1790 Succeeded byWilliam White vteChaplains of the United States Senate Provoost White Claggett McCormick Gantt Sayrs McCormick Elliott Wilmer Brown Addison Brackenridge Lee Glendy Dwight Hawley Clark Post Ryland McIlvaine Staughton McIlvaine Staughton Ryland Johns Durbin Pise Hatch Higbee Goodman Slicer Cookman Tustin Slicer Butler Slicer Dean Hill Gurley Sunderland Bowman Gray Newman Sunderland Bullock Huntley Butler Milburn Prettyman Muir Prettyman Hale Pierce Prettyman Muir Phillips Harris Marshall Harris Elson Halverson Ogilvie Black Listed in chronological order of successionvtePresiding Bishops in the Episcopal Church in the United States of AmericaBy seniority William White Samuel Seabury Samuel Provoost William White Alexander Griswold Philander Chase Thomas Brownell John Hopkins Benjamin Smith Alfred Lee John Williams Thomas Clark Daniel S. Tuttle Alexander Garrett Ethelbert Talbot By election John Murray Charles Anderson DeWolf Perry Henry Tucker Henry Sherrill Arthur Lichtenberger John Hines John Allin Edmond Browning Frank Griswold Katharine Jefferts Schori Michael Curry Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other NARA SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaplain of the United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Diocese of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Presiding Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiding_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church, USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"William White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_White_(Bishop_of_Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-2"}],"text":"Samuel Provoost (March 11, 1742 – September 6, 1815) was an American Clergyman. He was the first Chaplain of the United States Senate and the first Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York, as well as the third [1] Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, USA. He was consecrated as bishop of New York in 1787 with Bishop William White.[2] He was the first Episcopal Bishop of Dutch and Huguenot ancestry.","title":"Samuel Provoost"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Samuel_Provoost.svg"},{"link_name":"Mary (née Spratt) Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Alexander"},{"link_name":"King's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Peterhouse, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_(language)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_(language)"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_(language)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Coat of Arms of Samuel ProvoostSamuel Provoost was born in New York City, New York to John Provoost and Eva Rutgers on 26 February 1742. He was baptized on 28 February 1742 (The Roosevelt Genealogy, 1649–1902). He was a descendant of William Provoost, who was of a Huguenot family (some of the early settlers in Quebec). His paternal grandmother was Mary (née Spratt) Alexander (1693–1760).Provoost was educated at King's College, now known as Columbia University, graduating in 1758. In 1761 he arrived in England and continued his studies at Peterhouse, Cambridge,[3][4] from which he graduated in 1765.[5] Samuel was fluent in Hebrew, Greek and Latin, and while he was at the College he learned French and Italian gaining the distinction as a linguist.[6] Samuel Provoost also matriculated at the University of Leiden, July 28, 1764.[7][8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chapel Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Royal"},{"link_name":"St James's Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace"},{"link_name":"Trinity Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"vestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestry"},{"link_name":"Walter Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Robert R. Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Esopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Charles Inglis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Inglis_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Moore_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Diocesan Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocesan_Synod"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Chaplain to the Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"House of Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bishops"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryder1886-14"}],"text":"In February 1766, Provoost was ordained a deacon at the Chapel Royal of St James's Palace in Westminster and a priest in March 1766. In September 1766, he sailed to New York with his wife and in December he became an assistant rector of Trinity Church. Provoost's dry preaching style, along his support for American independence, offended some church members and in 1769 a motion was made in the vestry to dispense with his services. The vestry subsequently resolved \"That Mr. Provoost be continued, and paid by what can be raised by subscription only,\" but funds weren't forthcoming and in 1771 Provoost resigned and settled in Dutchess County near his friends Walter Livingston and Robert R. Livingston.[9]During his 13 years there he preached occasionally in neighboring churches, and joined his neighbors in their pursuit of the British after the burning of the town of Esopus, but he declined offers to serve as a delegate to the Provincial Congress and as chaplain of the New York Constitutional Convention of 1777, as well as the rectorship of churches in Charleston, South Carolina, and Boston.[10]In 1783, after the end of the American Revolutionary War, the outspoken Tory rector of Trinity Church, Charles Inglis (the future first Anglican Bishop in Canada), left for England and was replaced by assistant rector Benjamin Moore, who had stayed at Trinity through the British occupation. Returning Patriots objected and in 1784 installed Provoost as rector of Trinity, with Moore agreeing to stay on as assistant rector.[11] In 1785, he was named chaplain of the Continental Congress.[10]The Episcopal Church of the United States broke away from the Church of England and held its first General Convention in 1785. In 1786 Provoost was elected first Bishop of New York at the Diocesan Convention.[12] A short while later, he was honored with the degree of Doctor of Divinity from the University of Pennsylvania.[13] In 1787, Provoost was consecrated with Dr. William White at Lambeth Place by Dr. John Moore. Provoost was elected Chaplain to the Senate in 1789. Due to health issues, he resigned the rectorship of Trinity in 1800. The following year, Provoost sought to relinquish his episcopal office, but the House of Bishops declined his resignation, instead appointing Moore as Adjutant Bishop. Provoost effectively retired, but remained Bishop until his death in 1815.[2][14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryder1886-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-2"},{"link_name":"Sheriff of Cork City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cork_City"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greene1880-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valentine's1916-16"},{"link_name":"Cadwallader D. Colden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwallader_D._Colden"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greene1880-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whittelsey1902-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adams2014-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whittelsey1902-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greene1880-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greene1880-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greene1880-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whittelsey1902-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fisher2015-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryder1886-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-2"}],"text":"On June 8, 1766, he married Maria Bousfield (d. 1799)[14] who was the daughter of Thomas Bousfield, a rich Irish banker and the sister of Benjamin Bousfield,[2] a Sheriff of Cork City. Their children were:[15][16]Maria Provoost (1770–1837), who married Cadwallader D. Colden (1769–1834)[15] in 1793.[17][18]\nBenjamin Bousfield Provoost (1776–1841), who married Nellie French (d. 1863) in 1803,[17] and had 8 children.[15]\nJohn Provoost (d. 1800), who died young.[15]\nSusanna Elizabeth Provoost, who married George Rapalje (1771–1885) in 1798. and later Dr. Julian Xavier Charbet (1792–1859).[15][17][19]His wife died in August 1799.[14] Bishop Provoost died in 1815 due to a stroke.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moore_(Archbishop)"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"William Markham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Markham_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"Charles Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Moss_(bishop_of_Bath_and_Wells)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Bath and Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bath_and_Wells"},{"link_name":"third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_the_Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America"}],"text":"John Moore, 88th Archbishop of Canterbury\nWilliam Markham, 77th Archbishop of York\nCharles Moss, Bishop of Bath and WellsSamuel Provoost was the third[20] bishop consecrated for the Episcopal Church of the United States.","title":"Consecrators"}]	[{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of Samuel Provoost","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Samuel_Provoost.svg/175px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Samuel_Provoost.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"List of presiding bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presiding_bishops_of_the_Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America"},{"title":"List of Episcopal bishops of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Episcopal_bishops_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"Historical list of the Episcopal bishops of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_the_Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America"}]	[{"reference":"\"(PRVT761S)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. Retrieved June 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"(PRVT761S)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Provost (or Provoost), Samuel\". University of Cambridge Alumni Database. Retrieved July 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=provost&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Provost (or Provoost), Samuel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Provost (or Provoost), Samuel (PRVT761S)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=PRVT761S&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Provost (or Provoost), Samuel (PRVT761S)\""}]},{"reference":"Chorley, E. Clowes (June 1933). \"Samuel Provoost: First Bishop of New York\". Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church. 2: 1–25 – via Project Canterbury.","urls":[{"url":"http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/sprovoost/chorley1933.html","url_text":"\"Samuel Provoost: First Bishop of New York\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, James Grant (1886). The Centennial History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New York 1785-1885. New York: D. Appleton and Company.","urls":[{"url":"http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/sprovoost/wilson1886.html","url_text":"The Centennial History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New York 1785-1885"}]},{"reference":"Lowndes, Arthur, ed. (1911). Archives of the General Convention (Volume II ed.). New York: Privately printed. pp. 231–233.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF9EAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Archives of the General Convention"}]},{"reference":"University of Pennsylvania. Society of the Alumni (1894). Biographical catalogue of the matriculates of the college, together with lists of the members of the college faculty and the trustees, officers and recipients of honorary degrees, 1749-1893. Robarts - University of Toronto. Philadelphia, Society of the Alumni.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/biographicalcata00univ","url_text":"Biographical catalogue of the matriculates of the college, together with lists of the members of the college faculty and the trustees, officers and recipients of honorary degrees, 1749-1893"}]},{"reference":"Ryder, George T. (August 21, 1886). \"The First Bishop of New York\". The Churchman. Churchman Company: 201–202. Retrieved 21 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a2kgAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA201","url_text":"\"The First Bishop of New York\""}]},{"reference":"Greene, Richard Henry; Stiles, Henry Reed; Dwight, Melatiah Everett; Morrison, George Austin; Mott, Hopper Striker; Totten, John Reynolds; Pitman, Harold Minot; Ditmas, Charles Andrew; Forest, Louis Effingham De; Maynard, Arthur S.; Mann, Conklin (1880). The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. Retrieved 21 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=05gyAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA176","url_text":"The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record"}]},{"reference":"Valentine's Manual of Old New York. Valentine's manual, Incorporated. 1916. p. 228. Retrieved 21 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BTNDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA228","url_text":"Valentine's Manual of Old New York"}]},{"reference":"Whittelsey, Charles Barney (1902). The Roosevelt Genealogy, 1649-1902. Press of J.B. Burr & Company. p. 33. Retrieved 21 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rooseveltgenealo00whit","url_text":"The Roosevelt Genealogy, 1649-1902"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rooseveltgenealo00whit/page/33","url_text":"33"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Louisa Catherine (2014). A Traveled First Lady. Harvard University Press. p. 305. ISBN 9780674369276. Retrieved 21 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GGfnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA305","url_text":"A Traveled First Lady"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press","url_text":"Harvard University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674369276","url_text":"9780674369276"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, James (2015). Historical Dictionary of American Theater: Beginnings. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780810878334. Retrieved 21 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w_6dCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of American Theater: Beginnings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810878334","url_text":"9780810878334"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-Provoost","external_links_name":"\"Samuel Provoost; American Clergyman\""},{"Link":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","external_links_name":"\"(PRVT761S)\""},{"Link":"http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/sprovoost/annals1859.html","external_links_name":"\"Rt Rev. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_McVey	Cal McVey	["1 Career","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	American baseball player (1849–1926) Baseball player Cal McVeyMcVey in 1874First baseman / Catcher / OutfielderBorn: (1849-08-30)August 30, 1849Montrose, Iowa, U.S.Died: August 20, 1926(1926-08-20) (aged 76)San Francisco, California, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutMay 5, 1871, for the Boston Red StockingsLast MLB appearanceSeptember 30, 1879, for the Cincinnati RedsMLB statisticsBatting average.346Runs scored555Runs batted in449 Teams National Association of Base Ball Players Active of Indianapolis (1868) Cincinnati Red Stockings (1869–1870) League player Boston Red Stockings (1871–1872, 1874–1875) Baltimore Canaries (1873) Chicago White Stockings (1876–1877) Cincinnati Reds (1878–1879) League manager Baltimore Canaries (1873) Cincinnati Reds (1878–1879) Career highlights and awards 2× National Association hits leader 2× National Association RBI leader Calvin Alexander McVey (August 30, 1849 – August 20, 1926) was an American professional baseball player during the 1860s and 1870s. McVey's importance to the game stems from his play on two of the earliest professional baseball teams, the original Cincinnati Red Stockings and the National Association Boston Red Stockings. He also played on the inaugural National League pennant-winning team, the 1876 Chicago White Stockings. Career Cal McVey was born in rural Montrose, Iowa and moved to Indianapolis at 11, where he learned baseball and soon excelled at the game, playing for the Western and Active clubs in the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP). With McVey usually pitching, the Actives in 1868 defeated local rivals, lost to the three strong Eastern teams that toured the West, and won one game in six against Cincinnati teams. Despite a lopsided 7–54 defeat by the Cincinnati Red Stockings, that club later hired him to play in 1869 for $700 and he served as the regular right fielder for both of its storied seasons. The Cincinnati Daily Times described Cal McVey in this way: "He is powerfully built, with broad shoulders and barrel chest...handsome though shy, and is a favorite of the ladies. He is very conscientious and a hard worker...a good fielder, but his strength is with the ash in his hands...he is a long...good thrower...and he doesn't drink." McVey was in the middle of the most controversial game of the Red Stockings' reported 84-game winning streak in 1869 and 1870. Playing the Troy Haymakers, with the game tied 17–17, McVey fouled off a pitch the catcher claimed to have caught on the first bounce. That would have been an out but the umpire disagreed. In the ensuing argument, Troy left the field and the game was awarded to Cincinnati on forfeit. With the Red Stockings going out of business, manager Harry Wright signed to organize and lead a team in Boston. He hired McVey, Charlie Gould, and George Wright to join him, composing almost half the team that just missed winning the first National Association pennant. With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league. McVey served Boston two seasons as the first catcher, otherwise in the outfield, followed by one season managing in Baltimore and two more seasons in Boston as an outfielder and second catcher. He has the NA record for most career runs batted in (276). During the summer of 1875, Boston's four Western stars agreed to play the following season for the Chicago White Stockings: McVey, Deacon White, Ross Barnes, and Albert Spalding. Partly because the rules forbade such tampering, Chicago led the founding of a new National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs (NL). The Big Four and Cap Anson led the team to an easy win on the field, with McVey serving as regular first baseman, second pitcher to Spalding, and second catcher to White. Few pieces remained in place for the second season, when McVey worked as first catcher and second pitcher and the team slumped out of the picture. On July 22 and 25, 1876, McVey became the only player in MLB history to record six hits in two straight games. In 1878, McVey returned to Cincinnati where he completed his major league career in two seasons as manager and infielder. The Cincinnati Reds finished a close second in his first year but slipped to fifth in 1879 (.538) ahead of only three new teams. The reserve rule was adopted that fall, maybe a factor in his move to California, which he had visited on the 1869 Red Stockings tour. He was still a star batsman at the major league level. In San Francisco during the 1880s, McVey played for, managed, or organized several teams. He retired there and died in 1926 at age 76. His body was cremated. See also Biography portalBaseball portal List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders List of Major League Baseball hit records List of Major League Baseball player-managers References ^ On a trip to Cincinnati, September 14 to 17, the Actives played four games in four days (Wright 2000: 211). The local baseball fraternity must have followed the Actives as well as the relative performances of the four local teams, all winners. Perhaps Red Stockings manager Harry Wright watched all the games himself. ^ Liepa, John. 2006. "The Cincinnati Red Stockings and Cal McVey, Iowa's First Professional Baseball Player." Iowa Heritage Illustrated. Vol. 87, Issue 1. 12–17. ^ In the 1870s many teams relied heavily on nine regular players; sharing pitcher and another position or catcher and another position between two players was common. Deacon White was hired in 1873 and played three seasons in Boston as first catcher, otherwise in the outfield. Thus he shared two positions with McVey in 1874–1875. McVey, White, and Al Spalding covered first, catcher, and pitcher in 1876; McVey, Cap Anson, and George Bradley covered third, catcher, and pitcher in 1877 after Spalding retired to first. Ellard, Harry ( 2004). Base Ball in Cincinnati: A History. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-1726-9 Ivor-Campbell, Frederick (1989). "Calvin Alexander McVey". Nineteenth Century Stars. Edited by Robert L. Tiemann and Mark Rucker. Kansas City, Missouri: SABR. ISBN 0-910137-35-8 Retrosheet. "Cal McVey". Retrieved 2006-08-29. SABR Biographical Research Committee Report (December 2005). Edited by Bill Carle. Cleveland, Ohio: SABR. Wright, Marshall (2000). The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-0779-4 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cal McVey. Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet Preceded byJack Manning Cincinnati Reds (1876–1879) Managers 1878–1879 Succeeded byDeacon White vteBoston Red Stockings 1872 National Association champions Ross Barnes Dave Birdsall Charlie Gould Andy Leonard Cal McVey Fraley Rogers Harry Schafer Al Spalding George Wright Harry Wright Manager: Harry Wright vteBoston Red Stockings 1874 National Association champions Ross Barnes Tommy Beals George Hall Andy Leonard Cal McVey Jim O'Rourke Harry Schafer Al Spalding Deacon White George Wright Harry Wright Manager: Harry Wright vteBoston Red Stockings 1875 National Association champions Ross Barnes Tommy Beals Frank Heifer Juice Latham Andy Leonard Jack Manning Cal McVey Jim O'Rourke Harry Schafer Al Spalding Deacon White George Wright Manager: Harry Wright vteChicago White Stockings 1876 National League champions Bob Addy Cap Anson Ross Barnes Oscar Bielaski John Glenn Paul Hines Cal McVey John Peters Al Spalding Deacon White Manager: Albert Spalding	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Red Stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Red_Stockings"},{"link_name":"National Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Players"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Boston_Braves"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Stockings_(1870%E2%80%9389)"}],"text":"Baseball playerCalvin Alexander McVey (August 30, 1849 – August 20, 1926) was an American professional baseball player during the 1860s and 1870s. McVey's importance to the game stems from his play on two of the earliest professional baseball teams, the original Cincinnati Red Stockings and the National Association Boston Red Stockings. He also played on the inaugural National League pennant-winning team, the 1876 Chicago White Stockings.","title":"Cal McVey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montrose, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrose,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"National Association of Base Ball Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Base_Ball_Players"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Red Stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Red_Stockings"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"catcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catcher"},{"link_name":"forfeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forfeit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Harry Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Wright"},{"link_name":"Charlie Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Gould"},{"link_name":"George Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wright_(sportsman)"},{"link_name":"National Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Players"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"runs batted in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Stockings_(1870%E2%80%9389)"},{"link_name":"Deacon White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon_White"},{"link_name":"Ross Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Albert Spalding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Spalding"},{"link_name":"National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs (NL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Cap Anson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_Anson"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds_(1876%E2%80%931879)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"}],"text":"Cal McVey was born in rural Montrose, Iowa and moved to Indianapolis at 11, where he learned baseball and soon excelled at the game, playing for the Western and Active clubs in the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP). With McVey usually pitching, the Actives in 1868 defeated local rivals, lost to the three strong Eastern teams that toured the West, and won one game in six against Cincinnati teams. Despite a lopsided 7–54 defeat by the Cincinnati Red Stockings, that club later hired him to play in 1869 for $700 and he served as the regular right fielder for both of its storied seasons.[1]The Cincinnati Daily Times described Cal McVey in this way: \"He is powerfully built, with broad shoulders and barrel chest...handsome though shy, and is a favorite of the ladies. He is very conscientious and a hard worker...a good fielder, but his strength is with the ash in his hands...he is a long...good thrower...and he doesn't drink.\"[2]McVey was in the middle of the most controversial game of the Red Stockings' reported 84-game winning streak in 1869 and 1870. Playing the Troy Haymakers, with the game tied 17–17, McVey fouled off a pitch the catcher claimed to have caught on the first bounce. That would have been an out but the umpire disagreed. In the ensuing argument, Troy left the field and the game was awarded to Cincinnati on forfeit.With the Red Stockings going out of business, manager Harry Wright signed to organize and lead a team in Boston. He hired McVey, Charlie Gould, and George Wright to join him, composing almost half the team that just missed winning the first National Association pennant. With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league. McVey served Boston two seasons as the first catcher, otherwise in the outfield, followed by one season managing in Baltimore and two more seasons in Boston as an outfielder and second catcher.[3] He has the NA record for most career runs batted in (276).During the summer of 1875, Boston's four Western stars agreed to play the following season for the Chicago White Stockings: McVey, Deacon White, Ross Barnes, and Albert Spalding. Partly because the rules forbade such tampering, Chicago led the founding of a new National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs (NL). The Big Four and Cap Anson led the team to an easy win on the field, with McVey serving as regular first baseman, second pitcher to Spalding, and second catcher to White. Few pieces remained in place for the second season, when McVey worked as first catcher and second pitcher and the team slumped out of the picture. On July 22 and 25, 1876, McVey became the only player in MLB history to record six hits in two straight games.In 1878, McVey returned to Cincinnati where he completed his major league career in two seasons as manager and infielder. The Cincinnati Reds finished a close second in his first year but slipped to fifth in 1879 (.538) ahead of only three new teams. The reserve rule was adopted that fall, maybe a factor in his move to California, which he had visited on the 1869 Red Stockings tour. He was still a star batsman at the major league level.In San Francisco during the 1880s, McVey played for, managed, or organized several teams. He retired there and died in 1926 at age 76. His body was cremated.","title":"Career"}]	[]	[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Baseball portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseball"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_runs_scored_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_doubles_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_saves_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_single-game_hits_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball hit records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_hit_records"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball player-managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_player-managers"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://retrosheet.org/boxesetc/Pmcvec101.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cal McVey\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/118881","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/_/id/25110","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mcveyca01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=1008696","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=mcvey-001cal","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/M/Pmcvec101.htm","external_links_name":"Retrosheet"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands_literature	Cook Islands literature	["1 Sources","2 See also"]	Written Cook Islands literature (as distinct from oral literature) has in some ways been a precursor to the development of Pacific Islands literature. Cook Islander Florence Frisbie was one of the Pacific Islands' first writers, publishing her autobiographical story Miss Ulysses of Puka Puka in 1948. Tongareva poet Alistair Te Ariki Campbell published his first collection, Mine Eyes Dazzle, in 1950 (Christchurch: Pegasus Press). In 1960, Cook Islanders Tom Davis and Lydia Davis published Makutu, "perhaps the first novel by South Pacific Island writers". Pacific Islands literature began to emerge throughout the region in the late 1960s and in the 1970s, largely through the medium of the South Pacific Arts Society (founded at the University of the South Pacific in 1973) and of its literary magazines. Cook Islands poet Makiuti Tongia first published his work in the Society's journal Mana. Other noted Cook Islands writers include poet Kauraka Kauraka, children's author Teupoko'ina Utanga Morgan, and poet Audrey Brown-Pereira. Sources "English in the South Pacific", John Lynch and France Mugler, University of the South Pacific See also Art of the Cook Islands Music of the Cook Islands vteOceanian literatureSovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states Cook Islands Niue Dependencies andother territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna This article about literature from a country or region is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Cook Islands article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Pacific Arts Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Pacific_Arts_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of the South Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Makiuti Tongia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makiuti_Tongia"},{"link_name":"Mana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mana_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kauraka Kauraka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauraka_Kauraka"},{"link_name":"Teupoko'ina Utanga Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teupoko%27ina_Utanga_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Audrey Brown-Pereira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Brown-Pereira"}],"text":"Pacific Islands literature began to emerge throughout the region in the late 1960s and in the 1970s, largely through the medium of the South Pacific Arts Society (founded at the University of the South Pacific in 1973) and of its literary magazines. Cook Islands poet Makiuti Tongia first published his work in the Society's journal Mana.Other noted Cook Islands writers include poet Kauraka Kauraka, children's author Teupoko'ina Utanga Morgan, and poet Audrey Brown-Pereira.","title":"Cook Islands literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"English in the South Pacific\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081206173414/http://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/paclangunit/English_South_Pacific.htm"}],"text":"\"English in the South Pacific\", John Lynch and France Mugler, University of the South Pacific","title":"Sources"}]	[]	[{"title":"Art of the Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_Cook_Islands"},{"title":"Music of the Cook 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Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marshallese_literature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nauruan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_literature"},{"title":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palauan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_literature"},{"title":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_literature"},{"title":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands_literature"},{"title":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongan_literature"},{"title":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuvaluan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatuan_literature"},{"title":"Associated 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Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Polynesian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guamanian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_literature"},{"title":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_literature"},{"title":"Norfolk Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Island_literature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Marianan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Pitcairn Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitcairn_Islands_literature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Tokelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokelauan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Wallis and Futuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallis_and_Futuna_literature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_literature.svg"},{"title":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_literature&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lit-country-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lit-country-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lit-country-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg"},{"title":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_literature&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:CookIslands-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:CookIslands-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CookIslands-stub"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081206173414/http://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/paclangunit/English_South_Pacific.htm","external_links_name":"\"English in the South Pacific\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_literature&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_literature&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douma_District	Douma District	["1 Subdistricts","2 References"]	Coordinates: 33°34′20″N 36°24′07″E / 33.572264°N 36.401811°E / 33.572264; 36.401811District in Rif Dimashq, SyriaDouma District منطقة دوماDistrictMap of Douma District within Rif Dimashq GovernorateCoordinates (Douma): 33°34′20″N 36°24′07″E / 33.572264°N 36.401811°E / 33.572264; 36.401811Country SyriaGovernorateRif DimashqSeatDoumaSubdistricts7 nawāḥīArea • Total19,875.92 km2 (7,674.14 sq mi)Population (2004) • Total433,719 • Density22/km2 (57/sq mi)GeocodeSY0302 Douma District (Arabic: منطقة دوما, romanized: manṭiqat Dūmā) is a district of the Rif Dimashq Governorate in southern Syria. The second largest district of Syria following Tadmur, it stretches from the northeastern outskirts of Metropolitan Damascus to the Jordanian border, covering large swaths of the sparsely inhabited Syrian Desert. The administrative centre is the city of Douma, located just some 10 km (6 mi) to the northeast of Damascus. At the 2004 census, the district had a population of 433,719. Subdistricts The district of Douma is divided into seven sub-districts or nawāḥī (population as of 2004): Subdistricts of Douma District Code Name Area Population SY030200 Douma Subdistrict 208.73 km² 181,934 SY030201 Harasta Subdistrict 25.64 km² 88,816 SY030202 Al-Sabe' Biyar Subdistrict 12,919.39 km² 395 SY030203 Al-Dumayr Subdistrict 5,929.58 km² 26,192 SY030204 Al-Nashabiyah Subdistrict 277.76 km² 76,814 SY030205 Al-Ghizlaniyah Subdistrict 388.02 km² 36,715 SY030206 Harran al-Awamid Subdistrict 126.80 km² 22,853 References ^ a b c "General Census of Population and Housing 2004" (PDF) (in Arabic). Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.Also available in English: "2004 Census Data". UN OCHA. Retrieved 15 October 2015. vteDistricts of SyriaRif Dimashq Governorate Al-Qutayfah An-Nabek Al-Tall Darayya Markaz Rif Dimashq Douma Qatana Qudsaya Yabrud Al-Zabadani vte Rif Dimashq GovernorateMarkaz Rif Dimashq DistrictKiswahSubdistrict Al-Kiswah Al-Adiliyah Arkis Deir Ali Deir Khabiyah Ayn al-Bayda Ayn al-Souda Al-Horjelah Jeb as-Safa Khan Dannun Khirbet al-Shiyab Khiyarat Dannun Marana Matahriyeh Morjana Muqaylibah Qara Saada Shaqhab al-Taybah Um al-Awamid Zakiyah Zureiqiya BabbilaSubdistrict Babbila Aqraba al-Bahdaliyah Beit Sahem Buwayda Hujayrah Hawsh Sahiya Khirbet al-Ward Maalaqa Najha Al-Sitt Al-Sabinah Yalda JaramanaSubdistrict Jaramana MalihahSubdistrict Al-Malihah Ahdaf Deir al-Asafir Hawsh al-Sultan Hutaytet al-Turkman Shabaa Zabdin Sahba Kafr BatnaSubdistrict Kafr Batna Beit Sawa Aftris Hamouriyah Hizzah Jisrin Saqba ArbinSubdistrict Arbin Ein Tarma Zamalka Douma DistrictDoumaSubdistrict Douma Adra Batihat al-Wafidin Hawsh al-Dawahira Hawsh al-Farah Hawsh Nasri Hufayr al-Tahta Maydaa al-Rihan al-Shafuniyah Tal al-Swan HarastaSubdistrict Harasta Dahiyat al-Assad Mesraba Madira Sabe BiyarSubdistrict Sabaa Biyar DumayrSubdistrict Al-Dumayr NashabiyehSubdistrict Al-Nashabiyah Al-Ahmadiyah Al-Bahariyah Al-Bilaliyah Beit Nayim Bzeineh Deir Salman Al-Damen Harasta al-Qantarah Al-Jarba Al-Khamisiyah Al-Mansoura Marj al-Sultan Nawla Al-Abadah Autaya Otaybah Al-Qasimiyah Al-Qisa Al-Salihiyah Wadyan al-Rabi Al-Zamaniyah GhazlaniyehSubdistrict Al-Ghizlaniyah Bayad Al-Bitariyah Deir al-Hajar Dalbeh Ghasulah Al-Haijaneh Qarahta Qarmashiyeh Sakka Tall Maskan Harran al-AwamidSubdistrict Harran al-Awamid Judaydat al-Khas Al-Kafrayn Mabarkah Al-Qutayfah DistrictQutayfahSubdistrict Al-Qutayfah Helleh Muadamiyat al-Qalamoun JayrudSubdistrict Jayrud Al-Atnah Al-Mansoura Al-Naseriyah MaloulaSubdistrict Maaloula Ain al-Tinah Jubb'adin al-Tawani RaheibaSubdistrict Al-Ruhaybah Al-Tall DistrictAl-TallSubdistrict Al-Tall al-Dreij Halboun Maarounah Maaraba Manin Talfita SednayaSubdistrict Saidnaya Badda Maarat Saidnaya Akoubar Hafeir al-Fouqa RankousSubdistrict Rankous al-Fayadiyah Hosh Arab al-Jarniyah al-Mahabah Ayn Dara al-Nour Sabnah Yabroud DistrictYabroudSubdistrict Yabroud Ras al-Ayn Ras al-Maara Rima Al-Sarkha (Bakhah) Assal al-WardSubdistrict Assal al-Ward al-Jebbah An-Nabek DistrictAn-NabekSubdistrict Al-Nabek Mashrafet Flita Qaldoun al-Marah Al-Qastal al-Sahel Deir AtiyehSubdistrict Deir Atiyah Al-Humayra al-Jarajir QaraSubdistrict Qara Al-Zabadani DistrictAl-ZabadaniSubdistrict Al-Zabadani Barheliya Bloudan Hosh Bajed Kafr al-Awamid Al-Rawdah (al-Batrounah) Souq Wadi Barada MadayaSubdistrict Madaya Baqin Hurayra SerghayaSubdistrict Serghaya Ain Hawr Qatana DistrictQatanaSubdistrict Qatana Ambiya al-Aamrat Arnah Artouz al-Bejaa Beqaasem Drousha Jdeidat Artouz Kafr Qouq Kawkab Khan al-Shih Manshiyat Khan al-Shih Mazraat Deir al-Ashayer Qalaat al-Jandal Rakhlah Ras al-Ayn Rima al-Sabboura Yaafour Beit JannSubdistrict Beit Jinn Darbal Ain al-Shaara Harfa Hinah Khirbet al-Sawda Maghar al-Mir al-Maqrousa Mazraat Beit Jinn Sa'saSubdistrict Sa'sa' Abou Qawouq al-Adnaniyah Beit Saber Beitima Deir Maker Denaji Dourin Hamrit al-Hubariyah Hosh al-Nufour Jisr al-Safra Kafr Hawr Kanaker Maas al-Nufour al-Qleiaah Rasem al-Tahin al-Shawkatliyah Darayya DistrictDarayyaSubdistrict Darayya Muadamiyat al-Sham SahnayaSubdistrict Sahnaya Ashrafiyat Sahnaya Hajar al-Aswad Subdistrict al-Hajar al-Aswad Qudsaya DistrictQudsayaSubdistrict Qudsaya Ashrafiyat al-Wadi Basimah al-Hamah Jamraya Jdeidat al-Wadi Dahiyat Qudsaya ad-DimasSubdistrict al-Dimas Jdeidat Yabous Kfeir Yabous Maadar Qura al-Assad Yabous Ein al-FijehSubdistrict Ain al-Fijah Efra Deir Muqaran Deir Qanun al-Husseiniyah Kfeir al-Zayt This article about a location in Rif Dimashq Governorate, Syria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"manṭiqat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantiqah"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Rif Dimashq Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"district of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Tadmur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadmur_District"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Jordanian border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Syria_border"},{"link_name":"Syrian Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Desert"},{"link_name":"administrative centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_centre"},{"link_name":"Douma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douma,_Syria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2004-1"}],"text":"District in Rif Dimashq, SyriaDouma District (Arabic: منطقة دوما, romanized: manṭiqat Dūmā) is a district of the Rif Dimashq Governorate in southern Syria.The second largest district of Syria following Tadmur, it stretches from the northeastern outskirts of Metropolitan Damascus to the Jordanian border, covering large swaths of the sparsely inhabited Syrian Desert. The administrative centre is the city of Douma, located just some 10 km (6 mi) to the northeast of Damascus.At the 2004 census, the district had a population of 433,719.[1]","title":"Douma District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nawāḥī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahiyah"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douma_District&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2004-1"}],"text":"The district of Douma is divided into seven sub-districts or nawāḥī (population as of 2004[update]):[1]","title":"Subdistricts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"General Census of Population and Housing 2004\" (PDF) (in Arabic). Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208115353/http://www.cbssyr.sy/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf","url_text":"\"General Census of Population and Housing 2004\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)","url_text":"Central Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"http://www.cbssyr.sy/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2004 Census Data\". UN OCHA. Retrieved 15 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/syria/dataset/syrian-arab-republic-other","url_text":"\"2004 Census Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs","url_text":"UN OCHA"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Douma_District&params=33.572264_N_36.401811_E_type:city(433719)_region:SY-RD","external_links_name":"33°34′20″N 36°24′07″E / 33.572264°N 36.401811°E / 33.572264; 36.401811"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Douma_District&params=33.572264_N_36.401811_E_type:city(433719)_region:SY-RD","external_links_name":"33°34′20″N 36°24′07″E / 33.572264°N 36.401811°E / 33.572264; 36.401811"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douma_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208115353/http://www.cbssyr.sy/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf","external_links_name":"\"General Census of Population and Housing 2004\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbssyr.sy/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/syria/dataset/syrian-arab-republic-other","external_links_name":"\"2004 Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douma_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_(Julio_Iglesias_album)	Crazy (Julio Iglesias album)	["1 Track listing","2 Charts","2.1 Weekly charts","2.2 Year-end charts","3 Certifications","4 References"]	1994 studio album by Julio IglesiasCrazyStudio album by Julio IglesiasReleased17 May 1994GenreLatin popLabelColumbia RecordsJulio Iglesias chronology Calor(1992) Crazy(1994) La Carretera(1995) Crazy is a 1994 album by Julio Iglesias. Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Crazy" (feat. Dave Koz)Willie Nelson3:162."Let It Be Me" (feat. Art Garfunkel)Gilbert Bécaud, Pierre Delanoë, Manny Curtis3:053."Mammy Blue"Hubert Giraud, Phil Trim4:154."Fragile" (feat. Sting)Sting4:235."Guajira / Oye Como Va"José Chepitó Areas, David Brown, Nicolás Reyes, Tito Puente3:546."When You Tell Me That You Love Me" (feat. Dolly Parton)Albert Hammond, John Bettis3:597."I Keep Telling Myself"Albert Hammond, Mark E. Nevin4:178."Pelo Amor de Uma Mulher (Por el Amor de una Mujer)"Danny Daniel, José Martí3:529."Caruso"Lucio Dalla5:4810."Song of Joy"Ludwig van Beethoven4:38Total length:40:27 Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for Crazy Chart (1994) Peak Australian Albums (ARIA) 7 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 7 European Albums (European Top 100 Albums) 11 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 73 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 6 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 7 Portuguese Albums (AFP) 4 Spanish Albums (AFYVE) 1 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 44 UK Albums (OCC) 6 US Billboard 200 30 Year-end charts 1994 year-end chart performance for Crazy Chart (1994) Rank Australian Albums (ARIA) 65 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 20 European Albums (European Top 100 Albums) 41 Spanish Albums (AFYVE) 11 UK Albums (OCC) 26 Certifications Certifications and sales for Crazy Region Certification Certified units/sales Argentina (CAPIF) Gold 30,000^ Australia (ARIA) Gold 35,000^ Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) Platinum 250,000* Canada (Music Canada) Gold 50,000^ Denmark (IFPI Danmark) Gold 25,000^ Hong Kong (IFPI Hong Kong) Gold 10,000* Indonesia 3× Platinum Italy (FIMI) Gold 50,000* Malaysia Platinum Netherlands (NVPI) Platinum 100,000^ New Zealand (RMNZ) Gold 7,500^ Norway (IFPI Norway) Gold 25,000* Portugal (AFP) Gold 20,000^ Singapore (RIAS) Gold Spain (PROMUSICAE) 2× Platinum 200,000^ South Korea (KMCA) Platinum Taiwan (RIT) Platinum United Kingdom (BPI) Platinum 300,000^ United States (RIAA) Gold 700,000 Summaries Europe (IFPI) Platinum 1,000,000* Worldwide — 3,000,000 * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ "Julio Iglesias discography". Julioiglesias.com. Retrieved 21 December 2012. ^ "Australiancharts.com – Julio Iglesias – Crazy". Hung Medien. Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Julio Iglesias – Crazy" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ a b "1994 in Review: Sale Charts" (PDF). Music & Media 1994 In Review. 24 December 1994. p. 12. Retrieved 18 May 2022 – via World Radio History. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Julio Iglesias – Crazy" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ "Charts.nz – Julio Iglesias – Crazy". Hung Medien. Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Julio Iglesias – Crazy". Hung Medien. Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ "Top 10 sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 26. 25 June 1994. p. 25. OCLC 29800226. Retrieved 13 May 2024 – via World Radio History. ^ a b Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (PDF) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: Fundación Autor/SGAE. p. 937. ISBN 84-8048-639-2. Retrieved 16 September 2019. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Julio Iglesias – Crazy". Hung Medien. Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ "Julio Iglesias \| Artist \| Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ "Julio Iglesias Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Albums 1994". Australian Record Industry Association Ltd. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Album 1994". dutchcharts.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ "Los 50 títulos con mayores ventas en las listas de ventas de AFYVE en 1994" (PDF). SGAE. 1999. p. 225. Retrieved 8 July 2022. ^ "Top 100 Singles 1994" (PDF). Music Week. 14 January 1995. p. 11. Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Julio's Gold And Platinum Success". Billboard. 27 May 2000. p. 108. Retrieved 3 May 2022. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1994 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 14 July 2021. ^ "Brazilian album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. ^ "Canadian album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy". Music Canada. Retrieved 12 September 2019. ^ "Music & Media" (PDF). Americanradiohistory.com. 1995-07-29. Retrieved 18 March 2022. ^ "Dutch album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved 12 September 2019. Enter Crazy in the "Artiest of titel" box. Select 1995 in the drop-down menu saying "Alle jaargangen". ^ "New Zealand album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 5 December 2019. ^ "British album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 12 September 2019. ^ García Blesa, Óscar (2019). Julio : la biografía. Barcelona. ISBN 9788403521339. Retrieved 19 September 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "American album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy". Recording Industry Association of America. ^ "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 1996". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2 February 2020. ^ García Blesa, Óscar (2019). Julio : la biografía. Barcelona. ISBN 9788403521339. Retrieved 19 September 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) vteJulio Iglesias Discography Studio albums Yo canto (1969) Gwendolyne (1970) Un canto a Galicia (1972) Por una mujer (1972) Soy (1973) Así Nacemos (1973) A flor de piel (1974) A México (1975) El amor (1975) America (1976) A mis 33 años (1977) Aimer la vie (1978) Emociones (1978) Sono un pirata, sono un signore (1978) À vous les femmes (1979) Hey! (1980) De niña a mujer (1981) Zärtlichkeiten (1981) Momentos (1982) Momentos (Brazil) (1982) Momenti (1982) Amor (1982) Et l'amour créa la femme (1982) 1100 Bel Air Place (1984) Libra (1985) Un hombre solo (1987) Tutto l'amore che ti manca (1987) Non Stop (1988) Raíces (1989) Starry Night (1990) Calor (1992) Crazy (1994) La carretera (1995) Tango (1996) Noche de cuatro lunas (2000) Ao Meu Brasil (2001) Divorcio (2003) En français... (2004) L'Homme que je suis (2005) Romantic Classics (2006) Quelque chose de France (2007) 1 (2011) México (2015) Live albums En concierto (1983) Compilation albums Da Manuela a Pensami (1978) Begin the Beguine (1981) Julio (1983) My Life: The Greatest Hits (1998) Mi vida: Grandes éxitos (1998) Love Songs (2003) 1: The Collection (2014) Singles "Chiquilla" (1970) "Gwendolyne" (1970) "Cucurrucucú paloma" (1975) "Pauvres diables" (1979) "Begin the Beguine" (1981) "Yours (Quiéreme Mucho)" (1981) "Amor" (1984) "All of You" (1984) "The Air That I Breathe" (1984) "To All the Girls I've Loved Before" (1984) "I've Got You Under My Skin" (1985) "Lo Mejor de Tu Vida" (1987) "Que No Se Rompa la Noche" (1987) "My Love" (1988) "Bamboléo" (1989) "Vincent" (1990) "Can't Help Falling in Love" (1990) "Crazy" (1994) "Oye Cómo Va" (1994) "When You Tell Me That You Love Me" (1994) "Agua Dulce, Agua Salá" (1995) "El Choclo" (1996) "La gota fría" (1998) "Everybody's Talkin'" (2006) Concert tours Julio Iglesias World Tour (1984–85) Family Julio Iglesias Puga (father) Julio Iglesias Jr. (son) Enrique Iglesias (son) Chabeli Iglesias (daughter) Isabel Preysler (first wife) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1990s pop album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julio Iglesias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Iglesias"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Crazy is a 1994 album by Julio Iglesias.[1]","title":"Crazy (Julio Iglesias album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_(Willie_Nelson_song)"},{"link_name":"Dave Koz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Koz"},{"link_name":"Willie Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Let It Be Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Be_Me_(The_Everly_Brothers_song)"},{"link_name":"Art Garfunkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Garfunkel"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Bécaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_B%C3%A9caud"},{"link_name":"Pierre Delanoë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Delano%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Manny Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Mammy Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammy_Blue"},{"link_name":"Hubert Giraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Giraud_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Fragile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_(Sting_song)"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Oye Como Va","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oye_Como_Va"},{"link_name":"David Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brown_(American_musician)"},{"link_name":"Tito Puente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Puente"},{"link_name":"When You Tell Me That You Love Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_You_Tell_Me_That_You_Love_Me"},{"link_name":"Dolly Parton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Parton"},{"link_name":"John Bettis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bettis"},{"link_name":"Albert Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hammond"},{"link_name":"Mark E. Nevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_E._Nevin"},{"link_name":"José Martí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Caruso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caruso_(song)"},{"link_name":"Lucio Dalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio_Dalla"},{"link_name":"Song of Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"Ludwig van Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Crazy\" (feat. Dave Koz)Willie Nelson3:162.\"Let It Be Me\" (feat. Art Garfunkel)Gilbert Bécaud, Pierre Delanoë, Manny Curtis3:053.\"Mammy Blue\"Hubert Giraud, Phil Trim4:154.\"Fragile\" (feat. Sting)Sting4:235.\"Guajira / Oye Como Va\"José Chepitó Areas, David Brown, Nicolás Reyes, Tito Puente3:546.\"When You Tell Me That You Love Me\" (feat. Dolly Parton)Albert Hammond, John Bettis3:597.\"I Keep Telling Myself\"Albert Hammond, Mark E. Nevin4:178.\"Pelo Amor de Uma Mulher (Por el Amor de una Mujer)\"Danny Daniel, José Martí3:529.\"Caruso\"Lucio Dalla5:4810.\"Song of Joy\"Ludwig van Beethoven4:38Total length:40:27","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crazy_(Julio_Iglesias_album)&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_Julio_Iglesias-2"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Julio_Iglesias-3"},{"link_name":"European Top 100 Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Top_100_Albums"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuropeAlbum-4"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_Julio_Iglesias-5"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_Julio_Iglesias-6"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_Julio_Iglesias-7"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spain-9"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_Julio_Iglesias-10"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK_Julio_Iglesias-11"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Julio_Iglesias-12"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crazy_(Julio_Iglesias_album)&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aria94-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuropeAlbum-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for Crazy\n\n\nChart (1994)\n\nPeak\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[2]\n\n7\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[3]\n\n7\n\n\nEuropean Albums (European Top 100 Albums)[4]\n\n11\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[5]\n\n73\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[6]\n\n6\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[7]\n\n7\n\n\nPortuguese Albums (AFP)[8]\n\n4\n\n\nSpanish Albums (AFYVE)[9]\n\n1\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[10]\n\n44\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[11]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[12]\n\n30\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n1994 year-end chart performance for Crazy\n\n\nChart (1994)\n\nRank\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[13]\n\n65\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[14]\n\n20\n\n\nEuropean Albums (European Top 100 Albums)[4]\n\n41\n\n\nSpanish Albums (AFYVE)[15]\n\n11\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[16]\n\n26","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Julio Iglesias discography\". Julioiglesias.com. Retrieved 21 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.julioiglesias.com/en/pagina.php?cs_id_pagina=7&cs_id_contenido=59","url_text":"\"Julio Iglesias discography\""}]},{"reference":"\"1994 in Review: Sale Charts\" (PDF). Music & Media 1994 In Review. 24 December 1994. p. 12. Retrieved 18 May 2022 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1994/MM-1994-12-24.pdf#page=24","url_text":"\"1994 in Review: Sale Charts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 sales in Europe\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 26. 25 June 1994. p. 25. OCLC 29800226. Retrieved 13 May 2024 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1994/MM-1994-06-25.pdf","url_text":"\"Top 10 sales in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29800226","url_text":"29800226"}]},{"reference":"Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (PDF) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: Fundación Autor/SGAE. p. 937. ISBN 84-8048-639-2. Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mediafire.com/file/vqzno2c0fe48zam/Spanish+Certifications+for+1991-1995.pdf","url_text":"Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_General_de_Autores_y_Editores","url_text":"Fundación Autor/SGAE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8048-639-2","url_text":"84-8048-639-2"}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Albums 1994\". Australian Record Industry Association Ltd. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151102014251/http://i.imgur.com/3GuDxzg.jpg","url_text":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Albums 1994\""},{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/3GuDxzg.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Album 1994\". dutchcharts.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1994&cat=a","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Album 1994\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los 50 títulos con mayores ventas en las listas de ventas de AFYVE en 1994\" (PDF). SGAE. 1999. p. 225. Retrieved 8 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anuariossgae.com/1999/pdfs/grabada1999Ind.pdf","url_text":"\"Los 50 títulos con mayores ventas en las listas de ventas de AFYVE en 1994\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_General_de_Autores_y_Editores","url_text":"SGAE"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Singles 1994\" (PDF). Music Week. 14 January 1995. p. 11. Retrieved 19 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1995/Music-Week-1995-01-14.pdf#page=11","url_text":"\"Top 100 Singles 1994\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"Julio's Gold And Platinum Success\". Billboard. 27 May 2000. p. 108. Retrieved 3 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WQ8EAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22central%20america%22%20album%20certifications&pg=PA110","url_text":"\"Julio's Gold And Platinum Success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1994 Albums\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 14 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AADfk_xu0JtPN9xmTCuF2mCra/1994%20Accreds.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1994 Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Brazilian album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy\" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil.","urls":[{"url":"https://pro-musicabr.org.br/home/certificados/?busca_artista=Julio+Iglesias&busca_tipo_produto=%C3%81LBUM","url_text":"\"Brazilian album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil","url_text":"Pro-Música Brasil"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy\". Music Canada. Retrieved 12 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Crazy%20Julio+Iglesias","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Music & Media\" (PDF). Americanradiohistory.com. 1995-07-29. Retrieved 18 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1995/MM-1995-07-29.pdf","url_text":"\"Music & Media\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy\" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved 12 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nvpi.nl/nvpi-audio/marktinformatie/goud-platina-diamant/","url_text":"\"Dutch album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVPI","url_text":"Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy\". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 5 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=3625","url_text":"\"New Zealand album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 12 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/1549-2925-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"García Blesa, Óscar (2019). Julio : la biografía. Barcelona. ISBN 9788403521339. Retrieved 19 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PQqiDwAAQBAJ&q=crazy+estados+unidos+setecientos&pg=PT490","url_text":"Julio : la biografía"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788403521339","url_text":"9788403521339"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Julio+Iglesias&ti=Crazy&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Julio Iglesias – Crazy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 1996\". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131224215935/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat1996.html","url_text":"\"IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 1996\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"International Federation of the Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"García Blesa, Óscar (2019). Julio : la biografía. Barcelona. ISBN 9788403521339. Retrieved 19 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PQqiDwAAQBAJ&q=crazy+tres+millones&pg=PT490","url_text":"Julio : la biografía"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788403521339","url_text":"9788403521339"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.julioiglesias.com/en/pagina.php?cs_id_pagina=7&cs_id_contenido=59","external_links_name":"\"Julio Iglesias discography\""},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Julio+Iglesias&titel=Crazy&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Australiancharts.com – Julio Iglesias – Crazy\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Julio+Iglesias&titel=Crazy&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Dutchcharts.nl – Julio Iglesias – Crazy\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1994/MM-1994-12-24.pdf#page=24","external_links_name":"\"1994 in Review: Sale 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Van_Zant_Memorial_Park	Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park	["1 References","2 Sources"]	Coordinates: 30°03′04″N 81°47′42″W / 30.051°N 81.795°W / 30.051; -81.795Ronnie Van Zant Memorial ParkTypeMunicipal (Lake Asbury, Florida)LocationLake Asbury, FloridaCoordinates30°03′04″N 81°47′42″W / 30.051°N 81.795°W / 30.051; -81.795Area90 acres (0 km2)Created1996Operated byFreebird Foundation (Private), Clay County Board of County Commissioners (Public)StatusActive The Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park is a public memorial park located in Lake Asbury, Clay County, Florida. The park was built in memory of Ronnie Van Zant, vocalist of Southern rock group Lynyrd Skynyrd, who died along with numerous other band members and crew in a 1977 plane crash. The park was funded by fans and family of the band, and features a number of facilities including tennis courts, fishing ponds, a disc golf course and picnic areas, among other amenities. References ^ Wailer Website Services. "The Official Lynyrd Skynyrd History Website - Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park". lynyrdskynyrdhistory.com. Retrieved 30 March 2015. ^ "Ronnie Van Zant Park". claycountygov.com. Retrieved 7 April 2018. Sources Official website Clay County Parks Website vteLynyrd Skynyrd Rickey Medlocke Johnny Van Zant Michael Cartellone Mark Matejka Peter Keys Keith Christopher Ronnie Van Zant Allen Collins Gary Rossington Bob Burns Larry Junstrom Greg T. Walker Leon Wilkeson Billy Powell Ed King Artimus Pyle Steve Gaines Randall Hall Kurt Custer Mike Estes Owen Hale Hughie Thomasson Jeff McAllister Kenny Aronoff Ean Evans Robert Kearns Johnny Colt Studio albums (Pronounced 'Lĕh-'nérd 'Skin-'nérd) Second Helping Nuthin' Fancy Gimme Back My Bullets Street Survivors Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 The Last Rebel Endangered Species Twenty Edge of Forever Christmas Time Again Vicious Cycle God & Guns Last of a Dyin' Breed Live albums One More from the Road Southern by the Grace of God Lyve from Steel Town Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve: The Vicious Cycle Tour Live from Freedom Hall Last of the Street Survivors Farewell Tour Lyve! Compilations Skynyrd's First and... Last Gold & Platinum Best of the Rest Legend Skynyrd's Innyrds Lynyrd Skynyrd (box set) A Retrospective What's Your Name Old Time Greats The Essential Lynyrd Skynyrd Skynyrd's First: The Complete Muscle Shoals Album 20th Century Masters: The Best of Lynyrd Skynyrd Solo Flytes All Time Greatest Hits Collectybles Then and Now Thyrty Then and Now Volume Two Greatest Hits Icon Video Freebird... The Movie Lyve from Steel Town Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve: The Vicious Cycle Tour Live from Freedom Hall Singles "Gimme Three Steps" / "Mr. Banker" "Don't Ask Me No Questions" / "Take Your Time" "Sweet Home Alabama" "Free Bird" "Saturday Night Special" "Double Trouble" "What's Your Name" "That Smell" "Truck Drivin' Man" "You Got That Right" "Preacher Man" "Red White & Blue" Other songs "Need All My Friends" "Tuesday's Gone" "Simple Man" Tours Street Survivors Tour Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 Tour Edge of Forever Tour The Last of the Street Survivors Farewell Tour Spin-off bands Rossington Collins Band The Rossington Band Allen Collins Band Artimus Pyle Band Van Zant Related articles Discography Members Skynyrd Frynds Plane crash Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park Leonard Skinner "All Summer Long"	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Asbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Asbury,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Clay County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Van Zant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Van_Zant"},{"link_name":"Southern rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_rock"},{"link_name":"Lynyrd Skynyrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd"},{"link_name":"1977 plane crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Convair_240_crash"},{"link_name":"tennis courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_court"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"ponds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponds"},{"link_name":"disc golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_golf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park is a public memorial park located in Lake Asbury, Clay County, Florida. The park was built in memory of Ronnie Van Zant, vocalist of Southern rock group Lynyrd Skynyrd, who died along with numerous other band members and crew in a 1977 plane crash. The park was funded by fans and family of the band, and features a number of facilities including tennis courts, fishing ponds, a disc golf course and picnic areas, among other amenities.[1]\n[2]","title":"Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Official website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lynyrdskynyrdhistory.com/park.html"},{"link_name":"Clay County Parks Website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.claycountygov.com/departments/parks-and-recreation/clay-county-parks/community-parks/ronnie-van-zant-park"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lynyrd_Skynyrd"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lynyrd_Skynyrd"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lynyrd_Skynyrd"},{"link_name":"Lynyrd Skynyrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd"},{"link_name":"Rickey Medlocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickey_Medlocke"},{"link_name":"Johnny Van Zant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Van_Zant"},{"link_name":"Michael Cartellone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cartellone"},{"link_name":"Mark Matejka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Matejka"},{"link_name":"Peter Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Keys"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Van Zant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Van_Zant"},{"link_name":"Allen Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Collins"},{"link_name":"Gary Rossington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Rossington"},{"link_name":"Bob Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Burns_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Larry Junstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Junstrom"},{"link_name":"Greg T. Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_T._Walker"},{"link_name":"Leon Wilkeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Wilkeson"},{"link_name":"Billy Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Powell"},{"link_name":"Ed King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_King"},{"link_name":"Artimus Pyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artimus_Pyle"},{"link_name":"Steve Gaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gaines"},{"link_name":"Owen Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Hale"},{"link_name":"Hughie Thomasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughie_Thomasson"},{"link_name":"Kenny Aronoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Aronoff"},{"link_name":"Ean Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ean_Evans"},{"link_name":"Robert Kearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kearns_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Colt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Colt"},{"link_name":"(Pronounced 'Lĕh-'nérd 'Skin-'nérd)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(Pronounced_%27L%C4%95h-%27n%C3%A9rd_%27Skin-%27n%C3%A9rd)"},{"link_name":"Second Helping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Helping"},{"link_name":"Nuthin' Fancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuthin%27_Fancy"},{"link_name":"Gimme Back My Bullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimme_Back_My_Bullets"},{"link_name":"Street Survivors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Survivors"},{"link_name":"Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd_1991"},{"link_name":"The Last Rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Rebel"},{"link_name":"Endangered Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_(Lynyrd_Skynyrd_album)"},{"link_name":"Twenty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_(Lynyrd_Skynyrd_album)"},{"link_name":"Edge of Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_of_Forever"},{"link_name":"Christmas Time Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Time_Again"},{"link_name":"Vicious Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicious_Cycle_(album)"},{"link_name":"God & Guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_%26_Guns"},{"link_name":"Last of a Dyin' Breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_of_a_Dyin%27_Breed"},{"link_name":"One More from the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_More_from_the_Road"},{"link_name":"Southern by the Grace of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_by_the_Grace_of_God"},{"link_name":"Lyve from Steel Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyve_from_Steel_Town"},{"link_name":"Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve: The Vicious Cycle Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd_Lyve:_The_Vicious_Cycle_Tour"},{"link_name":"Live from Freedom Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_Freedom_Hall"},{"link_name":"Skynyrd's First and... Last","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skynyrd%27s_First_and..._Last"},{"link_name":"Gold & Platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_%26_Platinum"},{"link_name":"Best of the Rest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_of_the_Rest"},{"link_name":"Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_(Lynyrd_Skynyrd_album)"},{"link_name":"Skynyrd's Innyrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skynyrd%27s_Innyrds"},{"link_name":"Lynyrd Skynyrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd_(album)"},{"link_name":"A Retrospective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Retrospective_(Lynyrd_Skynyrd_album)"},{"link_name":"What's Your Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Your_Name_(album)"},{"link_name":"Old Time Greats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Time_Greats"},{"link_name":"The Essential Lynyrd Skynyrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Essential_Lynyrd_Skynyrd"},{"link_name":"Skynyrd's First: The Complete Muscle Shoals Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skynyrd%27s_First_and..._Last"},{"link_name":"20th Century Masters: The Best of Lynyrd Skynyrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Masters_%E2%80%93_The_Millennium_Collection:_The_Best_of_Lynyrd_Skynyrd"},{"link_name":"Solo Flytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_Flytes"},{"link_name":"All Time Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Time_Greatest_Hits_(Lynyrd_Skynyrd_album)"},{"link_name":"Collectybles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectybles"},{"link_name":"Then and Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Then_and_Now_(Lynyrd_Skynyrd_album)"},{"link_name":"Thyrty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrty:_The_30th_Anniversary_Collection"},{"link_name":"Then and Now Volume Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Then_and_Now_(Lynyrd_Skynyrd_album)"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(Lynyrd_Skynyrd_album)"},{"link_name":"Icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_(Lynyrd_Skynyrd_album)"},{"link_name":"Freebird... The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freebird..._The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Lyve from Steel Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyve_from_Steel_Town"},{"link_name":"Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve: The Vicious Cycle Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd_Lyve:_The_Vicious_Cycle_Tour"},{"link_name":"Live from Freedom Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_Freedom_Hall"},{"link_name":"Gimme Three Steps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimme_Three_Steps"},{"link_name":"Mr. Banker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Banker"},{"link_name":"Don't Ask Me No Questions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask_Me_No_Questions"},{"link_name":"Sweet Home Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Home_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Free Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Bird"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Special_(Lynyrd_Skynyrd_song)"},{"link_name":"Double Trouble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Trouble_(Lynyrd_Skynyrd_song)"},{"link_name":"What's Your Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Your_Name_(Lynyrd_Skynyrd_song)"},{"link_name":"That Smell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Smell"},{"link_name":"Truck Drivin' Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_Drivin%27_Man_(Lynyrd_Skynyrd_song)"},{"link_name":"You Got That Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Got_That_Right"},{"link_name":"Preacher Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preacher_Man"},{"link_name":"Red White & Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_White_%26_Blue_(Lynyrd_Skynyrd_song)"},{"link_name":"Need All My Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_All_My_Friends"},{"link_name":"Tuesday's Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuesday%27s_Gone"},{"link_name":"Simple Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Man_(Lynyrd_Skynyrd_song)"},{"link_name":"Street Survivors Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Survivors_Tour"},{"link_name":"Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd_Tribute_Tour"},{"link_name":"Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd_1991_Tour"},{"link_name":"Edge of Forever Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_of_Forever_Tour"},{"link_name":"The Last of the Street Survivors Farewell Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Street_Survivors_Farewell_Tour"},{"link_name":"Rossington Collins Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossington_Collins_Band"},{"link_name":"The Rossington Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rossington_Band"},{"link_name":"Allen Collins Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Collins_Band"},{"link_name":"Artimus Pyle Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artimus_Pyle"},{"link_name":"Van Zant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Zant_(band)"},{"link_name":"Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd_discography"},{"link_name":"Members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lynyrd_Skynyrd_members"},{"link_name":"Skynyrd Frynds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skynyrd_Frynds"},{"link_name":"Plane crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd_plane_crash"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Leonard Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Skinner"},{"link_name":"All Summer Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Summer_Long_(Kid_Rock_song)"}],"text":"Official website\nClay County Parks WebsitevteLynyrd Skynyrd\nRickey Medlocke\nJohnny Van Zant\nMichael Cartellone\nMark Matejka\nPeter Keys\nKeith Christopher\nRonnie Van Zant\nAllen Collins\nGary Rossington\nBob Burns\nLarry Junstrom\nGreg T. Walker\nLeon Wilkeson\nBilly Powell\nEd King\nArtimus Pyle\nSteve Gaines\nRandall Hall\nKurt Custer\nMike Estes\nOwen Hale\nHughie Thomasson\nJeff McAllister\nKenny Aronoff\nEan Evans\nRobert Kearns\nJohnny Colt\nStudio albums\n(Pronounced 'Lĕh-'nérd 'Skin-'nérd)\nSecond Helping\nNuthin' Fancy\nGimme Back My Bullets\nStreet Survivors\nLynyrd Skynyrd 1991\nThe Last Rebel\nEndangered Species\nTwenty\nEdge of Forever\nChristmas Time Again\nVicious Cycle\nGod & Guns\nLast of a Dyin' Breed\nLive albums\nOne More from the Road\nSouthern by the Grace of God\nLyve from Steel Town\nLynyrd Skynyrd Lyve: The Vicious Cycle Tour\nLive from Freedom Hall\nLast of the Street Survivors Farewell Tour Lyve!\nCompilations\nSkynyrd's First and... Last\nGold & Platinum\nBest of the Rest\nLegend\nSkynyrd's Innyrds\nLynyrd Skynyrd (box set)\nA Retrospective\nWhat's Your Name\nOld Time Greats\nThe Essential Lynyrd Skynyrd\nSkynyrd's First: The Complete Muscle Shoals Album\n20th Century Masters: The Best of Lynyrd Skynyrd\nSolo Flytes\nAll Time Greatest Hits\nCollectybles\nThen and Now\nThyrty\nThen and Now Volume Two\nGreatest Hits\nIcon\nVideo\nFreebird... The Movie\nLyve from Steel Town\nLynyrd Skynyrd Lyve: The Vicious Cycle Tour\nLive from Freedom Hall\nSingles\n\"Gimme Three Steps\" / \"Mr. Banker\"\n\"Don't Ask Me No Questions\" / \"Take Your Time\"\n\"Sweet Home Alabama\"\n\"Free Bird\"\n\"Saturday Night Special\"\n\"Double Trouble\"\n\"What's Your Name\"\n\"That Smell\"\n\"Truck Drivin' Man\"\n\"You Got That Right\"\n\"Preacher Man\"\n\"Red White & Blue\"\nOther songs\n\"Need All My Friends\"\n\"Tuesday's Gone\"\n\"Simple Man\"\nTours\nStreet Survivors Tour\nLynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour\nLynyrd Skynyrd 1991 Tour\nEdge of Forever Tour\nThe Last of the Street Survivors Farewell Tour\nSpin-off bands\nRossington Collins Band\nThe Rossington Band\nAllen Collins Band\nArtimus Pyle Band\nVan Zant\nRelated articles\nDiscography\nMembers\nSkynyrd Frynds\nPlane crash\nRonnie Van Zant Memorial Park\nLeonard Skinner\n\"All Summer Long\"","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Wailer Website Services. \"The Official Lynyrd Skynyrd History Website - Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park\". lynyrdskynyrdhistory.com. Retrieved 30 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lynyrdskynyrdhistory.com/park.html","url_text":"\"The Official Lynyrd Skynyrd History Website - Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ronnie Van Zant Park\". claycountygov.com. Retrieved 7 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.claycountygov.com/departments/parks-and-recreation/clay-county-parks/community-parks/ronnie-van-zant-park","url_text":"\"Ronnie Van Zant Park\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ronnie_Van_Zant_Memorial_Park&params=30.051_N_81.795_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"30°03′04″N 81°47′42″W / 30.051°N 81.795°W / 30.051; -81.795"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ronnie_Van_Zant_Memorial_Park&params=30.051_N_81.795_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"30°03′04″N 81°47′42″W / 30.051°N 81.795°W / 30.051; -81.795"},{"Link":"http://www.lynyrdskynyrdhistory.com/park.html","external_links_name":"\"The Official Lynyrd Skynyrd History Website - Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.claycountygov.com/departments/parks-and-recreation/clay-county-parks/community-parks/ronnie-van-zant-park","external_links_name":"\"Ronnie Van Zant Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.lynyrdskynyrdhistory.com/park.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.claycountygov.com/departments/parks-and-recreation/clay-county-parks/community-parks/ronnie-van-zant-park","external_links_name":"Clay County Parks Website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships	1988 World Junior Figure Skating Championships	["1 Results","1.1 Men","1.2 Ladies","1.3 Pairs","1.4 Ice dancing","2 References"]	This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "1988 World Junior Figure Skating Championships" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1988 World Junior Figure Skating ChampionshipsType:ISU ChampionshipDate:8 December – 12, 1987Season:1987–88Location:Brisbane, AustraliaNavigationPrevious: 1987 World Junior ChampionshipsNext: 1989 World Junior Championships The 1988 World Junior Figure Skating Championships were held on 8–12 December 1987 in Brisbane, Australia. The event was sanctioned by the International Skating Union and open to ISU member nations. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Results Men Rank Name Nation TFP CF SP FS S+F 1 Todd Eldredge United States 4.4 1 2 3 3 2 Viacheslav Zagorodniuk Soviet Union 6.4 5 6 1 1 3 Yuriy Tsymbalyuk Soviet Union 7.0 3 3 4 4 4 Shepherd Clark United States 7.8 4 1 5 5 5 Cameron Birky United States 10.4 2 8 6 6 6 Jung Sung-il South Korea 13.2 16 4 2 2 7 Philippe Candeloro France 14.4 6 7 8 7 8 Michael Shmerkin Soviet Union 16.4 9 5 9 8 9 Marcus Christensen Canada 18.4 8 9 10 10 10 Masakazu Kagiyama Japan 20.8 15 12 7 9 11 Peter Fuchs West Germany 21.4 7 13 12 12 12 Laurent Tobel France 23.2 13 11 11 11 13 Bernard Munger Canada 24.0 10 10 14 13 14 Alcuin Schulten Netherlands 25.2 11 14 13 14 15 Sean Abram Australia 28.6 12 16 15 15 16 Leigh Yip United Kingdom 33.2 14 17 18 18 17 Wei Li China 33.8 17 19 16 17 18 Antonio Moffa Italy 33.8 18 15 17 16 19 Ricardo Olavarrieta Mexico 37.6 19 18 19 19 Panel of Judges Referee : Mr. Benjamin T. Wright Assistant Referee : Mrs. Walburga Grimm Judge N°1 : Mr. Jiasheng Yeng Judge N°2 : Mr. Franco Benni Judge N°3 : Ms. Frances Dafoe Judge N°4 : Mr. Will Wernz Judge N°5 : Ms. Innessa Matveeva Judge N°6 : Mr. Ray Alperth Judge N°7 : Mr. Toshio Suzuki Judge N°8 : Mr. Frank Parsons Judge N°9 : Ms. Monique Georgelin Substitute : Ms. Sally Anne Stapleford Ladies Rank Name Nation TFP CF SP FS S+F 1 Kristi Yamaguchi United States 3.0 2 2 1 1 2 Junko Yaginuma Japan 4.0 1 1 3 3 3 Yukiko Kashihara Japan 6.2 5 3 2 2 4 Sandra Garde France 11.2 7 5 5 4 5 Judith Tartal Canada 11.2 6 4 6 5 6 Elizabeth Wright United States 11.8 4 6 7 7 7 Margot Bion Canada 12.6 3 7 8 8 8 Tatiana Klenina Soviet Union 12.8 8 10 4 6 9 Evgenia Leonidova Soviet Union 18.6 10 9 9 9 10 Susanne Mildenberger West Germany 21.6 14 8 10 10 11 Patricia Wirth West Germany 22.4 9 15 11 12 12 Maria Fuglsang Denmark 23.6 12 11 12 11 13 Zhang Bo China 25.8 11 13 14 13 14 Surya Bonaly France 29.6 17 16 13 14 15 Fiona Ritchie United Kingdom 29.8 15 12 16 16 16 Natalie Crothers Australia 32.0 19 14 15 15 17 Christine Czerni Austria 33.8 16 18 17 17 18 Daniella Roymans Netherlands 34.4 13 19 19 19 19 Janine Bur Switzerland 35.6 18 17 18 18 20 Koh Sung-hee South Korea 40.0 20 20 20 20 21 Erika Beckly Mexico 42.0 21 21 21 21 Pairs Rank Name Nation TFP SP FS 1 Kristi Yamaguchi / Rudy Galindo United States 2.2 3 1 2 Evgenia Chernyshova / Dmitri Sukhanov Soviet Union 2.4 1 2 3 Yulia Liashenko / Andrei Bushkov Soviet Union 3.8 2 3 4 Irina Saifutdinova / Andrei Bardykin Soviet Union 5.6 4 4 5 Jennifer Heurlin / John Frederiksen United States 7.0 5 5 6 Ann-Marie Wells / Brian Wells United States 8.8 7 6 7 Marie-Josée Fortin / Jean-Michel Bombardier Canada 9.4 6 7 8 Narelle Rolfe / Stephen Roberts Australia 11.2 8 8 Ice dancing Rank Name Nation TFP CD OSP FD 1 Oksana Grishuk / Alexandr Chichkov Soviet Union 2.0 1 1 1 2 Irina Antsiferova / Maxim Sevastianov Soviet Union 4.6 3 2 2 3 Maria Orlova / Oleg Ovsyannikov Soviet Union 5.4 2 3 3 4 Christelle Gautier / Alberick Dalongeville France 8.6 5 4 4 5 Allison MacLean / Konrad Schaub Canada 9.4 4 5 5 6 Lynn Burton / Andrew Place United Kingdom 12.0 6 6 6 7 Meike Dehne / Frank Dehne West Germany 15.0 7 7 8 8 Pascale Vrot / David Quinsac France 16.6 10 9 7 9 Rachel Mayer / Peter Breen United States 18.0 8 8 10 10 Jeannine Jones / Michael Shroge United States 18.4 9 10 9 11 Brigitte Richer / Michel Brunet Canada 22.0 11 11 11 12 Jie Pan / Feng Han China 25.0 13 13 12 13 Antonella Chicco / Claudio Castagna Italy 25.0 12 12 13 14 Sally Biggs / David Austin Australia 28.0 14 14 14 15 Jung Sung-min / Jung Sung-ho South Korea 30.0 15 15 15 References ^ "World Junior Figure Skating Championships: Men" (PDF). International Skating Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013. ^ a b c d "World Junior Championships 1988, AUS, Brisbane". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016. ^ a b c d "ISU World Junior Figure Skating Championships" (PDF). Skate Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2016. ^ a b c d "World Junior Championships 1988. Brisbane, Australia". skating.bplaced.net. ^ "World Junior Figure Skating Championships: Ladies" (PDF). International Skating Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013. ^ "World Junior Figure Skating Championships: Pairs" (PDF). International Skating Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2013. ^ "World Junior Figure Skating Championships: Ice Dance" (PDF). International Skating Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013. vteWorld Junior Figure Skating Championships 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2022 2023 2024 vteISU Figure Skating Championships World Championships World Junior Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Synchronized Skating Championships World Junior Synchronized Skating Championships	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Junior Figure Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"International Skating Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Skating_Union"},{"link_name":"men's singles, ladies' singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_skating"},{"link_name":"pair skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_skating"},{"link_name":"ice dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_dancing"}],"text":"The 1988 World Junior Figure Skating Championships were held on 8–12 December 1987 in Brisbane, Australia. The event was sanctioned by the International Skating Union and open to ISU member nations. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.","title":"1988 World Junior Figure Skating Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ladies","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pairs","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ice dancing","title":"Results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"World Junior Figure Skating Championships: Men\" (PDF). International Skating Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131224185418/http://www.isuskating.sportcentric.com/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0%2C11040%2C4844-188674-205896-133256-0-file%2C00.pdf","url_text":"\"World Junior Figure Skating Championships: Men\""},{"url":"http://www.isuskating.sportcentric.com/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,4844-188674-205896-133256-0-file,00.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Junior Championships 1988, AUS, Brisbane\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160507034959/http://figureskating.sportresult.com/Schedule/Placing/1988/5/1452/SYNCHRO/TO","url_text":"\"World Junior Championships 1988, AUS, Brisbane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Skating_Union","url_text":"International Skating Union"},{"url":"http://figureskating.sportresult.com/Schedule/Placing/1988/5/1452/SYNCHRO/TO","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ISU World Junior Figure Skating Championships\" (PDF). Skate Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://skatecanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/03-ISU-World-Junior-Figure-Skating-Championships.pdf","url_text":"\"ISU World Junior Figure Skating Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_Canada","url_text":"Skate Canada"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160511050558/http://skatecanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/03-ISU-World-Junior-Figure-Skating-Championships.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"World Junior Championships 1988. Brisbane, Australia\". skating.bplaced.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://skating.bplaced.net/Results/Junior/1988.htm","url_text":"\"World Junior Championships 1988. Brisbane, Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Junior Figure Skating Championships: Ladies\" (PDF). International Skating Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131224182426/http://www.isuskating.sportcentric.com/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0%2C11040%2C4844-188675-205897-133277-0-file%2C00.pdf","url_text":"\"World Junior Figure Skating Championships: Ladies\""},{"url":"http://www.isuskating.sportcentric.com/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,4844-188675-205897-133277-0-file,00.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Junior Figure Skating Championships: Pairs\" (PDF). International Skating Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131104041050/http://www.isuskating.sportcentric.com/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0%2C11040%2C4844-188676-205898-133279-0-file%2C00.pdf","url_text":"\"World Junior Figure Skating Championships: Pairs\""},{"url":"http://www.isuskating.sportcentric.com/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,4844-188676-205898-133279-0-file,00.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Junior Figure Skating Championships: Ice Dance\" (PDF). International Skating Union. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosseryd	Tosseryd	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 57°45′N 12°59′E / 57.750°N 12.983°E / 57.750; 12.983Place in Västergötland, SwedenTosserydTosserydShow map of Västra GötalandTosserydShow map of SwedenCoordinates: 57°45′N 12°59′E / 57.750°N 12.983°E / 57.750; 12.983CountrySwedenProvinceVästergötlandCountyVästra Götaland CountyMunicipalityBorås MunicipalityArea • Total0.27 km2 (0.10 sq mi)Population (31 December 2010) • Total223 • Density834/km2 (2,160/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Tosseryd is a locality situated in Borås Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 223 inhabitants in 2010. References ^ a b c "Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012. vteLocalities in Borås Municipality, Västra Götaland County, SwedenLocalities Aplared Äspered Borås (seat) Borgstena Bosnäs Bredared Dalsjöfors Dannike Fristad Frufällan Gånghester Hedared Kinnarumma Målsryd Rångedala Rydboholm Sandared Sandhult Sjömarken Tosseryd Viskafors This article about a location in Västra Götaland County, Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areas_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Borås Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Västra Götaland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_G%C3%B6taland_County"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scb-1"}],"text":"Place in Västergötland, SwedenTosseryd is a locality situated in Borås Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 223 inhabitants in 2010.[1]","title":"Tosseryd"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls","url_text":"\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Sweden","url_text":"Statistics Sweden"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120127055525/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tosseryd&params=57_45_N_12_59_E_region:SE_type:city(223)","external_links_name":"57°45′N 12°59′E / 57.750°N 12.983°E / 57.750; 12.983"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tosseryd&params=57_45_N_12_59_E_region:SE_type:city(223)","external_links_name":"57°45′N 12°59′E / 57.750°N 12.983°E / 57.750; 12.983"},{"Link":"http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls","external_links_name":"\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120127055525/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tosseryd&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(botany)	Meristem	["1 Primary meristems","2 Secondary meristems","3 Apical meristems","3.1 Shoot Apical Meristems","3.2 Root apical meristem","3.3 Intercalary meristem","3.4 Floral meristem","3.5 Apical dominance","3.6 Diversity in meristem architectures","3.7 Role of the KNOX-family genes","4 Indeterminate growth of meristems","5 Cloning","6 Induced meristems","7 Lateral Meristems","8 See also","9 References","10 Sources","11 External links"]	Type of plant tissue involved in cell proliferation This article is about a plant tissue. For other uses, see Meristem (disambiguation). Tunica-corpus model of the apical meristem (growing tip). The epidermal (L1) and subepidermal (L2) layers form the outer layers called the tunica. The inner L3 layer is called the corpus. Cells in the L1 and L2 layers divide in a sideways fashion, which keeps these layers distinct, whereas the L3 layer divides in a more random fashion. In cell biology, the meristem is a type of tissue found in plants. It consists of undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells) capable of cell division. Cells in the meristem can develop into all the other tissues and organs that occur in plants. These cells continue to divide until they become differentiated and lose the ability to divide. Differentiated plant cells generally cannot divide or produce cells of a different type. Meristematic cells are undifferentiated or incompletely differentiated. They are totipotent and capable of continued cell division. Division of meristematic cells provides new cells for expansion and differentiation of tissues and the initiation of new organs, providing the basic structure of the plant body. The cells are small, with small vacuoles or none, and protoplasm filling the cell completely. The plastids (chloroplasts or chromoplasts) are undifferentiated, but are present in rudimentary form (proplastids). Meristematic cells are packed closely together without intercellular spaces. The cell wall is a very thin primary cell wall. The term meristem was first used in 1858 by Swiss botanist Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891) in his book Beiträge zur Wissenschaftlichen Botanik ("Contributions to Scientific Botany"). It is derived from Greek μερίζειν (merizein) 'to divide', in recognition of its inherent function. There are three types of meristematic tissues: apical (at the tips), intercalary or basal (in the middle), and lateral (at the sides also known as cambium). At the meristem summit, there is a small group of slowly dividing cells, which is commonly called the central zone. Cells of this zone have a stem cell function and are essential for meristem maintenance. The proliferation and growth rates at the meristem summit usually differ considerably from those at the periphery. Primary meristems Apical meristems give rise to the primary plant body and are responsible for primary growth, or an increase in length or height. Apical meristems may differentiate into three kinds of primary meristem: Protoderm: lies around the outside of the stem and develops into the epidermis. Procambium: lies just inside of the protoderm and develops into primary xylem and primary phloem. It also produces the vascular cambium, and cork cambium (secondary meristems). The cork cambium further differentiates into the phelloderm (to the inside) and the phellem, or cork (to the outside). All three of these layers (cork cambium, phellem, and phelloderm) constitute the periderm. In roots, the procambium can also give rise to the pericycle, which produces lateral roots in eudicots. Ground meristem: Composed of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells that develop into the cortex and the pith. Secondary meristems After the primary growth, lateral meristems develop as secondary plant growth. This growth adds to the plant in diameter from the established stem but not all plants exhibit secondary growth. There are two types of secondary meristems: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. Vascular cambium, which produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem. This is a process that may continue throughout the life of the plant. This is what gives rise to wood in plants. Such plants are called arboraceous. This does not occur in plants that do not go through secondary growth (known as herbaceous plants). Cork cambium, which gives rise to the periderm, which replaces the epidermis. Apical meristems Apical Meristems are the completely undifferentiated (indeterminate) meristems in a plant. These differentiate into three kinds of primary meristems. The primary meristems in turn produce the two secondary meristem types. These secondary meristems are also known as lateral meristems as they are involved in lateral growth. Organisation of an apical meristem (growing tip)Central zonePeripheral zoneMedullary (i.e. central) meristemMedullary tissue There are two types of apical meristem tissue: shoot apical meristem (SAM), which gives rise to organs like the leaves and flowers, and root apical meristem (RAM), which provides the meristematic cells for future root growth. SAM and RAM cells divide rapidly and are considered indeterminate, in that they do not possess any defined end status. In that sense, the meristematic cells are frequently compared to the stem cells in animals, which have an analogous behavior and function. The apical meristems are layered where the number of layers varies according to plant type. In general the outermost layer is called the tunica while the innermost layers are the corpus. In monocots, the tunica determines the physical characteristics of the leaf edge and margin. In dicots, layer two of the corpus determines the characteristics of the edge of the leaf. The corpus and tunica play a critical part of the plant physical appearance as all plant cells are formed from the meristems. Apical meristems are found in two locations: the root and the stem. Some arctic plants have an apical meristem in the lower/middle parts of the plant. It is thought that this kind of meristem evolved because it is advantageous in arctic conditions. Shoot Apical Meristems Shoot apical meristems of Crassula ovata (left). Fourteen days later, leaves have developed (right). Shoot apical meristems are the source of all above-ground organs, such as leaves and flowers. Cells at the shoot apical meristem summit serve as stem cells to the surrounding peripheral region, where they proliferate rapidly and are incorporated into differentiating leaf or flower primordia. The shoot apical meristem is the site of most of the embryogenesis in flowering plants. Primordia of leaves, sepals, petals, stamens, and ovaries are initiated here at the rate of one every time interval, called a plastochron. It is where the first indications that flower development has been evoked are manifested. One of these indications might be the loss of apical dominance and the release of otherwise dormant cells to develop as auxiliary shoot meristems, in some species in axils of primordia as close as two or three away from the apical dome. The shoot apical meristem consists of four distinct cell groups: Stem cells The immediate daughter cells of the stem cells A subjacent organizing center Founder cells for organ initiation in surrounding regions These four distinct zones are maintained by a complex signalling pathway. In Arabidopsis thaliana, 3 interacting CLAVATA genes are required to regulate the size of the stem cell reservoir in the shoot apical meristem by controlling the rate of cell division. CLV1 and CLV2 are predicted to form a receptor complex (of the LRR receptor-like kinase family) to which CLV3 is a ligand. CLV3 shares some homology with the ESR proteins of maize, with a short 14 amino acid region being conserved between the proteins. Proteins that contain these conserved regions have been grouped into the CLE family of proteins. CLV1 has been shown to interact with several cytoplasmic proteins that are most likely involved in downstream signalling. For example, the CLV complex has been found to be associated with Rho/Rac small GTPase-related proteins. These proteins may act as an intermediate between the CLV complex and a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which is often involved in signalling cascades. KAPP is a kinase-associated protein phosphatase that has been shown to interact with CLV1. KAPP is thought to act as a negative regulator of CLV1 by dephosphorylating it. Another important gene in plant meristem maintenance is WUSCHEL (shortened to WUS), which is a target of CLV signaling in addition to positively regulating CLV, thus forming a feedback loop. WUS is expressed in the cells below the stem cells of the meristem and its presence prevents the differentiation of the stem cells. CLV1 acts to promote cellular differentiation by repressing WUS activity outside of the central zone containing the stem cells. The function of WUS in the shoot apical meristem is linked to the phytohormone cytokinin. Cytokinin activates histidine kinases which then phosphorylate histidine phosphotransfer proteins. Subsequently, the phosphate groups are transferred onto two types of Arabidopsis response regulators (ARRs): Type-B ARRS and Type-A ARRs. Type-B ARRs work as transcription factors to activate genes downstream of cytokinin, including A-ARRs. A-ARRs are similar to B-ARRs in structure; however, A-ARRs do not contain the DNA binding domains that B-ARRs have, and which are required to function as transcription factors. Therefore, A-ARRs do not contribute to the activation of transcription, and by competing for phosphates from phosphotransfer proteins, inhibit B-ARRs function. In the SAM, B-ARRs induce the expression of WUS which induces stem cell identity. WUS then suppresses A-ARRs. As a result, B-ARRs are no longer inhibited, causing sustained cytokinin signaling in the center of the shoot apical meristem. Altogether with CLAVATA signaling, this system works as a negative feedback loop. Cytokinin signaling is positively reinforced by WUS to prevent the inhibition of cytokinin signaling, while WUS promotes its own inhibitor in the form of CLV3, which ultimately keeps WUS and cytokinin signaling in check. Root apical meristem 10x microscope image of root tip with meristemquiescent centercalyptrogen (live rootcap cells)rootcapsloughed off dead rootcap cellsprocambium Unlike the shoot apical meristem, the root apical meristem produces cells in two dimensions. It harbors two pools of stem cells around an organizing center called the quiescent center (QC) cells and together produces most of the cells in an adult root. At its apex, the root meristem is covered by the root cap, which protects and guides its growth trajectory. Cells are continuously sloughed off the outer surface of the root cap. The QC cells are characterized by their low mitotic activity. Evidence suggests that the QC maintains the surrounding stem cells by preventing their differentiation, via signal(s) that are yet to be discovered. This allows a constant supply of new cells in the meristem required for continuous root growth. Recent findings indicate that QC can also act as a reservoir of stem cells to replenish whatever is lost or damaged. Root apical meristem and tissue patterns become established in the embryo in the case of the primary root, and in the new lateral root primordium in the case of secondary roots. Intercalary meristem In angiosperms, intercalary (sometimes called basal) meristems occur in monocot (in particular, grass) stems at the base of nodes and leaf blades. Horsetails and Welwitschia also exhibit intercalary growth. Intercalary meristems are capable of cell division, and they allow for rapid growth and regrowth of many monocots. Intercalary meristems at the nodes of bamboo allow for rapid stem elongation, while those at the base of most grass leaf blades allow damaged leaves to rapidly regrow. This leaf regrowth in grasses evolved in response to damage by grazing herbivores. Floral meristem Further information: ABC model of flower development When plants begin flowering, the shoot apical meristem is transformed into an inflorescence meristem, which goes on to produce the floral meristem, which produces the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels of the flower. In contrast to vegetative apical meristems and some efflorescence meristems, floral meristems cannot continue to grow indefinitely. Their growth is limited to the flower with a particular size and form. The transition from shoot meristem to floral meristem requires floral meristem identity genes, that both specify the floral organs and cause the termination of the production of stem cells. AGAMOUS (AG) is a floral homeotic gene required for floral meristem termination and necessary for proper development of the stamens and carpels. AG is necessary to prevent the conversion of floral meristems to inflorescence shoot meristems, but is identity gene LEAFY (LFY) and WUS and is restricted to the centre of the floral meristem or the inner two whorls. This way floral identity and region specificity is achieved. WUS activates AG by binding to a consensus sequence in the AG's second intron and LFY binds to adjacent recognition sites. Once AG is activated it represses expression of WUS leading to the termination of the meristem. Through the years, scientists have manipulated floral meristems for economic reasons. An example is the mutant tobacco plant "Maryland Mammoth". In 1936, the department of agriculture of Switzerland performed several scientific tests with this plant. "Maryland Mammoth" is peculiar in that it grows much faster than other tobacco plants. Apical dominance Apical dominance is where one meristem prevents or inhibits the growth of other meristems. As a result, the plant will have one clearly defined main trunk. For example, in trees, the tip of the main trunk bears the dominant shoot meristem. Therefore, the tip of the trunk grows rapidly and is not shadowed by branches. If the dominant meristem is cut off, one or more branch tips will assume dominance. The branch will start growing faster and the new growth will be vertical. Over the years, the branch may begin to look more and more like an extension of the main trunk. Often several branches will exhibit this behavior after the removal of apical meristem, leading to a bushy growth. The mechanism of apical dominance is based on auxins, types of plant growth regulators. These are produced in the apical meristem and transported towards the roots in the cambium. If apical dominance is complete, they prevent any branches from forming as long as the apical meristem is active. If the dominance is incomplete, side branches will develop. Recent investigations into apical dominance and the control of branching have revealed a new plant hormone family termed strigolactones. These compounds were previously known to be involved in seed germination and communication with mycorrhizal fungi and are now shown to be involved in inhibition of branching. Diversity in meristem architectures The SAM contains a population of stem cells that also produce the lateral meristems while the stem elongates. It turns out that the mechanism of regulation of the stem cell number might be evolutionarily conserved. The CLAVATA gene CLV2 responsible for maintaining the stem cell population in Arabidopsis thaliana is very closely related to the maize gene FASCIATED EAR 2(FEA2) also involved in the same function. Similarly, in rice, the FON1-FON2 system seems to bear a close relationship with the CLV signaling system in Arabidopsis thaliana. These studies suggest that the regulation of stem cell number, identity and differentiation might be an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in monocots, if not in angiosperms. Rice also contains another genetic system distinct from FON1-FON2, that is involved in regulating stem cell number. This example underlines the innovation that goes about in the living world all the time. Role of the KNOX-family genes Note the long spur of the above flower. Spurs attract pollinators and confer pollinator specificity. (Flower: Linaria dalmatica) Complex leaves of Cardamine hirsuta result from KNOX gene expression Genetic screens have identified genes belonging to the KNOX family in this function. These genes essentially maintain the stem cells in an undifferentiated state. The KNOX family has undergone quite a bit of evolutionary diversification while keeping the overall mechanism more or less similar. Members of the KNOX family have been found in plants as diverse as Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, barley and tomato. KNOX-like genes are also present in some algae, mosses, ferns and gymnosperms. Misexpression of these genes leads to the formation of interesting morphological features. For example, among members of Antirrhineae, only the species of the genus Antirrhinum lack a structure called spur in the floral region. A spur is considered an evolutionary innovation because it defines pollinator specificity and attraction. Researchers carried out transposon mutagenesis in Antirrhinum majus, and saw that some insertions led to formation of spurs that were very similar to the other members of Antirrhineae, indicating that the loss of spur in wild Antirrhinum majus populations could probably be an evolutionary innovation. The KNOX family has also been implicated in leaf shape evolution (See below for a more detailed discussion). One study looked at the pattern of KNOX gene expression in A. thaliana, that has simple leaves and Cardamine hirsuta, a plant having complex leaves. In A. thaliana, the KNOX genes are completely turned off in leaves, but in C.hirsuta, the expression continued, generating complex leaves. Also, it has been proposed that the mechanism of KNOX gene action is conserved across all vascular plants, because there is a tight correlation between KNOX expression and a complex leaf morphology. Indeterminate growth of meristems Further information: Root nodule Though each plant grows according to a certain set of rules, each new root and shoot meristem can go on growing for as long as it is alive. In many plants, meristematic growth is potentially indeterminate, making the overall shape of the plant not determinate in advance. This is the primary growth. Primary growth leads to lengthening of the plant body and organ formation. All plant organs arise ultimately from cell divisions in the apical meristems, followed by cell expansion and differentiation. Primary growth gives rise to the apical part of many plants. The growth of nitrogen-fixing root nodules on legume plants such as soybean and pea is either determinate or indeterminate. Thus, soybean (or bean and Lotus japonicus) produce determinate nodules (spherical), with a branched vascular system surrounding the central infected zone. Often, Rhizobium-infected cells have only small vacuoles. In contrast, nodules on pea, clovers, and Medicago truncatula are indeterminate, to maintain (at least for some time) an active meristem that yields new cells for Rhizobium infection. Thus zones of maturity exist in the nodule. Infected cells usually possess a large vacuole. The plant vascular system is branched and peripheral. Cloning Under appropriate conditions, each shoot meristem can develop into a complete, new plant or clone. Such new plants can be grown from shoot cuttings that contain an apical meristem. Root apical meristems are not readily cloned, however. This cloning is called asexual reproduction or vegetative reproduction and is widely practiced in horticulture to mass-produce plants of a desirable genotype. This process known as mericloning, has been shown to reduce or eliminate viruses present in the parent plant in multiple species of plants. Propagating through cuttings is another form of vegetative propagation that initiates root or shoot production from secondary meristematic cambial cells. This explains why basal 'wounding' of shoot-borne cuttings often aids root formation. Induced meristems Meristems may also be induced in the roots of legumes such as soybean, Lotus japonicus, pea, and Medicago truncatula after infection with soil bacteria commonly called Rhizobia. Cells of the inner or outer cortex in the so-called "window of nodulation" just behind the developing root tip are induced to divide. The critical signal substance is the lipo-oligosaccharide Nod factor, decorated with side groups to allow specificity of interaction. The Nod factor receptor proteins NFR1 and NFR5 were cloned from several legumes including Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula and soybean (Glycine max). Regulation of nodule meristems utilizes long-distance regulation known as the autoregulation of nodulation (AON). This process involves a leaf-vascular tissue located LRR receptor kinases (LjHAR1, GmNARK and MtSUNN), CLE peptide signalling, and KAPP interaction, similar to that seen in the CLV1,2,3 system. LjKLAVIER also exhibits a nodule regulation phenotype though it is not yet known how this relates to the other AON receptor kinases. Lateral Meristems Lateral meristems, the form of secondary plant growth, add growth to the plants in their diameter. This is primarily observed in perennial dicots that survive from year to year. There are two types of lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium. In vascular cambium, the primary phloem and xylem are produced by the apical meristem. After this initial development, secondary phloem and xylem are produced by the lateral meristem. The two are connected through a thin layer of parenchymal cells which are differentiated into the fascicular cambium. The fascicular cambium divides to create the new secondary phloem and xylem. Following this the cortical parenchyma between vascular cylinders differentiates interfascicular cambium. This process repeats for indeterminate growth. Cork cambium creates a protective covering around the outside of a plant. This occurs after the secondary xylem and phloem has expanded already. Cortical parenchymal cells differentiate into cork cambium near the epidermis which lays down new cells called phelloderm and cork cells. These cork cells are impermeable to water and gases because of a substance called suberin that coats them. See also Primary growth Secondary growth Stem cell Thallus Tissues References ^ Galun, Esra (2007). Plant Patterning: Structural and Molecular Genetic Aspects. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 333. ISBN 9789812704085 ^ Baucher, Marie; AlmJaziri, Mondher; Vandeputte, Olivier. "From primary to secondary growth: origin and development of the vascular system". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2023-03-18. ^ Tognetti, Vanesa B.; Bielach, Agnieszka; Hrtyan, Mónika (October 2017). "Redox regulation at the site of primary growth: auxin, cytokinin and ROS crosstalk: Apical meristems plasticity in response to stress". Plant, Cell & Environment. 40 (11): 2586–2605. doi:10.1111/pce.13021. PMID 28708264. ^ a b Evert, Ray, and Susan Eichhorn. Raven Biology of Plants. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 2013. Print. ^ a b c d Fletcher, J. C. (2002). 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"Role of WUSCHEL in Regulating Stem Cell Fate in the Arabidopsis Shoot Meristem". Cell. 95 (6): 805–815. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81703-1. PMID 9865698. S2CID 18995751. ^ Sheen, Jen; Hwang, Ildoo (September 2001). "Two-component circuitry in Arabidopsis cytokinin signal transduction". Nature. 413 (6854): 383–389. Bibcode:2001Natur.413..383H. doi:10.1038/35096500. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 11574878. S2CID 4418158. ^ Lohmann, Jan U.; Kieber, Joseph J.; Demar, Monika; Andreas Kehle; Stehling, Sandra; Busch, Wolfgang; To, Jennifer P. C.; Leibfried, Andrea (December 2005). "WUSCHEL controls meristem function by direct regulation of cytokinin-inducible response regulators". Nature. 438 (7071): 1172–1175. Bibcode:2005Natur.438.1172L. doi:10.1038/nature04270. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 16372013. S2CID 2401801. ^ Kieber, Joseph J.; Ecker, Joseph R.; Alonso, Jose M.; Schaller, G. Eric; Mason, Michael G.; Deruère, Jean; Ferreira, Fernando J.; Haberer, Georg; To, Jennifer P. C. (2004-03-01). "Type-A Arabidopsis Response Regulators Are Partially Redundant Negative Regulators of Cytokinin Signaling". The Plant Cell. 16 (3): 658–671. doi:10.1105/tpc.018978. ISSN 1040-4651. PMC 385279. PMID 14973166. ^ Jurgens, G.; Berger, J.; Mayer, K. F.; Laux, T. (1996-01-01). "The WUSCHEL gene is required for shoot and floral meristem integrity in Arabidopsis". Development. 122 (1): 87–96. doi:10.1242/dev.122.1.87. ISSN 0950-1991. PMID 8565856. ^ Jackson, David; Simon, Rüdiger; Je, Byoung Il; Somssich, Marc (2016-09-15). "CLAVATA-WUSCHEL signaling in the shoot meristem". Development. 143 (18): 3238–3248. doi:10.1242/dev.133645. ISSN 0950-1991. PMID 27624829. ^ Gordon, S. P.; Chickarmane, V. S.; Ohno, C.; Meyerowitz, E. M. (2009-08-26). "Multiple feedback loops through cytokinin signaling control stem cell number within the Arabidopsis shoot meristem". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (38): 16529–16534. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616529G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908122106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2752578. PMID 19717465. ^ Sebastian, Jose; Lee, Ji-Young (2013). "Root Apical Meristems". eLS. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020121.pub2. ISBN 978-0470016176. ^ Bennett, Tom; Scheres, Ben (2010). "Root development-two meristems for the price of one?". Current Topics in Developmental Biology. 91: 67–102. doi:10.1016/S0070-2153(10)91003-X. ISBN 9780123809100. PMID 20705179. ^ Heidstra, Renze; Sabatini, Sabrina (2014). "Plant and animal stem cells: similar yet different". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 15 (5): 301–12. doi:10.1038/nrm3790. PMID 24755933. S2CID 34386672. ^ a b c Lohmann, J. U. et al. (2001) A Molecular Link between Stem Cell Regulation and Floral Patterning in Arabidopsis Cell 105: 793-803 ^ "Branching out: new class of plant hormones inhibits branch formation". Nature. 455 (7210). 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2009-04-30. ^ Taguchi-Shiobara; Yuan, Z; Hake, S; Jackson, D; et al. (2001). "The fasciated ear2 gene encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein that regulates shoot meristem proliferation in maize". Genes & Development. 15 (20): 2755–2766. doi:10.1101/gad.208501. PMC 312812. PMID 11641280. ^ a b Suzaki T.; Toriba, T; Fujimoto, M; Tsutsumi, N; Kitano, H; Hirano, HY (2006). "Conservation and Diversification of Meristem Maintenance Mechanism in Oryza sativa: Function of the FLORAL ORGAN NUMBER2 Gene". Plant and Cell Physiol. 47 (12): 1591–1602. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcl025. PMID 17056620. ^ Golz J.F.; Keck, Emma J.; Hudson, Andrew (2002). "Spontaneous Mutations in KNOX Genes Give Rise to a Novel Floral Structure in Antirrhinum". Curr. Biol. 12 (7): 515–522. Bibcode:2002CBio...12..515G. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00721-2. PMID 11937019. S2CID 14469173. ^ Hay and Tsiantis; Tsiantis, M (2006). "The genetic basis for differences in leaf form between Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relative Cardamine hirsuta". Nat. Genet. 38 (8): 942–947. doi:10.1038/ng1835. 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For other uses, see Meristem (disambiguation).Tunica-corpus model of the apical meristem (growing tip). The epidermal (L1) and subepidermal (L2) layers form the outer layers called the tunica. The inner L3 layer is called the corpus. Cells in the L1 and L2 layers divide in a sideways fashion, which keeps these layers distinct, whereas the L3 layer divides in a more random fashion.In cell biology, the meristem is a type of tissue found in plants. It consists of undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells) capable of cell division. Cells in the meristem can develop into all the other tissues and organs that occur in plants. These cells continue to divide until they become differentiated and lose the ability to divide.Differentiated plant cells generally cannot divide or produce cells of a different type. Meristematic cells are undifferentiated or incompletely differentiated. They are totipotent and capable of continued cell division. Division of meristematic cells provides new cells for expansion and differentiation of tissues and the initiation of new organs, providing the basic structure of the plant body. The cells are small, with small vacuoles or none, and protoplasm filling the cell completely. The plastids (chloroplasts or chromoplasts) are undifferentiated, but are present in rudimentary form (proplastids). Meristematic cells are packed closely together without intercellular spaces. The cell wall is a very thin primary cell wall.The term meristem was first used in 1858 by Swiss botanist Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891) in his book Beiträge zur Wissenschaftlichen Botanik (\"Contributions to Scientific Botany\").[1] It is derived from Greek μερίζειν (merizein) 'to divide', in recognition of its inherent function.[citation needed]There are three types of meristematic tissues: apical (at the tips), intercalary or basal (in the middle), and lateral (at the sides also known as cambium). At the meristem summit, there is a small group of slowly dividing cells, which is commonly called the central zone. Cells of this zone have a stem cell function and are essential for meristem maintenance. The proliferation and growth rates at the meristem summit usually differ considerably from those at the periphery.","title":"Meristem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_growth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"epidermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)"},{"link_name":"xylem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem"},{"link_name":"phloem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloem"},{"link_name":"vascular cambium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_cambium"},{"link_name":"cork cambium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_cambium"},{"link_name":"periderm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periderm"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evert,_Ray_2013-4"},{"link_name":"parenchyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tissue#Parenchyma"},{"link_name":"collenchyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collenchyma"},{"link_name":"sclerenchyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerenchyma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evert,_Ray_2013-4"},{"link_name":"cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex_(botany)"},{"link_name":"pith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pith"}],"text":"Apical meristems give rise to the primary plant body and are responsible for primary growth, or an increase in length or height.[2][3] Apical meristems may differentiate into three kinds of primary meristem:Protoderm: lies around the outside of the stem and develops into the epidermis.\nProcambium: lies just inside of the protoderm and develops into primary xylem and primary phloem. It also produces the vascular cambium, and cork cambium (secondary meristems). The cork cambium further differentiates into the phelloderm (to the inside) and the phellem, or cork (to the outside). All three of these layers (cork cambium, phellem, and phelloderm) constitute the periderm. In roots, the procambium can also give rise to the pericycle, which produces lateral roots in eudicots.[4]\nGround meristem: Composed of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells[4] that develop into the cortex and the pith.","title":"Primary meristems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vascular cambium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_cambium"},{"link_name":"arboraceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboraceous"},{"link_name":"herbaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous"},{"link_name":"Cork cambium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_cambium"}],"text":"After the primary growth, lateral meristems develop as secondary plant growth. This growth adds to the plant in diameter from the established stem but not all plants exhibit secondary growth. There are two types of secondary meristems: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.Vascular cambium, which produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem. This is a process that may continue throughout the life of the plant. This is what gives rise to wood in plants. Such plants are called arboraceous. This does not occur in plants that do not go through secondary growth (known as herbaceous plants).\nCork cambium, which gives rise to the periderm, which replaces the epidermis.","title":"Secondary meristems"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%A9rist%C3%A8me_coupe_zones_chiffres.png"},{"link_name":"stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cells"},{"link_name":"monocots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocot"},{"link_name":"dicots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicot"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Apical Meristems are the completely undifferentiated (indeterminate) meristems in a plant. These differentiate into three kinds of primary meristems. The primary meristems in turn produce the two secondary meristem types. These secondary meristems are also known as lateral meristems as they are involved in lateral growth.Organisation of an apical meristem (growing tip)Central zonePeripheral zoneMedullary (i.e. central) meristemMedullary tissueThere are two types of apical meristem tissue: shoot apical meristem (SAM), which gives rise to organs like the leaves and flowers, and root apical meristem (RAM), which provides the meristematic cells for future root growth. SAM and RAM cells divide rapidly and are considered indeterminate, in that they do not possess any defined end status. In that sense, the meristematic cells are frequently compared to the stem cells in animals, which have an analogous behavior and function.The apical meristems are layered where the number of layers varies according to plant type. In general the outermost layer is called the tunica while the innermost layers are the corpus. In monocots, the tunica determines the physical characteristics of the leaf edge and margin. In dicots, layer two of the corpus determines the characteristics of the edge of the leaf. The corpus and tunica play a critical part of the plant physical appearance as all plant cells are formed from the meristems. Apical meristems are found in two locations: the root and the stem. Some arctic plants have an apical meristem in the lower/middle parts of the plant. It is thought that this kind of meristem evolved because it is advantageous in arctic conditions.[citation needed]","title":"Apical meristems"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apical_Meristems_in_Crassula_ovata.png"},{"link_name":"Crassula ovata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassula_ovata"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Primordia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordia"},{"link_name":"plastochron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastochron"},{"link_name":"Stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell"},{"link_name":"Arabidopsis thaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana"},{"link_name":"CLAVATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CLAVATA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"stem cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell"},{"link_name":"cell division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fletcher_2002-5"},{"link_name":"CLV1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CLV1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LRR receptor-like kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LRR_receptor-like_kinase&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ligand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"homology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_series"},{"link_name":"amino acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"conserved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cock_et_al.-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oelkers_et_al.-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cock_et_al.-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oelkers_et_al.-10"},{"link_name":"cytoplasmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm"},{"link_name":"downstream signalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction"},{"link_name":"Rho/Rac small GTPase-related proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTPase"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fletcher_2002-5"},{"link_name":"mitogen-activated protein kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogen-activated_protein_kinase"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"kinase-associated protein phosphatase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinase-associated_protein_phosphatase&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KAPP-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KAPP-12"},{"link_name":"WUSCHEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WUSCHEL&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUS-13"},{"link_name":"differentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUS-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fletcher_2002-5"},{"link_name":"phytohormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_hormone"},{"link_name":"cytokinin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokinin"},{"link_name":"histidine kinases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine_kinase"},{"link_name":"phosphorylate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"cytokinin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokinin_signaling_and_response_regulator_protein"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"negative feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_feedback"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Shoot Apical Meristems","text":"Shoot apical meristems of Crassula ovata (left). Fourteen days later, leaves have developed (right).Shoot apical meristems are the source of all above-ground organs, such as leaves and flowers. Cells at the shoot apical meristem summit serve as stem cells to the surrounding peripheral region, where they proliferate rapidly and are incorporated into differentiating leaf or flower primordia.The shoot apical meristem is the site of most of the embryogenesis in flowering plants.[citation needed] Primordia of leaves, sepals, petals, stamens, and ovaries are initiated here at the rate of one every time interval, called a plastochron. It is where the first indications that flower development has been evoked are manifested. One of these indications might be the loss of apical dominance and the release of otherwise dormant cells to develop as auxiliary shoot meristems, in some species in axils of primordia as close as two or three away from the apical dome.The shoot apical meristem consists of four distinct cell groups:Stem cells\nThe immediate daughter cells of the stem cells\nA subjacent organizing center\nFounder cells for organ initiation in surrounding regionsThese four distinct zones are maintained by a complex signalling pathway. In Arabidopsis thaliana, 3 interacting CLAVATA genes are required to regulate the size of the stem cell reservoir in the shoot apical meristem by controlling the rate of cell division.[5] CLV1 and CLV2 are predicted to form a receptor complex (of the LRR receptor-like kinase family) to which CLV3 is a ligand.[6][7][8] CLV3 shares some homology with the ESR proteins of maize, with a short 14 amino acid region being conserved between the proteins.[9][10] Proteins that contain these conserved regions have been grouped into the CLE family of proteins.[9][10]CLV1 has been shown to interact with several cytoplasmic proteins that are most likely involved in downstream signalling. For example, the CLV complex has been found to be associated with Rho/Rac small GTPase-related proteins.[5] These proteins may act as an intermediate between the CLV complex and a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which is often involved in signalling cascades.[11] KAPP is a kinase-associated protein phosphatase that has been shown to interact with CLV1.[12] KAPP is thought to act as a negative regulator of CLV1 by dephosphorylating it.[12]Another important gene in plant meristem maintenance is WUSCHEL (shortened to WUS), which is a target of CLV signaling in addition to positively regulating CLV, thus forming a feedback loop.[13] WUS is expressed in the cells below the stem cells of the meristem and its presence prevents the differentiation of the stem cells.[13] CLV1 acts to promote cellular differentiation by repressing WUS activity outside of the central zone containing the stem cells.[5]The function of WUS in the shoot apical meristem is linked to the phytohormone cytokinin. Cytokinin activates histidine kinases which then phosphorylate histidine phosphotransfer proteins.[14] Subsequently, the phosphate groups are transferred onto two types of Arabidopsis response regulators (ARRs): Type-B ARRS and Type-A ARRs. Type-B ARRs work as transcription factors to activate genes downstream of cytokinin, including A-ARRs. A-ARRs are similar to B-ARRs in structure; however, A-ARRs do not contain the DNA binding domains that B-ARRs have, and which are required to function as transcription factors.[15] Therefore, A-ARRs do not contribute to the activation of transcription, and by competing for phosphates from phosphotransfer proteins, inhibit B-ARRs function.[16] In the SAM, B-ARRs induce the expression of WUS which induces stem cell identity.[17] WUS then suppresses A-ARRs.[18] As a result, B-ARRs are no longer inhibited, causing sustained cytokinin signaling in the center of the shoot apical meristem. Altogether with CLAVATA signaling, this system works as a negative feedback loop. Cytokinin signaling is positively reinforced by WUS to prevent the inhibition of cytokinin signaling, while WUS promotes its own inhibitor in the form of CLV3, which ultimately keeps WUS and cytokinin signaling in check.[19]","title":"Apical meristems"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Root-tip-tag.png"},{"link_name":"stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cells"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jose_Sebastian_2013-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bennett,_T-21"},{"link_name":"root cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cap"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heidstra,_R-22"}],"sub_title":"Root apical meristem","text":"10x microscope image of root tip with meristemquiescent centercalyptrogen (live rootcap cells)rootcapsloughed off dead rootcap cellsprocambiumUnlike the shoot apical meristem, the root apical meristem produces cells in two dimensions. It harbors two pools of stem cells around an organizing center called the quiescent center (QC) cells and together produces most of the cells in an adult root.[20][21] At its apex, the root meristem is covered by the root cap, which protects and guides its growth trajectory. Cells are continuously sloughed off the outer surface of the root cap. The QC cells are characterized by their low mitotic activity. Evidence suggests that the QC maintains the surrounding stem cells by preventing their differentiation, via signal(s) that are yet to be discovered. This allows a constant supply of new cells in the meristem required for continuous root growth. Recent findings indicate that QC can also act as a reservoir of stem cells to replenish whatever is lost or damaged.[22] Root apical meristem and tissue patterns become established in the embryo in the case of the primary root, and in the new lateral root primordium in the case of secondary roots.","title":"Apical meristems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monocot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocot"},{"link_name":"grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae"},{"link_name":"Horsetails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsetails"},{"link_name":"Welwitschia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welwitschia"}],"sub_title":"Intercalary meristem","text":"In angiosperms, intercalary (sometimes called basal) meristems occur in monocot (in particular, grass) stems at the base of nodes and leaf blades. Horsetails and Welwitschia also exhibit intercalary growth. Intercalary meristems are capable of cell division, and they allow for rapid growth and regrowth of many monocots. Intercalary meristems at the nodes of bamboo allow for rapid stem elongation, while those at the base of most grass leaf blades allow damaged leaves to rapidly regrow. This leaf regrowth in grasses evolved in response to damage by grazing herbivores.","title":"Apical meristems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC model of flower development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development"},{"link_name":"stamens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"carpels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fletcher_2002-5"},{"link_name":"LEAFY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEAFY"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wus-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wus-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wus-23"}],"sub_title":"Floral meristem","text":"Further information: ABC model of flower developmentWhen plants begin flowering, the shoot apical meristem is transformed into an inflorescence meristem, which goes on to produce the floral meristem, which produces the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels of the flower.In contrast to vegetative apical meristems and some efflorescence meristems, floral meristems cannot continue to grow indefinitely. Their growth is limited to the flower with a particular size and form. The transition from shoot meristem to floral meristem requires floral meristem identity genes, that both specify the floral organs and cause the termination of the production of stem cells. AGAMOUS (AG) is a floral homeotic gene required for floral meristem termination and necessary for proper development of the stamens and carpels.[5] AG is necessary to prevent the conversion of floral meristems to inflorescence shoot meristems, but is identity gene LEAFY (LFY) and WUS and is restricted to the centre of the floral meristem or the inner two whorls.[23] This way floral identity and region specificity is achieved. WUS activates AG by binding to a consensus sequence in the AG's second intron and LFY binds to adjacent recognition sites.[23] Once AG is activated it represses expression of WUS leading to the termination of the meristem.[23]Through the years, scientists have manipulated floral meristems for economic reasons. An example is the mutant tobacco plant \"Maryland Mammoth\". In 1936, the department of agriculture of Switzerland performed several scientific tests with this plant. \"Maryland Mammoth\" is peculiar in that it grows much faster than other tobacco plants.","title":"Apical meristems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apical dominance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apical_dominance"},{"link_name":"auxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxin"},{"link_name":"cambium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_cambium"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"strigolactones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigolactone"},{"link_name":"mycorrhizal fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhizal_fungi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Apical dominance","text":"Apical dominance is where one meristem prevents or inhibits the growth of other meristems. As a result, the plant will have one clearly defined main trunk. For example, in trees, the tip of the main trunk bears the dominant shoot meristem. Therefore, the tip of the trunk grows rapidly and is not shadowed by branches. If the dominant meristem is cut off, one or more branch tips will assume dominance. The branch will start growing faster and the new growth will be vertical. Over the years, the branch may begin to look more and more like an extension of the main trunk. Often several branches will exhibit this behavior after the removal of apical meristem, leading to a bushy growth.The mechanism of apical dominance is based on auxins, types of plant growth regulators. These are produced in the apical meristem and transported towards the roots in the cambium. If apical dominance is complete, they prevent any branches from forming as long as the apical meristem is active. If the dominance is incomplete, side branches will develop.[citation needed]Recent investigations into apical dominance and the control of branching have revealed a new plant hormone family termed strigolactones. These compounds were previously known to be involved in seed germination and communication with mycorrhizal fungi and are now shown to be involved in inhibition of branching.[24]","title":"Apical meristems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cells"},{"link_name":"Arabidopsis thaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Arabidopsis thaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suzaki_T._2006_1591%E2%80%931602-26"},{"link_name":"monocots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocots"},{"link_name":"angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms"},{"link_name":"stem cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suzaki_T._2006_1591%E2%80%931602-26"},{"link_name":"innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation"}],"sub_title":"Diversity in meristem architectures","text":"The SAM contains a population of stem cells that also produce the lateral meristems while the stem elongates. It turns out that the mechanism of regulation of the stem cell number might be evolutionarily conserved. The CLAVATA gene CLV2 responsible for maintaining the stem cell population in Arabidopsis thaliana is very closely related to the maize gene FASCIATED EAR 2(FEA2) also involved in the same function.[25] Similarly, in rice, the FON1-FON2 system seems to bear a close relationship with the CLV signaling system in Arabidopsis thaliana.[26] These studies suggest that the regulation of stem cell number, identity and differentiation might be an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in monocots, if not in angiosperms. Rice also contains another genetic system distinct from FON1-FON2, that is involved in regulating stem cell number.[26] This example underlines the innovation that goes about in the living world all the time.","title":"Apical meristems"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria_spur.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cardamine_hirsuta.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cardamine hirsuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamine_hirsuta"},{"link_name":"Genetic screens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_screens"},{"link_name":"KNOX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNOX_(genes)"},{"link_name":"Arabidopsis thaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"gymnosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperms"},{"link_name":"Antirrhineae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antirrhineae"},{"link_name":"Antirrhinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antirrhinum"},{"link_name":"spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur"},{"link_name":"innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation"},{"link_name":"pollinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator"},{"link_name":"transposon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposon"},{"link_name":"Antirrhineae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antirrhineae"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"A. thaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._thaliana"},{"link_name":"Cardamine hirsuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamine_hirsuta"},{"link_name":"complex leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_leaves"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"vascular plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plants"},{"link_name":"correlation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation"},{"link_name":"complex leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_leaf"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Role of the KNOX-family genes","text":"Note the long spur of the above flower. Spurs attract pollinators and confer pollinator specificity. (Flower: Linaria dalmatica)Complex leaves of Cardamine hirsuta result from KNOX gene expressionGenetic screens have identified genes belonging to the KNOX family in this function. These genes essentially maintain the stem cells in an undifferentiated state. The KNOX family has undergone quite a bit of evolutionary diversification while keeping the overall mechanism more or less similar. Members of the KNOX family have been found in plants as diverse as Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, barley and tomato. KNOX-like genes are also present in some algae, mosses, ferns and gymnosperms. Misexpression of these genes leads to the formation of interesting morphological features. For example, among members of Antirrhineae, only the species of the genus Antirrhinum lack a structure called spur in the floral region. A spur is considered an evolutionary innovation because it defines pollinator specificity and attraction. Researchers carried out transposon mutagenesis in Antirrhinum majus, and saw that some insertions led to formation of spurs that were very similar to the other members of Antirrhineae,[27] indicating that the loss of spur in wild Antirrhinum majus populations could probably be an evolutionary innovation.The KNOX family has also been implicated in leaf shape evolution (See below for a more detailed discussion). One study looked at the pattern of KNOX gene expression in A. thaliana, that has simple leaves and Cardamine hirsuta, a plant having complex leaves. In A. thaliana, the KNOX genes are completely turned off in leaves, but in C.hirsuta, the expression continued, generating complex leaves.[28] Also, it has been proposed that the mechanism of KNOX gene action is conserved across all vascular plants, because there is a tight correlation between KNOX expression and a complex leaf morphology.[29]","title":"Apical meristems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Root nodule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nodule"},{"link_name":"root nodules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nodule"},{"link_name":"Medicago truncatula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicago_truncatula"}],"text":"Further information: Root noduleThough each plant grows according to a certain set of rules, each new root and shoot meristem can go on growing for as long as it is alive. In many plants, meristematic growth is potentially indeterminate, making the overall shape of the plant not determinate in advance. This is the primary growth. Primary growth leads to lengthening of the plant body and organ formation. All plant organs arise ultimately from cell divisions in the apical meristems, followed by cell expansion and differentiation. Primary growth gives rise to the apical part of many plants.The growth of nitrogen-fixing root nodules on legume plants such as soybean and pea is either determinate or indeterminate. Thus, soybean (or bean and Lotus japonicus) produce determinate nodules (spherical), with a branched vascular system surrounding the central infected zone. Often, Rhizobium-infected cells have only small vacuoles. In contrast, nodules on pea, clovers, and Medicago truncatula are indeterminate, to maintain (at least for some time) an active meristem that yields new cells for Rhizobium infection. Thus zones of maturity exist in the nodule. Infected cells usually possess a large vacuole. The plant vascular system is branched and peripheral.","title":"Indeterminate growth of meristems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning"},{"link_name":"vegetative reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction"},{"link_name":"genotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Under appropriate conditions, each shoot meristem can develop into a complete, new plant or clone. Such new plants can be grown from shoot cuttings that contain an apical meristem. Root apical meristems are not readily cloned, however. This cloning is called asexual reproduction or vegetative reproduction and is widely practiced in horticulture to mass-produce plants of a desirable genotype. This process known as mericloning, has been shown to reduce or eliminate viruses present in the parent plant in multiple species of plants.[30][31]Propagating through cuttings is another form of vegetative propagation that initiates root or shoot production from secondary meristematic cambial cells. This explains why basal 'wounding' of shoot-borne cuttings often aids root formation.[32]","title":"Cloning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume"},{"link_name":"soybean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean"},{"link_name":"Lotus japonicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_japonicus"},{"link_name":"pea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea"},{"link_name":"Medicago truncatula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicago_truncatula"},{"link_name":"Rhizobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizobia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"oligosaccharide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosaccharide"},{"link_name":"Nod factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nod_factor"},{"link_name":"autoregulation of nodulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nodule#Nodulation"},{"link_name":"LRR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine-rich_repeat"},{"link_name":"receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"kinases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase"},{"link_name":"peptide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide"},{"link_name":"phenotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"}],"text":"Meristems may also be induced in the roots of legumes such as soybean, Lotus japonicus, pea, and Medicago truncatula after infection with soil bacteria commonly called Rhizobia.[citation needed] Cells of the inner or outer cortex in the so-called \"window of nodulation\" just behind the developing root tip are induced to divide. The critical signal substance is the lipo-oligosaccharide Nod factor, decorated with side groups to allow specificity of interaction. The Nod factor receptor proteins NFR1 and NFR5 were cloned from several legumes including Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula and soybean (Glycine max). Regulation of nodule meristems utilizes long-distance regulation known as the autoregulation of nodulation (AON). This process involves a leaf-vascular tissue located LRR receptor kinases (LjHAR1, GmNARK and MtSUNN), CLE peptide signalling, and KAPP interaction, similar to that seen in the CLV1,2,3 system. LjKLAVIER also exhibits a nodule regulation phenotype though it is not yet known how this relates to the other AON receptor kinases.","title":"Induced meristems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Lateral meristems, the form of secondary plant growth, add growth to the plants in their diameter. This is primarily observed in perennial dicots that survive from year to year. There are two types of lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium.In vascular cambium, the primary phloem and xylem are produced by the apical meristem. After this initial development, secondary phloem and xylem are produced by the lateral meristem. The two are connected through a thin layer of parenchymal cells which are differentiated into the fascicular cambium. The fascicular cambium divides to create the new secondary phloem and xylem. Following this the cortical parenchyma between vascular cylinders differentiates interfascicular cambium. This process repeats for indeterminate growth.[33]Cork cambium creates a protective covering around the outside of a plant. This occurs after the secondary xylem and phloem has expanded already. Cortical parenchymal cells differentiate into cork cambium near the epidermis which lays down new cells called phelloderm and cork cells. These cork cells are impermeable to water and gases because of a substance called suberin that coats them.[34]","title":"Lateral Meristems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Micrographs of plant cells and tissues, with explanatory text.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/weblab/webchap6apmer/6.3-4.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Arabidopsis shoot meristems is maintained by a regulatory loop between Clavata and Wuschel genes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2980700-X"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80700-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2980700-X"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10761929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10761929"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8963007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8963007"}],"text":"Plant Anatomy Laboratory from University of Texas; the lab of JD Mauseth. Micrographs of plant cells and tissues, with explanatory text.\nSchoof, Heiko; Lenhard, M; Haecker, A; Mayer, KF; Jürgens, G; Laux, T (2000). \"Arabidopsis shoot meristems is maintained by a regulatory loop between Clavata and Wuschel genes\". Cell. 100 (6): 635–644. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80700-X. PMID 10761929. S2CID 8963007.\nScofield and Murray (2006). The evolving concept of the meristem. Plant Molecular Biology 60:v–vii.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Tunica-corpus model of the apical meristem (growing tip). The epidermal (L1) and subepidermal (L2) layers form the outer layers called the tunica. The inner L3 layer is called the corpus. Cells in the L1 and L2 layers divide in a sideways fashion, which keeps these layers distinct, whereas the L3 layer divides in a more random fashion.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/M%C3%A9rist%C3%A8me_couches.png/220px-M%C3%A9rist%C3%A8me_couches.png"},{"image_text":"Organisation of an apical meristem (growing tip)Central zonePeripheral zoneMedullary (i.e. central) meristemMedullary tissue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/M%C3%A9rist%C3%A8me_coupe_zones_chiffres.png/220px-M%C3%A9rist%C3%A8me_coupe_zones_chiffres.png"},{"image_text":"Shoot apical meristems of Crassula ovata (left). Fourteen days later, leaves have developed (right).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Apical_Meristems_in_Crassula_ovata.png/350px-Apical_Meristems_in_Crassula_ovata.png"},{"image_text":"10x microscope image of root tip with meristemquiescent centercalyptrogen (live rootcap cells)rootcapsloughed off dead rootcap cellsprocambium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Root-tip-tag.png/220px-Root-tip-tag.png"},{"image_text":"Note the long spur of the above flower. Spurs attract pollinators and confer pollinator specificity. (Flower: Linaria dalmatica)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Linaria_spur.jpg/220px-Linaria_spur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Complex leaves of Cardamine hirsuta result from KNOX gene expression","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cardamine_hirsuta.jpg/170px-Cardamine_hirsuta.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Primary growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_growth"},{"title":"Secondary growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_growth"},{"title":"Stem cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell"},{"title":"Thallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallus"},{"title":"Tissues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"}]	[{"reference":"Baucher, Marie; AlmJaziri, Mondher; Vandeputte, Olivier. \"From primary to secondary growth: origin and development of the vascular system\". academic.oup.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THAP2	THAP2	["1 References","2 Further reading"]	Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens THAP2Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes2D8RIdentifiersAliasesTHAP2, THAP domain containing 2External IDsOMIM: 612531; MGI: 1914066; HomoloGene: 12039; GeneCards: THAP2; OMA:THAP2 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 12 (human)Band12q21.1Start71,664,301 bpEnd71,680,644 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 10 (mouse)Band10\|10 D2Start115,204,309 bpEnd115,220,348 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inganglionic eminenceventricular zoneleft testisright testistesticlemonocyteanterior pituitaryappendixright uterine tubegallbladderTop expressed inlacrimal glandtrigeminal ganglionmedial ganglionic eminencetail of embryogenital tubercleventricular zonetransitional epithelium of urinary bladdermigratory enteric neural crest cellparotid glandatrioventricular valveMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function metal ion binding DNA binding nucleic acid binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific Cellular component nucleolus Biological process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez8359166816EnsemblENSG00000173451ENSMUSG00000020137UniProtQ9H0W7Q9D305RefSeq (mRNA)NM_031435NM_025780RefSeq (protein)NP_113623NP_080056Location (UCSC)Chr 12: 71.66 – 71.68 MbChr 10: 115.2 – 115.22 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse THAP domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THAP2 gene. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000173451 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020137 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Roussigne M, Kossida S, Lavigne AC, Clouaire T, Ecochard V, Glories A, Amalric F, Girard JP (Feb 2003). "The THAP domain: a novel protein motif with similarity to the DNA-binding domain of P element transposase". Trends Biochem Sci. 28 (2): 66–9. doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(02)00013-0. PMID 12575992. ^ "Entrez Gene: THAP2 THAP domain containing, apoptosis associated protein 2". Further reading Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, et al. (2006). "The LIFEdb database in 2006". Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (Database issue): D415–8. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj139. PMC 1347501. PMID 16381901. Wiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, et al. (2004). "From ORFeome to Biology: A Functional Genomics Pipeline". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2136–44. doi:10.1101/gr.2576704. PMC 528930. PMID 15489336. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. Simpson JC, Wellenreuther R, Poustka A, et al. (2001). "Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing". EMBO Rep. 1 (3): 287–92. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058. PMC 1083732. PMID 11256614. Wiemann S, Weil B, Wellenreuther R, et al. (2001). "Toward a Catalog of Human Genes and Proteins: Sequencing and Analysis of 500 Novel Complete Protein Coding Human cDNAs". Genome Res. 11 (3): 422–35. doi:10.1101/gr.GR1547R. PMC 311072. PMID 11230166. Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (2001). "DNA Cloning Using In Vitro Site-Specific Recombination". Genome Res. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863. vtePDB gallery 2d8r: Solution structure of the thap domain of the human thap domain-containing protein 2 This article on a gene on human chromosome 12 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12575992-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"}],"text":"THAP domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THAP2 gene.[5][6]","title":"THAP2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The LIFEdb database in 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(2006). \"The LIFEdb database in 2006\". Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (Database issue): D415–8. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj139. PMC 1347501. PMID 16381901.\nWiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, et al. (2004). \"From ORFeome to Biology: A Functional Genomics Pipeline\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2136–44. doi:10.1101/gr.2576704. PMC 528930. PMID 15489336.\nGerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.\nStrausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nSimpson JC, Wellenreuther R, Poustka A, et al. (2001). \"Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing\". EMBO Rep. 1 (3): 287–92. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058. PMC 1083732. PMID 11256614.\nWiemann S, Weil B, Wellenreuther R, et al. (2001). \"Toward a Catalog of Human Genes and Proteins: Sequencing and Analysis of 500 Novel Complete Protein Coding Human cDNAs\". Genome Res. 11 (3): 422–35. doi:10.1101/gr.GR1547R. PMC 311072. PMID 11230166.\nHartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (2001). \"DNA Cloning Using In Vitro Site-Specific Recombination\". Genome Res. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863.vtePDB gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2d8r: Solution structure of the thap domain of the human thap domain-containing protein 2This article on a gene on human chromosome 12 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". 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PMID 12575992.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-0004%2802%2900013-0","url_text":"10.1016/S0968-0004(02)00013-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12575992","url_text":"12575992"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: THAP2 THAP domain containing, apoptosis associated protein 2\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=83591","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: THAP2 THAP domain containing, apoptosis associated protein 2\""}]},{"reference":"Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, et al. (2006). \"The LIFEdb database in 2006\". Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (Database issue): D415–8. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj139. PMC 1347501. PMID 16381901.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1347501","url_text":"\"The LIFEdb database in 2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj139","url_text":"10.1093/nar/gkj139"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1347501","url_text":"1347501"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16381901","url_text":"16381901"}]},{"reference":"Wiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, et al. (2004). \"From ORFeome to Biology: A Functional Genomics Pipeline\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2136–44. doi:10.1101/gr.2576704. PMC 528930. 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PMID 15489334.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"\"The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504","url_text":"10.1101/gr.2596504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"528928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334","url_text":"15489334"}]},{"reference":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Turks%27_Crime_against_Humanity:_The_Armenian_Genocide_and_Ethnic_Cleansing_in_the_Ottoman_Empire	The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity	["1 Reception","1.1 Journal reviews","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]	2011 book by Taner Akçam First edition The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire is a 2011 book by Taner Akçam, published by Princeton University Press. It discusses the role of the Young Turk movement in the Armenian genocide and other ethnic removals. The original version of the book is in Turkish. The English version has additional content as well as revisions of the original content. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz wrote in the Jewish Political Studies Review that The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity unifies the various perspectives of the time period 1913–1918, which the book focuses upon, into one historical narrative. The author states that there was no single decision to eliminate Armenians but instead the momentum to kill them came at multiple stages. Several documents cited by the book had been hitherto unpublished. It is dedicated to Hrant Dink and to Vahakn Dadrian. Reception John Waterbury of Foreign Affairs wrote "the fact that a Turkish historian with access to the Ottoman archives has written this book is of immeasurable significance." Charles Carter of Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective, jointly of Ohio State University and Miami University, wrote that the "multi-causal explanation of the genocide is highly convincing". Journal reviews Adalian, R. P. (2015). "Reviewed work: The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire, Taner Akçam". Genocide Studies International. 9 (1): 174–178. doi:10.1353/gsp.2015.0004. JSTOR 26986017. S2CID 162820725. Anderson, M. L.; Reynolds, M.; Kieser, H. L.; Balakian, P.; Moses, A. D. (2013). "Taner Akçam, The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012)". Journal of Genocide Research. 15 (4): 463–509. doi:10.1080/14623528.2013.856095. S2CID 73167962. Duran, H. (2014). "The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire". Insight Turkey. 16 (3): 246–247. Kapteijns, L. (2013). "The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire - by Taner Akçam". Domes: Digest of Middle East Studies (Online). 22 (1): 198–200. doi:10.1111/dome.12017. Karsh, E. (2013). "Ankara's Unacknowledged Genocide". Middle East Quarterly. 20 (1): 17–26. Klein, J. (2013). "The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire". Journal of World History. 24 (4): 908–913. doi:10.1353/jwh.2013.0111. Ryan, S. (2014). "The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire - by Taner Akçam". Historian. 76 (1): 160–161. doi:10.1111/hisn.12030_48. Schull, K. F. (2014). "The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. By Taner Akçam. Human Rights and Crimes against Humanity. Edited by Eric D. Weitz.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012". The Journal of Modern History. 86 (4): 974–976. doi:10.1086/678755. Schwanitz, W. G. (2013). "The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire". Jewish Political Studies Review. 25 (1): 97–102. Tonoyan, A. H. (2014). "The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire". Journal of Church and State. 56 (1): 168–169. doi:10.1093/jcs/cst120. Üngör, U. Ü. (2012). "Reviewed work: The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire, Taner Akçam". The American Historical Review. 117 (5): 1703–1704. doi:10.1093/ahr/117.5.1703. JSTOR 23426736. Üngör, U. Ü. (2014). "Book review: The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire". The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 65 (1): 224–226. doi:10.1017/S0022046913001619. Waterbury, J. (2012). "Recent books on international relations: Middle east: The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire". Foreign Affairs. 91: 186–187. References ^ Schwanitz, Wolfgang G. "The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity. The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire, by Taner Akçam". Jewish Political Studies Review. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 2019-06-11. ^ Strauss, Delphine (2012-06-22). "The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire, by Taner Akçam, Princeton University Press, RRP £27.95/$39.50, 528 pages". Financial Times. Retrieved 2019-06-11. ^ Akçam, Taner (2012). The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691159560. ^ Waterbury, John (November–December 2012). "The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire". Foreign Affairs. 91 (6). Retrieved 2019-06-11. ^ Carter, Charles (June 2012). "The Crime That Dare Not Speak Its Name". Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective. Retrieved 2020-04-09. Further reading Kapteijns, Lidwien (2013-04-16). "The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire by Akçam, Taner Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011. 483p. $39.50". Digest of Middle East Studies. 22 (2): 198–200. doi:10.1111/dome.12017. ISBN 9780691153339. Schull, Kent (December 2014). "Review of The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire by Taner Akçam". The Journal of Modern History. 86 (4): 975. doi:10.1086/678755. Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates (Rice University) (2016). "The Young Turks' crime against humanity: The Armenian genocide and ethnic cleansing in the Ottoman Empire/The fall of the Ottomans: the Great War in the Middle East". First World War Studies. 7 (3): 336–338. doi:10.1080/19475020.2017.1297076. S2CID 159568047. - Published online on 6 March 2017. External links The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity - Princeton University Press The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity - Available at JSTOR The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity - Available at Project MUSE vteWorks about the Armenian genocideBooksFiction The Forty Days of Musa Dagh (1933) Jewish response Gabriel Bagradian The Story of the Last Thought (1989) Non-fiction The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire ("The Blue Book") (1916) Ambassador Morgenthau's Story (1918) Ravished Armenia (1918) The Memoirs of Naim Bey (Naim-Andonian document) (1919) Armenian Golgotha (1922) The Road from Home (1979) Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century (1981) A Problem from Hell (2002) America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915 (2003) The Burning Tigris (2003) The Great Game of Genocide (2005) A Shameful Act (2006) The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey (2006) The Remaining Documents of Talaat Pasha (2008) The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History (2011) The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity (2011) The Making of Modern Turkey (2011) Denial of Violence (2015) Goodbye, Antoura (2015) Operation Nemesis (2015) They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else (2015) Justifying Genocide (2016) Killing Orders (2016) Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide (2018) Dark Pasts (2018) The Thirty-Year Genocide (2019) The Great Crime: An Aintab Diary (2020) Films Ravished Armenia/The Auction of Souls (1919) Nahapet (1977) The Forty Days of Musa Dagh (1982) Back to Ararat (1988) Ararat (2002) My Son Shall Be Armenian (2004) The Armenian Genocide (2006) Screamers (2006) The Blue Book, Political Truth or Historical Fact (2009) Aghet – Ein Völkermord (2010) The Cut (2014) Orphans of the Genocide (2014) 1915 (2015) Map of Salvation (2015) The Promise (2016) Intent to Destroy (2017) They Shall Not Perish (2017) Aurora's Sunrise (2022) Accused of denialism The Ottoman Lieutenant (2017) Category This article about a non-fiction book on Turkish history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to the Armenian genocide is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Young_Turks%27_Crime_Against_Humanity.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taner Akçam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am"},{"link_name":"Princeton University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Young Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turk"},{"link_name":"Armenian genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Jewish Political Studies Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Political_Studies_Review"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hrant Dink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrant_Dink"},{"link_name":"Vahakn Dadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahakn_Dadrian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"First editionThe Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire is a 2011 book by Taner Akçam, published by Princeton University Press. 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P. (2015). \"Reviewed work: The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire, Taner Akçam\". Genocide Studies International. 9 (1): 174–178. doi:10.1353/gsp.2015.0004. JSTOR 26986017. S2CID 162820725.\nAnderson, M. L.; Reynolds, M.; Kieser, H. L.; Balakian, P.; Moses, A. D. (2013). \"Taner Akçam, The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012)\". Journal of Genocide Research. 15 (4): 463–509. doi:10.1080/14623528.2013.856095. S2CID 73167962.\nDuran, H. (2014). \"The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire\". Insight Turkey. 16 (3): 246–247.\nKapteijns, L. (2013). \"The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire - by Taner Akçam\". Domes: Digest of Middle East Studies (Online). 22 (1): 198–200. doi:10.1111/dome.12017.\nKarsh, E. (2013). \"Ankara's Unacknowledged Genocide\". Middle East Quarterly. 20 (1): 17–26.\nKlein, J. (2013). \"The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire\". Journal of World History. 24 (4): 908–913. doi:10.1353/jwh.2013.0111.\nRyan, S. (2014). \"The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire - by Taner Akçam\". Historian. 76 (1): 160–161. doi:10.1111/hisn.12030_48.\nSchull, K. F. (2014). \"The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. By Taner Akçam. Human Rights and Crimes against Humanity. Edited by Eric D. Weitz.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012\". The Journal of Modern History. 86 (4): 974–976. doi:10.1086/678755.\nSchwanitz, W. G. (2013). \"The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire\". Jewish Political Studies Review. 25 (1): 97–102.\nTonoyan, A. H. (2014). \"The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire\". Journal of Church and State. 56 (1): 168–169. doi:10.1093/jcs/cst120.\nÜngör, U. Ü. (2012). \"Reviewed work: The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire, Taner Akçam\". The American Historical Review. 117 (5): 1703–1704. doi:10.1093/ahr/117.5.1703. JSTOR 23426736.\nÜngör, U. Ü. (2014). \"Book review: The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire\". The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 65 (1): 224–226. doi:10.1017/S0022046913001619.\nWaterbury, J. (2012). \"Recent books on international relations: Middle east: The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire\". Foreign Affairs. 91: 186–187.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Digest of Middle East Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digest_of_Middle_East_Studies"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/dome.12017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fdome.12017"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780691153339","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691153339"},{"link_name":"The Journal of Modern History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_History"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/678755","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F678755"},{"link_name":"Rice University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University"},{"link_name":"First World War Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_World_War_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/19475020.2017.1297076","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F19475020.2017.1297076"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"159568047","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159568047"}],"text":"Kapteijns, Lidwien (2013-04-16). \"The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire by Akçam, Taner Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011. 483p. $39.50\". Digest of Middle East Studies. 22 (2): 198–200. doi:10.1111/dome.12017. ISBN 9780691153339.\nSchull, Kent (December 2014). \"Review of The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire by Taner Akçam\". The Journal of Modern History. 86 (4): 975. doi:10.1086/678755.\nUlrichsen, Kristian Coates (Rice University) (2016). \"The Young Turks' crime against humanity: The Armenian genocide and ethnic cleansing in the Ottoman Empire/The fall of the Ottomans: the Great War in the Middle East\". First World War Studies. 7 (3): 336–338. doi:10.1080/19475020.2017.1297076. S2CID 159568047. - Published online on 6 March 2017.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"First edition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/The_Young_Turks%27_Crime_Against_Humanity.jpg/220px-The_Young_Turks%27_Crime_Against_Humanity.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Adalian, R. P. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Krasiczyn	Gmina Krasiczyn	[]	Coordinates: 49°46′N 22°40′E / 49.767°N 22.667°E / 49.767; 22.667Gmina in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, PolandGmina Krasiczyn Krasiczyn CommuneGmina Coat of armsCoordinates (Krasiczyn): 49°46′N 22°40′E / 49.767°N 22.667°E / 49.767; 22.667Country PolandVoivodeshipSubcarpathianCountyPrzemyśl CountySeatKrasiczynArea • Total127.17 km2 (49.10 sq mi)Population (2013) • Total5,122Websitehttp://www.krasiczyn.pl/ Gmina Krasiczyn is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Przemyśl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Krasiczyn, which lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Przemyśl and 56 km (35 mi) south-east of the regional capital Rzeszów. The gmina covers an area of 127.17 square kilometres (49.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,794 (5,122 in 2013). The gmina contains part of the protected area called Pogórze Przemyskie Landscape Park. Villages Gmina Krasiczyn contains the villages and settlements of Brylińce, Chołowice, Cisowa, Dybawka, Korytniki, Krasice, Krasiczyn, Krzeczkowa, Mielnów, Olszany, Prałkowce, Rokszyce, Śliwnica, Tarnawce and Zalesie. Neighbouring gminas Gmina Krasiczyn is bordered by the city of Przemyśl and by the gminas of Bircza, Fredropol, Krzywcza and Przemyśl. References ^ Demographic Yearbook of Poland 2014 Polish official population figures 2006 vteGmina KrasiczynSeat Krasiczyn Other villages Brylińce Chołowice Cisowa Dybawka Korytniki Krasice Krzeczkowa Mielnów Olszany Prałkowce Rokszyce Śliwnica Tarnawce Zalesie vtePrzemyśl CountySeat (not part of the county): PrzemyślRural gminas Gmina Bircza Gmina Dubiecko Gmina Fredropol Gmina Krasiczyn Gmina Krzywcza Gmina Medyka Gmina Orły Gmina Przemyśl Gmina Stubno Gmina Żurawica	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina"},{"link_name":"Przemyśl County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl_County"},{"link_name":"Subcarpathian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcarpathian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Krasiczyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasiczyn"},{"link_name":"Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"Rzeszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area"},{"link_name":"Pogórze Przemyskie Landscape Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pog%C3%B3rze_Przemyskie_Landscape_Park"}],"text":"Gmina in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, PolandGmina Krasiczyn is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Przemyśl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Krasiczyn, which lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Przemyśl and 56 km (35 mi) south-east of the regional capital Rzeszów.The gmina covers an area of 127.17 square kilometres (49.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,794 (5,122 in 2013).The gmina contains part of the protected area called Pogórze Przemyskie Landscape Park.","title":"Gmina Krasiczyn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brylińce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryli%C5%84ce"},{"link_name":"Chołowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%C5%82owice"},{"link_name":"Cisowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisowa,_Subcarpathian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Dybawka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dybawka"},{"link_name":"Korytniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korytniki"},{"link_name":"Krasice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasice,_Subcarpathian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Krasiczyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasiczyn"},{"link_name":"Krzeczkowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzeczkowa"},{"link_name":"Mielnów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieln%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Olszany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olszany,_Subcarpathian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Prałkowce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%82kowce"},{"link_name":"Rokszyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokszyce,_Subcarpathian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Śliwnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aliwnica,_Gmina_Krasiczyn"},{"link_name":"Tarnawce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnawce"},{"link_name":"Zalesie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalesie,_Przemy%C5%9Bl_County"}],"text":"Gmina Krasiczyn contains the villages and settlements of Brylińce, Chołowice, Cisowa, Dybawka, Korytniki, Krasice, Krasiczyn, Krzeczkowa, Mielnów, Olszany, Prałkowce, Rokszyce, Śliwnica, Tarnawce and Zalesie.","title":"Villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"Bircza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Bircza"},{"link_name":"Fredropol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Fredropol"},{"link_name":"Krzywcza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Krzywcza"},{"link_name":"Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Przemy%C5%9Bl"}],"text":"Gmina Krasiczyn is bordered by the city of Przemyśl and by the gminas of Bircza, Fredropol, Krzywcza and Przemyśl.","title":"Neighbouring gminas"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gmina_Krasiczyn&params=49_46_N_22_40_E_region:PL_type:city","external_links_name":"49°46′N 22°40′E / 49.767°N 22.667°E / 49.767; 22.667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gmina_Krasiczyn&params=49_46_N_22_40_E_region:PL_type:city","external_links_name":"49°46′N 22°40′E / 49.767°N 22.667°E / 49.767; 22.667"},{"Link":"http://www.krasiczyn.pl/","external_links_name":"http://www.krasiczyn.pl/"},{"Link":"http://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/statistical-yearbooks/statistical-yearbooks/demographic-yearbook-of-poland-2014,3,8.html","external_links_name":"Demographic Yearbook of Poland 2014"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080201071517/http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/45_655_PLK_HTML.htm","external_links_name":"Polish official population figures 2006"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamils_in_France	Tamils in France	["1 History","2 Culture","2.1 Language","2.2 Religion","3 Little India","4 Little Jaffna","5 Notable people","6 See also","7 References"]	Ethnic group Tamils in FranceReligious Procession of TamilsTotal population100,000 in Overseas DOM-TOM Réunion, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, MartiniqueRegions with significant populations Réunion Martinique French Guiana Overseas departments and territories of France LanguagesTamil, French, EnglishReligion HinduismRelated ethnic groupsIndians in France, Sri Lankans in France Part of a series onTamils History History of Tamil Nadu History of Sri Lanka Sources of ancient Tamil history Sangam period Keezhadi excavation site Tamilakam Agriculture Economy Education Industry Chronology of Tamil history Eelam Tamil Kingdoms Tamilization Culture Language Literature Philosophy Script Numeral system Medicine Music Architecture Cuisine Calendar Cinema People Indian Tamils Sri Lankan Tamils Malaysian Tamils Singapore Tamils Tamil diaspora Indian Tamil diaspora Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora Malaysian Tamil diaspora Tamil Australians, French Tamils, British Tamils, Tamil Italians, Tamil Indonesians, Tamil Canadians, Tamil Americans, Tamil South Africans, Myanmar Tamils, Tamil Mauritians, Tamil Germans, Tamil Pakistanis, Tamil Seychellois, Tamil New Zealanders, Swiss Tamils, Dutch Tamils Religion Religion in ancient Tamil country Tamil Hindu Hinduism in Tamil Nadu Hinduism in Sri Lanka Tamil Buddhism Tamil Jain Tamil Muslim Christianity in Tamil Nadu Politics Politics of Tamil Nadu Dravidian nationalism Tamil Nationalism Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism Tamil portalvte Tamils in France refer to the citizens as well as expatriate residents of Tamil origin living in France. Over 100,000 Tamils from both Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry now (Puducherry) and then from Sri Lanka also lives in France. This is in addition to the Indian Tamil community established in French overseas dominions of Réunion, Martinique, and French Guiana. There are approximately 220,000 people of Tamil origin in the Department of Réunion. While small in number compared to other ethnic groups, French Tamils represent one of the largest Tamil diaspora communities in Europe, along with the UK, Switzerland, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. History The earliest Tamil immigration into France can be traced back to since the 17th Century, from the French-administered colony of Puducherry in India. A large number of them hailing from middle-class families who joined the French government on service. In the 1790s the French East India Company sent most of the Indian Tamils from Tamil Nadu and Puducherry to France and Réunion for workers and after some years they were permanently settled and makes an residence there itself. The later arrivals were mostly Tamils from Sri Lanka, who fled the country during the violence in 1983 and the Civil War that succeeded it. Today, there are about 50,000 Sri Lankan Tamils living in France, of which the greatest number live in Paris. The Parisian Tamil community was fairly dispersed and disorderly until 1991, when Paris-based Tamils began to form tightly-knit networks centred in the northern reaches of Rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis. Tamil-owned businesses appeared in great numbers seemingly overnight, while the colorful Chariot Festival, a tribute to the Hindu elephant god Ganesha, has become a popular annual procession eagerly anticipated by thousands of Parisians. There are Tamil newspapers, a radio station, and a website dedicated to Paris' residents. Culture Language Apart from speaking Tamil their native language, most of the Tamils are fluent speakers of English due to their British colonial past. Many of the early migrants had struggled to find work and higher education due to their relatively lesser understanding of the French. As a result, many of them have taken up free and paid classes to learn French. A critical demand is that the French government create special work-training programs designed to orient refugees from different fields. The Tamil community preserve their culture by creating special schools for children. Today there are ten or eleven active branches in Paris and in the suburbs (banlieue). In these weekend classes, children are taught Tamil, traditional music and dance, and religion. Religion The majority of the Tamil French population are either Hindus or Christians, and a minor number of them have faith in Islam as well. Little India Passage Brady, nicknamed “Little India”, is divided in two by Boulevard de Strasbourg. Covered on one side, it is open on the other. There are numerous boutiques and restaurants specialising in Gujarati, Tamil and Punjabi cuisine. Little Jaffna Tamil dancers take part in the May day rally in Paris, 2010 The Parisian quarter of La Chapelle, a stone's throw from Le Gare du Nord is popularly known as “Little Jaffna”. In only 10 years, "Little Jaffna", located at the last stretch of the winding street of Rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis in the 10th arrondissement, between metros Gare de Nord and La Chapelle, has sprung to life and begun to truly flourish. Centring on three of four streets where the famous annual Ganesh Festival and its crowd drawing processions of dancers, rituals and floats has been celebrated at the end of August each year since the late 1990s the quarter is thriving and undeniably Tamil. Majority of the residents are Sri Lankan Tamils who fled Sri Lanka from persecution in the 1980s, which also saw the beginning of the country's civil war. It is commonly mistakenly called by the average Parisian as Little India. The visitor will notice a wide variety of stores, restaurants and businesses catering to Paris Tamil community; There are numerous boutiques selling saris, restaurants specialising in Tamil, Indian and Sri Lankan cuisine, halal butchers and spice stores; there are shops selling models of Hindu, Buddhist and Christian deities; trinkets and jewellery for all tastes and wallets – bangles for one Euro, rings for a thousand; all tastes in Indian film and music are catered for in various media outlets and many less stand -out stores, offering translation, visa, educational and other services also line the streets. Both the area and event have become popular tourist attractions. Little Jaffna is a thriving village in its own right, offering a kind of Tamil cultural richness that seems curiously preserved from French influence. Notable people Further information: Category:French people of Tamil descent See also Tamils portalFrance portal Malbars, a Tamil ethnic group in Réunion Indians in Guadeloupe Indo-Martiniquais Tamil diaspora References ^ ""World Tamil Population", tamilo.com ^ a b ""History of the Tamil Diaspora by V. Sivasupramaniam", murugan.org ^ "WSWS speaks to Tamil immigrants and refugees in France". World Socialist Website. Retrieved 16 August 2014. ^ a b "Little Jaffna: Asian community corner of Paris, France". Tamil Electronic Library - K. Kalyanasundaram. Retrieved 16 August 2014. ^ "Indians in France : a Study" (PDF). 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017. vteTamil diasporaAfrica Mauritius Réunion Seychelles South Africa Americas Canada French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique United States Guyana Trinidad and Tobago Asia Burma India (Sri Lankan Tamils) Malaysia (Chitty) Singapore Indonesia Maldives Pakistan Sri Lanka (Indian Tamils) Europe France Germany Italy United Kingdom Switzerland Netherlands Oceania Australia Fiji New Caledonia New Zealand See also Tamil Nadu Tamil diaspora Pondicherry Tamil diaspora Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora Malaysian Tamil diaspora vte Indian diasporaAfricaSoutheast Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Bihari Tamil Mozambique Réunion1 (Malbars) Seychelles Tamil Tanzania Uganda Zambia Elsewhere Botswana Egypt Ghana South Africa (Tamil) Zimbabwe AmericasCaribbean Barbados Belize Dominican Republic Grenada Guadeloupe2 Guyana Haiti (Marabou) Jamaica Martinique2 Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago U.S. Virgin Islands Latin America Argentina Brazil Chile French Guiana2 Mexico Panama Peru Uruguay Venezuela Anglo-America Canada Anglo-Indian Punjabi Sindhi Tamil British Columbia Vancouver Toronto United States by location Bengali Indo-Caribbean Gujarati Punjabi Punjabi Mexican Sindhi Tamil Telugu AsiaSouth Afghanistan Punjabi Bangladesh Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Bharatha Chetty Tamil Telugu Southeast Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Klingalese Mardijker Tamil Malaysia Chitty Gujarati Jawi Peranakan Malayali Punjabi Tamil Telugu Penang Sabah Sarawak Myanmar Mizo Tamil Philippines Singapore Chitty Tamil Thailand Vietnam East China Hong Kong Japan Korea Taiwan West Bahrain Iran Israel Jews Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Turkey United Arab Emirates EuropeEastern Poland Russia Northern Finland Sweden Southern Cyprus Italy Tamil Malta Portugal Spain Western France Tamil Germany Tamil Luxembourg Netherlands Switzerland United Kingdom London Indo-Caribbean Gujarati Punjabi Sindhi Tamil Oceania Australia Malayali Punjabi Tamil Sindhi Fiji Gujarati South Indian New Caledonia3 New Zealand Maori-Indian Punjabi Tamil See alsoEthnic diasporas Bengali Hindu Gujarati Kashmiri Mirpuri Mizo Odia Punjabi (Sikhs) Romani Sindhi South Indians Malayalis In the Gulf Tamils Telugus Anglo-Indian Chindians Other related articles South Asian diaspora Desi Little India Non-Resident Indian Award Non-Resident Indian Day 1 An overseas department of France in the southwest Indian Ocean 2Overseas departments of France in the Americas 3A sui generis collectivity of France in the southwest Pacific Ocean vte Sri Lankan diasporaAsia Hong Kong India Japan Lebanon Malaysia Singapore United Arab Emirates Pakistan Indonesia Europe France Italy Switzerland United Kingdom London North America Bermuda Canada Toronto United States Oceania Australia New Zealand Africa South Africa See also Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora vteAsian diasporas in France East Asia Chinese in Paris in Réunion Japanese in Paris Korean South Asia Indians in Réunion Pakistani Sri Lankan Tamil Southeast Asia Cambodian Filipino Laotian Vietnamese in Paris West Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Azerbaijani Iranian Georgian Kurd Lebanese Turkish Demographics of FranceImmigration to France	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAMIL-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsws-3"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Pondicherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondicherry"},{"link_name":"Puducherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Réunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique"},{"link_name":"French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Réunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union"},{"link_name":"the UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Tamils"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamils_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Germans"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamils_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Tamils"}],"text":"Tamils in France refer to the citizens as well as expatriate residents of Tamil origin living in France. Over 100,000 Tamils[2][3] from both Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry now (Puducherry) and then from Sri Lanka also lives in France. This is in addition to the Indian Tamil community established in French overseas dominions of Réunion, Martinique, and French Guiana. There are approximately 220,000 people of Tamil origin in the Department of Réunion. While small in number compared to other ethnic groups, French Tamils represent one of the largest Tamil diaspora communities in Europe, along with the UK, Switzerland, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands.","title":"Tamils in France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French-administered colony of Puducherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"French East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Puducherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)"},{"link_name":"violence in 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_July"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tlb-4"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Ganesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha"}],"text":"The earliest Tamil immigration into France can be traced back to since the 17th Century, from the French-administered colony of Puducherry in India. A large number of them hailing from middle-class families who joined the French government on service.In the 1790s the French East India Company sent most of the Indian Tamils from Tamil Nadu and Puducherry to France and Réunion for workers and after some years they were permanently settled and makes an residence there itself.The later arrivals were mostly Tamils from Sri Lanka, who fled the country during the violence in 1983 and the Civil War that succeeded it.[4] Today, there are about 50,000 Sri Lankan Tamils living in France, of which the greatest number live in Paris.The Parisian Tamil community was fairly dispersed and disorderly until 1991, when Paris-based Tamils began to form tightly-knit networks centred in the northern reaches of Rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis. Tamil-owned businesses appeared in great numbers seemingly overnight, while the colorful Chariot Festival, a tribute to the Hindu elephant god Ganesha, has become a popular annual procession eagerly anticipated by thousands of Parisians. There are Tamil newspapers, a radio station, and a website dedicated to Paris' residents.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tlb-4"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"Apart from speaking Tamil their native language, most of the Tamils are fluent speakers of English due to their British colonial past. Many of the early migrants had struggled to find work and higher education due to their relatively lesser understanding of the French. As a result, many of them have taken up free and paid classes to learn French. A critical demand is that the French government create special work-training programs designed to orient refugees from different fields.The Tamil community preserve their culture by creating special schools for children. Today there are ten or eleven active branches in Paris and in the suburbs (banlieue). In these weekend classes, children are taught Tamil, traditional music and dance, and religion.[4]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindus"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAMIL-2"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"The majority of the Tamil French population are either Hindus or Christians, and a minor number of them have faith in Islam as well.[2]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Passage Brady, nicknamed “Little India”, is divided in two by Boulevard de Strasbourg. Covered on one side, it is open on the other. There are numerous boutiques and restaurants specialising in Gujarati, Tamil and Punjabi cuisine. [5]","title":"Little India"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1ermai-tamouls2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan Tamils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils"},{"link_name":"country's civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamils"}],"text":"Tamil dancers take part in the May day rally in Paris, 2010The Parisian quarter of La Chapelle, a stone's throw from Le Gare du Nord is popularly known as “Little Jaffna”. In only 10 years, \"Little Jaffna\", located at the last stretch of the winding street of Rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis in the 10th arrondissement, between metros Gare de Nord and La Chapelle, has sprung to life and begun to truly flourish.\nCentring on three of four streets where the famous annual Ganesh Festival and its crowd drawing processions of dancers, rituals and floats has been celebrated at the end of August each year since the late 1990s the quarter is thriving and undeniably Tamil.Majority of the residents are Sri Lankan Tamils who fled Sri Lanka from persecution in the 1980s, which also saw the beginning of the country's civil war. It is commonly mistakenly called by the average Parisian as Little India.The visitor will notice a wide variety of stores, restaurants and businesses catering to Paris Tamil community; There are numerous boutiques selling saris, restaurants specialising in Tamil, Indian and Sri Lankan cuisine, halal butchers and spice stores; there are shops selling models of Hindu, Buddhist and Christian deities; trinkets and jewellery for all tastes and wallets – bangles for one Euro, rings for a thousand; all tastes in Indian film and music are catered for in various media outlets and many less stand -out stores, offering translation, visa, educational and other services also line the streets.Both the area and event have become popular tourist attractions. Little Jaffna is a thriving village in its own right, offering a kind of Tamil cultural richness that seems curiously preserved from French influence.","title":"Little Jaffna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:French people of Tamil descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:French_people_of_Tamil_descent"}],"text":"Further information: Category:French people of Tamil descent","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Tamil dancers take part in the May day rally in Paris, 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/1ermai-tamouls2.jpg/230px-1ermai-tamouls2.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tamil_distribution.png"},{"title":"Tamils portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tamils"},{"title":"France portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:France"},{"title":"Malbars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbars"},{"title":"Indians in Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_in_Guadeloupe"},{"title":"Indo-Martiniquais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Martiniquais"},{"title":"Tamil diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_diaspora"}]	[{"reference":"\"WSWS speaks to Tamil immigrants and refugees in France\". World Socialist Website. Retrieved 16 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2012/04/tami-a28.html","url_text":"\"WSWS speaks to Tamil immigrants and refugees in France\""}]},{"reference":"\"Little Jaffna: Asian community corner of Paris, France\". Tamil Electronic Library - K. Kalyanasundaram. Retrieved 16 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/paris1.html","url_text":"\"Little Jaffna: Asian community corner of Paris, France\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indians in France : a Study\" (PDF). 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.india-eu-migration.eu/media/CARIM-India-2013-30.pdf","url_text":"\"Indians in France : a Study\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://tamilo.com/tamil-population-education-29.html","external_links_name":"World Tamil Population"},{"Link":"http://murugan.org/research/sivasupramaniam.htm","external_links_name":"History of the Tamil Diaspora by V. Sivasupramaniam"},{"Link":"http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2012/04/tami-a28.html","external_links_name":"\"WSWS speaks to Tamil immigrants and refugees in France\""},{"Link":"http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/paris1.html","external_links_name":"\"Little Jaffna: Asian community corner of Paris, France\""},{"Link":"http://www.india-eu-migration.eu/media/CARIM-India-2013-30.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Indians in France : a Study\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleina_Hut	Saleina Hut	["1 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°58′35″N 7°04′13.4″E / 45.97639°N 7.070389°E / 45.97639; 7.070389Mountain hut in the Swiss Alps Cabane de Saleina Cabane de Saleinaz Cabane de Saleina - winter room Aiguille d'Argentière above the Saleina Glacier The Saleina Hut (French: Cabane de Saleina, formerly spelled Saleinaz) is a mountain hut in the Swiss Alps at 2,691 meters above sea level. It can be reached from the Val Ferret. The hut lies above the Saleina Glacier near the Aiguille d'Argentière in the Mont Blanc Massif, and has places for 48 people and is wardened between mid-June to mid-September. External links Web page of the Swiss Alpine Club Cabane de Saleina on French IGN mapping portal 45°58′35″N 7°04′13.4″E / 45.97639°N 7.070389°E / 45.97639; 7.070389 This Valais location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cabane_de_Saleina.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cabane_de_Saleinaz.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cabane_de_Saleina_-_winter_room.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saleina.jpg"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"mountain hut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_hut"},{"link_name":"Swiss Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Alps"},{"link_name":"Val Ferret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Ferret"},{"link_name":"Saleina Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleina_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Aiguille d'Argentière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiguille_d%27Argenti%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Mont Blanc Massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc_Massif"}],"text":"Mountain hut in the Swiss AlpsCabane de SaleinaCabane de SaleinazCabane de Saleina - winter roomAiguille d'Argentière above the Saleina GlacierThe Saleina Hut (French: Cabane de Saleina, formerly spelled Saleinaz) is a mountain hut in the Swiss Alps at 2,691 meters above sea level. It can be reached from the Val Ferret. The hut lies above the Saleina Glacier near the Aiguille d'Argentière in the Mont Blanc Massif, and has places for 48 people and is wardened between mid-June to mid-September.","title":"Saleina Hut"}]	[{"image_text":"Cabane de Saleina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cabane_de_Saleina.jpg/220px-Cabane_de_Saleina.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cabane de Saleinaz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Cabane_de_Saleinaz.jpg/220px-Cabane_de_Saleinaz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cabane de Saleina - winter room","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cabane_de_Saleina_-_winter_room.jpg/220px-Cabane_de_Saleina_-_winter_room.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aiguille d'Argentière above the Saleina Glacier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Saleina.jpg/200px-Saleina.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saleina_Hut&params=45_58_35_N_7_04_13.4_E_region:CH-VS_type:landmark","external_links_name":"45°58′35″N 7°04′13.4″E / 45.97639°N 7.070389°E / 45.97639; 7.070389"},{"Link":"http://www.cas-neuchatel.ch/cabanes/cabane-de-saleinaz-2691m/","external_links_name":"Web page of the Swiss Alpine Club"},{"Link":"http://geoportail.fr/url/7FcZjD","external_links_name":"Cabane de Saleina on French IGN mapping portal"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saleina_Hut&params=45_58_35_N_7_04_13.4_E_region:CH-VS_type:landmark","external_links_name":"45°58′35″N 7°04′13.4″E / 45.97639°N 7.070389°E / 45.97639; 7.070389"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saleina_Hut&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Julien_Petit	Louis-Julien Petit	["1 Filmography","2 References","3 External links"]	French writer and director (born 1983) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Louis-Julien Petit" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Louis-Julien PetitBorn (1983-09-06) 6 September 1983 (age 40)Salisbury, EnglandOccupation(s)Film director, screenwriterYears active2006–present Louis-Julien Petit (born 6 September 1983) is a French writer and director. Filmography Year Title Role Notes 2006 Paris, je t'aime Assistant director 2007 Have Mercy on Us All Conversations with My Gardener La route, la nuit Short Agathe contre Agathe TV movie Boulevard du Palais TV series (2 episodes) 2008 Agathe Cléry Welcome to the Sticks 2009 Les figures Director & writer Short Chéri Assistant director Inglourious Basterds In the Beginning Espion(s) Je vais te manquer 2010 Inception Ensemble, c'est trop Toi, moi, les autres Leçon de ténèbres Short 2011 Hugo One Day Monte Carlo Au bistro du coin Oka! Aïcha TV series (1 episode) 2012 Safe House Superstar 2013 11.6 Mr. Morgan's Last Love Hôtel Normandy Anna et Otto Director & writer 2014 The Finishers Assistant director Amour sur place ou à emporter 2015 Discount Director & writer 2016 Carole Matthieu 2019 Invisibles 2022 Kitchen Brigade References ^ "Kitchen Brigade (2022)". IMDb. Retrieved 2 July 2023. External links Louis-Julien Petit on AlloCiné Louis-Julien Petit at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Louis-Julien Petit (born 6 September 1983) is a French writer and director.","title":"Louis-Julien Petit"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Kitchen Brigade (2022)\". IMDb. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14280366/","url_text":"\"Kitchen Brigade (2022)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Louis-Julien+Petit%22","external_links_name":"\"Louis-Julien Petit\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Louis-Julien+Petit%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Louis-Julien+Petit%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Louis-Julien+Petit%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Louis-Julien+Petit%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Louis-Julien+Petit%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14280366/","external_links_name":"\"Kitchen Brigade (2022)\""},{"Link":"http://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne_gen_cpersonne=652454.html","external_links_name":"Louis-Julien Petit"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3106028/","external_links_name":"Louis-Julien Petit"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(given_name)	Pascal (given name)	["1 People","2 Fictional characters","3 References","4 See also"]	PascalPronunciationpahs-KALLGendermasculine and feminineOriginWord/nameLatinMeaning"associated with Easter (Passover)"Other namesRelated names Pascale Pascalle Paschal Paskal Pashk Paschalis Pascaline Pasquale Pascoale Pascoal Pasqual Pascual Pascoe Pasco Pascal is a masculine and feminine given name. It is a Francophone name, cognate of Italian name Pasquale, Spanish name Pascual, Catalan name Pasqual and Portuguese name Pascoal. Pascal is common in French-speaking countries, Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands. Derived feminine forms include Pascale, Pascalle or Pascalina. Pascal is also common as a surname in France, and in Italy (in Piedmont, Aosta Valley and, as De Pascal, in Friuli-Venezia Giulia). Pascal derives from the Latin paschalis or pashalis, which means "relating to Easter", from the Latin term for "Easter", pascha, Greek Πάσχα, from the Aramaic pasḥā (Hebrew pesach) "Passover" (since the Jewish holiday Passover coincides closely with the later Christian holiday of Easter, the Latin word came to be used for both occasions). The Christian given name originally derives from the meaning "one born on Easter day", or "born on Pentecost" (see below). Variations of the given name include: Paschal, Pasqual, Pasquale, Paskal, Pascoal, Pascale, Pascha, Paschalis, Pascual, Pascoe, and Pasco. The name arises in the early medieval period, in Latin spelled Paschalis. An early bearer is Antipope Paschal (fl. 687), and Pope Paschal I (d. 824). A variant Latin form of the name is Paschasius; this is the name of the 9th-century Frankish saint Paschasius Radbertus. Peter Pascual (Petrus Paschasius, d. 1299) was a bishop and martyr of medieval Andalusia. Saint Pascal (or San Pasqual) refers to Paschal Baylon (1540–1592), a Spanish friar and mystic. Baylon was born on 24 May 1540 to Aragonese peasants. His parents named him Pasqual because he was born on the day of the feast of Pentecost (not Easter), because Pentecost in Spain was known as "the Pasch (or Passover) of the Holy Ghost" at the time. After Pascual Baylon's beatification (1618) and canonization (1690), it became common to give the name Pascal to children born on the feast day of Saint Pascal (17 May) rather than on Easter or Pentecost, or independently of the child's date of birth. People Pascal Caffet (born 1962), French pastry confectioner and chocolate maker¨ Pascal Charbonneau (born 1983), Canadian chess Grandmaster and financial analyst Pascal Chimbonda (born 1979), French footballer Pascal Covici (1885–1964), Romanian Jewish-American book publisher and editor Pascal Cygan (born 1974), French retired footballer Pascal Dozie (born 1939), Nigerian entrepreneur and businessman Pascal Groß (born 1991), German professional footballer Pascal Gygax (born 1974), Swiss psycholinguist Pascal Hitzler, German-American computer scientist Pascal Köpke (born 1995), German footballer Pascal Lecamp (born 1958), French politician Pascal Leddin (born 1999), German politician Pascal Légitimus (born 1959), French actor, comedian and theatre director Pascal Obispo (born 1965), French singer-songwriter Pascal Olmeta (born 1961), French former football goalkeeper Pascal Payet (born 1963), French murderer noted for his prison escapes Pascal Pia, French writer, journalist, illustrator and scholar born Pierre Durand (1903–1979) Pascal Renwick (1954–2006), French voice actor Pascal Rheaume (born 1973), Canadian ice hockey player in the National Hockey League Pascal Rogé (born 1951), French pianist Pascal Siakam (born 1994), Cameroonian basketball player in the National Basketball Association Pascal Soriot (born 1959), chief executive officer of the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca Pascal Struijk (born 1999), Dutch footballer Pascal Thévenot (born 1966), French politician Pascal Trépanier (born 1973), Canadian ice hockey player in the National Hockey League Pascal Vicedomini, founder and producer of the Ischia Global Film & Music Festival Pascal Vincent (born 1971), Canadian ice hockey head coach for the National Hockey League’s Columbus Blue Jackets Pascal Wehrlein (born 1994), German-Mauritian Formula E and Formula 1 driver. Fictional characters Pascal, a character from the action-role playing game Nier: Automata Pascal, a character from the action-role playing game Tales of Graces Pascal, Rapunzel's pet chameleon from the 2010 film Tangled Pascal Sauvage, a character from the spy comedy Johnny English References ^ "Pascal - Name Meaning and Origin". thinkbabynames.com. Retrieved 2007-12-20. ^ Staniforth, Oswald. "St. Pascal Baylon." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911.. See also Pascal (surname) Pascal (disambiguation) Paschal (disambiguation) Pascha (disambiguation) Pasquale (disambiguation) Pasqual (disambiguation) Pascual (disambiguation) Pascoe Pasco (disambiguation) All pages with titles beginning with Pascal Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Francophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophone"},{"link_name":"Pasquale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasquale_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Pascual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Pasqual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasqual_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Pascoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascoal"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Aosta Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"Friuli-Venezia Giulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Passover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover"},{"link_name":"Pentecost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost"},{"link_name":"Paschal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal"},{"link_name":"Pasqual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasqual_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Pasquale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasquale_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Paskal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paskal"},{"link_name":"Pascoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascoal_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Pascale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascale"},{"link_name":"Pascha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascha_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Paschalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschalis_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Pascual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Pascoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascoe"},{"link_name":"Pasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasco_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Antipope Paschal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Paschal_(687)"},{"link_name":"fl.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floruit"},{"link_name":"Pope Paschal I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I"},{"link_name":"Paschasius Radbertus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus"},{"link_name":"Peter Pascual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pascual"},{"link_name":"Paschal Baylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_Baylon"},{"link_name":"Pentecost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Pascal is a masculine and feminine given name. It is a Francophone name, cognate of Italian name Pasquale, Spanish name Pascual, Catalan name Pasqual and Portuguese name Pascoal.Pascal is common in French-speaking countries, Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands. Derived feminine forms include Pascale, Pascalle or Pascalina. Pascal is also common as a surname[1] in France, and in Italy (in Piedmont, Aosta Valley and, as De Pascal, in Friuli-Venezia Giulia).Pascal derives from the Latin paschalis or pashalis, which means \"relating to Easter\", from the Latin term for \"Easter\", pascha, Greek Πάσχα, from the Aramaic pasḥā (Hebrew pesach) \"Passover\" (since the Jewish holiday Passover coincides closely with the later Christian holiday of Easter, the Latin word came to be used for both occasions).\nThe Christian given name originally derives from the meaning \"one born on Easter day\", or \"born on Pentecost\" (see below).Variations of the given name include: Paschal, Pasqual, Pasquale, Paskal, Pascoal, Pascale, Pascha, Paschalis, Pascual, Pascoe, and Pasco.The name arises in the early medieval period, in Latin spelled Paschalis. An early bearer is Antipope Paschal (fl. 687), and Pope Paschal I (d. 824).\nA variant Latin form of the name is Paschasius; this is the name of the 9th-century Frankish saint Paschasius Radbertus. Peter Pascual (Petrus Paschasius, d. 1299) was a bishop and martyr of medieval Andalusia. \nSaint Pascal (or San Pasqual) refers to Paschal Baylon (1540–1592), a Spanish friar and mystic.\nBaylon was born on 24 May 1540 to Aragonese peasants. His parents named him Pasqual because he was born on the day of the feast of Pentecost (not Easter), because Pentecost in Spain was known as \"the Pasch (or Passover) of the Holy Ghost\" at the time.[2]\nAfter Pascual Baylon's beatification (1618) and canonization (1690), it became common to give the name Pascal to children born on the feast day of Saint Pascal (17 May) rather than on Easter or Pentecost, or independently of the child's date of birth.","title":"Pascal (given name)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pascal Caffet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Caffet"},{"link_name":"Pascal Charbonneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Charbonneau"},{"link_name":"Pascal Chimbonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Chimbonda"},{"link_name":"Pascal Covici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Covici"},{"link_name":"Pascal Cygan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Cygan"},{"link_name":"Pascal Dozie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Dozie"},{"link_name":"Pascal Groß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Gro%C3%9F"},{"link_name":"Pascal Gygax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Gygax"},{"link_name":"Pascal Hitzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Hitzler"},{"link_name":"Pascal Köpke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_K%C3%B6pke"},{"link_name":"Pascal Lecamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lecamp"},{"link_name":"Pascal Leddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Leddin"},{"link_name":"Pascal Légitimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_L%C3%A9gitimus"},{"link_name":"Pascal Obispo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Obispo"},{"link_name":"Pascal Olmeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Olmeta"},{"link_name":"Pascal Payet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Payet"},{"link_name":"Pascal Pia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Pia"},{"link_name":"Pascal Renwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pascal_Renwick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Renwick"},{"link_name":"Pascal Rheaume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Rheaume"},{"link_name":"Pascal Rogé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Rog%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Pascal Siakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Siakam"},{"link_name":"Pascal Soriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Soriot"},{"link_name":"Pascal Struijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Struijk"},{"link_name":"Pascal Thévenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Th%C3%A9venot"},{"link_name":"Pascal Trépanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Tr%C3%A9panier"},{"link_name":"Ischia Global Film & Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischia_Global_Film_%26_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Pascal Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Vincent"},{"link_name":"Columbus Blue Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets"},{"link_name":"Pascal Wehrlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Wehrlein"}],"text":"Pascal Caffet (born 1962), French pastry confectioner and chocolate maker¨\nPascal Charbonneau (born 1983), Canadian chess Grandmaster and financial analyst\nPascal Chimbonda (born 1979), French footballer\nPascal Covici (1885–1964), Romanian Jewish-American book publisher and editor\nPascal Cygan (born 1974), French retired footballer\nPascal Dozie (born 1939), Nigerian entrepreneur and businessman\nPascal Groß (born 1991), German professional footballer\nPascal Gygax (born 1974), Swiss psycholinguist\nPascal Hitzler, German-American computer scientist\nPascal Köpke (born 1995), German footballer\nPascal Lecamp (born 1958), French politicianPascal Leddin (born 1999), German politician\nPascal Légitimus (born 1959), French actor, comedian and theatre director\nPascal Obispo (born 1965), French singer-songwriter\nPascal Olmeta (born 1961), French former football goalkeeper\nPascal Payet (born 1963), French murderer noted for his prison escapes\nPascal Pia, French writer, journalist, illustrator and scholar born Pierre Durand (1903–1979)\nPascal Renwick [fr] (1954–2006), French voice actor\nPascal Rheaume (born 1973), Canadian ice hockey player in the National Hockey League\nPascal Rogé (born 1951), French pianist\nPascal Siakam (born 1994), Cameroonian basketball player in the National Basketball Association\nPascal Soriot (born 1959), chief executive officer of the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca\nPascal Struijk (born 1999), Dutch footballer\nPascal Thévenot (born 1966), French politician\nPascal Trépanier (born 1973), Canadian ice hockey player in the National Hockey League\nPascal Vicedomini, founder and producer of the Ischia Global Film & Music Festival\nPascal Vincent (born 1971), Canadian ice hockey head coach for the National Hockey League’s Columbus Blue Jackets\nPascal Wehrlein (born 1994), German-Mauritian Formula E and Formula 1 driver.","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nier: Automata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nier:_Automata"},{"link_name":"Tales of Graces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_Graces#Main_characters"},{"link_name":"Tangled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangled_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Johnny English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_English"}],"text":"Pascal, a character from the action-role playing game Nier: Automata\nPascal, a character from the action-role playing game Tales of Graces\nPascal, Rapunzel's pet chameleon from the 2010 film Tangled\nPascal Sauvage, a character from the spy comedy Johnny English","title":"Fictional characters"}]	[]	[{"title":"Pascal (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(surname)"},{"title":"Pascal (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Paschal (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Pascha (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascha_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Pasquale (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasquale_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Pasqual (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasqual_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Pascual (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Pascoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascoe"},{"title":"Pasco (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasco_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"All pages with titles beginning with Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Pascal"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pascal_(given_name)&namespace=0"}]	[{"reference":"\"Pascal - Name Meaning and Origin\". thinkbabynames.com. Retrieved 2007-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thinkbabynames.com/meaning/1/Pascal","url_text":"\"Pascal - Name Meaning and Origin\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.thinkbabynames.com/meaning/1/Pascal","external_links_name":"\"Pascal - Name Meaning and Origin\""},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11512a.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pascal_(given_name)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_card	TV tuner card	["1 Types","1.1 Analog tuners","1.2 Hybrid tuners","1.3 Combo tuners","2 Radio tuners","3 Mobile TV adapter","4 Video capture","4.1 Applications","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Kind of television tuner that allows television signals to be received by a computer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "TV tuner card" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article appears to be slanted towards recent events. Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The ATI Twin Wonder TV tuner card A TV tuner card is a kind of television tuner that allows television signals to be received by a computer. Most TV tuners also function as video capture cards, allowing them to record television programs onto a hard disk much like the digital video recorder (DVR) does. A DVB-S2 tuner card D-Link external TV tuner The interfaces for TV tuner cards are most commonly either PCI bus expansion card or the newer PCI Express (PCIe) bus for many modern cards, but PCMCIA, ExpressCard, or USB devices also exist. In addition, some video cards double as TV tuners, notably the ATI All-In-Wonder series. The card contains a tuner and an analog-to-digital converter (collectively known as the analog front end) along with demodulation and interface logic. Some lower-end cards lack an onboard processor and, like a Winmodem, rely on the system's CPU for demodulation. Types There are many types of tuner cards. Analog tuners Analog television cards output a raw video stream, suitable for real-time viewing but ideally requiring some sort of video compression if it is to be recorded. Some cards also have analog input (composite video or S-Video) and many also provide a radio tuner. An early example was the Aapps Corp. MicroTV for Apple Macintosh II, which debuted in 1989. More-advanced TV tuners encode the signal to Motion JPEG or MPEG, relieving the main CPU of this load. Hybrid tuners A hybrid tuner has one tuner that can be configured to act as an analog tuner or a digital tuner. Switching between the systems is fairly easy, but cannot be done immediately. The card operates as a digital tuner or an analog tuner until reconfigured. Combo tuners This is similar to a hybrid tuner, except there are two separate tuners on the card. One can watch analog while recording digital, or vice versa. The card operates as an analog tuner and a digital tuner simultaneously. The advantages over two separate cards are cost and utilization of expansion slots in the computer. As many regions around the world convert from analog to digital broadcasts, these tuners are gaining popularity. Like the analog cards, the Hybrid and Combo tuners can have specialized chips on the tuner card to perform the encoding, or leave this task to the CPU. The tuner cards with this 'hardware encoding' are generally thought of as being higher quality. Small USB tuner sticks have become more popular in 2006 and 2007 and are expected to increase in popularity. These small tuners generally do not have hardware encoding due to size and heat constraints. While most TV tuners are limited to the radio frequencies and video formats used in the country of sale, many TV tuners used in computers use DSP, so a firmware upgrade is often all that's necessary to change the supported video format. Many newer TV tuners have flash memory big enough to hold the firmware sets for decoding several different video formats, making it possible to use the tuner in many countries without having to flash the firmware. However, while it is generally possible to flash a card from one analog format to another due to the similarities, it is generally not possible to flash a card from one digital format to another due to differences in decode logic necessary. Radio tuners Many TV tuners can function as FM radios; this is because there are similarities between broadcast television and FM radio. The FM radio spectrum is close to (or even inside) that used by VHF terrestrial TV broadcasts. And many broadcast television systems around the world use FM audio. So listening to an FM radio station is simply a case of configuring existing hardware. Mobile TV adapter External TV tuner card attachments are available for mobile phone handsets like the iPhone, for watching mobile TV, via TV stations on 1seg in Japan (SoftBank), and for soon for the proprietary subscription-based MediaFLO in the U.S. (Qualcomm). There is also a "converter" for watching DVB-H in Europe and elsewhere via Wi-Fi streaming video (PacketVideo). Video capture Video capture cards are a class of video capture devices designed to plug directly into expansion slots in personal computers and servers. Models from many manufacturers are available; all comply with one of the popular host bus standards including PCI, newer PCI Express (PCIe) or AGP bus interfaces. These cards typically include one or more software drivers to expose the cards' features, via various operating systems, to software applications that further process the video for specific purposes. As a class, the cards are used to capture baseband analog composite video, S-Video, and, in models equipped with tuners, RF modulated video. Some specialized cards support digital video via digital video delivery standards including serial digital interface (SDI) and, more recently, the emerging HDMI standard. These models often support both standard definition (SD) and high definition (HD) variants. While most PCI and PCI-Express capture devices are dedicated to that purpose, AGP capture devices are usually included with the graphics adapted on the board as an all-in-one package. Unlike video editing cards, these cards tend to not have dedicated hardware for processing video beyond the analog-to-digital conversion. Most, but not all, video capture cards also support one or more channels of audio. New technologies allow PCI-Express and HD-SDI to be implemented on video capture cards at lower costs than before. An early example is the Mass Microsystems Colorspace FX card from 1989. Applications There are many applications for video capture cards, including converting a live analog source into some type of analog or digital media, (such as a VHS tape to a DVD), archiving, video editing, scheduled recording (such as a DVR), television tuning, or video surveillance. The cards may have significantly different designs to optimally support each of these functions. Capture cards can be used for recording a video game longplay (LP) so gamers can make walkthrough gameplay videos. One of the most popular applications for video capture cards is to capture video and audio for live Internet video streaming. The live stream can also be simultaneously archived and formatted for video on demand. The capture cards used for this purpose are typically purchased, installed, and configured in host PC systems by hobbyists or systems integrators. Some care is required to select suitable host systems for video encoding, particularly HD applications which are more affected by CPU performance, number of CPU cores, and certain motherboard characteristics that heavily influence capture performance. See also Comparison of PVR software packages Digital video recorder Frame grabber TV gateway References ^ InfoWorld - Aug 7, 1989 ^ InfoWorld - Jan 30, 1989 External links "PC Project: Choosing a TV tuner card to record digital TV".pcauthority.com.au, Retrieved 9 January 2011	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATI-twin-wonder-tv-tuner.jpg"},{"link_name":"television tuner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuner_(television)"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"video capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_capture"},{"link_name":"television programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_program"},{"link_name":"hard disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk"},{"link_name":"digital video recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KNCone_TV_Station_DVBS2_PLUS_pci_card_front_0595_by_HDTVTotalDOTcom.jpg"},{"link_name":"DVB-S2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVB-S2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D-Link_DUB-T210_20070429.jpg"},{"link_name":"PCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect"},{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_(computing)"},{"link_name":"expansion card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_card"},{"link_name":"PCI Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express"},{"link_name":"PCMCIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Card"},{"link_name":"ExpressCard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExpressCard"},{"link_name":"USB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus"},{"link_name":"video cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_card"},{"link_name":"ATI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATI_Technologies"},{"link_name":"tuner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuner_(radio)"},{"link_name":"analog-to-digital converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter"},{"link_name":"Winmodem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softmodem"}],"text":"The ATI Twin Wonder TV tuner cardA TV tuner card is a kind of television tuner that allows television signals to be received by a computer. Most TV tuners also function as video capture cards, allowing them to record television programs onto a hard disk much like the digital video recorder (DVR) does.A DVB-S2 tuner cardD-Link external TV tunerThe interfaces for TV tuner cards are most commonly either PCI bus expansion card or the newer PCI Express (PCIe) bus for many modern cards, but PCMCIA, ExpressCard, or USB devices also exist. In addition, some video cards double as TV tuners, notably the ATI All-In-Wonder series. The card contains a tuner and an analog-to-digital converter (collectively known as the analog front end) along with demodulation and interface logic. Some lower-end cards lack an onboard processor and, like a Winmodem, rely on the system's CPU for demodulation.","title":"TV tuner card"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are many types of tuner cards.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Analog television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_television"},{"link_name":"video compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_compression"},{"link_name":"composite video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_video"},{"link_name":"S-Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Video"},{"link_name":"radio tuner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuner_(radio)"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"Macintosh II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Motion JPEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_JPEG"},{"link_name":"MPEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group"}],"sub_title":"Analog tuners","text":"Analog television cards output a raw video stream, suitable for real-time viewing but ideally requiring some sort of video compression if it is to be recorded.Some cards also have analog input (composite video or S-Video) and many also provide a radio tuner.An early example was the Aapps Corp. MicroTV for Apple Macintosh II, which debuted in 1989.[1]More-advanced TV tuners encode the signal to Motion JPEG or MPEG, relieving the main CPU of this load.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hybrid tuners","text":"A hybrid tuner has one tuner that can be configured to act as an analog tuner or a digital tuner. Switching between the systems is fairly easy, but cannot be done immediately. The card operates as a digital tuner or an analog tuner until reconfigured.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"radio frequencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequencies"},{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video"},{"link_name":"DSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processing"},{"link_name":"firmware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware"},{"link_name":"flash memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory"}],"sub_title":"Combo tuners","text":"This is similar to a hybrid tuner, except there are two separate tuners on the card. One can watch analog while recording digital, or vice versa. The card operates as an analog tuner and a digital tuner simultaneously. The advantages over two separate cards are cost and utilization of expansion slots in the computer. As many regions around the world convert from analog to digital broadcasts, these tuners are gaining popularity.Like the analog cards, the Hybrid and Combo tuners can have specialized chips on the tuner card to perform the encoding, or leave this task to the CPU. The tuner cards with this 'hardware encoding' are generally thought of as being higher quality.[citation needed] Small USB tuner sticks have become more popular in 2006 and 2007 and are expected to increase in popularity. These small tuners generally do not have hardware encoding due to size and heat constraints.While most TV tuners are limited to the radio frequencies and video formats used in the country of sale, many TV tuners used in computers use DSP, so a firmware upgrade is often all that's necessary to change the supported video format. Many newer TV tuners have flash memory big enough to hold the firmware sets for decoding several different video formats, making it possible to use the tuner in many countries without having to flash the firmware. However, while it is generally possible to flash a card from one analog format to another due to the similarities, it is generally not possible to flash a card from one digital format to another due to differences in decode logic necessary.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM radios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"VHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequency"},{"link_name":"broadcast television systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems"}],"text":"Many TV tuners can function as FM radios; this is because there are similarities between broadcast television and FM radio. The FM radio spectrum is close to (or even inside) that used by VHF terrestrial TV broadcasts. And many broadcast television systems around the world use FM audio. So listening to an FM radio station is simply a case of configuring existing hardware.","title":"Radio tuners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mobile phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"handsets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handset"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"mobile TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_TV"},{"link_name":"TV stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_station"},{"link_name":"1seg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1seg"},{"link_name":"SoftBank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank"},{"link_name":"MediaFLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaFLO"},{"link_name":"Qualcomm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm"},{"link_name":"DVB-H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVB-H"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"streaming video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_video"},{"link_name":"PacketVideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PacketVideo"}],"text":"External TV tuner card attachments are available for mobile phone handsets like the iPhone, for watching mobile TV, via TV stations on 1seg in Japan (SoftBank), and for soon for the proprietary subscription-based MediaFLO in the U.S. (Qualcomm). There is also a \"converter\" for watching DVB-H in Europe and elsewhere via Wi-Fi streaming video (PacketVideo).","title":"Mobile TV adapter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Video capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_capture"},{"link_name":"PCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect"},{"link_name":"PCI Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express"},{"link_name":"AGP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port"},{"link_name":"software drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_driver"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"composite video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_video"},{"link_name":"S-Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Video"},{"link_name":"RF modulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency"},{"link_name":"serial digital interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_digital_interface"},{"link_name":"HDMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI"},{"link_name":"high definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video"},{"link_name":"video editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_editing"},{"link_name":"analog-to-digital conversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Video capture cards are a class of video capture devices designed to plug directly into expansion slots in personal computers and servers. Models from many manufacturers are available; all comply with one of the popular host bus standards including PCI, newer PCI Express (PCIe) or AGP bus interfaces.These cards typically include one or more software drivers to expose the cards' features, via various operating systems, to software applications that further process the video for specific purposes. As a class, the cards are used to capture baseband analog composite video, S-Video, and, in models equipped with tuners, RF modulated video. Some specialized cards support digital video via digital video delivery standards including serial digital interface (SDI) and, more recently, the emerging HDMI standard. These models often support both standard definition (SD) and high definition (HD) variants.While most PCI and PCI-Express capture devices are dedicated to that purpose, AGP capture devices are usually included with the graphics adapted on the board as an all-in-one package. Unlike video editing cards, these cards tend to not have dedicated hardware for processing video beyond the analog-to-digital conversion. Most, but not all, video capture cards also support one or more channels of audio. New technologies allow PCI-Express and HD-SDI to be implemented on video capture cards at lower costs than before.An early example is the Mass Microsystems Colorspace FX card from 1989.[2]","title":"Video capture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"DVR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"longplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longplay_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"walkthrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_guide"},{"link_name":"gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay"},{"link_name":"video on demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand"},{"link_name":"HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"CPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU"},{"link_name":"CPU cores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core_(computing)"},{"link_name":"motherboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard"}],"sub_title":"Applications","text":"There are many applications for video capture cards, including converting a live analog source into some type of analog or digital media, (such as a VHS tape to a DVD), archiving, video editing, scheduled recording (such as a DVR), television tuning, or video surveillance. The cards may have significantly different designs to optimally support each of these functions. Capture cards can be used for recording a video game longplay (LP) so gamers can make walkthrough gameplay videos.One of the most popular applications for video capture cards is to capture video and audio for live Internet video streaming. The live stream can also be simultaneously archived and formatted for video on demand. The capture cards used for this purpose are typically purchased, installed, and configured in host PC systems by hobbyists or systems integrators. Some care is required to select suitable host systems for video encoding, particularly HD applications which are more affected by CPU performance, number of CPU cores, and certain motherboard characteristics that heavily influence capture performance.","title":"Video capture"}]	[{"image_text":"The ATI Twin Wonder TV tuner card","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/ATI-twin-wonder-tv-tuner.jpg/220px-ATI-twin-wonder-tv-tuner.jpg"},{"image_text":"A DVB-S2 tuner card","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/KNCone_TV_Station_DVBS2_PLUS_pci_card_front_0595_by_HDTVTotalDOTcom.jpg/220px-KNCone_TV_Station_DVBS2_PLUS_pci_card_front_0595_by_HDTVTotalDOTcom.jpg"},{"image_text":"D-Link external TV tuner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/D-Link_DUB-T210_20070429.jpg/220px-D-Link_DUB-T210_20070429.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Comparison of PVR software packages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_PVR_software_packages"},{"title":"Digital video recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder"},{"title":"Frame grabber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_grabber"},{"title":"TV gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_gateway"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22TV+tuner+card%22","external_links_name":"\"TV tuner card\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22TV+tuner+card%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22TV+tuner+card%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22TV+tuner+card%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22TV+tuner+card%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22TV+tuner+card%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TV_tuner_card&action=edit","external_links_name":"add more content"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vDAEAAAAMBAJ&dq=aapps+microtv&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"InfoWorld - Aug 7, 1989"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MzoEAAAAMBAJ&dq=mass+microsystems+colorspace&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"InfoWorld - Jan 30, 1989"},{"Link":"https://www.pcauthority.com.au/Feature/218231,pc-project-choosing-a-tv-tuner-card-to-record-digital-tv.aspx","external_links_name":"\"PC Project: Choosing a TV tuner card to record digital TV\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Dey	Claudia Dey	["1 Education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Works","5 References","6 External links"]	Canadian writer, based out of Toronto Claudia DeyBorn1972 or 1973 (age 51–52)Toronto, OntarioEducationMcGill UniversityNational Theatre School of CanadaOccupationWriterSpouseDon Kerr Claudia Dey (born c. 1972/1973) is a Canadian writer, based out of Toronto. Education Dey studied at St. Clement's before graduating in 1991 and moving on to study English literature at McGill University and playwriting at the National Theatre School of Canada, where she graduated in 1997. Career Dey's first novel, Stunt, was published by Coach House Books. It was one of The Globe and Mail's "2008 Globe 100" and Quill and Quire's "Books of the Year." It was nominated for the Amazon First Novel Award. Dey's second novel, Heartbreaker, was published by Random House (U.S.), HarperCollins (Canada), and The Borough Press (U.K.) It was listed by Publishers Weekly in "Writers to Watch Fall 2018: Anticipated Debuts" and was on The Millions "Most Anticipated: The Great Second Half 2018 Book Preview". From 2007 to 2009, Dey wrote the "Group Therapy" column in The Globe and Mail. She also wrote the sex column in Toro under the pseudonym Bebe O'Shea. Her writing and interviews have been published in The Paris Review, and The Believer. She is also the author of several plays: Beaver (2000), The Gwendolyn Poems (2002) and Trout Stanley (2005). They have been performed in Toronto, Montreal, New York and Vancouver. The Gwendolyn Poems, about Canadian poet, Gwendolyn MacEwen, was nominated for the 2002 Governor General's Awards and the Trillium Book Award. In addition to her literary work, Dey has also acted in three feature films, Amy George (2011), The Oxbow Cure (2013) and The Intestine (2016), and is a co-founder of the design studio and clothing brand, Horses Atelier. Personal life Dey married Canadian musician Don Kerr on Ward's Island in 2005. They live in Toronto with their two sons. Works Beaver (2000) The Gwendolyn Poems (2002) Trout Stanley (2005) Stunt (2008) How to Be a Bush Pilot: A Field Guide to Getting Luckier (2012) Heartbreaker (2018) Daughter (2023) References ^ a b c d Hannon, Gerald (May 2008). "Drama Queen". torontolife.com. Archived from the original on 2010-04-30. Retrieved 2010-03-02. ^ Nevins, Jake (2023-09-20). ""I Wanted Only Velocity": Claudia Dey on Her Provocative Novel, Daughter". Interview Magazine. Retrieved 2024-06-12. ^ "Alumna Profile: Claudia Dey '91 – St. Clement's". Retrieved 2023-11-26. ^ "Alumni, Playwriting: 1990-1999". National Theatre School of Canada. Archived from the original on 2011-08-27. Retrieved 2012-02-02. ^ "The best fiction of 2008". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. December 4, 2008. Retrieved March 2, 2010. ^ "Books of the Year 2008". quillandquire.com. 2008. Archived from the original on 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2010-03-02. ^ "First Novel Award". Amazon.ca. Retrieved 2010-03-02. ^ "Writers to Watch Fall 2018: Anticipated Debuts". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 2018-07-05. ^ "Claudia Dey". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on February 25, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-02. ^ "Claudia Dey". The Paris Review. Retrieved 2024-06-12. ^ "Claudia Dey". Believer Magazine. Retrieved 2024-06-12. ^ reporter, john goddard staff (2008-09-20). "The poor man's Banff Centre". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2023-11-26. ^ Howrey, Meg (2023-09-08). "An Artist Draws Inspiration, and Misery, From Her Elusive Father". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-06-12. External links Official website Drama Online: Claudia Dey Claudia Dey at IMDb https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/04/26/the-child-thing-an-interview-with-sheila-heti/ https://www.believermag.com/issues/201307/?read=interview_feist https://believermag.tumblr.com/post/26150434236/correspondence https://fashionmagazine.com/culture/claudia-dey-summer-essay/ https://torontolife.com/style/fashion/claudia-dey-hat-tricks/ http://www.flare.com/fashion/editorial-moving-pieces/ Archived 2020-10-31 at the Wayback Machine "But Who Will Slap Marguerite?": Short Fiction at Joyland Alone With A Friend in the Absence of Hipness: Ryeberg Curated Videos Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torontolife-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Claudia Dey (born c. 1972/1973)[1] is a Canadian writer, based out of Toronto.[2]","title":"Claudia Dey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Clement's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clement%27s_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"National Theatre School of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theatre_School_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torontolife-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Dey studied at St. Clement's before graduating in 1991[3] and moving on to study English literature at McGill University and playwriting at the National Theatre School of Canada,[1] where she graduated in 1997.[4]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debut_novel"},{"link_name":"Coach House Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_House_Books"},{"link_name":"The Globe and Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnm2008-5"},{"link_name":"Quill and Quire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quill_and_Quire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qnq2008-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazonfna-7"},{"link_name":"Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"Publishers Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Globe and Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnmgt-9"},{"link_name":"Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torontolife-1"},{"link_name":"The Paris Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paris_Review"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Believer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Believer_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Gwendolyn MacEwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwendolyn_MacEwen"},{"link_name":"2002 Governor General's Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Governor_General%27s_Awards"},{"link_name":"Trillium Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillium_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Amy George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_George"},{"link_name":"The Oxbow Cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxbow_Cure"},{"link_name":"The Intestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intestine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Dey's first novel, Stunt, was published by Coach House Books. It was one of The Globe and Mail's \"2008 Globe 100\"[5] and Quill and Quire's \"Books of the Year.\"[6] It was nominated for the Amazon First Novel Award.[7]Dey's second novel, Heartbreaker, was published by Random House (U.S.), HarperCollins (Canada), and The Borough Press (U.K.) It was listed by Publishers Weekly in \"Writers to Watch Fall 2018: Anticipated Debuts\"[8] and was on The Millions \"Most Anticipated: The Great Second Half 2018 Book Preview\".[citation needed]From 2007 to 2009, Dey wrote the \"Group Therapy\" column in The Globe and Mail.[9] She also wrote the sex column in Toro under the pseudonym Bebe O'Shea.[1] Her writing and interviews have been published in The Paris Review,[10] and The Believer.[11]She is also the author of several plays: Beaver (2000), The Gwendolyn Poems (2002) and Trout Stanley (2005). They have been performed in Toronto, Montreal, New York and Vancouver. The Gwendolyn Poems, about Canadian poet, Gwendolyn MacEwen, was nominated for the 2002 Governor General's Awards and the Trillium Book Award.[citation needed]In addition to her literary work, Dey has also acted in three feature films, Amy George (2011), The Oxbow Cure (2013) and The Intestine (2016), and is a co-founder of the design studio and clothing brand, Horses Atelier.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Kerr"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Dey married Canadian musician Don Kerr on Ward's Island in 2005.[12] They live in Toronto with their two sons.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Beaver (2000)\nThe Gwendolyn Poems (2002)\nTrout Stanley (2005)\nStunt (2008)\nHow to Be a Bush Pilot: A Field Guide to Getting Luckier (2012)\nHeartbreaker (2018)\nDaughter (2023) [13]","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hannon, Gerald (May 2008). \"Drama Queen\". torontolife.com. Archived from the original on 2010-04-30. Retrieved 2010-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100430134847/http://www.torontolife.com/features/drama-queen/","url_text":"\"Drama Queen\""},{"url":"http://www.torontolife.com/features/drama-queen/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nevins, Jake (2023-09-20). \"\"I Wanted Only Velocity\": Claudia Dey on Her Provocative Novel, Daughter\". Interview Magazine. Retrieved 2024-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interviewmagazine.com/literature/i-wanted-only-velocity-claudia-dey-on-her-provocative-novel-daughter","url_text":"\"\"I Wanted Only Velocity\": Claudia Dey on Her Provocative Novel, Daughter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alumna Profile: Claudia Dey '91 – St. Clement's\". Retrieved 2023-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scs.on.ca/alumna-profile-claudia-dey-91/","url_text":"\"Alumna Profile: Claudia Dey '91 – St. Clement's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alumni, Playwriting: 1990-1999\". National Theatre School of Canada. Archived from the original on 2011-08-27. Retrieved 2012-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110827062750/http://www.ent-nts.ca/en/alumni/all/playwriting/1990.aspx","url_text":"\"Alumni, Playwriting: 1990-1999\""},{"url":"http://www.ent-nts.ca/en/alumni/all/playwriting/1990.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The best fiction of 2008\". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. December 4, 2008. Retrieved March 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/books/the-best-fiction-of-2008/article726320/","url_text":"\"The best fiction of 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Books of the Year 2008\". quillandquire.com. 2008. Archived from the original on 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2010-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100217175325/http://www.quillandquire.com/books-of-the-year-2008/","url_text":"\"Books of the Year 2008\""},{"url":"https://www.quillandquire.com/books-of-the-year-2008/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"First Novel Award\". Amazon.ca. Retrieved 2010-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.ca/First-Novel-Award-Books/b?ie=UTF8&node=1194446","url_text":"\"First Novel Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Writers to Watch Fall 2018: Anticipated Debuts\". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 2018-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20180702/77408-writers-to-watch-fall-2018-anticipated-debuts.html","url_text":"\"Writers to Watch Fall 2018: Anticipated Debuts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Claudia Dey\". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on February 25, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100225071225/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/columnists/claudia-dey/","url_text":"\"Claudia Dey\""},{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/columnists/claudia-dey/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Claudia Dey\". The Paris Review. Retrieved 2024-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theparisreview.org/authors/33212/claudia-dey","url_text":"\"Claudia Dey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Claudia Dey\". Believer Magazine. Retrieved 2024-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebeliever.net/contributor/claudia-dey/","url_text":"\"Claudia Dey\""}]},{"reference":"reporter, john goddard staff (2008-09-20). \"The poor man's Banff Centre\". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2023-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/the-poor-mans-banff-centre/article_5da7d322-dd4d-5e23-92a3-10182004e92c.html","url_text":"\"The poor man's Banff Centre\""}]},{"reference":"Howrey, Meg (2023-09-08). \"An Artist Draws Inspiration, and Misery, From Her Elusive Father\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azucena_Diaz	Azucena Díaz	["1 Achievements","2 References","3 External links"]	Spanish long-distance runner Azucena DíazPersonal informationBorn (1982-12-19) 19 December 1982 (age 41)Madrid, SpainSportSportTrack and fieldEventMarathon Azucena Díaz (born 19 December 1982) is a Spanish long distance runner who specialises in the marathon. She competed in the women's marathon event at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Achievements Year Competition Venue Position Event Notes Representing Spain 2008 World Half Marathon Championships Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 16th Half marathon 1:13:30 2010 World Half Marathon Championships Nanning, China 34th Half marathon 1:15:38 2012 World Half Marathon Championships Kavarna, Bulgaria 23rd Half marathon 1:14:05 2013 World Cross Country Championships Bydgoszcz, Poland 50th 8 km 26:07 2016 European Championships Amsterdam, Netherlands 36th Half marathon 1:14:21 Summer Olympics Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 34th Marathon 2:35:02 2017 World Cross Country Championships Kampala, Uganda 27th 10 km 35:06 2018 European Championships Berlin, Germany 13th Marathon 2:34:00 2019 World Cross Country Championships Aarhus, Denmark 65th 10 km cross 40:27 References ^ "Azucena Díaz". Rio 2016. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016. External links Azucena Díaz at World Athletics Azucena Díaz at Olympedia Authority control databases: People World Athletics This biographical article relating to Spanish athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"long distance runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_distance_runner"},{"link_name":"marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"},{"link_name":"women's marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_marathon"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"}],"text":"Azucena Díaz (born 19 December 1982) is a Spanish long distance runner who specialises in the marathon. She competed in the women's marathon event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.[1]","title":"Azucena Díaz"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Azucena Díaz\". Rio 2016. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160806064752/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/azucena-diaz","url_text":"\"Azucena Díaz\""},{"url":"https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/azucena-diaz","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160806064752/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/azucena-diaz","external_links_name":"\"Azucena Díaz\""},{"Link":"https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/azucena-diaz","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14261730","external_links_name":"Azucena Díaz"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26268000#P1146"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/129934","external_links_name":"Azucena Díaz"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26268000#P8286"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14261730","external_links_name":"World Athletics"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azucena_D%C3%ADaz&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Place_in_the_Sun_(1951_film)	A Place in the Sun (1951 film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Censorship","4 Reception","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	1951 US drama film by George Stevens A Place in the SunTheatrical release posterDirected byGeorge StevensScreenplay byMichael WilsonHarry BrownBased onAn American Tragedy1925 novelby Theodore DreiserAn American Tragedy1926 playby Patrick KearneyProduced byGeorge StevensStarringMontgomery CliftElizabeth TaylorShelley WintersCinematographyWilliam C. MellorEdited byWilliam HornbeckMusic byFranz WaxmanDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease dates April 5, 1951 (1951-04-05) (Cannes Film Festival) August 14, 1951 (1951-08-14) (Los Angeles) Running time122 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$2.3 millionBox office$7 million A Place in the Sun is a 1951 American drama film based on the 1925 novel An American Tragedy by Theodore Dreiser and the 1926 play, also titled An American Tragedy. It tells the story of a working-class young man who is entangled with two women: one who works in his wealthy uncle's factory, and the other a beautiful socialite. Another adaptation of the novel had been filmed once before, as An American Tragedy, in 1931. All these works were inspired by the real-life murder of Grace Brown by Chester Gillette in 1906, which resulted in Gillette's conviction and execution by electric chair in 1908. A Place in the Sun was directed by George Stevens from a screenplay by Harry Brown and Michael Wilson, and stars Montgomery Clift, Elizabeth Taylor, and Shelley Winters; its supporting actors included Anne Revere and Raymond Burr. Burr's performance impressed TV producer Gail Patrick, and would later lead to her casting him as Perry Mason. The film was a critical and commercial success, winning six Academy Awards and the first-ever Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. The film is sometimes considered one of the greatest American films ever made. In 1991, A Place in the Sun was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Plot In 1950, George Eastman, the poor nephew of rich industrialist Charles Eastman, is offered an entry-level job at his uncle’s factory, where he begins dating co-worker Alice Tripp. Alice believes George’s Eastman name will bring her advantages. George is invited by Charles to a social event, where George meets socialite Angela Vickers. There is a mutual attraction and they fall in love. Just as George enters the intoxicating and care-free lifestyle his new life with Angela brings, Alice announces she is pregnant and, unable to procure an abortion, expects George to marry her. George puts Alice off and continues spending more time with Angela without Alice's knowledge. George is invited to Angela's family lake house over Labor Day and tells Alice the visit will advance his career. Alice discovers George's lie after seeing a newspaper photograph of George and Angela boating with friends. Alice calls George at the Vickers home and threatens to come there and reveal herself unless he leaves and returns to her. Shaken, George tells his hosts his mother is sick and he must leave. The next morning, George and Alice drive to City Hall to get married but it is closed for Labor Day. George is relieved and, remembering Alice cannot swim, begins forming a plan to drown her in the lake by feigning an accident. Alice unsuspectingly agrees to the lake venture. Arriving at the lake, George attempts to cover for the upcoming murder by falsely stranding his car in the woods and renting a rowboat under a false name. While they are out on the lake, Alice talks about her dreams concerning their happy future together with their child. As George apparently takes pity on her, Alice tries to stand up in the boat, causing it to capsize, and Alice drowns. George escapes, swims to shore, behaves suspiciously when he comes across campers on his way back to the car, and eventually drives to the Vickers' lodge. He fails to report the accident. Alice's body is discovered and her death is treated as a homicide as the evidence against George begins to mount. Just as Angela's father approves Angela's marriage to him, George is arrested and charged with Alice's murder. George's furtive actions before and after Alice's death condemn him. His denials are futile, and he is found guilty of murder and sentenced to death in the electric chair. Near the end, he agrees when the priest suggests that, although he did not kill Alice, he did not act to save her because he was thinking of Angela. The priest then states that, in his heart, it was murder. Angela visits George in prison, saying that she will always love him, and George slowly marches toward his execution. Cast Montgomery Clift as George Eastman Elizabeth Taylor as Angela Vickers Shelley Winters as Alice Tripp Anne Revere as Hannah Eastman Keefe Brasselle as Earl Eastman Fred Clark as Bellows, defense attorney Raymond Burr as Dist. Atty. R. Frank Marlowe Herbert Heyes as Charles Eastman Shepperd Strudwick as Anthony "Tony" Vickers Frieda Inescort as Mrs. Ann Vickers Kathryn Givney as Louise Eastman Walter Sande as Art Jansen, George's Attorney Ted de Corsia as Judge R.S. Oldendorff John Ridgely as Coroner Douglas Spencer as the Boat Keeper Lois Chartrand as Marsha Paul Frees as Rev. Morrison Kathleen Freeman as Factory Worker/Prosecution Witness (uncredited) Ian Wolfe as Dr. Wyeland (uncredited) Ken Christy as Warden (uncredited) Censorship In a November 14, 1949, letter from the Production Code Administration, Joseph I. Breen pointed out an issue regarding the dialogue between Alice and her doctor. Breen cautioned against direct references to abortion, specifically the line in the script in which Alice says, "Doctor, you've got to help me." In the finished film, the line became, "Somebody's got to help me" and, while abortion is rather clearly implied, the film does not include any actual mention of it. In 1965, director Stevens threatened to sue for US$1,000,000 any TV station that inserted any commercial into the running of his film without his specific approval of the ad. Reception The film earned an estimated $3.5 million at the U.S. and Canadian box office, and earned critical acclaim in 1951. Upon seeing the film, Charlie Chaplin called it "the greatest movie ever made about America". One impact of the film was from the Edith Head white party dress with its bust covered with flower blossoms worn by Taylor; it was the most popular prom dress style in the U.S. in 1951 and influenced prom and wedding dress design for the rest of the decade. The film's acclaim has not completely held up over time. Reappraisals of the film find that much of what was exciting about the film in 1951 is not as potent in the 21st century. Critics cite the slow pace, the exaggerated melodrama, and the outdated social commentary as qualities present in A Place in the Sun that are not present in the great films of the era, such as those by Alfred Hitchcock and Elia Kazan, although the performances by Clift, Taylor, and Winters continue to receive praise. Still, many consider the film to be a classic. It was listed at No. 92 in American Film Institute's 1998 list 100 Years...100 Movies, and No. 53 in 100 Years...100 Passions in 2002, while the film holds a strong 82% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 38 reviews. In 2013, the British Film Institute re-released the picture across the United Kingdom because of its significant merit. Acclaimed writer-director David Mamet, in his book Bambi vs. Godzilla: On the Nature, Purpose, and Practice of the Movie Business, included A Place in the Sun in a list of four "perfect" films, along with The Godfather, Galaxy Quest and Dodsworth. Awards and nominations Montgomery Clift at the premiere of A Place in the Sun (1951) Poster for a 1959 theatrical re-release Award Category Nominee(s) Result Academy Awards Best Motion Picture George Stevens Nominated Best Director Won Best Actor Montgomery Clift Nominated Best Actress Shelley Winters Nominated Best Screenplay Michael Wilson and Harry Brown Won Best Cinematography – Black-and-White William C. Mellor Won Best Costume Design – Black-and-White Edith Head Won Best Film Editing William Hornbeck Won Best Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture Franz Waxman Won Cannes Film Festival Grand Prix George Stevens Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Won Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Drama Won Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Shelley Winters Nominated Best Director – Motion Picture George Stevens Nominated Best Cinematography – Black and White William C. Mellor Nominated Nastro d'Argento Best Foreign Director George Stevens Won National Board of Review Awards Best Film Won Top Ten Films Won National Film Preservation Board National Film Registry Inducted New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Director George Stevens Nominated Best Actress Shelley Winters Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Hall of Fame – Motion Pictures Won Writers Guild of America Awards Best Written American Drama Michael Wilson and Harry Brown Won Best Written Film Concerning American Scene Nominated References ^ York, Michelle (July 11, 2006). "Century After Murder, American Tragedy Draws Crowd". The New York Times. Retrieved February 12, 2021. ^ "A Place in the Sun". Variety (Film review; poor reproduction quality). Vol. 183, no. 6. New York, New York. July 18, 1951. p. 6. Retrieved February 12, 2021 – via mediahistory collection at Internet Archive. ^ ""A Place in the Sun" with Montgomery Clift, Elizabeth Taylor and Shelley Winters". Harrison's Reports (Film review). Vol. XXXIII, no. 29. New York, New York. July 21, 1951. p. 115. Retrieved February 12, 2021 – via Media History Digital Library at Internet Archive. ^ "The 100 greatest American films". www.bbc.com. Retrieved February 26, 2023. ^ "A Place in the Sun (1951)". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2021. ^ Mooring, William H. (November 12, 1965). "Legal Test Case Scheduled On TV Editing Of Movies". The Voice. p. 29. Retrieved April 11, 2021. ^ 'The Top Box Office Hits of 1951', Variety, January 2, 1952 ^ Golden, Herb. "Review: A Place in the Sun." Variety. July 18, 1951. April 9, 2014. ^ Andrew, Geoff. "A Place in the Sun." Archived 2014-07-17 at the Wayback Machine "Cinematheque". ^ Matelski, Elizabeth M. (2011). The Color(s) of Perfection: The Feminine Body, Beauty Ideals, and Identity in Postwar America, 1945-1970 (Dissertation). Loyola eCommons. p. 30. Docket 158. Retrieved March 20, 2022. ^ Truhler, Kimberly (January 25, 2013). "The Style Essentials - Edith Head Style Finds A Place in the Sun at 2013 Golden Globes". www.glamamor.com. GlamAmor. Retrieved March 20, 2022. ^ Kehr, Dave. "A Place in the Sun." Chicago Reader. April 9, 2014. ^ Huddleston, Tom. "A Place in the Sun (U)." Time Out. January 29, 2013. April 9, 2014. ^ "A Place in the Sun." Archived 2014-04-13 at the Wayback Machine TV Guide. April 9, 2014. ^ Maltin, Leonard. "A Place in the Sun." Turner Classic Movies. April 9, 2014. ^ "A Place in the Sun". Rotten Tomatoes. ^ Andrew, Geoff. "Hollywood's beautiful people". "BFI". April 3, 2013 ^ Mamet, David (2008). Bambi vs. Godzilla: On the Nature, Purpose, and Practice of the Movie Business. Vintage. ISBN 978-1400034444. ^ "Festival de Cannes: A Place in the Sun". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2009. Further reading Tibbetts, John C., and James M. Welsh, eds. The Encyclopedia of Novels Into Film (2nd ed. 2005) pp 15–17. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Place in the Sun (film). A Place in the Sun at IMDb A Place in the Sun at AllMovie A Place in the Sun at the TCM Movie Database A Place in the Sun at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films A Place in the Sun Archived 2014-04-13 at the Wayback Machine at TV Guide A Place in the Sun at Filmsite.org A Place in the Sun at Rotten Tomatoes vteFilms directed by George StevensFilms The Cohens and Kellys in Trouble (1933) Bachelor Bait (1934) Kentucky Kernels (1934) Laddie (1935) The Nitwits (1935) Alice Adams (1935) Annie Oakley (1935) Swing Time (1936) Quality Street (1937) A Damsel in Distress (1937) Vivacious Lady (1938) Gunga Din (1939) Vigil in the Night (1940) Penny Serenade (1941) Woman of the Year (1942) The Talk of the Town (1942) The More the Merrier (1943) I Remember Mama (1948) A Place in the Sun (1951) Something to Live For (1952) Shane (1953) Giant (1956) The Diary of Anne Frank (1959) The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) The Only Game in Town (1970) Related "That Justice Be Done" (1946) On Our Merry Way (1948) Five Came Back (2017 documentary) Awards for A Place in the Sun vteGolden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama1943–1975 The Song of Bernadette (1943) Going My Way (1944) The Lost Weekend (1945) The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) Gentleman's Agreement (1947) Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948) All the King's Men (1949) Sunset Boulevard (1950) A Place in the Sun (1951) The Greatest Show on Earth (1952) The Robe (1953) On the Waterfront (1954) East of Eden (1955) Around the World in 80 Days (1956) The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) The Defiant Ones (1958) Ben-Hur (1959) Spartacus (1960) The Guns of Navarone (1961) Lawrence of Arabia (1962) The Cardinal (1963) Becket (1964) Doctor Zhivago (1965) A Man for All Seasons (1966) In the Heat of the Night (1967) The Lion in Winter (1968) Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) Love Story (1970) The French Connection (1971) The Godfather (1972) The Exorcist (1973) Chinatown (1974) One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) 1976–2000 Rocky (1976) The Turning Point (1977) Midnight Express (1978) Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) Ordinary People (1980) On Golden Pond (1981) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) Terms of Endearment (1983) Amadeus (1984) Out of Africa (1985) Platoon (1986) The Last Emperor (1987) Rain Man (1988) Born on the Fourth of July (1989) Dances with Wolves (1990) Bugsy (1991) Scent of a Woman (1992) Schindler's List (1993) Forrest Gump (1994) Sense and Sensibility (1995) The English Patient (1996) Titanic (1997) Saving Private Ryan (1998) American Beauty (1999) Gladiator (2000) 2001–present A Beautiful Mind (2001) The Hours (2002) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) The Aviator (2004) Brokeback Mountain (2005) Babel (2006) Atonement (2007) Slumdog Millionaire (2008) Avatar (2009) The Social Network (2010) The Descendants (2011) Argo (2012) 12 Years a Slave (2013) Boyhood (2014) The Revenant (2015) Moonlight (2016) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017) Bohemian Rhapsody (2018) 1917 (2019) Nomadland (2020) The Power of the Dog (2021) The Fabelmans (2022) Oppenheimer (2023) vteNational Board of Review Award for Best Film1932–1950 I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932) Topaze (1933) It Happened One Night (1934) The Informer (1935) Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) Night Must Fall (1937) The Citadel (1938) Confessions of a Nazi Spy (1939) The Grapes of Wrath (1940) Citizen Kane (1941) In Which We Serve (1942) The Ox-Bow Incident (1943) None But the Lonely Heart (1944) The True Glory (1945) Henry V (1946) Monsieur Verdoux (1947) Paisan (1948) Bicycle Thieves (1949) Sunset Boulevard (1950) 1951–1975 A Place in the Sun (1951) The Quiet Man (1952) Julius Caesar (1953) On the Waterfront (1954) Marty (1955) Around the World in 80 Days (1956) The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) The Old Man and the Sea (1958) The Nun's Story (1959) Sons and Lovers (1960) Question 7 (1961) The Longest Day (1962) Tom Jones (1963) Becket (1964) The Eleanor Roosevelt Story (1965) A Man for All Seasons (1966) Far from the Madding Crowd (1967) The Shoes of the Fisherman (1968) They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969) Patton (1970) Macbeth (1971) Cabaret (1972) The Sting (1973) The Conversation (1974) Barry Lyndon / Nashville (1975) 1976–2000 All the President's Men (1976) The Turning Point (1977) Days of Heaven (1978) Manhattan (1979) Ordinary People (1980) Chariots of Fire / Reds (1981) Gandhi (1982) Betrayal / Terms of Endearment (1983) A Passage to India (1984) The Color Purple (1985) A Room with a View (1986) Empire of the Sun (1987) Mississippi Burning (1988) Driving Miss Daisy (1989) Dances with Wolves (1990) The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Howards End (1992) Schindler's List (1993) Forrest Gump / Pulp Fiction (1994) Sense and Sensibility (1995) Shine (1996) L.A. Confidential (1997) Gods and Monsters (1998) American Beauty (1999) Quills (2000) 2001–present Moulin Rouge! (2001) The Hours (2002) Mystic River (2003) Finding Neverland (2004) Good Night, and Good Luck (2005) Letters from Iwo Jima (2006) No Country for Old Men (2007) Slumdog Millionaire (2008) Up in the Air (2009) The Social Network (2010) Hugo (2011) Zero Dark Thirty (2012) Her (2013) A Most Violent Year (2014) Mad Max: Fury Road (2015) Manchester by the Sea (2016) The Post (2017) Green Book (2018) The Irishman (2019) Da 5 Bloods (2020) Licorice Pizza (2021) Top Gun: Maverick (2022) Killers of the Flower Moon (2023) vteTheodore Dreiser's An American Tragedy (1925)Adaptations An American Tragedy (film) An American Tragedy (opera) A Place in the Sun (film) An American Tragedy (musical) Related Murder of Grace Brown Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"An American Tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_Tragedy"},{"link_name":"Theodore Dreiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser"},{"link_name":"An American Tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_Tragedy_(film)"},{"link_name":"murder of Grace Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Grace_Brown"},{"link_name":"Chester Gillette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Gillette"},{"link_name":"electric chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chair"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"George Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Harry Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Brown_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Michael Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Clift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Clift"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Shelley Winters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_Winters"},{"link_name":"Anne Revere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Revere"},{"link_name":"Raymond Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Burr"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gail Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Patrick"},{"link_name":"Perry Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Mason"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Motion_Picture_%E2%80%93_Drama"},{"link_name":"one of the greatest American films ever made","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_considered_the_best"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"National Film Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Registry"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"}],"text":"A Place in the Sun is a 1951 American drama film based on the 1925 novel An American Tragedy by Theodore Dreiser and the 1926 play, also titled An American Tragedy. It tells the story of a working-class young man who is entangled with two women: one who works in his wealthy uncle's factory, and the other a beautiful socialite. Another adaptation of the novel had been filmed once before, as An American Tragedy, in 1931. All these works were inspired by the real-life murder of Grace Brown by Chester Gillette in 1906, which resulted in Gillette's conviction and execution by electric chair in 1908.[1]A Place in the Sun was directed by George Stevens from a screenplay by Harry Brown and Michael Wilson, and stars Montgomery Clift, Elizabeth Taylor, and Shelley Winters; its supporting actors included Anne Revere and Raymond Burr.[2][3] Burr's performance impressed TV producer Gail Patrick, and would later lead to her casting him as Perry Mason.The film was a critical and commercial success, winning six Academy Awards and the first-ever Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. The film is sometimes considered one of the greatest American films ever made.[4] In 1991, A Place in the Sun was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".","title":"A Place in the Sun (1951 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day"}],"text":"In 1950, George Eastman, the poor nephew of rich industrialist Charles Eastman, is offered an entry-level job at his uncle’s factory, where he begins dating co-worker Alice Tripp. Alice believes George’s Eastman name will bring her advantages. George \nis invited by Charles to a social event, where George meets socialite Angela Vickers. There is a mutual attraction and they fall in love. Just as George enters the intoxicating and care-free lifestyle his new life with Angela brings, Alice announces she is pregnant and, unable to procure an abortion, expects George to marry her. George puts Alice off and continues spending more time with Angela without Alice's knowledge. George is invited to Angela's family lake house over Labor Day and tells Alice the visit will advance his career. Alice discovers George's lie after seeing a newspaper photograph of George and Angela boating with friends. Alice calls George at the Vickers home and threatens to come there and reveal herself unless he leaves and returns to her. Shaken, George tells his hosts his mother is sick and he must leave.The next morning, George and Alice drive to City Hall to get married but it is closed for Labor Day. George is relieved and, remembering Alice cannot swim, begins forming a plan to drown her in the lake by feigning an accident. Alice unsuspectingly agrees to the lake venture. Arriving at the lake, George attempts to cover for the upcoming murder by falsely stranding his car in the woods and renting a rowboat under a false name. While they are out on the lake, Alice talks about her dreams concerning their happy future together with their child. As George apparently takes pity on her, Alice tries to stand up in the boat, causing it to capsize, and Alice drowns.George escapes, swims to shore, behaves suspiciously when he comes across campers on his way back to the car, and eventually drives to the Vickers' lodge. He fails to report the accident. Alice's body is discovered and her death is treated as a homicide as the evidence against George begins to mount. Just as Angela's father approves Angela's marriage to him, George is arrested and charged with Alice's murder. George's furtive actions before and after Alice's death condemn him. His denials are futile, and he is found guilty of murder and sentenced to death in the electric chair. Near the end, he agrees when the priest suggests that, although he did not kill Alice, he did not act to save her because he was thinking of Angela. The priest then states that, in his heart, it was murder. Angela visits George in prison, saying that she will always love him, and George slowly marches toward his execution.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montgomery Clift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Clift"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Shelley Winters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_Winters"},{"link_name":"Anne Revere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Revere"},{"link_name":"Keefe Brasselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keefe_Brasselle"},{"link_name":"Fred Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Clark"},{"link_name":"Raymond Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Burr"},{"link_name":"Herbert Heyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Heyes"},{"link_name":"Shepperd Strudwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepperd_Strudwick"},{"link_name":"Frieda Inescort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieda_Inescort"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Givney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Givney"},{"link_name":"Walter Sande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sande"},{"link_name":"Ted de Corsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_de_Corsia"},{"link_name":"John Ridgely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ridgely"},{"link_name":"Paul Frees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Frees"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Ian Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wolfe"},{"link_name":"Ken Christy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Christy"}],"text":"Montgomery Clift as George Eastman\nElizabeth Taylor as Angela Vickers\nShelley Winters as Alice Tripp\nAnne Revere as Hannah Eastman\nKeefe Brasselle as Earl Eastman\nFred Clark as Bellows, defense attorney\nRaymond Burr as Dist. Atty. R. Frank Marlowe\nHerbert Heyes as Charles Eastman\nShepperd Strudwick as Anthony \"Tony\" Vickers\nFrieda Inescort as Mrs. Ann Vickers\nKathryn Givney as Louise Eastman\nWalter Sande as Art Jansen, George's Attorney\nTed de Corsia as Judge R.S. Oldendorff\nJohn Ridgely as Coroner\nDouglas Spencer as the Boat Keeper\nLois Chartrand as Marsha\nPaul Frees as Rev. Morrison\nKathleen Freeman as Factory Worker/Prosecution Witness (uncredited)\nIan Wolfe as Dr. Wyeland (uncredited)\nKen Christy as Warden (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Production Code Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_Code_Administration"},{"link_name":"Joseph I. Breen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_I._Breen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In a November 14, 1949, letter from the Production Code Administration, Joseph I. Breen pointed out an issue regarding the dialogue between Alice and her doctor. Breen cautioned against direct references to abortion, specifically the line in the script in which Alice says, \"Doctor, you've got to help me.\" In the finished film, the line became, \"Somebody's got to help me\" and, while abortion is rather clearly implied, the film does not include any actual mention of it.[5]In 1965, director Stevens threatened to sue for US$1,000,000 any TV station that inserted any commercial into the running of his film without his specific approval of the ad.[6]","title":"Censorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Edith Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Head"},{"link_name":"prom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prom"},{"link_name":"dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_gown"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"wedding dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_dress"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Elia Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elia_Kazan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"American Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"100 Years...100 Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Movies"},{"link_name":"100 Years...100 Passions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Passions"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"British Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"David Mamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mamet"},{"link_name":"The Godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather"},{"link_name":"Galaxy Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Quest"},{"link_name":"Dodsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodsworth_(film)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The film earned an estimated $3.5 million at the U.S. and Canadian box office, and earned critical acclaim in 1951.[7][8] Upon seeing the film, Charlie Chaplin called it \"the greatest movie ever made about America\".[9]One impact of the film was from the Edith Head white party dress with its bust covered with flower blossoms worn by Taylor; it was the most popular prom dress style in the U.S. in 1951[10] and influenced prom and wedding dress design for the rest of the decade.[11]The film's acclaim has not completely held up over time. Reappraisals of the film find that much of what was exciting about the film in 1951 is not as potent in the 21st century. Critics cite the slow pace, the exaggerated melodrama, and the outdated social commentary as qualities present in A Place in the Sun that are not present in the great films of the era, such as those by Alfred Hitchcock and Elia Kazan, although the performances by Clift, Taylor, and Winters continue to receive praise.[12][13][14][15]Still, many consider the film to be a classic. It was listed at No. 92 in American Film Institute's 1998 list 100 Years...100 Movies, and No. 53 in 100 Years...100 Passions in 2002, while the film holds a strong 82% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 38 reviews.[16] In 2013, the British Film Institute re-released the picture across the United Kingdom because of its significant merit.[17]Acclaimed writer-director David Mamet, in his book Bambi vs. Godzilla: On the Nature, Purpose, and Practice of the Movie Business, included A Place in the Sun in a list of four \"perfect\" films, along with The Godfather, Galaxy Quest and Dodsworth.[18]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Place_in_the_sun_premiere.JPG"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Clift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Clift"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Place_in_the_Sun_(1959_reissue_poster).jpg"}],"text":"Montgomery Clift at the premiere of A Place in the Sun (1951)Poster for a 1959 theatrical re-release","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Tibbetts, John C., and James M. Welsh, eds. The Encyclopedia of Novels Into Film (2nd ed. 2005) pp 15–17.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Montgomery Clift at the premiere of A Place in the Sun (1951)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/A_Place_in_the_sun_premiere.JPG/220px-A_Place_in_the_sun_premiere.JPG"},{"image_text":"Poster for a 1959 theatrical re-release","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/A_Place_in_the_Sun_%281959_reissue_poster%29.jpg/220px-A_Place_in_the_Sun_%281959_reissue_poster%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"York, Michelle (July 11, 2006). \"Century After Murder, American Tragedy Draws Crowd\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/nyregion/11tragedy.html","url_text":"\"Century After Murder, American Tragedy Draws Crowd\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Place in the Sun\". Variety (Film review; poor reproduction quality). Vol. 183, no. 6. New York, New York. July 18, 1951. p. 6. Retrieved February 12, 2021 – via mediahistory collection at Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety183-1951-07/page/n191/mode/1up","url_text":"\"A Place in the Sun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"\"A Place in the Sun\" with Montgomery Clift, Elizabeth Taylor and Shelley Winters\". Harrison's Reports (Film review). Vol. XXXIII, no. 29. New York, New York. July 21, 1951. p. 115. Retrieved February 12, 2021 – via Media History Digital Library at Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/harrisonsreports00harr/page/n134/mode/1up","url_text":"\"\"A Place in the Sun\" with Montgomery Clift, Elizabeth Taylor and Shelley Winters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%27s_Reports_and_Film_Reviews","url_text":"Harrison's Reports"}]},{"reference":"\"The 100 greatest American films\". www.bbc.com. Retrieved February 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150720-the-100-greatest-american-films","url_text":"\"The 100 greatest American films\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Place in the Sun (1951)\". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413222947/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/4789/A-Place-in-the-Sun/notes.html","url_text":"\"A Place in the Sun (1951)\""},{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/4789/A-Place-in-the-Sun/notes.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mooring, William H. (November 12, 1965). \"Legal Test Case Scheduled On TV Editing Of Movies\". The Voice. p. 29. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thecatholicnewsarchive.org/?a=d&d=fcat19651112-01.1.29&srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1-byDA.rev-txt-txIN-%22Legal+Test+Case+Scheduled%22-------","url_text":"\"Legal Test Case Scheduled On TV Editing Of Movies\""}]},{"reference":"Matelski, Elizabeth M. (2011). The Color(s) of Perfection: The Feminine Body, Beauty Ideals, and Identity in Postwar America, 1945-1970 (Dissertation). Loyola eCommons. p. 30. Docket 158. Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/158/","url_text":"The Color(s) of Perfection: The Feminine Body, Beauty Ideals, and Identity in Postwar America, 1945-1970"}]},{"reference":"Truhler, Kimberly (January 25, 2013). \"The Style Essentials - Edith Head Style Finds A Place in the Sun at 2013 Golden Globes\". www.glamamor.com. GlamAmor. Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glamamor.com/2013/01/the-style-essentials-edith-head-style.html","url_text":"\"The Style Essentials - Edith Head Style Finds A Place in the Sun at 2013 Golden Globes\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Place in the Sun\". Rotten Tomatoes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/place_in_the_sun/","url_text":"\"A Place in the Sun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"Mamet, David (2008). Bambi vs. Godzilla: On the Nature, Purpose, and Practice of the Movie Business. Vintage. ISBN 978-1400034444.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400034444","url_text":"978-1400034444"}]},{"reference":"\"Festival de Cannes: A Place in the Sun\". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120318202154/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4069/year/1951.html","url_text":"\"Festival de Cannes: A Place in the Sun\""},{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4069/year/1951.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/nyregion/11tragedy.html","external_links_name":"\"Century After Murder, American Tragedy Draws Crowd\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/variety183-1951-07/page/n191/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"A Place in the Sun\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/harrisonsreports00harr/page/n134/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"\"A Place in the Sun\" with Montgomery Clift, Elizabeth Taylor and Shelley Winters\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150720-the-100-greatest-american-films","external_links_name":"\"The 100 greatest American films\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413222947/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/4789/A-Place-in-the-Sun/notes.html","external_links_name":"\"A Place in the Sun (1951)\""},{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/4789/A-Place-in-the-Sun/notes.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://thecatholicnewsarchive.org/?a=d&d=fcat19651112-01.1.29&srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1-byDA.rev-txt-txIN-%22Legal+Test+Case+Scheduled%22-------","external_links_name":"\"Legal Test Case Scheduled On TV Editing Of Movies\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/1951/film/reviews/a-place-in-the-sun-1200417074/","external_links_name":"\"Review: A Place in the Sun.\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecinematheque.ca/a-place-in-the-sun/","external_links_name":"\"A Place in the Sun.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140717091149/http://www.thecinematheque.ca/a-place-in-the-sun","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/158/","external_links_name":"The Color(s) of Perfection: The Feminine Body, Beauty Ideals, and Identity in Postwar America, 1945-1970"},{"Link":"http://www.glamamor.com/2013/01/the-style-essentials-edith-head-style.html","external_links_name":"\"The Style Essentials - Edith Head Style Finds A Place in the Sun at 2013 Golden Globes\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/a-place-in-the-sun/Film?oid=1049676","external_links_name":"\"A Place in the Sun.\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.com/london/film/a-place-in-the-sun","external_links_name":"\"A Place in the Sun (U).\""},{"Link":"https://movies.tvguide.com/a-place-in-the-sun/review/109291","external_links_name":"\"A Place in the Sun.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142534/http://movies.tvguide.com/a-place-in-the-sun/review/109291","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/4789/A-Place-in-the-Sun/","external_links_name":"\"A Place in the Sun.\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/place_in_the_sun/","external_links_name":"\"A Place in the Sun\""},{"Link":"https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/hollywoods-beautiful-people-place-sun","external_links_name":"\"Hollywood's beautiful people\"."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120318202154/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4069/year/1951.html","external_links_name":"\"Festival de Cannes: A Place in the Sun\""},{"Link":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4069/year/1951.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043924/","external_links_name":"A Place in the Sun"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v38269","external_links_name":"A Place in the Sun"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/4789/enwp","external_links_name":"A Place in the Sun"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/50249","external_links_name":"A Place in the Sun"},{"Link":"https://movies.tvguide.com/a-place-in-the-sun/review/109291","external_links_name":"A Place in the Sun"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142534/http://movies.tvguide.com/a-place-in-the-sun/review/109291","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.filmsite.org/plac.html","external_links_name":"A Place in the Sun"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/place_in_the_sun","external_links_name":"A Place in the Sun"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/231312877","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7741834-7","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSPD	Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany	["1 Historical and theoretical development","2 After the split","3 Social reforms","4 Election results","5 Reunification with the USPD","6 References"]	Name of the main German Social Democratic Party 1917–1922 The Council of the People's Deputies in 1919 when all members were from the MSPD. Left to right: Otto Landsberg, Philipp Scheidemann, Gustav Noske, Friedrich Ebert, Rudolf WissellThe Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Mehrheitssozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, MSPD) was the name officially used by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) between April 1917 and September 1922. The name differentiated it from the Independent Social Democratic Party (Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, USPD), which split from the SPD as a result of the party majority's support of the government during the First World War. Governments led by the MSPD steered Germany through the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the first years of the Weimar Republic. They followed a moderate course towards a parliamentary system and often used military force against the radical left groups that wanted a soviet style government. The MSPD introduced important social reforms such as the eight-hour workday and early forms of unemployment and health insurance. The party won more votes than any other in the first two national elections. The breakaway USPD was considerably weakened after the Spartacus League, its revolutionary wing, joined with other communist groups to form the Communist Party of Germany in January 1919. In 1922 the majority of the remaining USPD members united with the MSPD, and the party returned to its original SPD name. Historical and theoretical development Eduard Bernstein, who began the reformist movement within the SPD, in 1895 Significant disputes over the direction of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) began with the revisionist debate triggered by Eduard Bernstein. He and his supporters sought to achieve socialism not through revolution, the original goal of the SPD, but through reforms and democratic majorities legitimised in general elections. The reformist wing of the party – or "revisionist" in the party's internal parlance at the time – gradually gained acceptance within the SPD. By the time of the repeal of the Bismarckian Anti-Socialist Laws in 1890, the majority of the party in its practical politics had come to accept and support parliamentarism. After the death in 1913 of party chairman August Bebel, who had stood as a figure who could integrate the party's two wings, Friedrich Ebert was elected to the leadership of the party. His was a clearly moderate voice that continued to champion the reformist course. Internal party differences between the anti-reformists and reformists were exacerbated by the outbreak of the First World War, in particular the issue of Burgfriedenspolitik, an agreement among the parties in the Reichstag that subordinated party interests to war policy and national interest. The trade unions refrained from striking, all parties supported war credits and agreed not to criticize the government and its handling of the war. The majority of the SPD Reichstag party membership under the leadership of Ebert and Hugo Haase, who later moved to the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), supported Burgfriedenspolitik and the war policy of the German Empire.Karl Liebknecht of the SPD, a leading anti-war figure, shown here in 1912At the end of 1914, Karl Liebknecht of the SPD was the first member of the Reichstag to vote against war credits. He was expelled from the party in 1916 for his opposition to its leadership. The SPD's left-wing revolutionary International Group, which was founded by Rosa Luxemburg and renamed the Spartacus Group in 1916 and the Spartacus League in 1918, had also agitated against the war from the outset. Over time, the deadlocked course of the war, with tens of thousands of fallen soldiers and growing hardship among the German population, led to increasing doubts about its justifications among both the general population and in the ranks of the Social Democrats. By 1915/1916, members of the Marxist wing and moderate leftists and reformists such as Hugo Haase and Eduard Bernstein opposed the war. In 1917 the anti-war faction within the party had grown to 45 members. In March the majority of the SPD parliamentary membership, led by Ebert and Philipp Scheidemann, voted to expel the opponents of the war. At a conference from 6–8 April 1917 in Gotha, the former members founded the USPD, with the Spartacus group around Luxemburg, Liebknecht and Clara Zetkin as its left wing. To distinguish itself from the USPD, the remaining part of the SPD was renamed the Majority SPD, or MSPD. After the split Karl Kautsky, the long-time editor of the journal Die Neue Zeit, and leading theorists of the reform wing also moved to the USPD. In the remaining Majority SPD, the former left-wing anti-revisionists of the Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch group, who were close to the German-Russian journalist Alexander Parvus, influenced the theoretical debates instead of Kautsky and Bernstein from 1915 onwards. Their aim was to utilise the hoped-for German victory in the First World War to implement a socialist order in Europe and liberate the peoples of Eastern Europe from the "yoke of tsarism". In June 1917, the MSPD, Centre Party and Progressive People's Party formed a Reichstag Intergroup Committee (Interfraktioneller Ausschuss) in a tentative step towards the parliamentarization of the German Empire. Its primary achievement was the German constitutional reforms of October 1918, which made the chancellor responsible to the Reichstag rather than to the emperor and required parliamentary approval for declarations of war and peace. Since the reforms were adopted only on 28 October 1918, they were quickly overtaken by the collapse of the Empire at the end of World War I.Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD and republican Germany's first president, in 1918 On 9 September 1918, in the early days of the German Revolution of 1918–1919 that followed Germany's defeat, Prince Maximilian von Baden, the last chancellor of the German Empire, handed the government over to Friedrich Ebert as head of the party with the largest number of seats in the Reichstag. Initially the party yielded more to the pressure of events than act on specific plans to run a revolutionary government. Ebert's early considerations to refrain from abolishing the monarchy in order to prevent a civil war, for example, proved illusory. The Spartacus League and parts of the USPD advocated the formation of a soviet republic such as the one proclaimed a year earlier during the October Revolution in Russia. Only a minority of the active revolutionary soldiers' and workers' councils who supported the revolution, however, had the example of the Russian Bolsheviks in mind. The majority of them were striving primarily for an end to the war and military rule. With that goal in mind, they backed the MSPD leadership, whom they trusted, and called for the reunification of the Majority SPD with the Independent SPD. The MSPD leadership then offered to form a Council of the People's Deputies with the USPD as the new government. The resulting revolutionary government, with three members each from the MSPD and USPD under the leadership of Ebert and Haase, saw itself as a provisional government for the revolutionary upheaval phase and committed itself to a constituent body that would be created through general elections. At the end of 1918, the coalition between the MSPD and USPD collapsed due to a dispute about the use of the military against the rebellious sailors of the People's Navy Division (Volksmarinedivision) during the Christmas crisis. The MSPD, which from that point on formed the government alone, attempted unsuccessfully to establish a democratic people's army or to rely on MSPD volunteer organisations for armed support. When the Council of the People's Deputies was attacked during the Spartacist uprising in January 1919, they decided to trust to the troops led by the old imperial officers and leaders of the newly constituted Freikorps. Gustav Noske, MSPD Reichswehr minister The bloody suppression of the Spartacist uprising and the Bavarian Soviet Republic by right-wing nationalist Freikorps units recruited by Gustav Noske (MSPD) at the turn of the year 1918/19 left the MSPD in reasonably firm control by mid-1919. Noske, who later became the Weimar Republic's first Reichswehr minister, was politically responsible for the murders by Freikorps units of many revolutionaries, including Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht on 15 January 1919. The actions taken by Ebert, Noske and Scheidemann during the months of the November Revolution led to the accusation by both parliamentary and non-parliamentary left-wing parties and groups that the MSPD had betrayed the revolution and thus, to a large extent, its own supporters. The Spartacus League and other left-wing revolutionary groups founded the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) on 1 January 1919. It marked the final separation between the revolutionary and reformist wings of social democracy. Social reforms This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The new government faced a social crisis in Germany following the end of the First World War, with the country threatened by hunger and chaos. The return of soldiers into civilian life was for the most part orderly, and efforts were made to combat the threat of starvation. The government of the Council of the People's Deputies raised wage levels and introduced universal proportional representation for both national and state parliaments. A series of regulations on unemployment benefits, job creation and protection, health insurance and pensions introduced important political and social reforms. In February 1918, workers had made an agreement with employers which secured them freedom of association, the legal guarantee of an eight-hour workday and the extension of wage agreements to all branches of trade and industry. The Council of the People's Deputies made the changes legally binding. In addition, the MSPD-steered provisional government introduced binding state arbitration of labour conflicts, created worker's councils in large industrial firms, and opened the path to the unionization of rural labourers. In December 1918, a decree was passed providing relief for the unemployed. Communities were to be responsible for 33% of unemployment relief (without fixing a monetary amount) and the national government would contribute 50%. Responsibility for job placement was first transferred from the Demobilization Office to the minister of Labour and then to the National Employment Exchange Office, which was created in January 1920. Election results In the January 1919 election for the Weimar National Assembly, which was tasked with writing a new constitution, the MSPD captured 37.9% of the vote and 163 seats, almost twice as many as the second place finisher; the USPD gained 7.6% of the vote and 22 seats. The outcome of the 1920 election to the first Weimar Reichstag was quite different. The MSPD's share slipped to 21.9% and 103 seats, while the USPD's jumped to 17.6% and 83 seats, putting it in second place; the Communist Party of Germany received 2.1% of the vote and 4 seats. The MSPD's losses were due primarily to the effects of the government's handling of the Kapp Putsch and the ensuing Ruhr uprising. It had distanced itself from its initial call for a general strike to oppose the putsch because the move had angered the military on which it was relying, and the Ruhr uprising was harshly and bloodily suppressed by the military and Freikorps. Most of the voters the MSPD lost went to the USPD and KPD. In the new republic's first presidential election in August 1919, Friedrich Ebert defeated Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner of the conservative German National People's Party by 73% to 13%. Reunification with the USPD In 1920, a little over half of the members of the USPD voted to join the KPD. The remnant of the USPD lost membership and money trying to steer a course between the KPD and MSPD. The assassination of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau by members of the ultra-nationalist paramilitary Organisation Consul in June 1922 and the growth of the extreme Right led both the MSPD and the USPD to the view that saving the Republic was more important than their already shrinking political differences. The two parties' Reichstag memberships joined to form a working group on 14 July 1922, and at a united party congress in Nuremberg on 24 September, the parties reunited. References ^ Fowkes, Ben (2014). The German Left and the Weimar Republic: A Selection of Documents. Leyden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 14. ISBN 9789004271081. Retrieved 5 December 2017. ^ Angel, Pierre Robert (14 December 2023). "Eduard Bernstein". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 December 2023. ^ Conradt, David P. (15 December 2023). "Social Democratic Party of Germany". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 December 2023. ^ Matthias, Erich (9 August 2023). "August Bebel". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 December 2023. ^ a b "Friedrich Ebert 1871–1925. Vom Arbeiterführer zum Reichspräsidenten" . Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2023. ^ "Friedrich Ebert 1875–1925". Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2023. ^ Kruse, Wolfgang (6 May 2013). "Burgfrieden und Innenpolitik" . Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2023. ^ Windsor, Tara (2 October 2019). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.). "Haase, Hugo". 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Freie Universität Berlin. Retrieved 30 December 2023. ^ a b Kalmbach, Karena (6 September 2014). "Die Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (USPD)" . Deutsches Historisches Museum (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2023. ^ a b c d e Ghanem, Michael (2019). Im Würgegriff der politischen Parteien. Teil 1: Im Jahr 2019 (in German). Ahrensburg: tredition. pp. ebook. ISBN 978-3-7482-7933-4. ^ Mühlhausen, Walter (18 December 2015). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.). "Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)". 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Freie Universität Berlin. Retrieved 30 December 2023. ^ "The last year of the German Empire". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 December 2023. ^ McElligott, Anthony (25 February 1928). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.). "Workers' or Revolutionary Councils". 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Freie Universität Berlin. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ Gietinger Karl, Klaus; Roth, Heinz (2007). "Die Verantwortung der Mehrheitssozialdemokratie für die Morde der deutschen Gegenrevolution im Jahr 1919. Eine Dokumentation" . Sozial Geschichte (in German). 22: 82–102. ISSN 1660-2870. ^ "Wahl zur Nationalversammlung 1919" . gonschior.de (in German). Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Reichstagswahl 1920/22" . gonschior.de (in German). Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ Asmuss, Burkhard (8 June 2011). "Der Lüttwitz-Kapp-Putsch 1920". Deutsches Historisches Museum (in German). Retrieved 5 January 2024. ^ Howard, Nick (1999). "The German revolution defeated and fascism deferred". In McElligott, Anthony; Kirk, Tim (eds.). Opposing Fascism. Community, Authority and Resistance in Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-1139435055. vtePolitical parties in Germany until the end of World War ISocialist General German Workers' Association (ADAV) Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP) Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD) Catholic Centre Party (Zentrum) LiberalSocial liberal German Progress Party (DFP) Democratic People's Party (DVP) German People's Party (DtVP) Liberal Union (LV) German Free-minded Party (DFsP) Free-minded People's Party (FVP) Free-minded Union (FV) National-Social Association (NSV) Democratic Union (DV) Progressive People's Party (FVP) National liberal National Liberal Party (NLP) Imperial Liberal Party (LRP) Conservative Free Conservative Party (FKP) German Conservative Party (DkP) Christian Social Party (CSP) German Fatherland Party Conservative Party (Prussia) Antisemitic German Reform Party (DRP) German Social Party (DSP) German Social Reform Party (DSRP) Regionalist Saxon People's Party German-Hanoverian Party (DHP) Bavarian Peasants' League (BB) Polish Party Danish Party vtePolitical parties in Germany in the Weimar Republic (1918–1933)Communist Communist Party of Germany (KPD) Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD) Communist Party Opposition (KPO) Socialist, Social Democratic and Democratic Socialist Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD) Old Social Democratic Party of Germany (ASPD) Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD) Agrarian Bavarian Peasants' League (BB) Agricultural League Schleswig-Holstein Farmers and Farmworkers Democracy (SHBLD) Christian National Peasants' and Farmers' Party (CNBL) German Farmers' Party (DBP) Catholic Bavarian People's Party (BVP) Centre Party (Zentrum) Christian People's Party (CVP) Liberal German Democratic Party (DDP) German People's Party (DVP) German State Party (DStP) Conservative German National People's Party (DnVp) Reich Party of the German Middle Class (WP) Reich Party for Civil Rights and Deflation (VRP) Christian Social People's Service (CSVD) Conservative People's Party (KVP) German-Hanoverian Party (DHP) Völkische and Nazi German Workers' Party (DAP) German Social Party (DSP) German Socialist Party (DSP) Greater German People's Community (GVG) National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP) National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFB)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1977-074-08,_Volksbeauftragte_Landsberg,_Scheidemann,_Noske,_Ebert,_Wissell.jpg"},{"link_name":"Council of the People's Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_People%27s_Deputies"},{"link_name":"Otto Landsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Landsberg"},{"link_name":"Philipp Scheidemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Scheidemann"},{"link_name":"Gustav Noske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Noske"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Wissell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Wissell"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Independent Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"German Revolution of 1918–1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Spartacus League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus_League"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany"}],"text":"The Council of the People's Deputies in 1919 when all members were from the MSPD. Left to right: Otto Landsberg, Philipp Scheidemann, Gustav Noske, Friedrich Ebert, Rudolf WissellThe Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Mehrheitssozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, MSPD) was the name officially used by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) between April 1917 and September 1922.[1] The name differentiated it from the Independent Social Democratic Party (Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, USPD), which split from the SPD as a result of the party majority's support of the government during the First World War.Governments led by the MSPD steered Germany through the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the first years of the Weimar Republic. They followed a moderate course towards a parliamentary system and often used military force against the radical left groups that wanted a soviet style government. The MSPD introduced important social reforms such as the eight-hour workday and early forms of unemployment and health insurance. The party won more votes than any other in the first two national elections.The breakaway USPD was considerably weakened after the Spartacus League, its revolutionary wing, joined with other communist groups to form the Communist Party of Germany in January 1919. In 1922 the majority of the remaining USPD members united with the MSPD, and the party returned to its original SPD name.","title":"Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernstein_Eduard_1895.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eduard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Eduard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Anti-Socialist Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws"},{"link_name":"parliamentarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentarism"},{"link_name":"August Bebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Bebel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Burgfriedenspolitik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgfriedenspolitik"},{"link_name":"Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Hugo Haase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Haase"},{"link_name":"Independent Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Liebknecht_(um_1912).jpg"},{"link_name":"Karl Liebknecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht"},{"link_name":"Karl Liebknecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht"},{"link_name":"International Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus_League#The_International_Group"},{"link_name":"Rosa Luxemburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg"},{"link_name":"Spartacus League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Philipp Scheidemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Scheidemann"},{"link_name":"Gotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotha"},{"link_name":"Clara Zetkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Zetkin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"}],"text":"Eduard Bernstein, who began the reformist movement within the SPD, in 1895Significant disputes over the direction of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) began with the revisionist debate triggered by Eduard Bernstein. He and his supporters sought to achieve socialism not through revolution, the original goal of the SPD, but through reforms and democratic majorities legitimised in general elections. The reformist wing of the party – or \"revisionist\" in the party's internal parlance at the time – gradually gained acceptance within the SPD.[2][3] By the time of the repeal of the Bismarckian Anti-Socialist Laws in 1890, the majority of the party in its practical politics had come to accept and support parliamentarism. After the death in 1913 of party chairman August Bebel, who had stood as a figure who could integrate the party's two wings,[4] Friedrich Ebert was elected to the leadership of the party. His was a clearly moderate voice that continued to champion the reformist course.[5]Internal party differences between the anti-reformists and reformists were exacerbated by the outbreak of the First World War, in particular the issue of Burgfriedenspolitik, an agreement among the parties in the Reichstag that subordinated party interests to war policy and national interest. The trade unions refrained from striking, all parties supported war credits and agreed not to criticize the government and its handling of the war. The majority of the SPD Reichstag party membership under the leadership of Ebert and Hugo Haase, who later moved to the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), supported Burgfriedenspolitik and the war policy of the German Empire.[6][7]Karl Liebknecht of the SPD, a leading anti-war figure, shown here in 1912At the end of 1914, Karl Liebknecht of the SPD was the first member of the Reichstag to vote against war credits. He was expelled from the party in 1916 for his opposition to its leadership. The SPD's left-wing revolutionary International Group, which was founded by Rosa Luxemburg and renamed the Spartacus Group in 1916 and the Spartacus League in 1918, had also agitated against the war from the outset.[5]Over time, the deadlocked course of the war, with tens of thousands of fallen soldiers and growing hardship among the German population, led to increasing doubts about its justifications among both the general population and in the ranks of the Social Democrats. By 1915/1916, members of the Marxist wing and moderate leftists and reformists such as Hugo Haase and Eduard Bernstein opposed the war.[8] In 1917 the anti-war faction within the party had grown to 45 members. In March the majority of the SPD parliamentary membership, led by Ebert and Philipp Scheidemann, voted to expel the opponents of the war. At a conference from 6–8 April 1917 in Gotha, the former members founded the USPD, with the Spartacus group around Luxemburg, Liebknecht and Clara Zetkin as its left wing. To distinguish itself from the USPD, the remaining part of the SPD was renamed the Majority SPD, or MSPD.[9]","title":"Historical and theoretical development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Kautsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Kautsky"},{"link_name":"Die Neue Zeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Neue_Zeit"},{"link_name":"Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch_group"},{"link_name":"Alexander Parvus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Parvus"},{"link_name":"tsarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Progressive People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_People%27s_Party_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"German constitutional reforms of October 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_constitutional_reforms_of_October_1918"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_Ebert_in_1918.jpg"},{"link_name":"German Revolution of 1918–1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919"},{"link_name":"Maximilian von Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_von_Baden"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"soviet republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_republic_(system_of_government)"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"Council of the People's Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_People%27s_Deputies"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"People's Navy Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksmarinedivision"},{"link_name":"Christmas crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_Christmas_crisis"},{"link_name":"Spartacist uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacist_uprising"},{"link_name":"Freikorps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freikorps"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noske_gustav_before1918.png"},{"link_name":"Gustav Noske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Noske"},{"link_name":"Reichswehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichswehr"},{"link_name":"Bavarian Soviet Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic"},{"link_name":"Gustav Noske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Noske"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Reichswehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichswehr"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"text":"Karl Kautsky, the long-time editor of the journal Die Neue Zeit, and leading theorists of the reform wing also moved to the USPD. In the remaining Majority SPD, the former left-wing anti-revisionists of the Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch group, who were close to the German-Russian journalist Alexander Parvus, influenced the theoretical debates instead of Kautsky and Bernstein from 1915 onwards. Their aim was to utilise the hoped-for German victory in the First World War to implement a socialist order in Europe and liberate the peoples of Eastern Europe from the \"yoke of tsarism\".[10]In June 1917, the MSPD, Centre Party and Progressive People's Party formed a Reichstag Intergroup Committee (Interfraktioneller Ausschuss) in a tentative step towards the parliamentarization of the German Empire. Its primary achievement was the German constitutional reforms of October 1918, which made the chancellor responsible to the Reichstag rather than to the emperor and required parliamentary approval for declarations of war and peace. Since the reforms were adopted only on 28 October 1918, they were quickly overtaken by the collapse of the Empire at the end of World War I.[11]Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD and republican Germany's first president, in 1918On 9 September 1918, in the early days of the German Revolution of 1918–1919 that followed Germany's defeat, Prince Maximilian von Baden, the last chancellor of the German Empire, handed the government over to Friedrich Ebert as head of the party with the largest number of seats in the Reichstag.[12] Initially the party yielded more to the pressure of events than act on specific plans to run a revolutionary government. Ebert's early considerations to refrain from abolishing the monarchy in order to prevent a civil war, for example, proved illusory.[10]The Spartacus League and parts of the USPD advocated the formation of a soviet republic such as the one proclaimed a year earlier during the October Revolution in Russia. Only a minority of the active revolutionary soldiers' and workers' councils who supported the revolution, however, had the example of the Russian Bolsheviks in mind. The majority of them were striving primarily for an end to the war and military rule. With that goal in mind, they backed the MSPD leadership, whom they trusted, and called for the reunification of the Majority SPD with the Independent SPD. The MSPD leadership then offered to form a Council of the People's Deputies with the USPD as the new government. The resulting revolutionary government, with three members each from the MSPD and USPD under the leadership of Ebert and Haase, saw itself as a provisional government for the revolutionary upheaval phase and committed itself to a constituent body that would be created through general elections.[13]At the end of 1918, the coalition between the MSPD and USPD collapsed due to a dispute about the use of the military against the rebellious sailors of the People's Navy Division (Volksmarinedivision) during the Christmas crisis. The MSPD, which from that point on formed the government alone, attempted unsuccessfully to establish a democratic people's army or to rely on MSPD volunteer organisations for armed support. When the Council of the People's Deputies was attacked during the Spartacist uprising in January 1919, they decided to trust to the troops led by the old imperial officers and leaders of the newly constituted Freikorps.[10]Gustav Noske, MSPD Reichswehr ministerThe bloody suppression of the Spartacist uprising and the Bavarian Soviet Republic by right-wing nationalist Freikorps units recruited by Gustav Noske (MSPD) at the turn of the year 1918/19 left the MSPD in reasonably firm control by mid-1919. Noske, who later became the Weimar Republic's first Reichswehr minister, was politically responsible for the murders by Freikorps units of many revolutionaries, including Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht on 15 January 1919.[10][14]The actions taken by Ebert, Noske and Scheidemann during the months of the November Revolution led to the accusation by both parliamentary and non-parliamentary left-wing parties and groups that the MSPD had betrayed the revolution and thus, to a large extent, its own supporters. The Spartacus League and other left-wing revolutionary groups founded the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) on 1 January 1919. It marked the final separation between the revolutionary and reformist wings of social democracy.[10]","title":"After the split"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"health insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_in_Germany"}],"text":"The new government faced a social crisis in Germany following the end of the First World War, with the country threatened by hunger and chaos. The return of soldiers into civilian life was for the most part orderly, and efforts were made to combat the threat of starvation. The government of the Council of the People's Deputies raised wage levels and introduced universal proportional representation for both national and state parliaments. A series of regulations on unemployment benefits, job creation and protection, health insurance and pensions introduced important political and social reforms. In February 1918, workers had made an agreement with employers which secured them freedom of association, the legal guarantee of an eight-hour workday and the extension of wage agreements to all branches of trade and industry. The Council of the People's Deputies made the changes legally binding. In addition, the MSPD-steered provisional government introduced binding state arbitration of labour conflicts, created worker's councils in large industrial firms, and opened the path to the unionization of rural labourers. In December 1918, a decree was passed providing relief for the unemployed. Communities were to be responsible for 33% of unemployment relief (without fixing a monetary amount) and the national government would contribute 50%. Responsibility for job placement was first transferred from the Demobilization Office to the minister of Labour and then to the National Employment Exchange Office, which was created in January 1920.","title":"Social reforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 1919 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Weimar National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_National_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"1920 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Weimar Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Kapp Putsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapp_Putsch"},{"link_name":"Ruhr uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_uprising"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"first presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_German_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_von_Posadowsky-Wehner"},{"link_name":"German National People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party"}],"text":"In the January 1919 election for the Weimar National Assembly, which was tasked with writing a new constitution, the MSPD captured 37.9% of the vote and 163 seats, almost twice as many as the second place finisher; the USPD gained 7.6% of the vote and 22 seats.[15] The outcome of the 1920 election to the first Weimar Reichstag was quite different. The MSPD's share slipped to 21.9% and 103 seats, while the USPD's jumped to 17.6% and 83 seats, putting it in second place; the Communist Party of Germany received 2.1% of the vote and 4 seats.[16] The MSPD's losses were due primarily to the effects of the government's handling of the Kapp Putsch and the ensuing Ruhr uprising. It had distanced itself from its initial call for a general strike to oppose the putsch because the move had angered the military on which it was relying, and the Ruhr uprising was harshly and bloodily suppressed by the military and Freikorps.[17] Most of the voters the MSPD lost went to the USPD and KPD.[18]In the new republic's first presidential election in August 1919, Friedrich Ebert defeated Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner of the conservative German National People's Party by 73% to 13%.","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walther Rathenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Rathenau"},{"link_name":"Organisation Consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_Consul"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"}],"text":"In 1920, a little over half of the members of the USPD voted to join the KPD. The remnant of the USPD lost membership and money trying to steer a course between the KPD and MSPD. The assassination of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau by members of the ultra-nationalist paramilitary Organisation Consul in June 1922 and the growth of the extreme Right led both the MSPD and the USPD to the view that saving the Republic was more important than their already shrinking political differences. The two parties' Reichstag memberships joined to form a working group on 14 July 1922, and at a united party congress in Nuremberg on 24 September, the parties reunited.[9]","title":"Reunification with the USPD"}]	[{"image_text":"The Council of the People's Deputies in 1919 when all members were from the MSPD. Left to right: Otto Landsberg, Philipp Scheidemann, Gustav Noske, Friedrich Ebert, Rudolf Wissell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1977-074-08%2C_Volksbeauftragte_Landsberg%2C_Scheidemann%2C_Noske%2C_Ebert%2C_Wissell.jpg/258px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1977-074-08%2C_Volksbeauftragte_Landsberg%2C_Scheidemann%2C_Noske%2C_Ebert%2C_Wissell.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eduard Bernstein, who began the reformist movement within the SPD, in 1895","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bernstein_Eduard_1895.jpg/161px-Bernstein_Eduard_1895.jpg"},{"image_text":"Karl Liebknecht of the SPD, a leading anti-war figure, shown here in 1912","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Karl_Liebknecht_%28um_1912%29.jpg/181px-Karl_Liebknecht_%28um_1912%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD and republican Germany's first president, in 1918","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Friedrich_Ebert_in_1918.jpg/170px-Friedrich_Ebert_in_1918.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gustav Noske, MSPD Reichswehr minister","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Noske_gustav_before1918.png/152px-Noske_gustav_before1918.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Fowkes, Ben (2014). The German Left and the Weimar Republic: A Selection of Documents. Leyden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 14. ISBN 9789004271081. Retrieved 5 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qlEMBAAAQBAJ&q=%22Majority+Social+Democratic+Party+of+Germany%22&pg=PA14","url_text":"The German Left and the Weimar Republic: A Selection of Documents"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004271081","url_text":"9789004271081"}]},{"reference":"Angel, Pierre Robert (14 December 2023). \"Eduard Bernstein\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eduard-Bernstein","url_text":"\"Eduard Bernstein\""}]},{"reference":"Conradt, David P. (15 December 2023). \"Social Democratic Party of Germany\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Social-Democratic-Party-of-Germany","url_text":"\"Social Democratic Party of Germany\""}]},{"reference":"Matthias, Erich (9 August 2023). \"August Bebel\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/August-Bebel","url_text":"\"August Bebel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Friedrich Ebert 1871–1925. Vom Arbeiterführer zum Reichspräsidenten\" [Friedrich Ebert 1871–1925. From Workers' Leader to Reich President]. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://library.fes.de/fulltext/historiker/00211005.htm","url_text":"\"Friedrich Ebert 1871–1925. Vom Arbeiterführer zum Reichspräsidenten\""}]},{"reference":"\"Friedrich Ebert 1875–1925\". Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.friedrich-ebert.de/friedrich-ebertde/sozialdemokratie","url_text":"\"Friedrich Ebert 1875–1925\""}]},{"reference":"Kruse, Wolfgang (6 May 2013). \"Burgfrieden und Innenpolitik\" [Burgfrieden and Domestic Policy]. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpb.de/themen/erster-weltkrieg-weimar/ersterweltkrieg/155305/burgfrieden-und-innenpolitik/","url_text":"\"Burgfrieden und Innenpolitik\""}]},{"reference":"Windsor, Tara (2 October 2019). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.). \"Haase, Hugo\". 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Freie Universität Berlin. Retrieved 30 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/haase_hugo","url_text":"\"Haase, Hugo\""}]},{"reference":"Kalmbach, Karena (6 September 2014). \"Die Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (USPD)\" [The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)]. Deutsches Historisches Museum (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/uspd.html","url_text":"\"Die Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (USPD)\""}]},{"reference":"Ghanem, Michael (2019). Im Würgegriff der politischen Parteien. Teil 1: Im Jahr 2019 [In the Stranglehold of the Political Parties. Part 1: In the Year 2019] (in German). Ahrensburg: tredition. pp. ebook. ISBN 978-3-7482-7933-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CzWaEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Alexander+Parvus%22+%22Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch%22&pg=PT196","url_text":"Im Würgegriff der politischen Parteien. 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Retrieved 30 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/German-Empire/The-last-year-of-the-German-Empire","url_text":"\"The last year of the German Empire\""}]},{"reference":"McElligott, Anthony (25 February 1928). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.). \"Workers' or Revolutionary Councils\". 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Freie Universität Berlin. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/workers_or_revolutionary_councils","url_text":"\"Workers' or Revolutionary Councils\""}]},{"reference":"Gietinger Karl, Klaus; Roth, Heinz (2007). \"Die Verantwortung der Mehrheitssozialdemokratie für die Morde der deutschen Gegenrevolution im Jahr 1919. Eine Dokumentation\" [The Responsibility of the Majority Social Democrats for the Murders of the German Counter-revolution in 1919. A Documentation]. Sozial Geschichte (in German). 22: 82–102. ISSN 1660-2870.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1660-2870","url_text":"1660-2870"}]},{"reference":"\"Wahl zur Nationalversammlung 1919\" [Election to the National Assembly 1919]. gonschior.de (in German). Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Deutschland/NV.html","url_text":"\"Wahl zur Nationalversammlung 1919\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reichstagswahl 1920/22\" [Reichstag Election 1920/22]. gonschior.de (in German). Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Deutschland/RT1.html","url_text":"\"Reichstagswahl 1920/22\""}]},{"reference":"Asmuss, Burkhard (8 June 2011). \"Der Lüttwitz-Kapp-Putsch 1920\". Deutsches Historisches Museum (in German). Retrieved 5 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/kapp/","url_text":"\"Der Lüttwitz-Kapp-Putsch 1920\""}]},{"reference":"Howard, Nick (1999). \"The German revolution defeated and fascism deferred\". In McElligott, Anthony; Kirk, Tim (eds.). Opposing Fascism. Community, Authority and Resistance in Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-1139435055.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nl8Nzw-FNUoC&pg=PA31","url_text":"Opposing Fascism. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Mallorca	Taifa of Majorca	["1 List of Emirs","1.1 Mujahid dynasty","1.2 Aglabid dynasty","1.3 Ghaniyid dynasty","2 See also"]	Coordinates: 39°37′59″N 2°44′48″E / 39.6331°N 2.7467°E / 39.6331; 2.7467This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Taifa of Majorca" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Taifa of Majorca1018–1203CapitalMajorcaCommon languagesArabicMozarabicHebrewReligion IslamRoman CatholicismJudaismGovernmentMonarchyHistorical eraMiddle Ages• Established 1018• Conquered by the Almohads 1203 CurrencyDirham and Dinar Preceded by Succeeded by Taifa of Dénia Almoravid dynasty Almohad Caliphate Today part ofSpain The Taifa of Majorca was a medieval Islamic taifa kingdom which existed from 1018 to 1203 in Majorca. It was founded by the Slavic warlord Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī. The first taifa lasted for about 50 years (1076-1116), first succumbing to a Christian crusade and later being occupied by the Almoravids. After a period in which the Balearic Islands were integrated into the Almoravid Empire, it ended up disintegrating, suffering the same fate as the Caliphate of Córdoba. It was ruled by the Aghlabid dynasty, an Arab Najdi dynasty of the Banu Tamim tribe. A new, independent kingdom arose, the second taifa (1147-1203), under the Banu Ghaniya dynasty, which would become the last Almoravid stronghold in Al-Andalus against the Almohads' advance. List of Emirs Mujahid dynasty Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī: 1018–1041 'Ali Iqbal ud-Dawlah: 1041–1075 Aglabid dynasty Ibn Aglab al-Murtada: 1076–1093 Mubassir: 1093–1114 Abu-l-Rabi Sulayman "El Burabe": 1114–1126 Ghaniyid dynasty Muhammad I: 1126–1155 Ishaq: c. 1155–1184 Muhammad II (deposed in a coup): 1184 d. 1187 Ali (left to conquer the Maghreb): 1184 Abu al-Zubayr or Talha: November 1184–1185 Muhammad II (restored): 1185–1185 Tashfin: 1185–1187 'Abdallah: 1187–1203 To Almohads: 1203–1229 See also List of Sunni Muslim dynasties vteTaifa Kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula11th Century Albarracín Algeciras Almería (I / II) Alpuente Arcos Badajoz Carmona Córdoba Dénia Granada Jerica Lleida Lisbon Lorca Málaga (I / II) Mallorca Mértola Molina Morón Murcia (I / II) Murviedro and Sagunto Niebla Ronda Saltés and Huelva Santa Maria do Algarve Segorbe Seville Silves Toledo (I / II) Tortosa (I / II) Valencia (I / II) Zaragoza 12th Century Almería (III) Arcos (II) Badajoz (II) Beja and Évora Carmona (II) Constantina and Hornachuelos Guadix and Baza Jaén (I / II) Jerez Málaga (III) Mértola (II / III) Murcia (III / IV) Niebla (II) Purchena Santarém Segura Silves (II) Tavira Tejada Valencia (III) 13th Century Arjona Baeza Dénia (II) Lorca (II) Málaga (IV) Menorca Murcia (V) Niebla (III) Orihuela Valencia (IV) 39°37′59″N 2°44′48″E / 39.6331°N 2.7467°E / 39.6331; 2.7467 This article about Al-Andalus is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"taifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muj%C4%81hid_al-%CA%BF%C4%80mir%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"a Christian crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1113%E2%80%9315_Balearic_Islands_expedition"},{"link_name":"Almoravids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravids"},{"link_name":"Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"Caliphate of Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba"},{"link_name":"Aghlabid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghlabids"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"Najdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd"},{"link_name":"Banu Tamim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Tamim"},{"link_name":"Banu Ghaniya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ghaniya"},{"link_name":"Al-Andalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"Almohads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohads"}],"text":"The Taifa of Majorca was a medieval Islamic taifa kingdom which existed from 1018 to 1203 in Majorca. It was founded by the Slavic warlord Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī.The first taifa lasted for about 50 years (1076-1116), first succumbing to a Christian crusade and later being occupied by the Almoravids. After a period in which the Balearic Islands were integrated into the Almoravid Empire, it ended up disintegrating, suffering the same fate as the Caliphate of Córdoba. It was ruled by the Aghlabid dynasty, an Arab Najdi dynasty of the Banu Tamim tribe.A new, independent kingdom arose, the second taifa (1147-1203), under the Banu Ghaniya dynasty, which would become the last Almoravid stronghold in Al-Andalus against the Almohads' advance.","title":"Taifa of Majorca"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Emirs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muj%C4%81hid_al-%CA%BF%C4%80mir%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"'Ali Iqbal ud-Dawlah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27Ali_Iqbal_ud-Dawlah&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Mujahid dynasty","text":"Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī: 1018–1041\n'Ali Iqbal ud-Dawlah: 1041–1075","title":"List of Emirs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibn Aglab al-Murtada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Aglab_al-Murtada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mubassir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mubassir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abu-l-Rabi Sulayman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu-l-Rabi_Sulayman&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Aglabid dynasty","text":"Ibn Aglab al-Murtada: 1076–1093\nMubassir: 1093–1114\nAbu-l-Rabi Sulayman \"El Burabe\": 1114–1126","title":"List of Emirs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_I_of_Majorca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Muhammad II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_II_of_Majorca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_ibn_Ghaniya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tashfin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashfin_ibn_Ishaq_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Ghaniya"},{"link_name":"'Abdallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Abdallah_ibn_Ghaniya"},{"link_name":"Almohads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohads"}],"sub_title":"Ghaniyid dynasty","text":"Muhammad I: 1126–1155\nIshaq: c. 1155–1184\nMuhammad II (deposed in a coup): 1184 d. 1187\nAli (left to conquer the Maghreb): 1184\nAbu al-Zubayr or Talha: November 1184–1185\nMuhammad II (restored): 1185–1185\nTashfin: 1185–1187\n'Abdallah: 1187–1203\nTo Almohads: 1203–1229","title":"List of Emirs"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Sunni Muslim 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travolta_(disambiguation)	Travolta (disambiguation)	[]	Look up Travolta in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. John Travolta (born 1954) is an American actor and singer Travolta may also refer to: Ellen Travolta (born 1939), American actress and sister of John Joey Travolta (born 1950), American actor, filmmaker, and brother of John Margaret Travolta, American actress and sister of John "Travolta" (song), by American experimental band Mr. Bungle The Travoltas, a band from the Netherlands Travolta dress, an evening gown once owned by Diana, Princess of Wales and named after John Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Travolta.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Travolta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Travolta"},{"link_name":"John Travolta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Travolta"},{"link_name":"Ellen Travolta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Travolta"},{"link_name":"Joey Travolta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Travolta"},{"link_name":"Margaret Travolta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Travolta"},{"link_name":"\"Travolta\" (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travolta_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Travoltas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Travoltas"},{"link_name":"Travolta dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travolta_dress"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Travolta_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Look up Travolta in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.John Travolta (born 1954) is an American actor and singerTravolta may also refer to:Ellen Travolta (born 1939), American actress and sister of John\nJoey Travolta (born 1950), American actor, filmmaker, and brother of John\nMargaret Travolta, American actress and sister of John\n\"Travolta\" (song), by American experimental band Mr. Bungle\nThe Travoltas, a band from the Netherlands\nTravolta dress, an evening gown once owned by Diana, Princess of Wales and named after JohnTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Travolta.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Travolta (disambiguation)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Travolta_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home-shopping	Home shopping	["1 History","2 Direct response","3 References"]	Shopping from home For the general sale of goods and services not through retail facilities, see Non-store retailing. This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. In particular, is this article about the concept of shopping from home or about television channels that exist to sell to people at home?. Please help clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Home shopping is the electronic retailing and home shopping channels industry, which includes such billion dollar television-based and e-commerce companies as Shop LC, HSN, Gemporia, TJC, QVC, eBay, ShopHQ, Buy.com and Amazon.com, as well as traditional mail order and brick and mortar retailers as Hammacher Schlemmer and Sears, Roebuck and Co. Home shopping allows consumers to shop for goods from the privacy of their own home, as opposed to traditional shopping, which requires one to visit brick and mortar stores and shopping malls. There are three main types of home shopping: mail or telephone ordering from catalogs; telephone ordering in response to advertisements in print and electronic media (such as periodicals, TV and radio); and online shopping. The study shows that home shopping are continuously preferred by the customers especially for those teleworkers and busy working class. History The possibility for merchants to show their goods through the world was the first usage of the "electroscope" (some kind of television apparatus) imagined by the author of the hoax published in the New York Sun, 30 March 1877. The first such attempt at broadcasting shopping news occurred on February 1, 1927 with the establishment of WASN radio in Boston; owned by John Shepard III, WASN boasted reports from fifteen different department stores in Greater Boston every two hours, mixed with pre-recorded and live orchestra music. Due to technical issues, the format was dropped after five months, and the station eventually merged operations into co-owned WNAC, today known as WBIX. The first experiments at broadcasting home shopping on television occurred in the UK as early as 1934. The home shopping/electronic retailing industry was created in 1977, when small market talk radio show host Bob Circosta was asked to sell avocado-green-colored can openers live on the air by station owner Bud Paxson, when an advertiser traded 112 units of product instead of paying his advertising bill. Hesitant at first, Circosta reluctantly obliged – and to both men's great surprise, all 112 can openers sold out within the hour. Paxson sensed the vast sales potential of home-based commerce, and founded the world's first shopping channel on cable television, later launching nationwide with the Home Shopping Network (rebranded as HSN). Bob Circosta was America's first-ever TV home shopping host, becoming one of the most instantly recognizable salesmen in the United States. Over the next three decades, Circosta sold over 75,000 different products on HSN, netted over 20,000 hours of live, on-air TV selling, and achieved personal product sales in excess of one billion dollars. (The story is disputed; there is some record of Paxson having unsuccessfully tried a similar format in 1969 on one of his earlier TV stations, WNYP in Jamestown, New York.) The classic television-based home shopping industry quickly became a major player in the retail industry. The two most successful shopping channels – HSN and QVC – generate a combined total of over 10 billion dollars in sales every year. And Jewelry Television is the largest gemstone retailer in the world. Amazon.com began as an online bookstore in 1994, created by Wall Street computer scientist Jeff Bezos. In addition to books, Amazon eventually added video games, computer software, electronics, apparel, and more to its sales repertoire. The company now generates over 200 billion dollars annually. In Europe, more than 150 home shopping channels were identified in activity in February 2018 by the European Audiovisual Observatory. Direct response Direct-response marketing is often considered to be a part of the home shopping/electronic retailing industry. The Electronic Retailing Association, when totaling the combined revenues from all the home shopping companies, estimates that in 2005, the industry generated over 320 billion dollars. Direct marketing is a marketing where buyers will give direct response to the sellers and seller will immediately take an order. References ^ Gould, Jane; Golob, Thomas F. (October 1997). "Shopping without travel or travel without shopping? an investigation of electronic home shopping". Transport Reviews. 17 (4): 355–376. doi:10.1080/01441649708716991. ISSN 0144-1647. S2CID 166945471. ^ "The Electroscope", The New York Sun, 30 March 1877. ^ "New Station Will Take Air Tomorrow." Boston Herald, January 30, 1927, p. 6A. ^ "WASN, Boston's New Radio Station, Opened". The Boston Globe. February 1, 1927. p. 25. Retrieved December 9, 2019. ^ Halper, Donna (2015). Invisible Stars: A Social History of Women in American Broadcasting. New York: Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 978-1317520184. ^ "Broadcast History - Boston Broadcasting". www.oldradio.com. Retrieved 2019-12-09. ^ "FCC History Cards for WEZE". ^ "La télévision permet d'acheter à distance", Le Monde illustré, 17 novembre 1934 ^ "To Get Style Views as Well As News", Flesherton Advance, 24 Oct 1934 ^ Fybush, Scott (January 12, 2015). Salary Controversy Ousts Public TV Exec. NorthEast Radio Watch. Retrieved January 12, 2015. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2021-01-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ MAVISE database, European Audiovisual Observatory, retrieved 20 February 2018	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-store retailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-store_retailing"},{"link_name":"shopping channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_channel"},{"link_name":"Shop LC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shop_LC"},{"link_name":"HSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Shopping_Network"},{"link_name":"Gemporia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemporia"},{"link_name":"TJC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewellery_Channel"},{"link_name":"QVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QVC"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"ShopHQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShopHQ"},{"link_name":"Buy.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buy.com"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"mail order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_order"},{"link_name":"brick and mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_and_mortar"},{"link_name":"Hammacher Schlemmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammacher_Schlemmer"},{"link_name":"Sears, Roebuck and Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_and_Co."},{"link_name":"consumers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer"},{"link_name":"stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailing"},{"link_name":"shopping malls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_malls"},{"link_name":"catalogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_order"},{"link_name":"periodicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodical"},{"link_name":"online shopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the general sale of goods and services not through retail facilities, see Non-store retailing.Home shopping is the electronic retailing and home shopping channels industry, which includes such billion dollar television-based and e-commerce companies as Shop LC, HSN, Gemporia, TJC, QVC, eBay, ShopHQ, Buy.com and Amazon.com, as well as traditional mail order and brick and mortar retailers as Hammacher Schlemmer and Sears, Roebuck and Co. 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The study shows that home shopping are continuously preferred by the customers especially for those teleworkers and busy working class.[1]","title":"Home shopping"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"John Shepard III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shepard_III"},{"link_name":"Greater Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"WBIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBIX"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"small market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_market"},{"link_name":"talk radio show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio_show"},{"link_name":"Bob Circosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Circosta"},{"link_name":"avocado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado"},{"link_name":"green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green"},{"link_name":"can openers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_opener"},{"link_name":"Bud Paxson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Paxson"},{"link_name":"advertiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertiser"},{"link_name":"shopping channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_channel"},{"link_name":"cable television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"},{"link_name":"Home Shopping Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Shopping_Network"},{"link_name":"HSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Shopping_Network"},{"link_name":"Bob Circosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Circosta"},{"link_name":"home shopping host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_shopping_host"},{"link_name":"HSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Shopping_Network"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"WNYP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNYB"},{"link_name":"Jamestown, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"HSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Shopping_Network"},{"link_name":"QVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QVC"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jewelry Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelry_Television"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"bookstore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookstore"},{"link_name":"Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"computer scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_scientist"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bezos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos"},{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games"},{"link_name":"computer software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software"},{"link_name":"electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"},{"link_name":"apparel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The possibility for merchants to show their goods through the world was the first usage of the \"electroscope\" (some kind of television apparatus) imagined by the author of the hoax published in the New York Sun, 30 March 1877.[2] The first such attempt at broadcasting shopping news occurred on February 1, 1927 with the establishment of WASN radio in Boston; owned by John Shepard III, WASN boasted reports from fifteen different department stores in Greater Boston every two hours, mixed with pre-recorded and live orchestra music.[3][4] Due to technical issues, the format was dropped after five months, and the station eventually merged operations into co-owned WNAC, today known as WBIX.[5][6][7] The first experiments at broadcasting home shopping on television occurred in the UK as early as 1934.[8][9]The home shopping/electronic retailing industry was created in 1977, when small market talk radio show host Bob Circosta was asked to sell avocado-green-colored can openers live on the air by station owner Bud Paxson, when an advertiser traded 112 units of product instead of paying his advertising bill. Hesitant at first, Circosta reluctantly obliged – and to both men's great surprise, all 112 can openers sold out within the hour. Paxson sensed the vast sales potential of home-based commerce, and founded the world's first shopping channel on cable television, later launching nationwide with the Home Shopping Network (rebranded as HSN). Bob Circosta was America's first-ever TV home shopping host, becoming one of the most instantly recognizable salesmen in the United States. Over the next three decades, Circosta sold over 75,000 different products on HSN, netted over 20,000 hours of live, on-air TV selling, and achieved personal product sales in excess of one billion dollars.[citation needed] (The story is disputed; there is some record of Paxson having unsuccessfully tried a similar format in 1969 on one of his earlier TV stations, WNYP in Jamestown, New York.)[10]The classic television-based home shopping industry quickly became a major player in the retail industry. The two most successful shopping channels – HSN and QVC – generate a combined total of over 10 billion dollars in sales every year.[citation needed] And Jewelry Television is the largest gemstone retailer in the world.Amazon.com began as an online bookstore in 1994, created by Wall Street computer scientist Jeff Bezos. In addition to books, Amazon eventually added video games, computer software, electronics, apparel, and more to its sales repertoire. The company now generates over 200 billion dollars annually.[11]In Europe, more than 150 home shopping channels were identified in activity in February 2018 by the European Audiovisual Observatory.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Direct-response marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-response_marketing"},{"link_name":"Electronic Retailing Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_Retailing_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Direct-response marketing is often considered to be a part of the home shopping/electronic retailing industry. The Electronic Retailing Association, when totaling the combined revenues from all the home shopping companies, estimates that in 2005, the industry generated over 320 billion dollars.[citation needed] Direct marketing is a marketing where buyers will give direct response to the sellers and seller will immediately take an order.[citation needed]","title":"Direct response"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gould, Jane; Golob, Thomas F. (October 1997). \"Shopping without travel or travel without shopping? an investigation of electronic home shopping\". Transport Reviews. 17 (4): 355–376. doi:10.1080/01441649708716991. ISSN 0144-1647. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Thunder_Bay_area	List of airports in the Thunder Bay area	["1 See also","2 References"]	Thunder Bayclass=notpageimage\| Location in Ontario The following active airports serve the Thunder Bay area of Ontario, Canada: Airport name ICAO/TC LID/IATA Location Coordinates Thunder Bay International Airport CYQT (YQT) Thunder Bay 48°22′19″N 089°19′26″W / 48.37194°N 89.32389°W / 48.37194; -89.32389 (Thunder Bay International Airport) Thunder Bay/Eldorado Aerodrome CED8 Thunder Bay 48°34′20″N 088°49′00″W / 48.57222°N 88.81667°W / 48.57222; -88.81667 (Thunder Bay/Eldorado Aerodrome) Thunder Bay (Health Science Centre) Heliport CTB2 Thunder Bay 48°25′24″N 089°16′11″W / 48.42333°N 89.26972°W / 48.42333; -89.26972 (Thunder Bay (Health Science Centre) Heliport) Thunder Bay (Martin's Landing) Aerodrome CML5 Thunder Bay 48°17′37″N 089°32′36″W / 48.29361°N 89.54333°W / 48.29361; -89.54333 (Thunder Bay (Martin’s Landing) Aerodrome) Thunder Bay Water Aerodrome CKE6 Thunder Bay 48°27′00″N 089°10′00″W / 48.45000°N 89.16667°W / 48.45000; -89.16667 (Thunder Bay Water Aerodrome) Thunder Bay/Two Island Lake Water Aerodrome CTI2 Thunder Bay 48°41′15″N 089°21′36″W / 48.68750°N 89.36000°W / 48.68750; -89.36000 (Thunder Bay/Two Island Lake Water Aerodrome) See also List of airports in the Bala, Ontario area List of airports in the Bracebridge area List of airports in the Fergus area List of airports in the London, Ontario area List of airports in the Ottawa area List of airports in the Parry Sound area List of airports in the Port Carling area List of airports in the Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario area List of airports in the Greater Toronto Area References ^ Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020. ^ Nav Canada's Water Aerodrome Supplement. Effective 0901Z 26 March 2020 to 0901Z 22 April 2021. vteAirports in CanadaBy name A–B C–D E–G H–K L–M N–Q R–S T–Z By location indicator CA CB CC CD CE CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX CY CZ By province/territory AB BC MB NB NL NS NT NU ON PE QC SK YT By area Bracebridge Calgary Campbell River Edmonton Fergus Fort McMurray Fort Simpson Gulf Islands Lethbridge London Lower Mainland Montreal Okanagan Ottawa Parry Sound Port Carling Prince Rupert Red Deer Sault Ste. Marie St. John's Thunder Bay Toronto Vancouver Island Victoria Winnipeg National Airports System Calgary Charlottetown Edmonton Fredericton Gander Halifax Iqaluit Kelowna London Moncton Montréal–Mirabel Montréal–Trudeau Ottawa Prince George Québec Regina Saint John St. John's Saskatoon Thunder Bay Toronto–Pearson Vancouver Victoria Whitehorse Winnipeg Yellowknife Related List of airports by ICAO code: C List of the busiest airports in Canada List of defunct airports in Canada List of heliports in Canada List of international airports in Canada List of British Commonwealth Air Training Plan facilities in Canada Operation Yellow Ribbon Transportation in Canada Category Portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_Ontario_relief_location_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_Ontario_relief_location_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Thunder Bayclass=notpageimage\| Location in OntarioThe following active airports serve the Thunder Bay area of Ontario, Canada:[1][2]","title":"List of airports in the Thunder Bay area"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of airports in the Bala, Ontario area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Bala,_Ontario_area"},{"title":"List of airports in the Bracebridge area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Bracebridge_area"},{"title":"List of airports in the Fergus area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Fergus_area"},{"title":"List of airports in the London, Ontario area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_London,_Ontario_area"},{"title":"List of airports in the Ottawa area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Ottawa_area"},{"title":"List of airports in the Parry Sound area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Parry_Sound_area"},{"title":"List of airports in the Port Carling area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Port_Carling_area"},{"title":"List of airports in the Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario_area"},{"title":"List of airports in the Greater Toronto Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Greater_Toronto_Area"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_airports_in_the_Thunder_Bay_area&params=48_22_19_N_089_19_26_W_type:airport_region:CA-ON&title=Thunder+Bay+International+Airport","external_links_name":"48°22′19″N 089°19′26″W / 48.37194°N 89.32389°W / 48.37194; -89.32389 (Thunder Bay International Airport)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_airports_in_the_Thunder_Bay_area&params=48_34_20_N_088_49_00_W_type:airport_region:CA-ON&title=Thunder+Bay%2FEldorado+Aerodrome","external_links_name":"48°34′20″N 088°49′00″W / 48.57222°N 88.81667°W / 48.57222; -88.81667 (Thunder Bay/Eldorado Aerodrome)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_airports_in_the_Thunder_Bay_area&params=48_25_24_N_089_16_11_W_type:airport_region:CA-ON&title=Thunder+Bay+%28Health+Science+Centre%29+Heliport","external_links_name":"48°25′24″N 089°16′11″W / 48.42333°N 89.26972°W / 48.42333; -89.26972 (Thunder Bay (Health Science Centre) Heliport)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_airports_in_the_Thunder_Bay_area&params=48_17_37_N_089_32_36_W_type:airport_region:CA-ON&title=Thunder+Bay+%28Martin%E2%80%99s+Landing%29+Aerodrome","external_links_name":"48°17′37″N 089°32′36″W / 48.29361°N 89.54333°W / 48.29361; -89.54333 (Thunder Bay (Martin’s Landing) Aerodrome)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_airports_in_the_Thunder_Bay_area&params=48_27_00_N_089_10_00_W_type:airport_region:CA-ON&title=Thunder+Bay+Water+Aerodrome","external_links_name":"48°27′00″N 089°10′00″W / 48.45000°N 89.16667°W / 48.45000; -89.16667 (Thunder Bay Water Aerodrome)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_airports_in_the_Thunder_Bay_area&params=48_41_15_N_089_21_36_W_region:CA-ON&title=Thunder+Bay%2FTwo+Island+Lake+Water+Aerodrome","external_links_name":"48°41′15″N 089°21′36″W / 48.68750°N 89.36000°W / 48.68750; -89.36000 (Thunder Bay/Two Island Lake Water Aerodrome)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Deterding	Olga Deterding	["1 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Olga Deterding" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Olga Maria Deterding (23 August 1926 – 31 December 1978) was a wealthy heiress and socialite who regularly featured in the gossip columns of London society during the Sixties and Seventies. She inherited an estimated £50 million from her father Sir Henri Deterding, the second chief executive of Royal Dutch Petroleum, following his death in 1939 (equivalent to £3,915,618,956 in 2023). Her mother was Deterding's second wife, the White Russian Lydia Pavlovna Koudoyaroff (1904–80), a former mistress of his rival Calouste Gulbenkian. Olga Deterding grew up at Buckhurst Park at Winkfield in Berkshire and was later educated at Oxford University. In 1956, she became an unpaid volunteer at Albert Schweitzer's leper colony in Lambarene, West Africa. Without any medical training, she worked in the kitchen and at other tasks but refused to see even visitors she knew. Deterding remained with Schweitzer for a year until she became ill with a tropical disease. After this, she lived in Tahiti for six months. In Beirut, a city she apparently disliked, Deterding found that a flight to Paris was a week away, but the option of flying around the world to reach Paris meant that she could leave at once. Deterding arrived back in Paris later than if she had remained in Beirut. From 1966 to 1969, she had a relationship with the broadcaster Alan Whicker, with whom she was for a time engaged, and made Whicker her heir in a will (later changed). By now, subject to mood swings, she was suffering from bulimia and an addiction to tranquillisers. Shortly after attempting to commit suicide in Whicker's flat, she suddenly left. Later she became involved with Jonathan Routh, best remembered for his role on the British version of Candid Camera; their relationship lasted for several years from 1971. Jennifer Paterson, later one of the Two Fat Ladies, had by now become a close friend. She suggested that the two women might live together and become "the most famous lesbian couple in London." In 1976, Deterding put in an unsuccessful bid to buy The Observer newspaper, then in a serious financial position. Deterding was an eccentric partygoer and died in a nightclub on New Year's Eve after choking on her food. A subsequent coroner's inquest was told, "Miss Deterding ate lasagne, roast beef, rice and beans." According to pathologist Peter Lantos, a large (3 x 3½-inch) piece of beef was found in her throat, and she had an exceptionally high blood-alcohol level. The coroner, Gavin Thurston, recorded a verdict of accidental death due to asphyxia. References ^ Arthur Brittendem "Heiress Olga is peeling potatoes for Schweitzer", The Straits Times (Singapore), 24 February 1957, p.14 ^ a b Bloxham, Peter (7 May 1963). "Olga Deterding Learns Through Travel". Toledo Blade. p. 25. Retrieved 19 July 2013. ^ a b c Christopher Howse "Alan Whicker interview: a journey of a lifetime", telegraph.co.uk, 16 March 2009 ^ "Alan Whicker". The Daily Telegraph. 12 July 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013. ^ Rachel Cooke "It's Whicker's world, baby", The Observer, 3 February 2002 ^ Obituary: Jonathan Routhg, telegraph.co.uk, 5 June 2008 ^ Andrew Barrow "Obituary: Jennifer Paterson", The Independent, 11 August 1999 ^ Dennis Hackett "A doubtful Proposition", The Spectator, 4 December 1976, p.13 ^ Roy Greenslade Press Gang: How Newspapers Make Profits From Propaganda, London: Macmillan , 2003 , p.332 ^ Andrew Barrow International Gossip, A History of High Society 1970-80, p.248 ^ Past coronor at various notable inquests, including those of Brian Epstein, Judy Garland, and Jimi Hendrix. ^ Daily Mirror, 16 January 1979	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Henri Deterding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Deterding"},{"link_name":"Royal Dutch Petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell"},{"link_name":"Calouste Gulbenkian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian"},{"link_name":"Buckhurst Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buckhurst_Park,_Berkshire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Winkfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkfield"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Albert Schweitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer"},{"link_name":"Lambarene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambarene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloxham-2"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloxham-2"},{"link_name":"Alan Whicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Whicker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howse-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraphobit-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howse-3"},{"link_name":"bulimia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howse-3"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Routh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Routh"},{"link_name":"Candid Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candid_Camera"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Paterson"},{"link_name":"Two Fat Ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Fat_Ladies"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"New Year's Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"coroner's inquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquests_in_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Peter Lantos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lantos"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Olga Maria Deterding (23 August 1926 – 31 December 1978) was a wealthy heiress and socialite who regularly featured in the gossip columns of London society during the Sixties and Seventies.She inherited an estimated £50 million from her father Sir Henri Deterding, the second chief executive of Royal Dutch Petroleum, following his death in 1939 (equivalent to £3,915,618,956 in 2023). Her mother was Deterding's second wife, the White Russian Lydia Pavlovna Koudoyaroff (1904–80), a former mistress of his rival Calouste Gulbenkian. Olga Deterding grew up at Buckhurst Park at Winkfield in Berkshire and was later educated at Oxford University. In 1956, she became an unpaid volunteer at Albert Schweitzer's leper colony in Lambarene, West Africa.Without any medical training, she worked in the kitchen and at other tasks but refused to see even visitors she knew.[1] Deterding remained with Schweitzer for a year until she became ill with a tropical disease.[2] After this, she lived in Tahiti for six months. In Beirut, a city she apparently disliked, Deterding found that a flight to Paris was a week away, but the option of flying around the world to reach Paris meant that she could leave at once. Deterding arrived back in Paris later than if she had remained in Beirut.[2]From 1966 to 1969, she had a relationship with the broadcaster Alan Whicker,[3] with whom she was for a time engaged,[4][5] and made Whicker her heir in a will (later changed).[3] By now, subject to mood swings, she was suffering from bulimia and an addiction to tranquillisers. Shortly after attempting to commit suicide in Whicker's flat, she suddenly left.[3]Later she became involved with Jonathan Routh, best remembered for his role on the British version of Candid Camera; their relationship lasted for several years from 1971.[6] Jennifer Paterson, later one of the Two Fat Ladies, had by now become a close friend. She suggested that the two women might live together and become \"the most famous lesbian couple in London.\"[7]In 1976, Deterding put in an unsuccessful bid to buy The Observer newspaper, then in a serious financial position.[8][9] Deterding was an eccentric partygoer and died in a nightclub on New Year's Eve after choking on her food.[10] A subsequent coroner's inquest was told, \"Miss Deterding ate lasagne, roast beef, rice and beans.\" According to pathologist Peter Lantos, a large (3 x 3½-inch) piece of beef was found in her throat, and she had an exceptionally high blood-alcohol level. The coroner, Gavin Thurston,[11] recorded a verdict of accidental death due to asphyxia.[12]","title":"Olga Deterding"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bloxham, Peter (7 May 1963). \"Olga Deterding Learns Through Travel\". Toledo Blade. p. 25. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_of_Bristol	Diocese of Bristol	["1 History","2 Organisation","2.1 Bishops","2.2 Archdeaconries and deaneries","3 Churches","3.1 Archdeaconry of Bristol","3.2 Archdeaconry of Malmesbury","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°27′06″N 2°36′03″W / 51.4517°N 2.6008°W / 51.4517; -2.6008Diocese of the Church of England 51°27′06″N 2°36′03″W / 51.4517°N 2.6008°W / 51.4517; -2.6008 Diocese of BristolDioecesis BristoliensisCoat of armsFlagLocationEcclesiastical provinceCanterburyArchdeaconriesBristol, MalmesburyStatisticsParishes167Churches207InformationDenominationChurch of EnglandEstablished1897CathedralBristol CathedralLanguageEnglishCurrent leadershipBishopViv Faull, Bishop of BristolSuffraganNeil Warwick, Bishop of SwindonArchdeaconsChristopher Bryan, Archdeacon of MalmesburyArchdeacon of Bristol (vacant)Websitewww.bristol.anglican.org The Diocese of Bristol is an ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Church of England in the Province of Canterbury, England. It is based in the city of Bristol and covers South Gloucestershire and parts of north Wiltshire, as far east as Swindon. The diocese is headed by the Bishop of Bristol and the Episcopal seat is located at the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, commonly known as Bristol Cathedral. History Until the Reformation, Bristol was part of the medieval Diocese of Worcester. Under the Suffragan Bishops Act 1534, Henry Holbeach was appointed the only suffragan bishop of Bristol in 1538 and assisted the Bishop of Worcester in overseeing the medieval diocese. Nearly two years later, Bristol became part of the newly formed Diocese of Gloucester in 1541. The following year, the Diocese of Bristol was established on 4 June 1542 and consisted of the city of Bristol together with the county of Dorset. Coat of arms of the Diocese of Gloucester and Bristol, consisting of the diocesan arms of Bristol impaling the diocesan arms of Gloucester The Diocese of Bristol continued until 5 October 1836 when Dorset was annexed to the Diocese of Salisbury and the remainder, the city of Bristol, formed part of the Diocese of Gloucester and Bristol. After sixty years, the Diocese of Bristol was "reconstituted" on 9 July 1897, but with different boundaries. Organisation Bishops Viv Faull has been the diocesan Bishop of Bristol since the confirmation of her election on 25 June 2018; the bishop is assisted by a Bishop suffragan of Swindon (Neil Warwick). The provincial episcopal visitor (for parishes in the diocese who reject the ministry of priests who are women) is the Bishop suffragan of Ebbsfleet, who is licensed as an honorary assistant bishop of the diocese in order to facilitate his work there. There are two retired bishops licensed as honorary assistant bishops in the diocese: 2003–present: former Bishop suffragan of Swindon Peter Firth lives outside the diocese in Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, in the neighbouring Gloucester diocese. 2009–present: Retired Bishop of Southwell and Nottingham, George Cassidy, lives in Stogursey in the Diocese of Bath & Wells. Archdeaconries and deaneries The diocese is divided into two archdeaconries, each of which is further divided into deaneries (groups of parishes). Diocese Archdeaconries Rural Deaneries Diocese of Bristol Archdeaconry of Bristol Deanery of Bristol South Deanery of Bristol West City Deanery Archdeaconry of Malmesbury Deanery of Chippenham Deanery of Kingswood and South Gloucestershire Deanery of North Wiltshire Deanery of Swindon Churches Source: Bristol Cathedral falls outside the following deanery structure. Archdeaconry of Bristol Deanery of Bristol South: Ashton Gate (St Francis), Bedminster (St Aldhelm), Bedminster Down (St Oswald), Bishopsworth (St Peter), Brislington (St Anne), Brislington (St Christopher), Brislington (St Cuthbert), Brislington (St Luke), Hartcliffe (St Andrew), Hengrove (Christ Church), Knowle (Holy Nativity), Knowle (St Martin), Knowle West (St Barnabas), Redcliffe (St Mary the Virgin), Southville (St Paul's), Stockwood (Christ the Servant), Whitchurch (St Augustine), Whitchurch (St Nicholas), Windmill Hill (St Michael & All Angels), Withywood Church Deanery of Bristol West: Abbots Leigh (Holy Trinity), Almondsbury (St Mary the Virgin), Alveston (St Helen), Aust (St John), Avonmouth (St Andrew), Clifton (All Saints), Clifton (Christ Church), Compton Greenfield (All Saints), Elberton (St John), Henbury (St Mary the Virgin), Henleaze (St Peter), Lawrence Weston (St Peter), Leigh Woods (St Mary the Virgin), Littleton-on-Severn (St Mary of Malmesbury), Olveston (St Mary the Virgin), Pilning (St Peter), Sea Mills (St Edyth), Shirehampton (St Mary), Southmead (St Stephen), Stoke Bishop (St Mary Magdalene), Westbury-on-Trym (Holy Trinity), Westbury Park (St Alban) City Deanery: Barton Hill (St Luke), Bishopston (Good Shepherd), Bishopston St Michael & All Angels, Bristol St Aidan, Bristol St Bartholomew with St Andrew, Bristol Christ Church, Bristol St Matthew, Bristol St Nicholas, Bristol SS Philip & Jacob, Bristol St Stephen, Clifton St Paul, Cotham (St Saviour with St Mary), Easton All Hallows, Easton Holy Trinity, Eastville (St Anne), Fishponds All Saints, Fishponds St John, Fishponds St Mary, Horfield Holy Trinity, Horfield St Gregory the Great, Hotwells (Holy Trinity), Lockleaze (St Mary Magdalene), Redland Parish Church, St Paul's (St Agnes), Two Mile Hill (St Michael the Archangel), Whitehall (St Ambrose) Archdeaconry of Malmesbury Deanery of Chippenham: Biddestone (St Nicholas), Bowden Hill (St Anne), Box (St Thomas a Becket), Castle Combe (St Andrew), Chapel Plaister (Pilgrims' Chapel), Chippenham St Andrew, Chippenham St Paul, Chippenham St Peter, Cold Ashton (Holy Trinity), Colerne (St John the Baptist), Corsham (St Bartholomew), Ditteridge (St Christopher), Gastard (St John the Baptist), Grittleton (St Mary the Virgin), Hardenhuish (St Nicholas), Kington St Michael (St Michael), Lacock (St Cyriac), Langley Burrell (St Peter), Littleton Drew (All Saints), Marshfield (St Mary the Virgin), Neston (SS Phillip & James), Nettleton (St Mary the Virgin), North Wraxall (St James), Slaughterford (St Nicholas), Tormarton (St Mary Magdalene), Tytherton Lucas (St Nicholas), West Kington (St Mary the Virgin), West Littleton (St James), Yatton Keynell (St Margaret) Deanery of Kingswood and South Gloucestershire: Abson (St James the Great), Bitton (St Mary), Bradley Stoke Christ the King, Bradley Stoke Holy Trinity, Coalpit Heath (St Saviour), Downend (Christ Church), Doynton (Holy Trinity), Dyrham (St Peter), Filton (St Peter), Frampton Cotterell (St Peter), Frenchay (St John the Baptist), Hanham (Christ Church), Hanham Abbots (St George), Iron Acton (St James the Less), Kingswood All Souls, Kingswood Ascension, Kingswood Holy Trinity, Longwell Green (All Saints), Mangotsfield (St James), Oldland (St Anne), Patchway (St Chad), Pucklechurch (St Thomas a Becket), Soundwell (St Stephen), Stapleton (Holy Trinity), Stoke Gifford (St Michael), Syston (St Anne), Wapley (St Peter), Warmley (St Barnabas), Westerleigh (St James the Great), Wick (St Bartholomew), Winterbourne (St Michael the Archangel), Winterbourne Down (All Saints), Yate St Mary, Yate St Nicholas Deanery of North Wiltshire: Alderton (St Giles), Ashley (St James), Ashton Keynes (Holy Cross), Brokenborough (St John the Baptist), Brinkworth (St Michael & All Angels), Charlton (St John the Baptist), Christian Malford (All Saints), Corston (All Saints), Cricklade (St Sampson), Crudwell (All Saints), Dauntsey (St James the Great), Easton Grey Parish Church, Foxley Parish Church, Garsdon (All Saints), Great Somerford (SS Peter & Paul), Hankerton (Holy Cross), Hullavington (St Mary Magdalene), Kington Langley (St Peter), Latton (St John the Baptist), Lea (St Giles), Leigh (All Saints), Little Somerford (St John the Baptist), Luckington (SS Mary & Ethelbert), Malmesbury (SS Peter & Paul), Minety (St Leonard), Norton (All Saints), Oaksey (All Saints), Rodbourne (Holy Rood), Seagry (St Mary the Virgin), Sherston Magna (Holy Cross), Stanton St Quintin (St Giles), Sutton Benger (All Saints), Tytherton Kellaways (St Giles) Deanery of Swindon: Bishopstone (St Mary the Virgin), Blunsdon (St Andrew), Broad Blunsdon (St Leonard), Hannington (St John the Baptist), Haydon Wick (St John), Highworth (St Michael), Hinton Parva (St Swithun), Lyddington (All Saints), Lydiard Millicent (All Saints), Lydiard Tregoze (St Mary), Purton (St Mary), Rodbourne Cheney (St Mary), Sevenhampton (St James), Shaw (Holy Trinity), South Marston (St Mary Magdalene), Stanton Fitzwarren (St Leonard), Stratton (St Margaret), Swindon All Saints, Swindon St Aldhelm, Swindon St Andrew, Swindon St Augustine of Canterbury, Swindon St Barnabas, Swindon Christ Church, Swindon St John the Baptist, Swindon St Luke, Swindon St Mark, Swindon St Mary, Swindon St Paul, Swindon St Peter, Swindon St Saviour, Swindon St Timothy, Toothill Church, Upper Stratton (St Philip the Deacon), Wanborough (St Andrew), Westlea Church, Wroughton (SS John the Baptist & Helen) References ^ a b c d Horn, J. M. (1996). "Bristol: Introduction". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541–1857: Volume 8: Bristol, Gloucester, Oxford and Peterborough Dioceses. British History Online. pp. 3–6. ^ a b c Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Ancient Diocese of Bristol". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. ^ "No. 19426". The London Gazette. 7 October 1836. pp. 1734–1738. ^ "No. 26871". The London Gazette. 9 July 1897. p. 3787. ^ York Minster – Acting Dean of York (Accessed 29 June 2018) ^ "Firth, Peter James". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (December 2013 online ed.). A & C Black. Retrieved 25 April 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Cassidy, George Henry". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (December 2013 online ed.). A & C Black. Retrieved 25 April 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Our Deaneries". Diocese of Bristol. Retrieved 11 April 2019. ^ "Bristol". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2021. External links Official website vteAnglican dioceses in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Isle of Man and Channel IslandsChurch of England(list of dioceses)Provinceof Canterbury Bath and Wells Birmingham Bristol Canterbury Chelmsford Chichester Coventry Derby Ely Europe Exeter Gloucester Guildford Hereford Leicester Lichfield Lincoln London Norwich Oxford Peterborough Portsmouth Rochester St Albans St Edmundsbury and Ipswich Salisbury Southwark Truro Winchester Worcester Provinceof York Blackburn Carlisle Chester Durham Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle Sheffield Sodor and Man Southwell and Nottingham York Church in Wales Bangor Llandaff Monmouth St Asaph St Davids Swansea and Brecon Scottish Episcopal Church Aberdeen and Orkney Argyll and The Isles Brechin Edinburgh Glasgow and Galloway Moray, Ross and Caithness St Andrews, Dunkeld and Dunblane Church of IrelandProvince of Armagh Armagh Clogher Connor Derry and Raphoe Down and Dromore Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh Province of Dublin Cashel and Ossory Cork, Cloyne and Ross Dublin and Glendalough Tuam, Limerick and Killaloe Meath and Kildare vteDiocese of Bristol Bristol Cathedral bishop's house, Winterbourne Bishop's Office, Bristol Hillside House, Bristol Office holders Vivienne Faull, Bishop of Bristol Neil Warwick, Bishop suffragan of Swindon AEO: Paul Thomas, Bishop suffragan of Oswestry & Rob Munro, Bishop suffragan of Ebbsfleet Mandy Ford, Dean of Bristol Christopher Bryan, Archdeacon of Malmesbury Archdeacon of Bristol (vacant) Historic offices Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol (1836–1897; see Diocese of Gloucester and Bristol) Bishop suffragan of Malmesbury (1927–1994; renamed to Swindon) Archdeacon of Dorset (1542–1836; returned to Salisbury) Archdeacon of North Wilts (1904–1919; renamed to Swindon) Archdeacon of Swindon (1919–1999; renamed to Malmesbury) Portals: Christianity England Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"51°27′06″N 2°36′03″W / 51.4517°N 2.6008°W / 51.4517; -2.6008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Diocese_of_Bristol&params=51.4517_N_2.6008_W_region:GB_scale:200000"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Province of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"South Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Swindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Episcopal seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedra"},{"link_name":"Bristol Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral"}],"text":"Diocese of the Church of England51°27′06″N 2°36′03″W / 51.4517°N 2.6008°W / 51.4517; -2.6008The Diocese of Bristol is an ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Church of England in the Province of Canterbury, England. It is based in the city of Bristol and covers South Gloucestershire and parts of north Wiltshire, as far east as Swindon. The diocese is headed by the Bishop of Bristol and the Episcopal seat is located at the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, commonly known as Bristol Cathedral.","title":"Diocese of Bristol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bristolintro-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholicbristol-2"},{"link_name":"Suffragan Bishops Act 1534","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan_Bishops_Act_1534"},{"link_name":"Henry Holbeach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holbeach"},{"link_name":"suffragan bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan_bishop"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bristolintro-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholicbristol-2"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bristolintro-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholicbristol-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diocese_of_Gloucester_and_Bristol_arms.svg"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bristolintro-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Until the Reformation, Bristol was part of the medieval Diocese of Worcester.[1][2] Under the Suffragan Bishops Act 1534, Henry Holbeach was appointed the only suffragan bishop of Bristol in 1538 and assisted the Bishop of Worcester in overseeing the medieval diocese. Nearly two years later, Bristol became part of the newly formed Diocese of Gloucester in 1541.[1][2] The following year, the Diocese of Bristol was established on 4 June 1542 and consisted of the city of Bristol together with the county of Dorset.[1][2]Coat of arms of the Diocese of Gloucester and Bristol, consisting of the diocesan arms of Bristol impaling the diocesan arms of GloucesterThe Diocese of Bristol continued until 5 October 1836 when Dorset was annexed to the Diocese of Salisbury and the remainder, the city of Bristol, formed part of the Diocese of Gloucester and Bristol.[1][3] After sixty years, the Diocese of Bristol was \"reconstituted\" on 9 July 1897, but with different boundaries.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viv Faull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viv_Faull"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"confirmation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_of_bishops"},{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_election"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bishop suffragan of Swindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Swindon"},{"link_name":"Neil Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Warwick"},{"link_name":"provincial episcopal visitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_episcopal_visitor"},{"link_name":"Bishop suffragan of Ebbsfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ebbsfleet"},{"link_name":"honorary assistant bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_assistant_bishop"},{"link_name":"Bishop suffragan of Swindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Swindon"},{"link_name":"Peter Firth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Firth_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Winchcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchcombe"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Southwell and Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Southwell_and_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"George Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cassidy_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Stogursey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stogursey"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Bath & Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Bishops","text":"Viv Faull has been the diocesan Bishop of Bristol since the confirmation of her election on 25 June 2018;[5] the bishop is assisted by a Bishop suffragan of Swindon (Neil Warwick). The provincial episcopal visitor (for parishes in the diocese who reject the ministry of priests who are women) is the Bishop suffragan of Ebbsfleet, who is licensed as an honorary assistant bishop of the diocese in order to facilitate his work there.There are two retired bishops licensed as honorary assistant bishops in the diocese:2003–present: former Bishop suffragan of Swindon Peter Firth lives outside the diocese in Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, in the neighbouring Gloucester diocese.[6]\n2009–present: Retired Bishop of Southwell and Nottingham, George Cassidy, lives in Stogursey in the Diocese of Bath & Wells.[7]","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Archdeaconries and deaneries","text":"The diocese is divided into two archdeaconries, each of which is further divided into deaneries (groups of parishes).[8]","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bristol Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral"}],"text":"Source:[9]Bristol Cathedral falls outside the following deanery structure.","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishopsworth (St Peter)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Bishopsworth"},{"link_name":"Brislington (St Luke)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Luke%27s_Church,_Brislington"},{"link_name":"Redcliffe (St Mary the Virgin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_Redcliffe"},{"link_name":"Whitchurch (St Augustine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_Church,_Whitchurch,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Clifton (All Saints)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_All_Saints,_Clifton"},{"link_name":"Clifton (Christ Church)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Clifton_Down"},{"link_name":"Henbury (St Mary the Virgin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Henbury"},{"link_name":"Westbury-on-Trym (Holy Trinity)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Westbury_on_Trym"},{"link_name":"Bristol Christ Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_with_St_Ewen,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Bristol St Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Matthew%27s_Church,_Cotham"},{"link_name":"Bristol St Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Nicholas_Church,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Bristol SS Philip & Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Philip_and_St_Jacob,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Bristol St Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Church,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Clifton St Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church,_Clifton,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Cotham (St Saviour with St Mary)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotham_Church"},{"link_name":"Horfield Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity_with_St_Edmund"},{"link_name":"Hotwells (Holy Trinity)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Holy_Trinity,_Hotwells"}],"sub_title":"Archdeaconry of Bristol","text":"Deanery of Bristol South: Ashton Gate (St Francis), Bedminster (St Aldhelm), Bedminster Down (St Oswald), Bishopsworth (St Peter), Brislington (St Anne), Brislington (St Christopher), Brislington (St Cuthbert), Brislington (St Luke), Hartcliffe (St Andrew), Hengrove (Christ Church), Knowle (Holy Nativity), Knowle (St Martin), Knowle West (St Barnabas), Redcliffe (St Mary the Virgin), Southville (St Paul's), Stockwood (Christ the Servant), Whitchurch (St Augustine), Whitchurch (St Nicholas), Windmill Hill (St Michael & All Angels), Withywood ChurchDeanery of Bristol West: Abbots Leigh (Holy Trinity), Almondsbury (St Mary the Virgin), Alveston (St Helen), Aust (St John), Avonmouth (St Andrew), Clifton (All Saints), Clifton (Christ Church), Compton Greenfield (All Saints), Elberton (St John), Henbury (St Mary the Virgin), Henleaze (St Peter), Lawrence Weston (St Peter), Leigh Woods (St Mary the Virgin), Littleton-on-Severn (St Mary of Malmesbury), Olveston (St Mary the Virgin), Pilning (St Peter), Sea Mills (St Edyth), Shirehampton (St Mary), Southmead (St Stephen), Stoke Bishop (St Mary Magdalene), Westbury-on-Trym (Holy Trinity), Westbury Park (St Alban)City Deanery: Barton Hill (St Luke), Bishopston (Good Shepherd), Bishopston St Michael & All Angels, Bristol St Aidan, Bristol St Bartholomew with St Andrew, Bristol Christ Church, Bristol St Matthew, Bristol St Nicholas, Bristol SS Philip & Jacob, Bristol St Stephen, Clifton St Paul, Cotham (St Saviour with St Mary), Easton All Hallows, Easton Holy Trinity, Eastville (St Anne), Fishponds All Saints, Fishponds St John, Fishponds St Mary, Horfield Holy Trinity, Horfield St Gregory the Great, Hotwells (Holy Trinity), Lockleaze (St Mary Magdalene), Redland Parish Church, St Paul's (St Agnes), Two Mile Hill (St Michael the Archangel), Whitehall (St Ambrose)","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Box (St Thomas a Becket)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Thomas_%C3%A0_Becket,_Box"},{"link_name":"Castle Combe (St Andrew)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Castle_Combe"},{"link_name":"Chapel Plaister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Plaister"},{"link_name":"Chippenham St Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Chippenham"},{"link_name":"Lacock (St Cyriac)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Cyriac%27s_Church,_Lacock"},{"link_name":"Kingswood Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Kingswood"},{"link_name":"Stapleton (Holy Trinity)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Holy_Trinity,_Stapleton"},{"link_name":"Winterbourne (St Michael the Archangel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_Winterbourne"},{"link_name":"Cricklade (St Sampson)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Sampson%27s_Church,_Cricklade"},{"link_name":"Leigh (All Saints)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Church,_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Malmesbury (SS Peter & Paul)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmesbury_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Sherston Magna (Holy Cross)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Cross,_Sherston"},{"link_name":"Purton (St Mary)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Purton"},{"link_name":"Swindon St Augustine of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Church,_Even_Swindon"},{"link_name":"Swindon Christ Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Swindon"},{"link_name":"Swindon St Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Church,_Swindon"},{"link_name":"Wanborough (St Andrew)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Wanborough"}],"sub_title":"Archdeaconry of Malmesbury","text":"Deanery of Chippenham: Biddestone (St Nicholas), Bowden Hill (St Anne), Box (St Thomas a Becket), Castle Combe (St Andrew), Chapel Plaister (Pilgrims' Chapel), Chippenham St Andrew, Chippenham St Paul, Chippenham St Peter, Cold Ashton (Holy Trinity), Colerne (St John the Baptist), Corsham (St Bartholomew), Ditteridge (St Christopher), Gastard (St John the Baptist), Grittleton (St Mary the Virgin), Hardenhuish (St Nicholas), Kington St Michael (St Michael), Lacock (St Cyriac), Langley Burrell (St Peter), Littleton Drew (All Saints), Marshfield (St Mary the Virgin), Neston (SS Phillip & James), Nettleton (St Mary the Virgin), North Wraxall (St James), Slaughterford (St Nicholas), Tormarton (St Mary Magdalene), Tytherton Lucas (St Nicholas), West Kington (St Mary the Virgin), West Littleton (St James), Yatton Keynell (St Margaret)Deanery of Kingswood and South Gloucestershire: Abson (St James the Great), Bitton (St Mary), Bradley Stoke Christ the King, Bradley Stoke Holy Trinity, Coalpit Heath (St Saviour), Downend (Christ Church), Doynton (Holy Trinity), Dyrham (St Peter), Filton (St Peter), Frampton Cotterell (St Peter), Frenchay (St John the Baptist), Hanham (Christ Church), Hanham Abbots (St George), Iron Acton (St James the Less), Kingswood All Souls, Kingswood Ascension, Kingswood Holy Trinity, Longwell Green (All Saints), Mangotsfield (St James), Oldland (St Anne), Patchway (St Chad), Pucklechurch (St Thomas a Becket), Soundwell (St Stephen), Stapleton (Holy Trinity), Stoke Gifford (St Michael), Syston (St Anne), Wapley (St Peter), Warmley (St Barnabas), Westerleigh (St James the Great), Wick (St Bartholomew), Winterbourne (St Michael the Archangel), Winterbourne Down (All Saints), Yate St Mary, Yate St NicholasDeanery of North Wiltshire: Alderton (St Giles), Ashley (St James), Ashton Keynes (Holy Cross), Brokenborough (St John the Baptist), Brinkworth (St Michael & All Angels), Charlton (St John the Baptist), Christian Malford (All Saints), Corston (All Saints), Cricklade (St Sampson), Crudwell (All Saints), Dauntsey (St James the Great), Easton Grey Parish Church, Foxley Parish Church, Garsdon (All Saints), Great Somerford (SS Peter & Paul), Hankerton (Holy Cross), Hullavington (St Mary Magdalene), Kington Langley (St Peter), Latton (St John the Baptist), Lea (St Giles), Leigh (All Saints), Little Somerford (St John the Baptist), Luckington (SS Mary & Ethelbert), Malmesbury (SS Peter & Paul), Minety (St Leonard), Norton (All Saints), Oaksey (All Saints), Rodbourne (Holy Rood), Seagry (St Mary the Virgin), Sherston Magna (Holy Cross), Stanton St Quintin (St Giles), Sutton Benger (All Saints), Tytherton Kellaways (St Giles)Deanery of Swindon: Bishopstone (St Mary the Virgin), Blunsdon (St Andrew), Broad Blunsdon (St Leonard), Hannington (St John the Baptist), Haydon Wick (St John), Highworth (St Michael), Hinton Parva (St Swithun), Lyddington (All Saints), Lydiard Millicent (All Saints), Lydiard Tregoze (St Mary), Purton (St Mary), Rodbourne Cheney (St Mary), Sevenhampton (St James), Shaw (Holy Trinity), South Marston (St Mary Magdalene), Stanton Fitzwarren (St Leonard), Stratton (St Margaret), Swindon All Saints, Swindon St Aldhelm, Swindon St Andrew, Swindon St Augustine of Canterbury, Swindon St Barnabas, Swindon Christ Church, Swindon St John the Baptist, Swindon St Luke, Swindon St Mark, Swindon St Mary, Swindon St Paul, Swindon St Peter, Swindon St Saviour, Swindon St Timothy, Toothill Church, Upper Stratton (St Philip the Deacon), Wanborough (St Andrew), Westlea Church, Wroughton (SS John the Baptist & Helen)","title":"Churches"}]	[{"image_text":"Coat of arms of the Diocese of Gloucester and Bristol, consisting of the diocesan arms of Bristol impaling the diocesan arms of Gloucester","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Diocese_of_Gloucester_and_Bristol_arms.svg/150px-Diocese_of_Gloucester_and_Bristol_arms.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Horn, J. M. (1996). \"Bristol: Introduction\". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541–1857: Volume 8: Bristol, Gloucester, Oxford and Peterborough Dioceses. British History Online. pp. 3–6.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=35299","url_text":"\"Bristol: Introduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_History_Online","url_text":"British History Online"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Ancient Diocese of Bristol\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02790b.htm","url_text":"\"Ancient Diocese of Bristol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19426\". The London Gazette. 7 October 1836. pp. 1734–1738.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19426/page/1734","url_text":"\"No. 19426\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26871\". The London Gazette. 9 July 1897. p. 3787.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26871/page/3787","url_text":"\"No. 26871\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Firth, Peter James\". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (December 2013 online ed.). A & C Black. Retrieved 25 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U15790","url_text":"\"Firth, Peter James\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"}]},{"reference":"\"Cassidy, George Henry\". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (December 2013 online ed.). A & C Black. Retrieved 25 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U35705","url_text":"\"Cassidy, George Henry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Deaneries\". Diocese of Bristol. Retrieved 11 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bristol.anglican.org/deaneries/","url_text":"\"Our Deaneries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bristol\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/2009/diocese-of-bristol","url_text":"\"Bristol\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Diocese_of_Bristol&params=51.4517_N_2.6008_W_region:GB_scale:200000","external_links_name":"51°27′06″N 2°36′03″W / 51.4517°N 2.6008°W / 51.4517; -2.6008"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Diocese_of_Bristol&params=51.4517_N_2.6008_W_region:GB_scale:200000","external_links_name":"51°27′06″N 2°36′03″W / 51.4517°N 2.6008°W / 51.4517; -2.6008"},{"Link":"https://www.bristol.anglican.org/","external_links_name":"www.bristol.anglican.org"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=35299","external_links_name":"\"Bristol: Introduction\""},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02790b.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ancient Diocese of Bristol\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19426/page/1734","external_links_name":"\"No. 19426\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26871/page/3787","external_links_name":"\"No. 26871\""},{"Link":"https://yorkminster.org/latest/the-acting-dean-of-york-the-reverend-canon-peter-moger/","external_links_name":"York Minster – Acting Dean of York"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U15790","external_links_name":"\"Firth, Peter James\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U35705","external_links_name":"\"Cassidy, George Henry\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.bristol.anglican.org/deaneries/","external_links_name":"\"Our Deaneries\""},{"Link":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/2009/diocese-of-bristol","external_links_name":"\"Bristol\""},{"Link":"http://www.bristol.anglican.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/159724660","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no90016722","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo_Grammar_School	Sligo Grammar School	["1 History","2 Extracurricular","3 Notable past pupils","4 References"]	Coordinates: 54°16′22″N 8°27′49″W / 54.2729°N 8.4637°W / 54.2729; -8.4637 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sligo Grammar School" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Secondary school in Sligo, County Sligo, IrelandSligo Grammar SchoolLocationSligo, County SligoIrelandCoordinates54°16′22″N 8°27′49″W / 54.2729°N 8.4637°W / 54.2729; -8.4637InformationTypeSecondary SchoolReligious affiliation(s)Church of IrelandHeadmasterMichael HallGenderMixedAge11 to 18Enrolment450 (2019)Colour(s)White & Navy SportsRugby, hockey, basketball, kayaking, cross country, track and field, footballWebsitesligogrammarschool.org Sligo Grammar School is a private fee-paying co-educational boarding school located on The Mall in Sligo. The school has approximately 450 students of which approximately 100 are boarders. It offers the traditional Junior Certificate and Leaving Certificate courses along with Transition Year, which is compulsory. It is under Church of Ireland management. History The school has existed in various forms for over 400 years, its constitutions reflecting the changing outlook and needs for society. The present school incorporates part of the Charter School which was set up in 1752 under a Royal Charter, and which closed in 1843. The Diocesan School In Elphin, which numbered Oliver Goldsmith among its pupils, was moved to Charter School buildings in Sligo in 1862. In 1907, the school buildings were conveyed to the Incorporated Society who closed their boarding school at Primrose Grange under Knocknarea and built dormitories and classrooms (the present boy’s dormitories and "Prep Room") on the present site, of Sligo Grammar School. In 1947, Sligo Grammar School was merged with Sligo High School which was founded by Dean Ardill in 1911. The premises of the High School were closed and the residence known as the "Hermitage", adjoining the Grammar School, was purchased from the Campbell family to house the girl boarders. A new teaching block was added in 1971, and expanded in 1985 and 2002. In August 1976, the school was leased by the Incorporated Society to Sligo Grammar School Limited, which runs the school through a local Protestant board. "The Hermitage" was destroyed by fire in November 1976 and was replaced by a new residence in September 1978. An extension to the school, including more classrooms and a new library, was completed in September 2012. Extracurricular Mural on wall near Sligo Grammar School Sligo Grammar School have won the Connacht Schools Rugby Senior Cup 13 times, winning three consecutive titles in 2022, 2023, and 2024. The school also had a successful period, under the coaching of teacher Oliver Morris, in the 1999 and 2000 seasons. The school also has an athletics association and hockey teams for girls. There are also competitive debating teams in English, Irish and German. The school also has an SATB choir. Notable past pupils See also: Category:People educated at Sligo Grammar School Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774) - student of Elphin Diocesan School, which later became part of the Grammar School. Jack B. Yeats (1871-1957) - artist R. M. Smyllie (1893-1954) - former editor of The Irish Times Frank Wynne (b. 1962) - Irish literary translator and writer Cathal Sheridan (b. 1988) - Munster Rugby player References ^ "Whole School Evaluation - Management, Leadership and Learning Report - Sligo Grammar School" (PDF). Department of Education. 27 November 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ "History". Sligo Grammar School. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2011. ^ "Match Report: Sligo Grammar VS Colaiste Iognaid". Connacht Rugby. 15 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022. ^ "Powerhouse of the West". independent. 21 January 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2022. vteFee-paying secondary schools in the Republic of IrelandConnacht Garbally College Sligo Grammar School Yeats College Dublin Alexandra College Ashfield College Belvedere College Blackrock College Castleknock College Catholic University School C.B.C. Monkstown Gonzaga College The High School Holy Child Killiney Institute of Education John Scottus School The King's Hospital Loreto Abbey, Dalkey Loreto College, Foxrock Lycée Français International Samuel Beckett Mount Anville Secondary School Nord Anglia Notre Dames Des Missions (closed) Rathdown School Rockbrook Park School St Andrew's College St Columba's College St Conleth's College St Kilian's German School St Mary's College St Michael's College Sandford Park School Stratford College Sutton Park School Terenure College Wesley College St Gerard's School Leinster Cistercian College, Roscrea Clongowes Wood College Drogheda Grammar School Dundalk Grammar School Newbridge College Wilson's Hospital School Munster Bandon Grammar School Christian Brothers College, Cork Glenstal Abbey School Midleton College Newtown School, Waterford Presentation Brothers College, Cork Rockwell College Scoil Mhuire, Cork Villiers School Ulster Monaghan Collegiate School	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"co-educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-educational"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"Sligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo"},{"link_name":"Junior Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Certificate"},{"link_name":"Leaving Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Leaving_Certificate"},{"link_name":"Transition Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_Year"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"}],"text":"Secondary school in Sligo, County Sligo, IrelandSligo Grammar School is a private fee-paying co-educational boarding school located on The Mall in Sligo. The school has approximately 450 students of which approximately 100 are boarders. It offers the traditional Junior Certificate and Leaving Certificate courses along with Transition Year, which is compulsory. It is under Church of Ireland management.","title":"Sligo Grammar School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Oliver Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The school has existed in various forms for over 400 years, its constitutions reflecting the changing outlook and needs for society.[citation needed] The present school incorporates part of the Charter School which was set up in 1752 under a Royal Charter, and which closed in 1843.[2] The Diocesan School In Elphin, which numbered Oliver Goldsmith among its pupils, was moved to Charter School buildings in Sligo in 1862. In 1907, the school buildings were conveyed to the Incorporated Society who closed their boarding school at Primrose Grange under Knocknarea and built dormitories and classrooms (the present boy’s dormitories and \"Prep Room\") on the present site, of Sligo Grammar School. In 1947, Sligo Grammar School was merged with Sligo High School which was founded by Dean Ardill in 1911. The premises of the High School were closed and the residence known as the \"Hermitage\", adjoining the Grammar School, was purchased from the Campbell family to house the girl boarders. A new teaching block was added in 1971, and expanded in 1985 and 2002. In August 1976, the school was leased by the Incorporated Society to Sligo Grammar School Limited, which runs the school through a local Protestant board. \"The Hermitage\" was destroyed by fire in November 1976 and was replaced by a new residence in September 1978.[citation needed] An extension to the school, including more classrooms and a new library, was completed in September 2012.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inscriptions_on_the_Wall_(geograph_4513230).jpg"},{"link_name":"Connacht Schools Rugby Senior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht_Schools_Rugby_Senior_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"SATB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATB"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Mural on wall near Sligo Grammar SchoolSligo Grammar School have won the Connacht Schools Rugby Senior Cup 13 times, winning three consecutive titles in 2022, 2023, and 2024.[3][failed verification] The school also had a successful period, under the coaching of teacher Oliver Morris, in the 1999 and 2000 seasons.[4] The school also has an athletics association and hockey teams for girls. There are also competitive debating teams in English, Irish and German.[citation needed] The school also has an SATB choir.[citation needed]","title":"Extracurricular"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People educated at Sligo Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Sligo_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Oliver Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"Jack B. Yeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_B._Yeats"},{"link_name":"R. M. Smyllie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._M._Smyllie"},{"link_name":"The Irish Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"Frank Wynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wynne"},{"link_name":"Cathal Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathal_Sheridan_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Munster Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Rugby"}],"text":"See also: Category:People educated at Sligo Grammar SchoolOliver Goldsmith (1728-1774) - student of Elphin Diocesan School, which later became part of the Grammar School.\nJack B. Yeats (1871-1957) - artist\nR. M. Smyllie (1893-1954) - former editor of The Irish Times\nFrank Wynne (b. 1962) - Irish literary translator and writer\nCathal Sheridan (b. 1988) - Munster Rugby player","title":"Notable past pupils"}]	[{"image_text":"Mural on wall near Sligo Grammar School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Inscriptions_on_the_Wall_%28geograph_4513230%29.jpg/220px-Inscriptions_on_the_Wall_%28geograph_4513230%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Whole School Evaluation - Management, Leadership and Learning Report - Sligo Grammar School\" (PDF). Department of Education. 27 November 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Inspection-Reports-Publications/Whole-School-Evaluation-Reports-List/65190W_WSEMLLPP_13485_20191203.pdf","url_text":"\"Whole School Evaluation - Management, Leadership and Learning Report - Sligo Grammar School\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Ireland)","url_text":"Department of Education"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724031943/https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Inspection-Reports-Publications/Whole-School-Evaluation-Reports-List/65190W_WSEMLLPP_13485_20191203.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Sligo Grammar School. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sligogrammarschool.org/historyschool.htm","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151105092832/http://www.sligogrammarschool.org/historyschool.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Match Report: Sligo Grammar VS Colaiste Iognaid\". Connacht Rugby. 15 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.connachtrugby.ie/match-report-sligo-grammar-vs-colaiste-iognaid/","url_text":"\"Match Report: Sligo Grammar VS Colaiste Iognaid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht_Rugby","url_text":"Connacht Rugby"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220315185440/https://www.connachtrugby.ie/match-report-sligo-grammar-vs-colaiste-iognaid/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Powerhouse of the West\". independent. 21 January 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/rugby/schools-rugby/powerhouse-of-the-west-26507584.html","url_text":"\"Powerhouse of the West\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sligo_Grammar_School&params=54.2729_N_8.4637_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"54°16′22″N 8°27′49″W / 54.2729°N 8.4637°W / 54.2729; -8.4637"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sligo+Grammar+School%22","external_links_name":"\"Sligo Grammar School\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sligo+Grammar+School%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sligo+Grammar+School%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sligo+Grammar+School%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sligo+Grammar+School%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sligo+Grammar+School%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sligo_Grammar_School&params=54.2729_N_8.4637_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"54°16′22″N 8°27′49″W / 54.2729°N 8.4637°W / 54.2729; -8.4637"},{"Link":"http://www.sligogrammarschool.org/","external_links_name":"sligogrammarschool.org"},{"Link":"https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Inspection-Reports-Publications/Whole-School-Evaluation-Reports-List/65190W_WSEMLLPP_13485_20191203.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Whole School Evaluation - Management, Leadership and Learning Report - Sligo Grammar School\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724031943/https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Inspection-Reports-Publications/Whole-School-Evaluation-Reports-List/65190W_WSEMLLPP_13485_20191203.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sligogrammarschool.org/historyschool.htm","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151105092832/http://www.sligogrammarschool.org/historyschool.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.connachtrugby.ie/match-report-sligo-grammar-vs-colaiste-iognaid/","external_links_name":"\"Match Report: Sligo Grammar VS Colaiste Iognaid\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220315185440/https://www.connachtrugby.ie/match-report-sligo-grammar-vs-colaiste-iognaid/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/rugby/schools-rugby/powerhouse-of-the-west-26507584.html","external_links_name":"\"Powerhouse of the West\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Murisier	Justin Murisier	["1 Career","2 World Cup results","2.1 Season standings","2.2 Race podiums","3 World Championship results","4 Olympic results","5 References","6 External links"]	Swiss alpine skier Justin MurisierMurisier in 2011Personal informationBorn (1992-01-08) 8 January 1992 (age 32)Martigny, Valais, SwitzerlandOccupationAlpine skierHeight1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Skiing careerDisciplinesGiant slalom, super-G,Downhill, combinedClubBagnesWorld Cup debut10 January 2010 (age 18)Websitejustinmurisier.chOlympicsTeams3 – (2014, 2018, 2022)Medals0World ChampionshipsTeams5 – (2011, 2015, 2017, 2021, 2023)Medals0World CupSeasons9 – (2010-2011, 2014–2018, 2020-2021)Wins0Podiums1 – (1 GS)Overall titles0 – (17th in 2022)Discipline titles0 – (7th in GS, 2018) Medal record Men's alpine skiing Representing Switzerland Junior World Championships 2011 Crans-Montana Slalom 2011 Crans-Montana Combined 2011 Crans-Montana Super G Justin Murisier (born 8 January 1992) is a Swiss World Cup alpine ski racer who competes in giant slalom and the speed disciplines of downhill and super-G. Earlier, he also competed in slalom. Career Born in Martigny, Valais, Murisier has competed at three Winter Olympics and five World Championships. His first World Cup podium came in December 2020 at Alta Badia, Italy. Murisier's father is a cousin of alpine ski racer William Besse (b.1968). World Cup results Season standings Season Age Overall Slalom Giantslalom Super-G Downhill Combined 2011 19 85 32 45 — — — 2014 22 100 — — — — 16 2015 23 96 50 31 — — 21 2016 24 46 — 12 — — 19 2017 25 36 — 13 — — 4 2018 26 30 — 7 — — 9 2019 27 2020 28 52 — 26 — — 12 2021 29 37 — 10 31 — — 2022 30 17 — 9 16 52 2023 31 26 — 32 7 28 2024 32 19 — 30 16 14 Standings through 21 February 2024 Race podiums 0 wins 1 podium (1 GS); 9 top fives, 41 top tens Season Date Location Discipline Place 2021 20 Dec 2020 Alta Badia, Italy Giant slalom 3rd World Championship results Year Age Slalom Giant slalom Super-G Downhill Combined 2011 19 25 13 — — — 2015 23 13 30 — — — 2017 25 — 8 — — 6 2021 29 — DNF1 — — 8 2023 31 — — — 12 DNF2 Olympic results Year Age Slalom Giant slalom Super-G Downhill Combined Mixed Team 2014 22 DNF2 — — — — — 2018 26 — DNF1 — — DNF2 — 2022 30 — DNF1 — — 4 6 References ^ "Justin Murisier". Sochi2014.com. Organizing Committee of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014. ^ Bärtsch, Philipp (15 November 2014). "Skifahren nur noch am Limit" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 18 March 2018. External links Justin Murisier at FIS (alpine) Justin Murisier at Olympics.com Justin Murisier at Olympedia Justin Murisier at Ski-DB Alpine Ski Database Swiss Ski Team – alpine skiing – Justin Murisier – (in German) Official website – (in English)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_Ski_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"alpine ski racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"downhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)"},{"link_name":"super-G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-G"},{"link_name":"slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing"}],"text":"Justin Murisier (born 8 January 1992) is a Swiss World Cup alpine ski racer who competes in giant slalom and the speed disciplines of downhill and super-G. Earlier, he also competed in slalom.","title":"Justin Murisier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martigny"},{"link_name":"Valais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais"},{"link_name":"Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sochi-1"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_FIS_Alpine_Ski_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Alta Badia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Risa"},{"link_name":"William Besse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Besse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Born in Martigny, Valais, Murisier has competed at three Winter Olympics[1] and five World Championships. His first World Cup podium came in December 2020 at Alta Badia, Italy.Murisier's father is a cousin of alpine ski racer William Besse (b.1968).[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World Cup results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season standings","text":"Standings through 21 February 2024","title":"World Cup results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom"}],"sub_title":"Race podiums","text":"0 wins\n1 podium (1 GS); 9 top fives, 41 top tens","title":"World Cup results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World Championship results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Olympic results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Justin Murisier\". Sochi2014.com. Organizing Committee of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221200232/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/athlete-justin-murisier","url_text":"\"Justin Murisier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizing_Committee_of_the_XXII_Olympic_Winter_Games_and_XI_Paralympic_Winter_Games_of_2014_in_Sochi","url_text":"Organizing Committee of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi"},{"url":"http://www.sochi2014.com/en/athlete-justin-murisier","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bärtsch, Philipp (15 November 2014). \"Skifahren nur noch am Limit\" [Skiing only at the limit]. Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 18 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzz.ch/sport/skisport/skifahren-nur-noch-am-limit-1.18425139","url_text":"\"Skifahren nur noch am Limit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung","url_text":"Neue Zürcher Zeitung"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.justinmurisier.ch/","external_links_name":"justinmurisier.ch"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221200232/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/athlete-justin-murisier","external_links_name":"\"Justin Murisier\""},{"Link":"http://www.sochi2014.com/en/athlete-justin-murisier","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nzz.ch/sport/skisport/skifahren-nur-noch-am-limit-1.18425139","external_links_name":"\"Skifahren nur noch am Limit\""},{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/athlete-biography.html?sectorcode=AL&competitorid=138572","external_links_name":"Justin Murisier"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140263#P2772"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/justin-murisier","external_links_name":"Justin Murisier"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140263#P5815"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/128462","external_links_name":"Justin Murisier"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140263#P8286"},{"Link":"https://www.ski-db.com/db/profiles/justin_murisier_sui_511896.php","external_links_name":"Justin Murisier"},{"Link":"https://www.swiss-ski.ch/ski-alpin/athleten/detail/athlete/justin-murisier/","external_links_name":"Swiss Ski Team"},{"Link":"http://www.justinmurisier.ch/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangtaesan	Jangtaesan	["1 Location","2 Maintenance considerations","3 References"]	Coordinates: 37°04′N 127°54′E / 37.067°N 127.900°E / 37.067; 127.900Jangtaesan (Jang tae mountain) is located in the Jangan-dong neighbourhood of Daejeon, Korea. The Jangtaesan Natural Recreation Forest is the only metasequoia forest in Korea. Regular maintenance keeps the forest healthy and safe for visitors. Location Jangtaesan Natural Recreation Forest (Korean: 장태산 자연휴양림) is the only metasequoia forest in Korea and is located in Jangan-dong, western Daejeon. Maintenance considerations The Park Management Service in Daejeon maintains the metasequoia forest in the Jangtaesan Natural Recreation Forest to ensure the safety of visitors and the continued beauty of the forest. Since it has been 40 years since planting, the trees are large and the spacing between them has narrowed so that some branches are tilted to one side. Repairs are designed to prevent accidents, such as when dead branches fall. Maintenance in 2017 was planned to clean up some of the cracks and twigs. Targets were 980 metasequoia trees in the vicinity of major trails, mountain baths, as well as 98 metasequoia trees of adventure forest members. The maintenance work is based on the input of experts on forest status and stable management measures. 37°04′N 127°54′E / 37.067°N 127.900°E / 37.067; 127.900 References ^ "대전공원관리사업소, 장태산 메타세콰이아 숲 정비". 프라임 경제.	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jangtaesan (Jang tae mountain) is located in the Jangan-dong neighbourhood of Daejeon, Korea. The Jangtaesan Natural Recreation Forest is the only metasequoia forest in Korea. Regular maintenance keeps the forest healthy and safe for visitors.","title":"Jangtaesan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"metasequoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasequoia"},{"link_name":"Jangan-dong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangan-dong"},{"link_name":"Daejeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daejeon"}],"text":"Jangtaesan Natural Recreation Forest (Korean: 장태산 자연휴양림) is the only metasequoia forest in Korea and is located in Jangan-dong, western Daejeon.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"37°04′N 127°54′E / 37.067°N 127.900°E / 37.067; 127.900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jangtaesan&params=37_04_N_127_54_E_region:KR_type:mountain_source:GNS-enwiki"}],"text":"The Park Management Service in Daejeon maintains the metasequoia forest in the Jangtaesan Natural Recreation Forest to ensure the safety of visitors and the continued beauty of the forest. Since it has been 40 years since planting, the trees are large and the spacing between them has narrowed so that some branches are tilted to one side. Repairs are designed to prevent accidents, such as when dead branches fall. Maintenance in 2017 was planned to clean up some of the cracks and twigs. Targets were 980 metasequoia trees in the vicinity of major trails, mountain baths, as well as 98 metasequoia trees of adventure forest members.The maintenance work is based on the input of experts on forest status and stable management measures.[1]37°04′N 127°54′E / 37.067°N 127.900°E / 37.067; 127.900","title":"Maintenance considerations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"대전공원관리사업소, 장태산 메타세콰이아 숲 정비\". 프라임 경제.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsprime.co.kr/news/article.html?no=392903","url_text":"\"대전공원관리사업소, 장태산 메타세콰이아 숲 정비\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jangtaesan&params=37_04_N_127_54_E_region:KR_type:mountain_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"37°04′N 127°54′E / 37.067°N 127.900°E / 37.067; 127.900"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jangtaesan&params=37_04_N_127_54_E_region:KR_type:mountain_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"37°04′N 127°54′E / 37.067°N 127.900°E / 37.067; 127.900"},{"Link":"http://www.newsprime.co.kr/news/article.html?no=392903","external_links_name":"\"대전공원관리사업소, 장태산 메타세콰이아 숲 정비\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Rivals_2	Sonic Rivals 2	["1 Gameplay","1.1 Characters","2 Plot","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]	2007 video gameThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sonic Rivals 2" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)2007 video gameSonic Rivals 2Developer(s)Backbone EntertainmentSega Studio USAPublisher(s)SegaDirector(s)Takashi IizukaProducer(s)Keith PalmerTaylor MillerWriter(s)Takashi IizukaComposer(s)Chris RezansonSeriesSonic the HedgehogPlatform(s)PlayStation PortableReleaseNA: November 13, 2007AU: December 6, 2007EU: December 7, 2007Genre(s)Action, racingMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Sonic Rivals 2 is a 2007 racing video game, the sequel to the 2006 game Sonic Rivals. The game was developed by Backbone Entertainment and supervised by Sega Studio USA, for the PlayStation Portable handheld video game console. Sonic Rivals 2 was released across November and December 2007. It received "mixed or average" reviews from critics. Gameplay Sonic Rivals 2 has four main Single Player modes. Story Mode is the main single player mode. Players go through each of the game's battle modes and levels to advance the plot. Each zone has three acts and a boss, with the exception of the final zone. The characters are divided into four teams, each of which has their own story. The game introduces a new mode called Free Play. In this single player mode, players can choose any one of the eight characters and play through the zones in traditional 2D Sonic fashion. They can also try Time Attacking, or finding the ten hidden Chao in the levels. There are no opponents for this mode. This is a first for many of the characters featured. In addition, players can also try the Cup Circuit and Single Event modes. Races and battle can be customized in every aspect, and players can try to earn cards by completing challenges. There are 150 different cards to collect, and each is tied to a certain achievement. For example, getting an S Rank in Knockout Mode unlocks a card of Mephiles the Dark. The cards themselves contain art from various older Sonic games, and can unlock things such as alternate suits for the characters. Unlike the first game, only one card is needed to unlock a suit; and each character has four suits instead of the original three. The cards also unlock the Cup Circuits, and Chao Detectors for the Zones. Each stage has three acts and a boss, instead of the original game's two. Acts one and three are races, and act two is always a battle. In the story mode, the races may be substituted with single character missions such as "Time Attack,” "Collect X Rings,” and other challenges. Certain stages can be skipped in the story, depending on the character chosen. Sonic Rivals 2 boasts a new multiplayer "Battle Mode" with six different types of competition in addition to the main race mode. These modes are also worked into the story. The lengths of the battles can be set though the selection menus. In Knockout, each player starts with three rings. Players must knock all of the rings out of their opponent and then attack them to win. The first player to get the set number of knockouts wins. In Rings Battle, players have a set amount time to collect as many rings as possible. The player with the most rings at the end of the time limit wins. Capture the Chao is a Sonic themed version of Capture the Flag. Players must steal a set number of Chao from their opponent's base and bring them back to their own base with their own Chao still there to win. In Laps Race, the first player to complete a set number of laps around the track wins. King of the Hill has an Omochao stationed at the top of the level with a light beam. Players earn points by simply standing under it. The first player to get the set number of points wins. Tag is a Sonic themed cross between Hot Potato and Tag. Each player has a time limit that drops when they hold the bomb. Players pass the bomb by attacking the other player. The first player to have their time limit expire loses. Characters Sonic Rivals 2 features eight playable characters, including all five characters from the previous title. All characters use Homing Attack and Spin Dash to move through the levels. Collecting Rings or destroying enemies will also fill the Signature Meter; when the meter is full, players can use a character-specific Signature Move to gain an advantage. For example, Shadow's "Chaos Control" move has the ability to slow down the other player's movement for a few seconds. The character roster is split into teams of two (Sonic and Tails; Shadow and Metal Sonic; Silver and Espio; Knuckles and Rouge), with each team having its own story campaign that tells the events of the game's story from their perspective. Plot Sonic and Tails are investigating the disappearances of several Chao. They discover that Doctor Eggman has stolen the Chao and concealed them inside a haunted mansion. He plans to feed them to an interdimensional beast called the "Ifrit" to make it invincible, then release the Ifrit to destroy the world. However, as he needs the seven Chaos Emeralds to open the portal to the Ifrit's dimension, he secretly hires Rouge to collect them. When the Master Emerald also goes missing, Knuckles teams up with Rouge to find it. Meanwhile, Silver the Hedgehog returns from the future, which has been ruined by the Ifrit. In order to prevent this, he searches for and steals the Chao in order to hide them and keep them safe. Espio, having been hired to investigate the disappearances, initially believes Silver is taking the Chao for nefarious purposes, but agrees to join forces after discovering his true motivations. Elsewhere, Shadow is met by Metal Sonic, who is being used by Eggman as a communication device. Eggman reveals that the true perpetrator is Eggman Nega disguised as himself, who learned of the Ifrit by accessing Gerald Robotnik's journals. Shadow and Metal Sonic set out to retrieve the Chaos Emeralds before Nega does. All of the teams meet up at the haunted mansion to confront Nega. Despite Rouge only collecting six of the Emeralds, the portal to the Ifrit's dimension still opens, and Nega dispatches his own "Metal Sonic 3.0" robot to awaken the Ifrit. Despite possessing some of their friends' minds, the Ifrit is successfully defeated by the heroes. Shadow and Metal Sonic close the portal, trapping themselves and Eggman Nega in the Ifrit's dimension. However, Metal Sonic reveals the seventh Chaos Emerald inside his chassis, and Shadow uses it to teleport them back to their dimension, leaving Nega behind. Sonic and Tails free all the Chao, taking them back to a Chao Garden to relax. Knuckles uses Eggman Nega's Emerald Detector to find the Master Emerald, only for Rouge to steal it and run off. Silver returns to the future, hoping things have been made right, while Espio is left to report to Vector on the state of the case. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings63.05%Metacritic60/100Review scoresPublicationScore1Up.comC−Eurogamer7/10GameSpot5/10GameSpyGameZone6/10IGN6.5/10GameDaily6/10 Sonic Rivals 2 received "mixed or average reviews" from critics according to Metacritic, averaging a 60/100. In March 2009, Sonic Rivals was certified as part of Sony's Greatest Hits budget line, representing North American sales of at least 250,000. Sonic Rivals 2 soon followed. References ^ "Sonic Rivals 2 for PSP". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2016. ^ a b "Sonic Rivals 2 for PSP Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2011. ^ Mielke, James. "Sonic Rivals 2 Review". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2020. ^ Gibson, Ellie (December 4, 2007). "Sonic Rivals 2 Review". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2012. ^ Anderson, Lark (January 8, 2008). "Sonic Rivals 2 Review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2021. ^ Chapman, David (November 25, 2007). "Sonic Rivals". GameSpy. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2021. ^ "Sonic Rivals 2 - PSP - Review". GameZone. November 24, 2007. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2020. ^ Bishop, Sam (May 13, 2012). "Sonic Rivals 2 Review". IGN. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2012. ^ Workman, Robert (November 27, 2007). "Sonic Rivals 2 Review (PSP)". GameDaily. Archived from the original on March 26, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2020. ^ "SCEA Announces Newest PSP Greatest Hits". IGN. March 20, 2009. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2021. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Sonic Rivals 2. vteSonic the Hedgehog List of games Music Features Printed media Unofficial media Main seriesConsole Sonic the Hedgehog (1991) 2 CD 3 & Knuckles 3D Blast Adventure Adventure 2 Heroes Sonic the Hedgehog (2006) Unleashed 4: Episode I Colors Generations Shadow Generations 4: Episode II Lost World Mania Forces Frontiers Superstars Handheld Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Chaos Triple Trouble Blast Pocket Adventure Advance Advance 2 Advance 3 Rush Rush Adventure Spin-offsPlatformersSonic Boom Rise of Lyric Shattered Crystal Fire & Ice Mobile Jump Dash Jump Fever Runners Runners Adventure Dream Team Other SegaSonic the Hedgehog Knuckles' Chaotix Tails Adventure Shadow the Hedgehog Secret Rings Black Knight Speed Simulator Racing Drift Drift 2 R Riders Rivals Rivals 2 Riders: Zero Gravity All-Stars Racing Free Riders All-Stars Racing Transformed Team Sonic Racing Mario & Sonic Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games Olympic Winter Games London 2012 Sochi 2014 Winter Rio 2016 Tokyo 2020 Other Educational games Spinball Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine Labyrinth Tails' Skypatrol Fighters Shuffle Pinball Party Battle Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood The Murder Unreleased games X-treme Extreme Compilations Jam Mega Collection Gems Collection Ultimate Genesis Collection Classic Collection Origins Characters Sonic the Hedgehog Doctor Eggman Tails Knuckles the Echidna Shadow the Hedgehog Chao RelatedVideo games Flicky Puyo Puyo Nights into Dreams Fighters Megamix Super Monkey Ball Sega Superstars Tennis Super Smash Bros. Lego Dimensions Sega Heroes Fall Guys Angry Birds Other Green Hill Zone Sonic Team Yuji Naka Naoto Ohshima Hirokazu Yasuhara Takashi Iizuka Retro Engine Authority control databases: National France BnF data	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonic Rivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Rivals"},{"link_name":"Backbone Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbone_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Sega Studio USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Team#Sega_Studio_USA_(Sonic_Team_USA)"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"}],"text":"2007 video gameSonic Rivals 2 is a 2007 racing video game, the sequel to the 2006 game Sonic Rivals. The game was developed by Backbone Entertainment and supervised by Sega Studio USA, for the PlayStation Portable handheld video game console. Sonic Rivals 2 was released across November and December 2007. It received \"mixed or average\" reviews from critics.","title":"Sonic Rivals 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_(Sonic)"},{"link_name":"Mephiles the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephiles_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"Capture the Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_the_Flag"},{"link_name":"Hot Potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Potato_(game)"},{"link_name":"Tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_(game)"}],"text":"Sonic Rivals 2 has four main Single Player modes. Story Mode is the main single player mode. Players go through each of the game's battle modes and levels to advance the plot. Each zone has three acts and a boss, with the exception of the final zone. The characters are divided into four teams, each of which has their own story. The game introduces a new mode called Free Play. In this single player mode, players can choose any one of the eight characters and play through the zones in traditional 2D Sonic fashion. They can also try Time Attacking, or finding the ten hidden Chao in the levels. There are no opponents for this mode. This is a first for many of the characters featured. In addition, players can also try the Cup Circuit and Single Event modes. Races and battle can be customized in every aspect, and players can try to earn cards by completing challenges. There are 150 different cards to collect, and each is tied to a certain achievement. For example, getting an S Rank in Knockout Mode unlocks a card of Mephiles the Dark. The cards themselves contain art from various older Sonic games, and can unlock things such as alternate suits for the characters. Unlike the first game, only one card is needed to unlock a suit; and each character has four suits instead of the original three. The cards also unlock the Cup Circuits, and Chao Detectors for the Zones.Each stage has three acts and a boss, instead of the original game's two. Acts one and three are races, and act two is always a battle. In the story mode, the races may be substituted with single character missions such as \"Time Attack,” \"Collect X Rings,” and other challenges. Certain stages can be skipped in the story, depending on the character chosen.Sonic Rivals 2 boasts a new multiplayer \"Battle Mode\" with six different types of competition in addition to the main race mode. These modes are also worked into the story. The lengths of the battles can be set though the selection menus. In Knockout, each player starts with three rings. Players must knock all of the rings out of their opponent and then attack them to win. The first player to get the set number of knockouts wins. In Rings Battle, players have a set amount time to collect as many rings as possible. The player with the most rings at the end of the time limit wins.Capture the Chao is a Sonic themed version of Capture the Flag. Players must steal a set number of Chao from their opponent's base and bring them back to their own base with their own Chao still there to win. In Laps Race, the first player to complete a set number of laps around the track wins. King of the Hill has an Omochao stationed at the top of the level with a light beam. Players earn points by simply standing under it. The first player to get the set number of points wins. Tag is a Sonic themed cross between Hot Potato and Tag. Each player has a time limit that drops when they hold the bomb. Players pass the bomb by attacking the other player. The first player to have their time limit expire loses.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"previous title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Rivals"},{"link_name":"Sonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(character)"},{"link_name":"Tails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tails_(Sonic_the_Hedgehog)"},{"link_name":"Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_the_Hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Metal Sonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Sonic"},{"link_name":"Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_the_Hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Espio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espio_the_Chameleon"},{"link_name":"Knuckles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuckles_the_Echidna"},{"link_name":"Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_the_Bat"}],"sub_title":"Characters","text":"Sonic Rivals 2 features eight playable characters, including all five characters from the previous title. All characters use Homing Attack and Spin Dash to move through the levels. Collecting Rings or destroying enemies will also fill the Signature Meter; when the meter is full, players can use a character-specific Signature Move to gain an advantage. For example, Shadow's \"Chaos Control\" move has the ability to slow down the other player's movement for a few seconds.The character roster is split into teams of two (Sonic and Tails; Shadow and Metal Sonic; Silver and Espio; Knuckles and Rouge), with each team having its own story campaign that tells the events of the game's story from their perspective.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doctor Eggman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Eggman"},{"link_name":"Ifrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifrit"},{"link_name":"Chaos Emeralds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_Emerald"},{"link_name":"Silver the Hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_the_Hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Eggman Nega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggman_Nega"},{"link_name":"Gerald Robotnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Robotnik"},{"link_name":"Vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_the_Crocodile"}],"text":"Sonic and Tails are investigating the disappearances of several Chao. They discover that Doctor Eggman has stolen the Chao and concealed them inside a haunted mansion. He plans to feed them to an interdimensional beast called the \"Ifrit\" to make it invincible, then release the Ifrit to destroy the world. However, as he needs the seven Chaos Emeralds to open the portal to the Ifrit's dimension, he secretly hires Rouge to collect them. When the Master Emerald also goes missing, Knuckles teams up with Rouge to find it.Meanwhile, Silver the Hedgehog returns from the future, which has been ruined by the Ifrit. In order to prevent this, he searches for and steals the Chao in order to hide them and keep them safe. Espio, having been hired to investigate the disappearances, initially believes Silver is taking the Chao for nefarious purposes, but agrees to join forces after discovering his true motivations. Elsewhere, Shadow is met by Metal Sonic, who is being used by Eggman as a communication device. Eggman reveals that the true perpetrator is Eggman Nega disguised as himself, who learned of the Ifrit by accessing Gerald Robotnik's journals. Shadow and Metal Sonic set out to retrieve the Chaos Emeralds before Nega does.All of the teams meet up at the haunted mansion to confront Nega. Despite Rouge only collecting six of the Emeralds, the portal to the Ifrit's dimension still opens, and Nega dispatches his own \"Metal Sonic 3.0\" robot to awaken the Ifrit. Despite possessing some of their friends' minds, the Ifrit is successfully defeated by the heroes. Shadow and Metal Sonic close the portal, trapping themselves and Eggman Nega in the Ifrit's dimension. However, Metal Sonic reveals the seventh Chaos Emerald inside his chassis, and Shadow uses it to teleport them back to their dimension, leaving Nega behind.Sonic and Tails free all the Chao, taking them back to a Chao Garden to relax. Knuckles uses Eggman Nega's Emerald Detector to find the Master Emerald, only for Rouge to steal it and run off. Silver returns to the future, hoping things have been made right, while Espio is left to report to Vector on the state of the case.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR-1"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-2"},{"link_name":"1Up.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Up.com"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"GameDaily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameDaily"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-2"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sony_Greatest_Hits_games"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings63.05%[1]Metacritic60/100[2]Review scoresPublicationScore1Up.comC−[3]Eurogamer7/10[4]GameSpot5/10[5]GameSpy[6]GameZone6/10[7]IGN6.5/10[8]GameDaily6/10[9]Sonic Rivals 2 received \"mixed or average reviews\" from critics according to Metacritic, averaging a 60/100.[2]In March 2009, Sonic Rivals was certified as part of Sony's Greatest Hits budget line, representing North American sales of at least 250,000. Sonic Rivals 2 soon followed.[10]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sonic Rivals 2 for PSP\". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191209000639/http://www.gamerankings.com/psp/941460-sonic-rivals-2/index.html","url_text":"\"Sonic Rivals 2 for PSP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings","url_text":"GameRankings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://www.gamerankings.com/psp/941460-sonic-rivals-2/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sonic Rivals 2 for PSP Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarancha_class_missile_boat	Sarancha-class missile boat	["1 Design","2 Missile boat MRK-5","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Bibliography","5 External links"]	Class of Soviet hydrofoil missile boats This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) MRK-5 in a dock in late 1980s. Class overview BuildersAlmaz, Leningrad Operators Soviet Navy Built1973 In commission1977-1990 Completed1 Lost1 General characteristics Typehydrofoil missile boat Displacement280 tons standard, 320 tons full load Length53.6 m Beam31.31 m Draught2.6 M (7.3 m with foils extended) Propulsion4 shafts, 2 gas turbines 30,000 hp (diesel - GT) 2 GTD M-10 (based on NK-12) 2 diesel M-401 (DRA-211) little cruise 3 gas turbogenerators GTG-100 2 diesel generators DG-100 Speed58 kn (107 km/h) Range700 nmi (1,300 km) Complement40 Sensors and processing systemsRadar: Band Stand, Pop Group, Bass Tilt Armament4 x SS-N-9 anti ship missiles 1 SA-N-4 SAM system (20 re-load missiles) 1- 30mm AK-630 gun system The Sarancha class is the NATO reporting name for a hydrofoil missile boat built for the Soviet Navy. The Soviet designation was Project 1240 Uragan (Серия 1240 Ураган- Hurricane). Design The boat was a very complex design. Unlike previous Soviet hydrofoil boats the Project 1240 had fully submerged foils with propellers mounted on the after set of foils. The boat achieved a speed of 58 knots (107 km/h) and had a heavy armament. It was deemed too large, complex and expensive for series production and only a prototype boat was built. Missile boat MRK-5 The MRK-5 (МРК-5) was laid down at the Petrovski plant in Leningrad in 1973 and was on trials until 1977. In 1979, she was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet via Russian inland waterways. She was based in Sevastopol until 1990, when she was decommissioned. In 1992, she was damaged by fire and sunk in shallow water. The wreck was raised and scrapped. See also List of ships of the Soviet Navy List of ships of Russia by project number HMCS Bras d'Or (FHE 400), a Canadian hydrofoil intended for anti-submarine duties HMS Speedy (P296), a Royal Navy Jetfoil mine countermeasure vessel. Pegasus-class hydrofoil, a class of USN PHM Matka-class missile boat, a class of Soviet PHM Sparviero-class patrol boat, a class of Italian PHM References Notes Bibliography Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. London: Conway Maritime. ISBN 0851776051. OCLC 34284130. Also published as Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557501327. OCLC 34267261. External links Project 1240 Uragan article on the Encyclopedia of Ships (in Russian) The Black Sea Fleet's page on the MRK-5 (in Russian) Atrina website article on the MRK-5 (in Russian) Ship list and information for the Sarancha class missile boat vteSoviet and Russian ship classes after 1945Aircraft carriers Moskva Project 1160P X ORELP X Kiev Kuznetsov UlyanovskX Project 23000EP Project LMAP Battlecruisers StalingradX Kirov Cruisers Sverdlov Kynda Kresta I Kresta II Kara Slava Project 22350MKP Project 21956MKP Project 23560 Skval Destroyers Skory Neustrashimy Kotlin Kildin Krupny Kanin Kashin Sovremenny Udaloy Project 22350M Project 21956P Frigates Kola Riga Petya Mirka Koni Burevestnik Gepard Neustrashimy NovikP X Admiral Grigorovich Admiral Gorshkov Rusich-1 Corvettes Poti Pauk Parchim Nanuchka Tarantul Bora Grisha Mukha Buyan Steregushchiy Gremyashchiy Karakurt Derzky BrizP Rusich-1500P P / M / T boats Kronshtadt P 6 Pr 123K Komar Osa Shershen Stenka Turya Pr 1204 Shmel Zhuk Mukha Matka MuraveyBG Sarancha SvetlyakBG RubinBG Project 22160 Project 23550 Pr 03160 Raptor BrizP OkeanBG Rusich-2400P Pr 133RA Antares-RA Pr 21980 Grachonok Pr 12260 Yastreb Pr 14310 Mirazh Pr 12150 Mangusta Pr 02800 DShL Minesweepers T43 T58 Yurka Natya Gorya Sasha Vanya Zhenya Sonya Yevgenya Alexandrit Amphibious ships Nosorog Tapir Ropucha Polnocny Dyugon Ondatra Serna Merkuryy Delfin LHD HC LAC P X Project 10200 Khalzan P X Project 11780P X Ivan Gren ° Andreev ° Kajman Priboy P Lavina P X Project 23900 Spy ships Moma Marshal Krylov Primor'ye Balzam Vishnya Yury Ivanov Air-cushioned landing craft Gus Lebed Tsaplya Aist Zubr CzilimBG Icebreaking patrol vessels Ivan SusaninBG PurgaBG Project 23550 Other vessels SSV-33 Don Ugra Smolnyy Dunay Lun X Cancelled BG Border Guard service P Project P X Project, Cancelled	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NATO reporting name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_reporting_name"},{"link_name":"hydrofoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofoil"},{"link_name":"missile boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_boat"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"}],"text":"The Sarancha class is the NATO reporting name for a hydrofoil missile boat built for the Soviet Navy. The Soviet designation was Project 1240 Uragan (Серия 1240 Ураган- Hurricane).","title":"Sarancha-class missile boat"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The boat was a very complex design. Unlike previous Soviet hydrofoil boats the Project 1240 had fully submerged foils with propellers mounted on the after set of foils. The boat achieved a speed of 58 knots (107 km/h) and had a heavy armament. It was deemed too large, complex and expensive for series production and only a prototype boat was built.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Sea Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet"}],"text":"The MRK-5 (МРК-5) was laid down at the Petrovski plant in Leningrad in 1973 and was on trials until 1977. In 1979, she was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet via Russian inland waterways. She was based in Sevastopol until 1990, when she was decommissioned. In 1992, she was damaged by fire and sunk in shallow water. The wreck was raised and scrapped.","title":"Missile boat MRK-5"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of ships of the Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Soviet_Navy"},{"title":"List of ships of Russia by project number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_of_Russia_by_project_number"},{"title":"HMCS Bras d'Or (FHE 400)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Bras_d%27Or_(FHE_400)"},{"title":"HMS Speedy (P296)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Speedy_(P296)"},{"title":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"title":"Jetfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetfoil"},{"title":"mine countermeasure vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_countermeasure_vessel"},{"title":"Pegasus-class hydrofoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus-class_hydrofoil"},{"title":"Matka-class missile boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matka-class_missile_boat"},{"title":"Sparviero-class patrol boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparviero-class_patrol_boat"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34284130","external_links_name":"34284130"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34267261","external_links_name":"34267261"},{"Link":"http://ship.bsu.by/main.asp?id=102873","external_links_name":"Project 1240 Uragan article on the Encyclopedia of Ships"},{"Link":"http://flot.sevastopol.info/ship/mrk/mrk5.htm","external_links_name":"The Black Sea Fleet's page on the MRK-5"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080918134201/http://www.atrinaflot.narod.ru/3_cutters/01_mrk_1240/0_1240.htm","external_links_name":"Atrina website article on the MRK-5"},{"Link":"http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1240.htm","external_links_name":"Ship list and information for the Sarancha class missile boat"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackall_Range	Blackall Range	["1 History","2 Roads","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 26°42′S 152°53′E / 26.700°S 152.883°E / -26.700; 152.883 BlackallLooking west from Gympie Road, Nambour, 1910. Looking west down Gympie Road, Nambour, to lightly cleared rural land and the Blackall Ranges.GeographyCountryAustraliaStateQueenslandRegionSouth East QueenslandRange coordinates26°42′S 152°53′E / 26.700°S 152.883°E / -26.700; 152.883GeologyAge of rockOligocene The Blackall Range is a mountain range in South East Queensland, Australia. The first European explorer in the area was Ludwig Leichhardt. It was named after Samuel Blackall, the second Governor of Queensland. The Blackall Range dominates the hinterland area of the Sunshine Coast, west of Nambour. Maleny, Mapleton, Montville and Flaxton are the main settlements located on the range. The Stanley River rises from the southern slopes. Baroon Pocket Dam is a reservoir on Obi Obi Creek which drains the north west slopes of the range. Mary Cairncross Reserve marks the site of the first settler's house on the Blackall Range. Curramore Sanctuary, Mapleton Falls National Park and Kondalilla National Park are also located on the range. A number of lookouts on the range provide views towards the coast. One of these is located at Howells Knob, a mountain which rises 561 m above sea level. Timber resources in the area attracted timber-cutters in 1860s. The last logging on the range occurred in 1939. The Blackall and Bunya Mountains ranges are the only two locations where the bunya pine species of tree is found naturally. Activities by community groups with the support of the Queensland Government succeeded in recognising the range with iconic status, meaning the area is given greater environmental protection. In mid-2008, iconic status was confirmed, making the Blackall Range the third such declaration in Queensland after Noosa and Port Douglas. History The Blackall Range is volcanic in origin and contains vast amounts of red basalt soils dating from the Jurassic period. It also takes its name from Samuel Blackall, the second Governor of Queensland. Dalla (also known as Dalambara and Dallambara) is a language of the Upper Brisbane River catchment, notably the Conondale Range. Dalla is part of the Duungidjawu language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Somerset and Moreton Bay Regional Councils, particularly the towns of Caboolture, Kilcoy, Woodford and Moore. Roads Main article: Blackall Range road network A group of roads provide access to the mountain localities and towns from various lowland places, and enable travel between the mountain communities. These roads ensure continuity of access in times of flooding or other natural disasters, and during planned maintenance activities. See also Queensland portal Glass House Mountains (Queensland) List of mountains in Australia References ^ "Maleny". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Digital. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008. ^ "Guide to Maleny in Queensland". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Digital. 25 November 2008. Archived from the original on 12 November 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009. ^ Queensland Environmental Protection Agency (2000). Heritage Trails of the Great South East. State of Queensland. p. 130. ISBN 0-7345-1008-X. ^ "Bunya Mountains Gathering". Queensland Museum. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2012. ^ "Blackall Range push for iconic status". Archived from the original on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008. ^ Alan Lander (20 June 2008). "Blackall Range achieves iconic status". Sunshine Coast News. APN News & Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2009. ^ This Wikipedia article incorporates CC-BY-4.0 licensed text from: "Indigenous languages map of Queensland". State Library of Queensland. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 5 February 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blackall Range. Blackall Range: Nature, culture and history vteSouth East Queensland, QueenslandLocal government areas Brisbane Gold Coast Ipswich Logan Moreton Bay Noosa Redland Sunshine Coast Major urban centres Brisbane Gold Coast Sunshine Coast Towns Beenleigh Caboolture Caloundra Ipswich Nambour Springfield Nationalparks Bellthorpe Bribie Island Burleigh Head Conondale D'Aguilar Deer Reserve Dularcha Esk Eudlo Creek Ferntree Creek Fort Lytton Freshwater Gatton Glass House Mountains Kondalilla Lamington Lockyer Main Range Mapleton Falls Mooloolah River Moogerah Peaks Gheebulum Kunungai (Moreton Island) Mount Barney Mount Chinghee Mount Coolum Mount Pinbarren Naree Budjong Djara Nicoll Scrub Noosa Nerang Ravensbourne Sarabah Southern Moreton Bay Islands St Helena Island Springbrook Tamborine Teerk Roo Ra Tewantin Triunia Tuchekoi Venman Bushland West Cooroy Wickham Moreton Bay Marine Park Placesof interest Blackall Range Bribie Island Conondale Range Cunninghams Gap D'Aguilar Range Flinders Peak Group Glass House Mountains Moreton Bay Moreton Island Scenic Rim South Stradbroke Island Tamborine Mountain Wivenhoe Dam	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range"},{"link_name":"South East Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Leichhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Leichhardt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Samuel Blackall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Blackall"},{"link_name":"Governor of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Nambour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambour,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Maleny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleny,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Mapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapleton,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Montville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montville,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Flaxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaxton,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Stanley River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_River_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Baroon Pocket Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroon_Pocket_Dam"},{"link_name":"Obi Obi Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obi_Obi_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mary Cairncross Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cairncross_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Curramore Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curramore_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"Mapleton Falls National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapleton_Falls_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Kondalilla National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondalilla_National_Park"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage-3"},{"link_name":"Bunya Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunya_Mountains"},{"link_name":"bunya pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cc-4"},{"link_name":"Queensland Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Noosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noosa,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Port Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Douglas,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Blackall Range is a mountain range in South East Queensland, Australia. The first European explorer in the area was Ludwig Leichhardt.[1] It was named after Samuel Blackall, the second Governor of Queensland.The Blackall Range dominates the hinterland area of the Sunshine Coast, west of Nambour. Maleny, Mapleton, Montville and Flaxton are the main settlements located on the range. The Stanley River rises from the southern slopes. Baroon Pocket Dam is a reservoir on Obi Obi Creek which drains the north west slopes of the range.Mary Cairncross Reserve marks the site of the first settler's house on the Blackall Range. Curramore Sanctuary, Mapleton Falls National Park and Kondalilla National Park are also located on the range. A number of lookouts on the range provide views towards the coast.[citation needed] One of these is located at Howells Knob, a mountain which rises 561 m above sea level.[2]Timber resources in the area attracted timber-cutters in 1860s.[3] The last logging on the range occurred in 1939. The Blackall and Bunya Mountains ranges are the only two locations where the bunya pine species of tree is found naturally.[4]Activities by community groups with the support of the Queensland Government succeeded in recognising the range with iconic status, meaning the area is given greater environmental protection.[5] In mid-2008, iconic status was confirmed, making the Blackall Range the third such declaration in Queensland after Noosa and Port Douglas.[6]","title":"Blackall Range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Samuel Blackall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Blackall"},{"link_name":"Governor of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Brisbane River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_River"},{"link_name":"Conondale Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conondale_Range"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Regional_Council"},{"link_name":"Moreton Bay Regional Councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Bay_Regional_Council"},{"link_name":"Caboolture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caboolture,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Kilcoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilcoy,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Woodford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodford,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Blackall Range is volcanic in origin and contains vast amounts of red basalt soils dating from the Jurassic period. It also takes its name from Samuel Blackall, the second Governor of Queensland.Dalla (also known as Dalambara and Dallambara) is a language of the Upper Brisbane River catchment, notably the Conondale Range. Dalla is part of the Duungidjawu language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Somerset and Moreton Bay Regional Councils, particularly the towns of Caboolture, Kilcoy, Woodford and Moore.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A group of roads provide access to the mountain localities and towns from various lowland places, and enable travel between the mountain communities. These roads ensure continuity of access in times of flooding or other natural disasters, and during planned maintenance activities.","title":"Roads"}]	[]	[{"title":"Queensland portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Queensland"},{"title":"Glass House Mountains (Queensland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_House_Mountains_(Queensland)"},{"title":"List of mountains in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia"}]	[{"reference":"\"Maleny\". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Digital. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/Queensland/Maleny/2005/02/17/1108500203532.html","url_text":"\"Maleny\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Digital","url_text":"Fairfax Digital"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080420083702/http://www.smh.com.au/news/Queensland/Maleny/2005/02/17/1108500203532.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Maleny in Queensland\". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Digital. 25 November 2008. Archived from the original on 12 November 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-factsheet/maleny--places-to-see-20081125-6gtj.html","url_text":"\"Guide to Maleny in Queensland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Digital","url_text":"Fairfax Digital"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091112185108/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-factsheet/maleny--places-to-see-20081125-6gtj.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Queensland Environmental Protection Agency (2000). Heritage Trails of the Great South East. State of Queensland. p. 130. ISBN 0-7345-1008-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7345-1008-X","url_text":"0-7345-1008-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Bunya Mountains Gathering\". Queensland Museum. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cobbandco.qm.qld.gov.au/Find+out+about/Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Cultures/Gatherings/Bunya+Mountains+Gathering","url_text":"\"Bunya Mountains Gathering\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170316193336/http://cobbandco.qm.qld.gov.au/Find+out+about/Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Cultures/Gatherings/Bunya+Mountains+Gathering","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Blackall Range push for iconic status\". Archived from the original on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedaily.com.au/news/2008/mar/20/blackall-range-push-iconic-status/","url_text":"\"Blackall Range push for iconic status\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080424130102/http://www.thedaily.com.au/news/2008/mar/20/blackall-range-push-iconic-status/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alan Lander (20 June 2008). \"Blackall Range achieves iconic status\". Sunshine Coast News. APN News & Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/story/2008/06/20/blackall-range-achieves-iconic-status/","url_text":"\"Blackall Range achieves iconic status\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929114743/http://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/story/2008/06/20/blackall-range-achieves-iconic-status/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Indigenous languages map of Queensland\". State Library of Queensland. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 5 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/51?embed=true","url_text":"\"Indigenous languages map of Queensland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland","url_text":"State Library of Queensland"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blackall_Range&params=26_42_S_152_53_E_type:mountain_region:AU_scale:300000","external_links_name":"26°42′S 152°53′E / 26.700°S 152.883°E / -26.700; 152.883"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blackall_Range&params=26_42_S_152_53_E_type:mountain_region:AU_scale:300000","external_links_name":"26°42′S 152°53′E / 26.700°S 152.883°E / -26.700; 152.883"},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/Queensland/Maleny/2005/02/17/1108500203532.html","external_links_name":"\"Maleny\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080420083702/http://www.smh.com.au/news/Queensland/Maleny/2005/02/17/1108500203532.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-factsheet/maleny--places-to-see-20081125-6gtj.html","external_links_name":"\"Guide to Maleny in Queensland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091112185108/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-factsheet/maleny--places-to-see-20081125-6gtj.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cobbandco.qm.qld.gov.au/Find+out+about/Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Cultures/Gatherings/Bunya+Mountains+Gathering","external_links_name":"\"Bunya Mountains Gathering\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170316193336/http://cobbandco.qm.qld.gov.au/Find+out+about/Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Cultures/Gatherings/Bunya+Mountains+Gathering","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thedaily.com.au/news/2008/mar/20/blackall-range-push-iconic-status/","external_links_name":"\"Blackall Range push for iconic status\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080424130102/http://www.thedaily.com.au/news/2008/mar/20/blackall-range-push-iconic-status/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/story/2008/06/20/blackall-range-achieves-iconic-status/","external_links_name":"\"Blackall Range achieves iconic status\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929114743/http://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/story/2008/06/20/blackall-range-achieves-iconic-status/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/home/copyright","external_links_name":"licensed"},{"Link":"https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/51?embed=true","external_links_name":"\"Indigenous languages map of Queensland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125030930/http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/parks/kondalila/culture.html","external_links_name":"Blackall Range: Nature, culture and history"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Karl_von_Macchio	Baron Karl von Macchio	["1 Life","2 Notes","3 Works","4 References","5 External links"]	Austro-Hungarian diplomat Karl Freiherr von MacchioAustro-Hungarian Minister to MontenegroIn office3 February 1899 – 6 November 1903Preceded byEugen Ritter von KuczyńskiSucceeded byOtto Freiherr Kuhn von KuhnenfeldAustro-Hungarian Minister to GreeceIn office6 November 1903 – 18 November 1908Preceded byStephan Freiherr Burián von RajeczSucceeded byKarl Freiherr von BraunSecond Section Chief in the Imperial Foreign MinistryIn office10 January 1909 – 30 March 1912Preceded byLadislaus Müller von SzentgyörgySucceeded byFriedrich Graf Szapáry von Muraszombath, Széchysziget und SzapárFirst Section Chief in the Imperial Foreign MinistryIn office30 March 1912 – 4 January 1917Preceded byBaron Ladislaus Müller von SzentgyörgySucceeded byBaron Ladislaus Müller von Szentgyörgy Personal detailsBorn(1859-02-23)23 February 1859Hermannstadt, Austria-Hungary (now Romania)Died1 April 1945(1945-04-01) (aged 86)Vienna, Austria Karl Freiherr von Macchio (23 February 1859 – 1 April 1945), was an Austro-Hungarian diplomat active before and during World War I. Life Born in Hermannstadt (now Sibiu) on 23 February 1859 into a noble family originating from Lombardy. After studies in law, he joined the Austro-Hungarian foreign service in 1881 and served in Constantinople, Bucharest, St. Petersburg and Belgrade. In 1899, he was appointed to serve as minister at Cetinje and then from 1903 in Athens succeeding Baron Burián von Rajecz, the future Foreign Minister. In 1907, he was a member of the Austro-Hungarian delegation to the Second Hague Peace Conference. In 1908, he was appointed a Privy Councillor (Geheimer Rat). In January 1909, Baron von Macchio was appointed by Count Lexa von Aehrenthal, who considered him an "expert in Balkan questions", to serve as Second Section Chief (equivalent to a Head of Political Section) at the Ballhausplatz. He succeeded Baron Müller von Szentgyörgy who had been promoted to First Section Chief (equivalent to an Undersecretary) and would in March 1912 succeed him also in that position. During the July Crisis in 1914, he was therefore one of the closest collaborators of Foreign Minister Count von Berchtold but played a much more marginal role than the chef de cabinet Count von Hoyos and the Second Section Chief Count von Forgách After the outbreak of war, Baron von Macchio was sent to Rome on 11 August 1914 on a special mission ("in außerordenlicher Mission") to support the embassy as the ambassador, Mérey, was ill. As such he was de facto ambassador with the title "außerordentlicher und bevollmächtigter Botschafter mit Titel und Charakter", although Mérey remained officially in charge. His mission in Rome was to prevent Italy from entering the war on the side of the Entente, but as the autumn passed it became increasingly clear that it was rather a question about delaying than preventing an Italian declaration of war against Austria-Hungary. In January 1915, Baron von Macchio, supported by the German ambassador at Rome, the former Chancellor Prince von Bülow, sought to persuade Foreign Minister Count Leopold Berchtold\|Count Berchtold to cede the Trentino to Italy. As pressure mounted on Count Berchtold to accede in this direction, he was forced by the Hungarian Minister-President Count Tisza and the Chief of the General Staff General Conrad von Hötzendorf to resign. Following Italy's declaration of war on 23 May 1915, Baron von Macchio returned to Vienna, where he continued in his function as First Section Chief until January 1917. After the war, he worked as a staff member of the Neue Freie Presse, a Viennese newspaper, covering international affairs. Prince von Bülow and Matthias Erzberger blamed Baron von Macchio for the failure of the negotiations to prevent the entry of Italy into the war, but Baron von Macchio vehemently denied this in his memoirs, basing himself on Italian sources to justify his course of action. Baron von Macchio died in Vienna on 1 April 1945. Notes Regarding personal names: Freiherr is a former title (translated as Baron). In Germany since 1919, it forms part of family names. The feminine forms are Freifrau and Freiin. Works Wahrheit! Fürst Bülow und ich in Rom, 1914/1915, Vienna, Jung Österreich verlag, 1931. 'Momentbilder aus der Julikrise 1914', Berliner Monatshefte, no. 14, 1936, pp. 763–788. References ^ 'Macchio Karl Frh. von', Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815-1950, vol. 5, Vienna, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1957, p. 387. ^ 'Macchio Karl Frh. von', op. cit. ^ William D. Godsey, Aristocratic Redoubt: The Austro-Hungarian Foreign Office on the Eve of the First World War, West Lafayette, Purdue University Press, 1999, p. 83. ^ 'Karl Macchio', Solving Problems Through Force ^ Holger H. Herwig & Neil M. Heyman, Biographical Dictionary of World War I, London, Greenwood Press, 1982, p. 84. ^ 'Macchio Karl Frh. von', op. cit. External links 'Macchio Karl Frh. von', Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815-1950 'Karl Macchio', Solving Problems Through Force Diplomatic posts Preceded byEugen Ritter von Kuczyński Austro-Hungarian Minister to Montenegro 1899–1903 Succeeded byOtto Freiherr Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld Preceded byStephan Freiherr Burián von Rajecz Austro-Hungarian Minister to Greece 1903–1908 Succeeded byKarl Freiherr von Braun Preceded byBaron Ladislaus Müller von Szentgyörgy Second Section Chief in the Imperial Foreign Ministry 1909–1912 Succeeded byFriedrich Graf Szapáry von Muraszombath, Széchysziget und Szapár Preceded byBaron Ladislaus Müller von Szentgyörgy First Section Chief in the Imperial Foreign Ministry 1912–1917 Succeeded byBaron Ladislaus Müller von Szentgyörgy Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"Karl Freiherr von Macchio (23 February 1859 – 1 April 1945), was an Austro-Hungarian diplomat active before and during World War I.","title":"Baron Karl von Macchio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sibiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian foreign service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Foreign_Service"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(diplomacy)"},{"link_name":"Cetinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetinje"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Baron Burián von Rajecz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Buri%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Second Hague Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Peace_Conference#Hague_Convention_of_1907"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Count Lexa von Aehrenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Alois_Lexa_von_Aehrenthal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ballhausplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballhausplatz"},{"link_name":"Baron Müller von Szentgyörgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Ladislaus_M%C3%BCller_von_Szentgy%C3%B6rgy"},{"link_name":"Undersecretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undersecretary"},{"link_name":"July Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Count von Berchtold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Leopold_Berchtold"},{"link_name":"Count von Hoyos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Alexander_von_Hoyos"},{"link_name":"Count von Forgách","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Johann_von_Forg%C3%A1ch"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Mérey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajetan_von_M%C3%A9rey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Prince von Bülow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow"},{"link_name":"Trentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentino"},{"link_name":"Count Tisza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Tisza"},{"link_name":"General Conrad von Hötzendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Conrad_von_H%C3%B6tzendorf"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Neue Freie Presse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Freie_Presse"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Matthias Erzberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Erzberger"}],"text":"Born in Hermannstadt (now Sibiu) on 23 February 1859 into a noble family originating from Lombardy. After studies in law, he joined the Austro-Hungarian foreign service in 1881 and served in Constantinople, Bucharest, St. Petersburg and Belgrade.[1]In 1899, he was appointed to serve as minister at Cetinje and then from 1903 in Athens succeeding Baron Burián von Rajecz, the future Foreign Minister. In 1907, he was a member of the Austro-Hungarian delegation to the Second Hague Peace Conference. In 1908, he was appointed a Privy Councillor (Geheimer Rat).[2]In January 1909, Baron von Macchio was appointed by Count Lexa von Aehrenthal, who considered him an \"expert in Balkan questions\",[3] to serve as Second Section Chief (equivalent to a Head of Political Section) at the Ballhausplatz. He succeeded Baron Müller von Szentgyörgy who had been promoted to First Section Chief (equivalent to an Undersecretary) and would in March 1912 succeed him also in that position. During the July Crisis in 1914, he was therefore one of the closest collaborators of Foreign Minister Count von Berchtold but played a much more marginal role than the chef de cabinet Count von Hoyos and the Second Section Chief Count von ForgáchAfter the outbreak of war, Baron von Macchio was sent to Rome on 11 August 1914 on a special mission (\"in außerordenlicher Mission\") to support the embassy as the ambassador, Mérey, was ill. As such he was de facto ambassador with the title \"außerordentlicher und bevollmächtigter Botschafter mit Titel und Charakter\", although Mérey remained officially in charge. His mission in Rome was to prevent Italy from entering the war on the side of the Entente, but as the autumn passed it became increasingly clear that it was rather a question about delaying than preventing an Italian declaration of war against Austria-Hungary.[4]In January 1915, Baron von Macchio, supported by the German ambassador at Rome, the former Chancellor Prince von Bülow, sought to persuade Foreign Minister Count Leopold Berchtold\|Count Berchtold to cede the Trentino to Italy. As pressure mounted on Count Berchtold to accede in this direction, he was forced by the Hungarian Minister-President Count Tisza and the Chief of the General Staff General Conrad von Hötzendorf to resign.[5]Following Italy's declaration of war on 23 May 1915, Baron von Macchio returned to Vienna, where he continued in his function as First Section Chief until January 1917. After the war, he worked as a staff member of the Neue Freie Presse, a Viennese newspaper, covering international affairs.[6]Prince von Bülow and Matthias Erzberger blamed Baron von Macchio for the failure of the negotiations to prevent the entry of Italy into the war, but Baron von Macchio vehemently denied this in his memoirs, basing himself on Italian sources to justify his course of action.Baron von Macchio died in Vienna on 1 April 1945.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freiherr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiherr"},{"link_name":"Baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"}],"text":"Regarding personal names: Freiherr is a former title (translated as Baron). In Germany since 1919, it forms part of family names. The feminine forms are Freifrau and Freiin.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Wahrheit! Fürst Bülow und ich in Rom, 1914/1915, Vienna, Jung Österreich verlag, 1931.\n'Momentbilder aus der Julikrise 1914', Berliner Monatshefte, no. 14, 1936, pp. 763–788.","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.oocities.org/veldes1/macchio.html","external_links_name":"'Karl Macchio', Solving Problems Through Force"},{"Link":"http://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl_5/387.pdf","external_links_name":"'Macchio Karl Frh. von', Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815-1950"},{"Link":"http://www.oocities.org/veldes1/macchio.html","external_links_name":"'Karl Macchio', Solving Problems Through Force"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000367626174","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/231897157","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjK3w4d3HbG33VT7xVKgYX","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1050485556","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p125411421","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1050485556.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/16672954X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plank_road	Plank road	["1 Origins","2 In North America","3 In Australia","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Road composed of wooden planks or puncheon logs Diagram of a plank road A wood mat road in British Columbia, used for temporary access over soft ground A plank road is a road composed of wooden planks or puncheon logs, as an efficient technology for traversing soft, marshy, or otherwise difficult ground. Plank roads were commonly found in the Canadian province of Ontario as well as the Northeast and Midwest of the United States in the first half of the 19th century. They were often built by turnpike companies. Origins The Wittmoor bog trackway is the name given to each of two historic plank roads or boardwalks, trackway No. I being discovered in 1898 and trackway No. II in 1904 in the Wittmoor bog in northern Hamburg, Germany. The trackways date to the 4th and 7th century AD, both linked the eastern and western shores of the formerly inaccessible, swampy bog. A part of the older trackway No. II dating to the period of the Roman Empire is on display at the permanent exhibition of the Archaeological Museum Hamburg in Harburg, Hamburg. This type of plank road is known to have been used as early as 4,000 BC with, for example, the Post Track found in the Somerset levels near Glastonbury, England. This type of road was also constructed in Roman times. In North America From the mid-1840s and to mid 1850s, the United States experienced the Plank Road Boom and a subsequent bust. The first plank road in the US was built in North Syracuse, New York, to transport salt and other goods; it appears to have copied earlier roads in Canada, which had copied Russian ones. The plank road boom, like many other early technologies, promised to transform the way people lived and worked and led to permissive changes in legislation seeking to spur development, speculative investment by private individuals, etc. Ultimately, the technology failed to live up to its promise, and millions of dollars in investments evaporated almost overnight. Three plank roads, the Hackensack, the Paterson, and the Newark, were major arteries in northern New Jersey. The roads travelled over the New Jersey Meadowlands, connecting the cities for which they were named to the Hudson River waterfront. U.S. Route 1 in Virginia follows the Boydton Plank Road from Petersburg southwards to just north of the North Carolina line. On the U.S. West Coast the Canyon Road of Portland, Oregon was another important but short artery and was built between 1851 and 1856. A plank road on one of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska Kingston Road (Toronto) (Governor's Road) and Danforth Avenue, in Toronto, were plank roads built by the Don and Danforth Plank Road Company in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. Highway 2 from Toronto eastwards was a plank road in the 19th century that was later paved. In 1833 Scarborough-Markham Plank Road was authorized to build a road from Danforth Road to Highway 7 to Ringwood and east on Stouffville Road to Main Street Stouffville. Plank roads are used exclusively in the Canadian fishing outport of Harrington Harbour, Quebec because the town is built directly over a hilly, rocky shore. ATVs are the only mode of transportation there. In Australia In Perth, Western Australia, plank roads were important in the early growth of the agricultural and outer urban areas because of the distances imposed by swamps and the relatively-infertile soil. As it cost £2,000/km to construct roads by conventional means, the local councils, known as road boards, were experimenting with cheaper approaches to road building. A method called Jandakot Corduroy had been developed at Jandakot south-east of Perth: a jarrah tramway lay upon 2.3-metre-long (7.5 ft) sleepers, bounded by two 70-centimetre-wide (28 in) strips of jarrah planks for cart and carriage wheels. The 90-centimetre (35 in) gap was filled with limestone rubble to be used by horses. This reduced the cost of road building by up to 85% after its widespread introduction in 1908. However, increased traffic and suburban development rendered the routes unsatisfactory over time, and by the 1950s, they had been replaced with bitumen surfaced roads. See also Board track racing Boardwalk Corduroy road Duckboards Gallery road Historic roads and trails Marston Mat - a 20th-century equivalent for airport runways Old Plank Road (California) Old Plank Road Trail Sweet Track and Post Track List of plank roads in New York References ^ The numbering of the trackways No. I for the younger northern one and No. II for the older southern one follows the local archive file of Archaeological Museum of Hamburg corresponding to early publications, in contrast to that Schindler uses a different numbering in his publication. ^ Topic Mobility, Show case no. 80. ^ Articus, Rüdiger; Brandt, Jochen; Först, Elke; Krause, Yvonne; Merkel, Michael; Mertens, Kathrin; Weiss, Rainer-Maria (2013). Archaeological Museum Hamburg Helms-Museum: A short guide to the Tour of the Times. Archaeological Museum Hamburg publication - Helms-Museum. Vol. 103. Hamburg. p. 108. ISBN 978-3-931429-24-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Lay, Maxwell G (1992). Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them. Rutgers University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8135-2691-1. Archived from the original on 2023-07-13. Retrieved 2020-12-25. ^ University of California Transportation Center. "The Plank Road Boom of Antebellum, New York" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-25. ^ a b Klein & Majewski. "Turnpikes and Toll Roads in 19th Century America". Archived from the original on 2016-11-15. Retrieved 2014-04-18. ^ Cooper, W.S.; G. McDonald (1999). Diversity's Challenge: A History of the City of Stirling. City of Stirling. p. 169. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plank roads. The short film Military Roads (1943) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive. The Plank Road Craze - Background Reading Puncheon & corduroy roads Longfellow, Rickie. "Back in Time: Plank Roads". Highway History, Federal Highway Administration. vteRoad hierarchyTypes of roadLimited-access Bike freeway Freeway / Motorway Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway Elevated highway By country Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Croatia Czech Republic Germany Greece Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Nepal Pakistan Poland Portugal Spain Taiwan United Kingdom United States Main roads Arterial road Collector road County highway Express-collector setup Farm-to-market road Highway Link road Two-lane expressway 2+1 road 2+2 road Parkway Ring road Super two Trunk road Highway systems by country Local roads Alley Avenue Backroad Bicycle boulevard Boulevard Country lane Dead end Driveway Frontage road Green lane Main street Primitive road Road Side road Single carriageway Single-track road Street Sunken lane Other terms Channelization Concurrency Detour Hierarchy of roads Private highway Route number special route business route Street hierarchy Stroad Toll road Winter road Road junctionsInterchanges(grade-separated) Cloverleaf Diamond Free-flow Directional T Diverging diamond Parclo Raindrop Roundabout Single-point urban (SPUI) Stack Three-level diamond Trumpet Intersections(at-grade) 3-way junction Bowtie Box junction Continuous flow Hook turn Jughandle Michigan left Offset T-intersection Protected intersection Quadrant roadway Right-in/right-out (RIRO) Roundabout Seagull intersection Split intersection Superstreet Texas U-turn Turnaround Surfaces Asphalt concrete Bioasphalt Brick Chipseal Cobblestone Concrete Reinforced concrete Corduroy Crocodile cracking Crushed stone Diamond grinding of pavement Dirt Full depth recycling Glassphalt Gravel Ice Macadam Pavement milling Permeable Plank Plastic Rubberized asphalt Sealcoat Sett Stamped asphalt Tarmac Texture Road safetyfactorsRoad andenvironment Aquaplaning Avalanche Black ice Bleeding Crosswind Dead Man's Curve Expansion joint Fog Ford Hairpin turn Level crossing Manhole cover Oil spill Oversize load Pothole Road debris Road slipperiness Road train Roadkill Rockfall Rut Speed bump Storm drain Traffic light Traffic sign Washboarding Washout Whiteout Snowsquall Human factors Driver's education Driving under the influence Drowsy driving Road rage Single-vehicle crash Vehicles Airbag Automotive safety Seat belts Risk compensation (road transport) Underride guard Space andtime allocation Barrier transfer machine Bicycle lane Climbing lane Complete streets Contraflow lane Contraflow lane reversal High-occupancy toll lane High-occupancy vehicle lane Lane Living street Managed lane Median / Central reservation Motorcycle lane Passing lane Pedestrian crossing Pedestrian zone Refuge island Reversible lane Road diet Road verge Runaway truck ramp Shared space Sidewalk / Pavement Shoulder Street running railway Traffic calming Traffic directionality Traffic island Traffic lanes Traffic signal preemption Truck bypass Unused highway Wide outside lane Woonerf Demarcation Bollard Botts' dots Cable barrier Cat's eye (road) Concrete step barrier Constant-slope barrier Curb F-Shape barrier Guard rail Jersey barrier Kassel kerb Noise barrier Raised pavement marker Road surface marking Rumble strip Traffic barrier Traffic cone Structures Bridge Causeway Overpass / Flyover Underpass / Tunnel Performanceindicators Pavement condition index International roughness index Present serviceability index Pavement performance modeling Granular base equivalency Glossary of road transport terms Road types by features Types of roads	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puncheon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wood_mat_road.JPG"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road"},{"link_name":"wooden planks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plank_(wood)"},{"link_name":"puncheon logs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/puncheon#Noun"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road"}],"text":"Diagram of a plank roadA wood mat road in British Columbia, used for temporary access over soft groundA plank road is a road composed of wooden planks or puncheon logs, as an efficient technology for traversing soft, marshy, or otherwise difficult ground. Plank roads were commonly found in the Canadian province of Ontario as well as the Northeast and Midwest of the United States in the first half of the 19th century. They were often built by turnpike companies.","title":"Plank road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wittmoor bog trackway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittmoor_bog_trackway"},{"link_name":"boardwalks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boardwalk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"bog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Museum Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Museum_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Harburg, Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harburg,_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Articus-3"},{"link_name":"early as 4,000 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_infrastructure"},{"link_name":"Post Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Track"},{"link_name":"Somerset levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_levels"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ways_of_the_World-4"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Wittmoor bog trackway is the name given to each of two historic plank roads or boardwalks, trackway No. I being discovered in 1898 and trackway No. II in 1904[1] in the Wittmoor bog in northern Hamburg, Germany. The trackways date to the 4th and 7th century AD, both linked the eastern and western shores of the formerly inaccessible, swampy bog. A part of the older trackway No. II dating to the period of the Roman Empire is on display at the permanent exhibition of the Archaeological Museum Hamburg in Harburg, Hamburg.[2][3]This type of plank road is known to have been used as early as 4,000 BC with, for example, the Post Track found in the Somerset levels near Glastonbury, England.[4] This type of road was also constructed in Roman times.[citation needed]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plank Road Boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plank_Road_Boom"},{"link_name":"North Syracuse, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Syracuse,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klein-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klein-6"},{"link_name":"Hackensack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackensack_Plank_Road"},{"link_name":"Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson_Plank_Road"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Plank_Road"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Meadowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Meadowlands"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 1 in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Canyon Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon_Road"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plank_road_on_St._George_Island,_Alaska,_1938.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pribilof Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribilof_Islands"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Kingston Road (Toronto)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Road_(Toronto)"},{"link_name":"Danforth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danforth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Don and Danforth Plank Road Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_and_Danforth_Plank_Road_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_2_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Scarborough-Markham Plank Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_48"},{"link_name":"outport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outport"},{"link_name":"Harrington Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrington_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"}],"text":"From the mid-1840s and to mid 1850s, the United States experienced the Plank Road Boom and a subsequent bust. The first plank road in the US was built in North Syracuse, New York, to transport salt and other goods;[5] it appears to have copied earlier roads in Canada, which had copied Russian ones.[6] The plank road boom, like many other early technologies, promised to transform the way people lived and worked and led to permissive changes in legislation seeking to spur development, speculative investment by private individuals, etc. Ultimately, the technology failed to live up to its promise, and millions of dollars in investments evaporated almost overnight.[6]Three plank roads, the Hackensack, the Paterson, and the Newark, were major arteries in northern New Jersey. The roads travelled over the New Jersey Meadowlands, connecting the cities for which they were named to the Hudson River waterfront.U.S. Route 1 in Virginia follows the Boydton Plank Road from Petersburg southwards to just north of the North Carolina line.On the U.S. West Coast the Canyon Road of Portland, Oregon was another important but short artery and was built between 1851 and 1856.A plank road on one of the Pribilof Islands, AlaskaKingston Road (Toronto) (Governor's Road) and Danforth Avenue, in Toronto, were plank roads built by the Don and Danforth Plank Road Company in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. Highway 2 from Toronto eastwards was a plank road in the 19th century that was later paved. In 1833 Scarborough-Markham Plank Road was authorized to build a road from Danforth Road to Highway 7 to Ringwood and east on Stouffville Road to Main Street Stouffville.Plank roads are used exclusively in the Canadian fishing outport of Harrington Harbour, Quebec because the town is built directly over a hilly, rocky shore. ATVs are the only mode of transportation there.","title":"In North America"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Corduroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corduroy_road"},{"link_name":"Jandakot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandakot,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"jarrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrah"},{"link_name":"sleepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_tie"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"bitumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen"}],"text":"In Perth, Western Australia, plank roads were important in the early growth of the agricultural and outer urban areas because of the distances imposed by swamps and the relatively-infertile soil. As it cost £2,000/km to construct roads by conventional means, the local councils, known as road boards, were experimenting with cheaper approaches to road building. A method called Jandakot Corduroy had been developed at Jandakot south-east of Perth: a jarrah tramway lay upon 2.3-metre-long (7.5 ft) sleepers, bounded by two 70-centimetre-wide (28 in) strips of jarrah planks for cart and carriage wheels. The 90-centimetre (35 in) gap was filled with limestone rubble to be used by horses. This reduced the cost of road building by up to 85% after its widespread introduction in 1908.[7] However, increased traffic and suburban development rendered the routes unsatisfactory over time, and by the 1950s, they had been replaced with bitumen surfaced roads.","title":"In Australia"}]	[{"image_text":"Diagram of a plank road","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Puncheon.jpg/220px-Puncheon.jpg"},{"image_text":"A wood mat road in British Columbia, used for temporary access over soft ground","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Wood_mat_road.JPG/220px-Wood_mat_road.JPG"},{"image_text":"A plank road on one of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Plank_road_on_St._George_Island%2C_Alaska%2C_1938.jpg/220px-Plank_road_on_St._George_Island%2C_Alaska%2C_1938.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Board track racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_track_racing"},{"title":"Boardwalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boardwalk"},{"title":"Corduroy road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corduroy_road"},{"title":"Duckboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duckboards"},{"title":"Gallery road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallery_road"},{"title":"Historic roads and trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_roads_and_trails"},{"title":"Marston Mat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marston_Mat"},{"title":"Old Plank Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Plank_Road"},{"title":"Old Plank Road Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Plank_Road_Trail_(Illinois)"},{"title":"Sweet Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Track"},{"title":"Post Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Track"},{"title":"List of plank roads in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plank_roads_in_New_York"}]	[{"reference":"Articus, Rüdiger; Brandt, Jochen; Först, Elke; Krause, Yvonne; Merkel, Michael; Mertens, Kathrin; Weiss, Rainer-Maria (2013). Archaeological Museum Hamburg Helms-Museum: A short guide to the Tour of the Times. Archaeological Museum Hamburg publication - Helms-Museum. Vol. 103. Hamburg. p. 108. ISBN 978-3-931429-24-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-931429-24-9","url_text":"978-3-931429-24-9"}]},{"reference":"Lay, Maxwell G (1992). Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them. Rutgers University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8135-2691-1. Archived from the original on 2023-07-13. Retrieved 2020-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=flvS-nJga8QC&q=%22Ways+of+the+world%22+Rutgers+University+Press,+New+Brunswick&pg=PR3","url_text":"Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2691-1","url_text":"978-0-8135-2691-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230713031108/https://books.google.com/books?id=flvS-nJga8QC&q=%22Ways+of+the+world%22+Rutgers+University+Press,+New+Brunswick&pg=PR3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"University of California Transportation Center. \"The Plank Road Boom of Antebellum, New York\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051105083704/http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?267.pdf","url_text":"\"The Plank Road Boom of Antebellum, New York\""},{"url":"http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?267.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Klein & Majewski. \"Turnpikes and Toll Roads in 19th Century America\". Archived from the original on 2016-11-15. Retrieved 2014-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://eh.net/encyclopedia/turnpikes-and-toll-roads-in-nineteenth-century-america/","url_text":"\"Turnpikes and Toll Roads in 19th Century America\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161115072245/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/turnpikes-and-toll-roads-in-nineteenth-century-america/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, W.S.; G. McDonald (1999). Diversity's Challenge: A History of the City of Stirling. City of Stirling. p. 169.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=flvS-nJga8QC&q=%22Ways+of+the+world%22+Rutgers+University+Press,+New+Brunswick&pg=PR3","external_links_name":"Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230713031108/https://books.google.com/books?id=flvS-nJga8QC&q=%22Ways+of+the+world%22+Rutgers+University+Press,+New+Brunswick&pg=PR3","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051105083704/http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?267.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Plank Road Boom of Antebellum, New York\""},{"Link":"http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?267.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://eh.net/encyclopedia/turnpikes-and-toll-roads-in-nineteenth-century-america/","external_links_name":"\"Turnpikes and Toll Roads in 19th Century America\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161115072245/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/turnpikes-and-toll-roads-in-nineteenth-century-america/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.29327","external_links_name":"Military Roads (1943)"},{"Link":"http://www.michigan.gov/hal/0,1607,7-160-17451_18670_18793-52863--,00.html","external_links_name":"The Plank Road Craze - Background Reading"},{"Link":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/eng/pubs/htmlpubs/htm00232839/page08l.htm","external_links_name":"Puncheon & corduroy roads"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100528061042/http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/back0508.cfm","external_links_name":"Back in Time: Plank Roads"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Stehling	Felix Stehling	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 First restaurants and beanburger","2.2 Taco Cabana","2.3 Spurs and charity","3 Personal life","4 References"]	American businessman and restaurateur Felix StehlingBorn(1927-04-02)April 2, 1927Fredericksburg, TexasDiedDecember 10, 2012(2012-12-10) (aged 85)NationalityAmericanAlma materSt. Mary's UniversityOccupation(s)Restaurateur, investor Felix Louis Stehling, Jr. (April 2, 1927 – December 10, 2012) was an American businessman and restaurateur. Stehling and his brother Mike Stehling co-founded Taco Cabana, a fast food restaurant chain specializing in Tex-Mex cuisine, in 1978. Stehling is credited as the inventor of the beanburger, a now common dish in the San Antonio area, consisting of refried beans, Fritos and Cheez Whiz. Early life and education Stehling was born in Fredericksburg, Texas, the second oldest of his family's eleven children. His parents were German Catholics who operated a men's clothing store. He graduated from St. Mary's University in San Antonio. Career First restaurants and beanburger Stehling initially worked for an insurance company, but left that industry after just two years. He then owned and operated a series of restaurants and nightclubs in San Antonio, including the Crystal Pistol and the Bombay Bicycle Club. In 1952, he signed a three-year lease to rent a small, shack-like restaurant on Austin Highway from Frank Sills, the owner of the first Sills' Snack Shack. It was here that Stehling invented and first offered the beanburger. Stehling is credited as the inventor of the beanburger, a now common dish in the San Antonio area, consisting of refried beans, Fritos and Cheez Whiz. Frank Sills later sold Stehling's beanburger creation at his own restaurants once Stehling's lease on the building expired. Taco Cabana In 1978, Stehling and his brother, Mike, opened the first Taco Cabana in San Antonio at the intersection of Hildebrand and San Pedro streets at the site of a former Dairy Queen, dubbing the restaurant "the original Mexican patio café". Felix Stehling's wife, Billie Jo Stehling, created the décor and overall interior look for the restaurant chain. Margie Lopez Abonce was hired to prepare the food and menu. They made it a 24-hour restaurant because Felix Stehling didn't want to spend an hour every night working with patio furniture. Mike Stehling later left the company in 1986. Felix Stehling kept five restaurants and the name, while Mike Stehling kept four outlets and renamed them TaCasita. As of 1989, Stehling remained president of the company. Stehling made Taco Cabana a public company when the chain reached fifty stores, including locations in Austin and Houston. However, in 1994 Taco Cabana's board of directors ousted Stehling from the company. Spurs and charity Stehling was once a partial owner of the San Antonio Spurs. Outside of Texas, Stehling held real estate investments in Colorado. He founded a charity which provided funding for the Special Olympics of Texas, his alma mater, St. Mary's University, and other charitable groups. Personal life He married Billie Jo Stehling in 1960. He had two stepsons. As he grew older, he continued to pick up meals from Taco Cabana for him and his wife. Billie Jo died on May 6, 2011, at the age of 86. Stehling, who suffered from dementia during his later years, died on December 10, 2012, at the age of 85. References ^ "Felix Louis Stehling, Jr". Porter Loring Mortuary. Retrieved December 23, 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Morton, Neil (2012-12-11). "Stehling, Taco Cabana founder, dies at 87". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 2013-01-05. ^ a b c "Tempest in a Taco", Texas Monthly ^ a b "Felix Stehling, Taco Cabana founder, dies at 87". KENS. 2012-12-11. Archived from the original on 2013-02-06. Retrieved 2013-01-05. ^ a b c d Ayala, Elaine (2011-05-09). "Stehling created Taco Cabana décor". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 2013-01-05. ^ "How a Humble Cut Got a Fancy Price", Florence Fabricant, The New York Times, 1989 ^ Danner, Patrick (January 6, 2020). "Taco Cabana co-founder Lynn Moody dies". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved February 18, 2022. ^ "Alamo City an incubator for fast-food chains", San Antonio Express-News, Richard Webner, June 9, 2015	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saxn-2"},{"link_name":"Taco Cabana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taco_Cabana"},{"link_name":"fast food restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_food_restaurant"},{"link_name":"Tex-Mex cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex-Mex_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saxn-2"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"refried beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refried_beans"},{"link_name":"Fritos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritos"},{"link_name":"Cheez 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beanburger, a now common dish in the San Antonio area, consisting of refried beans, Fritos and Cheez Whiz.[2][4] Frank Sills later sold Stehling's beanburger creation at his own restaurants once Stehling's lease on the building expired.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taco Cabana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taco_Cabana"},{"link_name":"Dairy Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_Queen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saxn-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saxn2-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TEMPEST-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saxn2-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TEMPEST-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HUMBLE-6"},{"link_name":"public 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furniture.[5] Mike Stehling later left the company in 1986. Felix Stehling kept five restaurants and the name, while Mike Stehling kept four outlets and renamed them TaCasita.[3]As of 1989, Stehling remained president of the company.[6] Stehling made Taco Cabana a public company when the chain reached fifty stores, including locations in Austin and Houston.[2] However, in 1994 Taco Cabana's board of directors ousted Stehling from the company.[2][4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Antonio Spurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saxn-2"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saxn-2"},{"link_name":"Special Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saxn-2"}],"sub_title":"Spurs and charity","text":"Stehling was once a partial owner of the San Antonio Spurs.[2] Outside of Texas, Stehling held real estate investments in Colorado.[2]He founded a charity which provided funding for the Special Olympics of Texas, his alma mater, St. Mary's University, and other charitable groups.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saxn2-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saxn-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PICKUP-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saxn2-5"},{"link_name":"dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saxn-2"}],"text":"He married Billie Jo Stehling in 1960.[5] He had two stepsons.[2][7] As he grew older, he continued to pick up meals from Taco Cabana for him and his wife.[8] Billie Jo died on May 6, 2011, at the age of 86.[5] Stehling, who suffered from dementia during his later years, died on December 10, 2012, at the age of 85.[2]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Felix Louis Stehling, Jr\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omakuchi_Narasimhan	Omakuchi Narasimhan	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Death","4 Partial filmography","4.1 Tamil films","4.2 Telugu films","4.3 Hindi film","5 References"]	Indian actor This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Omakuchi NarasimhanBorn1936Kumbakonam,Madras Province, British India (now Tamil Nadu, India)Died12 March 2009 (aged 73)Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaCitizenshipIndianOccupationActorYears active1953,1981-2008 Narasimhan (c. 1936 - 12 March 2009), popularly known as Omakuchi, was an Indian stage and film actor. He acted in over 1,500 films in 14 Indian languages, predominantly in Tamil. In Telugu, he was credited as Juttu Narasimham. Early life Born in Kumbakonam in 1936, Narasimhan made his debut in the 1953 movie Avvaiyar. However, following his debut, Narasimhan did not act in any film until 1980 in order to concentrate on studies. Career On completion of his graduation, Narasimhan worked for the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) for some time before re-entering the Tamil movie industry with "Gauri Kalyanam." He got the support of legendary actor Suruli Rajan, director Visu, during his early part of his career. Since then, Narasimhan acted in over 1,500 films in 14 languages, including an English film ‘Indian Summer’ for which he went to the U.S. His last film was "Thalainagaram," in which Sunder C plays the hero. He played a vital role in guiding the famous director Shankar in his early stage who he met during their stint in Thillairajan's drama troupe. He got the prefix "Omakuchi" from a character he played in the same troupe—a Karate master named after Gōgen Yamaguchi. Death Narasimhan died on 12 March 2009 at the age of 73. Partial filmography Tamil films Year Film Role 1979 Manthoppu Kiliye Homeopathy Doctor 1981 Meendum Kokila 1982 Pokkiri Raja 1984 Thambikku Entha Ooru 1984 Oorukku Upadesam Rich client at a Brothel 1986 Samsaram Adhu Minsaram Matchmaker 1986 Sonnathu Neethaanaa 1986 Thazhuvatha Kaigal 1987 Kizhakku Africavil Sheela Mathaguru 1987 Kavalan Avan Kovalan 1987 Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi Corrupt government employee 1990 Pudhu Vasantham 1990 Salem Vishnu 1991 Thalattu Ketkuthamma 1991 Manasara Vaazhthungalen 1992 Rendu Pondatti Kaavalkaaran 1992 Suriyan 1992 Abhirami 1993 Gentleman Priest 1994 Thendral Varum Theru 1994 Periya Marudhu 1994 Murai Mappillai 1996 Coimbatore Mappillai Man looking for rental apartment 1996 Meendum Savithri 1996 Indian Lorry Driver 1997 Aahaa Enna Porutham 1998 Kadhala Kadhala 1998 Kumbakonam Gopalu 1999 Mudhalvan 1999 Pudhu Kudithanam 2000 Nee Enthan Vaanam 2000 Unakkaga Mattum 2000 Budget Padmanabhan Vadakkan Veeragatha Mammatti 2000 Palayathu Amman Businessman seeking services of gemologist 2002 Gemini Bombay Dawood 2006 Thalainagaram Telugu films Year Film Role 1985 Maa Pallelo Gopaludu 1986 Mannemlo Monagadu 1986 Muddula Krishnayya 1987 Donga Kapuram 1988 Jeevana Jyothi 1989 Muddula Mavayya Butler Gajakarna 1989 Bala Gopaludu Dead body 1990 Idem Pellam Baboi 1994 Maa Voori Maaraju 1994 Ammayi Kapuram 1996 Neti Savithri Pullaiah 1999 Devi Hindi film Year Film Role Language Notes 2001 Nayak Gameshow contestant Hindi Remake of Mudhalvan References ^ E. Praveenkumar (19 January 2022). "#UnforgettableOnes: Comedy actor Omakuchi Narasimhan". The Times of India. ^ "N – Omakuchi Narasimhan \| A-Z Challenge \| Actors Series -". 19 April 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2024. ^ "'Omakuchi' Narasimhan dead". The Hindu. 14 March 2009. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Narasimhan (c. 1936 - 12 March 2009), popularly known as Omakuchi, was an Indian stage and film actor. He acted in over 1,500 films in 14 Indian languages, predominantly in Tamil.[1] In Telugu, he was credited as Juttu Narasimham.","title":"Omakuchi Narasimhan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avvaiyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avvaiyar_(film)"}],"text":"Born in Kumbakonam in 1936, Narasimhan made his debut in the 1953 movie Avvaiyar. However, following his debut, Narasimhan did not act in any film until 1980 in order to concentrate on studies.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Life Insurance Corporation of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Insurance_Corporation_of_India"},{"link_name":"Karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate"},{"link_name":"Gōgen Yamaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8Dgen_Yamaguchi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"On completion of his graduation, Narasimhan worked for the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) for some time before re-entering the Tamil movie industry with \"Gauri Kalyanam.\" He got the support of legendary actor Suruli Rajan, director Visu, during his early part of his career. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Woo	Jonny Woo	["1 Training","2 Career","2.1 The Glory","3 References","4 External links"]	British comedian, actor and drag queen Jonny Woo at Madonna Celebration fan nightclub. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Jonny Woo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jonny Woo is a British comedian, actor, and drag queen. He co-owns The Glory: an East London pub where he regularly performs. Woo spent time in New York City between 2000 and 2003, where he performed at downtown clubs and was prominent on the burlesque scene. He returned to London, where he created events and became known for massive parties. He has toured the world with solo and group shows and had residencies at the Soho Theatre, ICA, Bistrotheque. He's also created events for The Royal Opera House, The Royal National Theatre, The London Coliseum, and The Hackney Empire, as well as for media and corporate companies including MTV and Selfridges. His party, Gay Bingo, was established in 2003 and changed the face of London's drag scene, bringing in a new generation of "alt drag," "East London drag," or "nu-drag." Since then, he has devised numerous shows as well as opened his own venue, The Glory, in East London, which he also tours festivals with. Woo is a founding member of Glastonbury's drag scene at NYC Downlow. Training Woo, born Jonathan Wooster, trained at the University of Birmingham in Drama and Theatre Arts and at London Contemporary Dance School. He went on to continue training in dance in New York where he performed with Julia Ritter Performance Group. Career Woo began performing as a cabaret artist at The Slipper Room on the new burlesque scene with performance artist Brandon Olson, where they developed material that later became the show "Go-Go Real" at Dixon Place. They went on to perform for a season in Provincetown and created a second show for Dixon Place inspired by the events of 9/11. As a solo artist, Woo developed "The Mummy Project," a series of installations in the windows of performance space Chashama on 42nd Street, also a response to 9/11. Woo created and hosted Radio Egypt with the landlord of The George and Dragon, Richard Battye, in 2003, which ran at the pub, then the 291 Gallery, until December of that year. In 2004, Woo began an 8-year residency at Bistrotheque, a restaurant, bar, and cabaret venue. He hosted the "Tranny Talent" and "Tranny Lip-Synching" competitions and went on to develop performance art, cabaret, and multi-media shows for the space. The competition still exists, is held annually at The Glory, and was renamed LIPSYNC1000 in 2014. About 150 drag queens enter LIPSYNC1000 each year. Woo was instrumental in bringing drag to Glastonbury as part of the first gay tent at the "NNYC Downlow" festival. From 2008 to 2011, he led and directed around 30 drag artists as part of this New York-inspired installation and club. Following the closure of Bistrotheque's cabaret room, Woo began working with Hoi Polloi at the Ace Hotel in Shoreditch on projects such as the Miss Hoi Polloi pageant. Various gay bingo revivals occurred, including 2012 and 2014 gay bingo boat parties on the Thames. Woo accepted a two-year Friday night residency at the Hippodrome, London, where he hosted the cabaret room. Having quit drugs a few years before following a near-death experience , Woo wrote a show about the "unconscious explosion of Shoreditch in the 90s" called The East London Lecture, which he later performed in the autumn at the Rose Lipman Building in Haggerston. Across the summer of 2014, Woo devised a Lou Reed tribute show originally called (TRANS)former, which he performed with a live band at Latitude Festival. The show appeared in 2015 at Glastonbury Festival as well as a ten-night run at the Edinburgh Fringe. The show then had a residency at the Soho Theatre in September 2015. Woo devised a side project show with his friend, the operatic drag queen Le Gateau Chocolat, called A Night at the Musicals, which has appeared at festivals and events. Woo began working with East London Session Players in 2015 and has appeared as the lead in two theatre productions, adaptations of Suddenly Last Summer and The Tell-Tale Heart. in 2016 devised a show responding to Brexit called "Jonny Woo's All Star Brexit," written with Jerry Springer. The opera's composer, Richard Thomas, and the show enjoyed an Edinburgh Festival run. Woo also created "Jonny Woo's Un-Royal Variety," a major alternative drag and cabaret variety show at Hackney Empire. Following the cancellation of the Eurovision Song Contest 2020, Woo hosted "Attitude and Netflix’s BIG Eurovision Song Contest Quiz" alongside Juno Dawson. The Glory In 2010, Woo began hunting for a site in East London to open his own bar. Together with TV director Colin Rothbart, bar manager Zoe Argiros, and Gay Bingo drag partner John Sizzle, the four took over the former site of the Paradise Inn on Kingsland Road in Haggerston. Described as a "queer haunt, nightlife spot, and performance mecca," the pub re-opened as The Glory in December 2014. Woo launched a comedy night at The Glory with comedian Jayde Adams. This was later replaced by a gay sketch comedy troupe, The Sex Shells, to whom Woo gave a residency. Victoria Coren Mitchell visited The Glory and interviewed Woo as part of the BBC Four documentary series "How To Be Bohemian." In the program, Coren Mitchell states, "This is the kind of bohemian I could get behind." References ^ a b "ABOUT – The Glory London". Theglory.co. ^ "Jonny Woo \| Latitude Festival". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2015. ^ "Transformer". edinburghfestival.list.co.uk. ^ "Drag kings and queens gargle famous Eurovision songs - but can you guess them?". Attitude.co.uk. 30 June 2020. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022. ^ "The Glory \| Nightlife in Haggerston, London". Time Out London. 10 March 2023. ^ "Review: The Sex Shells @ The Glory – The Glory London". Theglory.co. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016. ^ "BBC Four - How to Be Bohemian with Victoria Coren Mitchell". BBC. External links Timeout interview This is Jonny Woo Interview Latest features	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jonny_Woo_at_Madonna_Celebration_Club.jpg"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedian"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"drag queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_queen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About3-1"},{"link_name":"burlesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlesque"},{"link_name":"The Royal Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"The Royal National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"London Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Hackney Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Empire"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Selfridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfridges"}],"text":"Jonny Woo at Madonna Celebration fan nightclub.Jonny Woo is a British comedian, actor, and drag queen. He co-owns The Glory: an East London pub where he regularly performs.[1]Woo spent time in New York City between 2000 and 2003, where he performed at downtown clubs and was prominent on the burlesque scene. He returned to London, where he created events and became known for massive parties. He has toured the world with solo and group shows and had residencies at the Soho Theatre, ICA, Bistrotheque. He's also created events for The Royal Opera House, The Royal National Theatre, The London Coliseum, and The Hackney Empire, as well as for media and corporate companies including MTV and Selfridges. His party, Gay Bingo, was established in 2003 and changed the face of London's drag scene, bringing in a new generation of \"alt drag,\" \"East London drag,\" or \"nu-drag.\" Since then, he has devised numerous shows as well as opened his own venue, The Glory, in East London, which he also tours festivals with. Woo is a founding member of Glastonbury's drag scene at NYC Downlow.","title":"Jonny Woo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"London Contemporary Dance School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Contemporary_Dance_School"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Woo, born Jonathan Wooster, trained at the University of Birmingham in Drama and Theatre Arts and at London Contemporary Dance School. He went on to continue training in dance in New York where he performed with Julia Ritter Performance Group.[citation needed]","title":"Training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Provincetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincetown"},{"link_name":"Dixon Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon_Place"},{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11"},{"link_name":"42nd Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lip-Synching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip-synching"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ace Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Hippodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippodrome,_London"},{"link_name":"Latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Fringe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Soho Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho_Theatre"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Suddenly Last Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suddenly_Last_Summer"},{"link_name":"The Tell-Tale Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tell-Tale_Heart"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hackney Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Empire"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2020"},{"link_name":"Attitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Juno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Dawson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Woo began performing as a cabaret artist at The Slipper Room on the new burlesque scene with performance artist Brandon Olson, where they developed material that later became the show \"Go-Go Real\" at Dixon Place. They went on to perform for a season in Provincetown and created a second show for Dixon Place inspired by the events of 9/11. As a solo artist, Woo developed \"The Mummy Project,\" a series of installations in the windows of performance space Chashama on 42nd Street, also a response to 9/11.[citation needed]Woo created and hosted Radio Egypt with the landlord of The George and Dragon, Richard Battye, in 2003, which ran at the pub, then the 291 Gallery, until December of that year.[citation needed]In 2004, Woo began an 8-year residency at Bistrotheque, a restaurant, bar, and cabaret venue. He hosted the \"Tranny Talent\" and \"Tranny Lip-Synching\" competitions and went on to develop performance art, cabaret, and multi-media shows for the space.[citation needed] The competition still exists, is held annually at The Glory, and was renamed LIPSYNC1000 in 2014. About 150 drag queens enter LIPSYNC1000 each year.Woo was instrumental in bringing drag to Glastonbury as part of the first gay tent at the \"NNYC Downlow\" festival. From 2008 to 2011, he led and directed around 30 drag artists as part of this New York-inspired installation and club.Following the closure of Bistrotheque's cabaret room, Woo began working with Hoi Polloi at the Ace Hotel in Shoreditch on projects such as the Miss Hoi Polloi pageant.Various gay bingo revivals occurred, including 2012 and 2014 gay bingo boat parties on the Thames. Woo accepted a two-year Friday night residency at the Hippodrome, London, where he hosted the cabaret room.Having quit drugs a few years before following a near-death experience [5], Woo wrote a show about the \"unconscious explosion of Shoreditch in the 90s\" called The East London Lecture, which he later performed in the autumn at the Rose Lipman Building in Haggerston.Across the summer of 2014, Woo devised a Lou Reed tribute show originally called (TRANS)former, which he performed with a live band at Latitude Festival.[2] The show appeared in 2015 at Glastonbury Festival as well as a ten-night run at the Edinburgh Fringe.[3] The show then had a residency at the Soho Theatre in September 2015.[citation needed]Woo devised a side project show with his friend, the operatic drag queen Le Gateau Chocolat, called A Night at the Musicals, which has appeared at festivals and events. Woo began working with East London Session Players in 2015 and has appeared as the lead in two theatre productions, adaptations of Suddenly Last Summer and The Tell-Tale Heart.[citation needed]in 2016 devised a show responding to Brexit called \"Jonny Woo's All Star Brexit,\" written with Jerry Springer. The opera's composer, Richard Thomas, and the show enjoyed an Edinburgh Festival run.Woo also created \"Jonny Woo's Un-Royal Variety,\" a major alternative drag and cabaret variety show at Hackney Empire.Following the cancellation of the Eurovision Song Contest 2020, Woo hosted \"Attitude and Netflix’s BIG Eurovision Song Contest Quiz\" alongside Juno Dawson.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About3-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jayde Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayde_Adams"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Victoria Coren Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Coren_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"BBC Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Four"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"The Glory","text":"In 2010, Woo began hunting for a site in East London to open his own bar. Together with TV director Colin Rothbart, bar manager Zoe Argiros, and Gay Bingo drag partner John Sizzle, the four took over the former site of the Paradise Inn on Kingsland Road in Haggerston.[1] Described as a \"queer haunt, nightlife spot, and performance mecca,\" the pub re-opened as The Glory in December 2014.[5]Woo launched a comedy night at The Glory with comedian Jayde Adams. This was later replaced by a gay sketch comedy troupe, The Sex Shells, to whom Woo gave a residency.[6]Victoria Coren Mitchell visited The Glory and interviewed Woo as part of the BBC Four documentary series \"How To Be Bohemian.\" In the program, Coren Mitchell states, \"This is the kind of bohemian I could get behind.\"[7]","title":"Career"}]	[{"image_text":"Jonny Woo at Madonna Celebration fan nightclub.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jonny_Woo_at_Madonna_Celebration_Club.jpg/220px-Jonny_Woo_at_Madonna_Celebration_Club.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"ABOUT – The Glory London\". Theglory.co.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theglory.co/about/","url_text":"\"ABOUT – The Glory London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonny Woo \| Latitude Festival\". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucinda_Ramberg	Lucinda Ramberg	["1 Biography","2 Awards","3 Selected publications","3.1 Journals","3.2 Books","4 References"]	American anthropologist Lucinda RambergOccupation(s)Anthropologist, professorAwardsRuth Benedict Prize, Michelle Rosaldo Book PrizeAcademic backgroundEducation Bryn Mawr College Union Theological Seminary University of California, Berkeley Academic workDisciplineMedical anthropologySociocultural anthropologyInstitutionsCornell UniversityNotable worksGiven to the Goddess: South Indian Devadasis and the Sexuality of Religion Lucinda Ramberg is an American anthropologist whose work focuses on gender, sexuality, religion and health. She was awarded multiple prizes in 2015 for her first book, Given to the Goddess: South Indian Devadasis and the Sexuality of Religion. Ramberg is associate professor in anthropology and director of graduate studies in the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies program at Cornell University. Biography Ramberg graduated from Bryn Mawr College with a BA in English Literature. She later attended Union Theological Seminary and earned a MA in Theology. Ramberg furthered her studies at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received a PhD in medical anthropology. Ramberg's work focuses on medical anthropology, religion, sexuality and gender in South Asia. Ramberg was assistant professor at University of Kentucky’s Department of Gender and Women's Studies from 2007 to 2011. From 2009 to 2010, she was visiting assistant professor at the Harvard Divinity School Women's Studies in Religion Program. Ramberg is currently associate professor in anthropology and director of graduate studies in the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies program at Cornell University. Her first book, Given to the Goddess: South Indian Devadasis and the Sexuality of Religion (2014) was awarded the 2015 Clifford Geertz Prize in the anthropology of religion, the Michelle Rosaldo Book Prize for a first book in feminist anthropology, and the 2015 Ruth Benedict Prize from the Association for Queer Anthropology. Awards Ruth Benedict Prize, (2015) Michelle Rosaldo Book Prize, (2015) Geertz Prize in the Anthropology of Religion (2015) Selected publications Journals Ramberg, Lucinda (2009). "Magical Hair as Dirt: Ecstatic Bodies and Postcolonial Reform in South India". Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 33 (4): 501–522. doi:10.1007/s11013-009-9147-1. PMID 19787445. S2CID 21013767. Retrieved 28 June 2019. Ramberg, Lucinda (2011). "When the Devi Is Your Husband: Sacred Marriage and Sexual Economy in South India". Feminist Studies. 37 (1): 28–60. doi:10.1353/fem.2011.0014. S2CID 245659380. Retrieved 28 June 2019. Ramberg, Lucinda (2013). "Troubling Kinship: Sacred Marriage and Gender Configuration in South India". American Ethnologist. 40 (4): 661–675. doi:10.1111/amet.12046. Retrieved 28 June 2019. Books Ramberg, Lucinda (2014). Given to the Goddess: South Indian Devadasis and the Sexuality of Religion. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822357100. Basu, Srimati; Ramberg, Lucinda (2014). Conjugality Unbound: Sexual Economies, State Regulation and the Marital Form in India. Women Unlimited. ISBN 978-8188965885. References ^ a b "Lucinda Ramberg". South Asia Institute. Harvard University. Retrieved 28 June 2019. ^ "Lucinda E.G. Ramberg". Cornell University. Retrieved 26 June 2019. ^ "About the Contributors". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. Retrieved 28 June 2019. ^ "The Ruth Benedict Prize". Association for Queer Anthology. Retrieved 28 June 2019. ^ "Rosaldo Book Prize Winners". Association for Feminist Anthropology. Retrieved 28 June 2019. ^ "2015 Geertz Prize in the Anthropology of Religion". Society for the Anthropology of Religion. Retrieved 28 June 2019.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"}],"text":"Lucinda Ramberg is an American anthropologist whose work focuses on gender, sexuality, religion and health. She was awarded multiple prizes in 2015 for her first book, Given to the Goddess: South Indian Devadasis and the Sexuality of Religion. Ramberg is associate professor in anthropology and director of graduate studies in the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies program at Cornell University.","title":"Lucinda Ramberg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bryn Mawr College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College"},{"link_name":"Union Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"medical anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_anthropology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-South_Asia_Institute-1"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"University of Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-South_Asia_Institute-1"},{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cornell_University-2"},{"link_name":"Michelle Rosaldo Book Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Rosaldo_Book_Prize"},{"link_name":"Ruth Benedict Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict_Prize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GLQ-3"}],"text":"Ramberg graduated from Bryn Mawr College with a BA in English Literature. She later attended Union Theological Seminary and earned a MA in Theology. Ramberg furthered her studies at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received a PhD in medical anthropology.[1]Ramberg's work focuses on medical anthropology, religion, sexuality and gender in South Asia. Ramberg was assistant professor at University of Kentucky’s Department of Gender and Women's Studies from 2007 to 2011. From 2009 to 2010, she was visiting assistant professor at the Harvard Divinity School Women's Studies in Religion Program.[1]Ramberg is currently associate professor in anthropology and director of graduate studies in the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies program at Cornell University.[2] Her first book, Given to the Goddess: South Indian Devadasis and the Sexuality of Religion (2014) was awarded the 2015 Clifford Geertz Prize in the anthropology of religion, the Michelle Rosaldo Book Prize for a first book in feminist anthropology, and the 2015 Ruth Benedict Prize from the Association for Queer Anthropology.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruth Benedict Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict_Prize"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruth_Benedict_prize-4"},{"link_name":"Michelle Rosaldo Book Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Rosaldo_Book_Prize"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFA-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAR-6"}],"text":"Ruth Benedict Prize, (2015)[4]\nMichelle Rosaldo Book Prize, (2015)[5]\nGeertz Prize in the Anthropology of Religion (2015)[6]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Magical Hair as Dirt: Ecstatic Bodies and Postcolonial Reform in South India\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/26854347"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s11013-009-9147-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11013-009-9147-1"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19787445","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19787445"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21013767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21013767"},{"link_name":"\"When the Devi Is Your Husband: Sacred Marriage and Sexual Economy in South India\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/290347242"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/fem.2011.0014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Ffem.2011.0014"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"245659380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245659380"},{"link_name":"\"Troubling Kinship: Sacred Marriage and Gender Configuration in South India\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/259546869"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/amet.12046","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Famet.12046"}],"sub_title":"Journals","text":"Ramberg, Lucinda (2009). \"Magical Hair as Dirt: Ecstatic Bodies and Postcolonial Reform in South India\". Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 33 (4): 501–522. doi:10.1007/s11013-009-9147-1. PMID 19787445. S2CID 21013767. Retrieved 28 June 2019.\nRamberg, Lucinda (2011). \"When the Devi Is Your Husband: Sacred Marriage and Sexual Economy in South India\". Feminist Studies. 37 (1): 28–60. doi:10.1353/fem.2011.0014. S2CID 245659380. Retrieved 28 June 2019.\nRamberg, Lucinda (2013). \"Troubling Kinship: Sacred Marriage and Gender Configuration in South India\". American Ethnologist. 40 (4): 661–675. doi:10.1111/amet.12046. Retrieved 28 June 2019.","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0822357100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822357100"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8188965885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8188965885"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Ramberg, Lucinda (2014). Given to the Goddess: South Indian Devadasis and the Sexuality of Religion. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822357100.\nBasu, Srimati; Ramberg, Lucinda (2014). Conjugality Unbound: Sexual Economies, State Regulation and the Marital Form in India. Women Unlimited. ISBN 978-8188965885.","title":"Selected publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ramberg, Lucinda (2009). \"Magical Hair as Dirt: Ecstatic Bodies and Postcolonial Reform in South India\". 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Retrieved 28 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259546869","url_text":"\"Troubling Kinship: Sacred Marriage and Gender Configuration in South India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Famet.12046","url_text":"10.1111/amet.12046"}]},{"reference":"Ramberg, Lucinda (2014). Given to the Goddess: South Indian Devadasis and the Sexuality of Religion. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822357100.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822357100","url_text":"978-0822357100"}]},{"reference":"Basu, Srimati; Ramberg, Lucinda (2014). Conjugality Unbound: Sexual Economies, State Regulation and the Marital Form in India. Women Unlimited. ISBN 978-8188965885.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8188965885","url_text":"978-8188965885"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucinda Ramberg\". South Asia Institute. Harvard University. Retrieved 28 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://mittalsouthasiainstitute.harvard.edu/people/lucinda-ramberg/","url_text":"\"Lucinda Ramberg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lucinda E.G. Ramberg\". Cornell University. Retrieved 26 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://anthropology.cornell.edu/lucinda-eg-ramberg","url_text":"\"Lucinda E.G. Ramberg\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Contributors\". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. Retrieved 28 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/613198/summary","url_text":"\"About the Contributors\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ruth Benedict Prize\". Association for Queer Anthology. Retrieved 28 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://queeranthro.org/awards/the-ruth-benedict-prize/","url_text":"\"The Ruth Benedict Prize\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rosaldo Book Prize Winners\". Association for Feminist Anthropology. Retrieved 28 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://afa.americananthro.org/michelle-rosaldo-book-prize-winners/","url_text":"\"Rosaldo Book Prize Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Geertz Prize in the Anthropology of Religion\". Society for the Anthropology of Religion. Retrieved 28 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://sar.americananthro.org/2015-geertz-prize-in-the-anthropology-of-religion/","url_text":"\"2015 Geertz Prize in the Anthropology of Religion\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26854347","external_links_name":"\"Magical Hair as Dirt: Ecstatic Bodies and Postcolonial Reform in South India\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11013-009-9147-1","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11013-009-9147-1"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19787445","external_links_name":"19787445"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21013767","external_links_name":"21013767"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290347242","external_links_name":"\"When the Devi Is Your Husband: Sacred Marriage and Sexual Economy in South India\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ffem.2011.0014","external_links_name":"10.1353/fem.2011.0014"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245659380","external_links_name":"245659380"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259546869","external_links_name":"\"Troubling Kinship: Sacred Marriage and Gender Configuration in South India\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Famet.12046","external_links_name":"10.1111/amet.12046"},{"Link":"https://mittalsouthasiainstitute.harvard.edu/people/lucinda-ramberg/","external_links_name":"\"Lucinda Ramberg\""},{"Link":"https://anthropology.cornell.edu/lucinda-eg-ramberg","external_links_name":"\"Lucinda E.G. Ramberg\""},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/613198/summary","external_links_name":"\"About the Contributors\""},{"Link":"http://queeranthro.org/awards/the-ruth-benedict-prize/","external_links_name":"\"The Ruth Benedict Prize\""},{"Link":"http://afa.americananthro.org/michelle-rosaldo-book-prize-winners/","external_links_name":"\"Rosaldo Book Prize Winners\""},{"Link":"http://sar.americananthro.org/2015-geertz-prize-in-the-anthropology-of-religion/","external_links_name":"\"2015 Geertz Prize in the Anthropology of Religion\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Department_of_Housing	Puerto Rico Department of Housing	["1 Programs","2 Secretary","3 See also","4 References"]	Government of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Department of HousingDepartamento de Vivienda de Puerto RicoDepartment overviewFormedJune 10, 1972; 52 years ago (1972-06-10)Jurisdictionexecutive branchHeadquartersSan Juan, PRDepartment executiveWilliam Rodríguez Rodríguez, SecretaryKey documentLaw No. 97 of 1972Websitewww.vivienda.pr.gov Part of a series on theExecutive branch of thegovernment of Puerto Rico Office of the Governor Chief of Staff Executive offices Governor's Advisory Board Office of Management and Budget Planning Board Secretariat of Governance Chief of Staff AFICA Commission on Cooperative Development Commission on Safety and Public Protection Economic Development Bank Environmental Quality Board Federal Affairs Administration Financing of Housing Authority Financing of Puerto Rico Infrastructure Authority Government-owned corporations Government Development Bank Municipal Financing Agency Office of the Inspector General Public Financing Corporation Public-Private Partnerships Authority Secretariat of Governance Cabinet Agriculture Cabinet-level officers Chief of Staff Consumer Affairs Corrections and Rehabilitation Economic Development and Commerce Education Family Health Housing Justice Labor and Human Resources Natural and Environmental Resources Public Safety Sports and Recreation State Transportation and Public Works Treasury Departments Agriculture Consumer Affairs Corrections and Rehabilitation Economic Development and Commerce Education Family Health Housing Justice Labor and Human Resources Natural and Environmental Resources Public Safety Sports and Recreation State Transportation and Public Works Treasury Finances Bonds Budget Budget balance COFINA Consolidated Fund General Fund Government Development Bank Internal Revenue Code Public debt Public Improvements Fund Special State Funds Taxation Sales and Use Tax Processes & protocols Line of succession Transition process 2004 2008 2012 Other branches Judicial branch Legislative branch vte The Puerto Rico Department of Housing (Spanish: Departamento de Vivienda de Puerto Rico) is the department responsible for homeownership, affordable housing, and community assistance programs in Puerto Rico. It was created in 1972. Programs The agency is tasked with managing HUD funds including for housing under Section 8 (housing). The agency also administers Community Development Block Grants (CDBG-DR) used for building housing for those affected by natural disasters. Secretary Main article: Secretary of Housing of Puerto Rico In 2021, governor Pedro Pierluisi designated William Rodríguez Rodríguez as the new secretary of the department. See also Public housing in Puerto Rico References ^ "Ley Orgánica del Departamento de la Vivienda" (PDF). Biblioteca Virtual de Oficina de Gerencia y Presupuesto (OGP). Retrieved 22 January 2022. ^ "Vivienda otorga 304 casas para diversas familias alrededor de la Isla" . Telemundo Puerto Rico (in Spanish). 2015-06-15. Retrieved 2021-06-03. ^ "Entregan 234 vales de Sección 8 \| Departamento de la Vivienda". Retrieved 2021-06-03. ^ "Secretario de Vivienda ordena facilitar compras municipales con fondos CDBG-DR \| Metro". www.metro.pr. Retrieved 2021-06-03. ^ "Entregan nuevo hogar a familia ponceña afectada por el huracán María \| Metro" . www.metro.pr (in Spanish). 2021-05-22. Retrieved 2021-06-03. ^ "Pierluisi nombra a William Rodríguez como secretario de Vivienda" . CB en Español (in Spanish). 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2021-06-03. vteExecutive departments of the government of Puerto Rico Agriculture Consumer Affairs Corrections and Rehabilitation Economic Development and Commerce Education Family Health Housing Justice Labor and Human Resources Natural and Environmental Resources Public Safety Sports and Recreation State Transportation and Public Works Treasury Authority control databases VIAF This Puerto Rico–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"homeownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeownership"},{"link_name":"affordable housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_housing"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ley-1"}],"text":"The Puerto Rico Department of Housing (Spanish: Departamento de Vivienda de Puerto Rico) is the department responsible for homeownership, affordable housing, and community assistance programs in Puerto Rico. It was created in 1972.[1]","title":"Puerto Rico Department of Housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Section 8 (housing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_housing_in_Puerto_Rico#Public_Housing_Authorities"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The agency is tasked with managing HUD funds including for housing under Section 8 (housing).[2][3] The agency also administers Community Development Block Grants (CDBG-DR) used for building housing for those affected by natural disasters.[4][5]","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pedro Pierluisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pierluisi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 2021, governor Pedro Pierluisi designated William Rodríguez Rodríguez as the new secretary of the department.[6]","title":"Secretary"}]	[]	[{"title":"Public housing in Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_housing_in_Puerto_Rico"}]	[{"reference":"\"Ley Orgánica del Departamento de la Vivienda\" (PDF). Biblioteca Virtual de Oficina de Gerencia y Presupuesto (OGP). Retrieved 22 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bvirtualogp.pr.gov/ogp/Bvirtual/LeyesOrganicas/pdf/97-1972.pdf","url_text":"\"Ley Orgánica del Departamento de la Vivienda\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vivienda otorga 304 casas para diversas familias alrededor de la Isla\" [Housing grants 304 homes for diverse families across the island]. Telemundo Puerto Rico (in Spanish). 2015-06-15. Retrieved 2021-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telemundopr.com/noticias/puerto-rico/vivienda-otorga-304-casas-para-diversas-familias-alrededor-de-al-isla/2219562/","url_text":"\"Vivienda otorga 304 casas para diversas familias alrededor de la Isla\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entregan 234 vales de Sección 8 \| Departamento de la Vivienda\". Retrieved 2021-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vivienda.pr.gov/entregan-234-vales-de-seccion-8/","url_text":"\"Entregan 234 vales de Sección 8 \| Departamento de la Vivienda\""}]},{"reference":"\"Secretario de Vivienda ordena facilitar compras municipales con fondos CDBG-DR \| Metro\". www.metro.pr. Retrieved 2021-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metro.pr/pr/metroamp/noticias/2021/04/17/secretario-vivienda-ordena-facilitar-compras-municipales-fondos-cdbg-dr.html","url_text":"\"Secretario de Vivienda ordena facilitar compras municipales con fondos CDBG-DR \| Metro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entregan nuevo hogar a familia ponceña afectada por el huracán María \| Metro\" [Handover new home to family from Ponce affected by Hurricane María]. www.metro.pr (in Spanish). 2021-05-22. Retrieved 2021-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metro.pr/pr/metroamp/noticias/2021/05/28/entregan-nuevo-hogar-familia-poncena-afectada-huracan-maria.html","url_text":"\"Entregan nuevo hogar a familia ponceña afectada por el huracán María \| Metro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pierluisi nombra a William Rodríguez como secretario de Vivienda\" [Pierluisi names William Rodríguez as secretary of housing]. CB en Español (in Spanish). 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2021-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://cb.pr/pierluisi-nombra-a-william-rodriguez-como-secretario-de-vivienda/","url_text":"\"Pierluisi nombra a William Rodríguez como secretario de Vivienda\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://bvirtualogp.pr.gov/ogp/Bvirtual/LeyesOrganicas/pdf/97-1972.pdf","external_links_name":"Law No. 97 of 1972"},{"Link":"http://www.vivienda.pr.gov/","external_links_name":"www.vivienda.pr.gov"},{"Link":"https://bvirtualogp.pr.gov/ogp/Bvirtual/LeyesOrganicas/pdf/97-1972.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ley Orgánica del Departamento de la Vivienda\""},{"Link":"https://www.telemundopr.com/noticias/puerto-rico/vivienda-otorga-304-casas-para-diversas-familias-alrededor-de-al-isla/2219562/","external_links_name":"\"Vivienda otorga 304 casas para diversas familias alrededor de la Isla\""},{"Link":"https://www.vivienda.pr.gov/entregan-234-vales-de-seccion-8/","external_links_name":"\"Entregan 234 vales de Sección 8 \| Departamento de la Vivienda\""},{"Link":"https://www.metro.pr/pr/metroamp/noticias/2021/04/17/secretario-vivienda-ordena-facilitar-compras-municipales-fondos-cdbg-dr.html","external_links_name":"\"Secretario de Vivienda ordena facilitar compras municipales con fondos CDBG-DR \| Metro\""},{"Link":"https://www.metro.pr/pr/metroamp/noticias/2021/05/28/entregan-nuevo-hogar-familia-poncena-afectada-huracan-maria.html","external_links_name":"\"Entregan nuevo hogar a familia ponceña afectada por el huracán María \| Metro\""},{"Link":"https://cb.pr/pierluisi-nombra-a-william-rodriguez-como-secretario-de-vivienda/","external_links_name":"\"Pierluisi nombra a William Rodríguez como secretario de Vivienda\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/130188262","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_Department_of_Housing&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Rail	Common rail	["1 History","2 Applications","3 Acronyms and branding used","4 Principles","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Engine fuel delivery method For other uses, see Common rail (disambiguation). Diesel fuel injector as installed in a MAN V8 Diesel engine Common rail direct fuel injection is a direct fuel injection system built around a high-pressure (over 2,000 bar or 200 MPa or 29,000 psi) fuel rail feeding solenoid valves, as opposed to a low-pressure fuel pump feeding unit injectors (or pump nozzles). High-pressure injection delivers power and fuel consumption benefits over earlier lower pressure fuel injection, by injecting fuel as a larger number of smaller droplets, giving a much higher ratio of surface area to volume. This provides improved vaporization from the surface of the fuel droplets, and so more efficient combining of atmospheric oxygen with vaporized fuel delivering more complete combustion. Common rail injection is widely used in diesel engines. It is also the basis of gasoline direct injection systems used on petrol engines. History Common rail fuel system on a Volvo truck engine Vickers pioneered the use of common rail injection in submarine engines. Vickers engines with the common rail fuel system were first used in 1916 in the G-class submarines. It used four plunger pumps to deliver a pressure up to 3,000 pounds per square inch (210 bar; 21 MPa) every 90° of rotation to keep the fuel pressure adequately constant in the rail. Fuel delivery to individual cylinders could be shut off by valves in the injector lines. Doxford Engines used a common rail system in their opposed-piston marine engines from 1921 to 1980, where a multicylinder reciprocating fuel pump generated a pressure around 600 bars (60 MPa; 8,700 psi), with the fuel being stored in accumulator bottles. Pressure control was achieved by an adjustable pump discharge stroke and a "spill valve". Camshaft-operated mechanical timing valves were used to supply the spring-loaded Brice/CAV/Lucas injectors, which injected through the side of the cylinder into the chamber formed between the pistons. Early engines had a pair of timing cams, one for ahead running and one for astern. Later engines had two injectors per cylinder, and the final series of constant-pressure turbocharged engines was fitted with four injectors per cylinder. This system was used for the injection of both diesel and heavy fuel oil (600cSt heated to a temperature near 130 °C). Common rail engines have been used in marine and locomotive applications for some time. The Cooper-Bessemer GN-8 (circa 1942) is an example of a hydraulically operated common rail diesel engine, also known as a modified common rail. The common rail system prototype for automotive engines was developed in the late 1960s by Robert Huber of Switzerland, and the technology was further developed by Dr. Marco Ganser at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, later of Ganser-Hydromag AG (est. 1995) in Oberägeri. The first common-rail-Diesel-engine used in a road vehicle was the MN 106-engine by East German VEB IFA Motorenwerke Nordhausen. It was built into a single IFA W50 in 1985. Due to a lack of funding, the development was cancelled and mass production was never achieved. The first successful use in a mass production vehicle began in Japan by the mid-1990s. Dr. Shohei Itoh and Masahiko Miyaki of the Denso Corporation, a Japanese automotive-parts manufacturer, developed the common rail fuel system for heavy-duty vehicles and turned it into practical use on their ECD-U2 common rail system mounted on the Hino Ranger truck and sold for general use in 1995. Denso claims the first commercial high-pressure common rail system in 1995. Modern common rail systems, although working on the same principle, are governed by an engine control unit, which opens each injector electrically rather than mechanically. This was extensively prototyped in the 1990s with collaboration between Magneti Marelli, Centro Ricerche Fiat in Bari, and Elasis. After research and development by the physicist Mario Ricco Fiat Group, the design was acquired by the German company Robert Bosch GmbH for completion of development and refinement for mass production. In hindsight, the sale appeared to be a strategic error for Fiat, as the new technology proved to be highly profitable. The company had little choice but to sell Bosch a licence, as it was in a poor financial state at the time and lacked the resources to complete development on its own. In 1997, they extended its use for passenger cars. The first passenger car to use the common rail system was the 1997 model Alfa Romeo 156 with a 2.4-L JTD engine, and later that same year, Mercedes-Benz introduced it in their W202 model. In 2001, common rail made its way into pickup trucks with the 6.6 liter Duramax LB7 V8 used in Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra HD models. Dodge and Cummins implemented this in 2003, and Ford adopted this technology in 2008 with the Navistar-built 6.4L Powerstroke. Today, all diesel pickup trucks use common rail systems. Applications The common rail system is suitable for all types of road cars with diesel engines, ranging from city cars (such as the Fiat Panda) to executive cars (such as the Audi A8). The main suppliers of modern common rail systems are BOSCH, Delphi Technologies, Denso, and Siemens VDO (now owned by Continental AG). Acronyms and branding used Bosch common rail diesel fuel injector from a Volvo truck engine The automotive manufacturers refer to their common rail engines by their own brand names: Ashok Leyland: CRS (used in U Truck and E4 Busses) Audi: TDI, BiTDi The "Bi" stands for BiTurbo BMW Group (BMW and Mini): d (also used in the Land Rover Freelander as TD4 and the Rover 75 and MG ZT as CDT and CDTi), D and SD Chrysler CRD Citroën: HDi, e-HDi and BlueHDi Cummins and Scania: XPI (developed under joint venture) Cummins: CCR (Cummins pump with Bosch injectors) Daimler: CDI Fiat Group (Fiat, Alfa Romeo and Lancia): JTD (also branded as MultiJet, JTDm, and by supplied manufacturers as TDi, CDTi, TCDi, TiD, TTiD, DDiS and QuadraJet) Ford Motor Company: TDCi (Duratorq and Powerstroke) and EcoBlue Diesel GM: VCDi (licensed from VM Motori) and Duramax Diesel Honda: i-CTDI and i-DTEC Hyundai, Kia and Genesis: CRDi IKCO: EFD Isuzu: iTEQ, Ddi and DI TURBO Jaguar: d Jeep: CRD and EcoDiesel Komatsu: Tier3, Tier4, 4D95 and higher HPCR-series Land Rover: TD4, eD4, SD4, TD6, TDV6, SDV6, TDV8, SDV8 Lexus: d (e.g. 450d and 220d) Mahindra: CRDe, m2DiCR, mEagle, mHawk, mFalcon and mPower (Trucks) Maserati: Diesel Mazda: MZR-CD and Skyactiv-D (some MZR-CD engines are manufactured by the Ford and PSA Peugeot Citroën joint venture) and earlier DiTD Mercedes-Benz: CDI and d Mitsubishi: Di-D Nissan: DDTi Opel/Vauxhall: DTI, CDTI, BiTurbo CDTI, CRI, Turbo D and BiTurbo D Porsche: Diesel Proton: SCDi Groupe PSA (Peugeot, Citroën and DS): HDi, e-HDi or BlueHDi (developed under joint venture with Ford) – See PSA HDi engine Renault, Dacia and Nissan: dCi and BLUEdCi (Infiniti uses some dCi engines as part of the Renault-Nissan Alliance, branded d) Saab: TiD (The 2.2 turbo diesel engine was also called "TiD", but it didn't have Common rail) and TTiD The double "T" stands for Twin-Turbo SsangYong: XDi, eXDI, XVT or D Subaru: TD, D or BOXER DIESEL (as of Jan 2008) Suzuki: DDiS Tata: 2.2 VTT DiCOR (used in large SUV-class such as Safari), VARICOR (used in large SUV-class such as Safari Storme, Aria and Hexa),1.05 Revotorq CR3 (used in Tiago and Tigor) 1.5 Revotorq CR05 (used in Nexon and Altroz), 1.4 CR4 (used in Indica, Indigo), 3.0 CR4 (used in Sumo gold) 1.3 Quadrajet (supplied by Fiat and used in Indica Vista, Indigo Manza and Zest), and 2.0 Kryotec (also supplied by Fiat and used in SUV Harrier and All new Safari),3.3 L Turbotronn and 5L Turbotronn ( used in M&HCV Trucks). Toyota: D4-D Volkswagen Group (Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT and Škoda): TDI (more recent models use common rail, as opposed to the earlier unit injector engines). Bentley term their Bentayga diesel simply Diesel Volvo: D, D2, D3, D4 and D5 engines (some are manufactured by Ford and PSA Peugeot Citroën), Volvo Penta D-series engines Principles Diagram of the common rail system Solenoid or piezoelectric valves make possible fine electronic control over the fuel-injection time and quantity, and the higher pressure that the common rail technology makes available provides better fuel atomisation. To lower engine noise, the engine's electronic control unit can inject a small amount of diesel just before the main injection event ("pilot" injection), thus reducing its explosiveness and vibration, as well as optimising injection timing and quantity for variations in fuel quality, cold starting, and so on. Some advanced common rail fuel systems perform as many as five injections per stroke. Common rail engines require a very short to no heating-up time, depending on the ambient temperature, and produce lower engine noise and emissions than older systems. Diesel engines have historically used various forms of fuel injection. Two common types include the unit-injection system and the distributor/inline-pump systems. While these older systems provide accurate fuel quantity and injection timing control, they are limited by several factors: They are cam driven, and injection pressure is proportional to engine speed. This typically means that the highest injection pressure can only be achieved at the highest engine speed and the maximum achievable injection pressure decreases as engine speed decreases. This relationship is true with all pumps, even those used on common rail systems. With unit or distributor systems, the injection pressure is tied to the instantaneous pressure of a single pumping event with no accumulator, thus the relationship is more prominent and troublesome. They are limited in the number and timing of injection events that can be commanded during a single combustion event. While multiple injection events are possible with these older systems, it is much more difficult and costly to achieve. For the typical distributor/inline system, the start of injection occurs at a predetermined pressure (often referred to as pop pressure) and ends at a predetermined pressure. This characteristic results from "dumb" injectors in the cylinder head which open and close at pressures determined by the spring preload applied to the plunger in the injector. Once the pressure in the injector reaches a predetermined level, the plunger lifts and injection starts. In common rail systems, a high-pressure pump stores a reservoir of fuel at high pressure — up to and above 2,000 bars (200 MPa; 29,000 psi). The term "common rail" refers to the fact that all of the fuel injectors are supplied by a common fuel rail which is nothing more than a pressure accumulator where the fuel is stored at high pressure. This accumulator supplies multiple fuel injectors with high-pressure fuel. This simplifies the purpose of the high-pressure pump in that it only needs to maintain a target pressure (either mechanically or electronically controlled). The fuel injectors are typically controlled by the engine control unit (ECU). When the fuel injectors are electrically activated, a hydraulic valve (consisting of a nozzle and plunger) is mechanically or hydraulically opened and fuel is sprayed into the cylinders at the desired pressure. Since the fuel pressure energy is stored remotely and the injectors are electrically actuated, the injection pressure at the start and end of injection is very near the pressure in the accumulator (rail), thus producing a square injection rate. If the accumulator, pump, and plumbing are sized properly, the injection pressure and rate will be the same for each of the multiple injection events. Third-generation common rail diesels now feature piezoelectric injectors for increased precision, with fuel pressures up to 2,500 bar (250 MPa; 36,000 psi). See also Hydraulically actuated electronic unit injection Unit pump Water sensor References ^ Cummins, C. Lyle (2007). Diesels for the First Stealth Weapon. Carnot Press. pp. 196–198. ISBN 978-0-917308-06-2. ^ "Doxford Engine Reference". Archived from the original on 2007-12-20. ^ "Nordhäuser an Entwicklung des weltweit ersten Common-Rail-Diesels beteiligt – IFA-Museum öffnet zur Nordhäuser Museumsnacht". meinanzeiger.de. 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2022-03-03. ^ "240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology - Common rail ECD-U2". Jsae.or.jp. Archived from the original on 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2009-04-29. ^ "Diesel Fuel Injection". DENSO Global. Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2011-08-03. ^ "Fiat Rebirth of a carmaker". economist.com. 2008-04-24. Archived from the original on 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2008-05-01. ^ "New Powertrain Technologies Conference". autonews.com. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2008-04-08. ^ "Denso targets French, US automakers : World's No. 4 supplier will grow organically, not by acquisitions". Europe.autonews.com. 2005-10-17. Retrieved 16 May 2018. ^ (multistroke injection) See BMW 2009 Brochure for 3 series ^ "Archived copy". www.carservicesalisbury.com. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "DENSO Develops a New Diesel Common Rail System With the World's Highest Injection Pressure\| News \| DENSO Global Website". DENSO Global Website. 2013-06-26. Archived from the original on 2017-10-13. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Common rail fuel injection. Common Rail Direct Injection System or CRDI System working and advanatages Brief Summary about working of CRDI Engine Animation explaining common rail functioning vteInternal combustion enginePart of the Automobile seriesEngine block and rotating assembly Balance shaft Block heater Bore Connecting rod Crankcase Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve) Crankpin Crankshaft Core plug (freeze plug) Cylinder (bank, layout) Displacement Flywheel Firing order Stroke Main bearing Piston Piston ring Starter ring gear Valvetrain and Cylinder head Flathead layout Overhead camshaft layout Overhead valve (pushrod) layout Tappet / lifter Camshaft Chest Combustion chamber Compression ratio Head gasket Rocker arm Timing belt Valve Forced induction Blowoff valve Boost controller Intercooler Supercharger Turbocharger Fuel system Diesel engine Petrol engine Carburetor Fuel filter Fuel injection Fuel pump Fuel tank Ignition Magneto Compression ignition Coil-on-plug Distributor Glow plug Ignition coil Spark plug Spark plug wires Engine management Engine control unit (ECU) Electrical system Alternator Battery Dynamo Starter motor Intake system Airbox Air filter Idle air control actuator Inlet manifold MAP sensor MAF sensor Throttle Throttle position sensor Exhaust system Catalytic converter Diesel particulate filter EGT sensor Exhaust manifold Muffler Oxygen sensor Cooling system Air cooling Water cooling Electric fan Radiator Thermostat Viscous fan (fan clutch) Lubrication Oil Oil filter Oil pump Sump (Wet sump, Dry sump) Other Knocking / pinging Power band Redline Stratified charge Top dead centre Portal Category vteEngine configurations for piston enginesType Atmospheric Axial Beam Cornish Rotative Bourke Cam engine Camless Compound Double-acting cylinder Flathead Free-piston Stelzer Hemi Heron head Intake over exhaust Oscillating cylinder Opposed-piston Overhead camshaft Overhead valve Pentroof Rotary Single-acting cylinder Split cycle Swing-piston Uniflow Watt Wedge Stroke cycles Two-stroke Four-stroke Five-stroke Six-stroke Two-and four-stroke Cylinder layoutsInline / straight I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 I12 I14 Flat / boxer F2 F4 F6 F8 F10 F12 F16 V / Vee V2 V3 V4 V5 VR5 V6 VR6 V8 V10 V12 V14 V16 V18 V20 V24 W W3 W6 W8 W12 W16 W18 W24 W30 Other Deltic H Radial Single-cylinder Split-single U X Authority control databases: National Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Common rail (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_rail_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cutaway_of_a_MAN_V8_Diesel_engine.jpg"},{"link_name":"fuel injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)"},{"link_name":"MPa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"link_name":"psi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch"},{"link_name":"solenoid valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid_valve"},{"link_name":"fuel pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_pump_(engine)"},{"link_name":"unit injectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_Injector"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"diesel engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"gasoline direct injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection"},{"link_name":"petrol engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_engine"}],"text":"For other uses, see Common rail (disambiguation).Diesel fuel injector as installed in a MAN V8 Diesel engineCommon rail direct fuel injection is a direct fuel injection system built around a high-pressure (over 2,000 bar or 200 MPa or 29,000 psi) fuel rail feeding solenoid valves, as opposed to a low-pressure fuel pump feeding unit injectors (or pump nozzles). High-pressure injection delivers power and fuel consumption benefits over earlier lower pressure fuel injection,[citation needed] by injecting fuel as a larger number of smaller droplets, giving a much higher ratio of surface area to volume. This provides improved vaporization from the surface of the fuel droplets, and so more efficient combining of atmospheric oxygen with vaporized fuel delivering more complete combustion.Common rail injection is widely used in diesel engines. It is also the basis of gasoline direct injection systems used on petrol engines.","title":"Common rail"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Common_rail_D7E.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers"},{"link_name":"G-class submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_G-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Doxford Engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Doxford_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"opposed-piston marine engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposed-piston_engine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive"},{"link_name":"Cooper-Bessemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Bessemer"},{"link_name":"Robert Huber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Huber_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"Ganser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GANSER_CRS_AG&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Zurich"},{"link_name":"Ganser-Hydromag AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganser_CRS_AG&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"VEB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkseigener_Betrieb"},{"link_name":"IFA W50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFA_W_50"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Denso Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denso_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Hino Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hino_Ranger#3rd_Generation_.281989-2002.29"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"engine control unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_control_unit"},{"link_name":"Magneti Marelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneti_Marelli"},{"link_name":"Fiat Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat"},{"link_name":"Robert Bosch GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economist.com-6"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo 156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_156"},{"link_name":"JTD engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTD_engine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autonews.com-7"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz"},{"link_name":"W202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C-Class_(W202)"}],"text":"Common rail fuel system on a Volvo truck engineVickers pioneered the use of common rail injection in submarine engines. Vickers engines with the common rail fuel system were first used in 1916 in the G-class submarines. It used four plunger pumps to deliver a pressure up to 3,000 pounds per square inch (210 bar; 21 MPa) every 90° of rotation to keep the fuel pressure adequately constant in the rail. Fuel delivery to individual cylinders could be shut off by valves in the injector lines.[1] Doxford Engines used a common rail system in their opposed-piston marine engines from 1921 to 1980, where a multicylinder reciprocating fuel pump generated a pressure around 600 bars (60 MPa; 8,700 psi), with the fuel being stored in accumulator bottles.[2] Pressure control was achieved by an adjustable pump discharge stroke and a \"spill valve\". Camshaft-operated mechanical timing valves were used to supply the spring-loaded Brice/CAV/Lucas injectors, which injected through the side of the cylinder into the chamber formed between the pistons. Early engines had a pair of timing cams, one for ahead running and one for astern. Later engines had two injectors per cylinder, and the final series of constant-pressure turbocharged engines was fitted with four injectors per cylinder. This system was used for the injection of both diesel and heavy fuel oil (600cSt heated to a temperature near 130 °C).Common rail engines have been used in marine and locomotive applications for some time. The Cooper-Bessemer GN-8 (circa 1942) is an example of a hydraulically operated common rail diesel engine, also known as a modified common rail.The common rail system prototype for automotive engines was developed in the late 1960s by Robert Huber of Switzerland, and the technology was further developed by Dr. Marco Ganser at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, later of Ganser-Hydromag AG (est. 1995) in Oberägeri.The first common-rail-Diesel-engine used in a road vehicle was the MN 106-engine by East German VEB IFA Motorenwerke Nordhausen. It was built into a single IFA W50 in 1985. Due to a lack of funding, the development was cancelled and mass production was never achieved.[3]The first successful use in a mass production vehicle began in Japan by the mid-1990s. Dr. Shohei Itoh and Masahiko Miyaki of the Denso Corporation, a Japanese automotive-parts manufacturer, developed the common rail fuel system for heavy-duty vehicles and turned it into practical use on their ECD-U2 common rail system mounted on the Hino Ranger truck and sold for general use in 1995.[4] Denso claims the first commercial high-pressure common rail system in 1995.[5]Modern common rail systems, although working on the same principle, are governed by an engine control unit, which opens each injector electrically rather than mechanically. This was extensively prototyped in the 1990s with collaboration between Magneti Marelli, Centro Ricerche Fiat in Bari, and Elasis. After research and development by the physicist Mario Ricco Fiat Group, the design was acquired by the German company Robert Bosch GmbH for completion of development and refinement for mass production. In hindsight, the sale appeared to be a strategic error for Fiat, as the new technology proved to be highly profitable. The company had little choice but to sell Bosch a licence, as it was in a poor financial state at the time and lacked the resources to complete development on its own.[6] In 1997, they extended its use for passenger cars. The first passenger car to use the common rail system was the 1997 model Alfa Romeo 156 with a 2.4-L JTD engine,[7] and later that same year, Mercedes-Benz introduced it in their W202 model. In 2001, common rail made its way into pickup trucks with the 6.6 liter Duramax LB7 V8 used in Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra HD models. Dodge and Cummins implemented this in 2003, and Ford adopted this technology in 2008 with the Navistar-built 6.4L Powerstroke. Today, all diesel pickup trucks use common rail systems.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"city cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_car"},{"link_name":"Fiat Panda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Panda#Second_generation_Mk3_(169;_2003)"},{"link_name":"executive cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_car"},{"link_name":"Audi A8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A8"},{"link_name":"BOSCH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH"},{"link_name":"Delphi Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Denso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denso"},{"link_name":"Siemens VDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_VDO"},{"link_name":"Continental AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_AG"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The common rail system is suitable for all types of road cars with diesel engines, ranging from city cars (such as the Fiat Panda) to executive cars (such as the Audi A8). The main suppliers of modern common rail systems are BOSCH, Delphi Technologies, Denso, and Siemens VDO (now owned by Continental AG).[8]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bosch_common_rail_injector.JPG"},{"link_name":"brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand"},{"link_name":"Ashok Leyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Leyland"},{"link_name":"Audi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi"},{"link_name":"TDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDI_(engine)"},{"link_name":"BiTurbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-turbo"},{"link_name":"BMW Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Group"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini"},{"link_name":"Land Rover Freelander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover_Freelander"},{"link_name":"Rover 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_75"},{"link_name":"MG ZT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_ZT"},{"link_name":"Chrysler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler"},{"link_name":"Citroën","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn"},{"link_name":"HDi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDi"},{"link_name":"Cummins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins"},{"link_name":"Scania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_(company)"},{"link_name":"Cummins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins"},{"link_name":"Cummins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins"},{"link_name":"Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH"},{"link_name":"Daimler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_AG"},{"link_name":"Fiat Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat"},{"link_name":"Fiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo"},{"link_name":"Lancia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia"},{"link_name":"JTD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTD_engine"},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Duratorq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duratorq"},{"link_name":"Powerstroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerstroke"},{"link_name":"GM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"VM Motori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VM_Motori"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda"},{"link_name":"Hyundai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Kia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_Motors"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_Motor"},{"link_name":"IKCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKCO"},{"link_name":"EFD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKCO_EF_engines"},{"link_name":"Isuzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzu"},{"link_name":"Jaguar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_Cars"},{"link_name":"Jeep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep"},{"link_name":"EcoDiesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoDiesel"},{"link_name":"Komatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komatsu_Limited"},{"link_name":"Land Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover"},{"link_name":"Lexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexus"},{"link_name":"Mahindra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahindra_%26_Mahindra"},{"link_name":"Maserati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati"},{"link_name":"Mazda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"PSA Peugeot Citroën","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Peugeot_Citro%C3%ABn"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan"},{"link_name":"Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors"},{"link_name":"Porsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche"},{"link_name":"Proton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(carmaker)"},{"link_name":"Groupe PSA (Peugeot, Citroën and DS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_PSA"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"PSA HDi engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_HDi_engine"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Dacia"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Saab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_Automobile"},{"link_name":"Twin-Turbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-turbo"},{"link_name":"SsangYong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SsangYong_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Subaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru"},{"link_name":"Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Tata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Motors"},{"link_name":"Safari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Safari"},{"link_name":"Safari Storme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Safari_Storme"},{"link_name":"Aria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Aria"},{"link_name":"Hexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Hexa"},{"link_name":"Tiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Tiago"},{"link_name":"Tigor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Tigor"},{"link_name":"Nexon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Nexon"},{"link_name":"Altroz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Altroz"},{"link_name":"Indica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Indica"},{"link_name":"Indigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Indigo"},{"link_name":"Sumo gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Sumo"},{"link_name":"Fiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat"},{"link_name":"Indica Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indica_Vista"},{"link_name":"Indigo Manza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Indigo_Manza"},{"link_name":"Zest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Zest"},{"link_name":"Harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Harrier"},{"link_name":"Safari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Safari"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"D4-D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D4-D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Group"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen"},{"link_name":"Audi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi"},{"link_name":"SEAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAT"},{"link_name":"Škoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto"},{"link_name":"TDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharged_Direct_Injection"},{"link_name":"unit injector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_Injector"},{"link_name":"Volvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"PSA Peugeot Citroën","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Peugeot_Citro%C3%ABn"},{"link_name":"Volvo Penta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Penta"}],"text":"Bosch common rail diesel fuel injector from a Volvo truck engineThe automotive manufacturers refer to their common rail engines by their own brand names:Ashok Leyland: CRS (used in U Truck and E4 Busses)\nAudi: TDI, BiTDi The \"Bi\" stands for BiTurbo\nBMW Group (BMW and Mini): d (also used in the Land Rover Freelander as TD4 and the Rover 75 and MG ZT as CDT and CDTi), D and SD\nChrysler CRD\nCitroën: HDi, e-HDi and BlueHDi\nCummins and Scania: XPI (developed under joint venture)\nCummins: CCR (Cummins pump with Bosch injectors)\nDaimler: CDI\nFiat Group (Fiat, Alfa Romeo and Lancia): JTD (also branded as MultiJet, JTDm, and by supplied manufacturers as TDi, CDTi, TCDi, TiD, TTiD, DDiS and QuadraJet)\nFord Motor Company: TDCi (Duratorq and Powerstroke) and EcoBlue Diesel\nGM: VCDi (licensed from VM Motori) and Duramax Diesel\nHonda: i-CTDI and i-DTEC\nHyundai, Kia and Genesis: CRDi\nIKCO: EFD\nIsuzu: iTEQ, Ddi and DI TURBO\nJaguar: d\nJeep: CRD and EcoDiesel\nKomatsu: Tier3, Tier4, 4D95 and higher HPCR-series\nLand Rover: TD4, eD4, SD4, TD6, TDV6, SDV6, TDV8, SDV8\nLexus: d (e.g. 450d and 220d)\nMahindra: CRDe, m2DiCR, mEagle, mHawk, mFalcon and mPower (Trucks)\nMaserati: Diesel\nMazda: MZR-CD and Skyactiv-D (some MZR-CD engines are manufactured by the Ford and PSA Peugeot Citroën joint venture) and earlier DiTD\nMercedes-Benz: CDI and d\nMitsubishi: Di-D\nNissan: DDTi\nOpel/Vauxhall: DTI, CDTI, BiTurbo CDTI, CRI, Turbo D and BiTurbo D\nPorsche: Diesel\nProton: SCDi\nGroupe PSA (Peugeot, Citroën and DS): HDi, e-HDi or BlueHDi (developed under joint venture with Ford) – See PSA HDi engine\nRenault, Dacia and Nissan: dCi and BLUEdCi (Infiniti uses some dCi engines as part of the Renault-Nissan Alliance, branded d)\nSaab: TiD (The 2.2 turbo diesel engine was also called \"TiD\", but it didn't have Common rail) and TTiD The double \"T\" stands for Twin-Turbo\nSsangYong: XDi, eXDI, XVT or D\nSubaru: TD, D or BOXER DIESEL (as of Jan 2008)\nSuzuki: DDiS\nTata: 2.2 VTT DiCOR (used in large SUV-class such as Safari), VARICOR (used in large SUV-class such as Safari Storme, Aria and Hexa),1.05 Revotorq CR3 (used in Tiago and Tigor) 1.5 Revotorq CR05 (used in Nexon and Altroz), 1.4 CR4 (used in Indica, Indigo), 3.0 CR4 (used in Sumo gold) 1.3 Quadrajet (supplied by Fiat and used in Indica Vista, Indigo Manza and Zest), and 2.0 Kryotec (also supplied by Fiat and used in SUV Harrier and All new Safari),3.3 L Turbotronn and 5L Turbotronn ( used in M&HCV Trucks).\n\n\nToyota: D4-D\nVolkswagen Group (Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT and Škoda): TDI (more recent models use common rail, as opposed to the earlier unit injector engines). Bentley term their Bentayga diesel simply Diesel\nVolvo: D, D2, D3, D4 and D5 engines (some are manufactured by Ford and PSA Peugeot Citroën), Volvo Penta D-series engines","title":"Acronyms and branding used"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Rail_Scheme.svg"},{"link_name":"piezoelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric"},{"link_name":"electronic control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_control_unit"},{"link_name":"atomisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol"},{"link_name":"noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_(environmental)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"unit-injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_injector"},{"link_name":"distributor/inline-pump systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_pump"},{"link_name":"fuel injectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injector"},{"link_name":"engine control unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_control_unit"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"piezoelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Diagram of the common rail systemSolenoid or piezoelectric valves make possible fine electronic control over the fuel-injection time and quantity, and the higher pressure that the common rail technology makes available provides better fuel atomisation. To lower engine noise, the engine's electronic control unit can inject a small amount of diesel just before the main injection event (\"pilot\" injection), thus reducing its explosiveness and vibration, as well as optimising injection timing and quantity for variations in fuel quality, cold starting, and so on. Some advanced common rail fuel systems perform as many as five injections per stroke.[9]Common rail engines require a very short to no heating-up time, depending on the ambient temperature, and produce lower engine noise and emissions than older systems.[10]Diesel engines have historically used various forms of fuel injection. Two common types include the unit-injection system and the distributor/inline-pump systems. While these older systems provide accurate fuel quantity and injection timing control, they are limited by several factors:They are cam driven, and injection pressure is proportional to engine speed. This typically means that the highest injection pressure can only be achieved at the highest engine speed and the maximum achievable injection pressure decreases as engine speed decreases. This relationship is true with all pumps, even those used on common rail systems. With unit or distributor systems, the injection pressure is tied to the instantaneous pressure of a single pumping event with no accumulator, thus the relationship is more prominent and troublesome.\nThey are limited in the number and timing of injection events that can be commanded during a single combustion event. While multiple injection events are possible with these older systems, it is much more difficult and costly to achieve.\nFor the typical distributor/inline system, the start of injection occurs at a predetermined pressure (often referred to as pop pressure) and ends at a predetermined pressure. This characteristic results from \"dumb\" injectors in the cylinder head which open and close at pressures determined by the spring preload applied to the plunger in the injector. Once the pressure in the injector reaches a predetermined level, the plunger lifts and injection starts.In common rail systems, a high-pressure pump stores a reservoir of fuel at high pressure — up to and above 2,000 bars (200 MPa; 29,000 psi). The term \"common rail\" refers to the fact that all of the fuel injectors are supplied by a common fuel rail which is nothing more than a pressure accumulator where the fuel is stored at high pressure. This accumulator supplies multiple fuel injectors with high-pressure fuel. This simplifies the purpose of the high-pressure pump in that it only needs to maintain a target pressure (either mechanically or electronically controlled). The fuel injectors are typically controlled by the engine control unit (ECU). When the fuel injectors are electrically activated, a hydraulic valve (consisting of a nozzle and plunger) is mechanically or hydraulically opened and fuel is sprayed into the cylinders at the desired pressure. Since the fuel pressure energy is stored remotely and the injectors are electrically actuated, the injection pressure at the start and end of injection is very near the pressure in the accumulator (rail), thus producing a square injection rate. If the accumulator, pump, and plumbing are sized properly, the injection pressure and rate will be the same for each of the multiple injection events.Third-generation[vague] common rail diesels now feature piezoelectric injectors for increased precision, with fuel pressures up to 2,500 bar (250 MPa; 36,000 psi).[11]","title":"Principles"}]	[{"image_text":"Diesel fuel injector as installed in a MAN V8 Diesel engine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cutaway_of_a_MAN_V8_Diesel_engine.jpg/300px-Cutaway_of_a_MAN_V8_Diesel_engine.jpg"},{"image_text":"Common rail fuel system on a Volvo truck engine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Common_rail_D7E.jpg/220px-Common_rail_D7E.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bosch common rail diesel fuel injector from a Volvo truck engine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bosch_common_rail_injector.JPG/220px-Bosch_common_rail_injector.JPG"},{"image_text":"Diagram of the common rail system","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Common_Rail_Scheme.svg/350px-Common_Rail_Scheme.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Hydraulically actuated electronic unit injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_injector"},{"title":"Unit pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_pump"},{"title":"Water sensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_sensor"}]	[{"reference":"Cummins, C. Lyle (2007). Diesels for the First Stealth Weapon. Carnot Press. pp. 196–198. ISBN 978-0-917308-06-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-917308-06-2","url_text":"978-0-917308-06-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Doxford Engine Reference\". Archived from the original on 2007-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doxford-engine.com/engines.htm","url_text":"\"Doxford Engine Reference\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071220213443/http://doxford-engine.com/engines.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nordhäuser an Entwicklung des weltweit ersten Common-Rail-Diesels beteiligt – IFA-Museum öffnet zur Nordhäuser Museumsnacht\". meinanzeiger.de. 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2022-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201028135442/https://meinanzeiger.de/nordhausen/nordhaeuser-an-entwicklung-des-weltweit-ersten-common-rail-diesels-beteiligt-ifa-museum-oeffnet-zur-nordhaeuser-museumsnacht/","url_text":"\"Nordhäuser an Entwicklung des weltweit ersten Common-Rail-Diesels beteiligt – IFA-Museum öffnet zur Nordhäuser Museumsnacht\""},{"url":"https://meinanzeiger.de/nordhausen/nordhaeuser-an-entwicklung-des-weltweit-ersten-common-rail-diesels-beteiligt-ifa-museum-oeffnet-zur-nordhaeuser-museumsnacht/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology - Common rail ECD-U2\". Jsae.or.jp. Archived from the original on 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2009-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090908165507/http://www.jsae.or.jp/autotech/data_e/10-8e.html","url_text":"\"240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology - Common rail ECD-U2\""},{"url":"http://www.jsae.or.jp/autotech/data_e/10-8e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Diesel Fuel Injection\". DENSO Global. Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2011-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globaldensoproducts.com/em/dem/crs/index.html","url_text":"\"Diesel Fuel Injection\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807070253/http://www.globaldensoproducts.com/em/dem/crs/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fiat Rebirth of a carmaker\". economist.com. 2008-04-24. Archived from the original on 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2008-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11090197","url_text":"\"Fiat Rebirth of a carmaker\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090908034030/http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11090197","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Powertrain Technologies Conference\". autonews.com. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2008-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130703105445/http://www.autonews.com/files/07_ane_ptc/speakers.html","url_text":"\"New Powertrain Technologies Conference\""},{"url":"http://www.autonews.com/files/07_ane_ptc/speakers.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Denso targets French, US automakers : World's No. 4 supplier will grow organically, not by acquisitions\". Europe.autonews.com. 2005-10-17. Retrieved 16 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://europe.autonews.com/article/20051017/ANE/510170842/denso-targets-french-us-automakers","url_text":"\"Denso targets French, US automakers : World's No. 4 supplier will grow organically, not by acquisitions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". www.carservicesalisbury.com. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180514134251/http://www.carservicesalisbury.com/go/common-rail-diesel-service%7D","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.carservicesalisbury.com/go/common-rail-diesel-service%7D","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DENSO Develops a New Diesel Common Rail System With the World's Highest Injection Pressure\| News \| DENSO Global Website\". DENSO Global Website. 2013-06-26. Archived from the original on 2017-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globaldenso.com/en/newsreleases/130626-01.html","url_text":"\"DENSO Develops a New Diesel Common Rail System With the World's Highest Injection Pressure\| News \| DENSO Global Website\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171013221631/http://www.globaldenso.com/en/newsreleases/130626-01.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.doxford-engine.com/engines.htm","external_links_name":"\"Doxford Engine Reference\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071220213443/http://doxford-engine.com/engines.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201028135442/https://meinanzeiger.de/nordhausen/nordhaeuser-an-entwicklung-des-weltweit-ersten-common-rail-diesels-beteiligt-ifa-museum-oeffnet-zur-nordhaeuser-museumsnacht/","external_links_name":"\"Nordhäuser an Entwicklung des weltweit ersten Common-Rail-Diesels beteiligt – IFA-Museum öffnet zur Nordhäuser Museumsnacht\""},{"Link":"https://meinanzeiger.de/nordhausen/nordhaeuser-an-entwicklung-des-weltweit-ersten-common-rail-diesels-beteiligt-ifa-museum-oeffnet-zur-nordhaeuser-museumsnacht/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090908165507/http://www.jsae.or.jp/autotech/data_e/10-8e.html","external_links_name":"\"240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology - Common rail ECD-U2\""},{"Link":"http://www.jsae.or.jp/autotech/data_e/10-8e.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.globaldensoproducts.com/em/dem/crs/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Diesel Fuel Injection\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807070253/http://www.globaldensoproducts.com/em/dem/crs/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11090197","external_links_name":"\"Fiat Rebirth of a carmaker\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090908034030/http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11090197","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130703105445/http://www.autonews.com/files/07_ane_ptc/speakers.html","external_links_name":"\"New Powertrain Technologies Conference\""},{"Link":"http://www.autonews.com/files/07_ane_ptc/speakers.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://europe.autonews.com/article/20051017/ANE/510170842/denso-targets-french-us-automakers","external_links_name":"\"Denso targets French, US automakers : World's No. 4 supplier will grow organically, not by acquisitions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180514134251/http://www.carservicesalisbury.com/go/common-rail-diesel-service%7D","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.carservicesalisbury.com/go/common-rail-diesel-service%7D","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.globaldenso.com/en/newsreleases/130626-01.html","external_links_name":"\"DENSO Develops a New Diesel Common Rail System With the World's Highest Injection Pressure\| News \| DENSO Global Website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171013221631/http://www.globaldenso.com/en/newsreleases/130626-01.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.enggstudy.com/common-rail-direct-injection-system","external_links_name":"Common Rail Direct Injection System or CRDI System working and advanatages"},{"Link":"https://crankit.in/common-rail-direct-injection-crdi/","external_links_name":"Brief Summary about working of CRDI Engine"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGwV9ueHcz4","external_links_name":"Animation explaining common rail functioning"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph395770&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osita_Izunaso	Osita Izunaso	["1 References"]	Nigerian politician (born 1966) Osita IzunasoSenator for Imo WestIn officeJune 2023 – PresentPreceded byRochas Okorocha Personal detailsBorn (1966-10-30) 30 October 1966 (age 57)Imo State, Nigeria Osita B. Izunaso (born 30 October 1966) is the current Senator for the Imo West (Orlu) constituency of Imo State, Nigeria, taking office in June 2023. He is a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC). Izunaso obtained a BA (Hons) from the University of Jos (1989), a post-graduate degree in journalism from the University of Abuja (1998) and an MBA from the University of Calabar (2002). He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1992 and again in 1999, and was appointed Chief Press Secretary to the Speaker and Senate President. He was Chief Press Secretary to the Minister of Youth and Sports (1995–1997) and was Minister of Labour & Productivity (1998–1999). After taking his seat in the Senate he was appointed to committees on Rules & Business, Local and Foreign Debts, Housing, Gas, Foreign Affairs and Sports. In a mid-term evaluation of Senators in May 2009, ThisDay noted that he had sponsored bills for the Conveyance of Persons in Articulated Vehicles Bill, Treatment and Care of Victims of Conflict, National Agency for the Promotion and Preservation of Local Languages in Nigeria and Amendment of the Oil Pipelines Act Amendment. He contributed to plenary debates and was active in committees. Osita Izunaso served as the National Organizing Secretary for the All Progressive Congress (APC) in Nigeria from February 2013 to May 2018. During his tenure spanning over five years, from the formative stages of the APC to a crucial period of consolidating its influence, Izunaso played a pivotal role in shaping and coordinating the party's organizational structure. Osita Izunaso then served as the bored chairman of the (NADDC) National Automotive Design and Development Council Governing Council in Nigeria from June 2018 to May 2022. In this role, he led the formulation of policies crucial to the country's automotive industry. Drawing on his political and managerial expertise, Izunaso actively promoted innovation, research, and development within the sector. His tenure emphasized the Council's commitment to enhancing Nigeria's automotive competitiveness, fostering collaborations with government bodies and the private sector. Under Izunaso's leadership, the NADDC succeeded in spearheading initiatives that significantly promoted innovation in the country. From June 2018 to May 2022, his efforts contributed to the notable growth of the automotive sector, leaving a lasting impact on Nigeria's industrial and technological landscape. He is also the founder of KpaKpando Foundation a dedicated non-profit organization aimed at empowering and enabling individuals with disabilities, Osita Izunaso's efforts have left an indelible mark on society. His endeavors extend beyond conventional boundaries, actively engaging in multifaceted initiatives to uplift, empower, and support the disabled community. Notably, his advocacy work has played a pivotal role in reshaping legislation to better protect and uphold the rights of disabled people. Osita lzunaso continues to embody the spirit of positive change, leaving a lasting legacy of compassion and impact. He then pursued and successfully completed a Bachelor of Law (LLB) degree at Nile University, achieving the remarkable distinction of a First Class, and earning the coveted title of the Best Graduating Student in his cohort. Subsequently, in 2021, he furthered his legal education by attending Law School, where he attained a Second Class Upper and earned the prestigious designation of Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Nigeria. On the 8th of August 2023 he was named the chairman, Senate committee on Capital market of the 10th Senate of Nigeria Since then, he has been molding immense positive changes and breaking waves in the financial landscape. Izunaso's strategic decisions and collaborative skills have garnered him respect, and he adeptly navigates challenges. He is actively engaging and is dedicated to foster improved outcomes and drive positive transformations, underscoring his commitment to creating a more prosperous financial landscape. His dedicated work underscores a clear commitment to ensuring that the capital Markets evolve to benefit everyone. References ^ a b c d "Sen. Osita B. Izunaso". National Assembly of Nigeria. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2010. ^ "Osita Izunaso, a Core Party Man Who Wants to Become Senate President". THISDAYLIVE. 6 May 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023. ^ https://naddc.gov.ng/ ^ https://kpakpandofoundation.org/ vteMembers of the Senate of Nigeria in the 10th National Assembly (2023-2027) Abia ▌C: Austin Akobundu (PDP) ▌N: Orji Uzor Kalu (APC) ▌S: Enyinnaya Abaribe (APGA) Adamawa ▌C: Abbas Aminu Iya (PDP) ▌N: Amos Yohanna (PDP) ▌S: Binos Dauda Yaroe (PDP) Akwa Ibom ▌NE: Bassey Aniekan Etim (PDP) ▌NW: Godswill Akpabio (APC) ▌S: Akpan Ekong Sampson (PDP) Anambra ▌C: Umeh Victor Chukwunonyelu (LP) ▌N: Tony Nwoye (LP) ▌S: Ifeanyi Ubah (YPP) Bauchi ▌C: Ahmed Abdul Ningi (PDP) ▌N: Samaila Dahuwa Kaila (PDP) ▌S: Umar Shehu Buba (APC) Bayelsa ▌C:Benson Friday Konbowei (PDP) ▌E: Agadaga Benson Sunday (PDP) ▌W: Henry Seriake Dickson (PDP) Benue ▌NE: Udende Memsa Emmanuel (APC) ▌NW: Titus Tartengar Zam (APC) ▌S: Patrick Abba Moro (PDP) Borno ▌C: Kaka Shehu Lawan (APC) ▌N: Mohammed Tahir Monguno (APC) ▌S: Mohammed Ali Ndume (APC) Cross River ▌C: Williams Eteng Jonah (PDP) ▌ N: Agom Jarigbe (PDP) ▌S: Ekpeyong Asuquo (APC) Delta ▌C: Dafinone Edeh Omueya (APC) ▌N: Nwoko Chinedu Munir (PDP) ▌S: Joel-Onowakpo Thomas (APC) Ebonyi ▌C: Eze Kenneth Emeka (APC) ▌N: Nwebonyi Onyeka Peter (APC) ▌S: Okorie Anthony Ani (APC) Edo ▌C: Okphebolo Monday (APC) ▌N: Adams Aliyu Oshiomole (APC) ▌S: Imasuen Neda Bernards (APC) Ekiti ▌C: Michael Opeyemi Bamidele (APC) ▌N: Fasuyi Cyril Oluwole (APC) ▌S: Adaramodu Adeyemi Raphael (APC) Enugu ▌: Kelvin Chukwu (LP) ▌N: Ezea Okechukwu (LP) ▌W: Ngwu Osita (PDP) FCT ▌FCT: Ireti Kingibe (LP) Gombe ▌C: Mohammed Danjuma Goje (APC) ▌N: Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo (PDP) ▌S: Anthony Siyako Yaro (PDP) Imo ▌E: Ezenwa Francis Onyewuchi (LP) ▌N: Patrick Ndubueze (APC) ▌W: Osita Izunaso (APC) Jigawa ▌NE: Ahmad Abdulhamid Malam Madori (APC) ▌NW: Babangida Hussaini (APC) ▌SW: Mustapha Khabeeb (PDP) Kaduna ▌C: Lawal Adamu Usman (PDP) ▌N: Ibrahim Khalid Mustapha (PDP) ▌S: Sunday Marshall Katunɡ (PDP) Kano ▌C: Rufai Hanga (NNPP) ▌N: Barau Jibrin (APC) ▌S: Suleiman Abdurrahman Kawu Sumaila (APC) Katsina ▌C: Abdul'aziz Musa Yar'adua (APC) ▌N: Sani Daura (APC) ▌S: Mohammed Muntari Dandutse (APC) Kebbi ▌C: Adamu Aliero (PDP) ▌N: Yahaya Abubakar Abdullahi (PDP) ▌S: TBD (TBD) Kogi ▌C: Natasha Akpoti (PDP) ▌E: Jibrin Isah (APC) ▌W: Sunday Karimi (APC) Kwara ▌C: Saliu Mustapha (APC) ▌N: Suleiman Sadiq Umar (APC) ▌S: Lola Ashiru (APC) Lagos ▌C: Wasiu Eshinlokun-Sanni (APC) ▌E: Tokunbo Abiru (APC) ▌W: Oluranti Adebule (APC) Nasarawa ▌N: Godiya Akwashiki (SDP) ▌S: Mohammed Ogoshi Onawo (PDP) ▌W: Ahmed Aliyu Wadada (SDP) Niger ▌E: Sani Musa (APC) ▌N: Abubakar Sani Bello (APC) ▌S: Peter Ndalikali Jiya (PDP) Ogun ▌C: Shuaibu Salisu (APC) ▌E: Gbenga Daniel (APC) ▌W: Solomon Olamilekan Adeola (APC) Ondo ▌C: Adeniyi Adegbonmire (APC) ▌N: Jide Ipinsagba (APC) ▌S: Jimoh Ibrahim (APC) Osun ▌C: Olubiyi Fadeyi (PDP) ▌E: Fadahunsi Francis Adenigba (PDP) ▌W: Lere Oyewumi (PDP) Oyo ▌C: Yunus Akintunde (APC) ▌N: Abdulfatai Buhari (APC) ▌S: Sharafadeen Alli (APC) Plateau ▌C: Diket Plang (APC) ▌N: Pam Dachungyang (ADP) ▌S: Simon Lalong (APC) Rivers ▌E: Allwell Onyeso (PDP) ▌SE: Barry Mpigi (PDP) ▌W: Ipalibo Banigo (PDP) Sokoto ▌S: Ibrahim Gobir (APC) ▌S: Aliyu Wamakko (APC) ▌S: Aminu Tambuwal (PDP) Taraba ▌C: Haruna Manu (PDP) ▌N: Shuaibu Isa Lau (PDP) ▌S: David Jimkuta (APC) Yobe ▌E: Ibrahim Gaidam (APC) ▌N: Ahmed Lawan (APC) ▌S: Ibrahim Mohammed Bomai (APC) Zamfara ▌C: Ikra Aliyu Bilbis (PDP) ▌N: Sahabi Alhaji Yaú (APC) ▌W: Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari (APC) APC: All Progressives Congress — APGA: All Progressives Grand Alliance — PDP: People's Democratic Party — NNPP: New Nigeria Peoples Party — YPP: Young Progressives Party	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imo State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imo_State"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"All Progressive Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Progressive_Congress_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nassnig-1"},{"link_name":"University of Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Jos"},{"link_name":"University of Abuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Abuja"},{"link_name":"University of Calabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calabar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THISDAYLIVE_2023-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nassnig-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nassnig-1"},{"link_name":"All Progressive Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Progressive_Congress_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nassnig-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nile University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_University_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Senate of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria"}],"text":"Osita B. Izunaso (born 30 October 1966) is the current Senator for the Imo West (Orlu) constituency of Imo State, Nigeria, taking office in June 2023. He is a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC).[1]Izunaso obtained a BA (Hons) from the University of Jos (1989), a post-graduate degree in journalism from the University of Abuja (1998) and an MBA from the University of Calabar (2002).[2]\nHe was elected to the House of Representatives in 1992 and again in 1999, and was appointed Chief Press Secretary to the Speaker and Senate President. He was Chief Press Secretary to the Minister of Youth and Sports (1995–1997) and was Minister of Labour & Productivity (1998–1999).[1]After taking his seat in the Senate he was appointed to committees on Rules & Business, Local and Foreign Debts, Housing, Gas, Foreign Affairs and Sports.[1]\nIn a mid-term evaluation of Senators in May 2009, ThisDay noted that he had sponsored bills for the Conveyance of Persons in Articulated Vehicles Bill, Treatment and Care of Victims of Conflict, National Agency for the Promotion and Preservation of Local Languages in Nigeria and Amendment of the Oil Pipelines Act Amendment. He contributed to plenary debates and was active in committees.Osita Izunaso served as the National Organizing Secretary for the All Progressive Congress (APC)[1] in Nigeria from February 2013 to May 2018. During his tenure spanning over five years, from the formative stages of the APC to a crucial period of consolidating its influence, Izunaso played a pivotal role in shaping and coordinating the party's organizational structure.Osita Izunaso then served as the bored chairman of the (NADDC) National Automotive Design and Development Council[3] Governing Council in Nigeria from June 2018 to May 2022. In this role, he led the formulation of policies crucial to the country's automotive industry. Drawing on his political and managerial expertise, Izunaso actively promoted innovation, research, and development within the sector.His tenure emphasized the Council's commitment to enhancing Nigeria's automotive competitiveness, fostering collaborations with government bodies and the private sector. Under Izunaso's leadership, the NADDC succeeded in spearheading initiatives that significantly promoted innovation in the country. From June 2018 to May 2022, his efforts contributed to the notable growth of the automotive sector, leaving a lasting impact on Nigeria's industrial and technological landscape.He is also the founder of KpaKpando Foundation[4] a dedicated non-profit organization\naimed at empowering and enabling\nindividuals with disabilities, Osita\nIzunaso's efforts have left an indelible\nmark on society. His endeavors extend\nbeyond conventional boundaries,\nactively engaging in multifaceted\ninitiatives to uplift, empower, and\nsupport the disabled community.\nNotably, his advocacy work has played\na pivotal role in reshaping legislation to\nbetter protect and uphold the rights of\ndisabled people. Osita lzunaso\ncontinues to embody the spirit of\npositive change, leaving a lasting\nlegacy of compassion and impact.He then pursued and successfully completed a Bachelor of Law (LLB) degree at Nile University, achieving the remarkable distinction of a First Class, and earning the coveted title of the Best Graduating Student in his cohort. Subsequently, in 2021, he furthered his legal education by attending Law School, where he attained a Second Class Upper and earned the prestigious designation of Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Nigeria.On the 8th of August 2023 he was named the chairman, Senate committee on Capital market of the 10th Senate of NigeriaSince then, he has been molding\nimmense positive changes and breaking\nwaves in the financial landscape. Izunaso's\nstrategic decisions and collaborative skills\nhave garnered him respect, and he adeptly\nnavigates challenges. He is actively engaging\nand is dedicated to foster improved outcomes\nand drive positive transformations,\nunderscoring his commitment to creating a\nmore prosperous financial landscape. His\ndedicated work underscores a clear\ncommitment to ensuring that the capital\nMarkets evolve to benefit everyone.","title":"Osita Izunaso"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sen. Osita B. Izunaso\". National Assembly of Nigeria. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180713/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=72&page=1&state=18","url_text":"\"Sen. Osita B. Izunaso\""},{"url":"http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=72&page=1&state=18","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Osita Izunaso, a Core Party Man Who Wants to Become Senate President\". THISDAYLIVE. 6 May 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/05/06/osita-izunaso-a-core-party-man-who-wants-to-become-senate-president","url_text":"\"Osita Izunaso, a Core Party Man Who Wants to Become Senate President\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180713/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=72&page=1&state=18","external_links_name":"\"Sen. Osita B. Izunaso\""},{"Link":"http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=72&page=1&state=18","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/05/06/osita-izunaso-a-core-party-man-who-wants-to-become-senate-president","external_links_name":"\"Osita Izunaso, a Core Party Man Who Wants to Become Senate President\""},{"Link":"https://naddc.gov.ng/","external_links_name":"https://naddc.gov.ng/"},{"Link":"https://kpakpandofoundation.org/","external_links_name":"https://kpakpandofoundation.org/"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Fork_(North_Fork_South_Branch_Potomac_River)	Laurel Fork (North Fork South Branch Potomac River tributary)	["1 Course","2 Watershed","3 Flora and fauna","3.1 Plants","3.2 Animals","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Bibliography"]	Coordinates: 38°34′13″N 79°34′13″W / 38.57028°N 79.57028°W / 38.57028; -79.57028River in West Virginia, United StatesLaurel ForkLaurel Fork near bankfull stage in 2006Location of the mouth of the Laurel Fork in West VirginiaLocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia, West VirginiaCountyHighland County, Virginia, Pendleton County, West VirginiaPhysical characteristicsSource • locationAppalachian Mountains, Highland County, Virginia • coordinates38°26′16″N 79°41′15″W / 38.43778°N 79.68750°W / 38.43778; -79.68750 • elevation4,094 ft (1,248 m) MouthNorth Fork South Branch Potomac River • locationNorth of Hardscrabble, Virginia, in Pendleton County, West Virginia • coordinates38°34′13″N 79°34′13″W / 38.57028°N 79.57028°W / 38.57028; -79.57028 • elevation2,495 ft (760 m)Length15.7 mi (25.3 km) The Laurel Fork is a 15.7-mile-long (25.3 km) stream in Virginia and West Virginia, United States. The stream flows north from Highland County, Virginia, where its source and the majority of its length is located, to its mouth in Pendleton County, West Virginia. Laurel Fork is a tributary to the North Fork South Branch Potomac River, making it a part of the Potomac River watershed. The area surrounding Laurel Fork is home to several plant and animal species found nowhere else in Virginia, and is a prime example of a northern boreal forest in the state. Course Laurel Fork begins in a mountainous region of Highland County, Virginia near the county's western border with Pocahontas County, West Virginia. The stream's source is located approximately 1.7 miles (2.7 km) southwest of U.S. Route 250 near the southern slopes of Bear Mountain at an elevation of 4,094 feet (1,248 m). This location is approximately 1,100 feet (340 m) to the east of the Eastern Continental Divide. From its source, Laurel Fork flows northward, crossing under U.S. 250, in a winding manner. After collecting the tributary waters of the smaller Collins Run and Blights Run, Secondary Route 642 (Laurel Fork Road) begins to run alongside the Laurel Fork, approximately 3.3 miles (5.3 km) north of U.S. Route 250. Near this location, the stream flows under 642 near the mouth of the tributary Mullenax Run. At Mullenax Run, Laurel Fork enters the Laurel Fork Special Management Area of the George Washington National Forest. A short distance to the north of Mullenax Run, Laurel Fork collects the waters of Newman Run and 642 leaves the banks of Laurel Fork to the east. The stream continues winding northward from Newman Run through the National Forest, intersecting the tributary streams of (from south to north) Bearwallow Run, Lost Run, Knotmaul Run, Christian Run, Slabcamp Run, Locust Spring Run, Buck Run, and Cold Spring Run. Approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Newman Run and Secondary Route 642, Laurel Fork enters Pendleton County, West Virginia. Upon entering the state of West Virginia, Laurel Fork enters the Monongahela National Forest and takes an eastwardly turn. The stream flows approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east, collecting the tributary waters of Sams Run, before reaching its mouth. The Laurel Fork's mouth is at an elevation of 2,495 feet (760 m) approximately 15.7 miles (25.3 km) downstream from its source. At this point, Laurel Fork joins Straight Fork, which flows northward roughly parallel to Laurel Fork in a valley to the east. Located .6 miles (0.97 km) north of the village of Hardscrabble, Virginia, the confluence of the Laurel and Straight Forks begins the North Fork South Branch Potomac River. Watershed Laurel Fork's watershed and course is located within the Alleghany Valley of western Highland County, with a short extension to the north into Pendleton County. The Alleghany Valley is situated between Allegheny Mountain to the west and Lantz Mountain to the east. The northern portion of the valley is divided into two watersheds, those of the Laurel Fork to the west and the Straight Fork to the east, by Middle Mountain. The sub-valley between Allegheny Mountain and Middle mountain contains the watershed of the Laurel Fork, and is characterized as shallow and elevated. The hillsides surrounding Laurel Fork are steep, with elevations along the ridges of Allegheny Mountain to the west of the stream averaging 4,000 feet (1,200 m). The stream meanders through predominately heavily wooded hillsides with a moderate gradient. Laurel Fork's substrate primarily consists of cobble and gravel. The area of Laurel Fork within the Special Management Area in Virginia was designated as an Exceptional State Water in Virginia. This designation arises from the stream's "outstanding scenic beauty", "exceptional aquatic communities", and "superior recreational opportunities". Flora and fauna The Laurel Fork area hosts many different species of plants and animals, among which there are several unique and endangered species. The Laurel Fork Special Management Area (SMA), located in the George Washington National Forest, covers part of the stream's run. Within the Commonwealth of Virginia, at least twenty-five species are known to only live in the Laurel Fork SMA. Example of Picea rubens (red spruce) in West Virginia Plants The Laurel Fork area, especially the SMA, is known to be "one of Virginia's finest examples of a northern boreal natural community". The area is home to a large amount of red spruce, along with Fraser Fir, Hemlock, and various northern hardwoods. Rhododendron bushes are common in the area and are described in some sections to present a "veritable barrier". It is the rhododendron, which is often called "laurel", that gave the Laurel Fork its name. Sphagnum mosses along the spruce-fir forest floor are common as are berries, such as bearberry, gooseberry, and blueberries. Animals Three state endangered species of animals are present within the Laurel Fork SMA: the Virginia northern flying squirrel, the snowshoe hare, and the water shrew. The distribution in Virginia of all three of these species is limited to a small number of counties, with the snowshoe hare only found in Highland County. Fishers are found in the area of Laurel Fork, but most of these are probably "wanderers" from West Virginia. Birds are found in many varieties in the SMA, such as the red-breasted nuthatch, white-breasted nuthatch, black-throated green warbler, golden-crowned kinglet, wild turkey and junco. Beavers are found in the area as well, especially in the regions to the west of Laurel Fork. Larger animals such as white-tailed deer, which has a sizable population, and black bears are present in the area. Fish, especially native brook trout are abundant in Laurel Fork, which is larger in comparison to other Virginia trout streams. See also List of rivers of Virginia References ^ a b "Laurel Fork". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ "The National Map - Source of Laurel Fork". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 2, 2014. ^ "The National Map - Mouth of Laurel Fork". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 2, 2014. ^ a b "National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data". U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2014. ^ a b c d e "The National Map - Laurel Fork". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 2, 2014. ^ Google (August 2, 2014). "Laurel Fork" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 2, 2014. ^ "County of Highland - Public Lands" (PDF). highlandcova.org. Central Shenandoah Planning District Commission. 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2014. ^ "National Forest Locater Map". United States Forest Service. Retrieved August 8, 2014. ^ a b Oren 1911, p. 11. ^ a b Oren 1911, p. 9. ^ a b c d e "Laurel Fork" (PDF). Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. 2002. ^ "Exceptional State Waters: Get the Facts" (PDF). Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. 2010. Retrieved August 8, 2014. ^ "Exceptional State Waters (Tier III)". Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. Retrieved August 8, 2014. ^ a b c d Bowers, Robert D. (March 5, 1996). "Laurel Fork Special Management Area". Federal Register Online. 61 (44). Government Printing Office: 8565–8566. ^ Burnham 2004, pp. 170–171. ^ Burnham 2004, pp. 171–172. ^ "Virginia northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus)". Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Retrieved August 2, 2014. ^ a b "Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus virginianus)". Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Retrieved August 2, 2014. ^ "American water shrew (Sorex palustris)". Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Retrieved August 2, 2014. ^ "Fisher (Martes pennanti pennanti)". Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Retrieved August 2, 2014. ^ a b c Winegar, Deane; Winegar, Garvey (2002). Highroad Guide to the Virginia Mountains. John F. Blair. p. 182. ISBN 9780895872777. ^ a b Carroll, Steven; Miller, Mark (2002). Wild Virginia: A Guide to Thirty Roadless Recreation Areas Including Shenandoah National Park. Globe Pequot. p. 18. ISBN 9780762723157. ^ Hart, David (2006). Flyfisher's Guide to Virginia: Including West Virginia's Best Fly Fishing Waters. Wilderness Adventures Press. p. 259. ISBN 9781932098396. Bibliography Burnham, Bill; Burnham, Mary (2004). Hiking Virginia: A Guide to Virginia's Greatest Hiking Adventures. Globe Pequot. ISBN 9780762727476. Morton, Oren Frederic (1911). A History of Highland County, Virginia. Published by the author. vtePotomac River system Cities and towns Bridges Islands Tributaries Variant names District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia Streams shown as: Major tributaries subtributaries (subsubtributaries) (subsubsubtributaries) Upper Potomac River North Branch Potomac River South Branch Potomac River Town Creek Little Cacapon River North Fork Little Cacapon River South Fork Little Cacapon River Fifteenmile Creek Sideling Hill Creek Cacapon River Lost River Trout Run Capon Springs Run Dillons Run Edwards Run Mill Branch North River (Grassy Lick Run) (Tearcoat Creek) (Bearwallow Creek) Sir Johns Run Warm Spring Run Tonoloway Creek Little Tonoloway Creek Sleepy Creek Meadow Branch Licking Creek Cherry Run Back Creek Hogue Creek Isaacs Creek Tilhance Creek Little Conococheague Creek Conococheague Creek Back Creek Opequon Creek Abrams Creek Mill Creek Middle Creek Tuscarora Creek (West Virginia) Lower Potomac River Antietam Creek Shenandoah River Little Catoctin Creek Catoctin Creek (Virginia) Catoctin Creek (Maryland) Tuscarora Creek (Maryland) Monocacy River Rock Creek Marsh Creek Alloway Creek Piney Creek Toms Creek (Middle Creek) Double Pipe Creek (Big Pipe Creek) (Little Pipe Creek) Owens Creek Big Hunting Creek Tuscarora Creek Carroll Creek Linganore Creek Israel Creek Bush Creek Ballenger Creek Bennett Creek Little Monocacy River Goose Creek Little River Broad Run (Virginia) Sugarland Run Broad Run (Maryland) Seneca Creek Dry Seneca Creek Little Seneca Creek (Tenmile Creek) Great Seneca Creek Muddy Branch Watts Branch Difficult Run Rock Run Dead Run Cabin John Creek Little Falls Branch Tidal Potomac River Pimmit Run Gulf Branch Donaldson Run Maddox Branch Windy Run Spout Run Foundry Branch Rock Creek Piney Branch Boundary Channel Tiber Creek Rocky Run Washington Channel Anacostia River Pope Branch Watts Branch Hickey Run Northwest Branch Sligo Creek Northeast Branch Paint Branch Four Mile Run Oxon Creek Hunting Creek Cameron Run Broad Creek Henson Creek Swan Creek Piscataway Creek Little Hunting Creek Dogue Creek Accotink Creek Daniels Run Pohick Creek Pomonkey Creek Occoquan River Bull Run Broad Run Cedar Run Neabsco Creek Powells Creek Mattawoman Creek Chicamuxen Creek Quantico Creek Little Creek Chopawamsic Creek Tank Creek Aquia Creek Potomac Creek Accokeek Creek Nanjemoy Creek Port Tobacco River Popes Creek (Maryland) Gambo Creek Piccowaxen Creek Upper Machodoc Creek Cuckold Creek Wicomico River Monroe Creek Mattox Creek Popes Creek (Virginia) St. Marys River Yeocomico River Coan River Hull Creek North Branch Potomac River Stony River Abram Creek Savage River Georges Creek Laurel Run New Creek Limestone Run Warrior Run Wills Creek Brush Creek Little Wills Creek Evitts Creek Patterson Creek Mill Creek Dans Run Green Spring Run South Branch Potomac River North Fork South Branch Potomac River Laurel Fork Mill Creek Seneca Creek South Fork South Branch Potomac River Kettle Creek Lunice Creek Mill Run Mill Creek Big Run Buffalo Creek Shenandoah River North Fork Shenandoah River Cedar Creek Smith Creek South Fork Shenandoah River North River (Middle River) South River Lakes and reservoirs Lake Accotink Lake Anne Lake Artemesia Lake Bernard Frank Lake Braddock Breckenridge Reservoir Brushy Fork Lake Burke Lake Dalecarlia Reservoir Georgetown Reservoir Jennings Randolph Lake Kingman Lake Little Seneca Lake McMillan Reservoir Mount Storm Lake Lake Needwood Sleepy Creek Lake Stony River Reservoir Tidal Basin Trout Pond Warden Lake	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHD-4"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Highland County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Pendleton County, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"North Fork South Branch Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_South_Branch_Potomac_River"},{"link_name":"Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"},{"link_name":"boreal forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_forest"}],"text":"River in West Virginia, United StatesThe Laurel Fork is a 15.7-mile-long (25.3 km)[4] stream in Virginia and West Virginia, United States. The stream flows north from Highland County, Virginia, where its source and the majority of its length is located, to its mouth in Pendleton County, West Virginia. Laurel Fork is a tributary to the North Fork South Branch Potomac River, making it a part of the Potomac River watershed. The area surrounding Laurel Fork is home to several plant and animal species found nowhere else in Virginia, and is a prime example of a northern boreal forest in the state.","title":"Laurel Fork (North Fork South Branch Potomac River tributary)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pocahontas County, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_250"},{"link_name":"Eastern Continental Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Continental_Divide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-5"},{"link_name":"George Washington National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_map-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-public_land-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-5"},{"link_name":"Monongahela National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monongahela_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-park_map-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHD-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-5"},{"link_name":"Hardscrabble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardscrabble,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"North Fork South Branch Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_South_Branch_Potomac_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-5"}],"text":"Laurel Fork begins in a mountainous region of Highland County, Virginia near the county's western border with Pocahontas County, West Virginia. The stream's source is located approximately 1.7 miles (2.7 km) southwest of U.S. Route 250 near the southern slopes of Bear Mountain at an elevation of 4,094 feet (1,248 m). This location is approximately 1,100 feet (340 m) to the east of the Eastern Continental Divide. From its source, Laurel Fork flows northward, crossing under U.S. 250, in a winding manner. After collecting the tributary waters of the smaller Collins Run and Blights Run, Secondary Route 642 (Laurel Fork Road) begins to run alongside the Laurel Fork, approximately 3.3 miles (5.3 km) north of U.S. Route 250. Near this location, the stream flows under 642 near the mouth of the tributary Mullenax Run.[5] At Mullenax Run, Laurel Fork enters the Laurel Fork Special Management Area of the George Washington National Forest.[6][7] A short distance to the north of Mullenax Run, Laurel Fork collects the waters of Newman Run and 642 leaves the banks of Laurel Fork to the east. The stream continues winding northward from Newman Run through the National Forest, intersecting the tributary streams of (from south to north) Bearwallow Run, Lost Run, Knotmaul Run, Christian Run, Slabcamp Run, Locust Spring Run, Buck Run, and Cold Spring Run. Approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Newman Run and Secondary Route 642, Laurel Fork enters Pendleton County, West Virginia.[5]Upon entering the state of West Virginia, Laurel Fork enters the Monongahela National Forest and takes an eastwardly turn.[5][8] The stream flows approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east, collecting the tributary waters of Sams Run, before reaching its mouth. The Laurel Fork's mouth is at an elevation of 2,495 feet (760 m) approximately 15.7 miles (25.3 km) downstream from its source.[4][5] At this point, Laurel Fork joins Straight Fork, which flows northward roughly parallel to Laurel Fork in a valley to the east. Located .6 miles (0.97 km) north of the village of Hardscrabble, Virginia, the confluence of the Laurel and Straight Forks begins the North Fork South Branch Potomac River.[5]","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history11-9"},{"link_name":"Allegheny Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_Mountain_(West_Virginia%E2%80%93Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history9-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history11-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deq-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history9-10"},{"link_name":"substrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deq-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deq-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watersInfo-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watersList-13"}],"text":"Laurel Fork's watershed and course is located within the Alleghany Valley of western Highland County, with a short extension to the north into Pendleton County.[9] The Alleghany Valley is situated between Allegheny Mountain to the west and Lantz Mountain to the east.[10] The northern portion of the valley is divided into two watersheds, those of the Laurel Fork to the west and the Straight Fork to the east, by Middle Mountain. The sub-valley between Allegheny Mountain and Middle mountain contains the watershed of the Laurel Fork, and is characterized as shallow and elevated.[9] The hillsides surrounding Laurel Fork are steep,[11] with elevations along the ridges of Allegheny Mountain to the west of the stream averaging 4,000 feet (1,200 m).[10]The stream meanders through predominately heavily wooded hillsides with a moderate gradient. Laurel Fork's substrate primarily consists of cobble and gravel.[11] The area of Laurel Fork within the Special Management Area in Virginia was designated as an Exceptional State Water in Virginia. This designation arises from the stream's \"outstanding scenic beauty\", \"exceptional aquatic communities\", and \"superior recreational opportunities\".[11][12][13]","title":"Watershed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-register-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picea_rubens_Bear_Rock_WV.jpg"}],"text":"The Laurel Fork area hosts many different species of plants and animals, among which there are several unique and endangered species. The Laurel Fork Special Management Area (SMA), located in the George Washington National Forest, covers part of the stream's run. Within the Commonwealth of Virginia, at least twenty-five species are known to only live in the Laurel Fork SMA.[14]Example of Picea rubens (red spruce) in West Virginia","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-register-14"},{"link_name":"red spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_spruce"},{"link_name":"Fraser Fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Fir"},{"link_name":"Hemlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deq-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-register-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burnham170-171-15"},{"link_name":"Rhododendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deq-11"},{"link_name":"Sphagnum mosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphagnum"},{"link_name":"bearberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearberry"},{"link_name":"gooseberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gooseberry"},{"link_name":"blueberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberries"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burnham171-172-16"}],"sub_title":"Plants","text":"The Laurel Fork area, especially the SMA, is known to be \"one of Virginia's finest examples of a northern boreal natural community\".[14] The area is home to a large amount of red spruce, along with Fraser Fir, Hemlock, and various northern hardwoods.[11][14][15] Rhododendron bushes are common in the area and are described in some sections to present a \"veritable barrier\". It is the rhododendron, which is often called \"laurel\", that gave the Laurel Fork its name.[11] Sphagnum mosses along the spruce-fir forest floor are common as are berries, such as bearberry, gooseberry, and blueberries.[16]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia northern flying squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_flying_squirrel"},{"link_name":"snowshoe hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoe_hare"},{"link_name":"water shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorex_palustris"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-register-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squirrel-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hare-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shrew-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hare-18"},{"link_name":"Fishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_(animal)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisherDGIF-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highroad-21"},{"link_name":"red-breasted nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-breasted_nuthatch"},{"link_name":"white-breasted nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-breasted_nuthatch"},{"link_name":"black-throated green warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-throated_green_warbler"},{"link_name":"golden-crowned kinglet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden-crowned_kinglet"},{"link_name":"wild turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_turkey"},{"link_name":"junco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark-eyed_junco"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highroad-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wildVA-22"},{"link_name":"Beavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highroad-21"},{"link_name":"white-tailed deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer"},{"link_name":"black bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wildVA-22"},{"link_name":"brook trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_trout"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fish-23"}],"sub_title":"Animals","text":"Three state endangered species of animals are present within the Laurel Fork SMA: the Virginia northern flying squirrel, the snowshoe hare, and the water shrew.[14][17][18][19] The distribution in Virginia of all three of these species is limited to a small number of counties, with the snowshoe hare only found in Highland County.[18] Fishers are found in the area of Laurel Fork, but most of these are probably \"wanderers\" from West Virginia.[20][21] Birds are found in many varieties in the SMA, such as the red-breasted nuthatch, white-breasted nuthatch, black-throated green warbler, golden-crowned kinglet, wild turkey and junco.[21][22] Beavers are found in the area as well, especially in the regions to the west of Laurel Fork.[21] Larger animals such as white-tailed deer, which has a sizable population, and black bears are present in the area.[22]Fish, especially native brook trout are abundant in Laurel Fork, which is larger in comparison to other Virginia trout streams.[23]","title":"Flora and fauna"}]	[{"image_text":"Example of Picea rubens (red spruce) in West Virginia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Picea_rubens_Bear_Rock_WV.jpg/220px-Picea_rubens_Bear_Rock_WV.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of rivers of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Virginia"}]	[{"reference":"\"Laurel Fork\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1484703","url_text":"\"Laurel Fork\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"The National Map - Source of Laurel Fork\". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/?p=default&b=base1&q=38.4378972%09-79.6875519&x=-8870577.05287116&y=4641288.108314259&l=15&v=","url_text":"\"The National Map - Source of Laurel Fork\""}]},{"reference":"\"The National Map - Mouth of Laurel Fork\". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/?p=default&b=base1&q=38.5703947%09-79.5703277&x=-8857686.664648011&y=4660159.096836465&l=17&v=","url_text":"\"The National Map - Mouth of Laurel Fork\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data\". U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120329155652/http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/","url_text":"\"National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data\""},{"url":"https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The National Map - Laurel Fork\". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/?p=default&b=base1&x=-8867210.787289653&y=4651258.6954748165&l=12&v=","url_text":"\"The National Map - Laurel Fork\""}]},{"reference":"Google (August 2, 2014). \"Laurel Fork\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.5167967,-79.6488338,15z","url_text":"\"Laurel Fork\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"County of Highland - Public Lands\" (PDF). highlandcova.org. Central Shenandoah Planning District Commission. 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.highlandcova.org/Compmaps/17%20-%20Public%20Lands.pdf","url_text":"\"County of Highland - Public Lands\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Forest Locater Map\". United States Forest Service. Retrieved August 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fs.fed.us/locatormap/index.php?lat=38.588&long=-79.813&zoom=9","url_text":"\"National Forest Locater Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laurel Fork\" (PDF). Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Portals/0/DEQ/Water/WaterQualityStandards/T3LAURELFK_SITEVISIT_001.pdf","url_text":"\"Laurel Fork\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exceptional State Waters: Get the Facts\" (PDF). Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. 2010. Retrieved August 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Portals/0/DEQ/Resources/Factsheets/ExceptionalWaters2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Exceptional State Waters: Get the Facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exceptional State Waters (Tier III)\". Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. Retrieved August 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Programs/Water/WaterQualityInformationTMDLs/WaterQualityStandards/ExceptionalStateWaters(TierIII).aspx","url_text":"\"Exceptional State Waters (Tier III)\""}]},{"reference":"Bowers, Robert D. (March 5, 1996). \"Laurel Fork Special Management Area\". Federal Register Online. 61 (44). Government Printing Office: 8565–8566.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1996-03-05/html/96-5023.htm","url_text":"\"Laurel Fork Special Management Area\""}]},{"reference":"\"Virginia northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus)\". Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Retrieved August 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/information/?s=050068","url_text":"\"Virginia northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus virginianus)\". Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Retrieved August 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/information/?s=050102","url_text":"\"Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus virginianus)\""}]},{"reference":"\"American water shrew (Sorex palustris)\". Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Retrieved August 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/information/?s=050009","url_text":"\"American water shrew (Sorex palustris)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fisher (Martes pennanti pennanti)\". Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Retrieved August 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/information/?s=050113","url_text":"\"Fisher (Martes pennanti pennanti)\""}]},{"reference":"Winegar, Deane; Winegar, Garvey (2002). Highroad Guide to the Virginia Mountains. John F. Blair. p. 182. ISBN 9780895872777.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780895872777","url_text":"9780895872777"}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Steven; Miller, Mark (2002). Wild Virginia: A Guide to Thirty Roadless Recreation Areas Including Shenandoah National Park. Globe Pequot. p. 18. ISBN 9780762723157.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762723157","url_text":"9780762723157"}]},{"reference":"Hart, David (2006). Flyfisher's Guide to Virginia: Including West Virginia's Best Fly Fishing Waters. Wilderness Adventures Press. p. 259. ISBN 9781932098396.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932098396","url_text":"9781932098396"}]},{"reference":"Burnham, Bill; Burnham, Mary (2004). Hiking Virginia: A Guide to Virginia's Greatest Hiking Adventures. Globe Pequot. ISBN 9780762727476.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762727476","url_text":"9780762727476"}]},{"reference":"Morton, Oren Frederic (1911). A History of Highland County, Virginia. Published by the author.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofhighlan00mort","url_text":"A History of Highland County, Virginia"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Laurel_Fork_(North_Fork_South_Branch_Potomac_River_tributary)&params=38_34_13_N_79_34_13_W_type:river","external_links_name":"38°34′13″N 79°34′13″W / 38.57028°N 79.57028°W / 38.57028; -79.57028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Laurel_Fork_(North_Fork_South_Branch_Potomac_River_tributary)&params=38_26_16_N_79_41_15_W_","external_links_name":"38°26′16″N 79°41′15″W / 38.43778°N 79.68750°W / 38.43778; -79.68750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Laurel_Fork_(North_Fork_South_Branch_Potomac_River_tributary)&params=38_34_13_N_79_34_13_W_type:river","external_links_name":"38°34′13″N 79°34′13″W / 38.57028°N 79.57028°W / 38.57028; -79.57028"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1484703","external_links_name":"\"Laurel Fork\""},{"Link":"https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/?p=default&b=base1&q=38.4378972%09-79.6875519&x=-8870577.05287116&y=4641288.108314259&l=15&v=","external_links_name":"\"The National Map - Source of Laurel Fork\""},{"Link":"https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/?p=default&b=base1&q=38.5703947%09-79.5703277&x=-8857686.664648011&y=4660159.096836465&l=17&v=","external_links_name":"\"The National Map - Mouth of Laurel Fork\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120329155652/http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/","external_links_name":"\"National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data\""},{"Link":"https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/?p=default&b=base1&x=-8867210.787289653&y=4651258.6954748165&l=12&v=","external_links_name":"\"The National Map - Laurel Fork\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.5167967,-79.6488338,15z","external_links_name":"\"Laurel Fork\""},{"Link":"http://www.highlandcova.org/Compmaps/17%20-%20Public%20Lands.pdf","external_links_name":"\"County of Highland - Public Lands\""},{"Link":"http://www.fs.fed.us/locatormap/index.php?lat=38.588&long=-79.813&zoom=9","external_links_name":"\"National Forest Locater Map\""},{"Link":"http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Portals/0/DEQ/Water/WaterQualityStandards/T3LAURELFK_SITEVISIT_001.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Laurel Fork\""},{"Link":"http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Portals/0/DEQ/Resources/Factsheets/ExceptionalWaters2010.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Exceptional State Waters: Get the Facts\""},{"Link":"http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Programs/Water/WaterQualityInformationTMDLs/WaterQualityStandards/ExceptionalStateWaters(TierIII).aspx","external_links_name":"\"Exceptional State Waters (Tier III)\""},{"Link":"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1996-03-05/html/96-5023.htm","external_links_name":"\"Laurel Fork Special Management Area\""},{"Link":"http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/information/?s=050068","external_links_name":"\"Virginia northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus)\""},{"Link":"http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/information/?s=050102","external_links_name":"\"Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus virginianus)\""},{"Link":"http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/information/?s=050009","external_links_name":"\"American water shrew (Sorex palustris)\""},{"Link":"http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/information/?s=050113","external_links_name":"\"Fisher (Martes pennanti pennanti)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofhighlan00mort","external_links_name":"A History of Highland County, Virginia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstemius	Abstemius	["1 De jure divino vs. canonical law","2 Non-Catholic views","3 Controversy over the reception of both species","4 See also","5 References"]	In Catholicism, a person who cannot consume wine For the Italian writer, see Laurentius Abstemius. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. 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thesaurus Liturgiam authenticam Quattuor abhinc annos Ecclesia Dei Summorum Pontificum Magnum principium Traditionis custodes Red Mass Holy day of obligation Sacramental law Communicatio in sacris Ex opere operato Omnium in mentem Validity and liceity Sacraments Holy Orders Impediment (Catholic canon law) Abstemius Defect of birth Obligation of celibacy Nullity of Sacred Ordination Apostolicae curae Dimissorial letters Episcopal consecrators Approbation (Catholic canon law) Confession Penitential canons Paenitentiale Theodori Seal of the Confessional Internal and external forum Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal Apostolic Penitentiary Canon penitentiary Complicit absolution Sacramentum Poenitentiae Eucharist Eucharistic discipline Canon 915 Celebret Mass stipend Sacramentals Indulgence Indulgentiarum doctrina Sacred places Altars Major basilica Minor basilica Oratory (chapel) Sacred times Feast days Fast days and abstinence Paenitemini Holy day of obligation Matrimonial law Canonical form (Latin Church) Tametsi Ne Temere Banns of marriage Declaration of Nullity Dignitas connubii Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis Vetitum Defender of the Bond Impediments to Marriage Affinity Clandestinity Impediment of crime Disparity of cult Ligamen Public propriety Matrimonial dispensation Ratum sed non consummatum Sanatio in radice Natural marriage Pauline privilege Petrine privilege Supreme authority, particularchurches, and canonical structuresSupreme authority of the Church Roman Pontiff College of Bishops Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures College of Cardinals Conference of bishops Synod of Bishops Particular churches Churches sui juris Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches Local particular churches Appointment of bishops Abbacy nullius Apostolic vicariate Apostolic vicar Apostolic administration Apostolic administrator Diocese/Archdiocese Aeque principaliter Cathedraticum In persona episcopi Diocesan Curia Moderator of the Curia Chancery Deanery Vicar forane Eparchy Eparchal curia Military ordinariate Mission sui juris Personal ordinariate Anglicanorum Coetibus Juridic persons Parish Team of priests in solidum Collegiate church Parish register Lay trusteeism Roman Curia Dicastery Congregation Pontifical council Personal prelature Types of membership of Opus Dei Association of the Christian faithful Vicar general Quinquennial visit ad limina Jurisprudence Canonical coronation Canonically crowned images Computation of time Custom Delegata potestas non potest delegari Derogation Dispensation Taxa Innocentiana Faculty Indult Impediment Donation Interpretation Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts Jurisdiction Peritus Obreption & subreption Obrogation Promulgation Resignation of the Roman Pontiff Sede vacante Simony Vacatio legis Validity and liceity Visitation Apostolic visitor Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Theology Ecclesiology Treatise 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sollicitationis Excommunication List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church Interdict Laicization (penal) Latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae Lifetime of prayer and penance Canonical admonitions Ecclesiastical prison Procedural lawPars statica (tribunals & ministers/parties) Tribunals Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura Tribunal of the Roman Rota Apostolic Penitentiary Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Ministers of Justice Judicial Vicar/Officialis Auditor Parties Defender of the Bond Procurator Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Dignitas connubii (matrimonial causes) Appeal as from an abuse Presumption Penal procedure Vos estis lux mundi Canonization Congregation for the Causes of Saints Maiorem hac dilectionem Advocatus Diaboli Oblatio vitae Positio Beatification and canonization process in 1914 Election of the Roman Pontiff Current law Universi Dominici gregis Papal renunciation Reforms of Pope Benedict XVI Historical Cum proxime Jus exclusivae Papal appointment Aeterni Patris Filius Romano Pontifici eligendo Ingravescentem aetatem Ubi periculum Quia propter Legal practice and scholarship List of legal abbreviations Academic degrees Licentiate of Canon Law Doctor of Canon Law Doctor of both laws Journals and Professional Societies Canon Law Society of America The Jurist Faculties of canon law School of Canon Law Canonists Medieval Gratian Hostiensis Jean Lemoine Raymond of Penyafort Rufinus Johannes Teutonicus Geoffrey of Trani Burchard of Worms Brocard Modern & Contemporary Eugenio Corecco John D. Faris Pietro Gasparri Ladislas Orsy Edward N. Peters Law of consecrated life Solemn vow Exclaustration Manifestation of Conscience Canonical erection of a house of religious Pontifical right Diocesan right Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life Institute of consecrated life Religious institute Congregation Order Monasticism Canons regular Mendicant orders Clerics regular Secular institute Cum Sanctissimus Primo Feliciter Provida Mater Ecclesia Society of apostolic life Decretum laudis Catholicism portalvte An abstemius (plural abstemii) is one who cannot take wine without risk of vomiting. Since in Catholic practice the consecration at Mass must be effected in both species, of bread and wine, an abstemius is consequently irregular. De jure divino vs. canonical law Alphonsus Liguori, following the opinion of Suarez, teaches that such irregularity is de jure divino (Latin: "of divine law"); and that, therefore, the Pope cannot dispense from it. The term is also applied to one who has a strong distaste for wine, though able to take a small quantity. A distaste of this nature does not constitute irregularity, but a papal dispensation is required, in order to excuse from the use of wine at the purification of the chalice and the ablution of the priest's fingers at the end of a Mass celebrated in the Tridentine Mass. In these cases the use of wine is a canonical law from whose observance the Church has power to dispense. A decree of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, dated 13 January 1665, grants a dispensation in this sense to missionaries in China, on account of the scarcity of wine; various similar rulings are to be found in the collection of the decrees of the Sacred Congregation of Rites. Non-Catholic views Abstention from the use of wine has, occasionally, been declared obligatory by various Christian sects. It was one of the tenets of Gnosticism in the 2nd century. Tatian, the founder of the sect known as the Encratites, forbade the use of wine, and his adherents refused to make use of it even in the Sacrament of the Altar; in its place they used water. These sects, mentioned by St. Irenæus (Adversus haereses, I, xxx), are known as Hydroparastes, Aquarians, and Encratites. Aabstemii on a somewhat different principle have appeared in more recent times. These are total abstainers, who maintain that the use of stimulants is essentially sinful, and believe that the wine used by Christ and his disciples at the last supper was unfermented. They accordingly communicate in the unfermented "juice of the grape." Controversy over the reception of both species At the beginning of the Reformation, one of the grievances alleged against the Church was that she did not allow the faithful to communicate under both kinds. "We excuse the Church", so runs the Augsburg Confession, "which has suffered the injustice of only receiving under one kind, not being able to have both; but we do not excuse the authors of this injustice, who maintain that it was right to forbid the administering of the complete Sacrament." How, then, were those to be admitted to the Lord's Table, who were unable to communicate under the species of wine? A decree of the Synod of Poitiers, in 1560, reads: "The Bread of the Lord's Supper shall be administered to those who cannot drink the wine, on condition that they shall declare that they do not abstain out of contempt." Other Protestant synods also lay down the rule that persons unable to take wine shall be admitted to the Lord's Table on condition that they shall at least touch with their lips the cup which holds the species of wine; Jurieu, on the other hand, starting from the principle that Christ has founded the essence of the Eucharist on the two species, held that an abstemius does not receive the Sacrament, because it consists of two parts, and he receives only one. A great controversy ensued among the Protestants themselves on this point. Bossuet held that communion under both kinds could not be of divine obligation, since many would thereby be deprived of the Sacrament owing to a natural weakness. See also Canonical impediment Eucharist in the Catholic Church References ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Abstemii". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 77. ^ Chisholm 1911. Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "abstemii". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laurentius Abstemius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentius_Abstemius"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"in both species, of bread and wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communion_under_both_kinds"},{"link_name":"irregular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregularity_(canon_law)"}],"text":"For the Italian writer, see Laurentius Abstemius.An abstemius (plural abstemii) is one who cannot take wine without risk of vomiting. Since in Catholic practice the consecration at Mass must be effected in both species, of bread and wine, an abstemius is consequently irregular.","title":"Abstemius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alphonsus Liguori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonsus_Maria_de_Liguori"},{"link_name":"Suarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Tridentine Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentine_Mass"},{"link_name":"canonical law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Congregation_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Faith"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Sacred Congregation of Rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Congregation_of_Rites"}],"text":"Alphonsus Liguori, following the opinion of Suarez, teaches that such irregularity is de jure divino (Latin: \"of divine law\"); and that, therefore, the Pope cannot dispense from it. The term is also applied to one who has a strong distaste for wine, though able to take a small quantity. A distaste of this nature does not constitute irregularity, but a papal dispensation is required, in order to excuse from the use of wine at the purification of the chalice and the ablution of the priest's fingers at the end of a Mass celebrated in the Tridentine Mass. In these cases the use of wine is a canonical law from whose observance the Church has power to dispense. A decree of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, dated 13 January 1665, grants a dispensation in this sense to missionaries in China, on account of the scarcity of wine; various similar rulings are to be found in the collection of the decrees of the Sacred Congregation of Rites.","title":"De jure divino vs. canonical law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gnosticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism"},{"link_name":"Tatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatian"},{"link_name":"Encratites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encratites"},{"link_name":"Sacrament of the Altar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament_of_the_Altar"},{"link_name":"Irenæus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus"},{"link_name":"Adversus haereses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis"},{"link_name":"Hydroparastes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroparastes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aquarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarii"},{"link_name":"last supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_supper"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"}],"text":"Abstention from the use of wine has, occasionally, been declared obligatory by various Christian sects. It was one of the tenets of Gnosticism in the 2nd century. Tatian, the founder of the sect known as the Encratites, forbade the use of wine, and his adherents refused to make use of it even in the Sacrament of the Altar; in its place they used water. These sects, mentioned by St. Irenæus (Adversus haereses, I, xxx), are known as Hydroparastes, Aquarians, and Encratites.Aabstemii on a somewhat different principle have appeared in more recent times. These are total abstainers, who maintain that the use of stimulants is essentially sinful, and believe that the wine used by Christ and his disciples at the last supper was unfermented. They accordingly communicate in the unfermented \"juice of the grape.\"[1]","title":"Non-Catholic views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Augsburg Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession"},{"link_name":"Synod of Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synod_of_Poitiers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jurieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurieu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"},{"link_name":"Bossuet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet"}],"text":"At the beginning of the Reformation, one of the grievances alleged against the Church was that she did not allow the faithful to communicate under both kinds. \"We excuse the Church\", so runs the Augsburg Confession, \"which has suffered the injustice of only receiving under one kind, not being able to have both; but we do not excuse the authors of this injustice, who maintain that it was right to forbid the administering of the complete Sacrament.\" How, then, were those to be admitted to the Lord's Table, who were unable to communicate under the species of wine? 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A great controversy ensued among the Protestants themselves on this point.[2] Bossuet held that communion under both kinds could not be of divine obligation, since many would thereby be deprived of the Sacrament owing to a natural weakness.","title":"Controversy over the reception of both species"}]	[]	[{"title":"Canonical impediment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_impediment"},{"title":"Eucharist in the Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church"}]	[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Abstemii\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weingarten_(Baden)	Weingarten (Baden)	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 49°3′5″N 8°31′50″E / 49.05139°N 8.53056°E / 49.05139; 8.53056You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (February 2009) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|de\|Weingarten (Baden)}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Municipality in Baden-Württemberg, GermanyWeingarten Municipality Coat of armsLocation of Weingarten (Baden) within Karlsruhe district Weingarten Show map of GermanyWeingarten Show map of Baden-WürttembergCoordinates: 49°3′5″N 8°31′50″E / 49.05139°N 8.53056°E / 49.05139; 8.53056CountryGermanyStateBaden-WürttembergAdmin. regionKarlsruhe DistrictKarlsruhe Government • Mayor (2018–26) Eric BänzigerArea • Total29.40 km2 (11.35 sq mi)Elevation144 m (472 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total10,534 • Density360/km2 (930/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes76356Dialling codes07244Vehicle registrationKAWebsitewww.weingarten-baden.de Weingarten (Baden) (German: ⓘ) is a municipality in the district of Karlsruhe in southwestern Germany, situated at the transition from the Kraichgau to the Rhine valley. Its name means wine garden in German. Weingarten is located on the Bertha Benz Memorial Route. While remains of a settlement from Roman or earlier times have been found nearby, the village itself developed from a farm belonging to the Wissembourg monastery in Northern Alsace; 985 is considered to be the village's founding year. Until 1803, Weingarten belonged to the Electorate of the Palatinate; in the course of the Napoleonic wars it became part of the Grand Duchy of Baden. The population is about two thirds Protestant, one third Catholic. The village is connected by Bundesstraße (federal road) B 3 and the railroad Frankfurt am Main-Basel. Close by is the Bundesautobahn (motorway) A 5 for the Karlsruhe-Frankfurt am Main route. The village has its own elementary and secondary school; additional schools are in the neighbouring cities of Karlsruhe, Bruchsal, and Stutensee. The village's main industries are wine and fruit production, gastronomy, and wood, chemical, and metal production. For recreation, there are sports fields, an indoor swimming pool, a recreational lake, and the nature reserve Weingartener Moor. Also part of the municipality are the settlements Sallenbusch and Sohl in the Kraichgau hills, and Waldbrücke on the plain. The settlement of Sallenbusch was founded in June 1951 and constructed with the aid of U.S. soldiers. The first settlers arrived in July 1952. view from the hills railway station Sallenbusch Catholic (left) and Lutheran (right) churches Maypole Walzbach vineyards and cemetery Memorial tower (Wartturm) References ^ Aktuelle Wahlergebnisse, Staatsanzeiger, accessed 13 September 2021. ^ "Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2022" (CSV) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg. June 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Weingarten (Baden). Official website (in German) vteTowns and municipalities in Karlsruhe (district) Bad Schönborn Bretten Bruchsal Dettenheim Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Ettlingen Forst Gondelsheim Graben-Neudorf Hambrücken Karlsbad Karlsdorf-Neuthard Kraichtal Kronau Kürnbach Linkenheim-Hochstetten Malsch Marxzell Oberderdingen Oberhausen-Rheinhausen Östringen Pfinztal Philippsburg Rheinstetten Stutensee Sulzfeld Ubstadt-Weiher Waghäusel Waldbronn Walzbachtal Weingarten Zaisenhausen Coat of Arms of Karlsruhe County Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany This Karlsruhe district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden"},{"link_name":"[ˈvaɪnɡaʁtn̩]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Weingarten.ogg/Weingarten.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weingarten.ogg"},{"link_name":"Karlsruhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe_(district)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Kraichgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraichgau"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Bertha Benz Memorial Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_Benz_Memorial_Route"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_empire"},{"link_name":"Wissembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissembourg"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"Electorate of the Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_wars"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy"},{"link_name":"Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"Bundesautobahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobahn"},{"link_name":"Karlsruhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"link_name":"Karlsruhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe"},{"link_name":"Bruchsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruchsal"},{"link_name":"Stutensee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stutensee"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weingarten_Baden.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weingarten-baden.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sallenbusch.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weingarten_(Baden)_Catholic_and_Lutheran_churches.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weingarten_(Baden)_Maibaum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maypole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maypole"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weingarten_(Baden)_Walzbach.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weingarten_(Baden)_vineyards_and_cemetery.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weingarten_Wartturm_nah.JPG"}],"text":"Municipality in Baden-Württemberg, GermanyWeingarten (Baden) (German: [ˈvaɪnɡaʁtn̩] ⓘ) is a municipality in the district of Karlsruhe in southwestern Germany, situated at the transition from the Kraichgau to the Rhine valley. Its name means wine garden in German. Weingarten is located on the Bertha Benz Memorial Route.While remains of a settlement from Roman or earlier times have been found nearby, the village itself developed from a farm belonging to the Wissembourg monastery in Northern Alsace; 985 is considered to be the village's founding year. Until 1803, Weingarten belonged to the Electorate of the Palatinate; in the course of the Napoleonic wars it became part of the Grand Duchy of Baden.The population is about two thirds Protestant, one third Catholic.\nThe village is connected by Bundesstraße (federal road) B 3 and the railroad Frankfurt am Main-Basel. Close by is the Bundesautobahn (motorway) A 5 for the Karlsruhe-Frankfurt am Main route.The village has its own elementary and secondary school; additional schools are in the neighbouring cities of Karlsruhe, Bruchsal, and Stutensee.The village's main industries are wine and fruit production, gastronomy, and wood, chemical, and metal production.For recreation, there are sports fields, an indoor swimming pool, a recreational lake, and the nature reserve Weingartener Moor.\nAlso part of the municipality are the settlements Sallenbusch and Sohl in the Kraichgau hills, and Waldbrücke on the plain. The settlement of Sallenbusch was founded in June 1951 and constructed with the aid of U.S. soldiers. The first settlers arrived in July 1952.view from the hills\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\trailway station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSallenbusch\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCatholic (left) and Lutheran (right) churches\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaypole\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWalzbach\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tvineyards and cemetery\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMemorial tower (Wartturm)","title":"Weingarten (Baden)"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Weingarten_im_Landkreis_Karlsruhe.png/212px-Weingarten_im_Landkreis_Karlsruhe.png"},{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of Karlsruhe County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/DEU_Landkreis_Karlsruhe_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Landkreis_Karlsruhe_COA.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2022\" [Population by nationality and sex as of December 31, 2022] (CSV) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg. June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistik-bw.de/BevoelkGebiet/Bevoelk_I_D_A_vj.csv","url_text":"\"Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistisches_Landesamt_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg","url_text":"Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Weingarten_(Baden)&params=49_3_5_N_8_31_50_E_type:city(10534)_region:DE-BW","external_links_name":"49°3′5″N 8°31′50″E / 49.05139°N 8.53056°E / 49.05139; 8.53056"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWeingarten_(Baden)&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Weingarten_(Baden)&params=49_3_5_N_8_31_50_E_type:city(10534)_region:DE-BW","external_links_name":"49°3′5″N 8°31′50″E / 49.05139°N 8.53056°E / 49.05139; 8.53056"},{"Link":"https://www.weingarten-baden.de/","external_links_name":"www.weingarten-baden.de"},{"Link":"https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/staatsanzeiger/wahlen/buergermeisterwahlen/","external_links_name":"Aktuelle Wahlergebnisse"},{"Link":"https://www.statistik-bw.de/BevoelkGebiet/Bevoelk_I_D_A_vj.csv","external_links_name":"\"Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.weingarten-baden.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/240903745","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjDKhrJYmtmK9p46fvTHQ3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4247919-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weingarten_(Baden)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortis_(band)	Vortis (band)	["1 Reception","2 History","3 Discography","4 References"]	VortisOriginChicagoGenresPunk rockYears active2000 (2000)–presentLabelsCavetone RecordsMembersJim DeRogatis, Tony Tavano, Louie CalvanoPast membersMike Weinstein, Chris Martiniano, Randy KertzWebsitewww.cavetonerecords.com/vortis.html Vortis is an American indie punk band established in 2000, whose members initially included Michael A. Weinstein, the band's frontman and a professor of political science at Purdue University, as well as well-known music critic Jim DeRogatis (who remains the band's drummer). The band was named after the Vorticist movement of the early 20th-century, a group of artists and writers whose basic tenet was the "perpetuate violent structures of adolescent clarity" throughout life. (As DeRogatis puts it, "To live with the lust for life of a teenager, no matter what age you are--a great definition of rock 'n' roll half a century before it happened.") The group (completed by guitarist Tony Tavano, aka G Haad, and bassist Chris Martiano, aka Johnny Los, who replaced early member Randy Kertz) initially released two albums with Weinstein, pairing its music to his lyrics: Take the System Down, and God Won't Bless America, both on the independent Thick Records. Several other independent recordings followed with Weinstein before he left the group in 2009; he died at age 73 in 2015 but the group continues as a trio. Reception Their sound has been described as eclectic, and they have been compared to the Dead Kennedys, Wire and the Butthole Surfers. In particular, some critics have drawn comparisons between Weinstein's demeanor in live performances to Jello Biafra's persona. John Petkovic of the Cleveland Plain Dealer described the sound of God Won't Bless America as "a mix of both - music and cheerleading, that is." The Columbus Dispatch said that "Musically, they fall into the netherlands where metal, 'Oi' punk, hard core and Mr. Bungle tread". Monica Kendrick of the Chicago Reader wrote of the 2005 album "Warzone" that it is "mean, tight, righteously pissed, and full of hooky, nasty sloganeering choruses--and if you're like me you might relish the frisson of hearing yourself chanting them. Of the current trio, the Webzine Razorcake wrote, ""The brevity of the Ramones, with an occasional Big Black abrasiveness, and the aggressiveness of Dead Boys." History Weinstein joined Vortis in 2000 when his wife introduced him to several musicians several decades his juniors from Chicago. Weinstein also went by the stage name "Fellow Traveler" when performing with Vortis, though the band and many fans affectionately referred to him as "the Professor." The group released its debut album, Take the System Down, on Thick Records in 2002, followed by God Won't Bless America the following year, also on Thick Records. The group continued for some time as a quartet after Weinstein left the band, with Louie Calvano joining and alternating on guitar and bass with Martiniano. Several more indie recordings followed, then Martiniano left as well to pursue his scholarly studies of William Blake, and the band has been a trio ever since, with Tavano, DeRogatis, and Calvano gigging frequently in and around Chicago. Most of the songs are now written as a group, maintaining the political and sociological edge inspired by Weinstein, but with a short, sharp aesthetic that owes a debt to Wire and Chicago punk avatars such as Naked Raygun, as well as Hüsker Dü. The band's latest album was released by the vinyl-only Cavetone Records label. in Spring 2019. This Machine Kills Fascists is also streaming on Spotify, Bandcamp, and iTunes, and in addition to the title's nod to Woody Guthrie and a reinterpretation of a song he wrote about Fred Trump, lyrics reference and draw inspiration from George Orwell and Bill McKibben. Vortis also released a split 7-inch in 2011 entitled "Things Won't Get Better", with the Cathy Santonies. Discography Take the System Down (Thick, 2002) God Won't Bless America (Thick, 2003) Warzone (self-released, 2005) Vortis (self-released, 2009) Things Won’t Get Better (split 7-inch with the Cathy Santonies, 2011) Modern Savage (self-released, 2013) Safety First (self-released, 2014) This Machine Kills Fascists (Cavetone Records, 2019) The Miasmic Years (Cavetone Records, 2022) References ^ "Jim DeRogatis". WUSF-TV. Retrieved 11 June 2014. ^ a b "I dabble: 18 critics who became artists". The A.V. Club. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014. ^ DeRogatis, Jim (19 September 2015). "Farewell, Fellow Traveler Michael Weinstein". Wbez.org. Retrieved 2020-03-16. ^ Moldy (5 November 2002). "Take The System Down". Punknews.org. Retrieved 8 June 2014. ^ Kendrick, Monica (18 August 2005). "Vortis". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 8 June 2014. ^ Petkovic, John (2003-08-01). "Punk professor sings his protests with a rock beat". Cleveland Plain Dealer – via ProQuest. ^ "Hide the Bats: Ozzfest is Blasting Back into Town". Columbus Dispatch. 2003-07-31 – via ProQuest. Musically, they fall into the netherlands where metal, "Oi" punk, hard core and Mr. Bungle tread, but don't hold that against them. ^ Kendrick, Monica. "Vortis". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2020-03-16. ^ Glaser, Julie (1 October 2003). "Professor brings punk to politics". Purdue Exponent. Retrieved 8 June 2014. ^ Morris, Kurt. "Take the System Down Review". Allmusic. Retrieved 8 June 2014. ^ "Vortis electronic press kit and band profile on Cavetone Records". Cavetonerecords.com. Retrieved 2020-03-16.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indie punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_punk"},{"link_name":"Michael A. Weinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_A._Weinstein"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"Purdue University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University"},{"link_name":"Jim DeRogatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_DeRogatis"},{"link_name":"Vorticist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Thick Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AV-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Vortis is an American indie punk band established in 2000, whose members initially included Michael A. Weinstein, the band's frontman and a professor of political science at Purdue University, as well as well-known music critic Jim DeRogatis (who remains the band's drummer). The band was named after the Vorticist movement of the early 20th-century,[1] a group of artists and writers whose basic tenet was the \"perpetuate violent structures of adolescent clarity\" throughout life. (As DeRogatis puts it, \"To live with the lust for life of a teenager, no matter what age you are--a great definition of rock 'n' roll half a century before it happened.\") The group (completed by guitarist Tony Tavano, aka G Haad, and bassist Chris Martiano, aka Johnny Los, who replaced early member Randy Kertz) initially released two albums with Weinstein, pairing its music to his lyrics: Take the System Down, and God Won't Bless America, both on the independent Thick Records.[2] Several other independent recordings followed with Weinstein before he left the group in 2009; he died at age 73 in 2015[3] but the group continues as a trio.","title":"Vortis (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dead Kennedys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Kennedys"},{"link_name":"Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_(band)"},{"link_name":"Butthole Surfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butthole_Surfers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jello Biafra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jello_Biafra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Plain Dealer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Plain_Dealer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Columbus Dispatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Dispatch"},{"link_name":"Mr. Bungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Bungle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Razorcake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//razorcake.org/archive-vortis-modern-savage/"}],"text":"Their sound has been described as eclectic, and they have been compared to the Dead Kennedys, Wire and the Butthole Surfers.[4] In particular, some critics have drawn comparisons between Weinstein's demeanor in live performances to Jello Biafra's persona.[5] John Petkovic of the Cleveland Plain Dealer described the sound of God Won't Bless America as \"a mix of both - music and cheerleading, that is.\"[6] The Columbus Dispatch said that \"Musically, they fall into the netherlands where metal, 'Oi' punk, hard core and Mr. Bungle tread\".[7] Monica Kendrick of the Chicago Reader wrote of the 2005 album \"Warzone\" that it is \"mean, tight, righteously pissed, and full of hooky, nasty sloganeering choruses--and if you're like me you might relish the frisson of hearing yourself chanting them.[8] Of the current trio, the Webzine Razorcake wrote, \"\"The brevity of the Ramones, with an occasional Big Black abrasiveness, and the aggressiveness of Dead Boys.\"","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Woody Guthrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Guthrie"},{"link_name":"Fred Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Trump"},{"link_name":"George Orwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell"},{"link_name":"Bill McKibben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_McKibben"},{"link_name":"7-inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-inch"},{"link_name":"Cathy Santonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathy_Santonies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AV-2"}],"text":"Weinstein joined Vortis in 2000 when his wife introduced him to several musicians several decades his juniors from Chicago.[9] Weinstein also went by the stage name \"Fellow Traveler\" when performing with Vortis,[10] though the band and many fans affectionately referred to him as \"the Professor.\" The group released its debut album, Take the System Down, on Thick Records in 2002, followed by God Won't Bless America the following year, also on Thick Records.The group continued for some time as a quartet after Weinstein left the band, with Louie Calvano joining and alternating on guitar and bass with Martiniano. Several more indie recordings followed, then Martiniano left as well to pursue his scholarly studies of William Blake, and the band has been a trio ever since, with Tavano, DeRogatis, and Calvano gigging frequently in and around Chicago. Most of the songs are now written as a group, maintaining the political and sociological edge inspired by Weinstein, but with a short, sharp aesthetic that owes a debt to Wire and Chicago punk avatars such as Naked Raygun, as well as Hüsker Dü. The band's latest album was released by the vinyl-only Cavetone Records label.[11] in Spring 2019. This Machine Kills Fascists is also streaming on Spotify, Bandcamp, and iTunes, and in addition to the title's nod to Woody Guthrie and a reinterpretation of a song he wrote about Fred Trump, lyrics reference and draw inspiration from George Orwell and Bill McKibben.Vortis also released a split 7-inch in 2011 entitled \"Things Won't Get Better\", with the Cathy Santonies.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Take the System Down (Thick, 2002)\nGod Won't Bless America (Thick, 2003)\nWarzone (self-released, 2005)\nVortis (self-released, 2009)\nThings Won’t Get Better (split 7-inch with the Cathy Santonies, 2011)\nModern Savage (self-released, 2013)\nSafety First (self-released, 2014)\nThis Machine Kills Fascists (Cavetone Records, 2019)\nThe Miasmic Years (Cavetone Records, 2022)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jim DeRogatis\". WUSF-TV. 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Retrieved 8 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/take-the-system-down-mw0000661375","url_text":"\"Take the System Down Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Vortis electronic press kit and band profile on Cavetone Records\". Cavetonerecords.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Moraine_(New_York)	Lake Moraine (New York)	["1 Fishing","2 References"]	Coordinates: 42°51′22″N 75°31′08″W / 42.856°N 75.519°W / 42.856; -75.519Lake in New York, United StatesLake MoraineLake MoraineLocation within New YorkShow map of New York Adirondack ParkLake MoraineLake Moraine (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationMadison County, New York,United StatesCoordinates42°51′22″N 75°31′08″W / 42.856°N 75.519°W / 42.856; -75.519TypeLakePrimary inflowsPayne BrookPrimary outflowsPayne BrookBasin countriesUnited StatesMax. length1.62 miles (2.61 km)Surface area261 acres (1.06 km2)Average depth17.7 feet (5.4 m)Max. depth45 feet (14 m)Surface elevation1,211 feet (369 m)Islands4 Big Island, Kinmouth Island, Heyser Island, Snake IslandSettlementsHamilton, New York Lake Moraine (also known as Madison Reservoir) is a mesotrophic lake located 2.5 miles (4.0 km) northeast of Hamilton, New York. The lake is 261 acres (1.06 km2), consisting of two basins which are separated by a causeway and interconnected by a culvert. The northern basin is 79 acres (0.32 km2) and is relatively shallow with a maximum depth of 12 feet (3.7 m) and average depth of 3.7 feet (1.1 m). The larger southern basin is 172 acres (0.70 km2) and has a maximum depth of 45 feet (14 m) and an average depth of 17.7 feet (5.4 m). Payne Brook is the lake's outflow that flows into the Chenango River. Fishing The fish species in Lake Moraine are largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, chain pickerel, brook trout, rainbow trout, tiger muskie, walleye, black crappie, pumpkinseed sunfish, bluegill, brown trout, redbreast sunfish, rock bass, brown bullhead, golden shiner, white sucker and creek chubsucker. The reservoir is well known for producing large chain pickerel up to 24". Lake Moraine is stocked yearly by the NYSDEC with approximately 780 tiger musky. The Lake Moraine Association has started an experimental walleye fingerling stocking in the reservoir in an attempt to reduce the number of panfish. With fewer panfish the number of aquatic invertebrates that feed on Eurasian watermilfoil should increase in the reservoir thus helping to control the watermilfoil naturally. There is a state owned concrete ramp and carry down boat launch on County Route 87 (East Lake Road), 3 miles south of Madison, New York. References ^ "Lake Moraine (Madison Reservoir) - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation". www.dec.ny.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-18. ^ "New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources Lake Map Series Region 7 Madison Reservoir (Lake Moraine)" (PDF). ^ Sportsman's Connection (Firm) (2011-01-01), Western Adirondacks New York fishing map guide: includes lakes & streams for the following counties: Allegany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Chemung, Cortland, Erie, Livingston, Madison, Monroe, Niagara, Onondaga, Ontario, Orleans, Oswego, Schuyler, Seneca, Steuben, Tioga, Tompkins, Wayne, Wyoming, and Yates., Sportsman's Connection, ISBN 978-1-885010-63-6, OCLC 986498446 ^ "Lake Moraine (Madison Reservoir) - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation". www.dec.ny.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-18. This article about a location in Madison County, New York is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mesotrophic lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesotrophic_lake"},{"link_name":"Hamilton, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Payne Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payne_Brook"},{"link_name":"Chenango River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenango_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lake in New York, United StatesLake Moraine (also known as Madison Reservoir) is a mesotrophic lake located 2.5 miles (4.0 km) northeast of Hamilton, New York. The lake is 261 acres (1.06 km2), consisting of two basins which are separated by a causeway and interconnected by a culvert. The northern basin is 79 acres (0.32 km2) and is relatively shallow with a maximum depth of 12 feet (3.7 m) and average depth of 3.7 feet (1.1 m). The larger southern basin is 172 acres (0.70 km2) and has a maximum depth of 45 feet (14 m) and an average depth of 17.7 feet (5.4 m).[1] Payne Brook is the lake's outflow that flows into the Chenango River.[2]","title":"Lake Moraine (New York)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"largemouth bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largemouth_bass"},{"link_name":"smallmouth bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallmouth_bass"},{"link_name":"chain pickerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_pickerel"},{"link_name":"brook trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_trout"},{"link_name":"rainbow trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout"},{"link_name":"tiger muskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_muskie"},{"link_name":"walleye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walleye"},{"link_name":"black crappie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_crappie"},{"link_name":"pumpkinseed sunfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkinseed_sunfish"},{"link_name":"bluegill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegill"},{"link_name":"brown trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_trout"},{"link_name":"redbreast sunfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redbreast_sunfish"},{"link_name":"rock bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_bass"},{"link_name":"brown bullhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bullhead"},{"link_name":"golden shiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_shiner"},{"link_name":"white sucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_sucker"},{"link_name":"creek chubsucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_chubsucker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"watermilfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermilfoil"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Madison, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_(village),_New_York"}],"text":"The fish species in Lake Moraine are largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, chain pickerel, brook trout, rainbow trout, tiger muskie, walleye, black crappie, pumpkinseed sunfish, bluegill, brown trout, redbreast sunfish, rock bass, brown bullhead, golden shiner, white sucker and creek chubsucker.[3] The reservoir is well known for producing large chain pickerel up to 24\".\nLake Moraine is stocked yearly by the NYSDEC with approximately 780 tiger musky. The Lake Moraine Association has started an experimental walleye fingerling stocking in the reservoir in an attempt to reduce the number of panfish. With fewer panfish the number of aquatic invertebrates that feed on Eurasian watermilfoil should increase in the reservoir thus helping to control the watermilfoil naturally.[4]\nThere is a state owned concrete ramp and carry down boat launch on County Route 87 (East Lake Road), 3 miles south of Madison, New York.","title":"Fishing"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Lake Moraine (Madison Reservoir) - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation\". www.dec.ny.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/60471.html","url_text":"\"Lake Moraine (Madison Reservoir) - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources Lake Map Series Region 7 Madison Reservoir (Lake Moraine)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/madresmap.pdf","url_text":"\"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources Lake Map Series Region 7 Madison Reservoir (Lake Moraine)\""}]},{"reference":"Sportsman's Connection (Firm) (2011-01-01), Western Adirondacks New York fishing map guide: includes lakes & streams for the following counties: Allegany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Chemung, Cortland, Erie, Livingston, Madison, Monroe, Niagara, Onondaga, Ontario, Orleans, Oswego, Schuyler, Seneca, Steuben, Tioga, Tompkins, Wayne, Wyoming, and Yates., Sportsman's Connection, ISBN 978-1-885010-63-6, OCLC 986498446","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885010-63-6","url_text":"978-1-885010-63-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/986498446","url_text":"986498446"}]},{"reference":"\"Lake Moraine (Madison Reservoir) - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation\". www.dec.ny.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/60471.html","url_text":"\"Lake Moraine (Madison Reservoir) - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Moraine_(New_York)&params=42.856_N_75.519_W_type:waterbody_region:US-NY","external_links_name":"42°51′22″N 75°31′08″W / 42.856°N 75.519°W / 42.856; -75.519"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Moraine_(New_York)&params=42.856_N_75.519_W_type:waterbody_region:US-NY","external_links_name":"42°51′22″N 75°31′08″W / 42.856°N 75.519°W / 42.856; -75.519"},{"Link":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/60471.html","external_links_name":"\"Lake Moraine (Madison Reservoir) - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation\""},{"Link":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/madresmap.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources Lake Map Series Region 7 Madison Reservoir (Lake Moraine)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/986498446","external_links_name":"986498446"},{"Link":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/60471.html","external_links_name":"\"Lake Moraine (Madison Reservoir) - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Moraine_(New_York)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientigo	List of software patents	["1 Business methods","2 Data compression","2.1 Data compression in general","2.2 Audio compression","2.3 Image compression","2.4 Video compression","3 Data encryption","4 Gaming systems","5 Image processing","6 Internet tools","7 Fair division","8 Search engines","9 Telecommunications","10 User interfaces","11 Miscellaneous","11.1 Notable due to proprietor hyperbole","11.2 Notable due to misconception","12 References"]	Computer programs, software and patent law Topics Software patent Debate Free software List of patents Treaties TRIPS Agreement Patent Cooperation Treaty European Patent Convention Countries Canada United Kingdom United States Case law European Patent Office United Kingdom Related topics Business methods vte This is a list of software patents, which contains notable patents and patent applications involving computer programs (also known as a software patent). Software patents cover a wide range of topics and there is therefore important debate about whether such subject-matter should be excluded from patent protection. However, there is no official way of identifying software patents and different researchers have devised their own ways of doing so. This article lists patents relating to software which have been the subject of litigation or have achieved notoriety in other ways. Notable patent applications are also listed and comparisons made between corresponding patents and patent applications in different countries. The patents and patent applications are categorised according to the subject matter of the patent or the particular field in which the patent had an effect that brought it into the public view. This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. Business methods Number Comments Other family members Earliest filing date US 5193056 (Main article: State Street Bank v. Signature Financial Group) This patent was at the center of a US Federal Circuit judgment in 1998 which confirmed that business methods implemented on a computer are patentable in the US since they produced a "useful, concrete and tangible result". The claims of the corresponding European patent application were rejected by the European Patent Office (EPO) as relating to unpatentable subject matter. EP application 0575519 1991-03-11 US 5960411 (Main article: 1-Click) Amazon.com sued Barnes & Noble for violating its "One click buy" but the case was ultimately settled. Amazon has so far failed to obtain a similar patent in Europe. EP application 1134680 1997-09-12 GB application 2388937 (Main article: Aerotel v Telco and Macrossan's Application) Although granted in several non-European countries, the patent application was refused as relating to excluded subject matter under UK law as being a method of doing business and a program for a computer as such. The case law developed in refusing this patent application forms the basis for the current practice of the UK Intellectual Property Office (UK-IPO) when deciding whether to grant patent applications involving excluded subject matter such as computer programs. The EPO have refused to search for prior art that might be relevant to the corresponding European patent application, stating that such a search would serve no useful purpose since the application solves no technical problem. EP application 1346304 AU 759130B NZ 526345 SA 20034644 2000-11-23 US 7013284 Accenture sued Guidewire Software in December 2007, alleging their infringement of this insurance technology patent. Accenture alleged that Guidewire infringed the US patent protecting an insurance claims management technology that Accenture developed and licenses to the insurance industry. Intellectual property suits are not common in the insurance software market and this suit may represent a new front in the intellectual property wars according to one analyst. 1999-05-04 Data compression Data compression in general US 5016009 – (Main article: Stac Electronics) US 4701745 – also granted as GB 2172127 - now expired Stac Electronics sued Microsoft for patent infringement when Microsoft introduced the DoubleSpace data compression scheme into MS-DOS. Stac was awarded $120 million by a jury in 1994 and Microsoft was ordered to recall versions of MS-DOS with the infringing technology. Audio compression US 5579430 – (Main article: MP3) One of several patents covering the MP3 format owned by the Fraunhofer Society which led to the development of the Ogg Vorbis format as an alternative to MP3. US 5627938 – (Main article: Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft) US 5341457 Two patents owned by Alcatel-Lucent relating to MP3 technology under which they sued Microsoft for $1.5 billion. Microsoft thought they had already licensed the technology from Fraunhofer, and this case illustrates one of the basic principles of patents that a license does not necessarily permit the licensee to work the technology, but merely prevents the licensee from being sued by the licensor. Image compression US 4558302 (Main article: GIF) EP 0129439 Unisys's patent on LZW compression, a fundamental part of the widely used GIF graphics format. US 4698672 and its EP equivalent EP 0266049 (Main article: Forgent Networks) Forgent Networks claimed this patent, granted in 1987, covered the JPEG image compression format. The broadest claims of the US patent were found to be invalid in 2005 following re-examination by the US Patent and Trademark Office. US 5710835 EP 0864135 This article needs to be updated. Please help update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2010) This patent, owned by Lizardtech, Inc., was the subject of infringement proceedings against companies including Earth Resource Mapping, Inc. However, Lizardtech lost the trial on the grounds that an important part of their invention was the step of "maintaining updated sums of discrete wavelet transform coefficients from the discrete tile image to form a seamless discrete wavelet transform of the image". Claim 21 of the patent lacked this feature and was therefore obvious. The remaining claims contained this feature, but were not infringed by ERM. Internet buzz suggested the patent covered the JPEG 2000 image compression format but the additional feature of the valid claims appears not to be a JPEG 2000 requirement. Video compression Number Comments Other family members Earliest filing - Grant dates US 6041345 (Main article: - ) A Microsoft patent covering a method of encapsulating multiple streams of data into a data stream that is implemented in the Advanced Systems Format. The author of the open source video capture tool, VirtualDub, which is licensed under GPL alleged that an employee of Microsoft requested that he remove support for ASF from his program. The author has said that he does not have the money to pay for a license under the patent and that he would not take a free license that placed restrictions on future uses of his code in violation of GPL. - 1996-03-08 – 2000-03-21 Data encryption Number Comments Other family members Earliest filing - Grant dates US 4405829 (Main article: RSA ) A software patent describing the ground-breaking RSA algorithm for public-key cryptography, still used for secure communications today. - 1977-12-14 – 1983-09-20 Gaming systems EP 0625760 (Main article: Menashe v. William Hill) A patent for a gaming system that has particular importance regarding Internet usage. A server running the game was located outside the UK but could be used within the UK. The Court of Appeal of England and Wales judged that the patent was being infringed by virtue of the sale of CDs in the UK containing software intended to put the invention into effect in the UK. Image processing US 6137498 also granted as EP 0852363 - (Main article: Photographic mosaic) Robert Silver's patent on his photographic mosaicing technique. The UK part of the European patent is currently undergoing revocation proceedings, the results of which may be important in comparing the practice of the UK Patent Office with that of the European Patent Office. US 6384822 (Main article: Shadow volume) A patent covering the technique commonly known as Carmack's Reverse Internet tools Number Comments Other family members Earliest filing - Grant dates US 5838906 (Main article: - ) Eolas successfully sued Microsoft for $521 million for the "browser plugin patent". - 1994-10-17 – 1998-11-17 US 4873662 (Main article: - ) British Telecom believed that this patent might cover web hyperlinks and tried enforcing it against Prodigy as a test case in British Telecommunications plc v. Prodigy. After costly litigation, a court found for Prodigy, ruling that British Telecom's patent did not actually cover web hyperlinks. - 1976-07-20 – 1989-10-10 US 6192407 (Main article: - ) This patent is one of several owned Tumbleweed Communications and relates to a document delivery system that generates a unique URL for intended recipients of a document in order to deliver that document. Tumbleweed has licensed this and related patents in their patent portfolio to 29 companies. They have also filed several patent infringement lawsuits. All of the suits have been settled but full details of the settlements, including, in some cases, whether or not any license fees have been paid, have not been made available. Overall, however, Tumbleweed earns about 10% of its revenue from patent licensing and 90% of its revenue from selling products and services. - 1996-10-24 – 2001-02-20 Fair division US 5983205 - (Main article: Adjusted winner procedure) An algorithm to divide n divisible goods between two parties as fairly as possible. Search engines US 6269361 (Main article: Yahoo! Search Marketing) A patent relating to pay-per-click Internet search engine advertising. Originally filed by Goto.com, Inc. (renamed Overture Services, Inc.), Google and FindWhat were both sued for infringement prior to Overture's acquisition by Yahoo! Telecommunications US 7116963 Washington Research Foundation asserted this patent in December 2006 against Matsushita (owners of the Panasonic brand), Nokia and Samsung. Granted in October 2006 (originating from a 1996 filing) it relates to dynamically varying the passband bandwidth of a tuner. If the claims had been upheld, CSR plc (previously known as Cambridge Silicon Radio), who supply the defendants with Bluetooth chips, could have lost market share to Broadcom who already had a license under the patent. US 4744028 One of three patents granted in respect of Karmarkar's algorithm, which relates to linear programming problems. Claim 1 of this patent suggests the algorithm should be applied to the allocation of telecommunication transmission facilities among subscribers. User interfaces US 6275213 and US 6424333 related to EP application 0864145 Immersion Corporation sued Sony under these US patents in 2002. They relate to force-feedback technology such as that used in PlayStation 2 DualShock controllers. Sony lost the case and Immersion were awarded $90.7 million, an injunction (stayed pending appeal), and a compulsory license. The claims of the related European patent application require the device to be attached to a body part and were, in any event, refused by the examining division of the European Patent Office for lacking an inventive step. EP 0394160 US 5301348 The patent relates to a progress bar. Filed in 1989, it was highlighted in 2005 by Richard Stallman in New Scientist and The Guardian as an example of a software patent granted by the European Patent Office, that would impede software development and would be dangerous. The claims as granted describe a process of breaking down a task to be performed by a computer into a number of equal task units and updating a display each time a unit is completed and therefore does not cover progress bars which operate in different ways. Miscellaneous Notable due to proprietor hyperbole US 5241671 Owned at various times by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. and Compton's NewMedia, Inc. this patent was granted in August 1993. Just a few months later, in November 1993, Compton's announced that "Everything that is now multimedia and computer-based utilizes this invention" and tried to use the patent to ensure that everyone licensed their software. Although a cursory review of the granted claims showed this statement to be mere hyperbole, there was nonetheless an outcry from the industry and the patent was revoked following re-examination. US 5842213 and US 6393426 Patents owned by Scientigo and claimed by them to cover the markup language XML, a notion rejected by patent attorneys and other commentators including Microsoft. Notable due to misconception US application 2006015812 – Emoticon keyboard button patent application. EP application 1784745 Early in 2006, rumours circulated on the Internet that Cingular Wireless had patented the emoticon and, in particular, had patented the concept of using emoticons on mobile phones. This resulted in a great deal of anger directed at the US Patent Office that such patents should never have been granted. Ultimately, it was pointed out that it was only a published patent application, not a granted patent, and that the claims of the patent application actually related to a mobile phone with a dedicated button for inserting emoticons. This patent application is currently being examined by the US patent office. All of the originally filed claims were rejected on 22 February 2007 as being known or obvious, although the rejection was not final. Examination of the corresponding European patent application also suggested that the claims lacked an inventive step, and the application lapsed in 2010. US D599372 This design patent was granted to Google on 1 September 2009 for the simple and clean appearance of their homepage from five years earlier. Referred to in the media as a patent, it received criticism for not being as original as Google's web search technology and was held up as evidence that the US patent system was broken. The New York Post said that Google now had the right to sue anyone who used a similarly no-frills website. However, a "design patent" is not the same as a "patent" (sometimes referred to as a "utility patent") since it provides only limited protection for ornamental appearance. Design patents are typically hard to infringe and even Google's own homepage at the time the design patent was granted was almost certainly different enough from the design patent that it did not infringe it. References ^ RIM v Inpro EWHC 70 (Patents) at para. 185 (2 February 2006) ^ "The Software Patent Experiment (March 16, 2004), pages 4-5" (PDF). James Bessen and Robert M. Hunt. Retrieved 2007-04-12. ^ "Financial services software containing algorithm is patentable". Cornell University. Retrieved 2007-04-12. ^ European Patent Register entry for European patent application no. 0575519 ^ "Amazon, Barnes & Noble settle patent suit". CNET. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2007-04-12. ^ "Another setback for Amazon 1-click". IPKat. Retrieved 2007-04-12. ^ Aerotel Ltd v Telco Holding Ltd and others, and Neal William Macrossan's application EWCA Civ 1371 (27 October 2006) ^ "Patents Act 1977: Patentable subject matter". UK Intellectual Property Office. Archived from the original on 2007-02-06. Retrieved 2007-03-12. ^ European Patent Register entry for European patent application no. 1346304 ^ "Accenture Files Patent Infringement Lawsuit Against Guidewire". Accenture. Retrieved 2007-12-31. ^ "Accenture Sues Guidewire for Alleged Patent Infringement". FinanceTech (Information Week InformationWeek). Retrieved 2007-12-31. ^ This link goes to the patent application. Electronic copies of granted GB patents are not freely available ^ "Complaint for patent infringement and Demand for jury trial by Stac Electronics v Microsoft Corporation". Archived from the original on 2007-05-09. Retrieved 2007-04-21. ^ "Microsoft Loses Patent Suit". Associated Press. February 23, 1994. Archived from the original on May 18, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-21. ^ "MP3 Patent Portfolio". Thomson. Retrieved 2007-04-21. ^ "FLAC Joins Xiph.Org". Xiph.org. January 29, 2003. Retrieved 2007-04-21. ^ "Patent Monkey: Details on Alcatel's $1.5 B Win Against Microsoft". CrunchGear. Retrieved 2007-04-21. ^ "My, that's a lot of money". IPKat. Retrieved 2007-04-21. ^ Review of the Forgent JPEG case by the Public Patent Foundation ^ Summary Judgment in LizardTech v Earth Resource Mapping ^ LizardTech press release, 1 November 2004 and ERM press release, 2 November 2004 ^ "Advogato: Microsoft patents ASF media file format, stops reverse engineering". Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2007-02-12. ^ SIAM News, Volume 36, Number 5, June 2003, "Still Guarding Secrets after Years of Attacks, RSA Earns Accolades for its Founders", by Sara Robinson ^ The UK Patents Status Enquiry for EP0852363 provides current status information on the patent. ^ Press release Archived 2006-12-05 at the Wayback Machine from Eolas ^ Summary Judgement ruling that no jury could find that Prodigy infringes the Sargent patent, whether directly or contributorily, either as part of the Internet or on its Web server viewed separate and apart from the Internet. ^ "MFT Gateway". Axway Corporate. ^ ""Tumbleweed brings patent infringement case against Yahoo!" Internet Business News, Sept 13 2002". ^ "Bluetooth battle looms". IPKat. 2007-01-04. Retrieved 2007-01-04. ^ Introduction to Software Patents published by the Japan Patent Office - see page 47 for discussion of Karmarkar's algorithm ^ "Immersion Corporation Reports First Quarter 2006 Financial Results". Archived from the original on 2006-12-13. Retrieved 2007-01-10. ^ European Patent Register entry for European patent application no. 0864145 ^ a b Richard Stallman, Patents by stealth, New Scientist, February 5, 2005, issue 2485, page 28. ^ a b Richard Stallman, Patent absurdity, The Guardian, June 20, 2005 ^ Key Patent To Shake Multimedia Industry, San Francisco Chronicle, November 15, 1993 ^ Patent Office Reject Compton's NewMedia Patent Archived 2006-10-22 at the Wayback Machine, March 24, 1994 ^ Small company makes big claims on XML patents, Martin LaMonica, CNET News.com, October 21, 2005 ^ "Cingular Patenting the Emoticon :(". Cellular-news. Retrieved 2007-04-21. ^ "Cingular Patents the Emoticon?". Slashdot. Retrieved 2007-04-21. ^ "Cingular emoticon grab not so serious :-) say experts". The Register. Retrieved 2007-04-21. ^ The USPTO "Public PAIR" system provides current status information for this US application under publication number "2006-0015812". ^ European Patent Register entry for European patent application no. 1784745 ^ a b c Tharp, Paul (2009-09-03). "Patently Google". New York Post. ^ "USPTO neglects to hit the "obvious" button on Google's newest patent". www.downloadsquad.com. Archived from the original on 2009-09-05. ^ a b "Googleâs Patent on its GOOGLE.COM Home Page". Patently-O. ^ a b "Google patents (2004) home page • The Register". The Register.	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Software patents cover a wide range of topics and there is therefore important debate about whether such subject-matter should be excluded from patent protection.[1] However, there is no official way of identifying software patents and different researchers have devised their own ways of doing so.[2]This article lists patents relating to software which have been the subject of litigation or have achieved notoriety in other ways. Notable patent applications are also listed and comparisons made between corresponding patents and patent applications in different countries. The patents and patent applications are categorised according to the subject matter of the patent or the particular field in which the patent had an effect that brought it into the public view.This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.","title":"List of software patents"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Business methods"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Data compression"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stac Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stac_Electronics"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"DoubleSpace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleSpace"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Data compression in general","text":"Stac Electronics sued Microsoft for patent infringement when Microsoft introduced the DoubleSpace data compression scheme into MS-DOS.[13] Stac was awarded $120 million by a jury in 1994 and Microsoft was ordered to recall versions of MS-DOS with the infringing technology.[14]","title":"Data compression"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"MP3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3"},{"link_name":"Fraunhofer Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society"},{"link_name":"Ogg Vorbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogg_Vorbis"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Alcatel-Lucent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Audio compression","text":"One of several[15] patents covering the MP3 format owned by the Fraunhofer Society which led to the development of the Ogg Vorbis format as an alternative to MP3.[16]Two patents owned by Alcatel-Lucent relating to MP3 technology under which they sued Microsoft for $1.5 billion.[17] Microsoft thought they had already licensed the technology from Fraunhofer, and this case illustrates one of the basic principles of patents that a license does not necessarily permit the licensee to work the technology, but merely prevents the licensee from being sued by the licensor.[18]","title":"Data compression"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unisys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisys"},{"link_name":"LZW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZW"},{"link_name":"GIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF"},{"link_name":"Forgent Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgent_Networks"},{"link_name":"JPEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG"},{"link_name":"US Patent and Trademark Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"US 5710835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5710835"},{"link_name":"EP 0864135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0864135"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"JPEG 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG_2000"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Image compression","text":"Unisys's patent on LZW compression, a fundamental part of the widely used GIF graphics format.Forgent Networks claimed this patent, granted in 1987, covered the JPEG image compression format. The broadest claims of the US patent were found to be invalid in 2005 following re-examination by the US Patent and Trademark Office.[19]US 5710835 \nEP 0864135This patent, owned by Lizardtech, Inc., was the subject of infringement proceedings against companies including Earth Resource Mapping, Inc. However, Lizardtech lost the trial on the grounds that an important part of their invention was the step of \"maintaining updated sums of discrete wavelet transform coefficients from the discrete tile image to form a seamless discrete wavelet transform of the image\". Claim 21 of the patent lacked this feature and was therefore obvious. The remaining claims contained this feature, but were not infringed by ERM.[20] Internet buzz suggested the patent covered the JPEG 2000 image compression format but the additional feature of the valid claims appears not to be a JPEG 2000 requirement.[21]","title":"Data compression"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video compression","title":"Data compression"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Data encryption"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"Court of Appeal of England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales"}],"text":"A patent for a gaming system that has particular importance regarding Internet usage. A server running the game was located outside the UK but could be used within the UK. The Court of Appeal of England and Wales judged that the patent was being infringed by virtue of the sale of CDs in the UK containing software intended to put the invention into effect in the UK.","title":"Gaming systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Patent Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patents_under_United_Kingdom_patent_law"},{"link_name":"European Patent Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patents_under_the_European_Patent_Convention"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Carmack's Reverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmack%27s_Reverse"}],"text":"Robert Silver's patent on his photographic mosaicing technique. The UK part of the European patent is currently undergoing revocation proceedings, the results of which may be important in comparing the practice of the UK Patent Office with that of the European Patent Office.[24]A patent covering the technique commonly known as Carmack's Reverse","title":"Image processing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Internet tools"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An algorithm to divide n divisible goods between two parties as fairly as possible.","title":"Fair division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pay-per-click","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-click"},{"link_name":"Overture Services, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Search_Marketing"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"FindWhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miva_(company)"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"}],"text":"A patent relating to pay-per-click Internet search engine advertising. Originally filed by Goto.com, Inc. (renamed Overture Services, Inc.), Google and FindWhat were both sued for infringement prior to Overture's acquisition by Yahoo!","title":"Search engines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 7116963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7116963"},{"link_name":"CSR plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSR_plc"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"US 4744028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4744028"},{"link_name":"Karmarkar's algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmarkar%27s_algorithm"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"US 7116963Washington Research Foundation asserted this patent in December 2006 against Matsushita (owners of the Panasonic brand), Nokia and Samsung. Granted in October 2006 (originating from a 1996 filing) it relates to dynamically varying the passband bandwidth of a tuner. If the claims had been upheld, CSR plc (previously known as Cambridge Silicon Radio), who supply the defendants with Bluetooth chips, could have lost market share to Broadcom who already had a license under the patent.[29]US 4744028One of three patents granted in respect of Karmarkar's algorithm, which relates to linear programming problems.[30] Claim 1 of this patent suggests the algorithm should be applied to the allocation of telecommunication transmission facilities among subscribers.","title":"Telecommunications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 6275213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6275213"},{"link_name":"US 6424333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6424333"},{"link_name":"EP application 0864145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0864145"},{"link_name":"Immersion Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"DualShock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DualShock"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"European Patent Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Patent_Office"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"EP 0394160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0394160"},{"link_name":"US 5301348","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5301348"},{"link_name":"progress bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_bar"},{"link_name":"Richard Stallman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman"},{"link_name":"New Scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stealth-33"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-absurdity-34"},{"link_name":"European Patent Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Patent_Organisation"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stealth-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-absurdity-34"}],"text":"US 6275213 and US 6424333 related to EP application 0864145Immersion Corporation sued Sony under these US patents in 2002. They relate to force-feedback technology such as that used in PlayStation 2 DualShock controllers. Sony lost the case and Immersion were awarded $90.7 million, an injunction (stayed pending appeal), and a compulsory license.[31] The claims of the related European patent application require the device to be attached to a body part and were, in any event, refused by the examining division of the European Patent Office for lacking an inventive step.[32]EP 0394160 \nUS 5301348The patent relates to a progress bar. Filed in 1989, it was highlighted in 2005 by Richard Stallman in New Scientist[33] and The Guardian[34] as an example of a software patent granted by the European Patent Office, that would impede software development[33] and would be dangerous.[34] The claims as granted describe a process of breaking down a task to be performed by a computer into a number of equal task units and updating a display each time a unit is completed and therefore does not cover progress bars which operate in different ways.","title":"User interfaces"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Miscellaneous"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 5241671","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5241671"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"US 5842213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5842213"},{"link_name":"US 6393426","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6393426"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Notable due to proprietor hyperbole","text":"US 5241671Owned at various times by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. and Compton's NewMedia, Inc. this patent was granted in August 1993. Just a few months later, in November 1993, Compton's announced that \"Everything that is now multimedia and computer-based utilizes this invention\" and tried to use the patent to ensure that everyone licensed their software.[35] Although a cursory review of the granted claims showed this statement to be mere hyperbole, there was nonetheless an outcry from the industry and the patent was revoked following re-examination.[36]US 5842213 and US 6393426Patents owned by Scientigo and claimed by them to cover the markup language XML, a notion rejected by patent attorneys and other commentators including Microsoft.[37]","title":"Miscellaneous"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US application 2006015812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2006015812"},{"link_name":"EP application 1784745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1784745"},{"link_name":"Cingular Wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingular_Wireless"},{"link_name":"emoticon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticon"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"US D599372","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=USD599372"},{"link_name":"design patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_patent"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTGoogleDesign-43"},{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTGoogleDesign-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTGoogleDesign-43"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POGoogleDesign-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RegGoogleDesign-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POGoogleDesign-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RegGoogleDesign-46"}],"sub_title":"Notable due to misconception","text":"US application 2006015812 – Emoticon keyboard button patent application.\nEP application 1784745Early in 2006, rumours circulated on the Internet that Cingular Wireless had patented the emoticon and, in particular, had patented the concept of using emoticons on mobile phones.[38] This resulted in a great deal of anger directed at the US Patent Office that such patents should never have been granted.[39] Ultimately, it was pointed out that it was only a published patent application, not a granted patent, and that the claims of the patent application actually related to a mobile phone with a dedicated button for inserting emoticons.[40]\nThis patent application is currently being examined by the US patent office. All of the originally filed claims were rejected on 22 February 2007 as being known or obvious, although the rejection was not final.[41] Examination of the corresponding European patent application also suggested that the claims lacked an inventive step, and the application lapsed in 2010.[42]US D599372This design patent was granted to Google on 1 September 2009 for the simple and clean appearance of their homepage from five years earlier.[43] Referred to in the media as a patent, it received criticism for not being as original as Google's web search technology[43] and was held up as evidence that the US patent system was broken.[44] The New York Post said that Google now had the right to sue anyone who used a similarly no-frills website.[43] However, a \"design patent\" is not the same as a \"patent\" (sometimes referred to as a \"utility patent\") since it provides only limited protection for ornamental appearance.[45] Design patents are typically hard to infringe[46] and even Google's own homepage at the time the design patent was granted was almost certainly different enough from the design patent that it did not infringe it.[45][46]","title":"Miscellaneous"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Software Patent Experiment (March 16, 2004), pages 4-5\" (PDF). James Bessen and Robert M. Hunt. Retrieved 2007-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.researchoninnovation.org/softpat.pdf","url_text":"\"The Software Patent Experiment (March 16, 2004), pages 4-5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Financial services software containing algorithm is patentable\". Cornell University. Retrieved 2007-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/patent/comments/96_1327.htm","url_text":"\"Financial services software containing algorithm is patentable\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University","url_text":"Cornell University"}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon, Barnes & Noble settle patent suit\". CNET. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2007-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120711225137/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1017-854105.html","url_text":"\"Amazon, Barnes & Noble settle patent suit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET","url_text":"CNET"},{"url":"http://news.cnet.com/2100-1017-854105.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Another setback for Amazon 1-click\". IPKat. Retrieved 2007-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://ipkitten.blogspot.com/2007/02/another-setback-for-amazon-1-click.html","url_text":"\"Another setback for Amazon 1-click\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPKat","url_text":"IPKat"}]},{"reference":"\"Patents Act 1977: Patentable subject matter\". UK Intellectual Property Office. Archived from the original on 2007-02-06. Retrieved 2007-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070206031521/http://www.patent.gov.uk/patent/p-decisionmaking/p-law/p-law-notice/p-law-notice-subjectmatter.htm","url_text":"\"Patents Act 1977: Patentable subject matter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Intellectual_Property_Office","url_text":"UK Intellectual Property Office"},{"url":"http://www.patent.gov.uk/patent/p-decisionmaking/p-law/p-law-notice/p-law-notice-subjectmatter.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Accenture Files Patent Infringement Lawsuit Against Guidewire\". Accenture. Retrieved 2007-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.accenture.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=4625","url_text":"\"Accenture Files Patent Infringement Lawsuit Against Guidewire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accenture","url_text":"Accenture"}]},{"reference":"\"Accenture Sues Guidewire for Alleged Patent Infringement\". FinanceTech (Information Week InformationWeek). 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Axway Corporate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.axway.com/en/products/managed-file-transfer/securetransport","url_text":"\"MFT Gateway\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Tumbleweed brings patent infringement case against Yahoo!\" Internet Business News, Sept 13 2002\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allbusiness.com/technology/telecommunications/263360-1.html","url_text":"\"\"Tumbleweed brings patent infringement case against Yahoo!\" Internet Business News, Sept 13 2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bluetooth battle looms\". IPKat. 2007-01-04. Retrieved 2007-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://ipkitten.blogspot.com/2007/01/bluetooth-battle-looms.html","url_text":"\"Bluetooth battle looms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPKat","url_text":"IPKat"}]},{"reference":"\"Immersion Corporation Reports First Quarter 2006 Financial Results\". Archived from the original on 2006-12-13. 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Archived from the original on 2009-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090905133816/http://www.downloadsquad.com/2009/09/03/uspto-neglects-to-hit-the-obvious-button-on-googles-newest-pa/","url_text":"\"USPTO neglects to hit the \"obvious\" button on Google's newest patent\""},{"url":"http://www.downloadsquad.com/2009/09/03/uspto-neglects-to-hit-the-obvious-button-on-googles-newest-pa/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Googleâs Patent on its GOOGLE.COM Home Page\". Patently-O.","urls":[{"url":"https://patentlyo.com/patent/2009/09/googles-patent-on-its-googlecom-home-page.html","url_text":"\"Googleâs Patent on its GOOGLE.COM Home Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google patents (2004) home page • The Register\". The Register.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/09/03/google_patents_its_home_page/","url_text":"\"Google patents (2004) home page • The Register\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register","url_text":"The Register"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5193056","external_links_name":"US 5193056"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0575519","external_links_name":"EP application 0575519"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5960411","external_links_name":"US 5960411"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1134680","external_links_name":"EP application 1134680"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB2388937","external_links_name":"GB application 2388937"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1346304","external_links_name":"EP application 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenab_Valley	Chenab Valley	["1 Name","2 Geography","3 History","4 Economy","5 Demographics","5.1 Religion","5.2 Languages","6 Administration","7 Major tourist attractions","7.1 Dams","8 Demands for Divisional Status","8.1 Hill Development Council","9 Major Incidents and Natural disasters","9.1 2013 Earthquake in Chenab valley","9.2 2017 Thathri flash floods","9.3 2018 Kela Morh Ramban Accident","9.4 2021 Hunzar Kishtwar Cloudburst","9.5 2021 Sui Gwari Accident","9.6 June 2023 Chenab Valley earthquake","10 See also","11 References","11.1 Notes"]	Valley and proposed administrative division in Jammu and Kashmir, India Place in Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaChenab ValleyChenab River at RambanNicknames: Chenab-belt, Chenab regionCountry IndiaUnion TerritoryJammu and KashmirLok Sabha constituencyUdhampur-Doda Lok Sabha ConstituencyGovernment • BodyGovernment of Jammu and KashmirArea • Total11,885 km2 (4,589 sq mi)Population • Total924,345 • Density78/km2 (200/sq mi)DemonymChenabiLanguages • Spoken List Chenabi KashmiriBhaderwahiSaraziUrduGojriKishtwariPadriPogaliRambani Districts Doda Kishtwar Ramban Parts of Reasi Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)Shridhar Patil (IPS)MilitiaVillage Defence GuardsPublic Works (R&B) DepartmentChenab ZoneDepartment of ForestChenab Circle .Chenab ValleyGeologyTypeRiver ValleyLocationJammu and Kashmir, IndiaState/ProvinceJammu and Kashmir (union territory)Population centersDoda, Ramban, KishtwarBorders onAnantnag District & Kulgam District to its north, Kargil District on its east, Rajouri District on its west and Udhampur district, Kathua District and Indian state of Himachal Pradesh on its southTraversed byNH244Rivers Chenab River Marusudar river Neeru river Kalnai River Kalgoni River The Chenab Valley is a river valley formed by the Chenab River. The term is also used collectively for Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban districts of Jammu Division in the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. These districts were formerly part of a single district, called Doda. Name The name derives from the Chenab river, which flows through and forms the valley. The term "Chenab valley" was used by Erik Norin in a 1926 journal article "The Relief Chronology of Chenab Valley", to refer to the valley formed by the Chenab river in the Himalayas. More recently, this term has also come to be used by various social activists and politicians referring to the areas of the former Doda district formed in 1948. The term is used by many residents of Doda, Ramban, Kishtwar districts to assert a distinct cultural identity within the larger Jammu division. Geography The Chenab Valley lies between the middle and great Himalayan range in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It constitutes parts of the Doda, Ramban, and Kishtwar districts of Jammu and Kashmir. The area is an active seismic zone. History In the past, the area around Doda was largely inhabited by Sarazi population before people started settling here from the Kashmir valley and other adjoining areas. The reasons for this migration in the 17th and 18th centuries are a matter of ambiguity among historians. Sumantra Bose says that repression by the feudal class in the Kashmir valley drew people to these areas. The three districts consist of areas drawn from the principalities of Kishtwar and Bhadarwah, both of which were part of Udhampur district in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. In addition, Paddar used to be part of Chamba State in the past and was later added to the princely state. Kashmiris form the largest group in the three districts while Gujjars, Dogras, Paharis and Bhaderwahis have significant population. Chenab Valley is rich in cultural heritage and ethical values, but also has age-old traditions of secularism and tolerance. This region in Jammu and Kashmir has a long history intertwined with legends and stories of various rulers and dynasties. According to records from the State Revenue Department, the erstwhile district Doda got its name from its headquarters in Doda, which was named after a migrant from Multan, a utensil maker. He was persuaded by one of the ancient rulers of Kishtwar to settle in the area and establish a utensil factory. Over time, the name Deeda was distorted into Doda. The early history of Chenab Valley is not well documented, with few chronicles available about the rulers of Kishtwar and Bhaderwah. The settlement reports indicate that the area was ruled by various groups including Ranas, Rajas, and independent chiefs from time to time, including the Jaral Ramas, Katoch Rajas, Bhaus Manhases, Chibs, Thakkars, Wanis, and Gakkars. In 1822 AD, Doda was conquered by Maharaja Gulab Singh and became the winter capital of the Kishtwar state. Despite their geographical proximity, the Chenab Valley's history diverged from that of Jammu and Kashmir. While the latter served as a historical crossroads and witnessed the rise of the Dogra dynasty, the Chenab Valley, nestled in the Himalayas, maintained a relative degree of independence. Though communities like the Saraji and Gujjars inhabited the valley and contributed to its unique cultural tapestry, it remained outside Dogra control until the 19th century, eventually becoming part of their expanding kingdom. The Fort of Doda was significant in the district's history and was one of the seventy forts in Jammu province, according to author Thakur Kahan Singh Balowria. The fort served as the office of the Thanedar and provided storage space for armaments and food grains. The fort was also built to protect against potential attacks from the Bhaderwah Rajas. The fort was made of unbaked bricks and had walls that were four feet wide and forty to fifty feet high, with dome-like towers at the corners. The fort was demolished in 1952 and as of 2023, the Government Boys Higher Secondary School Doda occupies its site. English traveller G.T. Vigne visited Doda in 1829 and described his journey through the region. He mentions traveling through a deep and rocky nullah which joins the Chenab River, and then crossing the river over a dangerous bridge in the Himalayas. Vigne writes about the bridge in Doda, a strong rope stretched from one bank to the other, tied to rocks. A wooden structure was placed over the rope and additional ropes were tied to it, allowing the structure to move back and forth. He also encountered another type of bridge, which was crossed on foot, made of small ropes bound with pieces of bark and woven into a thick rope. Hanging ropes were provided for support. The area that includes the tehsil of Bhaderwah has a long history dating back to the 10th century. In 1846, Doda and Kishtwar became part of the newly created Jammu and Kashmir state after the Amritsar pact between the British government, Lahore Darbar, and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu. Bhaderwah was once a principality with 15 administrative units and has a recorded history going back to the Rajtarangni of Kalhan. The state of Bhadhrwah was established in the 15th century by a Sicon of the Baloria family of Bilawar. It was later ruled by the Raja of Chamb until Raja Nagpal became the ruler in the 16th century. Bhaderwah was then ruled by Nagpal's descendants until it was captured by the Kishtwar Raja. It became part of Chamba in 1821 and was transferred to Jammu Darbar in 1846. During this time, Bhaderwah was military-administered Label was appointed as the Kardar. The Bhaderwah Jagir was later bestowed upon Raja Amar Singh of Jammu and then to his son, Raja Hari Singh. When Raja Hari Singh became the Maharaja of J&K in 1925, he dissolved his Jagirs and converted Bhaderwah into a tehsil of Udhampur in 1931. In 1948, the erstwhile Udhampur district was partitioned into the present Udhampur district, containing the Udhampur and Ramanagar tehsils, and Doda district containing the Ramban, Bhadarwah, Doda, Thathri and Kishtwar tehsils. From 1975 to 1976, the Government of India conducted the Preinvestment Survey of Forest Resources specifically in the Chenab Valley by Department of Agriculture. During this period, a detailed survey of forests in the Chenab Catchment area was done in Doda, Bhaderwah, Kishtwar, and Ramban divisions of the forest. In 1990s, various incidents were reported about the suppression of Hindus by the Militant organizations. In response to the rising terrorism, the government authorities made Village Defense Committee (VDC) in various villages. However some reports of VDC members indulging in criminal activities have also reported in the past. In a village called Karada, four Muslims were allegedly killed by VDC members. This incident also triggered the Terrorist organisations to target those who supported the VDCs, believing them to be anti-Muslim. Since 1990s, many such incidents of killings by Terrorist and VDCs have been reported. As of 2001 census, the total population of Chenab Valley stood at 690,474, with 362,471 males and 328,003 females. Among the tehsils within the district, Kishtwar had the highest population, totaling 1.9 lakhs, while Thathri tehsil had the lowest population, with 0.42 lakhs. Doda ranked as the second most populous tehsil within the district, with a population of 1.5 lakhs, followed by Banihal at 0.94 lakhs, Bhadarwah at 0.61 lakhs, Ramban at 0.86 lakhs, and Gundoh at 0.58 lakhs. The hilly and challenging terrain of the region contributed to a low population density of only 59 people per square kilometer. In 2006, Ramban was made into an independent district and the hilly area to the east of the present Doda district was separated as the Kishtwar district. The remaining areas include the Doda tehsil carved out of Kishtwar and the original Bhadarwah, now divided into three tehsils. Economy The economy of Chenab Valley is influenced by its challenging topography and limited access to raw materials, technical expertise, and skilled labor. Data from the District Industries Center (DIC) in 1999-2000 indicates a limited industrial presence with only three registered factories and 43 formally registered small industries (SSI) units, along with 81 provisionally registered ones. The Khadi and Village Industries Board Doda established 69 cooperative societies and 2,190 units, providing employment to 4,380 workers during the same year. The district also hosts four industrial training institutes, offering training in various trades with an intake capacity of 497 students in 1999-2000. Chenab Valley is endowed with vast forest resources, covering approximately 6,226 square kilometers, which accounts for 28% of the state's total area. These forests yield valuable timber varieties such as deodar, fir, kail, chir, and products like doop, resin, and guchhian. The region's topography and agroclimatic conditions make it highly suitable for goat and sheep rearing, benefiting about 65% of the rural population. According to the 1997 census, there were 3.91 lakh sheep and 1.51 lakh goats. Presently, there are 98 sheep extension centers and two mobile sheep centers, along with 160 sheep units under Centrally Sponsored Schemes. Agriculture and horticulture constitute the primary economic activities in Chenab Valley, complemented by the cultivation of commercial cash crops like saffron in Kishtwar, zeera in Paddcr, and Marsheela (Guchhi) in the coniferous areas of Bhaderwah, Doda, and Gandoh. The district's climate also supports sericulture, particularly in Bhaderwah. Livestock farming plays a pivotal role in the economic development of Chenab Valley, with a livestock population of 797,779 as per the 1997 census, encompassing cattle, buffaloes, and poultry birds. During leisure time, people engage in various handicrafts, including the production of lois, blankets, and woolen cloth (puttos). The government is taking steps to promote this sector alongside overall development efforts, including education, healthcare, and road construction. Demographics Religion Religion in Chenab Valley (2011) Islam (59.97%) Hinduism (39.23%) Others (0.80%) Sex Ratio in Chenab Valley in 2011 Census.(no. females per 1,000 males) Religion (and population) Sex Ratio Muslim (pop 554,355) 932 Hindu (pop 362,578) 884 Other (pop 7,412) 722 Total (pop 924,345) 913 Muslims form a majority in the three districts constituting Chenab Valley. About 60% of the population was Muslim according to the 2011 census, and the rest 40% are mostly Hindus. Languages Languages of Chenab Valley (2011) Kashmiri (47.03%) Gojri (10.17%) Bhaderwahi (9.90%) Siraji (8.28%) Dogri (5.03%) Kishtwari (4.18%) Pahadi (4.03%) Hindi (3.02%) Padari (1.86%) Other (6.51%) Chenab Valley is home to a variety of ethnic groups. Officially, Urdu and English are used, but the Chenab Valley is home to a variety of languages, including Kashmiri—spoken by almost half of the population, Gojri, Kishtwari, Bhaderwahi, Sarazi, Dogri, Rambani, Pogali, Pahari, Bhalessi, and Padri. Administration As of 2023, the DIG of Police has a separate post for Chenab Valley known as the DKR Range; the R&B Department has now created a distinct zone for Chenab; and Chenab Valley has its own Forest Circle known as Chenab Forest Circle. A militia named as Village Defence Guards was established in 1996 to fight anti-militancy operations in Chenab Valley. Major tourist attractions Main article: List of tourist attractions in Chenab Valley Bhaderwah Jai valley Padri Pass Sinthan Top Lal Draman Jantroon Dhar Pogal Paristan Bhal Padri Dams List of Dams Dam Name Type River Location River Basin Status Dam Type Height (m) Installed Capacity (MW) Baglihar Dam Hydroelectric Chenab Ramban, Ramban Indus up to International Border Completed (2009) Gravity & Masonry 364.362 143 Dulhasti Dam Hydroelectric Chenab Kishtwar, Kishtwar Indus up to International Border Completed (2006) Gravity & Masonry 186 65 Pakal Dul Dam Hydroelectric Marusudar Kishtwar, Kishtwar Indus up to International Border Proposed Earthen / Gravity & Masonry 305 167 Salal (Rockfill And Concrete) Dam Hydroelectric Chenab Gool Gulab Garh, Reasi Indus up to International Border Completed (1986) Earthen / Gravity & Masonry 487 113 Demands for Divisional Status Location of the districts for which separate divisional status is sought within Jammu and Kashmir There has been a movement demanding separate administrative division for the Chenab valley by various social and political activists for long time. In 2014, a major protest was called in Doda for the demand of separate administrative division. The demand again rose in 2018 and 2019 when Ladakh got divisional status and the former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, Omar Abdullah added "Two Separate Divisional Status for Chenab Valley and Pir Panjal Region" to his party's political agenda. As of 2021, the movement for divisional status again increased after rumours of second bifurcation of J&K and demand for a separate state of Jammu. There is a common reason for this demand. People allege negligence in terms of developmental issues by the government if the Chenab valley remains linked to the Jammu division. The districts of the proposed Chenab Valley consists of six Assembly seats. The Bhartiya Janata Party maintains that "there is no Chenab valley and it is only the Jammu division for representation of the region", while the JKNC says that the demand is based on developmental negligence and wants separate divisions from Jammu division for Chenab valley and Pir Panjal. The areas of the three districts are termed as the DKR Range (Doda-Kishtwar-Ramban Range) by police and military officials, while a separate Deputy Inspector General is posted for this range by J&K Police. Hill Development Council In 1996, Dr. Farooq Abdullah as Chief minister promised administrative autonomy to Chenab. Later in 2000, a bill demanding a Hill Development Council for Chenab valley was presented in the legislative assembly by the Sheikh Abdul Rehman (then MLA from Bhaderwah). In July 2015, then Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Mufti Mohammad Sayed, rules out demand of Chenab Valley Hill Council and announced Chenab Valley Development Fund (CVDF) for development and upliftment of mountainous and remote districts of Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban. Major Incidents and Natural disasters Main article: List of disasters in the Chenab Valley 2013 Earthquake in Chenab valley A 5.8 earthquake hit the Erstwhile Doda on 1 May 2013, killing two and injuring 69. Seismic activity continued in the valley throughout 2013, prompting teams of seismologists to study the area. A local belief states that the earthquakes were being caused by hydroelectric construction projects in the area. 2017 Thathri flash floods Flash floods wreaked havoc in Thathri town of Doda district of J&K, inundating vast areas along the Batote- Kishtwar National Highway and washing away half a dozen houses. Six persons were killed in the flash floods. 2018 Kela Morh Ramban Accident On 6 October 2018, a tragic accident occurred on the Jammu-Srinagar national highway in Ramban district near Marog, specifically at Kela Morh. A minibus carrying passengers from Banihal to Ramban plunged into a gorge after its driver lost control over the vehicle. The accident resulted in the loss of twenty-two lives, including four women and the driver. Additionally, fourteen passengers sustained injuries, with ten of them being critically injured. Prompt medical assistance was provided, and ten critically injured passengers were airlifted to the army hospital at Udhampur, while two others were taken to Jammu for treatment. Thirteen passengers with severe injuries were also airlifted to the military hospital in Udhampur. Two of them succumbed to their injuries at the hospital. On the other hand, three individuals with minor injuries were discharged after receiving first aid. The tragic incident was investigated by then Doda-Kishtwar-Ramban Range DIG Rafiq-ul-Hassan, who confirmed that the minibus veered off the road at approximately 9:55 am. There were conflicting versions on whether the driver, Rehmatullah, lost control of the bus or the vehicle developed a technical snag. 2021 Hunzar Kishtwar Cloudburst Main article: Hunzar Kishtwar Cloudburst 2021 Cloudburst hits Hunzar hamlet in Dachhan area of Kishtwar district resulting into death of 26 persons and 17 injured on 28 July 2021. As per reports, only 7 dead bodies were recovered while 19 dead bodies were not found. As of October 5, 2021, one out of 19 missing persons' dead bodies was found after more than 70 days, while 18 others remain missing. 2021 Sui Gwari Accident The Sui Gwari Accident occurred on October 28, 2021, in the Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir. A tragic incident involving a mini-bus with the registration number JK17 4021 took place on the Batote-Kishtwar highway. The mini-bus was en route from Thathri to Doda when it skidded off the road, rolled down a deep gorge near Sui Gowari, and resulted in a devastating accident. In the accident, eight people lost their lives on the spot, while several others sustained severe injuries. The injured victims were immediately rushed to nearby medical facilities for treatment. Six more individuals succumbed to their injuries while receiving treatment at the Government Medical College in Doda and GMC Jammu. As a result, the total death toll reached fourteen. In response to the incident, Prime Minister Narendra Modi conveyed his condolences to the families of the deceased and announced ex gratia payments to the next of kin of the deceased and the injured persons. June 2023 Chenab Valley earthquake On 13 June 2023, an earthquake occurred at 13:33 Indian Standard Time in Chenab Valley's Doda district. It was centred near the town of Thathri, and also affected nearby Bhalessa and Bhaderwah areas in the same district and some areas of Jammu and Kashmir. It registered a minimal magnitude of 5.0 and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). As of 14 June 2023, there were at least five secondary earthquakes in the region, mainly near the original epicentre. A series of strong aftershocks occurred near Thathri, Bhaderwah, Bhalessa and Kishtwar. On 17 June 2023, a low-intensity earthquake with 3 magnitude in Ramban area of erstwhile Doda region. While another earthquake jolts erstwhile Doda district with 4.4 magnitude on richter scale, as per National Centre for Seismology. While United States Geological Survey measured this earthquake as 4.3 magnitude. On 18 June 2023, another earthquake hits Doda region with the intensity of 4.1 magnitude on richter scale at 03:50 am (IST). On the same day at 05:22 am IST, an earthquake having epicenter in Doda district with intensity of 2.7 magnitude jolts the region. The severity of the damage caused by the earthquake is attributed to severe upthrust. At least 56 buildings had collapsed and 369 others were damaged in Kishtwar. Dozens of buildings including a hospital were also damaged in Bhaderwah. At least five people were injured and hundreds were displaced. Schools were closed on 14 June to evaluate damage. See also Jai valley Chinta valley Warwan Valley 2023 Doda earthquake Pir Panjal Region References ^ a b c d Anzer Ayoob (17 July 2021). "J&K: Chenab Valley Seeks Separate Divisional Status as well as Council". NewsClick.in. Retrieved 20 July 2021. ^ "Jammu and Kashmir Police - Zone/Range". jkpolice.gov.in. Retrieved 3 May 2024. ^ a b "Chenab, Pir Panjal among six new zones as J&K Government Orders Restructuring Of R&B Department". The Chenab Times. 6 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023. ^ "CF Chenab Circle convenes coordination meeting at Batote". Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Jammu and Kashmir. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2023. ^ a b Tahir Nadeem (9 February 2021). "'Earthquakes, cloudbursts can damage Chenab Valley dams'". Greater Kashmir. Retrieved 9 September 2021. ^ "Geelani vows to resist settlement of retired soldiers in Kashmir". Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015. ^ "THROUGH THE PIR PANJAL". The Hindu. 7 July 2001. Retrieved 21 October 2021. ^ Erik Norin (1926), "The Relief Chronology of the Chenab Valley", Geografiska Annaler, 8: 284–300, doi:10.2307/519728, JSTOR 519728 ^ Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007), Demystifying Kashmir, Pearson Education India, Map 1-3, p. 28, ISBN 978-8131708460 ^ "Chenab Valley: Victimized In All Political Regimes". Kashmir Age. 5 January 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2021. ^ Vikalp Ashiqehind (9 November 2018). "Sarazi: Endangered Language of the Chenab Valley". Retrieved 22 October 2021. ^ "Chenab valley quakes not due to hydro projects: Scientists" ^ "Sarazi: Endangered Language of the Chenab Valley". Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ "Story of Doda misunderstood by Kashmir". Greater Kashmir. 13 March 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ "Mini Kashmir". Kashmir Life. 11 January 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ a b c Snedden, Christopher (2015), Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, p. xxi, 23, ISBN 978-1-84904-342-7 ^ "Sarazi: Endangered Language of the Chenab Valley". Sahapedia. Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ a b CT, News Desk (1 February 2023). "The lost history of Doda". The Chenab Times. Doda, Jammu and Kashmir. Retrieved 2 February 2023. ^ "History \| District Doda \| India". National Informatics Centre. Doda Administration. Retrieved 2 February 2023. ^ Ayoob, Anzer (4 March 2024). "Why the World Says "Kashmir," Not "Jammu and Kashmir": A Story of History, Identity, and Conflict". The Chenab Times. Retrieved 5 March 2024. ^ a b "Doda: Brief History, Places of Attraction". The Dispatch. 19 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023. ^ Maini, K D (6 February 2016). "Past, present of Doda". Daily Excelsior. Retrieved 2 February 2023. ^ a b "District profile". Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Doda. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016. ^ Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007), Demystifying Kashmir, Pearson Education India, p. 28, ISBN 978-8131708460 ^ "Tropical forest resources assessment project - Forest resources of Tropical Asia". FAOHome. 8 November 1978. Retrieved 25 July 2023. ^ Department of Agriculture (1976). Preinvestment Survey of Forest Resources in Chenab Valley (PDF). Dehradun: Government of India. p. 116. Retrieved 25 July 2023. ^ Joshi, Rajesh (17 August 1998). "Slow Death in Doda". Outlook. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ a b c d e f g Qazi, S. A. (2005). Systematic geography of Jammu and Kashmir. New Delhi: APH Publ. Corp. p. 222. ISBN 978-81-7648-786-3. ^ "8 New Districts in JK, 13 New Tehsils". Greater Kashmir. 7 July 2006. ^ a b C-1 Population By Religious Community – Jammu & Kashmir (Report). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 18 October 2021. ^ C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir (Report). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 13 September 2023. ^ N. Koul, Omkar. "Spoken Kashmiri — A language course". Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ "Chenab valley languages belongs to Western Pahari classification: BHC". The Chenab Times. 10 January 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021. ^ Sharma, Arun (17 July 2019). "J&K cops overhaul village defence committees, PDP says Centre design to arm RSS workers". The Indian Express. Retrieved 16 June 2020. ^ "Dams in Jammu and Kashmir". India WRIS (Water Resources Information System). Retrieved 8 September 2023. ^ "Protest by Doda Development Front over demands of Chenab region". Hindustan Times. 26 June 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2022. ^ "Separate division for Ladakh: Omar promises two more for Chenab valley, Pir Panjal if voted to power". Times of India. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2021. ^ Bhakto, Anando (10 June 2021). "All options are open, says Farooq Abdullah amidst rumours of another bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir". The Hindu. Retrieved 10 April 2022. ^ "Ghulam Nabi Azad promises to develop Chenab Valley as 'Model region'". Economic Times. 4 November 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2021. ^ "BJP cries foul over use of term 'Chenab valley' again". Tribune (India). 11 November 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2021. ^ "Small Separatism". India Today. 11 January 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2021. ^ "DIG DKR Range chairs crime review meeting". State Times. 14 October 2021. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021. ^ "Why oppose Hill Council status for Chenab, Pir Panjal valleys?". Brighter Kashmir. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ Excelsior, Daily (4 July 2015). "Mufti rules out Council, sets up Chenab Valley Development Fund". Daily Excelsior. Retrieved 30 July 2023. ^ "IIT scientists, NDMA assess damages in quake-hit Erstwhile Doda". The Hindu. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2021. ^ "Erstwhile doda quakes not due to hydro projects: Scientists" ^ "Chenab Valley: 6 Killed in Thathri Floods". Times of India. 22 July 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2021. ^ "21 dead as mini-bus falls into gorge on Jammu-Srinagar national highway". DNA India. 6 October 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ "22 dead as mini-bus falls into gorge on Jammu-Srinagar highway". The Tribune. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ a b "22 killed as minibus plunges into gorge in Ramban on J-K highway". Hindustan Times. 6 October 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ "Kishtwar Cloudburst: Two More Bodies Recovered, Toll Reaches 7, Says Officials". The Chenab Times. 28 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021. ^ "Hunzer Kishtwar Cloudburst: Body of one out of 19 missing people found after 70 days". The Chenab Times. 5 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ "11 killed, 14 injured as mini-bus falls into gorge in Jammu and Kashmir's Doda". The Hindu. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ "Doda accident Injured driver succumbs, toll reaches 14". Greater Kashmir. 30 October 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ "After fighting with life for three days, the driver of the Suigwari Doda minibus succumbs, death toll rises to 14". The Chenab Times. 30 October 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ "10 killed in J&K's Doda, PM announces ex-gratia". United News of India. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ "Magnitude 5.4 earthquake strikes eastern Kashmir, India". Reuters. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023. ^ Ayoob, Anzer (14 June 2023). "4.2, 2.7 Magnitude Aftershocks Rock Doda District: Residents on Edge as Earthquakes Continue". The Chenab Times. Retrieved 17 June 2023. ^ "M 5.0 - 21 km NE of Bhadarwāh, India". Earthquake Hazards Program, USGS. Retrieved 18 June 2023. ^ a b "Precautionary Closure of Schools in Thathri, Gandoh and Bhaderwah Education Zones Amid Ongoing Aftershocks". The Chenab Times. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023. ^ Digital, Times Now (17 June 2023). "Magnitude 3 Earthquake Hits Jammu And Kashmir's Ramban". TimesNow. Retrieved 18 June 2023. ^ "Chenab Valley Shaken by Another Aftershock: 4.4 Magnitude Earthquake Jolts Doda-Kishtwar districts". The Chenab Times. 17 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023. ^ "M 4.3 - 17 km ESE of Kishtwār, India". USGS. Retrieved 18 June 2023. ^ "Aftershocks Continue to Jolt Chenab Valley: 4.1 Magnitude Earthquake Hits Erstwhile Doda Region". The Chenab Times. 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023. ^ "Official Website of National Center of Seismology". Official Website of National Center of Seismology. 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023. ^ "5 mild earthquakes jolt Doda-Kishtwar; no loss reported, schools closed". Daily Excelsior. 15 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023. ^ "Two injured as earthquake damages residential houses, govt offices in Bhaderwah". Greater Kashmir. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023. ^ "3 earthquakes jolt Jammu and Kashmir's Doda, Katra areas". India Today. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023. ^ "Earthquake in Kashmir; 4 injured, several buildings develop cracks in Doda district". The Indian Express. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023. Notes ^ a b The Doda district was divided into the present-day districts of Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban in Jammu and Kashmir. ^ The Nullah traversed by Vigne is most likely the Neeru river, which joins the Chenab at Pul Doda. Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chenab River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenab_River"},{"link_name":"Doda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doda_district"},{"link_name":"Kishtwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar_district"},{"link_name":"Ramban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban_district"},{"link_name":"Jammu Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_Division"},{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doda_district-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gk-feb-21-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Place in Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaThe Chenab Valley is a river valley formed by the Chenab River. The term is also used collectively for Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban districts of Jammu Division in the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. These districts were formerly part of a single district, called Doda.[a][5][6][7]","title":"Chenab Valley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doda_district-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsclick-july-2021-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Doda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doda_district"},{"link_name":"Ramban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban_district"},{"link_name":"Kishtwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar_district"},{"link_name":"Jammu division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_division"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The name derives from the Chenab river, which flows through and forms the valley. The term \"Chenab valley\" was used by Erik Norin in a 1926 journal article \"The Relief Chronology of Chenab Valley\", to refer to the valley formed by the Chenab river in the Himalayas.[8] More recently, this term has also come to be used by various social activists and politicians referring to the areas of the former Doda district[a] formed in 1948.[1][9]\nThe term is used by many residents of Doda, Ramban, Kishtwar districts to assert a distinct cultural identity within the larger Jammu division.[10][11]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Himalayan range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himilayas"},{"link_name":"Jammu region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_region"},{"link_name":"Doda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doda_district"},{"link_name":"Ramban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban_district"},{"link_name":"Kishtwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsclick-july-2021-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gk-feb-21-6"},{"link_name":"seismic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_zone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Chenab Valley lies between the middle and great Himalayan range in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It constitutes parts of the Doda, Ramban, and Kishtwar districts of Jammu and Kashmir.[1][5] The area is an active seismic zone.[12]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarazi_language"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greaterkashmir.com-15"},{"link_name":"ambiguity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mini_Kashmir-16"},{"link_name":"Sumantra Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumantra_Bose"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snedden-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Kishtwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar"},{"link_name":"Bhadarwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadarwah"},{"link_name":"Udhampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhampur_district"},{"link_name":"princely state of Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Paddar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddar"},{"link_name":"Chamba State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamba_State"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snedden-17"},{"link_name":"Multan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan"},{"link_name":"Kishtwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-ct-19"},{"link_name":"Ranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Rajput"},{"link_name":"Katoch Rajas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoch"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Saraji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarazis"},{"link_name":"Gujjars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurjar"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-dispatch-22"},{"link_name":"G.T. Vigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Vigne"},{"link_name":"nullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullah"},{"link_name":"Chenab River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenab_River"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nullah_in_Doda-23"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-ct-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-dispatch-22"},{"link_name":"Bhaderwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaderwah"},{"link_name":"Amritsar pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar,_1846"},{"link_name":"Jammu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-excelsior-24"},{"link_name":"Udhampur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhampur_district"},{"link_name":"Ramanagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnagar,_Udhampur"},{"link_name":"Doda district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doda_district"},{"link_name":"Ramban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban_district"},{"link_name":"Bhadarwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadarwah"},{"link_name":"Doda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doda,_Jammu_and_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Thathri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thathri"},{"link_name":"Kishtwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar_district"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-25"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snedden-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Preinvestment Survey of Forest Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Survey_of_India#History"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Militant organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militant_organizations"},{"link_name":"anti-Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terrorism-29"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chenab_Valley&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Kishtwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar_district"},{"link_name":"Thathri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thathri"},{"link_name":"Banihal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banihal"},{"link_name":"Bhadarwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadarwah"},{"link_name":"Ramban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban,_Jammu_and_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Gundoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhalessa"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qazi_2005_p.-30"},{"link_name":"Ramban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban_district"},{"link_name":"Kishtwar district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar_district"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-25"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"In the past, the area around Doda was largely inhabited by Sarazi population before people started settling here from the Kashmir valley and other adjoining areas.[13][14] The reasons for this migration in the 17th and 18th centuries are a matter of ambiguity among historians.[15] Sumantra Bose says that repression by the feudal class in the Kashmir valley drew people to these areas.[16][17] The three districts consist of areas drawn from the principalities of Kishtwar and Bhadarwah, both of which were part of Udhampur district in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. In addition, Paddar used to be part of Chamba State in the past and was later added to the princely state. Kashmiris form the largest group in the three districts while Gujjars, Dogras, Paharis and Bhaderwahis have significant population. Chenab Valley is rich in cultural heritage and ethical values, but also has age-old traditions of secularism and tolerance.[16]This region in Jammu and Kashmir has a long history intertwined with legends and stories of various rulers and dynasties. According to records from the State Revenue Department, the erstwhile district Doda got its name from its headquarters in Doda, which was named after a migrant from Multan, a utensil maker. He was persuaded by one of the ancient rulers of Kishtwar to settle in the area and establish a utensil factory. Over time, the name Deeda was distorted into Doda.[18]The early history of Chenab Valley is not well documented, with few chronicles available about the rulers of Kishtwar and Bhaderwah. The settlement reports indicate that the area was ruled by various groups including Ranas, Rajas, and independent chiefs from time to time, including the Jaral Ramas, Katoch Rajas, Bhaus Manhases, Chibs, Thakkars, Wanis, and Gakkars. In 1822 AD, Doda was conquered by Maharaja Gulab Singh and became the winter capital of the Kishtwar state.[19]Despite their geographical proximity, the Chenab Valley's history diverged from that of Jammu and Kashmir. While the latter served as a historical crossroads and witnessed the rise of the Dogra dynasty, the Chenab Valley, nestled in the Himalayas, maintained a relative degree of independence. Though communities like the Saraji and Gujjars inhabited the valley and contributed to its unique cultural tapestry, it remained outside Dogra control until the 19th century, eventually becoming part of their expanding kingdom.[20]The Fort of Doda was significant in the district's history and was one of the seventy forts in Jammu province, according to author Thakur Kahan Singh Balowria. The fort served as the office of the Thanedar and provided storage space for armaments and food grains. The fort was also built to protect against potential attacks from the Bhaderwah Rajas. The fort was made of unbaked bricks and had walls that were four feet wide and forty to fifty feet high, with dome-like towers at the corners. The fort was demolished in 1952 and as of 2023, the Government Boys Higher Secondary School Doda occupies its site.[21]English traveller G.T. Vigne visited Doda in 1829 and described his journey through the region. He mentions traveling through a deep and rocky nullah which joins the Chenab River,[b] and then crossing the river over a dangerous bridge in the Himalayas. Vigne writes about the bridge in Doda, a strong rope stretched from one bank to the other, tied to rocks. A wooden structure was placed over the rope and additional ropes were tied to it, allowing the structure to move back and forth. He also encountered another type of bridge, which was crossed on foot, made of small ropes bound with pieces of bark and woven into a thick rope. Hanging ropes were provided for support.[18][21]The area that includes the tehsil of Bhaderwah has a long history dating back to the 10th century. In 1846, Doda and Kishtwar became part of the newly created Jammu and Kashmir state after the Amritsar pact between the British government, Lahore Darbar, and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu. Bhaderwah was once a principality with 15 administrative units and has a recorded history going back to the Rajtarangni of Kalhan. The state of Bhadhrwah was established in the 15th century by a Sicon of the Baloria family of Bilawar. It was later ruled by the Raja of Chamb until Raja Nagpal became the ruler in the 16th century. Bhaderwah was then ruled by Nagpal's descendants until it was captured by the Kishtwar Raja. It became part of Chamba in 1821 and was transferred to Jammu Darbar in 1846. During this time, Bhaderwah was military-administered Label was appointed as the Kardar. The Bhaderwah Jagir was later bestowed upon Raja Amar Singh of Jammu and then to his son, Raja Hari Singh. When Raja Hari Singh became the Maharaja of J&K in 1925, he dissolved his Jagirs and converted Bhaderwah into a tehsil of Udhampur in 1931.[22]In 1948, the erstwhile Udhampur district was partitioned into the present Udhampur district, containing the Udhampur and Ramanagar tehsils, and Doda district containing the Ramban, Bhadarwah, Doda, Thathri and Kishtwar tehsils.[23][16][24]From 1975 to 1976, the Government of India conducted the Preinvestment Survey of Forest Resources specifically in the Chenab Valley by Department of Agriculture. During this period, a detailed survey of forests in the Chenab Catchment area was done in Doda, Bhaderwah, Kishtwar, and Ramban divisions of the forest.[25][26]In 1990s, various incidents were reported about the suppression of Hindus by the Militant organizations. In response to the rising terrorism, the government authorities made Village Defense Committee (VDC) in various villages. However some reports of VDC members indulging in criminal activities have also reported in the past. In a village called Karada, four Muslims were allegedly killed by VDC members. This incident also triggered the Terrorist organisations to target those who supported the VDCs, believing them to be anti-Muslim. Since 1990s, many such incidents of killings by Terrorist and VDCs have been reported.[27]As of 2001[update] census, the total population of Chenab Valley stood at 690,474, with 362,471 males and 328,003 females. Among the tehsils within the district, Kishtwar had the highest population, totaling 1.9 lakhs, while Thathri tehsil had the lowest population, with 0.42 lakhs. Doda ranked as the second most populous tehsil within the district, with a population of 1.5 lakhs, followed by Banihal at 0.94 lakhs, Bhadarwah at 0.61 lakhs, Ramban at 0.86 lakhs, and Gundoh at 0.58 lakhs. The hilly and challenging terrain of the region contributed to a low population density of only 59 people per square kilometer.[28]In 2006, Ramban was made into an independent district and the hilly area to the east of the present Doda district was separated as the Kishtwar district. The remaining areas include the Doda tehsil carved out of Kishtwar and the original Bhadarwah, now divided into three tehsils.[23][29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qazi_2005_p.-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qazi_2005_p.-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qazi_2005_p.-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qazi_2005_p.-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qazi_2005_p.-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qazi_2005_p.-30"}],"text":"The economy of Chenab Valley is influenced by its challenging topography and limited access to raw materials, technical expertise, and skilled labor. Data from the District Industries Center (DIC) in 1999-2000 indicates a limited industrial presence with only three registered factories and 43 formally registered small industries (SSI) units, along with 81 provisionally registered ones. The Khadi and Village Industries Board Doda established 69 cooperative societies and 2,190 units, providing employment to 4,380 workers during the same year. The district also hosts four industrial training institutes, offering training in various trades with an intake capacity of 497 students in 1999-2000.[28]Chenab Valley is endowed with vast forest resources, covering approximately 6,226 square kilometers, which accounts for 28% of the state's total area. These forests yield valuable timber varieties such as deodar, fir, kail, chir, and products like doop, resin, and guchhian.[28]The region's topography and agroclimatic conditions make it highly suitable for goat and sheep rearing, benefiting about 65% of the rural population. According to the 1997 census, there were 3.91 lakh sheep and 1.51 lakh goats. Presently, there are 98 sheep extension centers and two mobile sheep centers, along with 160 sheep units under Centrally Sponsored Schemes.[28]Agriculture and horticulture constitute the primary economic activities in Chenab Valley, complemented by the cultivation of commercial cash crops like saffron in Kishtwar, zeera in Paddcr, and Marsheela (Guchhi) in the coniferous areas of Bhaderwah, Doda, and Gandoh. The district's climate also supports sericulture, particularly in Bhaderwah.[28]Livestock farming plays a pivotal role in the economic development of Chenab Valley, with a livestock population of 797,779 as per the 1997 census, encompassing cattle, buffaloes, and poultry birds.[28]During leisure time, people engage in various handicrafts, including the production of lois, blankets, and woolen cloth (puttos). The government is taking steps to promote this sector alongside overall development efforts, including education, healthcare, and road construction.[28]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-C01-32"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-C01-32"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Religion in Chenab Valley (2011)[30]\n\n Islam (59.97%) Hinduism (39.23%) Others (0.80%)Sex Ratio in Chenab Valley in 2011 Census.[30](no. females per 1,000 males)\n\nReligion (and population)\n\nSex Ratio\n\n\nMuslim (pop 554,355)\n \n932\n \n\nHindu (pop 362,578)\n \n884\n \n\nOther (pop 7,412)\n \n722\n \n\nTotal (pop 924,345)\n \n913Muslims form a majority in the three districts constituting Chenab Valley. About 60% of the population was Muslim according to the 2011 census, and the rest 40% are mostly Hindus.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-C16-33"},{"link_name":"Kashmiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_language"},{"link_name":"Gojri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujari_language"},{"link_name":"Bhaderwahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language"},{"link_name":"Siraji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarazi_language"},{"link_name":"Dogri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_language"},{"link_name":"Kishtwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwari"},{"link_name":"Pahadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Padari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padari_dialect"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Kashmiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_language"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Gojri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojri"},{"link_name":"Kishtwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwari"},{"link_name":"Bhaderwahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language"},{"link_name":"Sarazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarazi_language"},{"link_name":"Dogri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_language"},{"link_name":"Rambani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambani_dialect"},{"link_name":"Pogali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogali"},{"link_name":"Pahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_language"},{"link_name":"Bhalessi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhalesi_dialect"},{"link_name":"Padri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padri_dialect"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Languages","text":"Languages of Chenab Valley (2011)[31]\n\n Kashmiri (47.03%) Gojri (10.17%) Bhaderwahi (9.90%) Siraji (8.28%) Dogri (5.03%) Kishtwari (4.18%) Pahadi (4.03%) Hindi (3.02%) Padari (1.86%) Other (6.51%)Chenab Valley is home to a variety of ethnic groups. Officially, Urdu and English are used, but the Chenab Valley is home to a variety of languages, including Kashmiri—spoken by almost half of the population,[32] Gojri, Kishtwari, Bhaderwahi, Sarazi, Dogri, Rambani, Pogali, Pahari, Bhalessi, and Padri.[33]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chenab_Valley&action=edit"},{"link_name":"DIG of Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_inspector_general_of_police#India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbzone-3"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"Village Defence Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Defence_Guards"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"As of 2023[update], the DIG of Police has a separate post for Chenab Valley known as the DKR Range; the R&B Department has now created a distinct zone for Chenab; and Chenab Valley has its own Forest Circle known as Chenab Forest Circle.[3] A militia named as Village Defence Guards was established in 1996 to fight anti-militancy operations in Chenab Valley.[34]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhaderwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaderwah"},{"link_name":"Jai valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_valley"},{"link_name":"Padri Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padri_Pass"},{"link_name":"Sinthan Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinthan_Top"},{"link_name":"Lal Draman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Draman"},{"link_name":"Jantroon Dhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantroon_Dhar"},{"link_name":"Pogal Paristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogal_Paristan"},{"link_name":"Bhal Padri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhal_Padri"}],"text":"Bhaderwah\nJai valley\nPadri Pass\nSinthan Top\nLal Draman\nJantroon Dhar\nPogal Paristan\nBhal Padri","title":"Major tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dams","title":"Major tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jammu_and_Kashmir_location_Chenab_Valley.jpg"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh"},{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)"},{"link_name":"Omar Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Abdullah"},{"link_name":"Pir Panjal Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Region"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Jammu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Jammu division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_division"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsclick-july-2021-1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Bhartiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhartiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"JKNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_National_Conference"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"J&K Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Police"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Location of the districts for which separate divisional status is sought within Jammu and KashmirThere has been a movement demanding separate administrative division for the Chenab valley by various social and political activists for long time. In 2014, a major protest was called in Doda for the demand of separate administrative division.[36] The demand again rose in 2018 and 2019 when Ladakh got divisional status and the former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, Omar Abdullah added \"Two Separate Divisional Status for Chenab Valley and Pir Panjal Region\" to his party's political agenda.[37] As of 2021, the movement for divisional status again increased after rumours of second bifurcation of J&K and demand for a separate state of Jammu.[38] There is a common reason for this demand. People allege negligence in terms of developmental issues by the government if the Chenab valley remains linked to the Jammu division.[1] The districts of the proposed Chenab Valley consists of six Assembly seats.[39]The Bhartiya Janata Party maintains that \"there is no Chenab valley and it is only the Jammu division for representation of the region\",[40] while the JKNC says that the demand is based on developmental negligence and wants separate divisions from Jammu division for Chenab valley and Pir Panjal.[41]The areas of the three districts are termed as the DKR Range (Doda-Kishtwar-Ramban Range) by police and military officials, while a separate Deputy Inspector General is posted for this range by J&K Police.[42]","title":"Demands for Divisional Status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. Farooq Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farooq_Abdullah"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Mufti Mohammad Sayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti_Mohammad_Sayed"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-i825-46"}],"sub_title":"Hill Development Council","text":"In 1996, Dr. Farooq Abdullah as Chief minister promised administrative autonomy to Chenab. Later in 2000, a bill demanding a Hill Development Council for Chenab valley was presented in the legislative assembly by the Sheikh Abdul Rehman (then MLA from Bhaderwah).[43]In July 2015, then Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Mufti Mohammad Sayed, rules out demand of Chenab Valley Hill Council and announced Chenab Valley Development Fund (CVDF) for development and upliftment of mountainous and remote districts of Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban.[44]","title":"Demands for Divisional Status"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major Incidents and Natural disasters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"2013 Earthquake in Chenab valley","text":"A 5.8 earthquake hit the Erstwhile Doda on 1 May 2013, killing two and injuring 69.[45] Seismic activity continued in the valley throughout 2013, prompting teams of seismologists to study the area. A local belief states that the earthquakes were being caused by hydroelectric construction projects in the area.[46]","title":"Major Incidents and Natural disasters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thathri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thathri"},{"link_name":"Doda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doda_district"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"2017 Thathri flash floods","text":"Flash floods wreaked havoc in Thathri town of Doda district of J&K, inundating vast areas along the Batote- Kishtwar National Highway and washing away half a dozen houses. Six persons were killed in the flash floods.[47]","title":"Major Incidents and Natural disasters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jammu-Srinagar national highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_44_(India)"},{"link_name":"Ramban district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban_district"},{"link_name":"Banihal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banihal"},{"link_name":"Ramban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban,_Jammu_and_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d781-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m988-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-q883-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-q883-52"}],"sub_title":"2018 Kela Morh Ramban Accident","text":"On 6 October 2018, a tragic accident occurred on the Jammu-Srinagar national highway in Ramban district near Marog, specifically at Kela Morh. A minibus carrying passengers from Banihal to Ramban plunged into a gorge after its driver lost control over the vehicle.[48]The accident resulted in the loss of twenty-two lives, including four women and the driver. Additionally, fourteen passengers sustained injuries, with ten of them being critically injured. Prompt medical assistance was provided, and ten critically injured passengers were airlifted to the army hospital at Udhampur, while two others were taken to Jammu for treatment.[49]Thirteen passengers with severe injuries were also airlifted to the military hospital in Udhampur. Two of them succumbed to their injuries at the hospital. On the other hand, three individuals with minor injuries were discharged after receiving first aid.[50]The tragic incident was investigated by then Doda-Kishtwar-Ramban Range DIG Rafiq-ul-Hassan, who confirmed that the minibus veered off the road at approximately 9:55 am. There were conflicting versions on whether the driver, Rehmatullah, lost control of the bus or the vehicle developed a technical snag.[50]","title":"Major Incidents and Natural disasters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kishtwar district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar_district"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"2021 Hunzar Kishtwar Cloudburst","text":"Cloudburst hits Hunzar hamlet in Dachhan area of Kishtwar district resulting into death of 26 persons and 17 injured on 28 July 2021. As per reports, only 7 dead bodies were recovered while 19 dead bodies were not found.[51] As of October 5, 2021, one out of 19 missing persons' dead bodies was found after more than 70 days, while 18 others remain missing.[52]","title":"Major Incidents and Natural disasters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doda district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doda_district"},{"link_name":"Batote-Kishtwar highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_244_(India)"},{"link_name":"Thathri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thathri"},{"link_name":"Doda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doda,_Jammu_and_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x128-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h067-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j733-57"},{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r580-58"}],"sub_title":"2021 Sui Gwari Accident","text":"The Sui Gwari Accident occurred on October 28, 2021, in the Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir. A tragic incident involving a mini-bus with the registration number JK17 4021 took place on the Batote-Kishtwar highway. The mini-bus was en route from Thathri to Doda when it skidded off the road, rolled down a deep gorge near Sui Gowari, and resulted in a devastating accident.[53]In the accident, eight people lost their lives on the spot, while several others sustained severe injuries. The injured victims were immediately rushed to nearby medical facilities for treatment.[54]Six more individuals succumbed to their injuries while receiving treatment at the Government Medical College in Doda and GMC Jammu. As a result, the total death toll reached fourteen.[55]In response to the incident, Prime Minister Narendra Modi conveyed his condolences to the families of the deceased and announced ex gratia payments to the next of kin of the deceased and the injured persons.[56]","title":"Major Incidents and Natural disasters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doda district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doda_district"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g5j12-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vxlpd-60"},{"link_name":"Thathri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thathri"},{"link_name":"Bhalessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhalessa"},{"link_name":"Bhaderwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaderwah"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e52s2-61"},{"link_name":"Thathri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thathri"},{"link_name":"Bhaderwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaderwah"},{"link_name":"Bhalessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhalessa"},{"link_name":"Kishtwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar_district"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cvvib-62"},{"link_name":"Ramban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban_district"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brqwg-63"},{"link_name":"National Centre for Seismology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_Seismology"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnxyf-64"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xnk0y-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wyxdk-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gudsl-67"},{"link_name":"Kishtwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Bhaderwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaderwah"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiatoday-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vu7gd-71"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cvvib-62"}],"sub_title":"June 2023 Chenab Valley earthquake","text":"On 13 June 2023, an earthquake occurred at 13:33 Indian Standard Time in Chenab Valley's Doda district.[57][58] It was centred near the town of Thathri, and also affected nearby Bhalessa and Bhaderwah areas in the same district and some areas of Jammu and Kashmir. It registered a minimal magnitude of 5.0 and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe).[59] As of 14 June 2023, there were at least five secondary earthquakes in the region, mainly near the original epicentre. A series of strong aftershocks occurred near Thathri, Bhaderwah, Bhalessa and Kishtwar.[60] On 17 June 2023, a low-intensity earthquake with 3 magnitude in Ramban area of erstwhile Doda region.[61] While another earthquake jolts erstwhile Doda district with 4.4 magnitude on richter scale, as per National Centre for Seismology.[62] While United States Geological Survey measured this earthquake as 4.3 magnitude.[63] On 18 June 2023, another earthquake hits Doda region with the intensity of 4.1 magnitude on richter scale at 03:50 am (IST).[64] On the same day at 05:22 am IST, an earthquake having epicenter in Doda district with intensity of 2.7 magnitude jolts the region.[65] The severity of the damage caused by the earthquake is attributed to severe upthrust. At least 56 buildings had collapsed and 369 others were damaged in Kishtwar.[66] Dozens of buildings including a hospital were also damaged in Bhaderwah.[67] At least five people were injured and hundreds were displaced.[68][69] Schools were closed on 14 June to evaluate damage.[60]","title":"Major Incidents and Natural disasters"}]	[{"image_text":"Location of the districts for which separate divisional status is sought within Jammu and Kashmir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jammu_and_Kashmir_location_Chenab_Valley.jpg/220px-Jammu_and_Kashmir_location_Chenab_Valley.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Jai valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_valley"},{"title":"Chinta valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinta_valley"},{"title":"Warwan Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwan_Valley"},{"title":"2023 Doda earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Doda_earthquake"},{"title":"Pir Panjal Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Region"}]	[{"reference":"Anzer Ayoob (17 July 2021). \"J&K: Chenab Valley Seeks Separate Divisional Status as well as Council\". NewsClick.in. Retrieved 20 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsclick.in/Jammu-kashmir-chenab-valley-separate-divisional-status-council","url_text":"\"J&K: Chenab Valley Seeks Separate Divisional Status as well as Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jammu and Kashmir Police - Zone/Range\". jkpolice.gov.in. Retrieved 3 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://jkpolice.gov.in/Zonal-Range-Hqrs","url_text":"\"Jammu and Kashmir Police - Zone/Range\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chenab, Pir Panjal among six new zones as J&K Government Orders Restructuring Of R&B Department\". The Chenab Times. 6 January 2023. 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Valley\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-chenab-valley-quakes-not-due-to-hydro-projects-scientists-1900120","external_links_name":"\"Chenab valley quakes not due to hydro projects: Scientists\""},{"Link":"https://www.sahapedia.org/sarazi-endangered-language-of-the-chenab-valley","external_links_name":"\"Sarazi: Endangered Language of the Chenab Valley\""},{"Link":"https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/more/news/story-of-doda-misunderstood-by-kashmir","external_links_name":"\"Story of Doda misunderstood by Kashmir\""},{"Link":"https://kashmirlife.net/mini-kashmir-1147/","external_links_name":"\"Mini Kashmir\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR21","external_links_name":"Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris"},{"Link":"https://www.sahapedia.org/sarazi-endangered-language-of-the-chenab-valley","external_links_name":"\"Sarazi: Endangered Language of the Chenab Valley\""},{"Link":"https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/02/01/the-lost-history-of-doda/","external_links_name":"\"The lost history of Doda\""},{"Link":"https://doda.nic.in/history/","external_links_name":"\"History \| District Doda \| India\""},{"Link":"https://thechenabtimes.com/2024/03/04/why-the-world-says-kashmir-not-jammu-and-kashmir-a-story-of-history-identity-and-conflict/","external_links_name":"\"Why the World Says \"Kashmir,\" Not \"Jammu and Kashmir\": A Story of History, Identity, and Conflict\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230202044608/https://www.thedispatch.in/doda-brief-history-places-of-attraction/","external_links_name":"\"Doda: Brief History, Places of Attraction\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedispatch.in/doda-brief-history-places-of-attraction/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/past-present-of-doda/","external_links_name":"\"Past, present of 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Tehsils\""},{"Link":"https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW01C-01%20MDDS.XLS","external_links_name":"C-1 Population By Religious Community – Jammu & Kashmir"},{"Link":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10206/download/13318/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX","external_links_name":"C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir"},{"Link":"http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/introduction.html","external_links_name":"\"Spoken Kashmiri — A language course\""},{"Link":"https://thechenabtimes.com/2021/01/10/chenab-valley-languages-belongs-to-western-pahari-classification-bhc/","external_links_name":"\"Chenab valley languages belongs to Western Pahari classification: BHC\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-cops-overhaul-village-defence-committees-pdp-says-centre-design-to-arm-rss-workers-5833095/","external_links_name":"\"J&K cops overhaul village defence committees, PDP says Centre design to arm RSS 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highway\""},{"Link":"https://thechenabtimes.com/2021/07/28/kishtwar-cloudburst-two-more-bodies-recovered-toll-reaches-7-says-officials/","external_links_name":"\"Kishtwar Cloudburst: Two More Bodies Recovered, Toll Reaches 7, Says Officials\""},{"Link":"https://thechenabtimes.com/2021/10/05/hunzer-kishtwar-cloudburst-body-of-one-out-of-19-missing-people-found-after-70-days/","external_links_name":"\"Hunzer Kishtwar Cloudburst: Body of one out of 19 missing people found after 70 days\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/many-killed-injured-as-mini-bus-falls-into-gorge-in-jks-doda/article37206447.ece","external_links_name":"\"11 killed, 14 injured as mini-bus falls into gorge in Jammu and Kashmir's Doda\""},{"Link":"https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/kashmir-todays-paper/doda-accident-injured-driver-succumbs-toll-reaches-14","external_links_name":"\"Doda accident Injured driver succumbs, toll reaches 14\""},{"Link":"https://thechenabtimes.com/2021/10/30/after-fighting-with-life-for-three-days-the-driver-of-the-suigwari-doda-minibus-succumbs-death-toll-rises-to-14/","external_links_name":"\"After fighting with life for three days, the driver of the Suigwari Doda minibus succumbs, death toll rises to 14\""},{"Link":"http://www.uniindia.com/news/north/10-killed-in-j-k-s-doda-pm-announces-ex-gratia/2546977.html","external_links_name":"\"10 killed in J&K's Doda, PM announces ex-gratia\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/india/magnitude-54-earthquake-strikes-eastern-kashmir-india-emsc-2023-06-13/","external_links_name":"\"Magnitude 5.4 earthquake strikes eastern Kashmir, India\""},{"Link":"https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/06/14/4-2-2-7-magnitude-aftershocks-rock-doda-district-residents-on-edge-as-earthquakes-continue/","external_links_name":"\"4.2, 2.7 Magnitude Aftershocks Rock Doda District: Residents on Edge as Earthquakes Continue\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000k850/origin/detail","external_links_name":"\"M 5.0 - 21 km NE of Bhadarwāh, India\""},{"Link":"https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/06/14/precautionary-closure-of-schools-in-thathri-gandoh-and-bhaderwah-education-zones-amid-ongoing-aftershocks/","external_links_name":"\"Precautionary Closure of Schools in Thathri, Gandoh and Bhaderwah Education Zones Amid Ongoing Aftershocks\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesnownews.com/india/breaking-earthquake-hits-jammu-and-kashmirs-ramban-article-101065669","external_links_name":"\"Magnitude 3 Earthquake Hits Jammu And Kashmir's Ramban\""},{"Link":"https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/06/17/chenab-valley-shaken-by-another-aftershock-4-4-magnitude-earthquake-jolts-doda-kishtwar-districts/","external_links_name":"\"Chenab Valley Shaken by Another Aftershock: 4.4 Magnitude Earthquake Jolts Doda-Kishtwar 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closed\""},{"Link":"https://www.greaterkashmir.com/story/chenab-valley/two-injured-as-earthquake-damages-residential-houses-govt-offices-in-bhaderwah","external_links_name":"\"Two injured as earthquake damages residential houses, govt offices in Bhaderwah\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/earthquake-jammu-kashmir-katra-doda-tremors-epicentre-magnitude-2392793-2023-06-14","external_links_name":"\"3 earthquakes jolt Jammu and Kashmir's Doda, Katra areas\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/india/earthquake-delhi-ncr-india-8660401/","external_links_name":"\"Earthquake in Kashmir; 4 injured, several buildings develop cracks in Doda district\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/235687036","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waters_Boyce	William W. Boyce	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 References"]	American politician For other people named William Boyce, see William Boyce (disambiguation). William Waters BoyceMember of the C.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 6th districtIn officeFebruary 18, 1862 – March 18, 1865Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byPosition abolishedMember of the C.S. Congressfrom South CarolinaIn officeFebruary 8, 1861 – February 17, 1862Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byPosition abolishedMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom South Carolina's 6th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1853 – December 21, 1860Preceded byWilliam AikenSucceeded byPosition abolishedGeorge Dargan (1883)Member of the South Carolina House of RepresentativesIn office1846–1847 Personal detailsBorn(1818-10-24)October 24, 1818Charleston, South CarolinaDiedFebruary 3, 1890(1890-02-03) (aged 71)NationalityAmericanPolitical partyDemocraticAlma materSouth Carolina CollegeUniversity of VirginiaOccupationLawyer William Waters Boyce (October 24, 1818 – February 3, 1890) was a slave owner, attorney, South Carolina state politician, and a U.S. Congressman. He was also a prominent Confederate States of America politician during the American Civil War. Early life and education Boyce was born in Charleston, South Carolina and attended South Carolina College (now the University of South Carolina) and the University of Virginia. He was admitted to the bar in 1839. Career Boyce served in the state House of Representatives from 1846–47. He represented South Carolina in the United States House of Representatives from 1853–60. He was a representative from South Carolina in the Provisional Confederate Congress, the First Confederate Congress and the Second Confederate Congress from 1861–65. From his position on the C.S. House Committee on Naval Affairs, he was known as partisan of "the coalition against Jeff Davis." He resumed his law practice after the war. References ^ Weil, Julie Zauzmer; Blanco, Adrian; Dominguez, Leo. "More than 1,800 congressmen once enslaved Black people. This is who they were, and how they shaped the nation". Washington Post. Retrieved August 5, 2022. ^ Escott, Paul D. (2006). Military Necessity: Civil-Military Relations in the Confedeacy. Greenwood Publishing. p. 19. United States Congress. "William W. Boyce (id: B000713)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Offices and distinctions U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byWilliam Aiken, Jr. Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 6th congressional district 1853–1860 Succeeded byDistrict abolished George W. Dargan (1883) Political offices Preceded byPosition established Deputy in the C.S. Congressfrom South Carolina February 8, 1861 – February 17, 1862 Succeeded byPosition abolished Articles related to William Waters Boyce vteSignatories of the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate StatesPresident of the Congress Howell Cobb South Carolina Robert Barnwell Rhett R. W. Barnwell James Chesnut, Jr. C. G. Memminger Wm. Porcher Miles Laurence M. Keitt William W. Boyce Tho. J. Withers Georgia R. Toombs Francis S. Bartow Martin J. Crawford E. A. Nisbet Benjamin H. Hill Augustus R. Wright Thos. R. R. Cobb A. H. Kenan Alexander H. Stephens Florida Jackson Morton Jas. B. Owens J. Patton Anderson Alabama Richard W. Walker Robt. H. Smith Colin J. McRae Jno. Gill Shorter William Parish Chilton Stephen F. Hale David P. Lewis Tho. Fearn J. L. M. Curry Mississippi W. P. Harris Alexander M. Clayton W. S. Wilson James T. Harrison Walker Brooke William S. Barry J. A. P. Campbell Louisiana John Perkins, Jr. Alex. de Clouet C. M. Conrad Duncan F. Kenner Edward Sparrow Henry Marshall Texas Thomas N. Waul Williamson S. Oldham John Gregg John H. Reagan W. B. Ochiltree John Hemphill Louis T. Wigfall Category Commons vteSignatories of the Confederate States ConstitutionPresident of the Congress Howell Cobb South Carolina Robert Barnwell Rhett C. G. Memminger Wm. Porcher Miles James Chesnut Jr. R. W. Barnwell William W. Boyce Laurence Keitt T. J. Withers Georgia R. Toombs Francis S. Bartow Martin J. Crawford Alexander H. Stephens Benjamin H. Hill Thos. R. R. Cobb E. A. Nisbet Augustus R. Wright A. H. Kenan Florida Jackson Morton J. Patton Anderson Jas. B. Owens Alabama Richard W. Walker Robt. H. Smith Colin J. McRae William P. Chilton Stephen F. Hale David P. Lewis Tho. Fearn Jno. Gill Shorter J. L. M. Curry Mississippi Alexander M. Clayton James T. Harrison William S. Barry W. S. Wilson Walker Brooke W. P. Harris J. A. P. Campbell Louisiana John Perkins Jr. Alex. de Clouet C. M. Conrad Duncan F. Kenner Henry Marshall Edward Sparrow Texas John Hemphill Thomas N. Waul John H. Reagan Williamson S. Oldham Louis T. Wigfall John Gregg William Beck Ochiltree Category Commons Portals: American Civil War Biography Politics United States Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress Other SNAC This article about a South Carolina politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Boyce (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Boyce_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"U.S. Congressman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congressman"},{"link_name":"Confederate States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"}],"text":"For other people named William Boyce, see William Boyce (disambiguation).William Waters Boyce (October 24, 1818 – February 3, 1890) was a slave owner,[1] attorney, South Carolina state politician, and a U.S. Congressman. He was also a prominent Confederate States of America politician during the American Civil War.","title":"William W. 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He was admitted to the bar in 1839.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Provisional Confederate Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Confederate_Congress"},{"link_name":"First Confederate Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Confederate_Congress"},{"link_name":"Second Confederate Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Confederate_Congress"},{"link_name":"Jeff Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Boyce served in the state House of Representatives from 1846–47. He represented South Carolina in the United States House of Representatives from 1853–60.He was a representative from South Carolina in the Provisional Confederate Congress, the First Confederate Congress and the Second Confederate Congress from 1861–65. From his position on the C.S. House Committee on Naval Affairs, he was known as partisan of \"the coalition against Jeff Davis.\"[2] He resumed his law practice after the war.","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Weil, Julie Zauzmer; Blanco, Adrian; Dominguez, Leo. \"More than 1,800 congressmen once enslaved Black people. This is who they were, and how they shaped the nation\". Washington Post. Retrieved August 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/interactive/2022/congress-slaveowners-names-list/","url_text":"\"More than 1,800 congressmen once enslaved Black people. This is who they were, and how they shaped the nation\""}]},{"reference":"Escott, Paul D. (2006). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Guarini	Alessandro Guarini	["1 Biography","2 Works","3 Notes","4 Bibliography"]	Italian Renaissance humanist Alessandro GuariniBornc. 1563Ferrara, Duchy of FerraraDiedAugust 15, 1636Ferrara, Papal StatesBurial placeSanta Maria degli Angeli (Ferrara)NationalityItalianOccupationsPoetRenaissance humanistDiplomatSpouse Virginia Palmiroli (m. 1586)Parent(s)Giovanni Battista Guarini and Taddea Guarini (née Bendidio)Academic backgroundAlma materUniversity of PerugiaInfluencesDante AlighieriTorquato TassoAcademic workEraRenaissanceInstitutionsUniversity of Ferrara Alessandro Guarini (c. 1563 – 15 August 1636) was an Italian writer, jurist and diplomat. He is famous for his dialogue Il farnetico savio overo il Tasso (1610). Biography Alessandro was the eldest of the four sons of Giovanni Battista Guarini, author of the Pastor Fido. He belonged to the family established in Ferrara by his ancestor Guarino da Verona. The date of his birth is uncertain. Sent at an early age to study at the University of Perugia, he promptly returned to Ferrara, complaining of poor health and bad treatment at the hands of his fellow students. His father commanded him to go back to Perugia. He respectfully declined (as he says), and had finally to take refuge from his angry parent at the home of an uncle at Parma. A reconciliation was effected in 1584. Two years later his father married him to a wealthy heiress, Virginia Palmiroli, whose father was recently dead, and himself took over the management of her property. Soon the young couple found courage to dispute this arrangement, and were driven from the house. They resorted to the law; but Duke Alfonso II d'Este, to avoid scandal, appointed an arbiter. Seemingly his decision was too favorable to the son, for the old poet soon after gave up his offices at Court and retired from Ferrara. In 1593 father and son once more were reconciled in a meeting at the Court of the Gonzaga at Mantua. Alessandro soon after began to reside in Padua. Trouble again broke out in 1601. This time Alessandro left Italy, accompanying Guido Bentivoglio to Brussels; but he was compelled to hasten back to meet the lawsuit his father had set in motion against him in his absence. In 1610 Giovanni Battista Guarini published a pamphlet attacking his son. Alessandro had won the suit. Alessandro Guarini seems at one time to have been professor of literae humaniores in Ferrara, and Secretary to the Duke. He was one of the founders of the Accademia degli Intrepidi of Ferrara. He died in Ferrara on August 15, 1636. Works Besides minor verses, which appear never to have been collected, he published a tragicomedy, Bradamante Gelosa (Ferrara, 1616), and three prose works: a Trattato del vero, e real fondamento della catolica fede (1635), an Apologia di Cesare (ibid., 1632), and Il farnetico savio overo il Tasso (ibid., 1610), a dialogue on literary theory between the poet Cesare Caporali and Torquato Tasso, whom Alessandro had known since his childhood. His Lettere were published in Ferrara in 1611. Notes ^ a b Di Benedetto 1970. ^ Diffley 2002. ^ a b c d e f g h Cerroni 2003. ^ Tiraboschi 1785, p. 228. Bibliography Diffley, P. (2002). "Guarini, Alessandro". The Oxford Companion to Italian Literature. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 May 2023. Tiraboschi, Girolamo (1785). Storia della letteratura italiana. Vol. VII Part III. Rome: Luigi Perego Salvioni. Croce, Benedetto (1931). "Alessandro Guarini storico e critico". Nuovi Saggi Sulla Letteratura Italiana del Seicento. Bari: Laterza: 106–114. Di Benedetto, Arnaldo (1967). "Un paragrafo della storia della cultura ferrarese tra Cinque e Seicento: Alessandro Guarini". Giornale Storico della Letteratura Italiana. 144: 261–291. Di Benedetto, Arnaldo (1970). "Guarini, Alessandro". Enciclopedia Dantesca. Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Cerroni, Monica (2003). "GUARINI, Alessandro, il Giovane". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 60: Grosso–Guglielmo da Forli (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Netherlands Vatican Academics CiNii People Italian People Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiffley2002-2"}],"text":"Alessandro Guarini (c. 1563 – 15 August 1636) was an Italian writer, jurist and diplomat. He is famous for his dialogue Il farnetico savio overo il Tasso (1610).[2]","title":"Alessandro Guarini"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Guarini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Guarini"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerroni2003-3"},{"link_name":"Guarino da Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarino_da_Verona"},{"link_name":"University of Perugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Perugia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerroni2003-3"},{"link_name":"Perugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perugia"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerroni2003-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerroni2003-3"},{"link_name":"Alfonso II d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_II_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Ferrara"},{"link_name":"arbiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitral_tribunal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerroni2003-3"},{"link_name":"Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua"},{"link_name":"Guido Bentivoglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Bentivoglio"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"literae humaniores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literae_humaniores"},{"link_name":"Ferrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ferrara"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiraboschi1785228-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerroni2003-3"}],"text":"Alessandro was the eldest of the four sons of Giovanni Battista Guarini, author of the Pastor Fido.[3] He belonged to the family established in Ferrara by his ancestor Guarino da Verona. The date of his birth is uncertain. Sent at an early age to study at the University of Perugia, he promptly returned to Ferrara, complaining of poor health and bad treatment at the hands of his fellow students.[3] His father commanded him to go back to Perugia. He respectfully declined (as he says), and had finally to take refuge from his angry parent at the home of an uncle at Parma. A reconciliation was effected in 1584.[3] Two years later his father married him to a wealthy heiress, Virginia Palmiroli, whose father was recently dead, and himself took over the management of her property.[3] Soon the young couple found courage to dispute this arrangement, and were driven from the house. They resorted to the law; but Duke Alfonso II d'Este, to avoid scandal, appointed an arbiter.[3] Seemingly his decision was too favorable to the son, for the old poet soon after gave up his offices at Court and retired from Ferrara. In 1593 father and son once more were reconciled in a meeting at the Court of the Gonzaga at Mantua. Alessandro soon after began to reside in Padua. Trouble again broke out in 1601. This time Alessandro left Italy, accompanying Guido Bentivoglio to Brussels; but he was compelled to hasten back to meet the lawsuit his father had set in motion against him in his absence. In 1610 Giovanni Battista Guarini published a pamphlet attacking his son. Alessandro had won the suit.Alessandro Guarini seems at one time to have been professor of literae humaniores in Ferrara, and Secretary to the Duke.[4] He was one of the founders of the Accademia degli Intrepidi of Ferrara.[3] He died in Ferrara on August 15, 1636.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tragicomedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragicomedy"},{"link_name":"literary theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_theory"},{"link_name":"Cesare Caporali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Caporali"},{"link_name":"Torquato Tasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquato_Tasso"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerroni2003-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerroni2003-3"}],"text":"Besides minor verses, which appear never to have been collected, he published a tragicomedy, Bradamante Gelosa (Ferrara, 1616), and three prose works: a Trattato del vero, e real fondamento della catolica fede (1635), an Apologia di Cesare (ibid., 1632), and Il farnetico savio overo il Tasso (ibid., 1610), a dialogue on literary theory between the poet Cesare Caporali and Torquato Tasso, whom Alessandro had known since his childhood.[3] His Lettere were published in Ferrara in 1611.[3]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDi_Benedetto1970_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDi_Benedetto1970_1-1"},{"link_name":"Di Benedetto 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDi_Benedetto1970"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiffley2002_2-0"},{"link_name":"Diffley 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1785","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTiraboschi1785"}],"text":"^ a b Di Benedetto 1970.\n\n^ Diffley 2002.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Cerroni 2003.\n\n^ Tiraboschi 1785, p. 228.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Guarini, Alessandro\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198183327.001.0001/acref-9780198183327-e-1606"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Tiraboschi, Girolamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Tiraboschi"},{"link_name":"Storia della letteratura italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8LO54WN9YU0C"},{"link_name":"Croce, Benedetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce"},{"link_name":"\"Guarini, Alessandro\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alessandro-guarini_(Enciclopedia-Dantesca)"},{"link_name":"Enciclopedia 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(2002). \"Guarini, Alessandro\". The Oxford Companion to Italian Literature. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 May 2023.\nTiraboschi, Girolamo (1785). Storia della letteratura italiana. Vol. VII Part III. Rome: Luigi Perego Salvioni.\nCroce, Benedetto (1931). \"Alessandro Guarini storico e critico\". Nuovi Saggi Sulla Letteratura Italiana del Seicento. Bari: Laterza: 106–114.\nDi Benedetto, Arnaldo (1967). \"Un paragrafo della storia della cultura ferrarese tra Cinque e Seicento: Alessandro Guarini\". Giornale Storico della Letteratura Italiana. 144: 261–291.\nDi Benedetto, Arnaldo (1970). \"Guarini, Alessandro\". Enciclopedia Dantesca. Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.\nCerroni, Monica (2003). \"GUARINI, Alessandro, il Giovane\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 60: Grosso–Guglielmo da Forli (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_button	Panic button	["1 Alarm","2 Medical alert","3 Holdup alarms","4 Taxi alarm","5 Personal alarm","6 Monitoring services","7 MIDI","8 Popular culture","9 See also","10 References"]	Device that alerts others to the presence of an emergency For other uses, see Panic button (disambiguation). A panic button in an Ola cab in Kolkata, for passenger use A panic alarm is an electronic device that can easily be activated to request help during an emergency where danger to persons or property exists. It is designed to contact assistance quicker, easier, and simpler (in some cases, less conspicuously) than a conventional phone call. A panic alarm is frequently but not always controlled by a concealed panic alarm button. These buttons can be connected to a monitoring center or locally via a silent alarm or an audible bell/siren. The alarm can be used to request emergency assistance from local security, police or emergency services. Some systems can also activate closed-circuit television to record or assess the event. Many panic alarm buttons lock on when pressed, and require a key to reset them. Others may have a short delay during which time the request of help can be cancelled. Alarm Examples of alarm panic buttons are: A button in a critical system (such as a nuclear weapons system) used to quickly activate an extreme measure to mitigate an emergency situation. A red button integral to key fobs which activates a car alarm's siren. A device given to elderly individuals in order to maintain their independence outside of a care facility, while still affording them a means of summoning help should they require it (i.e. a medical emergency that renders them immobile, like a fall, injury or illness). Such a device can also be referred to as an Emergency Medical Alert (EMA) button and can be fitted as either a pendant or bracelet to be worn by the user. MAB's (Medical Alert Bracelets) are usually wireless connected to a call center. When the alarm is raised, an operator will call the individual's home to ensure a false alarm has not occurred; if there is no answer, the operator will alert either family members, emergency services, or both. A button similar to the above, which is used indoors in self-sufficient houses for elderly people, where it alerts someone inside the house, who will then first check for a false alarm by phoning the person, and if there is no false alarm, will enter the person's flat to check what is the problem. A button used in convenience stores, gas station, or other establishments staffed with a single employee during late hours. Often located under the counter near the cash register or safe, the button can be pressed in times of distress (such as robbery, disruptive or threatening behavior, or a situation which may warrant assistance), triggering a silent alarm. If the button alarms a private security company, a fee may be charged for each time the button is used. This prevents misuse, and often aids in the employees judgment of the situation; whether or not it warrants the fee to have help to deal with the situation. Medical alert A medical alert panic button or medical alarm is an electronic device worn on a bracelet or necklace as part of a medical alert system. When pressed, it sends a wireless signal to a home console which dials alarm monitoring staff and alerts them of an emergency condition. Depending on the severity of the situation, alarm monitoring staff will summon friends, family, or emergency services. A panic button alarm is a self-contained electronic device powered by an internal long-life battery, typically Waterproof and designed to be shock resistant and highly durable. In a medical emergency, the advantage over a simple cell phone is that the person in distress may not have the ability to dial the three digits for 911, and may not have the capability to vocalize. The end user does need to enter information prior to when it will be used. Holdup alarms Holdup alarms are alarms that require a person under duress: ”someone in the room causing distress” to covertly trigger the alarm to summon the proper authorities. These types of alarms are most commonly found in retail establishments and financial institutions, but are sometimes an integrated feature of home burglar alarms. The trigger could be a push button, electronic money clip, a foot rail, or a number of other things. Either the person under duress or a witness can activate this kind of alarm. For example, if someone is ambushed outside of their home and told to disable their alarm system they can possibly enter a special duress code that is different from their normal deactivation code to notify authorities without arousing suspicion. These alarms are almost always silent and usually require a manual reset with a key or a special code. Taxi alarm The purpose of a taxi alarm is for situations when either the driver or the passenger feel unsafe due to threatening behavior by the other or by an outside party, access to an alarm, silent or traditional sound, both to scare off the attacker and to summon help. Personal alarm A personal safety alarm starts sounding once the emergency button is pressed. A personal alarm is a small hand-held electronic device with the functionality to emit a loud siren-like alarming sound. It is activated either by a button, or a tag that, when pulled, sets the siren off. It is used to attract attention in order to scare off an assailant. The sound emitted can also have the effect of distracting, disorienting, or surprising the assailant. The volume varies from model to model, with some models having 130 decibels. Some personal alarms are also outfitted with an LED light for normal lighting purposes or to help deter an assailant. Due attention must be given to the fact that these devices can give a 'false sense of security' and therefore place the individual in danger. Some personal safety apps emit a loud intermittent "shrill whistle", in the manner of a personal alarm. According to the Suzy Lamplugh Trust, the best way to use a personal alarm is to activate it, to drop it on the floor near the assailant, and then to immediately run away. Monitoring services The monitoring service (central station) is a call center facility that is staffed at all times to receive calls from the system console. Monitoring service centers that are approved by Underwriters Laboratories (UL) have internal backup systems to add redundancy. Some monitoring services employ trained operators enabling them to better evaluate the severity of help requests. In most less developed countries however, response to panic alarms are slow. MIDI In a MIDI instrument when the note-off message for a played note is not received, the note will sound on endlessly, and also has the potential to rise in amplitude enough to damage the speakers or other components in the sound system. Hitting the panic button will send a note-off command to all keys, stopping any notes that were still playing. Popular culture The phrase "pressing the panic button" is part of pop culture, and "Time to Start Work on a Panic Button?" was a New York Times 2011 headline on an article about planning for global warming. Humorous variants of such a panic button also exist, such as a wearable button bearing only the word "PANIC" or an adhesive key, meant to look like a key for a computer keyboard, usually red, and also bearing only the word "PANIC". Related to this is the 'boss key' or 'boss button' - a keyboard shortcut "to quickly hide whatever you're viewing." One 2014 newspaper article described a related browser feature actually called PanicButton. See also Don't panic Duress code Kill switch Panic Pepper spray SCRAM Self-defense Self-defence in international law Stand-your-ground law References ^ a b c d Bromwich, Jonah E. (November 20, 2015). "A Panic Button for the Phone". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2023. ^ Certified Alarm Technician Level 1 Manual (1 April 2001) NTS (10 October 2007) ^ a b Julia Jacobs (November 11, 2018). "Hotels See Panic Buttons as a #MeToo Solution for Workers. Guest Bans? Not So Fast". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2023. ^ Emma G. Fitzsimmons (May 18, 2015). "Taxi Panic Button Proposal Stirs Questions About Safety and False Alarms". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2023. ^ Tracey Lien (February 13, 2015). "Uber to introduce panic button inside app". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 3, 2023. ^ "Looking for Personal Alarms for the Elderly? Here's What to Consider". Devcon Home Security. June 2, 2016. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2016. ^ Joy, Prathibha (January 19, 2013). "Distress apps: How safe?". The Times of India. Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013. ^ "Personal alarms". Suzy Lamplugh Trust. Archived from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2017. ^ Lisa Lerer (July 20, 2022). "A Republican Panic Button". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2023. pressing the panic button? ^ David Lauter (August 5, 2016). "Republicans Hit The Panic Button". The Los Angeles Times. ^ "Workers at Trump golf course and Terranea resort file lawsuit over 'panic button' ballot measure". The Los Angeles Times. June 20, 1018. ^ Justin Gillis (August 25, 2011). "Time to Start Work on a Panic Button?". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2023. ^ "How to watch the Olympics at work without getting caught". BizJournals.com (Kansas City). February 7, 2014. Mozilla Firefox also has a Panic Button .. a keyboard shortcut to quickly hide whatever you're viewing.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panic button (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_button_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ola_Panic_Button_-_Kolkata_2017-05-27_20170527111437.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ola cab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_Cabs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iUDAMEappNYT2015-1"},{"link_name":"security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"link_name":"emergency services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_services"},{"link_name":"closed-circuit television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iUDAMEappNYT2015-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Panic button (disambiguation).A panic button in an Ola cab in Kolkata, for passenger useA panic alarm is an electronic device that can easily be activated to request help during an emergency where danger to persons or property exists. It is designed to contact assistance quicker, easier, and simpler (in some cases, less conspicuously) than a conventional phone call.[1]A panic alarm is frequently but not always controlled by a concealed panic alarm button. These buttons can be connected to a monitoring center or locally via a silent alarm or an audible bell/siren. The alarm can be used to request emergency assistance from local security, police or emergency services. Some systems can also activate closed-circuit television to record or assess the event.[2]Many panic alarm buttons lock on when pressed, and require a key to reset them. Others may have a short delay during which time the request of help can be cancelled. [1]","title":"Panic button"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"key fobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keychain#Key_fob"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlacklistAlarmNYT2018-3"}],"text":"Examples of alarm panic buttons are:A button in a critical system (such as a nuclear weapons system) used to quickly activate an extreme measure to mitigate an emergency situation.\nA red button integral to key fobs which activates a car alarm's siren.\nA device given to elderly individuals in order to maintain their independence outside of a care facility, while still affording them a means of summoning help should they require it (i.e. a medical emergency that renders them immobile, like a fall, injury or illness). Such a device can also be referred to as an Emergency Medical Alert (EMA) button and can be fitted as either a pendant or bracelet to be worn by the user. MAB's (Medical Alert Bracelets) are usually wireless connected to a call center. When the alarm is raised, an operator will call the individual's home to ensure a false alarm has not occurred; if there is no answer, the operator will alert either family members, emergency services, or both.\nA button similar to the above, which is used indoors in self-sufficient houses for elderly people, where it alerts someone inside the house, who will then first check for a false alarm by phoning the person, and if there is no false alarm, will enter the person's flat to check what is the problem.\nA button used in convenience stores, gas station, or other establishments staffed with a single employee during late hours. Often located under the counter near the cash register or safe, the button can be pressed in times of distress (such as robbery, disruptive or threatening behavior,[3] or a situation which may warrant assistance), triggering a silent alarm. If the button alarms a private security company, a fee may be charged for each time the button is used. This prevents misuse, and often aids in the employees judgment of the situation; whether or not it warrants the fee to have help to deal with the situation.","title":"Alarm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medical alarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_alarm"},{"link_name":"bracelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracelet"},{"link_name":"necklace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklace"},{"link_name":"emergency services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_services"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iUDAMEappNYT2015-1"}],"text":"A medical alert panic button or medical alarm is an electronic device worn on a bracelet or necklace as part of a medical alert system. When pressed, it sends a wireless signal to a home console which dials alarm monitoring staff and alerts them of an emergency condition. Depending on the severity of the situation, alarm monitoring staff will summon friends, family, or emergency services. A panic button alarm is a self-contained electronic device powered by an internal long-life battery, typically Waterproof and designed to be shock resistant and highly durable.In a medical emergency, the advantage over a simple cell phone is that the person in distress may not have the ability to dial the three digits for 911, and may not have the capability to vocalize. The end user does need to enter information prior to when it will be used. [1]","title":"Medical alert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iUDAMEappNYT2015-1"},{"link_name":"burglar alarms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burglar_alarm"},{"link_name":"duress code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duress_code"}],"text":"Holdup alarms are alarms that require a person under duress[1]: ”someone in the room causing distress” to covertly trigger the alarm to summon the proper authorities. These types of alarms are most commonly found in retail establishments and financial institutions, but are sometimes an integrated feature of home burglar alarms. The trigger could be a push button, electronic money clip, a foot rail, or a number of other things. Either the person under duress or a witness can activate this kind of alarm. For example, if someone is ambushed outside of their home and told to disable their alarm system they can possibly enter a special duress code that is different from their normal deactivation code to notify authorities without arousing suspicion. These alarms are almost always silent and usually require a manual reset with a key or a special code.","title":"Holdup alarms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYCpanbuttonBillNYT2015-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The purpose of a taxi alarm is for situations when either the driver or the passenger feel unsafe due to threatening behavior by the other or by an outside party, access to an alarm, silent or traditional sound, both to scare off the attacker and to summon help. [4][5]","title":"Taxi alarm"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Personal_alarm.jpg"},{"link_name":"siren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siren_(noisemaker)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlacklistAlarmNYT2018-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"decibels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel"},{"link_name":"personal safety apps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_safety_app"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Suzy Lamplugh Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy_Lamplugh_Trust"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A personal safety alarm starts sounding once the emergency button is pressed.A personal alarm is a small hand-held electronic device with the functionality to emit a loud siren-like alarming sound. It is activated either by a button, or a tag that, when pulled, sets the siren off. [3] It is used to attract attention in order to scare off an assailant.[6] The sound emitted can also have the effect of distracting, disorienting, or surprising the assailant.The volume varies from model to model, with some models having 130 decibels. Some personal alarms are also outfitted with an LED light for normal lighting purposes or to help deter an assailant. Due attention must be given to the fact that these devices can give a 'false sense of security' and therefore place the individual in danger. Some personal safety apps emit a loud intermittent \"shrill whistle\", in the manner of a personal alarm.[7] According to the Suzy Lamplugh Trust, the best way to use a personal alarm is to activate it, to drop it on the floor near the assailant, and then to immediately run away.[8]","title":"Personal alarm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_station_(alarm_monitoring_center)"},{"link_name":"call center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_center"},{"link_name":"Underwriters Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"redundancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"trained operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_number"}],"text":"The monitoring service (central station) is a call center facility that is staffed at all times to receive calls from the system console. Monitoring service centers that are approved by Underwriters Laboratories (UL) have internal backup systems to add redundancy. Some monitoring services employ trained operators enabling them to better \nevaluate the severity of help requests. In most less developed countries however, response to panic alarms are slow.","title":"Monitoring services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"}],"text":"In a MIDI instrument when the note-off message for a played note is not received, the note will sound on endlessly, and also has the potential to rise in amplitude enough to damage the speakers or other components in the sound system. Hitting the panic button will send a note-off command to all keys, stopping any notes that were still playing.","title":"MIDI"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOPcultPanButtNYT2020-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOPsHitPanButtonLAT2016-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StopGopPanButtLAT2018-11"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"boss key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_key"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The phrase \"pressing the panic button\" is part of pop culture,[9][10][11] and \"Time to Start Work on a Panic Button?\" was a New York Times 2011 headline on an article about planning for global warming.[12]Humorous variants of such a panic button also exist, such as a wearable button bearing only the word \"PANIC\" or an adhesive key, meant to look like a key for a computer keyboard, usually red, and also bearing only the word \"PANIC\".[citation needed] Related to this is the 'boss key' or 'boss button' - a keyboard shortcut \"to quickly hide whatever \nyou're viewing.\" One 2014 newspaper article described a related browser feature actually called PanicButton.[13]","title":"Popular culture"}]	[{"image_text":"A panic button in an Ola cab in Kolkata, for passenger use","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ola_Panic_Button_-_Kolkata_2017-05-27_20170527111437.jpg/220px-Ola_Panic_Button_-_Kolkata_2017-05-27_20170527111437.jpg"},{"image_text":"A personal safety alarm starts sounding once the emergency button is pressed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Personal_alarm.jpg/220px-Personal_alarm.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Don't panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_panic_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Duress code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duress_code"},{"title":"Kill switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_switch"},{"title":"Panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic"},{"title":"Pepper spray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_spray"},{"title":"SCRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCRAM"},{"title":"Self-defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-defense"},{"title":"Self-defence in international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-defence_in_international_law"},{"title":"Stand-your-ground law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-your-ground_law"}]	[{"reference":"Bromwich, Jonah E. (November 20, 2015). \"A Panic Button for the Phone\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/nyregion/mobile-app-iudame-a-panic-button-to-save-lives.html","url_text":"\"A Panic Button for the Phone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Julia Jacobs (November 11, 2018). \"Hotels See Panic Buttons as a #MeToo Solution for Workers. Guest Bans? Not So Fast\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/11/us/panic-buttons-hotel-me-too.html","url_text":"\"Hotels See Panic Buttons as a #MeToo Solution for Workers. Guest Bans? Not So Fast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Emma G. Fitzsimmons (May 18, 2015). \"Taxi Panic Button Proposal Stirs Questions About Safety and False Alarms\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/19/nyregion/proposal-for-taxi-cab-panic-button.html","url_text":"\"Taxi Panic Button Proposal Stirs Questions About Safety and False Alarms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Tracey Lien (February 13, 2015). \"Uber to introduce panic button inside app\". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-uber-panic-button-20150213-story.html","url_text":"\"Uber to introduce panic button inside app\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Looking for Personal Alarms for the Elderly? Here's What to Consider\". Devcon Home Security. June 2, 2016. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201031100242/https://devconhomesecurity.com/blog/looking-personal-alarms-elderly-heres-consider","url_text":"\"Looking for Personal Alarms for the Elderly? Here's What to Consider\""},{"url":"http://devconhomesecurity.com/blog/looking-personal-alarms-elderly-heres-consider","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Joy, Prathibha (January 19, 2013). \"Distress apps: How safe?\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130524212411/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-19/computing/36431956_1_apps-distress-messages-nirbhaya","url_text":"\"Distress apps: How safe?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-19/computing/36431956_1_apps-distress-messages-nirbhaya","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Personal alarms\". Suzy Lamplugh Trust. Archived from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190509145349/https://www.suzylamplugh.org/faqs/personal-alarms","url_text":"\"Personal alarms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy_Lamplugh_Trust","url_text":"Suzy Lamplugh Trust"},{"url":"https://www.suzylamplugh.org/FAQs/personal-alarms","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lisa Lerer (July 20, 2022). \"A Republican Panic Button\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2023. pressing the panic button?","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/27/us/politics/a-republican-panic-button.html","url_text":"\"A Republican Panic Button\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"David Lauter (August 5, 2016). \"Republicans Hit The Panic Button\". The Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/la-pol-essential-politics-20160805-snap-story.html","url_text":"\"Republicans Hit The Panic Button\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Workers at Trump golf course and Terranea resort file lawsuit over 'panic button' ballot measure\". The Los Angeles Times. June 20, 1018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-panic-button-lawsuit-20180620-story.html","url_text":"\"Workers at Trump golf course and Terranea resort file lawsuit over 'panic button' ballot measure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Justin Gillis (August 25, 2011). \"Time to Start Work on a Panic Button?\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/time-to-start-work-on-a-panic-button/","url_text":"\"Time to Start Work on a Panic Button?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"How to watch the Olympics at work without getting caught\". BizJournals.com (Kansas City). February 7, 2014. Mozilla Firefox also has a Panic Button .. a keyboard shortcut to quickly hide whatever you're viewing.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/blog/2014/02/how-to-watch-the-olympics-at-work.html","url_text":"\"How to watch the Olympics at work without getting caught\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BizJournals","url_text":"BizJournals"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/nyregion/mobile-app-iudame-a-panic-button-to-save-lives.html","external_links_name":"\"A Panic Button for the Phone\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/11/us/panic-buttons-hotel-me-too.html","external_links_name":"\"Hotels See Panic Buttons as a #MeToo Solution for Workers. Guest Bans? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_Island	Row Island	["1 See also"]	Coordinates: 66°31′S 162°38′E / 66.517°S 162.633°E / -66.517; 162.633 Row Island (66°31′S 162°38′E / 66.517°S 162.633°E / -66.517; 162.633) is a small island, less than 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) in diameter, which lies just off the southeast end of Young Island in the Balleny Islands. John Balleny assigned the name in 1839 to an island which he reported to be 10 nautical miles (18 km) north of Young Island, naming it for J. Row, one of the merchants who united with Charles Enderby in sending out the expedition. Since the island reported by Balleny could not be found by other explorers in the vicinity, the name was assigned to this island discovered by the British ship Discovery II in 1936. Presently known as the coronation site of the Count of Balleny. See also List of antarctic and sub-antarctic islands This article incorporates public domain material from "Row Island". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. This article about the geography of New Zealand's outlying islands is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"66°31′S 162°38′E / 66.517°S 162.633°E / -66.517; 162.633","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Row_Island&params=66_31_S_162_38_E_"},{"link_name":"Young Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Island"},{"link_name":"Balleny Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balleny_Islands"},{"link_name":"John Balleny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Balleny"},{"link_name":"J. Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Row&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Enderby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Enderby"},{"link_name":"Discovery II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_Discovery_II"}],"text":"Row Island (66°31′S 162°38′E / 66.517°S 162.633°E / -66.517; 162.633) is a small island, less than 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) in diameter, which lies just off the southeast end of Young Island in the Balleny Islands. John Balleny assigned the name in 1839 to an island which he reported to be 10 nautical miles (18 km) north of Young Island, naming it for J. Row, one of the merchants who united with Charles Enderby in sending out the expedition. Since the island reported by Balleny could not be found by other explorers in the vicinity, the name was assigned to this island discovered by the British ship Discovery II in 1936.\nPresently known as the coronation site of the Count of Balleny.","title":"Row Island"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of antarctic and sub-antarctic islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antarctic_and_sub-antarctic_islands"},{"title":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits"},{"title":"\"Row Island\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:12976"},{"title":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"title":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7371757#P804"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg"},{"title":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"title":"outlying islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_outlying_islands"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Row_Island&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:OutlyingNZ-geo-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:OutlyingNZ-geo-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OutlyingNZ-geo-stub"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Row_Island&params=66_31_S_162_38_E_","external_links_name":"66°31′S 162°38′E / 66.517°S 162.633°E / -66.517; 162.633"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Row_Island&params=66_31_S_162_38_E_","external_links_name":"66°31′S 162°38′E / 66.517°S 162.633°E / -66.517; 162.633"},{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:12976","external_links_name":"\"Row Island\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Row_Island&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Avenue_station	Second Avenue station	["1 History","2 Station layout","2.1 Exits","3 Provisions for other lines","3.1 First Avenue Subway mezzanine","3.2 Express tracks","3.3 Second Avenue Subway service","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°43′25″N 73°59′28″W / 40.723616°N 73.991117°W / 40.723616; -73.991117New York City Subway station in Manhattan New York City Subway station in Manhattan, New York 2 Avenue New York City Subway station (rapid transit)View from northbound platformStation statisticsAddressEast Houston Street & Second AvenueNew York, NYBoroughManhattanLocaleEast Village, Lower East SideCoordinates40°43′25″N 73°59′28″W / 40.723616°N 73.991117°W / 40.723616; -73.991117DivisionB (IND)Line IND Sixth Avenue LineServices F (all times) <F> (two rush hour trains, peak direction)Transit NYCT Bus: M15, M15 SBS, M21StructureUndergroundPlatforms2 island platformscross-platform interchangeTracks4 (2 in regular service)Other informationOpenedJanuary 1, 1936; 88 years ago (January 1, 1936)Opposite-directiontransferYesFormer/other namesLower East Side–Second AvenueTraffic20234,192,759 17.4% Rank69 out of 423Services Preceding station New York City Subway Following station Broadway–Lafayette StreetF <F> toward Jamaica–179th Street Local Delancey StreetF <F> toward Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue Location Show map of New York City SubwayShow map of New York CityShow map of New York Track layout Legend to Broadway–Lafayette Street to Delancey Street Street map Station service legend Symbol Description Stops all times Stops rush hours in the peak direction only (limited service) The Second Avenue station is a station on the IND Sixth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, located at the intersection of Second Avenue and Houston Street on the border between the East Village and the Lower East Side, in Manhattan. It is served by the F train at all times and the <F> train during rush hours in the peak direction. History The station opened on January 1, 1936, as part of the portion of the Sixth Avenue Line between West Fourth Street–Washington Square and East Broadway. Upon opening, E trains, which ran from Jackson Heights, Queens to Hudson Terminal, were shifted to the new line to East Broadway. Two express tracks were built from West Fourth Street, under Houston Street, until Essex Street-Avenue A, with the express tracks effectively terminating at the Second Avenue station since there were no stops east of there. The tracks were intended to travel under the East River and connect with the never-built IND Worth Street Line in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. From December 2001 to June 2010, this station was known on transit maps and announced on digital announcements as the Lower East Side–Second Avenue station, when it served as the southern terminal for V trains. A limited number of rush-hour M trains from Queens terminated here between July 2017 and April 2018 during a reconstruction project on the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line (replicating the former V service). Station layout Ground Street level Exit/entrance Mezzanine Fare control, station agent Platform level Northbound local ← toward Jamaica–179th Street (Broadway–Lafayette Street) Island platform Termination track ← No regular service Termination track ← No regular service Island platform Southbound → toward Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue (Delancey Street) → The subway's holiday train at the station Second Avenue has two island platforms and four tracks. F trains run on the outer tracks, while the inner tracks are not used in regular service. When the station opened, all four Sixth Avenue tracks ran continuously from West Fourth Street through Second Avenue. During the construction of the Chrystie Street Connection in the 1950s and 1960s, the center express tracks at Broadway–Lafayette Street were severed from the tracks at Second Avenue and rerouted to the Chrystie Street subway, running through Grand Street station to the north side of the Manhattan Bridge. West (railroad north) of the station, the inner tracks are connected by a diamond crossover before merging with the outer local tracks; this allows the station to be used as a terminal for southbound trains. East (railroad south) of the station, the express tracks end at bumper blocks, while the local tracks continue along Houston Street before curving south into Essex Street and continuing through Delancey Street station. The trackside walls have a medium Parma violet trim line with a slightly darker border, and small tile captions reading "2ND AVE" in white on black run below it at regular intervals. The platform columns are concrete and painted indigo, and there are especially large columns with built-in benches at the centers of the platforms. Despite the station's name, the exit and mezzanine at Second Avenue is only open part-time. The full-time booth is located at the First Avenue mezzanine. The station previously had a full-length mezzanine. However, most of the mezzanine was closed, and the closed areas currently hold offices while the rest are used for storage space. Exits All entrances/exits are single-wide street stairs serving both platforms via the two mezzanine areas. The western mezzanine has two exits leading to the northwest corner of Houston Street and Second Avenue and the southwest corner of Houston Street and Chrystie Street. The eastern mezzanine has two exits leading to the northwest corner of Houston Street and First Avenue and the southwest corner of Houston Street and Allen Street. The closed mezzanine area had an exit to the median of Houston Street near Forsyth Street. Provisions for other lines View across the platforms First Avenue Subway mezzanine There is another, unfinished mezzanine on the east side of First Avenue. This second mezzanine is accessible only through now-blocked passages past the east end of the platforms. This mezzanine was built to address a subway down First Avenue, if one were to be built. Express tracks East of the station, the center tracks continue disused along Houston, but rise to an upper level and stub-end near Avenue A at bumper blocks. Near the end, these tail tracks begin to separate to create a provision for a center track which only extends about 10 or 15 feet and stops at the bulkhead at the end of the tunnel. It was planned that these tracks would continue under the East River to the South Fourth Street Line, part of a never-built system expansion. These tracks east of the station were previously used for train storage but became an oft-frequented spot for the homeless due to its location near local missions and soup kitchens. The area was cleared out in 1990, and corrugated metal walls with bumper blocks were installed just past the east end of the platforms to seal the tunnels. Second Avenue Subway service As part of the 1929 IND Second System, the unbuilt plans for the Second Avenue Subway called for the new line to run directly above the existing Second Avenue station. Room was left for the anticipated four-track right-of-way above the Sixth Avenue trackways and directly east of the entrance at Second Avenue; on the west end of the platforms, the ceiling drops. Above this lower ceiling is an empty space that can fit either four trackways, two side platforms, and one island platform (similar to 34th Street–Penn Station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line) or two trackways and two side platforms. The trackways can be made out from the ceiling pattern from the active platforms. The mezzanine at Second Avenue, possibly intended as temporary, has doors that lead to the unused track space. Crew rooms were built on most of the space prior to the introduction of the V. As part of the 21st-century construction of the Second Avenue Subway, a new Houston Street station will instead be built below the existing one, with a free transfer between them. The decision to use a deeper alignment under Chrystie Street was made to simplify construction and lessen impact to the community. Second Avenue service would be tentatively provided by the T train once Phase 3 of construction is complete. When this happens, the station would become a terminal station for southbound service. There will be a double crossover north of the station. However, Phase 4 of construction would extend the line south, below Houston Street, in the direction of Hanover Square. In addition to the current entrances, the Second Avenue Subway station will utilize a new entrance to be constructed at Second Avenue and Third Street. In accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Second Avenue Subway platform will be wheelchair-accessible; however, it is unknown if the Sixth Avenue Line platforms will also become accessible. Notes ^ See the Grand Street article for more information References ^ "Glossary". Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) (PDF). Vol. 1. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 4, 2003. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ a b "Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024. ^ "LaGuardia Opens New Subway Link". The New York Times. January 2, 1936. p. 1. Retrieved October 7, 2011. ^ Pirmann, David (November 1997). "IND Second System – 1929 Plan". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved August 30, 2016. ^ Kabak, Benjamin (November 2, 2010). "The history of a subway shell at South 4th Street". Second Ave. Sagas. Retrieved August 30, 2016. ^ Brennan, Joseph (2002). "Abandoned Stations : IND Second System unfinished stations". columbia.edu. Retrieved August 30, 2016. ^ Pirmann, David; Darlington, Peggy; Aryel, Ron. "Second Avenue station IND 6th Avenue Line". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved August 30, 2016. ^ Kershaw, Sarah (December 17, 2001). "V Train Begins Service Today, Giving Queens Commuters Another Option". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 14, 2016. ^ DeJesus, Juan (June 25, 2010). "Last Stop: New Yorkers Bid Adieu to V and W". NBC New York. Retrieved May 14, 2023. ^ "M Subway Timetable, Effective June 25, 2017" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Dougherty, Peter (2020). Tracks of the New York City Subway 2020 (16th ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 1056711733. ^ "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Lower East Side" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2015. ^ "LTV Inc". ltvsquad.com. Archived from the original on December 26, 2003. Retrieved January 12, 2022. ^ a b Maykuth, Andrew (February 26, 1992). "A Nether World They Call Home Under The Streets Of Manhattan, The Homeless Huddle In Remote Crannies Of The Subway Amid Crack Vials And The Reek Of Human Waste. Retreating Underground In A Search For". Philly.com. New York: The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved August 6, 2015. ^ Kaaufman, Michael T. (November 14, 1992). "ABOUT NEW YORK; Walking the Beat in the Subway's Nether World". The New York Times. Retrieved August 6, 2015. ^ "nycsubway.org: IND 6th Avenue Line". ^ Image columbia.edu ^ Track 2nd avenue colorthejoekorner.com Archived July 13, 2019, at the Wayback Machine ^ Street colorthejoekorner.com Archived February 14, 2019, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Abandoned Stations : IND Second System unfinished stations". ^ "Construction Methods, November 2002" MTA Capital Construction; Retrieved May 18, 2008 ^ Second Avenue Subway mta.info ^ "Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Appendix B: Development of Alternatives" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 5, 2015. ^ "Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Chapter 2: Project Alternatives" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 5, 2015. ^ a b "Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Track Diagram, South of 57th Street" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved July 9, 2015. ^ "Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Deep Chrystie Option" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved July 9, 2015. ^ Second Avenue Subway Proposed Phase 3 mta.info ^ Second Avenue Subway Proposed Phase 4 mta.info ^ a b "Second Avenue Subway Station Entrances: Community Board 3" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority, DMJM HARRIS, ARUP. May 20, 2003. Retrieved August 5, 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Second Avenue (IND Sixth Avenue Line). nycsubway.org – IND 6th Avenue: 2nd Avenue Station Reporter — F Train Abandoned Stations — IND Second System unfinished stations Second Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View First Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View Mezzanine from Google Maps Street View Platforms from Google Maps Street View vteEast Village and NoHoManhattan, New York CityGreen spaces Abe Lebewohl Park Carmen Pabón del Amanecer Jardín La Plaza Cultural de Armando Perez Liz Christy Garden New York Marble Cemetery New York City Marble Cemetery Open Road Park Tompkins Square Park Education Cooper Union 41 Cooper Square East Side Community High School Grace Church School Harvey Milk High School High School for Health Professions and Human Services Ottendorfer Library Third Street Music School Settlement Religion Church of the Immaculate Conception and Clergy Houses Church of the Most Holy Redeemer Church of the Nativity German Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Mark Grace Church Middle Collegiate Church Mission of Our Lady of Loreto (Sheen Center, Barat Settlement House) San Isidoro y San Leandro Western Orthodox Catholic Church of the Hispanic Mozarabic Rite Slovenian Church of St. Cyril in New York St. Ann's Armenian Catholic Cathedral St. Ann Church St. Brigid Roman Catholic Church St. Emeric Church St. George's Church St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery St. Nicholas Kirche St. Nicholas of Myra Church St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr Church Tabernacle Baptist Church CultureRestaurants/nightlife B&H Dairy Burp Castle CheLi Club Cumming Death & Co. 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Jewel Bako Kiev Restaurant Kim's Video and Music King Tut's Wah Wah Hut Kyo Ya Lanza's Limbo Lit Lounge Lynn Redgrave Theater New St. Marks Baths New Theatre Comique New York Vauxhall Gardens Now Gallery Old Reliable Theatre Tavern Other Music Paresis Hall The Ritz The Saint SideWalk Cafe Sin-é St. Mark's Bookshop St. Mark's Playhouse Ukiyo Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre Other buildings 51 Astor Place 339 Lafayette Street 640 Broadway 770 Broadway Astor Place Tower Bayard–Condict Building Bracetti Plaza Christodora House Colonnade Row Firehouse, Engine Company 33 and Ladder Company 9 First Houses Hamilton Fish House Hamilton-Holly House Isaac T. Hopper House Metropolitan Savings Bank Building Riis Houses Robbins & Appleton Building Schermerhorn Building Silk Building Tompkins Square Lodging House for Boys and Industrial School Stuyvesant Polyclinic Hospital Van Tassell and Kearney Horse Auction Mart Village View TransportationSubway stations First Avenue Second Avenue Third Avenue Astor Place Broadway–Lafayette Street/Bleecker Street Eighth Street–New York University Streets First Avenue Second Avenue Third Avenue 4th Street 6th Street (Curry Row) 8th Street and St. Mark's Place 14th Street Astor Place Avenue A Avenue B Avenue C Avenue D Bleecker Street Bond Street Bowery Broadway Cooper Square Great Jones Street Houston Street Lafayette Street Taras Shevchenko Place Regions Alphabet City Book Row East 10th Street Historic District East Village/Lower East Side Historic District Little Germany St. Mark's Historic District Yiddish Theatre District See also: Manhattan Community Board 2, Manhattan Community Board 3, 9th Precinct vteLower East SideManhattan, New York CityGreen spaces Coleman Playground East River Greenway East River Park Hamilton Fish Park Lowline Pier 42 Sara Delano Roosevelt Park Seward Park EducationCurrent Bard High School Early College NEST+m Seward Park Campus Former Etz Chaim Yeshiva Religion Adath Jeshurun of Jassy Synagogue Beth Hamedrash Hagodol Bialystoker Synagogue Chapel of Free Grace Christ Church Lutheran Church of Our Lady of Sorrows Congregation Chasam Sopher Eldridge Street Synagogue First Roumanian-American Congregation Kehila Kedosha Janina Meserich Synagogue Podhajcer Shul St. Augustine's Church St. Mary Church St. Rose of Lima Old Church St. Teresa Church Sea and Land Church CultureCommunity /museums Hebrew Free Burial Association Henry Street Settlement International Center of Photography Lower East Side Conservancy Lower East Side History Project Lower East Side Tenement Museum University Settlement Society of New York Food /nightlife 63 Clinton Attaboy Cake Shop NYC Clinton Street Baking Company & Restaurant Colors Contra Dhamaka Dimes Dirt Candy Double Chicken Please Economy Candy Essex Market Ivan Ramen Katz's Delicatessen King Tut's Wah Wah Hut Kossar's Bialys Mercury Lounge Rothko Russ & Daughters Shopsin's Sin-é Una Pizza Napoletana Yonah Schimmel's Knish Bakery Arts ABC No Rio Angel Orensanz Center Bluestockings Dixon Place Envoy Enterprises Foley Gallery The Lodge Gallery Orchard Rivington Street Wall Shin Gallery Tibor de Nagy Gallery Theater Folksbiene Rockwood Music Hall Metrograph National Theater The Slipper Room WOW Café Former Allen & Delancey Bar Uchū Luna Lounge Milk & Honey Ratner's wd~50 Other buildings 97 Bowery 247 Cherry Alfred E. Smith Houses Baruch Houses Blue Condominium Bowery Savings Bank Building Cooperative Village Essex Crossing Hernandez Houses Jarmulowsky Bank Building Knickerbocker Village Rivington House Rivington Street municipal bath Rutgers Houses Vladeck Houses Westchester House TransportationSubway stations Bowery Delancey Street/Essex Street East Broadway Grand Street Second Avenue Streets Allen Street Bowery Broome Street Chatham Square Cherry Street Chrystie Street Delancey Street Division Street East Broadway Eldridge Street Elizabeth Street Essex Street Forsyth Street Grand Street Henry Street Hester Street Ludlow Street Madison Street Mott Street Mulberry Street Orchard Street Rivington Street South Street Stanton Street History The Bugs and Meyer Mob Ludlow Street Jail Williamsburg Bridge Trolley Terminal Yiddish Black Hand Related topics East Village/Lower East Side Historic District Little Fuzhou Little Germany Yiddish Theatre District See also: Manhattan Community Board 3 vteStations of the New York City Subway, by service Queens Blvd Express/ Sixth Avenue Local Jamaica–179th Street 169th Street Parsons Boulevard Sutphin Boulevard Briarwood Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike 75th Avenue Forest Hills–71st Avenue Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue 21st Street–Queensbridge Roosevelt Island Lexington Avenue–63rd Street 57th Street 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center 42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue 34th Street–Herald Square 23rd Street 14th Street West Fourth Street–Washington Square Broadway–Lafayette Street/Bleecker Street Second Avenue Delancey Street East Broadway York Street Jay Street–MetroTech Bergen Street Carroll Street Smith–Ninth Streets Fourth Avenue Seventh Avenue 15th Street–Prospect Park Fort Hamilton Parkway Church Avenue Ditmas Avenue 18th Avenue Avenue I Bay Parkway Avenue N Avenue P Kings Highway Avenue U Avenue X Neptune Avenue West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue Queens Blvd Express/ Sixth Avenue Local (Rush Hour Express) Jamaica–179th Street 169th Street Parsons Boulevard Sutphin Boulevard Briarwood Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike 75th Avenue Forest Hills–71st Avenue Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue 21st Street–Queensbridge Roosevelt Island Lexington Avenue–63rd Street 57th Street 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center 42nd Street–Bryant Park 34th Street–Herald Square 23rd Street 14th Street West Fourth Street–Washington Square Broadway–Lafayette Street Second Avenue Delancey Street East Broadway York Street Jay Street–MetroTech Seventh Avenue Church Avenue Ditmas Avenue 18th Avenue Avenue I Bay Parkway Avenue N Avenue P Kings Highway Avenue U Avenue X Neptune Avenue West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue See also Lists by borough (The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens) Accessible Closed Terminals Transfer Commons category Note: Service variations, station closures, and reroutes are not reflected here.Stations with asterisks have no regular peak, reverse peak, or midday service on that route. See linked articles for more information. vteStations of the New York City Subway, by line (physical trackage)Second Ave. Line Planned stations, Phase 2: Harlem–125th Street 116th Street 106th Street 96th Street 86th Street 72nd Street Planned stations, Phase 3: 55th Street 42nd Street 34th Street 23rd Street 14th Street Houston Street Planned stations, Phase 4: Grand Street Chatham Square Seaport Hanover Square Sixth Ave. Line Main branch 57th Street Express branch Seventh Avenue 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center 42nd Street–Bryant Park 34th Street–Herald Square 23rd Street 14th Street West Fourth Street–Washington Square Broadway–Lafayette Street Chrystie St. Connection Grand Street Local branch Second Avenue Delancey Street East Broadway York Street See also Lists by borough (The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens) Accessible Closed Terminals Transfer Commons category Stations and line segments in italics are closed, demolished, or planned (temporary closures are marked with asterisks). Track connections to other lines' terminals are displayed in brackets. Struck through passenger track connections are closed or unused in regular service.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_station"},{"link_name":"IND Sixth Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"New York City Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"Second Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Houston Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"East Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Lower East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_East_Side"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"<F>","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fd_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"}],"text":"New York City Subway station in ManhattanNew York City Subway station in Manhattan, New YorkThe Second Avenue station is a station on the IND Sixth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, located at the intersection of Second Avenue and Houston Street on the border between the East Village and the Lower East Side, in Manhattan. It is served by the F train at all times and the <F> train during rush hours in the peak direction.","title":"Second Avenue station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Fourth Street–Washington Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Fourth_Street%E2%80%93Washington_Square_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"East Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Broadway_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"Jackson Heights, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Heights,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Hudson Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Terminal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-East_Broadway-3"},{"link_name":"IND Worth Street Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IND_Worth_Street_Line"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeJesus_2010-9"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"BMT Myrtle Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Myrtle_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The station opened on January 1, 1936, as part of the portion of the Sixth Avenue Line between West Fourth Street–Washington Square and East Broadway. Upon opening, E trains, which ran from Jackson Heights, Queens to Hudson Terminal, were shifted to the new line to East Broadway.[3] Two express tracks were built from West Fourth Street, under Houston Street, until Essex Street-Avenue A, with the express tracks effectively terminating at the Second Avenue station since there were no stops east of there. The tracks were intended to travel under the East River and connect with the never-built IND Worth Street Line in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[4][5][6][7]From December 2001[8] to June 2010, this station was known on transit maps and announced on digital announcements as the Lower East Side–Second Avenue station, when it served as the southern terminal for V trains.[9] A limited number of rush-hour M trains from Queens terminated here between July 2017 and April 2018 during a reconstruction project on the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line (replicating the former V service).[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nostalgia_train_2nd_Av_a_jeh.jpg"},{"link_name":"holiday train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway#Holiday_Nostalgia_Train"},{"link_name":"island platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"Chrystie Street Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrystie_Street_Connection"},{"link_name":"Broadway–Lafayette Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway%E2%80%93Lafayette_Street_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"Grand Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Street_station_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Bridge"},{"link_name":"diamond crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_crossover"},{"link_name":"Delancey Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delancey_Street_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-11"},{"link_name":"mezzanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzanine_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"First Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Avenue_(Manhattan)"}],"text":"The subway's holiday train at the stationSecond Avenue has two island platforms and four tracks. F trains run on the outer tracks, while the inner tracks are not used in regular service. When the station opened, all four Sixth Avenue tracks ran continuously from West Fourth Street through Second Avenue. During the construction of the Chrystie Street Connection in the 1950s and 1960s, the center express tracks at Broadway–Lafayette Street were severed from the tracks at Second Avenue and rerouted to the Chrystie Street subway, running through Grand Street station to the north side of the Manhattan Bridge.West (railroad north) of the station, the inner tracks are connected by a diamond crossover before merging with the outer local tracks; this allows the station to be used as a terminal for southbound trains. East (railroad south) of the station, the express tracks end at bumper blocks, while the local tracks continue along Houston Street before curving south into Essex Street and continuing through Delancey Street station.[11]The trackside walls have a medium Parma violet trim line with a slightly darker border, and small tile captions reading \"2ND AVE\" in white on black run below it at regular intervals. The platform columns are concrete and painted indigo, and there are especially large columns with built-in benches at the centers of the platforms. Despite the station's name, the exit and mezzanine at Second Avenue is only open part-time. The full-time booth is located at the First Avenue mezzanine. The station previously had a full-length mezzanine. However, most of the mezzanine was closed, and the closed areas currently hold offices while the rest are used for storage space.","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maps-12"}],"sub_title":"Exits","text":"All entrances/exits are single-wide street stairs serving both platforms via the two mezzanine areas. The western mezzanine has two exits leading to the northwest corner of Houston Street and Second Avenue and the southwest corner of Houston Street and Chrystie Street. The eastern mezzanine has two exits leading to the northwest corner of Houston Street and First Avenue and the southwest corner of Houston Street and Allen Street.[12] The closed mezzanine area had an exit to the median of Houston Street near Forsyth Street.","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2_Avenue_2_vc.jpg"}],"text":"View across the platforms","title":"Provisions for other lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"First Avenue Subway mezzanine","text":"There is another, unfinished mezzanine on the east side of First Avenue. This second mezzanine is accessible only through now-blocked passages past the east end of the platforms.[13] This mezzanine was built to address a subway down First Avenue, if one were to be built.","title":"Provisions for other lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avenue A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_A_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"bumper blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_block"},{"link_name":"East River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_River"},{"link_name":"South Fourth Street Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_New_York_City_Subway_expansion_(1929-1940)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhilInq-NYCSNetherWorld-1992-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhilInq-NYCSNetherWorld-1992-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"bumper blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_block"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Express tracks","text":"East of the station, the center tracks continue disused along Houston, but rise to an upper level and stub-end near Avenue A at bumper blocks. Near the end, these tail tracks begin to separate to create a provision for a center track which only extends about 10 or 15 feet and stops at the bulkhead at the end of the tunnel. It was planned that these tracks would continue under the East River to the South Fourth Street Line, part of a never-built system expansion.[14] These tracks east of the station were previously used for train storage but became an oft-frequented spot for the homeless due to its location near local missions and soup kitchens.[14][15] The area was cleared out in 1990, and corrugated metal walls with bumper blocks were installed just past the east end of the platforms to seal the tunnels.[16]","title":"Provisions for other lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1929 IND Second System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_expansion_of_the_New_York_City_Subway#1929%E2%80%931939_plans"},{"link_name":"unbuilt plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbuilt_plans_for_the_Second_Avenue_Subway"},{"link_name":"Second Avenue Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Avenue_Subway"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"34th Street–Penn Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th_Street%E2%80%93Penn_Station_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"construction of the Second Avenue Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_of_the_Second_Avenue_Subway"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-SASFEISAppB-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-SASFEISCh2-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-SASSouthDiagram-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-SASDeepChrystie-27"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-SASSouthDiagram-26"},{"link_name":"Hanover Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover_Square_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-SASCB3-2003-30"},{"link_name":"Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-SASCB3-2003-30"}],"sub_title":"Second Avenue Subway service","text":"As part of the 1929 IND Second System, the unbuilt plans for the Second Avenue Subway called for the new line to run directly above the existing Second Avenue station. Room was left for the anticipated four-track right-of-way above the Sixth Avenue trackways and directly east of the entrance at Second Avenue; on the west end of the platforms, the ceiling drops.[17] Above this lower ceiling is an empty space that can fit either four trackways, two side platforms, and one island platform (similar to 34th Street–Penn Station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line)[18] or two trackways and two side platforms.[19] The trackways can be made out from the ceiling pattern from the active platforms. The mezzanine at Second Avenue, possibly intended as temporary, has doors that lead to the unused track space.[20] Crew rooms were built on most of the space prior to the introduction of the V.As part of the 21st-century construction of the Second Avenue Subway, a new Houston Street station will instead be built below the existing one, with a free transfer between them.[21][22] The decision to use a deeper alignment under Chrystie Street was made to simplify construction and lessen impact to the community.[a][23][24][25][26] Second Avenue service would be tentatively provided by the T train once Phase 3 of construction is complete. When this happens, the station would become a terminal station for southbound service. There will be a double crossover north of the station.[25] However, Phase 4 of construction would extend the line south, below Houston Street, in the direction of Hanover Square.[27][28]In addition to the current entrances, the Second Avenue Subway station will utilize a new entrance to be constructed at Second Avenue and Third Street.[29] In accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Second Avenue Subway platform will be wheelchair-accessible;[29] however, it is unknown if the Sixth Avenue Line platforms will also become accessible.","title":"Provisions for other lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Grand Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Street_station_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)"}],"text":"^ See the Grand Street article for more information","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The subway's holiday train at the station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nostalgia_train_2nd_Av_a_jeh.jpg/220px-Nostalgia_train_2nd_Av_a_jeh.jpg"},{"image_text":"View across the platforms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2_Avenue_2_vc.jpg/250px-2_Avenue_2_vc.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Glossary\". Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) (PDF). Vol. 1. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 4, 2003. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210226132855/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/sdeis/glossary.pdf","url_text":"Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS)"},{"url":"http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/sdeis/glossary.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/137106","url_text":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"LaGuardia Opens New Subway Link\". The New York Times. January 2, 1936. p. 1. Retrieved October 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1936/01/02/archives/la-guardia-opens-new-subway-link-warmly-praises-delaney-as-he-puts.html","url_text":"\"LaGuardia Opens New Subway Link\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Pirmann, David (November 1997). \"IND Second System – 1929 Plan\". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved August 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nycsubway.org/articles/indsecond.html","url_text":"\"IND Second System – 1929 Plan\""}]},{"reference":"Kabak, Benjamin (November 2, 2010). \"The history of a subway shell at South 4th Street\". Second Ave. Sagas. Retrieved August 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://secondavenuesagas.com/2010/11/02/the-history-of-a-subway-shell-at-south-4th-street/","url_text":"\"The history of a subway shell at South 4th Street\""}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Joseph (2002). \"Abandoned Stations : IND Second System unfinished stations\". columbia.edu. Retrieved August 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.columbia.edu/~brennan/abandoned/indsecsys.html","url_text":"\"Abandoned Stations : IND Second System unfinished stations\""}]},{"reference":"Pirmann, David; Darlington, Peggy; Aryel, Ron. \"Second Avenue station IND 6th Avenue Line\". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved August 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Station:_2nd_Avenue_(6th_Avenue_Line)","url_text":"\"Second Avenue station IND 6th Avenue Line\""}]},{"reference":"Kershaw, Sarah (December 17, 2001). \"V Train Begins Service Today, Giving Queens Commuters Another Option\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/17/nyregion/v-train-begins-service-today-giving-queens-commuters-another-option.html","url_text":"\"V Train Begins Service Today, Giving Queens Commuters Another Option\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"DeJesus, Juan (June 25, 2010). \"Last Stop: New Yorkers Bid Adieu to V and W\". NBC New York. Retrieved May 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/new-yorkers-bid-adieu-to-v-and-w/1874763/","url_text":"\"Last Stop: New Yorkers Bid Adieu to V and W\""}]},{"reference":"\"M Subway Timetable, Effective June 25, 2017\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170625014519/http://web.mta.info/nyct/service/pdf/tmcur.pdf","url_text":"\"M Subway Timetable, Effective June 25, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"Dougherty, Peter (2020). Tracks of the New York City Subway 2020 (16th ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 1056711733.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nyctrackbook.com/","url_text":"Tracks of the New York City Subway 2020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1056711733","url_text":"1056711733"}]},{"reference":"\"MTA Neighborhood Maps: Lower East Side\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2015. 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Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved July 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/feis/figure2-05.pdf","url_text":"\"Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Track Diagram, South of 57th Street\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Deep Chrystie Option\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved July 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/feis/figure2-06.pdf","url_text":"\"Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Deep Chrystie Option\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Second Avenue Subway Station Entrances: Community Board 3\" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority, DMJM HARRIS, ARUP. May 20, 2003. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_taluka	Uran taluka	["1 Raigad district","2 Demographics","3 References"]	Coordinates: 18°53′02″N 72°56′02″E / 18.884°N 72.934°E / 18.884; 72.934Township in Maharashtra, India Taluka in Maharashtra, IndiaUranTalukaUranLocation in the Maharashtra state of IndiaCoordinates: 18°53′02″N 72°56′02″E / 18.884°N 72.934°E / 18.884; 72.934Country IndiaStateMaharashtraDivisionKonkanDistrictRaigadHeadquartersUranGovernment • BodyPanchayat Samiti Uran Raigad • ChairpersonNA • TehsildarShri. Bhausaheb Andhare • MPShrirang Barne (Maval Constituency) • MLAMahesh Baldi(Pen constituency)Area • Total1,503.61 km2 (580.55 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total160,303 • Density110/km2 (280/sq mi)DemonymUranakarLanguageTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN400702Telephone code02141Vehicle registrationMH-46, MH-06 Uran taluka is a taluka in Raigad district of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Raigad district As of August 2015, there were 8 sub-divisions, 15 talukas, 1970 villages, 60 revenue circles and 350 sazzas in Raigad district. The talukas being Alibag, Karjat, Khalapur, Mahad, Mangaon, Mhasala, Murud, Panvel, Pen, Poladpur, Roha, Shrivardhan, Sudhagad-Pali, Tala and Uran. Demographics Religions in Uran taluk (2011) Religion Percent Hinduism 90.31% Islam 6.04% Buddhism 2.16% Christianity 0.76% Other or not stated 0.73% Uran taluka has a population of 160,303 according to the 2011 census. Uran had a literacy rate of 85.69% and a sex ratio of 934 females per 1000 males. 18,784 (11.72%) are under 7 years of age. 69,475 (43.34%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 4.47% and 4.76% of the population respectively. Languages of Uran taluk (2011) Marathi (82.49%) Hindi (8.18%) Urdu (3.05%) Others (6.28%) At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 82.49% of the population in the district spoke Marathi, 8.18% Hindi, 3.05% Urdu as their first language. References ^ "महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके – महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या". Prahar (in Marathi). 27 November 2014. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015. ^ a b "Details of Sub-Divisions, Tahasils, Villages, Circles and Sazzas in Raigad district". Raigad District Collectorate. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2015. ^ "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011. ^ "District Census Hand Book – Raigad" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. ^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. vteRaigad districtTalukas Alibag Karjat Khalapur Mahad Mangaon Mhasala Murud Panvel Pen Poladpur Roha Shrivardhan Sudhagad - Pali Tala Uran Electoral constituenciesLok Sabha Raigad Maval Vidhan Sabha Panvel Karjat Uran Pen Alibag Shrivardhan Mahad Cities andtowns Agar Panchaitan Alibag (district headquarters) Ambivali Tarf Wankhal Bhivpuri Birwadi Chaul Dadar Dhatau Goregaon Harihareshwar Kalundre Kamothe Karanja Karjat Kegaon Khalapur Kherdi Khopoli Mahad Mangaon Matheran Mhasla Mohpada Mora Murud Nagothana Neral Pali Panvel Pen Poladpur Roha Roha Ashtami Shelu Shrivardhan Tala Taloje Panchnand Uran Utekhol Villages Agardanda Bamandongri Beed Khurd Bharadkhol Bhatan Bodni Chikhale Chondhi Dasgaon Devale Dhakti Jui Diwiparangi Kashele Kashid Jadhvawadi Khandas Khar Mazgaon Kihim Kolad Laxmikhar Lonere Mandwa Palaspe Pali Poladpur-Naneghol Poshir Rajpuri Rasayani Revdanda Rohinjan Salpe-Kharmare Saral Sarasgad Sarde Shirdhon Siddheshwar Vadhav Vasheni Vashi Vichumbe Wahal This Raigad district, Maharashtra, India location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"taluka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taluka"},{"link_name":"Raigad district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raigad_district"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prahar-20141127-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815-2"}],"text":"Township in Maharashtra, IndiaTaluka in Maharashtra, IndiaUran taluka is a taluka in Raigad district of the Indian state of Maharashtra.[1][2]","title":"Uran taluka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alibag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibag_taluka"},{"link_name":"Karjat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karjat_taluka,_Raigad"},{"link_name":"Khalapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalapur_taluka"},{"link_name":"Mahad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahad_taluka"},{"link_name":"Mangaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaon_taluka"},{"link_name":"Mhasala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhasala_taluka"},{"link_name":"Murud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murud_taluka"},{"link_name":"Panvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panvel_taluka"},{"link_name":"Pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_taluka"},{"link_name":"Poladpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poladpur_taluka"},{"link_name":"Roha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roha_taluka"},{"link_name":"Shrivardhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrivardhan_taluka"},{"link_name":"Sudhagad-Pali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhagad-Pali_taluka"},{"link_name":"Tala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tala_taluka"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815-2"}],"text":"As of August 2015, there were 8 sub-divisions, 15 talukas, 1970 villages, 60 revenue circles and 350 sazzas in Raigad district. The talukas being Alibag, Karjat, Khalapur, Mahad, Mangaon, Mhasala, Murud, Panvel, Pen, Poladpur, Roha, Shrivardhan, Sudhagad-Pali, Tala and Uran.[2]","title":"Raigad district"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religion-3"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_Buddhists"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langs-5"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"2011 Census of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langs-5"}],"text":"Religions in Uran taluk (2011)[3]\n\nReligion\n\nPercent\n\n\nHinduism\n \n90.31%\n\n\nIslam\n \n6.04%\n\n\nBuddhism\n \n2.16%\n\n\nChristianity\n \n0.76%\n\n\nOther or not stated\n \n0.73%Uran taluka has a population of 160,303 according to the 2011 census. Uran had a literacy rate of 85.69% and a sex ratio of 934 females per 1000 males. 18,784 (11.72%) are under 7 years of age. 69,475 (43.34%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 4.47% and 4.76% of the population respectively.[4]Languages of Uran taluk (2011)[5]\n\n Marathi (82.49%) Hindi (8.18%) Urdu (3.05%) Others (6.28%)At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 82.49% of the population in the district spoke Marathi, 8.18% Hindi, 3.05% Urdu as their first language.[5]","title":"Demographics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके – महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या\". Prahar (in Marathi). 27 November 2014. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444","url_text":"\"महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके – महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या\""},{"url":"http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Details of Sub-Divisions, Tahasils, Villages, Circles and Sazzas in Raigad district\". Raigad District Collectorate. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160614080045/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm","url_text":"\"Details of Sub-Divisions, Tahasils, Villages, Circles and Sazzas in Raigad district\""},{"url":"http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra\". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS","url_text":"\"Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Hand Book – Raigad\" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/822/download/36165/DH_2011_2724_PART_A_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Hand Book – Raigad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_India","url_text":"Census of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra\". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX","url_text":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uran_taluka&params=18.884_N_72.934_E_type:city(160303)_region:IN-MH","external_links_name":"18°53′02″N 72°56′02″E / 18.884°N 72.934°E / 18.884; 72.934"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uran_taluka&params=18.884_N_72.934_E_type:city(160303)_region:IN-MH","external_links_name":"18°53′02″N 72°56′02″E / 18.884°N 72.934°E / 18.884; 72.934"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444","external_links_name":"\"महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके – महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या\""},{"Link":"http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160614080045/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Details of Sub-Divisions, Tahasils, Villages, Circles and Sazzas in Raigad district\""},{"Link":"http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS","external_links_name":"\"Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra\""},{"Link":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/822/download/36165/DH_2011_2724_PART_A_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf","external_links_name":"\"District Census Hand Book – Raigad\""},{"Link":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX","external_links_name":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uran_taluka&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omake	Omake	["1 Description","2 See also","3 References"]	Japanese meaning "extra", referring to additional anime, manga and DVD content For the city, see Omak, Washington. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Omake" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series onAnime and manga Anime History Voice acting Companies Studios Original video animation Original net animation Fansub Fandub Lists Longest series Longest franchises Manga History Publishers International market Manga artist Doujinshi Alternative Gekiga New Wave Yonkoma Iconography Scanlation Lists Best-selling series Longest series Demographic groups Children Shōnen Shōjo Seinen Josei Genres Bara Cooking Harem Isekai Iyashikei Lolicon Magical girl Mecha Otomechikku Ryona Shotacon Sports Teens' love Yaoi Yuri People Manga artists Anime directors Fandom Conventions (list) Clubs Cosplay Anime music video Otaku Yaoi fandom General Glossary Ecchi Hentai Moe Anime-influenced animation 2.5D musical Anime song Anime and manga portalvte Look up omake in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Omake (御負け, usually written おまけ) means extra in Japanese. Its primary meaning is general and widespread. It is used as an anime and manga term to mean "extra or bonus". In the United States and United Kingdom the term is most often used in a narrow sense by anime fans to describe special features on DVD releases: deleted scenes, interviews with the actors, "the making of" documentary clips, outtakes, amusing bloopers, and so forth. However, this use of the term actually predates the DVD medium by several years. For at least the past fifty years in Japan, omake of small character figurines and toys have been giveaways that come with soft drinks and candy and sometimes the omake is more desired than the product being sold. In English, the term is often used with this meaning, although it generally only applies to features included with anime, tokusatsu, and occasionally manga. It is thus generally limited to use amongst fans of Japanese pop culture (sometimes called otaku); like many loan words from Japanese, omake is both the singular and plural form. Description This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Omake often include comedy sketches where the characters behave out of character, break the fourth wall, or subtly address opinions of the fandom known to the writers. Sometimes scenes from the TV show or OVA are humorously re-dubbed. One example, included on the Video Girl Ai DVD, replays scenes from the OVA series with new voice-acting in a rural accent. Other times, the same actors voice a new script that is more sexually suggestive, often ludicrously so. Omake can also consist of non-canonical, and often comedic crossover clips that sometimes occur at the end of episodes of two shows airing concurrently from the same studio, such as recent Kamen Rider and Super Sentai programs. A screenshot of an anime omake, taken from Gunbuster. Here, chibi versions of the main characters attempt to explain the concept of "Ice II". For anime, these are often presented in super deformed style, in the same way manga omake often is. For example, the anime OVA Gunbuster features super deformed characters trying to explain what the writers know to be mostly pseudo-science, or talking about their relationships with each other in a way they do not in the series itself. In the anime series Reborn!, one of the characters named Haru Miura has an interview with each of the characters of the anime in chibi forms, and the characters' answers to the questions are often something they would never say in the anime or the manga. For live action programs, although not animated, the expressions and sound effects used for comedic purposes can often be inspired by the omake found in the animated mediums. The term "omake" has use also in video games; the Sega game Shenmue II for the Dreamcast had a hidden folder on the game disc labelled "Omake", found by placing the disc into a computer, containing exclusive wallpapers and conception art. Another example of an omake in popular culture is related to Square's Final Fantasy IX. The secret "Blackjack" minigame after completion of the game is accessed by means of a button combination. The Final Fantasy "Playonline" site has a secrets section for Final Fantasy IX, which requires passwords given in the official Piggyback guide to enter. The password needed to reveal the button combination for the Blackjack minigame is E-OMAKE. The minigame itself is an omake. In some fiction writing communities based on forum sites, the term "omake" refer to derivative stories posted in a story thread, usually by users other than the author of the thread, and as a general rule are non-canonical by default. Members of these communities occasionally refer to having written or posted an omake with the term "omaked". Omake occasionally appears in fanfiction about anime or manga, after the story itself, usually as a humorous "alternative ending". An example of this is that at the end of each episode of Dance in the Vampire Bund is a 20–30 second chibi skit called "Dance with the Vampire Maids". See also Easter egg (media) Lagniappe References ^ Mazzarella, Sharon R. (2005). Girl Wide Web: Girls, the Internet, and the Negotiation of Identity - Google Books. Peter Lang. ISBN 9780820471174. Retrieved 2013-11-05.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omak, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omak,_Washington"},{"link_name":"omake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/omake"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"anime and manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_and_manga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scene_(film)"},{"link_name":"actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"outtakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outtake"},{"link_name":"bloopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blooper"},{"link_name":"medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_medium"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"soft drinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_drink"},{"link_name":"candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"tokusatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokusatsu"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"otaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku"}],"text":"For the city, see Omak, Washington.Look up omake in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Omake (御負け, usually written おまけ) means extra in Japanese. Its primary meaning is general and widespread. It is used as an anime and manga term to mean \"extra or bonus\".[1] In the United States and United Kingdom the term is most often used in a narrow sense by anime fans to describe special features on DVD releases: deleted scenes, interviews with the actors, \"the making of\" documentary clips, outtakes, amusing bloopers, and so forth. However, this use of the term actually predates the DVD medium by several years. For at least the past fifty years in Japan, omake of small character figurines and toys have been giveaways that come with soft drinks and candy and sometimes the omake is more desired than the product being sold.In English, the term is often used with this meaning, although it generally only applies to features included with anime, tokusatsu, and occasionally manga. It is thus generally limited to use amongst fans of Japanese pop culture (sometimes called otaku); like many loan words from Japanese, omake is both the singular and plural form.","title":"Omake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fourth wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_wall"},{"link_name":"OVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_video_animation"},{"link_name":"Video Girl Ai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Girl_Ai"},{"link_name":"non-canonical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-canonical"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Series"},{"link_name":"Super Sentai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Sentai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GunbusterSD.png"},{"link_name":"chibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibi_(term)"},{"link_name":"Ice II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_II"},{"link_name":"super deformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_deformed"},{"link_name":"Gunbuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunbuster"},{"link_name":"Reborn!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reborn!"},{"link_name":"Haru Miura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haru_Miura"},{"link_name":"chibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibi_(term)"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"Shenmue II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenmue_II"},{"link_name":"Dreamcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamcast"},{"link_name":"Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_IX"},{"link_name":"Dance in the Vampire Bund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_the_Vampire_Bund"}],"text":"Omake often include comedy sketches where the characters behave out of character, break the fourth wall, or subtly address opinions of the fandom known to the writers. Sometimes scenes from the TV show or OVA are humorously re-dubbed. One example, included on the Video Girl Ai DVD, replays scenes from the OVA series with new voice-acting in a rural accent. Other times, the same actors voice a new script that is more sexually suggestive, often ludicrously so. Omake can also consist of non-canonical, and often comedic crossover clips that sometimes occur at the end of episodes of two shows airing concurrently from the same studio, such as recent Kamen Rider and Super Sentai programs.A screenshot of an anime omake, taken from Gunbuster. Here, chibi versions of the main characters attempt to explain the concept of \"Ice II\".For anime, these are often presented in super deformed style, in the same way manga omake often is. For example, the anime OVA Gunbuster features super deformed characters trying to explain what the writers know to be mostly pseudo-science, or talking about their relationships with each other in a way they do not in the series itself. In the anime series Reborn!, one of the characters named Haru Miura has an interview with each of the characters of the anime in chibi forms, and the characters' answers to the questions are often something they would never say in the anime or the manga. For live action programs, although not animated, the expressions and sound effects used for comedic purposes can often be inspired by the omake found in the animated mediums.The term \"omake\" has use also in video games; the Sega game Shenmue II for the Dreamcast had a hidden folder on the game disc labelled \"Omake\", found by placing the disc into a computer, containing exclusive wallpapers and conception art.Another example of an omake in popular culture is related to Square's Final Fantasy IX. The secret \"Blackjack\" minigame after completion of the game is accessed by means of a button combination. The Final Fantasy \"Playonline\" site has a secrets section for Final Fantasy IX, which requires passwords given in the official Piggyback guide to enter. The password needed to reveal the button combination for the Blackjack minigame is E-OMAKE. The minigame itself is an omake.In some fiction writing communities based on forum sites, the term \"omake\" refer to derivative stories posted in a story thread, usually by users other than the author of the thread, and as a general rule are non-canonical by default. Members of these communities occasionally refer to having written or posted an omake with the term \"omaked\".Omake occasionally appears in fanfiction about anime or manga, after the story itself, usually as a humorous \"alternative ending\". An example of this is that at the end of each episode of Dance in the Vampire Bund is a 20–30 second chibi skit called \"Dance with the Vampire Maids\".","title":"Description"}]	[{"image_text":"A screenshot of an anime omake, taken from Gunbuster. Here, chibi versions of the main characters attempt to explain the concept of \"Ice II\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/GunbusterSD.png/220px-GunbusterSD.png"}]	[{"title":"Easter egg (media)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)"},{"title":"Lagniappe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagniappe"}]	[{"reference":"Mazzarella, Sharon R. (2005). Girl Wide Web: Girls, the Internet, and the Negotiation of Identity - Google Books. Peter Lang. ISBN 9780820471174. Retrieved 2013-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M_aTqHdkt4UC&q=omake&pg=PA121","url_text":"Girl Wide Web: Girls, the Internet, and the Negotiation of Identity - Google Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820471174","url_text":"9780820471174"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Omake%22","external_links_name":"\"Omake\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Omake%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Omake%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Omake%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Omake%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Omake%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M_aTqHdkt4UC&q=omake&pg=PA121","external_links_name":"Girl Wide Web: Girls, the Internet, and the Negotiation of Identity - Google Books"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team	Dominican Republic Billie Jean King Cup team	["1 History","2 See also","3 External links"]	Dominican RepublicCaptainJoelle SchadITF ranking52 (16 November 2015)Colorsred & whiteFirst year1991Years played27Ties played (W–L)108 (44–64)Years inWorld Group1 (0 - 1)Best finishWord Group (1990)Most total winsJoelle Schad (38–21)Most singles winsJoelle Schad (21–10)Most doubles winsGlenny Cepeda (21–6)Best doubles teamGlenny Cepeda /Joelle Schad (7–1) Glenny Cepeda /Carla Prieto (7–2)Most ties playedJoelle Schad (41)Most years playedJoelle Schad (10) The Dominican Republic Fed Cup team represents the Dominican Republic in Fed Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Federación Dominicana de Tenis. They currently compete in the Americas Zone Group II. History Dominican Republic competed in its first Fed Cup in 1990. Their best result was qualifying for the 32-team main draw in 1990. See also Fed Cup Dominican Republic Davis Cup team External links Team page on BillieJeanKingCup.com, the official website of the Billie Jean King Cup vte National sports teams of the Dominican Republic Badminton Baseball M W Basketball M M-U19 M-U17 W Beach handball M W Field hockey M W Handball M W Football M M-U20 W Futsal Rugby union Softball M W Tennis M W Volleyball M W W-U23 W-U20 W-U18 Olympics Paralympics Pan American Games vteBillie Jean King Cup Current champions (2023): Canada Editions by year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020–21 2022 2023 2024 World Group / Finals 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020–21 2022 2023 Qualifying rounds 2020–21 2022 2023 2024 Play-offs 2020–21 2022 2023 World Group II 1991–1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000–2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2023 BJK Cup Finals teams Australia Canada Czech Republic France Germany Italy Kazakhstan Poland Slovenia Spain Switzerland United States Former World Group teams(in the current format, since 1995) Argentina Austria Belgium Belarus Bulgaria China Colombia Croatia Great Britain Hungary Israel Japan Latvia Netherlands Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia South Africa Sweden Ukraine Players American Argentine Australian Austrian Belarusian Belgian British Bulgarian Canadian Chinese Colombian Croatian Czech Dutch French German Hungarian Israeli Italian Japanese Polish Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian South African Spanish Swedish Swiss Ukrainian List of champions This article related to the Billie Jean King Cup is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Fed Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fed_Cup"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"Federación Dominicana de Tenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federaci%C3%B3n_Dominicana_de_Tenis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Dominican Republic Fed Cup team represents the Dominican Republic in Fed Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Federación Dominicana de Tenis. They currently compete in the Americas Zone Group II.","title":"Dominican Republic Billie Jean King Cup team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Federation_Cup_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Federation_Cup_(tennis)"}],"text":"Dominican Republic competed in its first Fed Cup in 1990. Their best result was qualifying for the 32-team main draw in 1990.","title":"History"}]	[]	[{"title":"Fed Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fed_Cup"},{"title":"Dominican Republic Davis Cup team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic_Davis_Cup_team"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.billiejeankingcup.com/en/team/DOM","external_links_name":"Team page"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominican_Republic_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_Kantrida	Stadion Kantrida	["1 History","2 Future","3 Film location","4 Capacity per sector","5 Reviews","6 Other uses","7 International fixtures","8 Notable fixtures","9 References","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°20′21″N 14°22′51″E / 45.339202°N 14.380959°E / 45.339202; 14.380959Croatian football stadium Kantrida StadiumFull nameKantrida StadiumFormer namesStadio Comunale del LittorioAddressPortić 3LocationRijeka, CroatiaCoordinates45°20′21″N 14°22′51″E / 45.339202°N 14.380959°E / 45.339202; 14.380959OwnerCity of RijekaOperatorRijeka SportCapacity10,600Record attendance22,000 (Rijeka vs Osijek, 26 May 1999)Field size105 m × 66 m (344 ft × 217 ft)SurfaceGrassConstructionOpened1913Renovated1925, 1951, 1958, 2029 (planned)Construction cost€100 million (est.)ArchitectZDL arhitektTenantsHŠK Victoria (1913–1918)Olympia Fiume (1918–1926)U.S. Fiumana (1926–1946)SCF Quarnero (1946–1954)HNK Rijeka (1954–2015)NK Lokomotiva (2016, 2019–present)ŽNK Rijeka (2017–present)NK Opatija (2018–present)NK Krk (2023–present)Croatian national football team (1990–2011)Websitehttps://www.rijekasport.hr/hr/objekti/stadion-kantrida/ Kantrida Stadium (Croatian: Stadion Kantrida) is a football stadium in the Croatian city of Rijeka. It is named after the Kantrida neighbourhood in which it is located, in the western part of the city. It has served as the home of the HNK Rijeka football club for most years since at least 1918. The stadium has a distinctive appearance as it is situated between steep cliffs, a remnant of an old quarry, just north of the stadium and the shore of the Adriatic on its south side. Since 1990, the venue has occasionally been used for Croatia national football team's international fixtures. The national team has never been defeated at Kantrida. The stadium has a seating capacity of approximately 10,600. The stadium is scheduled for significant reconstruction over the next several years. A new state-of-the-art stadium will be built at the same location. History The location was used as a stone quarry before the first football ground was created on the site in 1911 by HŠK Victoria, a football club based in Sušak (presently part of Rijeka; but at the time a separate town east of the city), and the first football match played at Kantrida was held in 1913, a friendly between Victoria and Građanski Zagreb. CS Olimpia at Kantrida in season 1921–22. Victoria continued to use the stadium until the end of World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918. The city of Rijeka and the Kantrida territory were then first declared part of the Italian Regency of Carnaro (1919–1920), then the Free State of Fiume (1920–1924), before being formally annexed by Kingdom of Italy in 1924, which remained unchanged until the end of World War II. During this period between 1919 and 1945 Victoria's home town of Sušak was located on the other side of the border as it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, so the club stopped using the ground. Around this same time the stadium became also the main home ground of CS Olimpia, the predecessor to today's NK Rijeka, and became known as Campo Sportivo Olimpia and became being used for the local Free State of Fiume championship and consequently in the Italian competitions. In 1926, the 8,000 capacity stands were built and the stadium changed its name to Stadio Borgomarina between 1926 and 1935, as this was the Italian name for the neighbourhood. The stadium was once again refurbished and reopened at a celebrational match between U.S. Fiumana and A.S. Roma, changing its name to Stadio Comunale del Littorio. After World War II the city of Rijeka and its surrounding area became part of SFR Yugoslavia. The stadium was damaged during the Anglo-American bombings of the city, but the local club (now rebranded to SCF Quarnero) kept using the stadium until early 1947, when the stadium went into refurbishing and the club moved to Campo Cellini until 1951. The club returned to Stadion Kantrida following the completion of its renovation in 1951 and used it interchangeably with Campo Cellini until the mid-1950s. Quarnero changed their name to NK Rijeka in 1954. Since the mid-1950s, Stadion Kantrida has served as Rijeka's home ground. The stadium area from afar. The stadium was renovated twice, in 1951 and 1958. It formerly had a capacity of 25,000, but in 1999 this was reduced to approximately 10,600 (due to the gradual evolution of UEFA safety standards) and floodlights were installed in 1975. In August 2012, a new 80m² LED display was installed, the largest in Croatia and one of the ten largest in Europe. In December 2013, Adamić press published a monograph that accounts for the first one-hundred years of Stadion Kantrida's history. HNK Rijeka's final official match at Kantrida was played on 19 July 2015, when their Croatian First Football League clash against Slaven Belupo ended in a 3–3 draw. On 8 September 2018, HNK Rijeka returned to Kantrida, where they hosted Maribor in a friendly match organised by Armada Rijeka, played in front of a capacity crowd of over 10,000. On 27 February 2016, Kantrida hosted a match between HNK Orijent 1919, a fourth-tier club from Rijeka, and NK Lošinj, a fellow 4. HNL club. The match was played at Kantrida due to a pitch upgrade on Orijent's home ground. On 23 and 25 March 2016, two 2016 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification matches were played at Kantrida when Croatia hosted Bulgaria (1–0) and Scotland (3–0). In 2016, Kantrida served as home ground for NK Lokomotiva, a 4. HNL club from Rijeka. Since mid-2017, Kantrida hosted ŽNK Rijeka who compete in the Croatian Women's First Football League. Since August 2018, Kantrida has hosted NK Opatija and, since August 2023, NK Krk. Future A past project for the new stadium. On 11 July 2014, HNK Rijeka President Damir Mišković released a detailed structure design for the new Kantrida stadium. The current stadium was scheduled to be demolished, and a new, state-of-the-art stadium was to be built at the same location. The construction of the stadium was to be privately funded, with the cost estimated at €25 million, excluding the cost of commercial facilities (hotel and shopping centre) next to the stadium. During the stadium construction, HNK Rijeka play their home games at the newly built Stadion Rujevica. On 12 April 2019, a Memorandum of understanding regarding the construction of the new stadium was signed between Stadion Kantrida LLC and Shaanxi Construction Engineering Group Corporation. These plans did not materialise, and the project remained on hold for close to a decade. In December 2023, plans were unveiled that, in addition to the stadium, investors plan to build a commercial complex, which will include three residential highrise towers and a hotel, with a total cost exceeding €100 million. The new Kantrida stadium will be located at the previous location but rotated 90 degrees from the previously proposed location, facing north-south. The facility is designed to accommodate 12,000 to 14,000 spectators and will meet UEFA's fourth-category standards. Film location A scene in the 2016 film The Legacy Run was filmed at Stadion Kantrida. The movie, which is a prequel to the TV Series "Sport Crime", also includes several scenes filmed in the close proximity of the stadium. Capacity per sector Seven areas contribute to the total seating capacity of 10,261: VIP sector: 262 Sector A (main stand): 793 Sector B (main stand): 1,076 Sector C (main stand): 1,144 Sector D (west): 2,371 (traditionally Armada Rijeka sector) Sector E1 (east): 2,317 (includes away supporters' sector with 579 seats) Sector E (north-east): 499 Sector F (north): 1,799 Reviews Kantrida is regarded by many as one of the most original and beautiful stadiums in the world. The stadium's location between a giant cliff and the sea earned it a place in the list of the world's most unusual football stadiums, compiled in 2011 by the CNN. In April 2014, the stadium was included in "The World's Top 13 Most Beautiful Sports Venues", as compiled by Eurosport. In November 2015, FourFourTwo included the stadium in its list of the world's 12 most beautiful football stadiums. Other uses In addition to hosting HNK Rijeka matches until July 2015, the stadium was occasionally used to host other football matches and rock concerts. For example, in July 2006, the stadium hosted the Italian pop star Eros Ramazzotti. Kantrida also hosted the final stages of the annual Kvarnerska Rivijera international youth football tournament, first held in 1953. In addition, since 1990, the Croatia national football team played 11 international fixtures at Kantrida, including ten friendlies and one UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying fixture. International fixtures # Date Competition Opponent Score Att. Ref Croatia (1990–2011) 1. 22-12-1990 Friendly Romania 2–0 5,000 2. 28-02-1996 Friendly Poland 2–1 10,000 3. 03-06-1998 Friendly Iran 2–0 10,000 4. 28-02-2001 Friendly Austria 1–0 2,000 5. 13-02-2002 Friendly Bulgaria 0–0 4,000 6. 29-05-2004 Friendly Slovakia 1–0 7,000 7. 07-02-2007 Friendly Norway 2–1 8,000 8. 16-10-2007 Friendly Slovakia 3–0 6,000 9. 24-05-2008 Friendly Moldova 1–0 8,000 10. 08-10-2009 Friendly Qatar 3–2 6,000 11. 11-10-2011 Euro 2012 Qualifying Latvia 2–0 8,370 Notable fixtures This section may contain unverified or indiscriminate information in embedded lists. Please help clean up the lists by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article. (September 2018) # Date Competition Home Team Away Team Score Att. Ref. 1. 03-02-1976 Friendly Rijeka Soviet Union 2–3 11,000 2. 16-05-1979 Yugoslav Cup Final Rijeka Partizan 2–1 20,000 3. 05-03-1980 Cup Winners' Cup QF Rijeka Juventus 0–0 20,000 4. 24-10-1984 UEFA Cup Rijeka Real Madrid 3–1 22,000 5. 15-06-1994 Croatian Cup Final Rijeka Dinamo 1–0 15,000 6. 23-08-1995 Champions League Hajduk Split Panathinaikos 1–1 13,000 7. 02-05-1999 Prva HNL Rijeka Hajduk Split 3–3 20,000 8. 26-05-1999 Prva HNL Rijeka Osijek 1–1 22,000 9. 04-08-1999 Champions League Rijeka Partizan 0–3 10,000 10. 11-05-2005 Croatian Cup Final Rijeka Hajduk Split 2–1 9,000 11. 27-04-2006 Croatian Cup Final Rijeka Varteks 4–0 8,000 12. 22-08-2013 Europa League Rijeka Stuttgart 2–1 10,500 13. 03-10-2013 Europa League Rijeka Real Betis 1–1 7,313 14. 07-11-2013 Europa League Rijeka Lyon 1–1 7,300 15. 28-11-2013 Europa League Rijeka Vitória 0–0 7,138 16. 13-05-2014 Croatian Cup Final Rijeka Dinamo 2–0 11,000 17. 11-07-2014 Croatian Supercup Dinamo Rijeka 1–2 7,500 18. 02-10-2014 Europa League Rijeka Sevilla 2–2 9,256 19. 23-10-2014 Europa League Rijeka Feyenoord 3–1 9,326 20. 27-11-2014 Europa League Rijeka Standard Liège 2–0 8,950 21. 08-09-2018 Friendly Rijeka Maribor 4–0 10,000 References ^ a b "Stadion Kantrida". 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Retrieved 29 August 2012. ^ "Predstavljena Monografija 100 Godina Stadiona Kantrida" (in Croatian). City of Rijeka. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2015. ^ Marinko Lazzarich, Ivo Paškvan, Ferruccio Burburan, Zlatko Moranjak (2013) (in Croatian). Sto Godina Stadiona Kantrida. Rijeka: Adamić. ISBN 978-953-219-484-5. ^ "Rijeka - Slaven Belupo 3:3". MAXtv Prva HNL. 19 July 2015. ^ a b "Rijeka pobijedila Maribor na Kantridi" (in Croatian). HNK Rijeka. 8 September 2018. ^ "4. HNL: Orijent na kišom natopljenoj Kantridi svladao Lošinj i započeo put prema vrhu". Sportcom.hr. 27 February 2016. ^ "Škotska - Hrvatska 0:3". HNS-CFF. 25 March 2016. ^ "Hrvatska - Bugarska 1:0". HNS-CFF. 23 March 2016. ^ "Lokomotiva na Kantridi, riječki klub ove sezone igra na kultnom stadionu". Sportcom.hr. 27 August 2016. ^ Official Project Website ^ "Nova Kantrida" (in Croatian). Radio Rijeka. 11 July 2014. 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(in Croatian). Slobodna Dalmacija. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 2012-05-27. ^ "Hrvatska pobijedila Latviju 2:0 ali EURO još nije siguran; Mamić: Bilić ostaje izbornik" (in Croatian). Novi List. 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2012-05-27. ^ «РИЕКА» Риека, Югославия - СССР - 2:3 (in Russian). RussiaTeam.ru. Retrieved 2016-04-06. ^ "HNK Rijeka povijest - Povijest nogometa u Rijeci" (in Croatian). Braneweb.net. Retrieved 2012-06-02. ^ a b "Povijest HNK "Rijeka"" (in Croatian). NogometniMagazin.com. Retrieved 2012-05-28. ^ Lazzarich, Marinko (2008) (in Croatian). Kantrida bijelih snova. Rijeka: Adamić. ISBN 978-953-219-393-0, p. 305. ^ "C1) Champions League 1995/1996". FootballDatabase.eu. Retrieved 2012-05-28. ^ Kačić-Karlin, Andrija (1999-05-03). "Spektakularni derbi: Rijeka - Hajduk 3:3" (in Croatian). Monitor.hr. Retrieved 2012-05-28. ^ "Povijest HNK 'Rijeke' Pretkolo" (in Croatian). Rijecani.com. 2010-04-16. Archived from the original on 2012-11-03. Retrieved 2012-05-28. ^ "Kvalifikacije za Nogometnu Ligu Prvaka - 2. Pretkolo" (in Croatian). Slobodna Dalmacija. 1999-08-05. Retrieved 2012-05-28. ^ Lazzarich, Marinko (2008) (in Croatian). Kantrida bijelih snova. Rijeka: Adamić. ISBN 978-953-219-393-0, p. 312. ^ Lazzarich, Marinko (2008) (in Croatian). Kantrida bijelih snova. Rijeka: Adamić. ISBN 978-953-219-393-0, p. 320. ^ http://www.novilist.hr/Sport/Nogomet/Velika-noc-na-Kantridi-Benko-Kvrzic-i-Vargic-za-povijest (2013) (in Croatian). Novilist.hr ^ http://www.novilist.hr/Sport/Nogomet/Rijeka-Betis-1-1-Benko-iz-volejcine-za-1-0-Cedrick-poravnao (2013) (in Croatian). Novilist.hr ^ http://www.novilist.hr/Sport/Nogomet/Remi-na-Kantridi-Lyon-poveo-Rijeka-poravnala-eurogolom-Kramarica (2013) (in Croatian). Novilist.hr ^ http://www.novilist.hr/Sport/Nogomet/Kantrida-ostala-neosvojiva-ali-Rijeka-moze-zaliti-Benko-zapucao-priliku-susreta (2013) (in Croatian). Novilist.hr ^ http://www.novilist.hr/Sport/Nogomet/Finale-Kupa-Rijeka-osvojila-Rabuzinovo-sunce (2014) (in Croatian). Novilist.hr ^ http://www.novilist.hr/Sport/Nogomet/Rijeka-slavi-prvi-Superkup!-Moises-i-Samardzic-nokautirali-prvaka (2014) (in Croatian). Novilist.hr ^ http://www.novilist.hr/Sport/Nogomet/Peh-u-sudackoj-nadoknadi-Sevilla-u-zadnji-cas-iscupala-bod-na-Kantridi (2014) (in Croatian). Novilist.hr ^ http://www.novilist.hr/Sport/Nogomet/Hat-trick-za-povijesnu-pobjedu-u-Europskoj-ligi-Kramaric-Feyenoord-3-1 (2014) (in Croatian). Novilist.hr ^ http://www.novilist.hr/Sport/Nogomet/Blago-nama-Moises-i-Krama-Bijeli-u-pola-sata-pomeli-Standard (2014) (in Croatian). Novilist.hr External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stadion Kantrida, Rijeka. Stadion Kantrida at RijekaSport.hr (in Croatian) Stadion Kantrida at Nogometni leksikon (in Croatian) Stadion Kantrida at HNK Rijeka official website (in Croatian) New Kantrida Stadium Official Project at StadionKantrida.hr Stadion Kantrida at www.stadiumguide.com vteRijekaGeography Rječina Kvarner Gulf Platak Učka Primorje-Gorski Kotar County Districts Trsat Rujevica Drenova Sušak History History of Rijeka Timeline of Rijeka Siege of Trsat Corpus separatum (Fiume) Italian Regency of Carnaro Charter of Carnaro Treaty of Rapallo (1920) Bloody Christmas (1920) Free State of Fiume League of Fiume Treaty of Rome (1924) Province of Fiume Aviogenex Flight 130 1995 Rijeka bombing Trams in Rijeka Places of worship Rijeka Cathedral The Shrine of Our Lady of Trsat Church of St. Nicholas Rijeka Synagogue Landmarks Croatian National Theatre Trsat Castle Palace Modello Petar Kružić staircase TunelRi Culture and music Fiuman dialect Zvončari Let 3 Denis & Denis Laufer E.N.I. 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Maj Shipyard Viktor Lenac Shipyard People Governors and heads of state of Fiume Mayors of Rijeka Category vteHrvatski Nogometni Klub Rijeka Presidents Managers Academy Honours Records and statistics Current season History History List of seasons Record by opponent Record by competition European record Grounds Campo Cellini (1946–1955) Kantrida (1946; 1952–2015) Rujevica (2015–present) Players List of notable players Rivalries Adriatic derby Dinamo–Rijeka derby Istra 1961–Rijeka rivalry Osijek–Rijeka derby Rijeka city derby Related articles Armada Rijeka Kvarnerska Rivijera Related clubs CS Olimpia (1906–1926) US Fiumana (1926–1945) SCF Quarnero (1946–1954) ŽNK Rijeka (women) Categories Players Managers Chairmen and investors Non-playing staff Matches Seasons All articles Website Facebook Twitter YouTube vteCroatian Football League venuesCurrent Aldo Drosina (Pula) Ivan Kušek-Apaš (Koprivnica) Kranjčevićeva (Zagreb) Maksimir (Zagreb) Opus Arena (Osijek) Poljud (Split) Radnik (Velika Gorica) Rujevica (Rijeka) Šubićevac (Šibenik) Varteks (Varaždin) Former Branko Čavlović-Čavlek (Karlovac) Cibalia (Vinkovci) Gradski (Belišće) Gradski (Pazin) Gradski (Samobor) Gradski (Sisak) Gradski (Slavonski Brod) Gradski (Vukovar) Gradski vrt (Osijek) Ivan Laljak-Ivić (Zaprešić) Iza Vage (Metković) Kamen Ingrad (Velika) Kantrida (Rijeka) Klaka (Zagreb) Krimeja (Rijeka) Lapad (Dubrovnik) Park (Suhopolje) Park Mladeži (Split) SRC Mladost (Čakovec) Stanovi (Zadar) Stjepan Spajić (Zagreb) Veruda (Pula) Žuknica (Kostrena)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium"},{"link_name":"Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijeka"},{"link_name":"HNK Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"Adriatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noglekkant-3"},{"link_name":"Croatia national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"seating capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seating_capacity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rijekasport-1"}],"text":"Croatian football stadiumKantrida Stadium (Croatian: Stadion Kantrida) is a football stadium in the Croatian city of Rijeka. It is named after the Kantrida neighbourhood in which it is located, in the western part of the city. It has served as the home of the HNK Rijeka football club for most years since at least 1918. The stadium has a distinctive appearance as it is situated between steep cliffs, a remnant of an old quarry, just north of the stadium and the shore of the Adriatic on its south side.[3]Since 1990, the venue has occasionally been used for Croatia national football team's international fixtures. The national team has never been defeated at Kantrida. The stadium has a seating capacity of approximately 10,600.[1] The stadium is scheduled for significant reconstruction over the next several years. A new state-of-the-art stadium will be built at the same location.","title":"Stadion Kantrida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarry"},{"link_name":"HŠK Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C5%A0K_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sušak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%A1ak,_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noglekkant-3"},{"link_name":"Građanski Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91anski_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noglekkant-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Campo_Sportivo_Olympia_1922.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Italian Regency of Carnaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro"},{"link_name":"Free State of Fiume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noglekvic-4"},{"link_name":"NK Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noglekkant-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noglekfiu-7"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noglekvic-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noglekkant-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stadium_Kantrida_with_mountains_U%C4%8Dka_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"floodlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodlights_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noglekkant-3"},{"link_name":"LED display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED_display"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"HNK Rijeka's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"Croatian First Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_First_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Slaven Belupo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Slaven_Belupo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Maribor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Maribor"},{"link_name":"Armada Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HNK_Rijeka-13"},{"link_name":"HNK Orijent 1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Orijent_1919"},{"link_name":"4. HNL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-county_league_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2016 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_national_under-19_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_under-19_football_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_under-19_football_team"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"4. HNL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-county_league_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"ŽNK Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDNK_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"Croatian Women's First Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Women%27s_First_Football_League"},{"link_name":"NK Opatija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Opatija"},{"link_name":"NK Krk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Krk"}],"text":"The location was used as a stone quarry before the first football ground was created on the site in 1911 by HŠK Victoria, a football club based in Sušak (presently part of Rijeka; but at the time a separate town east of the city),[3] and the first football match played at Kantrida was held in 1913, a friendly between Victoria and Građanski Zagreb.[3]CS Olimpia at Kantrida in season 1921–22.Victoria continued to use the stadium until the end of World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918. The city of Rijeka and the Kantrida territory were then first declared part of the Italian Regency of Carnaro (1919–1920), then the Free State of Fiume (1920–1924), before being formally annexed by Kingdom of Italy in 1924, which remained unchanged until the end of World War II. During this period between 1919 and 1945 Victoria's home town of Sušak was located on the other side of the border as it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, so the club stopped using the ground.[4] Around this same time the stadium became also the main home ground of CS Olimpia, the predecessor to today's NK Rijeka,[5][6] and became known as Campo Sportivo Olimpia and became being used for the local Free State of Fiume championship and consequently in the Italian competitions.In 1926, the 8,000 capacity stands were built and the stadium changed its name to Stadio Borgomarina between 1926 and 1935, as this was the Italian name for the neighbourhood.[3][7] The stadium was once again refurbished and reopened at a celebrational match between U.S. Fiumana and A.S. Roma, changing its name to Stadio Comunale del Littorio.After World War II the city of Rijeka and its surrounding area became part of SFR Yugoslavia.[4] The stadium was damaged during the Anglo-American bombings of the city, but the local club (now rebranded to SCF Quarnero) kept using the stadium until early 1947, when the stadium went into refurbishing and the club moved to Campo Cellini until 1951. The club returned to Stadion Kantrida following the completion of its renovation in 1951 and used it interchangeably with Campo Cellini until the mid-1950s. Quarnero changed their name to NK Rijeka in 1954. Since the mid-1950s, Stadion Kantrida has served as Rijeka's home ground.[3]The stadium area from afar.The stadium was renovated twice, in 1951 and 1958. It formerly had a capacity of 25,000, but in 1999 this was reduced to approximately 10,600 (due to the gradual evolution of UEFA safety standards) and floodlights were installed in 1975.[3] In August 2012, a new 80m² LED display was installed, the largest in Croatia and one of the ten largest in Europe.[8][9] In December 2013, Adamić press published a monograph that accounts for the first one-hundred years of Stadion Kantrida's history.[10][11]HNK Rijeka's final official match at Kantrida was played on 19 July 2015, when their Croatian First Football League clash against Slaven Belupo ended in a 3–3 draw.[12] On 8 September 2018, HNK Rijeka returned to Kantrida, where they hosted Maribor in a friendly match organised by Armada Rijeka, played in front of a capacity crowd of over 10,000.[13]On 27 February 2016, Kantrida hosted a match between HNK Orijent 1919, a fourth-tier club from Rijeka, and NK Lošinj, a fellow 4. HNL club. The match was played at Kantrida due to a pitch upgrade on Orijent's home ground.[14] On 23 and 25 March 2016, two 2016 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification matches were played at Kantrida when Croatia hosted Bulgaria (1–0) and Scotland (3–0).[15][16] In 2016, Kantrida served as home ground for NK Lokomotiva, a 4. HNL club from Rijeka.[17] Since mid-2017, Kantrida hosted ŽNK Rijeka who compete in the Croatian Women's First Football League. Since August 2018, Kantrida has hosted NK Opatija and, since August 2023, NK Krk.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_new_stadium_Kantrida_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"HNK Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"Damir Mišković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damir_Mi%C5%A1kovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Stadion Rujevica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_Rujevica"},{"link_name":"Memorandum of understanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding"},{"link_name":"Shaanxi Construction Engineering Group Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi_Construction_Engineering_Group_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"A past project for the new stadium.On 11 July 2014, HNK Rijeka President Damir Mišković released a detailed structure design for the new Kantrida stadium.[18] The current stadium was scheduled to be demolished, and a new, state-of-the-art stadium was to be built at the same location. The construction of the stadium was to be privately funded, with the cost estimated at €25 million, excluding the cost of commercial facilities (hotel and shopping centre) next to the stadium.[19] During the stadium construction, HNK Rijeka play their home games at the newly built Stadion Rujevica. On 12 April 2019, a Memorandum of understanding regarding the construction of the new stadium was signed between Stadion Kantrida LLC and Shaanxi Construction Engineering Group Corporation.[20] These plans did not materialise, and the project remained on hold for close to a decade. In December 2023, plans were unveiled that, in addition to the stadium, investors plan to build a commercial complex, which will include three residential highrise towers and a hotel, with a total cost exceeding €100 million. The new Kantrida stadium will be located at the previous location but rotated 90 degrees from the previously proposed location, facing north-south. The facility is designed to accommodate 12,000 to 14,000 spectators and will meet UEFA's fourth-category standards.[21]","title":"Future"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Legacy Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legacy_Run_(film)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Sport Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sportcrime.com/"}],"text":"A scene in the 2016 film The Legacy Run[22] was filmed at Stadion Kantrida. The movie, which is a prequel to the TV Series \"Sport Crime\", also includes several scenes filmed in the close proximity of the stadium.","title":"Film location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seating capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seating_capacity"},{"link_name":"Armada Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_Rijeka"}],"text":"Seven areas contribute to the total seating capacity of 10,261:VIP sector: 262\nSector A (main stand): 793\nSector B (main stand): 1,076\nSector C (main stand): 1,144\nSector D (west): 2,371 (traditionally Armada Rijeka sector)\nSector E1 (east): 2,317 (includes away supporters' sector with 579 seats)\nSector E (north-east): 499\nSector F (north): 1,799","title":"Capacity per sector"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Eurosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosport"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"FourFourTwo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FourFourTwo"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Kantrida is regarded by many as one of the most original and beautiful stadiums in the world. The stadium's location between a giant cliff and the sea earned it a place in the list of the world's most unusual football stadiums, compiled in 2011 by the CNN.[23] In April 2014, the stadium was included in \"The World's Top 13 Most Beautiful Sports Venues\", as compiled by Eurosport.[24] In November 2015, FourFourTwo included the stadium in its list of the world's 12 most beautiful football stadiums.[25]","title":"Reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HNK Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"Eros Ramazzotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eros_Ramazzotti"},{"link_name":"Kvarnerska Rivijera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarnerska_Rivijera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noglekkant-3"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noglekkva-26"},{"link_name":"Croatia national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_qualifying_Group_F"}],"text":"In addition to hosting HNK Rijeka matches until July 2015, the stadium was occasionally used to host other football matches and rock concerts. For example, in July 2006, the stadium hosted the Italian pop star Eros Ramazzotti. Kantrida also hosted the final stages of the annual Kvarnerska Rivijera international youth football tournament, first held in 1953.[3][26] In addition, since 1990, the Croatia national football team played 11 international fixtures at Kantrida, including ten friendlies and one UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying fixture.","title":"Other uses"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable fixtures"}]	[{"image_text":"CS Olimpia at Kantrida in season 1921–22.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Campo_Sportivo_Olympia_1922.jpg/220px-Campo_Sportivo_Olympia_1922.jpg"},{"image_text":"The stadium area from afar.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stadium_Kantrida_with_mountains_U%C4%8Dka_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Stadium_Kantrida_with_mountains_U%C4%8Dka_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"A past project for the new stadium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_new_stadium_Kantrida_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-The_new_stadium_Kantrida_-_panoramio.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Stadion Kantrida\". RijekaSport.hr (in Croatian). City of Rijeka. Retrieved 18 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rijekasport.hr/objekti/stadion-kantrida","url_text":"\"Stadion Kantrida\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rijeka-Osijek 1:1\". HRnogomet.com. Retrieved 21 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=1875&lang=hr","url_text":"\"Rijeka-Osijek 1:1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kantrida\". Nogometni leksikon (in Croatian). Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute. Retrieved 18 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://nogomet.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=1365","url_text":"\"Kantrida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa_Lexicographical_Institute","url_text":"Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"Victoria, nogometni klub\". Nogometni leksikon (in Croatian). Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute. Retrieved 18 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://nogomet.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2616","url_text":"\"Victoria, nogometni klub\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa_Lexicographical_Institute","url_text":"Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"Sretan rođendan Rijeko\". HNK RIJEKA (in Croatian). 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2021-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://nk-rijeka.hr/sretan-rodendan-rijeko/","url_text":"\"Sretan rođendan Rijeko\""}]},{"reference":"sp (2011-04-26). \"Split slavi, Zagreb izmišlja, Opatija ne zna, a Rijeka se srami\". Rijeka Danas - riječki internetski dnevnik. Retrieved 2021-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rijekadanas.com/split-slavi-zagreb-izmislja-opatija-ne-zna-a-rijeka-se-srami/","url_text":"\"Split slavi, Zagreb izmišlja, Opatija ne zna, a Rijeka se srami\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fiumana\". Nogometni leksikon (in Croatian). Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute. Retrieved 18 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://nogomet.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=799","url_text":"\"Fiumana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa_Lexicographical_Institute","url_text":"Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"Kantrida dobiva LED semafor od 80 kvadrata\" (in Croatian). Novi List. 9 June 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.novilist.hr/Sport/Nogomet/Kantrida-dobiva-LED-semafor-od-80-kvadrata","url_text":"\"Kantrida dobiva LED semafor od 80 kvadrata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_List","url_text":"Novi List"}]},{"reference":"\"Najmoderniji semafor u Hrvatskoj\" (in Croatian). HRT. 28 August 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=466&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=177880&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=465&cHash=9ebf004e00","url_text":"\"Najmoderniji semafor u Hrvatskoj\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision","url_text":"HRT"}]},{"reference":"\"Predstavljena Monografija 100 Godina Stadiona Kantrida\" (in Croatian). City of Rijeka. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rijeka.hr/PredstavljenaMonografija100","url_text":"\"Predstavljena Monografija 100 Godina Stadiona Kantrida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijeka","url_text":"City of Rijeka"}]},{"reference":"\"Rijeka - Slaven Belupo 3:3\". MAXtv Prva HNL. 19 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://prvahnl.hr/matches/271098/rijeka-slaven-belupo-33/","url_text":"\"Rijeka - Slaven Belupo 3:3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rijeka pobijedila Maribor na Kantridi\" (in Croatian). HNK Rijeka. 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nk-rijeka.hr/vijest/rijeka-pobijedila-maribor-na-kantridi/","url_text":"\"Rijeka pobijedila Maribor na Kantridi\""}]},{"reference":"\"4. HNL: Orijent na kišom natopljenoj Kantridi svladao Lošinj i započeo put prema vrhu\". Sportcom.hr. 27 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportcom.hr/lokalni-sport/nogomet/cetvrta-liga-z/4-hnl-orijent-na-kisom-natopljenoj-kantridi-svladao-losinj-i-zapoceo-put-prema-vrhu.html","url_text":"\"4. HNL: Orijent na kišom natopljenoj Kantridi svladao Lošinj i započeo put prema vrhu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Škotska - Hrvatska 0:3\". HNS-CFF. 25 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hns-cff.hr/matches/303807/skotska-hrvatska/","url_text":"\"Škotska - Hrvatska 0:3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hrvatska - Bugarska 1:0\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Factory	The Factory	["1 History","1.1 1963–67: 231 East 47th Street","1.2 1967–73: 33 Union Square West","1.3 1973–84: 860 Broadway","1.4 1984–87: 158 Madison Ave (22 East 33rd Street)","2 Regulars","3 Work","3.1 Music","3.2 Sexual radicals","3.3 Films","4 Locations","5 References"]	For other uses, see Factory (disambiguation). Andy Warhol's New York City studio The Decker Building, the second location of the Factory Warhol superstar Mary Woronov Warhol superstar Ultra Violet The Factory was Andy Warhol's studio in New York City, which had four locations between 1963 and 1987. The Factory became famed for its parties in the 1960s. It was the hip hangout spot for artists, musicians, celebrities and Warhol's superstars. The original Factory was often referred to as the Silver Factory. In the studio, Warhol's workers would make silkscreens and lithographs under his direction. History Speaking in 2002, musician John Cale said, "It wasn't called the Factory for nothing. It was where the assembly line for the silkscreens happened. While one person was making a silkscreen, somebody else would be filming a screen test. Every day something new." Due to the mess his work was causing at home, Warhol wanted to find a studio where he could paint. A friend of his found an old unoccupied firehouse on 159 East 87th Street where Warhol began working in January 1963. No one was eager to go there, so the rent was $150 a month. 1963–67: 231 East 47th Street A few months later, Warhol was informed that the building would have to be vacated soon, and in November he found another loft on the fifth floor at 231 East 47th Street in Midtown Manhattan, which would become the first Factory. In 1963, artist Ray Johnson took Warhol to a "haircutting party" at Billy Name's apartment, decorated with tin foil and silver paint, and Warhol asked him to do the same scheme for his recently leased loft. Name covered the whole factory in silver, even the elevator. Warhol's years at the Factory were known as the Silver Era. Aside from the prints and paintings, Warhol produced shoes, films, sculptures and commissioned work in various genres to brand and sell items with his name. His first commissions consisted of a single silkscreen portrait for $25,000, with additional canvases in other colors for $5,000 each. He later increased the price of alternative colors to $20,000 each. Warhol used a large portion of his income to finance the Factory. Billy Name brought in the red couch which became a prominent furnishing at the Factory, finding it on the sidewalk of 47th street during one of his "midnight outings." The sofa quickly became a favorite place for Factory guests to crash overnight, usually after coming down from speed. It was featured in many photographs and films from the Silver era, including Blow Job (1963) and Couch (1964). During the move in 1968, the couch was stolen while left unattended on the sidewalk for a short time. Many Warhol films, including those made at the Factory, were first (or later) shown at the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre or 55th Street Playhouse. By the time Warhol had achieved a reputation, he was working day and night on his paintings. Warhol used silkscreens so that he could mass-produce images the way corporations mass-produced consumer goods. To increase production, he attracted a ménage of adult film performers, drag queens, socialites, drug addicts, musicians, and free-thinkers who became known as the Warhol Superstars, to help him. These "art-workers" helped him create his paintings, starred in his films, and created the atmosphere for which the Factory became legendary. Warhol left in 1967 when the building was scheduled to be torn down. The location is now the entrance to the parking garage of One Dag. 1967–73: 33 Union Square West He then relocated his studio to the sixth floor of the Decker Building at 33 Union Square West near the corner of East 16th Street, near Max's Kansas City, a club which Warhol and his entourage frequently visited. The same year Warhol created the business Factory Additions to handle the business of publishing and printmaking. In June 1968, Warhol was shot by feminist Valerie Solanas at the Factory. The Factory had an open door policy where anyone could enter, but after the shooting, Warhol's longtime partner Jed Johnson built a wall around the elevator and put in a Dutch door so that visitors would have be buzzed in. In 1969, Warhol co-founded Interview magazine and the Factory transformed "from an all-night party to an all-day office, from hell-on-earth to down-to-earth." 1973–84: 860 Broadway In 1973, Warhol moved the Factory to 860 Broadway at the north end of Union Square. He filmed his television series Andy Warhol's TV at the Factory from 1980 to 1983. The nightclub Underground operated at 860 Broadway from 1980 to 1989. It was owned by Maurice Brahms, a former partner of Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager, the original owners of Studio 54, and Jay Levy after Club 54 closed, due to jailing of Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager. The club opened on February 28, 1980. John Blair got his start there. Baird Jones promoted Thursday, Friday, and Saturday night parties from 1983 to 1986. Music videos for "I Want To Know What Love Is" by Foreigner and "Word Up!" by Cameo were filmed at the club. After about a decade, the club was reimagined by BlackBook Magazine columnist Steve Lewis & Co. as Le Palace de Beauté, where RuPaul often performed. After the Underground closed, Petco opened, moving in 2022, to 44 Union Square, the former Tammany Hall. 1984–87: 158 Madison Ave (22 East 33rd Street) In 1984, Warhol moved his art studio to 22 East 33rd Street, a conventional office building. His television studio had an entrance at 158 Madison Avenue and the Interview magazine office had an entrance at 19 East 32nd Street. Warhol filmed his MTV talk show Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes at the Factory from 1985 until he died in 1987. Regulars Main article: Warhol superstars Friends of Warhol and "superstars" associated with the Factory included: George Abagnalo Paul America Penny Arcade Joey Arias Brigid Berlin Richie Berlin Jean-Michel Basquiat Richard Bernstein Tally Brown William S. Burroughs Patrick Tilden Close Bob Colacello Jackie Curtis Ronnie Cutrone Joe Dallesandro Candy Darling Johnny Dodd Bobby Driscoll Eric Emerson Danny Fields Jane Forth Henry Geldzahler John Giorno Catherine Guinness Pat Hackett Jerry Hall Halston Bibbe Hansen Keith Haring Debbie Harry Freddie Herko Baby Jane Holzer Victor Hugo Bianca Jagger Mick Jagger Miro Bartonik Betsey Johnson Ray Johnson Jay Johnson Jed Johnson Brian Jones Grace Jones Udo Kier Sally Kirkland Naomi Levine Ulli Lommel Gerard Malanga Taylor Mead Liza Minnelli Mario Montez Paul Morrissey Herbert Muschamp Billy Name International Velvet Nico Ondine Ruby Lynn Reyner Glenn O'Brien Anita Pallenberg Paige Powell Asha Puthli Lou Reed John Cale Rene Ricard Keith Richards Rotten Rita Edie Sedgwick Stephen Shore Rupert Jasen Smith Ingrid Superstar Ultra Violet The Velvet Underground Viva Louis Waldon Chuck Wein Holly Woodlawn Mary Woronov Work This trunk was used in Warhol's Silver Factory as a storage unit and film prop. Edie Sedgwick sits on this trunk in Vinyl. After Warhol's death in 1987, inside the trunk were found photographs, and photographic negatives by Billy Name, as well at the script of Up Your Ass by Valerie Solanas, which Warhol repeatedly told Solanas he had lost. This was one of the compounding reasons Solanas shot Warhol in 1968. Music The Factory became a meeting place of artists and musicians such as Lou Reed, Bob Dylan, and Mick Jagger, as well as writer Truman Capote. Less frequent visitors included Salvador Dalí and Allen Ginsberg. Warhol collaborated with Reed's influential New York rock band the Velvet Underground in 1965, and designed the noted cover for The Velvet Underground & Nico, the band's debut album. It featured a plastic image of a yellow banana, which users could peel off to reveal a flesh-hued version of the banana. Warhol also designed the album cover for the Rolling Stones' album Sticky Fingers. Warhol included the Velvet Underground in the Exploding Plastic Inevitable, a spectacle that combined art, rock, Warhol films and dancers of all kinds, as well as live S&M enactments and imagery. The Velvet Underground and EPI used the Factory as a place to rehearse and hang out.: 253–254 "Walk on the Wild Side", Lou Reed's best-known song from his solo career, was released on his second, and first commercially successful, solo album, Transformer (1972). The song relates to the superstars and life of the Factory. He mentions Holly Woodlawn, Candy Darling, Joe Dallesandro, Jackie Curtis and Joe Campbell (referred to in the song by his Factory nickname Sugar Plum Fairy). Sexual radicals Andy Warhol commented on mainstream America through his art while disregarding its conservative social views. Almost all his work filmed at the Factory featured nudity, graphic sexuality, drug use, same-sex relations and transgender characters in much greater proportion to what was being shown in mainstream cinema. By making the films, Warhol created a sexually lenient environment at the Factory for the "happenings" staged there, which included fake weddings between drag queens, porn film rentals, and vulgar plays. What was called free love took place in the studio, as sexuality in the 1960s was becoming more open and embraced as a high ideal. Warhol used footage of sexual acts between his friends in his work, such as in Blue Movie, a 1969 film directed, produced, written and cinematographed by Warhol. The film, starring Viva and Louis Waldon, was the first adult erotic film depicting explicit sex to receive wide theatrical release in the United States. Holly Woodlawn and Jackie Curtis were noted drag queens who were part of the Factory group, as was transgender woman Candy Darling. Andy Warhol frequently used these women and other sexual non-conformists in his films, plays, and events. Because of the constant drug use and the presence of sexually liberal artists and radicals, drugged orgies were a frequent happening at the Factory. Warhol met Ondine at an orgy in 1962: I was at an orgy, and was, ah, this great presence in the back of the room. And this orgy was run by a friend of mine, and, so, I said to this person, "Would you please mind throwing that thing out of here?" And that thing was thrown out of there, and when he came up to me the next time, he said to me, "Nobody has ever thrown me out of a party." He said, "You know? Don't you know who I am?" And I said, "Well, I don't give a good flying fuck who you are. You just weren't there. You weren't involved..."— Ondine Films Main article: Andy Warhol filmography Warhol started shooting movies in the Factory around 1963, when he began work on Kiss. He screened his films at the Factory for his friends before they were released for public audiences. When traditional theaters refused to screen his more provocative films, Warhol sometimes turned to night-clubs or porn theaters, including the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre and the 55th Street Playhouse, for their distribution. The following list includes all movies filmed entirely or partly at the Factory. 1963 Kiss Rollerskate Haircut no. 1 Haircut no. 2 Haircut no. 3 1964 Handjob Blow Job Screen Tests (1964–1966) Jill Johnston Dancing Eat Couch Henry Geldzahler Shoulder Soap Opera Taylor Mead's Ass Mario Banana Harlot 13 Most Beautiful Women 13 Most Beautiful Boys 50 Fantastics and 50 Personalities 1965 John and Ivy Screen Test #1 Screen Test #2 Drink Suicide (Screen Test #3) Horse Vinyl Bitch Poor Little Rich Girl Face Afternoon Beauty No. 1 Beauty No. 2 Space Factory Diaries Outer and Inner Space Prison The Fugs and the Holy Modal Rounders My Hustler Camp More Milk, Yvette Lupe 1966 Ari and Mario Eating Too Fast (a.k.a. Blow Job #2) The Velvet Underground and Nico: A Symphony of Sound Hedy (a.k.a. Hedy the Shoplifter) The Beard Salvador Dalí Superboy The Chelsea Girls The Bob Dylan Story Since (a.k.a. The Kennedy Assassination) Mrs. Warhol Kiss the Boot The Andy Warhol Story A Christmas Carol **(four stars) (a.k.a. The 24-Hour Movie) 1967 Imitation of Christ I, a Man The Loves of Ondine Bike Boy Tub Girls The Nude Restaurant Sunset 1968 Lonesome Cowboys Flesh Trash (1968–1969) Women in Revolt (1968–1971) 1969 Blue Movie Sticks and Stones (by Miro Bartonik) Locations Studio: 159 East 87th Street Factory: 231 East 47th Street, 1963–67 (the building no longer exists) Factory: 33 Union Square, 1967–73 (Decker Building) Factory: 860 Broadway, 1973–84 (the building has now been completely remodeled) Factory: 158 Madison Ave (22 East 33rd Street), 1984–87. This building extended 27 feet along Madison Ave, 96 feet along 33rd St. AKA 22nd 33rd St. (the building no longer exists) Home: 1342 Lexington Avenue Home: 57 East 66th Street (Warhol's last home) References ^ a b c Watson, Steven (2003). Factory Made: Warhol and the Sixties. Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-679-42372-9. ^ "My 15 minutes". 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"Underground: The Slow Show, A Hip Hop Rap Attak (Event Flyers)". Library. Cornell University. Retrieved 2 June 2023. ^ "Pop Artist Steve kaufman". amourdart.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023. ^ Musto, Michael (3 November 2017). "Ex-Club God John Contini: "Everyone Assumed I Was High As a Kite!"". papermag.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2023. ^ Murphy, Tim (January 26, 2012). "A Highly Rated Body of Work". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved June 2, 2023. ^ Duka, John (March 4, 1984). "The New Party Givers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2023. ^ "Columbia Spectator 29 November 1983 — Columbia Spectator". spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023. ^ "Baird Jones, Mark Kostabi, East Village Art, 1980s". Gallery 98. Archived from the original on 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2023-06-02. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (12 February 1995). "After Fabulousness, An Age of Intimacy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2023. ^ "Foreigner - I Want To Know What Love Is (Official Music Video)". Archived from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2023-06-02 – via TouTube. ^ "Cameo - Word Up (Official Video)". Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2023-06-02 – via YouTube. ^ Rebong, Kevin (3 February 2022). "Petco to Open New Union Square Location". The Real Deal. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023. ^ alexinnyc. "Back to 860 B'way: O'Brien Over Union Square". Flaming Pablum. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2023. ^ Alleman, Richard (1988), The Movie Lover's Guide to New York, New York: Harper & Row, ISBN 0060960809, pp.150–152 ^ Dunlap, David W. (1993-08-29). "POSTINGS: Andy Warhol's 'Factory'; The Foundation's Moving". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-01-26. ^ Gotthardt, Alexxa (2017-11-21). "On His MTV Show, Andy Warhol Broke All the Rules". Artsy. Retrieved 2024-01-26. ^ a b Willett, Edward (2010). Andy Warhol: Everyone Will Be Famous for 15 Minutes. Enslow Publishers. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-766-03385-6. ^ Chapman, Peter (2009). Bananas: How the United Fruit Company Shaped the World. Canongate U.S. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-847-67194-3. ^ Gair, Christopher (2007). The American Counterculture. Edinburgh University Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-748-61989-4. ^ Roberts, Chris (2004). Lou Reed: Walk on the Wild Side : the Stories Behind the Songs. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 44. ISBN 0-634-08032-6. ^ Canby, Vincent (July 22, 1969). "Screen: Andy Warhol's 'Blue Movie'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015. ^ Comenas, Gary (2005). "Blue Movie (1968)". warholstars.org. Archived from the original on December 30, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015. ^ Canby, Vincent (August 10, 1969). "Warhol's Red Hot and 'Blue' Movie". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015. ^ "Warholstars Timeline". warholstars.org. Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2009-02-23. ^ Crimp, Douglas (2014). Our Kind of Movie: The Films of Andy Warhol. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-2625-2607-4. ^ "Andy Warhol Filmography". The Internet Movie Database. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2009. ^ Deed of Trust Doc ID FT-190000023196, 2 Feb 1983 – via Office of the Registrar, Manhattan, NY vteAndy WarholArtworks 129 Die in Jet! (1962) Campbell's Soup Cans (1962) Coca-Cola (3) (1962) Coca-Cola (4) (1962) Marilyn Diptych (1962) Men in Her Life (1962) 3 Coke Bottles (1962) Gold Marilyn Monroe (1962) Green Coca-Cola Bottles (1962) Eight Elvises (1963) Colored Mona Lisa (1963) Ethel Scull 36 Times (1963) Silver Car Crash (Double Disaster) (1963) Green Car Crash (1963) Triple Elvis (1963) Suicide (Purple Jumping Man) (1963) Thirteen Most Wanted Men (1964) Shot Marilyns (1964) Race Riot (1964) Exploding Plastic Inevitable (1966) Cow Wallpaper (1966) Big Electric Chair (1967) Marilyn Monroe portfolio (1967) Campbell's Soup I (1968) Campbell's Soup Cans II (1969) Vote McGovern (1972) Athletes (1977) Shadows (1978-79) Ten Portraits of Jews of the Twentieth Century (1980) Crosses (1981) Jean-Michel Basquiat (1982) Magazine and History (1983) Speed Skater (1983) Orange Prince (1984) Olympics (1984) Taxi, 45th/Broadway (1984-85) The Last Supper (1984-1986) Zenith (1985) Portrait of Seymour H. Knox (1985) Reigning Queens (1985) Camouflage Self-Portrait (1986) Cars (1986) Films Kiss (1963) Eat (1964) Blow Job (1964) Sleep (1964) Screen Tests (1964–1966) Batman Dracula (1964) Soap Opera (1964) Couch (1964) Taylor Mead's Ass (1964) Henry Geldzahler (1964) Harlot (1964) Empire (1965) Vinyl (1965) Horse (1965) Space (1965) Camp (1965) Poor Little Rich Girl (1965) Beauty No. 1 (1965) Beauty No. 2 (1965) More Milk, Yvette (1965) The Life of Juanita Castro (1965) My Hustler (1965) Kitchen (1966) Eating Too Fast (1966) The Velvet Underground and Nico: A Symphony of Sound (1966) Salvador Dalí (1966) Chelsea Girls (1966) Since (1966) The Andy Warhol Story (1966) I, a Man (1967) Bike Boy (1967) Four Stars** (1967) Imitation of Christ (1967) Tub Girls (1967) The Nude Restaurant (1967) Lonesome Cowboys (1968) San Diego Surf (1968) Flesh (1968) Blue Movie (1969) Trash (1970) Women in Revolt (1971) Heat (1972) L'Amour (1972) Flesh for Frankenstein (1973) Blood for Dracula (1974) Bad (1977) Books 25 Cats Name Sam and One Blue Pussy (1954) a, A Novel (1968) Blue Movie (1970) The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (1975) Exposures (1979) Popism: The Warhol Sixties (1980) The Andy Warhol Diaries (1989) Other Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes (TV series) Andy Warhol's Pork (play) Interview (magazine) "15 minutes of fame" You Are the One (music video) "Misfit" (music video) Milieu The Factory Factory Additions The Velvet Underground Warhol Superstars Studio 54 New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre 55th Street Playhouse Jed Johnson Museums The Andy Warhol Museum (Pittsburgh) Andy Warhol Museum of Modern Art (Medzilaborce) Depictions "Andy Warhol" (1971 song) Dos Cabezas (1982 painting) Andy Mouse (1986 screenprints) Songs for Drella (1990 album) Basquiat (1996 film) I Shot Andy Warhol (1996 film) Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film (2006 documentary) Factory Girl (2006 film) The Andy Warhol Diaries (2022 docuseries) Family Julia Warhola (mother) John Warhola (brother) James Warhola (nephew) Related Andy Warhol Art Authentication Board Moon Museum The Druds The Autobiography and Sex Life of Andy Warhol (1971) Absolut Warhola (2001 film) Brillo Box (3 ¢ Off) (2016 documentary) Andy Warhol Bridge Warhol (biography) Category Authority control databases International VIAF National Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz place	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Factory (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decker_Building,_33_Union_Square_West,_NYC_(2008).jpg"},{"link_name":"Decker Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decker_Building"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Woronov_by_David_Shankbone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mary Woronov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Woronov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ultra_Violet_by_David_Shankbone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ultra Violet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Collin_Dufresne"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Warhol's superstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhol_superstars"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Factory_Made_2003-1"},{"link_name":"silkscreens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkscreen"},{"link_name":"lithographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithograph"}],"text":"For other uses, see Factory (disambiguation).Andy Warhol's New York City studioThe Decker Building, the second location of the FactoryWarhol superstar Mary WoronovWarhol superstar Ultra VioletThe Factory was Andy Warhol's studio in New York City, which had four locations between 1963 and 1987. The Factory became famed for its parties in the 1960s. It was the hip hangout spot for artists, musicians, celebrities and Warhol's superstars. The original Factory was often referred to as the Silver Factory.[1] In the studio, Warhol's workers would make silkscreens and lithographs under his direction.","title":"The Factory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Cale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cale"},{"link_name":"assembly line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line"},{"link_name":"screen test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Tests_(films)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artnet/755330-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artnet/755330-4"}],"text":"Speaking in 2002, musician John Cale said, \"It wasn't called the Factory for nothing. It was where the assembly line for the silkscreens happened. While one person was making a silkscreen, somebody else would be filming a screen test. Every day something new.\"[2]Due to the mess his work was causing at home, Warhol wanted to find a studio where he could paint.[3] A friend of his found an old unoccupied firehouse on 159 East 87th Street where Warhol began working in January 1963.[4] No one was eager to go there, so the rent was $150 a month.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"47th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Midtown Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Ray Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Billy Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Name"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Factory_Made_2003-1"},{"link_name":"speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine"},{"link_name":"Blow Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blow_Job_(1963_film)"},{"link_name":"Couch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couch_(film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Andy_Warhol_Garrick_Theatre"},{"link_name":"55th Street Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Street_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CT-2013-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WarholAds-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDR-20100803-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-2011-9"},{"link_name":"adult film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_film"},{"link_name":"drag queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_queens"},{"link_name":"One Dag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Plaza"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"1963–67: 231 East 47th Street","text":"A few months later, Warhol was informed that the building would have to be vacated soon, and in November he found another loft on the fifth floor at 231 East 47th Street in Midtown Manhattan, which would become the first Factory.[3]In 1963, artist Ray Johnson took Warhol to a \"haircutting party\" at Billy Name's apartment, decorated with tin foil and silver paint, and Warhol asked him to do the same scheme for his recently leased loft. Name covered the whole factory in silver, even the elevator. Warhol's years at the Factory were known as the Silver Era. Aside from the prints and paintings, Warhol produced shoes, films, sculptures and commissioned work in various genres to brand and sell items with his name. His first commissions consisted of a single silkscreen portrait for $25,000, with additional canvases in other colors for $5,000 each. He later increased the price of alternative colors to $20,000 each. Warhol used a large portion of his income to finance the Factory.[1]Billy Name brought in the red couch which became a prominent furnishing at the Factory, finding it on the sidewalk of 47th street during one of his \"midnight outings.\" The sofa quickly became a favorite place for Factory guests to crash overnight, usually after coming down from speed. It was featured in many photographs and films from the Silver era, including Blow Job (1963) and Couch (1964). During the move in 1968, the couch was stolen while left unattended on the sidewalk for a short time.[5]Many Warhol films, including those made at the Factory, were first (or later) shown at the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre or 55th Street Playhouse.[6][7][8][9]By the time Warhol had achieved a reputation, he was working day and night on his paintings. Warhol used silkscreens so that he could mass-produce images the way corporations mass-produced consumer goods. To increase production, he attracted a ménage of adult film performers, drag queens, socialites, drug addicts, musicians, and free-thinkers who became known as the Warhol Superstars, to help him. These \"art-workers\" helped him create his paintings, starred in his films, and created the atmosphere for which the Factory became legendary.Warhol left in 1967 when the building was scheduled to be torn down. The location is now the entrance to the parking garage of One Dag.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decker Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decker_Building"},{"link_name":"Union Square West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"East 16th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Max's Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%27s_Kansas_City"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Factory Additions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_Additions"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-South_Dakota_State_University-12"},{"link_name":"Valerie Solanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Solanas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jed Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jed_Johnson_(designer)"},{"link_name":"Dutch door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_door"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Interview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"1967–73: 33 Union Square West","text":"He then relocated his studio to the sixth floor of the Decker Building at 33 Union Square West near the corner of East 16th Street, near Max's Kansas City, a club which Warhol and his entourage frequently visited.[11] The same year Warhol created the business Factory Additions to handle the business of publishing and printmaking.[12]In June 1968, Warhol was shot by feminist Valerie Solanas at the Factory.[13] The Factory had an open door policy where anyone could enter, but after the shooting, Warhol's longtime partner Jed Johnson built a wall around the elevator and put in a Dutch door so that visitors would have be buzzed in.[14]In 1969, Warhol co-founded Interview magazine and the Factory transformed \"from an all-night party to an all-day office, from hell-on-earth to down-to-earth.\"[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes/1988/11/11/plush-discos-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes/1990/01/08/violence-disco-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disco-disco/maurice-21"},{"link_name":"Steve Rubell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Rubell"},{"link_name":"Ian Schrager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Schrager"},{"link_name":"Studio 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_54"},{"link_name":"Club 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_54"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disco-disco/other-clubs-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digital.library.cornell.edu/ss:455518-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amourdart/kaufman-steve-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-papermag/2505957578-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Baird Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baird_Jones"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes/1995/02/12/after-fabulous-30"},{"link_name":"Music videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"I Want To Know What Love Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Want_To_Know_What_Love_Is"},{"link_name":"Foreigner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreigner_(band)"},{"link_name":"Word Up!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_Up!_(song)"},{"link_name":"Cameo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_(band)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"BlackBook Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBook_Magazine"},{"link_name":"RuPaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul"},{"link_name":"Petco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petco"},{"link_name":"Tammany Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-therealdeal/petco-hops-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vassifer/860-bway-obrien-34"}],"sub_title":"1973–84: 860 Broadway","text":"In 1973, Warhol moved the Factory to 860 Broadway at the north end of Union Square. He filmed his television series Andy Warhol's TV at the Factory from 1980 to 1983.[16]The nightclub Underground operated at 860 Broadway from 1980 to 1989.[17][18] It was owned by Maurice Brahms,[19][20][21] a former partner of Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager, the original owners of Studio 54, and Jay Levy after Club 54 closed, due to jailing of Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager.[22][23][24] The club opened on February 28, 1980.[25] John Blair got his start there.[26] Baird Jones promoted Thursday, Friday, and Saturday night parties from 1983 to 1986.[27][28][29][30] Music videos for \"I Want To Know What Love Is\" by Foreigner and \"Word Up!\" by Cameo were filmed at the club.[31][32] After about a decade, the club was reimagined by BlackBook Magazine columnist Steve Lewis & Co. as Le Palace de Beauté, where RuPaul often performed. After the Underground closed, Petco opened, moving in 2022, to 44 Union Square, the former Tammany Hall.[33][34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East 33rd Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Madison Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol%27s_Fifteen_Minutes"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"1984–87: 158 Madison Ave (22 East 33rd Street)","text":"In 1984, Warhol moved his art studio to 22 East 33rd Street, a conventional office building.[35] His television studio had an entrance at 158 Madison Avenue and the Interview magazine office had an entrance at 19 East 32nd Street.[36] Warhol filmed his MTV talk show Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes at the Factory from 1985 until he died in 1987.[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_America"},{"link_name":"Penny Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Arcade_(performer)"},{"link_name":"Joey Arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Arias"},{"link_name":"Brigid Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigid_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Richie Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigid_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Jean-Michel Basquiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Basquiat"},{"link_name":"Richard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bernstein_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Tally Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tally_Brown"},{"link_name":"William S. Burroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Burroughs"},{"link_name":"Patrick Tilden Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Close"},{"link_name":"Bob Colacello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Colacello"},{"link_name":"Jackie Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Cutrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Cutrone"},{"link_name":"Joe Dallesandro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dallesandro"},{"link_name":"Candy Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Darling"},{"link_name":"Johnny Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Dodd"},{"link_name":"Bobby Driscoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Driscoll"},{"link_name":"Eric Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Emerson"},{"link_name":"Danny Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Fields"},{"link_name":"Jane Forth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Forth"},{"link_name":"Henry Geldzahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Geldzahler"},{"link_name":"John Giorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Giorno"},{"link_name":"Catherine Guinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Guinness"},{"link_name":"Pat Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Hackett_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Hall"},{"link_name":"Halston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halston"},{"link_name":"Bibbe Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbe_Hansen"},{"link_name":"Keith Haring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Haring"},{"link_name":"Debbie Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Harry"},{"link_name":"Freddie Herko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Herko"},{"link_name":"Baby Jane Holzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Holzer"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo_(artist_and_window_dresser)"},{"link_name":"Bianca Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Betsey Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsey_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Ray Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Jay Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Johnson_(model)"},{"link_name":"Jed Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jed_Johnson_(designer)"},{"link_name":"Brian Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Jones"},{"link_name":"Grace Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Jones"},{"link_name":"Udo Kier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udo_Kier"},{"link_name":"Sally Kirkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Kirkland"},{"link_name":"Naomi Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Levine"},{"link_name":"Ulli Lommel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulli_Lommel"},{"link_name":"Gerard Malanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Malanga"},{"link_name":"Taylor Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Mead"},{"link_name":"Liza Minnelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Minnelli"},{"link_name":"Mario Montez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Montez"},{"link_name":"Paul Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Morrissey"},{"link_name":"Herbert Muschamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Muschamp"},{"link_name":"Billy Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Name"},{"link_name":"International Velvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Bottomly"},{"link_name":"Nico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico"},{"link_name":"Ondine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ruby Lynn Reyner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Lynn_Reyner"},{"link_name":"Glenn O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Anita Pallenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Pallenberg"},{"link_name":"Paige Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paige_Powell"},{"link_name":"Asha Puthli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha_Puthli"},{"link_name":"Lou Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Reed"},{"link_name":"John Cale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cale"},{"link_name":"Rene Ricard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Ricard"},{"link_name":"Keith Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Richards"},{"link_name":"Rotten Rita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Rita"},{"link_name":"Edie Sedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edie_Sedgwick"},{"link_name":"Stephen Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Shore"},{"link_name":"Rupert Jasen Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Jasen_Smith"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Superstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Superstar"},{"link_name":"Ultra Violet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Collin_Dufresne"},{"link_name":"The Velvet Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"Viva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_(Warhol_Superstar)"},{"link_name":"Louis Waldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Waldon"},{"link_name":"Chuck Wein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Wein"},{"link_name":"Holly Woodlawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Woodlawn"},{"link_name":"Mary Woronov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Woronov"}],"text":"Friends of Warhol and \"superstars\" associated with the Factory included:George Abagnalo\nPaul America\nPenny Arcade\nJoey Arias\nBrigid Berlin\nRichie Berlin\nJean-Michel Basquiat\nRichard Bernstein\nTally Brown\nWilliam S. Burroughs\nPatrick Tilden Close\nBob Colacello\nJackie Curtis\nRonnie Cutrone\nJoe Dallesandro\nCandy Darling\nJohnny Dodd\nBobby Driscoll\nEric Emerson\nDanny Fields\nJane Forth\nHenry Geldzahler\nJohn Giorno\nCatherine Guinness\nPat Hackett\nJerry Hall\nHalston\nBibbe Hansen\nKeith Haring\nDebbie Harry\nFreddie Herko\nBaby Jane Holzer\nVictor Hugo\nBianca Jagger\nMick Jagger\nMiro Bartonik\nBetsey Johnson\nRay Johnson\nJay Johnson\nJed Johnson\nBrian Jones\nGrace Jones\nUdo Kier\nSally Kirkland\nNaomi Levine\nUlli Lommel\nGerard Malanga\nTaylor Mead\nLiza Minnelli\nMario Montez\nPaul Morrissey\nHerbert Muschamp\nBilly Name\nInternational Velvet\nNico\nOndine\nRuby Lynn Reyner\nGlenn O'Brien\nAnita Pallenberg\nPaige Powell\nAsha Puthli\nLou Reed\nJohn Cale\nRene Ricard\nKeith Richards\nRotten Rita\nEdie Sedgwick\nStephen Shore\nRupert Jasen Smith\nIngrid Superstar\nUltra Violet\nThe Velvet Underground\nViva\nLouis Waldon\nChuck Wein\nHolly Woodlawn\nMary Woronov","title":"Regulars"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warhol_silver_trunk_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edie Sedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edie_Sedgwick"},{"link_name":"Vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_(1965_film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Billy Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Name"},{"link_name":"Up Your Ass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_Your_Ass_(play)"},{"link_name":"Valerie Solanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Solanas"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"This trunk was used in Warhol's Silver Factory as a storage unit and film prop. Edie Sedgwick sits on this trunk in Vinyl.[citation needed] After Warhol's death in 1987, inside the trunk were found photographs, and photographic negatives by Billy Name, as well at the script of Up Your Ass by Valerie Solanas, which Warhol repeatedly told Solanas he had lost. This was one of the compounding reasons Solanas shot Warhol in 1968.[citation needed]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lou Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Reed"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-willett-38"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Truman Capote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Capote"},{"link_name":"Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Allen Ginsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-willett-38"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"the Velvet Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"The Velvet Underground & Nico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground_%26_Nico"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Sticky Fingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_Fingers"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Exploding Plastic Inevitable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploding_Plastic_Inevitable"},{"link_name":"S&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Factory_Made_2003-1"},{"link_name":"Walk on the Wild Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_on_the_Wild_Side_(Lou_Reed_song)"},{"link_name":"Transformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(Lou_Reed_album)"},{"link_name":"superstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhol_superstars"},{"link_name":"Holly Woodlawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Woodlawn"},{"link_name":"Candy Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Darling"},{"link_name":"Joe Dallesandro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dallesandro"},{"link_name":"Jackie Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Joe Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Campbell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"The Factory became a meeting place of artists and musicians such as Lou Reed,[38] Bob Dylan, and Mick Jagger, as well as writer Truman Capote. Less frequent visitors included Salvador Dalí and Allen Ginsberg.[38] Warhol collaborated with Reed's influential New York rock band the Velvet Underground in 1965, and designed the noted cover for The Velvet Underground & Nico, the band's debut album. It featured a plastic image of a yellow banana, which users could peel off to reveal a flesh-hued version of the banana.[39] Warhol also designed the album cover for the Rolling Stones' album Sticky Fingers.[40]Warhol included the Velvet Underground in the Exploding Plastic Inevitable, a spectacle that combined art, rock, Warhol films and dancers of all kinds, as well as live S&M enactments and imagery. The Velvet Underground and EPI used the Factory as a place to rehearse and hang out.[1]: 253–254\"Walk on the Wild Side\", Lou Reed's best-known song from his solo career, was released on his second, and first commercially successful, solo album, Transformer (1972). The song relates to the superstars and life of the Factory. He mentions Holly Woodlawn, Candy Darling, Joe Dallesandro, Jackie Curtis and Joe Campbell (referred to in the song by his Factory nickname Sugar Plum Fairy).[41]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drug use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drugs"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"happenings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happenings"},{"link_name":"free love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_love"},{"link_name":"Blue Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Movie"},{"link_name":"Viva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Louis Waldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Waldon"},{"link_name":"adult erotic film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographic"},{"link_name":"sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-19690722-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WS-2002-2005-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-19690810-44"},{"link_name":"Holly Woodlawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Woodlawn"},{"link_name":"Jackie Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Curtis"},{"link_name":"drag queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_queens"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"Candy Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Darling"},{"link_name":"Ondine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine_(actor)"},{"link_name":"orgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgy"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Sexual radicals","text":"Andy Warhol commented on mainstream America through his art while disregarding its conservative social views. Almost all his work filmed at the Factory featured nudity, graphic sexuality, drug use, same-sex relations and transgender characters in much greater proportion to what was being shown in mainstream cinema. By making the films, Warhol created a sexually lenient environment at the Factory for the \"happenings\" staged there, which included fake weddings between drag queens, porn film rentals, and vulgar plays. What was called free love took place in the studio, as sexuality in the 1960s was becoming more open and embraced as a high ideal. Warhol used footage of sexual acts between his friends in his work, such as in Blue Movie, a 1969 film directed, produced, written and cinematographed by Warhol. The film, starring Viva and Louis Waldon, was the first adult erotic film depicting explicit sex to receive wide theatrical release in the United States.[42][43][44]Holly Woodlawn and Jackie Curtis were noted drag queens who were part of the Factory group, as was transgender woman Candy Darling. Andy Warhol frequently used these women and other sexual non-conformists in his films, plays, and events. Because of the constant drug use and the presence of sexually liberal artists and radicals, drugged orgies were a frequent happening at the Factory. Warhol met Ondine at an orgy in 1962:I was at an orgy, and [Warhol] was, ah, this great presence in the back of the room. And this orgy was run by a friend of mine, and, so, I said to this person, \"Would you please mind throwing that thing [Warhol] out of here?\" And that thing was thrown out of there, and when he came up to me the next time, he said to me, \"Nobody has ever thrown me out of a party.\" He said, \"You know? Don't you know who I am?\" And I said, \"Well, I don't give a good flying fuck who you are. You just weren't there. You weren't involved...\"[45]— Ondine","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Andy_Warhol_Garrick_Theatre"},{"link_name":"55th Street Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Street_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CT-2013-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WarholAds-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDR-20100803-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-2011-9"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(1963_film)"},{"link_name":"Blow Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blow_Job_(1963_film)"},{"link_name":"Screen Tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Tests"},{"link_name":"Jill Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Eat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat_(film)"},{"link_name":"Couch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couch_(film)"},{"link_name":"Henry Geldzahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Geldzahler_(film)"},{"link_name":"Soap Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"Taylor Mead's Ass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Mead%27s_Ass"},{"link_name":"Harlot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlot_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_(1965_film)"},{"link_name":"Vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_(1965_film)"},{"link_name":"Poor Little Rich Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Little_Rich_Girl_(1965_film)"},{"link_name":"Beauty No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_No._1"},{"link_name":"Beauty No. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_No._2"},{"link_name":"Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_(1965_film)"},{"link_name":"Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_(1965_film)"},{"link_name":"More Milk, Yvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Milk,_Yvette"},{"link_name":"Eating Too Fast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_Too_Fast"},{"link_name":"The Velvet Underground and Nico: A Symphony of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground_and_Nico:_A_Symphony_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Chelsea Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Girls"},{"link_name":"Since","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Since_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Andy Warhol Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Andy_Warhol_Story"},{"link_name":"**(four stars)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Stars_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"Imitation of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imitation_of_Christ_(film)"},{"link_name":"I, a Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_a_Man"},{"link_name":"Bike Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bike_Boy"},{"link_name":"Tub Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tub_Girls"},{"link_name":"The Nude Restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nude_Restaurant"},{"link_name":"Lonesome Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonesome_Cowboys_(1968_film)"},{"link_name":"Flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh_(1968_film)"},{"link_name":"Trash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trash_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"Women in Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Blue Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Movie"},{"link_name":"Sticks and Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticks_and_Stones"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"Warhol started shooting movies in the Factory around 1963, when he began work on Kiss. He screened his films at the Factory for his friends before they were released for public audiences. When traditional theaters refused to screen his more provocative films, Warhol sometimes turned to night-clubs or porn theaters, including the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre and the 55th Street Playhouse,[6][7][8][9] for their distribution.The following list includes all movies filmed entirely or partly at the Factory.[46][47]1963\n\nKiss\nRollerskate\nHaircut no. 1\nHaircut no. 2\nHaircut no. 3\n1964\n\nHandjob\nBlow Job\nScreen Tests (1964–1966)\nJill Johnston Dancing\nEat\nCouch\nHenry Geldzahler\nShoulder\nSoap Opera\nTaylor Mead's Ass\nMario Banana\nHarlot\n13 Most Beautiful Women\n13 Most Beautiful Boys\n50 Fantastics and 50 Personalities\n1965\n\nJohn and Ivy\nScreen Test #1\nScreen Test #2\nDrink\nSuicide (Screen Test #3)\nHorse\nVinyl\nBitch\nPoor Little Rich Girl\nFace\nAfternoon\nBeauty No. 1\nBeauty No. 2\nSpace\nFactory Diaries\nOuter and Inner Space\nPrison\nThe Fugs and the Holy Modal Rounders\nMy Hustler\nCamp\nMore Milk, Yvette\nLupe\n1966\n\nAri and Mario\nEating Too Fast (a.k.a. Blow Job #2)\nThe Velvet Underground and Nico: A Symphony of Sound\nHedy (a.k.a. Hedy the Shoplifter)\nThe Beard\nSalvador Dalí\nSuperboy\nThe Chelsea Girls\nThe Bob Dylan Story\nSince (a.k.a. The Kennedy Assassination)\nMrs. Warhol\nKiss the Boot\nThe Andy Warhol Story\nA Christmas Carol\n**(four stars) (a.k.a. The 24-Hour Movie)\n1967\n\nImitation of Christ\nI, a Man\nThe Loves of Ondine\nBike Boy\nTub Girls\nThe Nude Restaurant\nSunset\n1968\n\nLonesome Cowboys\nFlesh\nTrash (1968–1969)\nWomen in Revolt (1968–1971)\n1969\n\nBlue Movie\nSticks and Stones (by Miro Bartonik)","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decker Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decker_Building"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Studio: 159 East 87th Street\nFactory: 231 East 47th Street, 1963–67 (the building no longer exists)\nFactory: 33 Union Square, 1967–73 (Decker Building)\nFactory: 860 Broadway, 1973–84 (the building has now been completely remodeled)\nFactory: 158 Madison Ave (22 East 33rd Street), 1984–87.[48] This building extended 27 feet along Madison Ave, 96 feet along 33rd St. AKA 22nd 33rd St. (the building no longer exists)Home: 1342 Lexington Avenue\nHome: 57 East 66th Street (Warhol's last home)","title":"Locations"}]	[{"image_text":"The Decker Building, the second location of the Factory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Decker_Building%2C_33_Union_Square_West%2C_NYC_%282008%29.jpg/220px-Decker_Building%2C_33_Union_Square_West%2C_NYC_%282008%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Warhol superstar Mary Woronov","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mary_Woronov_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Mary_Woronov_by_David_Shankbone.jpg"},{"image_text":"Warhol superstar Ultra Violet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ultra_Violet_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Ultra_Violet_by_David_Shankbone.jpg"},{"image_text":"This trunk was used in Warhol's Silver Factory as a storage unit and film prop. Edie Sedgwick sits on this trunk in Vinyl.[citation needed] After Warhol's death in 1987, inside the trunk were found photographs, and photographic negatives by Billy Name, as well at the script of Up Your Ass by Valerie Solanas, which Warhol repeatedly told Solanas he had lost. This was one of the compounding reasons Solanas shot Warhol in 1968.[citation needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Warhol_silver_trunk_03.jpg/220px-Warhol_silver_trunk_03.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Watson, Steven (2003). Factory Made: Warhol and the Sixties. Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-679-42372-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Watson_(author)","url_text":"Watson, Steven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-42372-9","url_text":"0-679-42372-9"}]},{"reference":"\"My 15 minutes\". The Guardian. 12 February 2002. Retrieved October 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/warhol/story/0,11478,648898,00.html","url_text":"\"My 15 minutes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Warhol, Andy (2006). POPism : the Warhol sixties. Internet Archive. Orlando : Harcourt. pp. 31–32, 78. ISBN 978-0-15-603111-0.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/popismwarholsixt0000warh_v8c2","url_text":"POPism : the Warhol sixties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603111-0","url_text":"978-0-15-603111-0"}]},{"reference":"Elbaor, Caroline (2016-11-21). \"Andy Warhol's First New York Studio Sells for $9.98 Million\". Artnet News. Archived from the original on 2022-05-20. Retrieved 2022-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.artnet.com/art-world/andy-warhols-first-new-york-studio-sells-9-98-million-755330","url_text":"\"Andy Warhol's First New York Studio Sells for $9.98 Million\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220520230119/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/andy-warhols-first-new-york-studio-sells-9-98-million-755330","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Billy Name\". warholstars.org. Archived from the original on 2007-06-22. Retrieved 2007-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.warholstars.org/indfoto/ibilly.html","url_text":"\"Billy Name\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070622145857/http://www.warholstars.org/indfoto/ibilly.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Garrick Cinema – 152 Bleecker Street, New York, NY 10012\". Cinema Treasures. Archived from the original on March 24, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2018. Previous Names: New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre, Andy Warhol's Garrick Cinema, Nickelodeon","urls":[{"url":"http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/11737","url_text":"\"Garrick Cinema – 152 Bleecker Street, New York, NY 10012\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180324041555/http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/11737","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Garcia, Alfredo (October 11, 2017). \"1968\". Andy Warhol Films: Newspaper Adverts 1964–1974. Archived from the original on March 24, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://warholfilmads.wordpress.com/1968-2/","url_text":"\"1968\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180324101609/https://warholfilmads.wordpress.com/1968-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Staff (2010). Fodor's See It New York City (4th ed.). Fodor's Travel Publications. ISBN 978-1-4000-0498-0. Retrieved March 27, 2018 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jb2t50qpW2sC&pg=PA118","url_text":"Fodor's See It New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodor%27s","url_text":"Fodor's Travel Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-0498-0","url_text":"978-1-4000-0498-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Ferguson, Michael (2015). Joe Dallesandro: Warhol Superstar, Underground Film Icon, Actor. Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-5040-0654-5. 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ISBN 978-0-766-03385-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/andywarholeveryo0000will/page/68","url_text":"Andy Warhol: Everyone Will Be Famous for 15 Minutes"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/andywarholeveryo0000will/page/68","url_text":"68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-766-03385-6","url_text":"978-0-766-03385-6"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Peter (2009). Bananas: How the United Fruit Company Shaped the World. Canongate U.S. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-847-67194-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-847-67194-3","url_text":"978-1-847-67194-3"}]},{"reference":"Gair, Christopher (2007). The American Counterculture. Edinburgh University Press. p. 185. 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The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Canby","url_text":"Canby, Vincent"},{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9807E4D91739EF3BBC4852DFBE668382679EDE","url_text":"\"Warhol's Red Hot and 'Blue' Movie\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151231190855/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9807E4D91739EF3BBC4852DFBE668382679EDE","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Warholstars Timeline\". warholstars.org. Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2009-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://warholstars.org/chron/192862.html","url_text":"\"Warholstars Timeline\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090302205945/http://www.warholstars.org/chron/192862.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Crimp, Douglas (2014). Our Kind of Movie: The Films of Andy Warhol. MIT Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLCNKB	CLCNKB	["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]	Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens CLCNKBIdentifiersAliasesCLCNKB, CLCKB, ClC-K2, ClC-Kb, chloride voltage-gated channel KbExternal IDsOMIM: 602023; MGI: 1329026; HomoloGene: 65; GeneCards: CLCNKB; OMA:CLCNKB - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 1 (human)Band1p36.13Start16,040,252 bpEnd16,057,311 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 4 (mouse)Band4\|4 D3Start141,111,921 bpEnd141,126,035 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inrenal medullaparotid glandspermright lobe of thyroid glandleft lobe of thyroid glandhuman kidneyapex of heartoocytecerebellar hemisphereright hemisphere of cerebellumTop expressed inright kidneydistal tubuleouter renal medullahuman kidneyconnecting tubuleAscending limb of loop of Henlestria vascularisinner renal medullainner stripe of outer renal medullasacculeMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function metal ion binding voltage-gated ion channel activity chloride channel activity voltage-gated chloride channel activity Cellular component integral component of membrane plasma membrane integral component of plasma membrane chloride channel complex membrane Biological process ion transmembrane transport chloride transport excretion regulation of ion transmembrane transport ion transport transmembrane transport chloride transmembrane transport Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez118812733EnsemblENSG00000184908ENSMUSG00000033770UniProtP51801Q9WUB7RefSeq (mRNA)NM_000085NM_001165945NM_001146307NM_024412RefSeq (protein)NP_000076NP_001159417NP_001139779NP_077723Location (UCSC)Chr 1: 16.04 – 16.06 MbChr 4: 141.11 – 141.13 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Chloride channel Kb, also known as CLCNKB, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CLCNKB gene. Chloride channel Kb (CLCNKB) is a member of the CLC family of voltage-gated chloride channels, which comprises at least 9 mammalian chloride channels. Each is believed to have 12 transmembrane domains and intracellular N and C termini. Mutations in CLCNKB result in the autosomal recessive Type III Bartter syndrome. CLCNKA and CLCNKB are closely related (94% sequence identity), tightly linked (separated by 11 kb of genomic sequence) and are both expressed in mammalian kidney. See also Chloride channel BSND, barttin, accessory subunit beta for this channel References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000184908 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000033770 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: CLCNKB chloride channel Kb". ^ Saito-Ohara F, Uchida S, Takeuchi Y, Sasaki S, Hayashi A, Marumo F, Ikeuchi T (September 1996). "Assignment of the genes encoding the human chloride channels, CLCNKA and CLCNKB, to 1p36 and of CLCN3 to 4q32-q33 by in situ hybridization". Genomics. 36 (2): 372–4. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0479. PMID 8812470. ^ Jentsch TJ, Günther W (February 1997). "Chloride channels: an emerging molecular picture". BioEssays. 19 (2): 117–26. doi:10.1002/bies.950190206. PMID 9046241. S2CID 19904492. ^ Krämer BK, Bergler T, Stoelcker B, Waldegger S (January 2008). "Mechanisms of Disease: the kidney-specific chloride channels ClCKA and ClCKB, the Barttin subunit, and their clinical relevance". Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 4 (1): 38–46. doi:10.1038/ncpneph0689. PMID 18094726. S2CID 25570342. Further reading Kieferle S, Fong P, Bens M, et al. (1994). "Two highly homologous members of the ClC chloride channel family in both rat and human kidney". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (15): 6943–7. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.6943K. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6943. PMC 44314. PMID 8041726. Takeuchi Y, Uchida S, Marumo F, Sasaki S (1996). "Cloning, tissue distribution, and intrarenal localization of ClC chloride channels in human kidney". Kidney Int. 48 (5): 1497–503. doi:10.1038/ki.1995.439. PMID 8544406. Saito-Ohara F, Uchida S, Takeuchi Y, et al. (1997). "Assignment of the genes encoding the human chloride channels, CLCNKA and CLCNKB, to 1p36 and of CLCN3 to 4q32-q33 by in situ hybridization". Genomics. 36 (2): 372–4. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0479. PMID 8812470. Simon DB, Bindra RS, Mansfield TA, et al. (1997). "Mutations in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, cause Bartter's syndrome type III". Nat. Genet. 17 (2): 171–8. doi:10.1038/ng1097-171. PMID 9326936. S2CID 10914641. Konrad M, Vollmer M, Lemmink HH, et al. (2000). "Mutations in the chloride channel gene CLCNKB as a cause of classic Bartter syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11 (8): 1449–59. doi:10.1681/ASN.V1181449. PMID 10906158. Jeck N, Konrad M, Peters M, et al. (2001). "Mutations in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, leading to a mixed Bartter-Gitelman phenotype". Pediatr. Res. 48 (6): 754–8. doi:10.1203/00006450-200012000-00009. PMID 11102542. Estévez R, Boettger T, Stein V, et al. (2002). "Barttin is a Cl− channel beta-subunit crucial for renal Cl− reabsorption and inner ear K+ secretion". Nature. 414 (6863): 558–61. Bibcode:2001Natur.414..558E. doi:10.1038/35107099. PMID 11734858. S2CID 4407807. Colussi G, De Ferrari ME, Tedeschi S, et al. (2002). "Bartter syndrome type 3: an unusual cause of nephrolithiasis". Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 17 (3): 521–3. doi:10.1093/ndt/17.3.521. PMID 11865110. Zelikovic I, Szargel R, Hawash A, et al. (2004). "A novel mutation in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, as a cause of Gitelman and Bartter syndromes". Kidney Int. 63 (1): 24–32. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00730.x. PMID 12472765. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. Maehara H, Okamura HO, Kobayashi K, et al. (2003). "Expression of CLC-KB gene promoter in the mouse cochlea". NeuroReport. 14 (12): 1571–3. doi:10.1097/00001756-200308260-00006. PMID 14502078. S2CID 32639843. Jeck N, Waldegger P, Doroszewicz J, et al. (2004). "A common sequence variation of the CLCNKB gene strongly activates ClC-Kb chloride channel activity". Kidney Int. 65 (1): 190–7. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00363.x. PMID 14675050. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039. Schlingmann KP, Konrad M, Jeck N, et al. (2004). "Salt wasting and deafness resulting from mutations in two chloride channels". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (13): 1314–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032843. PMID 15044642. S2CID 30018159. Jeck N, Waldegger S, Lampert A, et al. (2004). "Activating mutation of the renal epithelial chloride channel ClC-Kb predisposing to hypertension". Hypertension. 43 (6): 1175–81. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000129824.12959.f0. PMID 15148291. Fukuyama S, Hiramatsu M, Akagi M, et al. (2004). "Novel mutations of the chloride channel Kb gene in two Japanese patients clinically diagnosed as Bartter syndrome with hypocalciuria". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (11): 5847–50. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0775. PMID 15531551. Speirs HJ, Wang WY, Benjafield AV, Morris BJ (2005). "No association with hypertension of CLCNKB and TNFRSF1B polymorphisms at a hypertension locus on chromosome 1p36". J. Hypertens. 23 (8): 1491–6. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000174300.73992.cc. PMID 16003175. S2CID 8317422. Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, et al. (2006). "Diversification of transcriptional modulation: Large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes". Genome Res. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560. Gorgojo JJ, Donnay S, Jeck N, Konrad M (2006). "A Spanish founder mutation in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, as a cause of atypical Bartter syndrome in adult age". Horm. Res. 65 (2): 62–8. doi:10.1159/000090601. PMID 16391491. S2CID 19494002. Scholl U, Hebeisen S, Janssen AG, et al. (2006). "Barttin modulates trafficking and function of ClC-K channels". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (30): 11411–6. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10311411S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601631103. PMC 1544099. PMID 16849430. External links CLCNKB+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Human CLCNKB genome location and CLCNKB gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. vteMembrane transport protein: ion channels (TC 1A)Ca2+: Calcium channelLigand-gated Inositol trisphosphate receptor 1 2 3 Ryanodine receptor 1 2 3 Voltage-gated L-type/Cavα 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 N-type/Cavα2.2 P-type/Cavα 2.1 Q-type/Cavα2.1 R-type/Cavα2.3 T-type/Cavα 3.1 3.2 3.3 α2δ-subunits 1 2 β-subunits β1 β2 β3 β4 γ-subunits γ1 γ2 γ3 γ4 Cation channels of sperm 1 2 3 4 Two-pore channel 1 2 Na+: Sodium channelConstitutively active Epithelial sodium channel α β γ δ Proton-gated Amiloride-sensitive cation channel 1 2 3 4 Voltage-gated Navα 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 7A Navβ 1 2 3 4 K+: Potassium channelCalcium-activated BK channel α1 β1 β2 β3 β4 SK channel SK1 SK2 SK3 IK channel IK1 KCa 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 4.1 4.2 5.1 Inward-rectifier KATP Kir 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 GIRK/Kir 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Kir 4.1 4.2 5.1 6.1 6.2 7.1 Tandem pore domain K2P 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 12 13 15 16 17 18 Voltage-gated Kvα1-6 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Kvα7-12 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8.1 8.2 9.1 9.2 9.3 10.1 10.2 11.1/hERG 11.2 11.3 12.1 12.2 12.3 Kvβ 1 2 3 KCNIP 1 2 3 4 minK/ISK minK/ISK-like MiRP 1 2 3 Shaker (gene) MiscellaneousCl−: Chloride channel Calcium-activated chloride channels Anoctamin ANO1 Bestrophin 1 2 Chloride Channel Accessory 1 2 3 4 CFTR CLCN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 KA KB CLIC 1 2 3 4 5 6 L1 CLNS 1A 1B H+: Proton channel HVCN1 M+: CNG cation channel α 1 2 3 4 β 1 2 3 HCN FC 1 2 3 4 M+: TRP cation channel TRPA (1) TRPC 1 2 3 4 4AP 5 6 7 TRPM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TRPML 1 2 3 TRPN TRPP 1 2 TRPV 1 2 3 4 5 6 H2O (+ solutes): Porin Aquaporin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 2 3 General bacterial porin family Cytoplasm: Gap junction Connexin A GJA1 GJA3 GJA4 GJA5 GJA8 GJA9 GJA10 B GJB1 GJB2 GJB3 GJB4 GJB5 GJB6 GJB7 C GJC1 GJC2 GJC3 D GJD2 GJD3 GJD4 Innexin By gating mechanismIon channel class Ligand-gated Light-gated Voltage-gated Stretch-activated see also disorders This article on a gene on human chromosome 1 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8812470-6"},{"link_name":"voltage-gated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel"},{"link_name":"chloride channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_channel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9046241-7"},{"link_name":"Bartter syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartter_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18094726-8"},{"link_name":"CLCNKA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLCNKA"},{"link_name":"mammalian kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalian_kidney"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"}],"text":"Chloride channel Kb, also known as CLCNKB, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CLCNKB gene.[5][6]Chloride channel Kb (CLCNKB) is a member of the CLC family of voltage-gated chloride channels, which comprises at least 9 mammalian chloride channels.[7] Each is believed to have 12 transmembrane domains and intracellular N and C termini. Mutations in CLCNKB result in the autosomal recessive Type III Bartter syndrome.[8] CLCNKA and CLCNKB are closely related (94% sequence identity), tightly linked (separated by 11 kb of genomic sequence) and are both expressed in mammalian kidney.[5]","title":"CLCNKB"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Two highly homologous members of the ClC chloride channel family in both rat and human 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of transcriptional modulation: Large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356129"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1101/gr.4039406","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.4039406"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1356129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356129"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16344560","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16344560"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1159/000090601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1159%2F000090601"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16391491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16391491"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19494002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19494002"},{"link_name":"\"Barttin modulates trafficking and function of ClC-K channels\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1544099"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2006PNAS..10311411S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10311411S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.0601631103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0601631103"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1544099","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1544099"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16849430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16849430"}],"text":"Kieferle S, Fong P, Bens M, et al. (1994). \"Two highly homologous members of the ClC chloride channel family in both rat and human kidney\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (15): 6943–7. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.6943K. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6943. PMC 44314. PMID 8041726.\nTakeuchi Y, Uchida S, Marumo F, Sasaki S (1996). \"Cloning, tissue distribution, and intrarenal localization of ClC chloride channels in human kidney\". Kidney Int. 48 (5): 1497–503. doi:10.1038/ki.1995.439. PMID 8544406.\nSaito-Ohara F, Uchida S, Takeuchi Y, et al. (1997). \"Assignment of the genes encoding the human chloride channels, CLCNKA and CLCNKB, to 1p36 and of CLCN3 to 4q32-q33 by in situ hybridization\". Genomics. 36 (2): 372–4. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0479. PMID 8812470.\nSimon DB, Bindra RS, Mansfield TA, et al. (1997). \"Mutations in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, cause Bartter's syndrome type III\". Nat. Genet. 17 (2): 171–8. doi:10.1038/ng1097-171. PMID 9326936. S2CID 10914641.\nKonrad M, Vollmer M, Lemmink HH, et al. (2000). \"Mutations in the chloride channel gene CLCNKB as a cause of classic Bartter syndrome\". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11 (8): 1449–59. doi:10.1681/ASN.V1181449. PMID 10906158.\nJeck N, Konrad M, Peters M, et al. (2001). \"Mutations in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, leading to a mixed Bartter-Gitelman phenotype\". Pediatr. Res. 48 (6): 754–8. doi:10.1203/00006450-200012000-00009. PMID 11102542.\nEstévez R, Boettger T, Stein V, et al. (2002). \"Barttin is a Cl− channel beta-subunit crucial for renal Cl− reabsorption and inner ear K+ secretion\". Nature. 414 (6863): 558–61. Bibcode:2001Natur.414..558E. doi:10.1038/35107099. PMID 11734858. S2CID 4407807.\nColussi G, De Ferrari ME, Tedeschi S, et al. (2002). \"Bartter syndrome type 3: an unusual cause of nephrolithiasis\". Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 17 (3): 521–3. doi:10.1093/ndt/17.3.521. PMID 11865110.\nZelikovic I, Szargel R, Hawash A, et al. (2004). \"A novel mutation in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, as a cause of Gitelman and Bartter syndromes\". Kidney Int. 63 (1): 24–32. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00730.x. PMID 12472765.\nStrausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nMaehara H, Okamura HO, Kobayashi K, et al. (2003). \"Expression of CLC-KB gene promoter in the mouse cochlea\". NeuroReport. 14 (12): 1571–3. doi:10.1097/00001756-200308260-00006. PMID 14502078. S2CID 32639843.\nJeck N, Waldegger P, Doroszewicz J, et al. (2004). \"A common sequence variation of the CLCNKB gene strongly activates ClC-Kb chloride channel activity\". Kidney Int. 65 (1): 190–7. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00363.x. PMID 14675050.\nOta T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). \"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs\". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.\nSchlingmann KP, Konrad M, Jeck N, et al. (2004). \"Salt wasting and deafness resulting from mutations in two chloride channels\". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (13): 1314–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032843. PMID 15044642. S2CID 30018159.\nJeck N, Waldegger S, Lampert A, et al. (2004). \"Activating mutation of the renal epithelial chloride channel ClC-Kb predisposing to hypertension\". Hypertension. 43 (6): 1175–81. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000129824.12959.f0. PMID 15148291.\nFukuyama S, Hiramatsu M, Akagi M, et al. (2004). \"Novel mutations of the chloride channel Kb gene in two Japanese patients clinically diagnosed as Bartter syndrome with hypocalciuria\". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (11): 5847–50. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0775. PMID 15531551.\nSpeirs HJ, Wang WY, Benjafield AV, Morris BJ (2005). \"No association with hypertension of CLCNKB and TNFRSF1B polymorphisms at a hypertension locus on chromosome 1p36\". J. Hypertens. 23 (8): 1491–6. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000174300.73992.cc. PMID 16003175. S2CID 8317422.\nKimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, et al. (2006). \"Diversification of transcriptional modulation: Large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes\". Genome Res. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560.\nGorgojo JJ, Donnay S, Jeck N, Konrad M (2006). \"A Spanish founder mutation in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, as a cause of atypical Bartter syndrome in adult age\". Horm. Res. 65 (2): 62–8. doi:10.1159/000090601. PMID 16391491. S2CID 19494002.\nScholl U, Hebeisen S, Janssen AG, et al. (2006). \"Barttin modulates trafficking and function of ClC-K channels\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (30): 11411–6. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10311411S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601631103. PMC 1544099. PMID 16849430.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Chloride channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_channel"},{"title":"BSND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSND"}]	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=1188","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=12733","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: CLCNKB chloride channel Kb\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1188","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: CLCNKB chloride channel Kb\""}]},{"reference":"Saito-Ohara F, Uchida S, Takeuchi Y, Sasaki S, Hayashi A, Marumo F, Ikeuchi T (September 1996). \"Assignment of the genes encoding the human chloride channels, CLCNKA and CLCNKB, to 1p36 and of CLCN3 to 4q32-q33 by in situ hybridization\". Genomics. 36 (2): 372–4. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0479. PMID 8812470.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1996.0479","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1996.0479"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8812470","url_text":"8812470"}]},{"reference":"Jentsch TJ, Günther W (February 1997). \"Chloride channels: an emerging molecular picture\". BioEssays. 19 (2): 117–26. doi:10.1002/bies.950190206. PMID 9046241. S2CID 19904492.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.950190206","url_text":"10.1002/bies.950190206"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9046241","url_text":"9046241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19904492","url_text":"19904492"}]},{"reference":"Krämer BK, Bergler T, Stoelcker B, Waldegger S (January 2008). \"Mechanisms of Disease: the kidney-specific chloride channels ClCKA and ClCKB, the Barttin subunit, and their clinical relevance\". Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 4 (1): 38–46. doi:10.1038/ncpneph0689. PMID 18094726. S2CID 25570342.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncpneph0689","url_text":"10.1038/ncpneph0689"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18094726","url_text":"18094726"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25570342","url_text":"25570342"}]},{"reference":"Kieferle S, Fong P, Bens M, et al. (1994). \"Two highly homologous members of the ClC chloride channel family in both rat and human kidney\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (15): 6943–7. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.6943K. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6943. PMC 44314. PMID 8041726.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC44314","url_text":"\"Two highly homologous members of the ClC chloride channel family in both rat and human kidney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PNAS...91.6943K","url_text":"1994PNAS...91.6943K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.91.15.6943","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.91.15.6943"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC44314","url_text":"44314"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8041726","url_text":"8041726"}]},{"reference":"Takeuchi Y, Uchida S, Marumo F, Sasaki S (1996). \"Cloning, tissue distribution, and intrarenal localization of ClC chloride channels in human kidney\". Kidney Int. 48 (5): 1497–503. doi:10.1038/ki.1995.439. PMID 8544406.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fki.1995.439","url_text":"\"Cloning, tissue distribution, and intrarenal localization of ClC chloride channels in human kidney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fki.1995.439","url_text":"10.1038/ki.1995.439"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8544406","url_text":"8544406"}]},{"reference":"Saito-Ohara F, Uchida S, Takeuchi Y, et al. (1997). \"Assignment of the genes encoding the human chloride channels, CLCNKA and CLCNKB, to 1p36 and of CLCN3 to 4q32-q33 by in situ hybridization\". Genomics. 36 (2): 372–4. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0479. PMID 8812470.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1996.0479","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1996.0479"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8812470","url_text":"8812470"}]},{"reference":"Simon DB, Bindra RS, Mansfield TA, et al. (1997). \"Mutations in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, cause Bartter's syndrome type III\". Nat. Genet. 17 (2): 171–8. doi:10.1038/ng1097-171. PMID 9326936. S2CID 10914641.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1097-171","url_text":"10.1038/ng1097-171"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9326936","url_text":"9326936"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10914641","url_text":"10914641"}]},{"reference":"Konrad M, Vollmer M, Lemmink HH, et al. (2000). \"Mutations in the chloride channel gene CLCNKB as a cause of classic Bartter syndrome\". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11 (8): 1449–59. doi:10.1681/ASN.V1181449. PMID 10906158.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1681%2FASN.V1181449","url_text":"\"Mutations in the chloride channel gene CLCNKB as a cause of classic Bartter syndrome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1681%2FASN.V1181449","url_text":"10.1681/ASN.V1181449"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10906158","url_text":"10906158"}]},{"reference":"Jeck N, Konrad M, Peters M, et al. (2001). \"Mutations in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, leading to a mixed Bartter-Gitelman phenotype\". Pediatr. Res. 48 (6): 754–8. doi:10.1203/00006450-200012000-00009. PMID 11102542.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1203%2F00006450-200012000-00009","url_text":"\"Mutations in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, leading to a mixed Bartter-Gitelman phenotype\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1203%2F00006450-200012000-00009","url_text":"10.1203/00006450-200012000-00009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11102542","url_text":"11102542"}]},{"reference":"Estévez R, Boettger T, Stein V, et al. (2002). \"Barttin is a Cl− channel beta-subunit crucial for renal Cl− reabsorption and inner ear K+ secretion\". Nature. 414 (6863): 558–61. Bibcode:2001Natur.414..558E. doi:10.1038/35107099. PMID 11734858. S2CID 4407807.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.414..558E","url_text":"2001Natur.414..558E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35107099","url_text":"10.1038/35107099"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11734858","url_text":"11734858"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4407807","url_text":"4407807"}]},{"reference":"Colussi G, De Ferrari ME, Tedeschi S, et al. (2002). \"Bartter syndrome type 3: an unusual cause of nephrolithiasis\". Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 17 (3): 521–3. doi:10.1093/ndt/17.3.521. PMID 11865110.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fndt%2F17.3.521","url_text":"\"Bartter syndrome type 3: an unusual cause of nephrolithiasis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fndt%2F17.3.521","url_text":"10.1093/ndt/17.3.521"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11865110","url_text":"11865110"}]},{"reference":"Zelikovic I, Szargel R, Hawash A, et al. (2004). \"A novel mutation in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, as a cause of Gitelman and Bartter syndromes\". Kidney Int. 63 (1): 24–32. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00730.x. PMID 12472765.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1755.2003.00730.x","url_text":"\"A novel mutation in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, as a cause of Gitelman and Bartter syndromes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1755.2003.00730.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00730.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12472765","url_text":"12472765"}]},{"reference":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M","url_text":"2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.242603899"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"139241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932","url_text":"12477932"}]},{"reference":"Maehara H, Okamura HO, Kobayashi K, et al. (2003). \"Expression of CLC-KB gene promoter in the mouse cochlea\". NeuroReport. 14 (12): 1571–3. doi:10.1097/00001756-200308260-00006. PMID 14502078. S2CID 32639843.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00001756-200308260-00006","url_text":"10.1097/00001756-200308260-00006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14502078","url_text":"14502078"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32639843","url_text":"32639843"}]},{"reference":"Jeck N, Waldegger P, Doroszewicz J, et al. (2004). \"A common sequence variation of the CLCNKB gene strongly activates ClC-Kb chloride channel activity\". Kidney Int. 65 (1): 190–7. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00363.x. PMID 14675050.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1755.2004.00363.x","url_text":"\"A common sequence variation of the CLCNKB gene strongly activates ClC-Kb chloride channel activity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1755.2004.00363.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00363.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14675050","url_text":"14675050"}]},{"reference":"Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). \"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs\". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1285","url_text":"\"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1285","url_text":"10.1038/ng1285"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14702039","url_text":"14702039"}]},{"reference":"Schlingmann KP, Konrad M, Jeck N, et al. (2004). \"Salt wasting and deafness resulting from mutations in two chloride channels\". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (13): 1314–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032843. PMID 15044642. S2CID 30018159.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa032843","url_text":"\"Salt wasting and deafness resulting from mutations in two chloride channels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa032843","url_text":"10.1056/NEJMoa032843"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15044642","url_text":"15044642"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30018159","url_text":"30018159"}]},{"reference":"Jeck N, Waldegger S, Lampert A, et al. (2004). \"Activating mutation of the renal epithelial chloride channel ClC-Kb predisposing to hypertension\". Hypertension. 43 (6): 1175–81. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000129824.12959.f0. PMID 15148291.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.HYP.0000129824.12959.f0","url_text":"\"Activating mutation of the renal epithelial chloride channel ClC-Kb predisposing to hypertension\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.HYP.0000129824.12959.f0","url_text":"10.1161/01.HYP.0000129824.12959.f0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15148291","url_text":"15148291"}]},{"reference":"Fukuyama S, Hiramatsu M, Akagi M, et al. (2004). \"Novel mutations of the chloride channel Kb gene in two Japanese patients clinically diagnosed as Bartter syndrome with hypocalciuria\". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (11): 5847–50. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0775. PMID 15531551.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjc.2004-0775","url_text":"\"Novel mutations of the chloride channel Kb gene in two Japanese patients clinically diagnosed as Bartter syndrome with hypocalciuria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjc.2004-0775","url_text":"10.1210/jc.2004-0775"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15531551","url_text":"15531551"}]},{"reference":"Speirs HJ, Wang WY, Benjafield AV, Morris BJ (2005). \"No association with hypertension of CLCNKB and TNFRSF1B polymorphisms at a hypertension locus on chromosome 1p36\". J. Hypertens. 23 (8): 1491–6. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000174300.73992.cc. PMID 16003175. S2CID 8317422.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.hjh.0000174300.73992.cc","url_text":"10.1097/01.hjh.0000174300.73992.cc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16003175","url_text":"16003175"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8317422","url_text":"8317422"}]},{"reference":"Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, et al. (2006). \"Diversification of transcriptional modulation: Large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes\". Genome Res. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356129","url_text":"\"Diversification of transcriptional modulation: Large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.4039406","url_text":"10.1101/gr.4039406"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356129","url_text":"1356129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16344560","url_text":"16344560"}]},{"reference":"Gorgojo JJ, Donnay S, Jeck N, Konrad M (2006). \"A Spanish founder mutation in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, as a cause of atypical Bartter syndrome in adult age\". Horm. Res. 65 (2): 62–8. doi:10.1159/000090601. PMID 16391491. S2CID 19494002.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000090601","url_text":"10.1159/000090601"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16391491","url_text":"16391491"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19494002","url_text":"19494002"}]},{"reference":"Scholl U, Hebeisen S, Janssen AG, et al. (2006). \"Barttin modulates trafficking and function of ClC-K channels\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (30): 11411–6. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10311411S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601631103. PMC 1544099. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Journal_(Wheaton,_Illinois)	Daily Journal (Wheaton, Illinois)	["1 History","2 Notable people","3 References"]	Daily JournalTypeDaily newspaperFounder(s)George H. Smith and George M. SmithFoundedApril 24, 1933 (1933-04-24)LanguageEnglishCeased publication1992 (1992)CityWheaton, IllinoisCountryUnited StatesMedia of the United StatesList of newspapers The Daily Journal was a daily newspaper in Wheaton, Illinois that published for almost 60 years, from 1933 until 1992. In its final two decades, it was published by Copley Newspapers and had a final circulation of 7,650. Its origins were in a weekly newspaper founded in 1910 called the DuPage County Tribune. History The Daily Journal’s forerunner, the DuPage County Tribune, began publishing in 1910 and was owned and published by John L. Brown. In early 1913, two men, George H. Smith and George M. Smith, purchased the newspaper and renamed it the Wheaton Progressive. George H. Smith formerly had been the foreman of the paper, and after buying it became its publisher. Meanwhile, George M. Smith was named managing editor. In its earliest years, the paper’s offices were at 117 E. Front Street in Wheaton. By the 1930s — and well into the 1950s — the paper’s offices were at 110 E. Wesley Street in Wheaton. On April 24, 1933, the Smiths launched a new, afternoon daily newspaper, the Daily Journal, which identified itself as the first daily newspaper to be published in DuPage County, Illinois. The banner at the top of the paper's front page stated: "Published by the Wheaton Progressive." The Wheaton Progressive kept publishing, but after several weeks, the Wheaton Progressive was discontinued and effectively merged into the Daily Journal. On June 6, 1933, the Daily Journal wrote that "Today's Journal comes to you as the first issue of the consolidation of the Daily Journal and the Wheaton Progressive. Postoffice (sic) requirements have been complied with for the merger and also the state law requiring the publication of notices has been adhered to in every way. So today The Wheaton Daily Journal comes to you as a regular legitimate newspaper." Editor and publisher George M. Smith died in 1949 at age 64. Dear Publication & Radio acquired the Daily Journal in March 1953 for $104,000. In late 1953, the paper did not publish for five straight days after a strike of eight printers and pressmen. In January 1971, Copley Newspapers began operating the Daily Journal. Under the arrangement, Copley assumed the management and publishing of the Journal under a lease arrangement, starting with the January 15, 1971 issue. Copley Newspapers eventually acquired the paper outright. Prior to Copley's takeover, Dear Publication had been producing the paper via a printed photo offset process. With the Copley takeover, the paper began being produced in a letterpress plant operated by Copley in Elgin, Illinois for Copley’s Elgin Courier-News daily. By the early 1970s, the Daily Journal's offices were at 362 S. Schmale Road in Carol Stream, Illinois. In 1991, Copley Newspapers acquired the Naperville Sun newspaper and its Sun Publications parent. In 1992, Copley decided to change the Daily Journal’s name to simply the Journal and shift its publishing schedule to twice a week as part of merging the Daily Journal into the operations of the Sun Publications. The paper’s final editor in chief was Pat Colander, and its final managing editor was William Currie. In its final years, the communities that the Daily Journal covered were Wheaton, Glen Ellyn, Carol Stream, Glendale Heights, Winfield, West Chicago and Warrenville. Notable people Among the reporters and editors who worked at the Daily Journal are: William Greider (late 1950s and early 1960s) Neil Steinberg (served as editorial page editor until late 1985) Hiawatha Bray (1980s) William Currie, who was part of a team at the Chicago Tribune that won a Pulitzer Prize in 1973 Author Thom Wilder (early 1990s) Author Mike Sandrolini (1980s and 1990s) Josh Chetwynd (intern in early 1990s) References ^ "Wheaton Daily Journal Scaling Back to Twice-Weekly Schedule". Chicago Tribune. May 8, 1992. p. 33. ^ a b "Wheaton Daily Journal Scaling Back To Twice-weekly Schedule - Chicago Tribune". articles.chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. ^ "Masthead". DuPage County Tribune. November 4, 1910. p. 1. ^ a b "George M. Smith, Wheaton publisher, dies in California". Chicago Tribune. February 9, 1949. p. B4. ^ "To our readers". Wheaton Progressive. February 7, 1913. p. 1. ^ "Good Afternoon!". Daily Journal. February 7, 1913. p. 1. ^ "Today's Journal". Daily Journal. June 6, 1933. p. 1. ^ "DEAR PUBLICATION & RADIO, \| 31 T.C. 1168 (1959) \| tc116811080". Leagle.com. 1959-03-19. Retrieved 2022-08-12. ^ "Wheaton Paper Fails to Publish in Strike". Chicago Tribune. November 14, 1953. p. 4. ^ "Copley Will Operate the Daily Journal". Daily Journal. January 3, 1971. p. 1. ^ "Thanks for your patience". Daily Journal. January 22, 1971. p. 1. ^ "Journal to merge with SUN Group". Daily Journal. May 6, 1992. p. 1. ^ Colander, Pat (June 6, 1992). "So long for now". Daily Journal. p. 1. ^ Seelye, Katherine (December 26, 2019). "William Greider, Journalist Who Focused on Economy, Dies at 83". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved December 26, 2019.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wheaton, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Copley Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Newspapers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicagotribune1992-2"}],"text":"The Daily Journal was a daily newspaper in Wheaton, Illinois that published for almost 60 years, from 1933 until 1992. In its final two decades, it was published by Copley Newspapers and had a final circulation of 7,650.[1][2] Its origins were in a weekly newspaper founded in 1910 called the DuPage County Tribune.","title":"Daily Journal (Wheaton, Illinois)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1949-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"DuPage County, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPage_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1949-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Elgin, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Carol Stream, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Stream,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Naperville Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naperville_Sun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicagotribune1992-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Daily Journal’s forerunner, the DuPage County Tribune, began publishing in 1910 and was owned and published by John L. Brown.[3]In early 1913, two men, George H. Smith and George M. Smith, purchased the newspaper and renamed it the Wheaton Progressive.[4] George H. Smith formerly had been the foreman of the paper, and after buying it became its publisher. Meanwhile, George M. Smith was named managing editor.[5] In its earliest years, the paper’s offices were at 117 E. Front Street in Wheaton. By the 1930s — and well into the 1950s — the paper’s offices were at 110 E. Wesley Street in Wheaton.On April 24, 1933, the Smiths launched a new, afternoon daily newspaper, the Daily Journal, which identified itself as the first daily newspaper to be published in DuPage County, Illinois.[6] The banner at the top of the paper's front page stated: \"Published by the Wheaton Progressive.\" The Wheaton Progressive kept publishing, but after several weeks, the Wheaton Progressive was discontinued and effectively merged into the Daily Journal. On June 6, 1933, the Daily Journal wrote that \"Today's Journal comes to you as the first issue of the consolidation of the Daily Journal and the Wheaton Progressive. Postoffice (sic) requirements have been complied with for the merger and also the state law requiring the publication of notices has been adhered to in every way. So today The Wheaton Daily Journal comes to you as a regular legitimate newspaper.\"[7]Editor and publisher George M. Smith died in 1949 at age 64.[4]Dear Publication & Radio acquired the Daily Journal in March 1953 for $104,000.[8]In late 1953, the paper did not publish for five straight days after a strike of eight printers and pressmen.[9]In January 1971, Copley Newspapers began operating the Daily Journal.[10] Under the arrangement, Copley assumed the management and publishing of the Journal under a lease arrangement, starting with the January 15, 1971 issue. Copley Newspapers eventually acquired the paper outright. Prior to Copley's takeover, Dear Publication had been producing the paper via a printed photo offset process.[11] With the Copley takeover, the paper began being produced in a letterpress plant operated by Copley in Elgin, Illinois for Copley’s Elgin Courier-News daily.By the early 1970s, the Daily Journal's offices were at 362 S. Schmale Road in Carol Stream, Illinois.In 1991, Copley Newspapers acquired the Naperville Sun newspaper and its Sun Publications parent. In 1992, Copley decided to change the Daily Journal’s name to simply the Journal and shift its publishing schedule to twice a week as part of merging the Daily Journal into the operations of the Sun Publications.[2][12][13] The paper’s final editor in chief was Pat Colander, and its final managing editor was William Currie.In its final years, the communities that the Daily Journal covered were Wheaton, Glen Ellyn, Carol Stream, Glendale Heights, Winfield, West Chicago and Warrenville.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Greider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Greider"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Neil Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Steinberg"},{"link_name":"Hiawatha Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiawatha_Bray"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Josh Chetwynd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Chetwynd"}],"text":"Among the reporters and editors who worked at the Daily Journal are:William Greider (late 1950s and early 1960s)[14]\nNeil Steinberg (served as editorial page editor until late 1985)\nHiawatha Bray (1980s)\nWilliam Currie, who was part of a team at the Chicago Tribune that won a Pulitzer Prize in 1973\nAuthor Thom Wilder (early 1990s)\nAuthor Mike Sandrolini (1980s and 1990s)\nJosh Chetwynd (intern in early 1990s)","title":"Notable people"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Wheaton Daily Journal Scaling Back to Twice-Weekly Schedule\". Chicago Tribune. May 8, 1992. p. 33.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Wheaton Daily Journal Scaling Back To Twice-weekly Schedule - Chicago Tribune\". articles.chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140101054602/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1992-05-08/business/9202110063_1_circulation-naperville-sun-daily-herald","url_text":"\"Wheaton Daily Journal Scaling Back To Twice-weekly Schedule - Chicago Tribune\""},{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1992-05-08/business/9202110063_1_circulation-naperville-sun-daily-herald","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Masthead\". DuPage County Tribune. November 4, 1910. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"George M. Smith, Wheaton publisher, dies in California\". Chicago Tribune. February 9, 1949. p. B4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"To our readers\". Wheaton Progressive. February 7, 1913. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Good Afternoon!\". Daily Journal. February 7, 1913. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Today's Journal\". Daily Journal. June 6, 1933. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"DEAR PUBLICATION & RADIO, \| 31 T.C. 1168 (1959) \| tc116811080\". Leagle.com. 1959-03-19. Retrieved 2022-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leagle.com/decision/1959119931dptc116811080","url_text":"\"DEAR PUBLICATION & RADIO, \| 31 T.C. 1168 (1959) \| tc116811080\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wheaton Paper Fails to Publish in Strike\". Chicago Tribune. November 14, 1953. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Copley Will Operate the Daily Journal\". Daily Journal. January 3, 1971. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Thanks for your patience\". Daily Journal. January 22, 1971. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Journal to merge with SUN Group\". Daily Journal. May 6, 1992. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Colander, Pat (June 6, 1992). \"So long for now\". Daily Journal. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Seelye, Katherine (December 26, 2019). \"William Greider, Journalist Who Focused on Economy, Dies at 83\". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved December 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/26/business/media/william-greider-dead.html","url_text":"\"William Greider, Journalist Who Focused on Economy, Dies at 83\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140101054602/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1992-05-08/business/9202110063_1_circulation-naperville-sun-daily-herald","external_links_name":"\"Wheaton Daily Journal Scaling Back To Twice-weekly Schedule - Chicago Tribune\""},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1992-05-08/business/9202110063_1_circulation-naperville-sun-daily-herald","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.leagle.com/decision/1959119931dptc116811080","external_links_name":"\"DEAR PUBLICATION & RADIO, \| 31 T.C. 1168 (1959) \| tc116811080\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/26/business/media/william-greider-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"William Greider, Journalist Who Focused on Economy, Dies at 83\""}]

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